Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello

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[[Fayil:ABU Zaria Kill lab.jpg|thumb|KIL LAB]]
'''Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello''' ( '''ABU''' ) jami'ar bincike ce ta jama'a da ke [[Zariya|Zaria]], [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya. An bude shi a shekarar 1962 a matsayin Jami'ar Arewacin Najeriya. Jami'ar na da kwalejoji hudu, makarantu uku, jami'o'i 18, sassan ilimi 110, cibiyoyi 17, da cibiyoyi bakwai da ke da furofesoshi sama da 600, ma'aikatan ilimi kusan 3000 da ma'aikatan da ba na koyarwa sama da 7000. Jami'ar tana da shirye-shiryen karatun digiri sama da 400 waɗanda ke nuna gwagwarmayar zama jami'a mai dogaro da karatun digiri na biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;ABU&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ahmadu Bello University |url=http://abu.edu.ng/abu-2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709222349/http://abu.edu.ng/abu-2/ |archive-date=9 July 2015 |access-date=8 July 2015 |website=Ahmadu Bello University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jami'ar tana aiki ne daga cibiyoyi guda biyu a cikin tsohon babban birnin [[Zariya|Zaria]], Samaru Campus inda ginin majalisar dattijai da mafi yawan kwalejojin suke da kuma harabar Kongo, wanda ke ɗaukar nauyin karatun shari'a da gudanarwa. An yanke shawarar cewa ita ce babbar jami'a a [[Yankin Saharar Afirka|yankin kudu da hamadar Saharar Afirka]], (kusa da [[Jami'ar Alkahira]] ) dangane da filaye da aka mamaye, saboda ɗimbin gine-ginen da take da su.

== Tarihi ==

=== Shekarun farko ===


Yayin da Najeriya ta kusa samun [[Ranar Ƴancin Kai (Najeriya)|ƴancin kai a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1960]], makarantar da ke ba da digiri na daya ita ce [[Jami'ar Ibadan|a Ibadan]] . Rahoton Ashby, wanda aka buga wata guda kafin samun 'yancin kai, ya goyi bayan shawarwarin da gwamnatin yankin ta gabatar na ƙara sabbin jami'o'i a kowane yankuna uku na Najeriya a lokacin, da kuma babban birninta wato [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . 

A watan Mayun shekarar1960 ne [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|yankin Arewa]] ya inganta makarantar koyon Larabci da ke [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] zuwa Kwalejin [[Ahmadu Bello]] ta Larabci da Ilimin Islama, kuma bayan rahoton Ashby aka yanke shawarar samar da Jami’ar Arewacin Najeriya a Zariya maimakon Kano. Sabuwar jami'ar za ta karbi kayan aikin Kwalejin [[Kimiyya da fasaha|Kimiyya da Fasaha]] ta Najeriya da ke [[Samaru]] ; Kwalejin Ahmadu Bello da ke [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] ; Cibiyar Binciken Aikin Noma da ke Samaru; Cibiyar Gudanarwa da ke Zariya, da Cibiyar Nazarin Dabbobi da ke Vom a [[Jos Plateau]] . Majalisar dokokin yankin Arewa ta zartar da dokar kafa sabuwar jami’a a shekarar 1961. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=press_admin |date=2022-09-12 |title=History of Ahmadu Bello University Zaria(ABU) |url=https://presspay.ng/news/2022/09/12/history-of-ahmadu-bello-university-zariaabu/ |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=PressPayNg Blog |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517105642/https://presspay.ng/news/2022/09/12/history-of-ahmadu-bello-university-zariaabu/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Utuk |first=Isaac Efiong |year=1975 |title=Britain Britain's Colonial Administr s Colonial Administrations and De ations and Developments, elopments, 1861-1960: An Analysis of Britain's Colonial Administrations and Developments in Nigeria |url=https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3529&amp;context=open_access_etds}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lokacin da jami'ar ta buɗe a ranar 4 ga Oktoban shekarar 1962, tana da ikon koyarwa guda huɗu waɗanda suka ƙunshi sassan 15,  da jimillar ɗalibai 426. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Ahmadu Bello University |url=https://abu.edu.ng/history/ |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=abu.edu.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Department_of_Micro_Biology_ABU.jpg|right|thumb| Ma'aikatar [[Ilimin halittu|Microbiology]], 2021]]
Kalubalen sun yi yawa. Sama da shekaru 60 na mulkin mallaka na [[Birtaniya|Birtaniyya]], ilimi a yankin Arewa ya yi nisa a baya na yankunan kudancin biyu. Dalibai kaɗan daga Arewa ne ke da cancantar shiga jami’a, kuma ‘yan Arewa kadan ne ke da cancantar nadin koyarwa. Daga cikin ɗaliban na asali, 147 ne kawai daga arewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Ahmadu Bello University |url=https://abu.edu.ng/history/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=abu.edu.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mataimakin shugaban jami'ar na farko dan Birtaniya ne, haka kuma yawancin naɗe-naɗen Farfesa. A zagayen farko na nadin daliban ‘yan Najeriya biyu ne kawai masanin lissafi, [[Iya Abubakar]] da Adamu Baikie a tsangayar ilimi. Wuraren da ke babban harabar makarantar Samaru ba su isa ba, kuma haɗin kai na daban na jiki, cibiyoyin da suka rigaya sun kasance yana da wahala. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Joliba |date=2020-05-19 |title=Ahmadu Bello University (ABU) |url=https://joliba-africa.com/2020/05/19/ahmadu-bello-university-abu/ |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=Joliba |language=en |archive-date=2023-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517110012/https://joliba-africa.com/2020/05/19/ahmadu-bello-university-abu/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da haka, a ƙarƙashin mataimakin shugaban gwamnati na New Zealander Norman Alexander, an ɗauki ma'aikatan ilimi da gudanarwa, an ƙirƙiri sabbin sassa da shirye-shirye, an gudanar da manyan ayyukan gine-gine, kuma shigar ɗalibai ya ƙaru cikin sauri. A karshen wa'adin [[Alexander F. More|Alexander]] a 1966, akwai dalibai dubu da suka yi rajista. 

=== Tsakanin shekarun 1970s ===
Alexander ya samu mukamin mataimakin shugaban jami’ar na farko ɗan Najeriya, [[Ishaya Audu|Ishaya Shuaibu Audu]] . Ya kasance likitan yara ; tsohon farfesa a [[Jami'ar Lagos|jami'ar Legas]], kuma ba haishe ne, haifaffen Wusasa, kusa da Zaria. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-05-03 |title=History Of ABU Zaria: The Largest University In Sub Saharan Africa {{!}} The Abusites |url=https://www.theabusites.ng/history-of-ahmadu-bello-university-abu-zaria/ |access-date=2023-05-17 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello ta yi fama da juyin mulki da tashe-tashen hankula a shekarar 1966 da ‘yan kabilar Igbo suka yi, amma sun ci gaba da fadada su. Horar da matakin A a makarantun sakandire ya takura wa dalibai rajista don haka a shekarar 1968 jami’ar ta kafa nata Makarantar Koyon Ilimi don bayar da horon share fage a harabar makarantar.  {{Rp|270}}Daliban da ke shiga Makarantar Nazarin Basic za su iya yin digiri kuma su kammala karatun digiri a cikin shekaru huɗu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-05-03 |title=History Of ABU Zaria: The Largest University In Sub Saharan Africa |url=https://www.theabusites.com/history-of-ahmadu-bello-university-abu-zaria/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004160221/https://www.theabusites.com/history-of-Ahmadu-Bello-University-ABU-Zaria/ |archive-date=2022-10-04 |access-date=2022-05-04 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da adawa da Makarantar Nazarin Ilimi, ta samar da ɗimbin ƴan takarar neman kwasa-kwasan digiri kuma jami'ar ta faɗaɗa cikin sauri. Shekaru goma bayan kafuwa akwai ɗalibai sama da 7,000, sama da rabin shirye-shiryen digiri kuma 2,333 sun kammala karatunsu. Jami'ar Ibadan ta yaye 615 ne kawai a cikin shekaru goma na farko.   : 267-282 
[[Fayil:Ahmadu_Bello_University.jpg|right|thumb| Alamar Campus, 2021]]
Jami'ar Kongo, kusa da tsohon birnin Zaria, ya koyar da harkokin gudanar da harkokin jama'a, tare da ba da horo kan ayyukan yi ga kananan hukumomi a faɗin Arewacin Najeriya. Sashen Ilimi ya koyar da kuma gudanar da kwalejojin horar da malamai a faɗin jihohin Arewa. A harabar Kano, an canza suna [[Abdullahi Bayero]] College da Hausa da Larabci da kuma karatun Islamiyya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

Duk da cewa an kafa Jami’ar Arewacin Najeriya, masu sharhi sun lura cewa fiye da sauran jami’o’in Najeriya, Ahmadu Bello ya yi hidima ga dalibai daga kowace jiha ta tarayyar Najeriya.   {{Rp|pages=280,281}}

Ma'aikatan farfesa don yin hidima ga haɓakar rajistar ɗalibai da bayar da kwas ya kasance mai yuwuwar iyakancewa a wannan lokacin. A farkon shekarun 1970s kudade masu yawa sun ba da damar aika wasu manyan ma'aikatan ilimi zuwa cibiyoyin kasashen waje don kammala digiri na gaba. ’Yan Najeriya kadan amma suna karuwa da Ph.D ko wasu manyan digiri na dawowa daga ƙasashen waje amma sai ABU ta yi gogayya da sauran jami’o’in Najeriya domin daukarsu aiki. A halin yanzu, nadin ma'aikatan koyarwa na kasashen waje yana da mahimmanci kuma an fadada shi sosai kuma ya bambanta a cikin ƙasashe. Mataimakin shugaba Audu ya yi yunƙurin daidaita manufofin [[Nigerianisation|mayar da Nijeriya]] da kuma mayar da malaman jami’o’in ABU a arewa da jajircewarsu wajen ganin sun kiyaye duk wani shiri a matakin ilimi na duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

A shekara ta 1975, wannan ma'auni ya tabarbare. Makarantar koyarwa ta kasance fiye da rabin ƴan ƙasashen waje gaba ɗaya; a manyan matakan har yanzu fiye da haka.  : 307 Ana ganin ci gaban ma'aikatan Najeriya (musamman na ma'aikatan koyarwa na asalin arewa) yana da tafiyar hawainiya. A cikin 1975, ABU ta juya zuwa ga mafi girman girmamawa ga ci gaban ma'aikata na cikin gida yayin da ta karɓi shirin Taimakawa Digiri. A karkashin wannan shirin, ana daukar mafi kyawu a cikin shirye-shiryen karatun digiri na sassan sassan don shiga sashen a matsayin horar da ma’aikata tare da daukar horo mai zurfi yayin da suke samun kwarewa a kan aiki. A cikin 'yan shekaru, yawancin manyan ma'aikatan ABU sun kasance samfurori na shirin horo na ciki. Daga 1975, yawan ma'aikatan koyarwa na ƙasashen waje ya ragu cikin sauri. &lt;ref name=&quot;hist&quot; /&gt; : 196-219 

=== Daga baya ci gaba ===
[[Fayil:Umar_Suleiman_Hall.jpg|right|thumb|Umar Suleiman Hall, 2021]]
Tun daga farkon shekarun 1980, jami'ar ta fuskanci raguwar kuɗaɗe sosai yayin da Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya da [[Bankin Duniya]] suka sanya tsarin daidaita tsarinsu a kasar. Darajar kudin kasar Najeriya ta yi kasa a gwiwa dangane da wasu kuma an rage albashin ma'aikata a hakikanin gaskiya. An rage kuɗaɗen gine-gine, siyan ɗakin karatu, da sauran albarkatu. Gasar ga dalibai, ma'aikata da kuma kudade tare da sauran cibiyoyi na kasa a cikin abin da ya kasance tsarin fadada jami'a ya karu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

A lokacin taron zaman lafiya na watan Mayu shekarar 1986 na jami'a game da aiwatar da Shirin Gyara Tsarin, jami'an tsaro sun kashe masu zanga-zangar 20 da masu kallo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Structural Adjustment Program |url=http://www.whirledbank.org/development/sap.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131118050116/http://www.whirledbank.org/development/sap.html |archive-date=18 November 2013 |access-date=11 November 2013 |publisher=The Whirled Bank Group}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekaru, ABU ta shafar rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa na kasa. Gaskiyar cewa ABU tana da &quot;halayyar kasa&quot;  (a cikin jawo ɗalibai da ma'aikata daga yankuna masu yawa na Najeriya, kabilanci da al'ummomin addini) na iya zama dalilin da ya sa ma'aikatar ke da alaƙa da rashin kwanciyar hankali na ciki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramalan |first=Ibrahim |date=2019-03-15 |title=ABU matriculates more than 13,000 students for 2018/2019 academic session |url=https://dailynigerian.com/abu-matriculates-more-than-13000-students-for-2018-2019-academic-session/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928190104/https://dailynigerian.com/abu-matriculates-more-than-13000-students-for-2018-2019-academic-session/ |archive-date=2021-09-28 |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=Daily Nigerian |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda haka, ABU ta kasance daga cikin jami'o'in Najeriya da suka sha wahala mafi yawa daga rufewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;
[[Fayil:Senate_Building_ABU.jpg|right|thumb|Senate Building, 2021]]
Duk da haka ABU ta ci gaba da zama muhimmiyar matsayi tsakanin jami'o'in Najeriya. Yayin da yake gabatowa da cika rabin karni, ABU na iya da'awar kasancewa mafi girma kuma mafi girma daga cikin jami'o'i a Afirka ta Kudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Manning |first=Patrick |date=June 1980 |title=Review: Mahdi Adamu. The Hausa Factor in West African History. (Ahmadu Bello University History Series)... |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=689–690 |doi=10.1086/ahr/85.3.689-a |issn=1937-5239}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya mamaye yanki na hekta 7,000 (27 sq  kuma ya ƙunshi fannoni 18 na ilimi, makarantar digiri na biyu da sassan ilimi 100. Tana da cibiyoyi bakwai, cibiyoyi na musamman guda shida, Sashen Kwalejin Aikin Gona, makarantun sakandare da firamare, da kuma fadadawa da sabis na ba da shawara wanda ke ba da sabis ga al'umma. Adadin dalibai da suka shiga jami'ar da kuma karatun digiri kusan 35,000 ne, daga kowace jiha ta Najeriya, Afirka, da sauran duniya. Akwai kimanin ma'aikatan ilimi da bincike 1,400 da ma'aikatan tallafi 5,000.

Jami’ar ta bunkasa sabbin cibiyoyi guda biyu: [[Jami'ar Bayero|Jami’ar Bayero Kano]] da [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa|Jami’ar Fasaha ta Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] da ke Bauchi. Wasu manyan makarantu guda 30 da suka hada da kwalejojin ilimi, polytechnics da makarantun firamare ko na farko suna da alaka da ita.

Duk da dimbin nasarorin da wannan babbar cibiya ta samu, akwai wasu kalubale da cibiyar ke fuskanta. Waɗannan ƙalubalen sun bambanta daga wannan sashe zuwa wancan. Misali, ta fuskar ababen more rayuwa, makarantar ba ta da isassun ajujuwa ga dalibai daga wasu sassan. A kan haka, ana samun rikici a wurare musamman da safe lokacin da akasarin azuzuwan ke gudana. Har ila yau, har ma ga sassan da ke da ajujuwa, waɗannan azuzuwan ba su dace da adadin ɗaliban ba. Wani kalubalen da har yanzu ba a bincika ba dangane da ababen more rayuwa shi ne na dakunan kwanan dalibai ko zauren zama kamar yadda aka san shi. Dakunan kwanan dalibai da ke akwai don ɗalibai ba su da ikon ɗaukar duk ɗaliban da ke sha'awar zama a cikin harabar. A dalilin haka ne, dalibai da dama suka makale a harabar makarantar musamman a farkon zaman, wasu kuma da suka yi sa’a suna yin tsugunne da abokai da ‘yan uwa da suka riga sun sami masauki.

== Gudanarwa ==
Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello tana da kansila a matsayin shugaban bikin, yayin da mataimakin shugaban jami’ar shi ne babban jami’in gudanarwa da ilimi. Yawancin lokaci ana nada mataimakin shugaban kasa na tsawon shekaru biyar, wanda ba a sabunta shi ba.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Mataimakin shugaban kasa 
!
!
!Matsayi
!Ayyuka
|-
|1
|
|1961–1966
|Masanin kimiyyar lissafi
|-
|2
|[[Ishaya Audu]]
|1966–1975
|Likita
|-
|3
|[[Iya Abubakar]]
|1975–1978
|Masanin lissafi
|-
|4
|Oladipo Akikugbe
|1978–1979
|Likita
|-
|5
|Ango Abdullahi
|1979–1986
|Masanin kimiyyar noma
|-
|6
|Adamu N Muhammad
|1986–1991
|Masanin ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta
|-
|7
|Daniel Iyorkegh Saror
|1991–1995
|Likitan dabbobi
|-
|8
|Manjo Janar [[Mamman Kontagora]]
|1995–1998
|{{Efn|Sole-administrator appointed by then head of state [[Sani Abacha]] after a major conflict.&lt;ref name=&quot;George Klay Kieh 2007 174&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=Beyond state failure and collapse: making the state relevant in Africa | publisher=Lexington Books | first=George Klay |last=Kieh | year=2007 | pages=174 | isbn=978-0-7391-0892-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|-
|9
|Abdullahi Mahadi
|1999–2004
|[[Masanin tarihi]]
|-
|10
|Shehu Usman Abdullahi
|2004–2009
|Likitan dabbobi
|-
|11
|Jarlath Udoudo Umoh
|2009–2009
|Likitan dabbobi
|-
|12
|Aliyu Mohammed
|2009–2010
|Masanin harshe (Turanci) 
|-
|13
|[[Abdullahi Mustapha]]
|2010–2015
|Masanin magani
|-
|14
|[[Ibrahim Garba]]
|2015–2020
|Masanin ilimin ƙasa
|-
|15
|[[Kabiru Bala|Kabir Bala]]
|Ranar 2020
|Gine-gine
|-
|}
{{Reflist}}

== Faculty da Makarantu ==
Faculty da darussan da jami'ar ke bayarwa sune &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-08-28 |title=13 Faculties And Courses in Abu Zaria - FlashLearners |url=https://flashlearners.com/faculties-courses-abu-zaria/ |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=flashlearners.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kwalejin Fasaha ===
Sashen da ke ƙarƙashin ikon

# Harsunan Afirka da al'adu
# [[Larabci]]
# Archaeology da Nazarin Tarihi
# Nazarin Ingilishi da Littattafai
# [[Faransanci]]
# [[Tarihi]]
# [[Falsafa]]
# [[Gidan wasan kwaikwayo]] da wasan kwaikwayo[[Yin zane-zane|Ayyuka]]

=== Ma'aikatar Ilimi ===
OSashen da ke ƙarƙashin ikon

# Ilimin Ilimi da ShawaraShawarwari
# Fasaha da [[Kimiyyar zamantakewa|Ilimin Kimiyya ta Jama'a]]
# Kimiyya ta wallafe-wallafen
# Ilimin sana'a da fasaha (VTE) 
# Ilimin Jiki da Lafiya
# Ilimin Kimiyya
# Tushen Ilimi da Tsarin Mulki (DEDUFC) 
# Ilimin Ilimi da Shawara

=== Ma'aikatar Gudanarwa ===
Sashen da ke ƙarƙashin ikon

# Injiniyan lantarki da kwamfuta
# Injiniyan inji
# Injiniyan ƙarfe
# [[Kwamfuta injiniyarin|Injiniyan kwamfuta]]
# Injiniyan lantarki da Sadarwa
# Injiniyanci
# Injiniyan sinadarai
# Injiniyan Noma da Bio-Resources
# Albarkatun Ruwa da Injiniyan muhalli

=== Kwalejin Tsarin Muhalli ===
Sashen da ke ƙarƙashin ikon

# [[Karatun zanen gine-gine|Gine-gine]]
# Gine-gine
# Kyakkyawan Ayyuka
# Geomatics
# Gilashi da Fasahar Silicone
# Tsarin Masana'antu
# Shirye-shiryen Birane da Yankin
# Binciken Adadin
# [[Geomatics(Land Surveying)|Geomatics (Binciken Ƙasa)]]

=== Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Rayuwa ===
Sashen da ke ƙarƙashin ikon

# [[Biochemistry]]
# Ilimin halittu
# [[Botany]]
# [[Ilimin halittu]]
# [[Zoology|Ilimin dabbobi]]

=== Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Jiki ===
Sashen da ke ƙarƙashin ikon

# [[Kimiyya|Sanyen sunadarai]]
# Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta
# Yanayin ƙasa
# [[Ilmin duwatsu|Ilimin ƙasa]]
# Lissafi
# Ilimin lissafi
# Kididdiga
# Polymer da Kimiyyar Kayan Kayan

=== Kwalejin Magungunan Dabbobi ===
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# Magungunan dabbobi
# Kayan dabbobi[[Anatomy|Yanayin jikin mutum]]
# Ilimin Microbiology na dabbobi[[Ilimin halittu]]
# Ilimin jiki na dabbobi
# Cututtuka dabbobi
# Kayan dabbobi da ƙwayoyin cutaIlimin ƙwayoyin cuta
# Kimiyyar Magunguna da ToxicologyIlimin guba
# Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a da Magungunan rigakafi
# Aikin tiyata na dabbobi da Radiology
# Kayan kiwon dabbobi da samarwa

=== Kwalejin Aikin Gona ===
Sashen da ke ƙarƙashin ikon

# Lissafi
# Gudanar da Kasuwanci
# Gudanar da Jama'a
# Karamar Hukumar da Nazarin Ci Gaban

=== Kwalejin Shari'a ===
Sashen da ke ƙarƙashin ikon

# Kimiyya ta ƙasa
# Tattalin Arziki
# Yaduwar Aikin Gona da Ci gaban Karkara
# [[Ilimin kimiyyar noma|Ilimin noma]]
# Kimiyya ta Dabbobi
# Kare amfanin gona
# [[Botany|Kimiyya ta Shuke-shuke]]

Sashen da ke ƙarƙashin ikon

# Dokar Jama'a
# Dokar sirri
# Dokar Kasuwanci
# [[Shari'a|Dokar Musulunci]]

=== Makarantar Kasuwanci ===

# Lissafi
# Kimiyya da Inshora
# Bankin da Kudi
# Gudanar da Kasuwanci
# Tattalin Arziki
# [[Kasuwancin yanar gizo|Tallace-tallace]]

=== Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kimiyyar Kiwon Lafiya ===

# Yanayin Dan Adam[[Anatomy|Yanayin jikin mutum]]
# Ilimin jiki na Mutum
# [[Biochemistry]] na Kiwon Lafiya

=== Faculty of Basic Clinical Science ===

== Laburaren karatu ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
Kashim Ibrahim Library K.I.L., yana hidimtawa daliban jami'a da ma'aikatan ilimi daga babban harabar da tauraron dan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kashim Ibrahim Library |url=https://library.abu.edu.ng/pages/about.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005131736/https://library.abu.edu.ng/pages/about.php |archive-date=2021-10-05 |access-date=2021-10-05 |website=Ahmadu Bello}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zuwa shekara ta 2006, tarin sa sun hada da littattafai sama da miliyan 1.2.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nok |first=Grace |date=2006 |title=The Challenges of Computerizing a University Library in Nigeria: the Case of Kashim Ibrahim Library, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/188041074.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Library Philosophy and Practice |volume=78 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606040144/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/188041074.pdf |archive-date=2021-06-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nok |first=Grace |date=2006-04-14 |title=The Challenges of Computerizing a University Library in Nigeria: The Case of Kashim Ibrahim Library, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/78 |journal=Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Front_view_of_Kashim_Ibrahim_Library.jpg|right|thumb|Laburaren Kashim Ibrahim, 2022]]
An kafa ɗakin karatu a cikin shekarar 1955 wanda ya ƙunshi ƙaramin ɗaki ɗaya, daga baya ya zama kulob din ma'aikata. A shekara ta 1963, an gina wani gini na maye gurbin $ 39,000 mai suna ga gwamnan jihar na lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Matsayi ==
Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello ta Zaria ta kasance ta 6 mafi kyau a cikin jami'o'in gwamnati na tarayya a Najeriya, tun daga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-11-21 |title=Ahmadu Bello University [Acceptance Rate + Statistics] |url=https://edurank.org/uni/ahmadu-bello-university/ |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=EduRank.org - Discover university rankings by location |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abubuwan da ake buƙata don shigarwa ==
Duk wani dalibi da ke neman shiga cikin shirin digiri na makaranta na makarantar dole ne ya sami akalla ƙididdiga biyar a lissafi, karatun Ingilishi da duk wani batutuwa masu dacewa a WAEC / NECO / SSCE. Mai nema dole ne ya sami maki aƙalla 180 a jarrabawar Joint Admission Matriculation Board (JAMB).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fapohunda |first=Olusegun |date=2024-01-01 |title=ABU Distance Learning Courses and Admission Requirements |url=https://www.myschoolgist.com/ng/abu-distance-learning-courses/ |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=MySchoolGist |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Admission Requirements |url=https://abudlc.edu.ng/admission-requirements/ |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=ABU DLC |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shahararrun ɗalibai ==
Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello sananniya ce don samar da fitattun mutane da shugabannin Najeriya, gami da tsoffin gwamnoni da ministoci da ministocin jihohi da na yanzu. Daga cikin tsofaffin ɗalibai akwai:

* [[Magaji Abdullahi]], tsohon shugaban kasa na Jam'iyyar Cibiyar Kasa ta Najeriya (NCPN), tsohon sanata, tsohon mataimakin gwamna
* [[Alash'le Grace Abimiku|Alash'le Abimiku]], babban darakta na Cibiyar Bincike ta Duniya a [[Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin Ɗan Adam ta Najeriya|Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin Dan Adam ta Najeriya]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Staff Profile |url=http://ihvnigeria.org/index.php/about-ihvn/staff-profile.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004073212/http://ihvnigeria.org/index.php/about-ihvn/staff-profile.html |archive-date=2019-10-04 |access-date=2019-10-05 |website=ihvnigeria.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Muhammed K. Abubakar]], masanin kimiyya, tsohon minista
* [[Mohammed Bello Adoke]], tsohon Ministan Shari'a &amp; Babban Lauyan Tarayya
* [[Sheikh Ahmed Abdullah|Ahmed Abdullah]], OON, tsohon Ministan Noma da Ci gaban Karkara
* [[Atiku Abubakar]] GCON, tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasa, Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya
* [[Bashir Abubakar]], mai ritaya Mataimakin Janar mai kula da Kwastam
* [[Yayale Ahmed]], tsohon sakataren Gwamnatin Tarayya
* [[Aisha Alhassan]], tsohuwar ministan harkokin mata
* [[Bashir Abubakar]], mai ritaya Mataimakin Janar mai kula da Kwastam
* [[Adamu Aliero]], tsohon Gwamna, [[Kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]]
* [[Saratu Iya Aliyu]]
* [[Solomon Arase]], tsohon IGP, rundunar 'yan sanda ta Najeriya[[Rundunar ƴan Sandan Najeriya|Sojojin Najeriya]]
* [[Ayodele Awojobi]], masanin kimiyya kuma farfesa a [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]]
* Sunday Awoniyi, Shugaban Yoruba na Arewa, tsohon shugaban [[Arewa Consultative Forum|ACF]]
* Anthony Ayine, Babban mai binciken Tarayyar[[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Tarayyar Tarayya]]
* [[Ahmed Nuhu Bamalli]] Sarkin Zazzau na yanzu kuma tsohon Jakadan Thailand
* [[Mohammed Bawa]], tsohon gwamnan [[Ekiti|Jihar Ekiti]]
* [[Yahaya Bello]], tsohon gwamna, jihar Kogi
* [[Franca Brown]], 'yar wasan kwaikwayo.
* [[Maryam Ciroma]], tsohuwar Ministan Harkokin Mata
* [[Yahaya Abubakar Abdullahi]], Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa na Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya ta 9.Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa ta 9
* [[Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo]], tsohon gwamnan [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]]
* [[Usman Saidu Nasamu Dakingari]], tsohon gwamnan [[Kebbi|Jihar Kebbi]]
* [[Lawal Musa Daura]], tsohon darektan janar, Hukumar Tsaro ta Jihar Najeriya[[State Security Service (Nijeriya)|Ofishin Tsaro na Jiha]]
* [[Oladipo Diya]], GCON, tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasa / CGS, Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya
* Ibrahim Hussaini Doko, DG na kayan Raw Najeriya
* [[Donald Duke]], tsohon gwamnan [[Cross River|Jihar Cross River]]
* [[Saddiq Dzukogi]], mawaki kuma farfesa na Turanci, Jami'ar Jihar Mississippi
* Grace Chijimma Ezema, mace ta farko injiniyan lantarki a Najeriya
* [[Afakriya Gadzama]], tsohon Darakta Janar na Hukumar Tsaro ta Jihar Najeriya[[State Security Service (Nijeriya)|Ofishin Tsaro na Jiha]]
* [[Ibrahim Gaidam]], tsohon gwamna, [[Yobe|Jihar Yobe]]
* [[Jerry Gana]], tsohon ministan yada labarai
* [[Abubakar Ibn Umar Garba]], [[Masarautar Borno|''Shehu na Borno'']]
* [[Ibrahim Garba]], tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasa (ABU) 
* [[Kabiru Ibrahim Gaya]], tsohon gwamnan [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]]
* [[Isa Marte Hussaini]], farfesa, masanin magani
* [[Bukar Ibrahim]], tsohon gwamna, [[Yobe|Jihar Yobe]]
* [[Ibrahim Kpotun Idris]], tsohon [[Sufeto Janar na Ƴan Sandan (Najeriya)|IGP]], Rundunar 'Yan Sanda ta Najeriya[[Rundunar ƴan Sandan Najeriya|Sojojin Najeriya]]
* [[Catherine Uju Ifejika]], shugaban da Shugaba, Brittania-U Limited
* Azubuike Ihejirika, tsohon Shugaban SojojiShugaban Ma'aikatan Soja
* [[Attahiru Jega]], farfesa, tsohon shugaban, [[Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa|Hukumar Zabe ta Kasa mai zaman kanta (INEC)]] 
* [[Zainab Abdulkadir Kure]], ɗan siyasa
* [[Aisha Augie-Kuta]], mai daukar hoto
* [[Idris Legbo Kutigi]], tsohon babban alƙali na Najeriya
* [[Shehu Ladan]], tsohon kungiyar MD, [[Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation|NNPC]]
* [[Sanusi Lamido Sanusi|Sanusi Lamido]], tsohon gwamnan [[Babban Bankin Najeriya]], 14th da 16th Emir na Kano[[Masarautar Kano|Sarkin sarakuna na Kano]]
* [[Ibrahim Lamorde]], tsohon shugaban [[Hukumar Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa|EFCC]]
* Rilwanu Lukman, tsohon babban sakatare na [[OPEC]] &amp; Ministan Man Fetur
* [[Muhammad Nasirudeen Maiturare]], farfesa, tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasa, IBBUL, Jihar Nijar
* [[Ahmed Makarfi]], tsohon gwamnan [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]]
* [[Umaru Tanko Al-Makura]], tsohon gwamnan [[Nasarawa|Jihar Nasarawa]]
* [[Dino Melaye]], Sanata, Kogi West[[Jihar Kogi|Kogi Yamma]]
* [[Ahmed Tijjani Mora]], likitan magani, shugaban kungiyar ABU Alumni Association[[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|Kungiyar Alumni ta ABU]]
* [[Faruk Imam Muhammad]], shari'a, Kogi jihar Shari'a
* [[Magaji Muhammed]] OFR, tsohon Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida, tsohon Minista na [[Saudi Arebiya|Masarautar Saudi Arabia]]
* [[Mansur Mukhtar|Mansur Muhtar]], tsohon babban darakta na [[Bankin Duniya]]
* [[Dahiru Musdapher]], tsohon babban alƙali na NajeriyaBabban Alkalin Najeriya
* [[Abdullahi Mustapha]], tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasa (ABU) 
* [[Ghali Umar Na'Abba]], tsohon Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai[[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|Gidan Wakilai]]
* [[Usman Bayero Nafada]], tsohon mataimakin kakakin majalisar wakilai[[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|Gidan Wakilai]]
* [[Muhammad Mamman Nami]], Shugaban zartarwa, Hukumar Haraji ta Tarayya FIRS
* [[Rebecca Ndjoze-Ojo]], 'yar siyasa ta Namibia
* Demas Nwoko, mai zane da kuma gine-gine
* [[Olufemi Obafemi]], Mawallafi, Mawallafin Wasanni, da Mawallafi
* [[Samuel Oboh]], masanin gine-gine
* [[Gani Odutokun]], mai zane da kuma malami
* [[Uche Okeke]], mai zane da kuma malami
* Mike Omotosho, shugaban kasa na Jam'iyyar Labour (Nijeriya) [[Nigeria Labour Party|Shugaban jam'iyyar Labour Party (Nijeriya)]]
* [[Bruce Onobrakpeya]], mai zane
* [[Samuel Ortom]], tsohon Ministan Kasuwanci da Zuba Jari
* [[Jude Rabo]], mataimakin shugaban Jami'ar Tarayya, Wukari
* [[Nuhu Ribadu]], Mai ba da shawara kan tsaro na kasa (Nijeriya) , tsohon shugaban, [[Hukumar Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa|EFCC]]
* Nura Abba Rimi, Jami'in diflomasiyya, Jakadan Najeriya a Masar
* [[Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai]], tsohon gwamnan [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]]
* [[Aminu Safana]], likita / ɗan siyasa
* [[Namadi Sambo]], tsohon [[Mataimakin shugaban Kasar Najeriya|mataimakin shugaban Najeriya]]
* [[Faisal Shuaib]], likita, babban darakta kuma babban jami'in kula da lafiyar firamare na Najeriya
* [[Ibrahim Shekarau]], tsohon gwamnan [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]]
* [[Ibrahim Shema]], tsohon gwamna, [[Katsina (jiha)|Jihar Katsina]]
* [[Abdullahi Aliyu Sumaila]], mai gudanarwa
* Ussif Rashid Sumaila, masanin tattalin arziki
* [[Danbaba Suntai]], tsohon gwamnan [[Jahar Taraba|Jihar Taraba]]
* [[Ibrahim Umar]], tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasa kuma masanin kimiyya
* [[Lawal Adamu Usman]] Sanata wakiltar Kaduna ta tsakiya
* [[Nenadi Usman]], tsohon ministan kudi
* [[Shamsuddeen Usman]], tsohon Ministan [[Ma'aikatar Kasafin Kuɗi da Tsare-Tsare ta Tarayya (Najeriya)|Shirye-shiryen Kasa]]
* [[Auwal H Yadudu]] Masanin kimiyya na Najeriya kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Tarayya, Birnin Kebbi, Jihar Kebbi
* [[Patrick Ibrahim Yakowa|Patrick Yakowa]], tsohon gwamnan [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]]
* Andrew Yakubu, tsohon kungiyar MD, [[Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation|NNPC]]
* [[Turai Yar'Adua]], tsohuwar uwargidan Shugaban kasa
* [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]], GCFR, tsohon [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban Najeriya]]
* [[Isa Yuguda]], tsohon gwamnan [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]]
* [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]] sanannen malamin [[Shi'a]], wanda ya kafa Ƙungiyar Musulunci a Najeriya[[Harkar Musulunci a Najeriya|Yunkurin Musulunci a Najeriya]]

== Kungiyar Alumni ==
 
Ahmadu Bello University Alumni Association kungiya ce ta tsofaffi ga tsoffin ɗalibai na Jami'ar Ahmadu bello . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Emir Of Zazzau Pledges Support For ABU Alumni Association |url=http://government.leadership.ng/news/471955/emir-of-zazzau-pledges-support-for-abu-alumni-association |access-date=10 November 2015 |website=Leadership Newspaper }}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sau da yawa shugaban kasa na kungiyar ne ke wakiltar kungiyar tsofaffi a cikin majalisa mai kula da jami'ar. Wannan ya zama dole ga ƙungiyar ta ba da gudummawa kai tsaye ga manufofin jami'ar.

Kungiyar ta kasa a halin yanzu tana da mambobi 17 na Kwamitin Zartarwa na Kasa (NEC) waɗanda ke kula da al'amuran kungiyar daidai da tanadin kundin tsarin mulkin kungiyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alumni Should Give Back To Alma-Mater – Mora |url=http://www.leadership.ng/features/469418/alumni-should-give-back-to-alma-mater-mora |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025135357/http://leadership.ng/features/469418/alumni-should-give-back-to-alma-mater-mora |archive-date=25 October 2015 |access-date=10 November 2015 |website=Leadership Newspaper}}&lt;/ref&gt;Shugaban kasa na yanzu na kungiyar tsofaffi shine [[Ahmed Tijjani Mora|Ahmed Tijani Mora]], sanannen likitan magani kuma tsohon mai rajista da kuma babban jami'in zartarwa na Majalisar Likitoci ta Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABU has done well for Northern agricultural development – Alumni |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/agriculture/abu-has-done-well-for-northern-agricultural-development-alumni/117911.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095420/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/agriculture/abu-has-done-well-for-northern-agricultural-development-alumni/117911.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=10 November 2015 |website=Daily Trust}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tarihi ===
An kafa kungiyar tsofaffi a farkon shekarun 1960 ta hanyar karatun da suka hada da gine-ginen Cif Fola Alade, Cif Lai Balogun da Farfesa [[Ayodele Awojobi]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mora Elected ABU Alumni President |url=http://leadership.ng/news/454385/mora-elected-abu-alumni-president |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016190338/http://leadership.ng/news/454385/mora-elected-abu-alumni-president |archive-date=October 16, 2015 |access-date=10 November 2015 |website=Leadership Newspaper}}&lt;/ref&gt; A yau, ƙungiyar tsofaffi tana da rassa a duk faɗin tarayyar tare da ofishin ƙasa a harabar jami'a kanta. Tun lokacin da aka kafa kungiyar, majalisar gudanarwa ta Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello ta ci gaba da kasancewa da kyakkyawar dangantaka ta aiki tare da kungiyar don bunkasa jami'ar. Da farko, ƙungiyar ta kasance a ƙarƙashin kulawar mataimakin shugaban jami'ar. A yau yana ƙarƙashin ofishin mataimakin shugaban kasa kuma mataimakin mai kula da shi ne ke kula da shi.

== Gidan wasan kwaikwayo ==
[[Fayil:Ahmadu_Bello_University_Zaria_Garden_beside_main_gate_at_Samaru_campus.jpg|thumb|Wannan hoton yana nuna lambun da ke gaban harabar A.B.U Central Musque Samaru]]
[[Fayil:Ahmadu_Bello_University_Zaria_senate_building_Garden.jpg|thumb|wannan shi ne lambun da ke gaban ginin majalisar dattijai na Samaru]]

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Jerin Jami'o'in Najeriya|Jerin jami'o'i a Najeriya]]
* [[Ilimi a Najeriya]]
* [[List of academic libraries in Nigeria|Gidajen karatu na ilimi a Najeriya]]

== Manazarta ==

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Official website}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>09u834s012ux5fuymhy9s1yuk3a0dbe</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ali Nuhu</title>
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      <text bytes="17379" sha1="qxp8gpdf0kh4tl650irw8e2t9ap96j9" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Ali Nuhu at AMVCA 2020.jpg|thumb|dan wasan kwaikwayo ]]
{{Databox}}
[[Fayil:Iron rod Gate.jpg|thumb|dan wasan kwaikwayo ]]
'''''Ali Nuhu Mohammed''''' An haifi Ali Nuhu a ranar 15 ga watan Maris na  shekarar  (1974) a garin [[Maiduguri]] dake [[Borno|Jihar Borno.]] Ya girma a jihar [[Kano|Kano,]] mahaifinsa kuma dan Balanga ne a [[jihar Gombe]] dake ([[Arewacin Najeriya]]).&lt;ref&gt;Ali Nuhu returns to school&quot;. ''premiumtimesng.com''. Premium Times. 9 January 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2017&lt;/ref&gt;

Ali Nuhu ya fito daga kabilar Tangale Waja, cikakken sunan mahaifinsa shine Nuhu Poloma wanda  dan asalin jihar Gombe ne.

Ali Nuhu ya girma ne a hannun mahaifiyar sa a jahar Kano, mahaifiyar sa ta rasu a shekarar alif da dari tara da casa'in da tara (1999) miladiyya . Shi kuma mahaifinsa ya rasu a shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin (2020). Ali Nuhu jarumine a harkar fina-finai, sannan marubucine, mai bada umarni kuma furodusa ne a masana,antar shirya fina-finai ta [[kannywood]] da [[Nollywood]]. Sannan kuma wasu lokutan ya kan yi rawa a wasu fina-finai.

Ali Nuhu yana fina-finan sa cikin harshen Hausa da turanci, sannan kuma yana cikin manyan jaruman da suka kafa masana'antar shirya finafinai ta [[kannywood]].


Shekarun sa 51 a shekarar 2025, ya kuma karanci geography a jami'ar Jos wato ''University of Jos'' a turance.

Mutane suna masa inkiya da &quot;sarki Ali Nuhu&quot; (King of kannywood), wanda aƙalla zuwa yanzu ya fito a fina-finai sama da dari biyar (500+) wanda ya samu lambobin yabo da dama. Ko a  shekara ta 2023 sai da ya samu lambar yabo ta &quot;Best actor award in the Nollywood Europe Golden Award (NEGA a shekarar 2023)&quot;.

Ali Nuhu ya fara harkar fim tun a shekarar alif da dari tara da casa'in da tara (1999) miladiyya wato shekarar da mahaifiyar sa ta rasu da wani fim mai taken &quot;ABIN SIRRI NE&quot; ya kuma fito a finafinan masana'antar shirya finafinai ta kudanci [[najeriya]] [[NOLLYWOOD]] irin su Tout too, The Ghost, The Millions and Diamonds in the Sky, da dai sauransu.

Jarumin yana da mata ɗaya da yara biyu (2) Ahmad da fatima.
[[Fayil:Ali Nuhu at AMVCA 2020 2.jpg|thumb|ali nuhu]]

A shekarar 2024 shugaban ƙasar Najeriya, Bola Ahmed Tinubu ya naɗa shi a matsayin shugaban masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya gaba daya. 

[https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100084695837531 Alh Abdoul Embesey ii]

== Farkon rayuwa ==
An haifi Ali Nuhu Muhammad a birnin [[Maiduguri|Maiduguri, jihar Borno]], a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Mahaifinsa [[Nuhu Poloma]]  daga Balanga gari Jihar Gombe dake a Arewacin Najeriya da mahaifiyarsa mai suna Fatima Karderam Digema daga Bama gidan gwamnatin jihar Borno. Ya girma a [[Jos]] da [[Kano#Tarihin%20Kano|Kano]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ali9&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Yanzu Jama'a Sun Fara Fahimta Da Rungumar Ayyukanmu-In Ji Jarumi Ali Nuhu|url=https://www.voahausa.com/a/a-39-2005-08-06-voa1-91733284/1370189.html|website=voahausa.com|publisher=[[Voice of America]]|access-date=13 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aure ==
Ali Nuhu yana da mata daya da Yara guda biyu, Ahmad Ali nuhu da Fatima Ali nuhu.

== Ilimi ==
Ali ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Jos, Bayan karatun sakandare, ya sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimin na [[fasaha]] daga Jami'ar Jos. Yayi bautar [[kasa]] a [[Ibadan]] da ke jihar [[Oyo]]. Daga baya ya halarci Jami'ar Kudancin [[Kalifoniya]] don yayi kwas a fagen shirya fina-finai da fasahar [[sinima]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.voahausa.com/a/a-39-2005-08-06-voa1-91733284/1370189.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ali Nuhu ya fara fitowa a fim ne a shekarar ta 1999 mai suna “Abin sirri ne”. An fi saninsa da rawar da yake takawa a &quot;Sangaya&quot; wanda ya zama ɗayan Fina-finan Hausa da suka fi samun kudi a lokacin. Ali Nuhu ya fito a fina-finai da dama, wadanda suka haɗa da Azal, Jarumin Maza, da Stinda a matsayin fitaccen Jarumi a wajen bayar da gudummuwa a yayin bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na African Movie Academy a (shekara ta 2007). A shekarar ta 2019, Ali Nuhu ya yi bikin cikarsa shekaru 20 a masana'antar nishaɗantarwa. Ya fito a fina-finai kusan dari biyar (500).&lt;ref name=&quot;PT&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Ali Nuhu celebrates 20 years in Kannywood|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/kannywood/305949-ali-nuhu-celebrates-20-years-in-kannywood.html|date=15 January 2019|newspaper=Premium Times|first=Mohammed|last=Lere|access-date=25 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Shugaban Hukumar Fina-finai ta Najeriya ===
A shekarar 2024 shugaban Najeriya [[Bola Tinubu]] ya nada shi a matsayin shugaban hukumar kula da fina-finai ta [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/01/breaking-tinubu-appoints-kannywood-actor-ali-nuhu-md-of-film-corporation/ Tinubu appoints Kannywood actor Ali Nuhu MD of Film Corporation]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mabiya ==
inda akayi ittifaki akan yana da mabiya a [[Twitter]] sama da mutane dubu dari da arba'in 140,000 da kuma mabiya a [[Facebook]] sama da  mutane dubu uku 3,000,000 da kuma wasu a shafin [[Instagram]] sama da milyan mutane dubu dari 1,000,000.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/kannywood/305949-ali-nuhu-celebrates-20-years-in-kannywood.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.legit.ng/1216404-ali-nuhus-biography-family-career.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fina finai a Kannywood ==
('''BT''') na nufin Ba Tabbas, ma'ana babu tabbacin kwanan wata da shekarar da fim din ya fita. Yayin da akwai wasu kuma da ake da tabbacin kwanan watan fitar su.
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|+
!Fim
!↑ Shekara
!Fim
!Shekara
|-
|Abaya
|BT
|Alhini
|BT
|-
|Abin Sirri Ne
|1998
|Ali
|BT
|-
|Alhini
|BT
|Alkebba
|BT
|-
|Ali
|BT
|
|
|-
|Alkebba
|BT
|
|
|-
|Ambato
|BT
|
|
|-
|Aska Tara
|BT
|
|
|-
|Zuwa Da Kai
|BT
|
|
|-
|Uwar Miji
|BT
|
|
|-
|'Ya 'Ya Na
|BT
|
|
|-
|Ina Miji Na?
|BT
|
|
|-
|Gambiza
|BT
|
|
|-
|Namijin Duniya
|BT
|
|
|-
|Dama da Hauni
|BT
|
|
|-
|Ga Fili Ga Mai Doki
|BT
|
|
|-
|Masu Aji
|BT
|
|
|-
|Zo Mu Zauna
|BT
|
|
|-
|Mashi
|2003
|
|
|-
|Gida da Waje
|BT
|
|
|-
|Yanayi
|BT
|
|
|-
|Farin Wata
|BT
|
|
|-
|Sakayya
|1998
|
|
|-
|Harafin So
|BT
|
|
|-
|Zuciya Ko Ruhi
|BT
|
|
|-
|Sangaya
|2000
|
|
|-
|JIGAL 
|2002
|
|
|-
|Bashin Gaba
|BT
|
|
|-
|Mai Gadon Zinare
|BT
|
|
|-
|Ragowar Yaki
|BT
|
|
|-
|Kishin Mata
|BT
|
|
|-
|Jurwaye
|BT
|
|
|-
|Fitilar Dare
|BT
|
|
|-
|Rana da Wata
|BT
|
|
|-
|Umarnin Uwa
|BT
|
|
|-
|Gadan Ga
|BT
|
|
|-
|Sabon Shafi
|BT
|
|
|-
|Hawan Girma
|BT
|
|
|-
|Khalid
|BT
|
|
|-
|Maraichi
|BT
|
|
|-
|Har Abada
|BT
|
|
|-
|Qiyasi
|BT
|
|
|-
|Shamsiyya
|BT
|
|
|-
|Tawakkali
|BT
|
|
|-
|Raliya
|BT
|
|
|-
|Maryam Diyana
|BT
|
|
|-
|Rawani
|BT
|
|
|-
|Ban Ga Masoyi Ba
|BT
|
|
|-
|Gidan Iko
|BT
|
|
|-
|Zamba
|BT
|
|
|-
|Kamilalla
|BT
|
|
|-
|Nazari
|BT
|
|
|-
|Garinmu da Zafi (Dawo-Dawo)
|BT
|
|
|-
|Bilal
|BT
|
|
|-
|Mujadala
|BT
|
|
|-
|Bahaushiya
|BT
|
|
|-
|Rariya
|2017
|
|
|-
|Dangin Miji
|2017
|
|
|-
|Ba Tabbas
|2017
|
|
|-
|Mansoor
|2017
|
|
|-
|Zuciya Da Hawaye
|2017
|
|
|-
|Wacece Sarauniya?
|2017
|
|
|-
|Jarumta
|2016
|
|
|-
|Mu'amalat
|2016
|
|
|-
|Dattijo
|2016
|
|
|-
|Shinaz
|2016
|
|
|-
|Igiyar Zato
|2016
|
|
|-
|Halacci
|2015
|
|
|-
|'Yar Tasha
|2015
|
|
|-
|Wutar Gaba
|2015
|
|
|-
|Bani Bake
|2015
|
|
|-
|Gamu Nan Dai
|2015
|
|
|-
|Uba da 'Da
|2015
|
|
|-
|Baya da Kura
|2015
|
|
|-
|Ba'asi
|2015
|
|
|-
|Sallamar So
|2015
|
|
|-
|Kurman Allo
|2015
|
|
|-
|Nasibi
|2015
|
|
|-
|Hanyar Kano
|2014
|
|
|-
|Sirrin Da Ke Raina
|2014
|
|
|-
|Mai Dalilin Aure (Match Maker)
|2014
|
|
|-
|Jinin Jiki Na
|2014
|
|
|-
|Garbati
|2014
|
|
|-
|'Ya daga Allah
|2014
|
|
|-
|Idan Hakane
|2014
|
|
|-
|Kanin Miji
|2014
|
|
|-
|Mati da Lado
|2014
|
|
|-
|Sai a Lahira
|2014
|
|
|-
|Munafikin Mata
|2014
|
|
|-
|Duniyar Nan
|2014
|
|
|-
|So Aljannar Duniya
|2014
|
|
|-
|Hujja
|2014
|
|
|-
|Hakkin Miji
|2014
|
|
|-
|Andamali
|2013
|
|
|-
|Dakin Amarya
|2013
|
|
|-
|Nadawo Gareki
|2013
|
|
|-
|Wani Gari
|2013
|
|
|-
|Da Kishiyar Gida
|2013
|
|
|-
|Haske
|2013
|
|
|-
|Lamiraj
|2013
|
|
|-
|Jarumin Maza
|2013
|
|
|-
|Fari Da Baki
|2013
|
|
|-
|Zuri'a
|2013
|
|
|-
|Mai Jego
|2013
|
|
|-
|Mai Farin Jini
|2013
|
|
|-
|Halisa
|2013
|
|
|-
|Matar Jami'a
|2013
|
|
|-
|Kudi A Duhu
|2013
|
|
|-
|Madubin Dubawa
|2012
|
|
|-
|Gani Gaka
|2012
|
|
|-
|Wani Hanin
|2012
|
|
|-
|Kudi A Duhu
|2012
|
|
|-
|Son Zuciya
|2012
|
|
|-
|Dan Marayan Zaki
|2012
|
|
|-
|Kara da Kiyashi
|2012
|
|
|-
|Rai Dai
|2012
|
|
|-
|Hubbi
|2012
|
|
|-
|Bazan Barki Ba
|2012
|
|
|-
|Son Mai So
|2012
|
|
|-
|Blood and Henna
|2012
|
|
|-
|Maza Da Mata
|2012
|
|
|-
|Noor (The Light)
|2012
|
|
|-
|Talatu
|2012
|
|
|-
|Kona Gari
|2012
|
|
|-
|Adamsy
|2011
|
|
|-
|Alhaki Kwikwiyo
|2011
|
|
|-
|Armala
|2011
|
|
|-
|Malika
|2011
|
|
|-
|Tsaraba
|2011
|
|
|-
|Mutallab
|2011
|
|
|-
|Mai Zamani
|2011
|
|
|-
|Jaraba
|2011
|
|
|-
|Ke Duniya
|2011
|
|
|-
|Toron Giwa
|2011
|
|
|-
|Fisabilillahi
|2011
|
|
|-
|Muradi
|2011
|
|
|-
|Rai Da Buri
|2011
|
|
|-
|Ankwa
|2011
|
|
|-
|'Yan Mata
|2010
|
|
|-
|Mai Ladabi
|2010
|
|
|-
|Sarauta
|2010
|
|
|-
|Kukan Zaki (the Lion’s Cry)
|2010
|
|
|-
|Balaraba
|2010
|
|
|-
|Ladidin Baba
|2010
|
|
|-
|Dan Sarki
|2010
|
|
|-
|Sai Wata Rana
|2010
|
|
|-
|Wasila
|2010
|
|
|-
|Artabu (A Mazauna)
|2009
|
|
|-
|Dijangala
|2008
|
|
|-
|Hafsah
|2007
|
|
|-
|Bana Bakwai
|2007
|
|
|-
|Sabon Sarki
|2006
|
|
|-
|Jamhuriya
|2005
|
|
|-
|Taurari
|2005
|
|
|-
|Gwamnati
|2003
|
|
|-
|zero hour
|2020
|
|
|}

== Bada umarni ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;&quot;
! Shekara
! Suna
! Matsayi
! Salo
! Kamfanin daya shirya
|-
| 2007 
|''Sitanda''
| Jarumi
| Wasa
| 
|-
| 2011 
|''Carbin Kwai''
| Jarumi
| Wasa
| 
|-
| 2012 
|''Madubin Dubawa''
| Jarumi
| Wasa
| 
|-
| 2012 
|''Last Flight to Abuja''
| Jarumi
| Wasa
| Nollywood Film Factory
|-
| 2013 
|''Blood and Henna''
| Jarumi
| Wasa
| Newage Networks
|-
| 2013 
|''Confusion Na Wa''
| Jarumi
| Was
| Cinema KpataKpata
|-
| 2013 
|''Wani Hanin''
| Jarumi
| Wasa
| 
|-
| 2014 
|''Matan Gida''
| Jarumi
| Wasa
| 
|-
| 2015 
|''Jinin Jikina''
| Jarumi
| Wasa
| 
|-
| 2016 
|''Nasibi''
| Jarumi
| Wasa
| 
|-
| 2016 
|''Ojukokoro''
| Jarumi
| Wasa
| Singularity Media
|-
| 2017 
|''Banana Island Ghost''
| Jarumi
| Wasa
|Allura cikin ruwa
|}Shekara ta 2024

== Lamban girma ==
Ali Nuhu yana daga cikin jaruman fina-finan Hausa wadanda ke gaba-gaba wajen samun gagarumar nasarori a masana'antar ta Kannywood dama ta mutanen kudancin Najeriya wato [[Nollywood]]. Anan zamu kawo maku wasu daga cikin kyaututtukan da Ali Nuhu ya samu a harkar sa ta shirya fina-finai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ali15&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Sharia Affected Cinema Culture In Northern Nigeria – Nuhu|url=http://leadership.ng/2017/06/18/sharia-affected-cinema-culture-northern-nigeria-nuhu/|website=leadership.ng|publisher=[[Leadership (Nigeria)|Leadership Newspaper]]|access-date=13 October 2017|archive-date=13 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013174903/http://leadership.ng/2017/06/18/sharia-affected-cinema-culture-northern-nigeria-nuhu/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/ali-nuhu-honoured-with-doctorate-by-cotonou-university.html|title=Ali Nuhu honoured with Doctorate by Cotonou University – Daily Trust|date=2018-10-10|work=Daily Trust|access-date=2018-10-11|language=en-GB|archive-date=2018-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010172458/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/ali-nuhu-honoured-with-doctorate-by-cotonou-university.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|+
!Shekara
!Kyauta
!Rukuni
!Sakamako
|-
!2005
|Arewa Films Award
|Best Actor
|
|-
!2007
|3rd Africa Movie Academy Awards
|Best Upcoming Actor award
|{{Nasara}}
|-
!2008
|The Future Award
|Best Actor
|{{Nasara}}
|-
!2011
|Zulu African Film Academy Awards
|Best Actor ''(Indigenous)''
|
|-
!2012
|2012 Best of Nollywood Awards
|Best Actor ''(Hausa)''
|{{Nasara}}
|-
!2013
|9th Africa Movie Academy Awards
|Best Supporting Actor  
|{{Nasara}}
|-
!2013
|2013 Nigeria Entertainment Awards
|Best Actor
|{{Nasara}}
|-
!2013
|2013 Best of Nollywood Awards
|Best Actor ''(Hausa)''
|{{Nasara}}
|-
!2013
|City People Entertainment Awards
|Kannywood Face
|{{Nasara}}
|-
!2014
|Kannywood Awards
|Best Actor
|{{Nasara}}
|-
!2014
|Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership Awards
|Best Artiste
|{{Nasara}}
|-
!2014
|City People Entertainment Awards
|Best Actor
|{{Nasara}}
|-
!2014
|City People Entertainment Awards
|Kannywood Face
|{{Nasara}}
|-
!2014
|Arewa Music and Movie Awards
|Pride of Kannywood
|{{Nasara}}
|-
!2014
|Arewa Music and Movie Awards
|Best Actor ''(Popular)''
|{{Nasara}}
|-
!2015
|19th African Film Awards
|Most Outstanding Actor
|{{Nasara}}
|-
!2015
|2015 Best of Nollywood Award
|Best Actor (Hausa)
|{{Nasara}}
|-
!2015
|2015 Kannywood Awards
|Best Actor ''(Popular)''
|{{Nasara}}
|-
!2015
|City People Entertainment Awards
|Kannywood Personality
|{{Nasara}}
|-
!2016
|2016 Best of Nollywood Awards
|Best Actor ''(Hausa)''
|{{Nasara}}
|-
!2016
|Arewa Music and Movie Awards
|Best Actor
|{{Nasara}}
|-
!2016
|Kannywood Awards
|Best Actor
|{{Nasara}}
|-
!2016
|City People Entertainment Awards
|Kannywood Face
|{{Nasara}}
|-
!2016
|Arewa|Arewa Creative Industry Awards
|Entertainment Award
|{{Nasara}}
|-
!2016
|Wazobia FM’s COWA Awards
|Excellent Entertainer
|{{Nasara}}
|-
!2017
|Northern Nigeria Peace Awards
|Best Actor
|{{Nasara}}
|-
!2017
|City People Entertainment Awards
|Kannywood Face
|{{Nasara}}
|-
!2017
|City People Entertainment Awards
|Best Actor
|{{Nasara}}
|-
!2017
|2017 Best of Nollywood Awards
|Special Recognition Award
|An dakatar
|}

== Hotuna ==
[[File:Ali Nuhu at AMVCA 2020 2.jpg|thumb]]Ali Nuhu
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed-overlay&quot; heights=&quot;140&quot; caption=&quot;Hotunan Ali Nuhu a lokacin shirin fim&quot;&gt;
File:Ali Nuhu at AMVCA 2020.jpg|Ali Nuhu a lokacin karban lamban girma
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|2}}
&lt;references/&gt;
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Hausawa]]
[[Category:Yan wasan kwaikwayo]]
[[Category:Maza yan wasan kwaikwayo]]
[[Category:Haihuwan 1974]]

== Rayuwar shi ta farko da ilimi ==

An haifi Ali Nuhu Mohammed a [[Maiduguri]], [[Borno|Jihar Borno]], dake Najeriya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Olonilua |first=Ademola |date=2022-03-19 |title=Kannywood to Nollywood: Ali Nuhu, Rahama Sadau, other Northern actors bridging the gap |url=https://dailytrust.com/kannywood-to-nollywood-ali-nuhu-rahama-sadau-other-northern-actors-bridging-the-gap |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=Daily Trust |language=en |archive-date=2025-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250901205248/https://dailytrust.com/kannywood-to-nollywood-ali-nuhu-rahama-sadau-other-northern-actors-bridging-the-gap |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinsa, Nuhu Poloma, ya fito ne daga [[Balanga (Nijeriya)|Balanga]] dake  [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]] a Nigeria kuma mahaifiyarsa Fatima Karderam Digema, ta fito ne daga [[Bama]] a Jihar Borno. Ya girma a [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] kuma ya halarci [[Dawakin Tofa Science College|Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Dawakin Tofa]] . Ali nuhu Ya sami digiri a fannin ilimin ƙasa daga [[Jami'ar Jos]] . 

Bayan ya yi aiki a cikin Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Kasa na shekara guda a [[Ibadan]], ya kuma ɗauki darussan fim daga Kwalejin Fim da Talabijin ta Asiya a [[Delhi]].

== __LEAD_SECTION__ ==

'''Ali Nuhu Mohammed''' ({{Pronunciation|Ha-Ali Nuhu Mohammed.ogg|help=no}}; an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Maris na shekara 1974 ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne a Najeriya wanda ke aiki a matsayin manajan darektan [[Nigerian Film Corporation|Kamfanin Fim na Najeriya]] tun daga watan Janairun shekara ta 2024.  Ya  auri Maimuna Garba a shekara ta 2003, ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya 2.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ali&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 January 2016 |title=Ali Nuhu returns to school |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/196476-kannywood-ali-nuhu-returns-to-school.html |access-date=13 October 2017 |website=premiumtimesng.com |publisher=Premium Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya bayyana a fina-finai na Hausa da Ingilishi kuma galibi ana daukar shi a matsayin &quot;sarkin [[kannywood]]&quot;.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Ali7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 November 2015 |title=Ali Nuhu, Adam Zango, others win awards in London |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/kannywood/193176-ali-nuhu-adam-zango-others-win-awards-in-london.html |access-date=13 October 2017 |website=premiumtimesng.com |publisher=Premium Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Ali4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 April 2017 |title=Cherie Noodles unveils Ali Nuhu, Aishat Aliyu Tsamiya as Brand Ambassadors |url=https://guardian.ng/features/cherie-noodles-unveils-ali-nuhu-aishat-aliyu-tsamiya-as-brand-ambassadors/ |access-date=13 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ali5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 November 2015 |title=An karrama Ali Nuhu da Adam Zango a London |url=http://www.bbc.com/hausa/news/2015/11/151114_alinuhu_adamzango_london_awards |access-date=13 October 2017 |website=bbc.com/hausa |publisher=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Behind The Scenes With Nigerian Filmmaker Ali Nuhu |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/behind-the-scenes-with-nigerian-filmmaker-ali-nuhu/6436875.html |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=Voice of America}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nuhu an dauke shi daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da suka fi tasiri a kowane lokaci a cikin fina-finai na Hausa. An bayyana shi a matsayin dan wasan fim na Hausa mafi sha hara a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Agu |first=Zain |date=2018-12-28 |title=Who is the richest man in Hausa film? |url=https://www.legit.ng/1210870-who-richest-man-hausa-film.html |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=Legit.ng |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Yaƙin Duniya na II</title>
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[[File:WWII.jpg|thumb|right]]
[[File:Vall%C3%B8_bilde5_april_mai_1945.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Bayan harin bom na Vallø a Norway, Afrilu 1945 (WWII)]]{{Databox}}
'''Yaƙin Duniya na (2)''' da turanci ''World War II'' akan kintse rubutun kamar haka '''WWII''' ko '''WW2''', har yau ana ƙiran shi da turanci '''''Second World War'''''. Yaƙin duniya dai wani yaƙine da [[duniya]] baki ɗaya suka afka a ciki wanda ya kwashi tsawon shekaru shida (6) ana gwabzawa, tun daga shekara ta alif (1939) har zuwa shekara ta alif (1945) Mafiya yawan  ƙasashen duniya tare da ƙasashe masu ƙarfi su ne suka ja daga a tsakanin su, inda suke yaƙan juna: Hakane ya haifar da gagarumin gumurzu tsakaninsu wanda aƙalla mutane sama da miliyan ɗari ne (100,000,000) suka tsunduma a ciki daga ƙasashe sama da talatin (30). Mafiya yawan ƙasashen da suka shiga cikin yaƙin sun saka dukkan tattalin arziƙin su, da kuma [[masana'anta|Masana'antunsu]] da ilimin su na kimiyya da fasaha don ganin sun yi galaba a yaƙin. Yaƙin duniya na II shi ne yaki mafi muni a duniya wanda Dan Adam bai taɓa gani ba, inda aka samu rasa rayukan mutane daga miliyan (50) zuwa miliyan (85)yawan cinsu fararen kaya ne daga Ƙasar [[Soviet]] Union wato [[Rasha]] a yanzu da kuma Ƙasar [[Sin]]. An kuma sami kashe-kashe, kisan kiyashi akan [[Yahudawa]], tsarin jefa bama-bamai, mutuwa sanadiyyar yunwa da cututtuka, da kuma amfani da makaman kare-dangi a yaƙin [[Atomic Weapeons]].

Ansoma yaƙin ne daga rana ga watan Satumba, shekara ta alif (1939) zuwa ranar (2) ga watan Satumba, shekara ta alif (1945) tsawon shekaru (6 da kwana daya 1)
*Yankin da yaƙin yayi kamari;	Nahiyar turai, Pacific, Atlantic, Kudu maso [[gabashin Asiya]], Sin, [[Gabas ta tsakiya]], Mediterranean, [[Arewacin Afirka]], da [[Tunkun Afirka]], Australiya, North da South America
*Sakamako
[[Fayil:The Royal Navy during the First World War Q18122.jpg|thumb]]
Ƙasashen ƙawance [[Allied Countries]] sunyi nasara, an kifar da Gwamnatin Nazi dake [[Jamus]], An samu faɗuwar Daulolin yankin [[Japan]] dana [[Italiya]], Anfara amfani da Makaman kare dangi wato ''Atomic weapons'', Inganta ayyuka da jiragen sama, rusa kungiyar League of Nations, ƙirƙirar [[Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] wato ''United Nations'', Fara ƙiyayya tsakanin Ƙasar [[Amurka]] da [[Rasha]], fara yaƙin mummuƙe wato [[Cold war]]. 
Jagororin ƙungiyar ƙawance na Kasa da kasa,

==Kwamandodi da Shuwagabanni==

#Soviet Union [[Joseph Stalin]]
#United States [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]
#United Kingdom [[Winston Churchill]]
#Jamhoriyar Sin (1912–1949) [[Chiang Kai-shek]]
Waɗanda ake faɗa dasu:
#Nazi Germany [[Adolf Hitler]]
#Masarautar Japan [[Hirohito]]
#Masarautar Italy [[Benito Mussolini]]
Abubuwan da akayi asaransu
An kashe Sojoji:
Sama da miliyan (16,000,000) An kashe farin kaya:
Sama da million (45,000,000)Adadin rayukan da aka rasa:
Sama da miliyan (61,000,000)
(1937–1945)

ƙasar Japan da ke son ta mamaye nahiyar Asiya da yankin Pacific, ta fara yaƙi da Ƙasar Sin tun daga shekara ta alib (1937) duk da cewar babu ɓangaren da yafito a fili ya ayyanar da yaki akan wanin sa. Ana dai ganin yakin ya soma ne a (1) ga watan Satumbar, shekara ta alib (1939) bayan mamaye ƙasar [[Poland]] da ƙasar Jamus tayi, da kuma ƙaddamar da yaƙi da Ƙasar [[Faransa]] da [[Ingila]] sukayi akan ƙasar Jamus a ƙarshen shekarar (1939)nhar zuwa farkon shekara ta (1941) sai dai irin gumurzu da shirin da Jamus din tayi ne, hakan yasa ta samu nasarar mallakar kusan duka nahiyar [[Turai]], kuma sai suka kulla ƙawance da ƙasar Italiya da Japan (Axis powers) a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939|Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August (1939]]),
Jamus da ƙasar Soviet sun rarraba tare da mallakar yankunan  Turai na ƙasashe kamar irin su Poland, Finland, Romania da jihohin dake Baltic. Bayan fara  yaƙi akan ƙasashen dake yankin [[Afirka]] ta arewa da Afirka ta gabas, da kuma faɗuwar ƙasar Faransa a tsakiyar shekarar (1940) Yaƙin ya koma mafi yawanchi tsakanin ƙasashen [[Jamus]],[[Italiya]] da kuma [[Daular Romania]] akan [[Daular Biritaniya]]. Sai kuma fara Yaƙi a Balkans,Da kuma Fafatawar sararin samaniya a [[Ingila]] wato  [[Aerial Battle of Britain]] da kuma harin sama tare dayin ruwan bomabomai da ƙasar [[Jamus]] din tayi wa [[Birtaniya]] wato [[Blitzkrieg]], sai kuma fafatawar Mallakar [[Tekun Atlantik]] da ya biyo baya, Ana Chikin wannan Bala'in ne sai kuma Ƙasashen haɗakar (Axis Powers) a turai suka ƙaddamar da hari akan kasar Soviet Union (Rasha) wato [[Operation Barbarossa]] a ranar (22) ga watan june, shekara ta alib (1941)  hakan yasa suka bude wani sabon shafin yaƙin mafi muni a tarihi, A kuma watan December, shekara ta alib  (1941) Japan ta ƙaddamar da wani hari a kasar  da wasu yankunan turawa dake yankin tekun [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]]. Hakane yasa kasar ta [[Amurka]] ta shiga Yaƙin a gefen [[Allied Countries]] kuma ta Ayyana yaƙi akan ƙasar Japan, hakan yasa ta samu goyon bayan kasar [[Biritaniya]], amma sai ƙasashen dake ƙawance da Japan na turawa suma suka mara wa Japan din baya, hakane yasa Japan ta ƙwace yawancin yankunan turawa dake yankin tekun Pacific, wanda yawancin kasashen [[Asiya]] suke ganinsa a matsayin wani shiri ne daga ƙasashen yamma na yin mamaye a yankunan su, amma kuma bayan ƴan [[Watanni]] da suka gane wa idanuwan su irin zalunchin da [[Axis Powers]] keyi yasa dagabisani ra'ayin mutanen ƙasashen ya juya akan su.
Yaki ya tsaya a shekara ta (1945) bayan Japan ta miƙa wuya, kuma Jamus da Italiya suma anyi galaba akanmsu a arewacin Afirka da gabashin ta, da kuma gagarumar nasarar da [[Red Army]] suka yi akan jamus da Italiya a garin Stalingrad dake Soviet Union a shekara alib (1943) da kuma mamaye Sicily da Italiya, da nasarar ƙasashen kawance (Allied Powers) a yankin Pacific, a shekara ta alib (1944) kasashen ƙawance sun ƙwace yankin Faransa daga hannun Jamus wato [[D-day Invasion]] kuma itama ƙasar Soviet Union ta dawo da duka yankunan ta daga hannun Jamus da ƙawayenta. Sa'annan kuma a shekara ta alib (1944) zuwa shekara ta alib (1945)ƙasar Japan ta sha kashi sosai a yankin Asiya, musamman a fafatawar da suka yi da Amurka a [[Tekun Pacific]] wato [[Battle Of Midway]],da kuma tsakiyar ƙasar Sin da kasar [[Burma]], hakan ya sanya su rasa dukkanin yankunan da suka mamaye.

Yaƙi a nahiyar turai ya ƙare ne sanadiyar mamaye Jamus da ƙasashen kawance (Allied Countries) da ƙasar Soviet  suka yi wanda yakai ga kama garin Berlin da mutuwar [[Adolf Hitler]] da miƙa wuyan da Jamus tayi a 8 ga watan May, shekara ta alib (1945) Bayan [[Potsdam Declaration]] daga ƙungiyar ƙawance a( 26) ga watan July, shekara ta alib (1945)
[[File:Sikorsky VS-44 Excambian kaing off during Wold War II.jpg|thumb|yakin duniya na biyu]]
ƙin da ƙasar Japan tayi na miƙa wuya, yasa ƙasar Amurka ta jefa mata Makamin ƙare dangi wato ''atomic bomb'' a garuruwan [[Hiroshima]] da [[Nagasaki]] a (6) da (9) ga watan Augusta. Da kuma mamaye tsibirin [[archipelago imminent]], da ganin irin asarar rayukan da ake yi, da kuma  mamayen yankuna da kasar Soviets ta ke chi gaba dayi a garuruwan Manchuria da tsibirin Kuril dake arewacin ƙasar ta Japan, hakan yasa Sarkin ƙasar japan wato [[Hirohito]] a (2) ga watan satumba, shekara ta alib (1945) ya miƙa wuya, wannan ya bada  damar yin nasarar sojojin ƙawance a nahiyar Asiya, sai kuma aka fara tuhumar kasar Jamus da japan akan laifukan yaƙi a kotunan [[International Military Tribunal]] (IMT) da kuma [[The International Military Tribunal For The Far East]] ko kuma (IMTFE).

==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}
{{Stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yakin duniya na 2}}
[[Category:Tarihi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Demi Grace</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-12T19:47:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdulrahman tahir shika</username>
        <id>24962</id>
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      <comment>Nayi gyara</comment>
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'''Grace Abidemi Ayorinde''', '''wacce''' aka fi sani da '''Demi Grace''' (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1989) mawaƙiya salon Amurka ce, marubuciyar mawaƙa, mawaƙiya da kuma wasan kwaikwayo lokaci-lokaci. Ta kafa tarihi a matsayin samfuri na farko da ya bayyana a cikin babban kamfen ɗin talla na kayan gashi ga Pantene tare da fargabar dabi'a a shekarar 2017.  Ta zama mawaki na farko da aka sanya wa hannu a Universal Music Group, Nigeria a shekarar 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;ebony&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=|url=https://www.ebony.com/style/black-hair-pantene-dreadlocks/ |title=STYLE EXCLUSIVE: Meet Demi Grace, the First Model With Locs to Star in a Pantene Campaign |publisher=ebony.com |date=23 March 2017 |accessdate=4 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;naijaloaded&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author= |url=https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/download-mp3/demi-grace-just-friends |title=Demi Grace - Just Friends |publisher=naijaloaded.com |date=15 January 2019 |accessdate=4 September 2019 |archive-date=4 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904135244/https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/download-mp3/demi-grace-just-friends |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;teenvogue&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/demi-grace-pantene-locs-campaign-interview |title=Demi Grace on Wearing Locs in Her Pantene Campaign |publisher=teenvogue.com |date=28 March 2017 |accessdate=4 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gritty&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=|url=https://gritdaily.com/demi-grace-afrobeats/ |title=THE RISE OF AFROBEATS IN AMERICA: DEMI GRACE BECOMES FIRST UNIVERSAL MUSIC GROUP NIGERIA ARTIST |publisher=gritdaily.com |date=30 April 2019 |accessdate=4 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Grace a [[Landan]], Ingila iyayenta 'yan Najeriya.  Ita yar asalin Yarabawa ce. Tana da shekara shida, ita da iyalinta suka yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka.  Ita da 'yan uwanta sun fara sha'awar zane-zane tun suna ƙuruciya kuma ƙanwarta Deborah Ayorinde ta ci gaba da zama yar wasan Hollywood, tare da Kevin Hart a cikin fim ɗin shekara ta 2019, ''Uba.'' Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Deer Valley a [[San Francisco]] kuma a lokacin da take makarantar sakandare, ta tsunduma cikin shirye-shiryen kiɗan makaranta, yayin da ta shiga kuma ta koyar da mawaƙa a makaranta kuma tana yin mako-mako a cikin shagon kifi na gida.

Demi Grace ta fara rikodin kiɗa a ƙarƙashin tanadin Disney Music zartarwa, Alyssa Talovic, yayin da take halartar kwaleji a CSU-Northridge,  bayan haka ta sami digiri na farko a fannin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci tare da ƙarami a Talla kuma ta saki rikodin ta na farko. shekarar ta kammala karatu. 

== Ayyuka ==
Grace ta fara aikinta a fagen rera waƙoƙi don rukunin dutsen a shekarar 2008. Ta kuma fara neman aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da kuma samfurin kuma ta ci gaba da yin kwalliya ga wasu sanannun shahararrun kuma an bayyana su a kamfen talla. A cikin shekarar 2014, ta gabatar da mujallar Rolling Out kuma ta buga mujallar Jamus Trend Prive kuma an gabatar da ita a Teen Vogue.

A cikin shekara ta 2015,  ''tayi waƙar Want you'', waƙa daga kundi na farko ''Forward Movement Kawai'' aka fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na shekarar 2015 Phantom Halo, wanda ke dauke da Rebecca Romijn.  A cikin shekarar 2016, ''Ba Mu Kadai bane'', wata waƙa daga kundin nata ta kasance a cikin jerin MTV na Gidan Talabijin na Duniya na Gaskiya.

A cikin shekarar 2016, Grace ta yi aiki tare da Beyonce a cikin MTV Music Video Awards na shekara ta 2016  sannan kuma ta gabatar da taken taken wajan hadahadar kasuwanci na kasa da Dark da Lovely.   Grace ta fito a wasu shirye-shiryen talabijin, ciki har da Beverly Hills Fabulous na VH1, The Unstoppables on TLC da WeTV's LA Hair, ita ma ta taka rawa a fim din Nollywood, Black Gold.

Grace ta zama Fuskancin Sephora a shekarar 2016  kuma a shekarar 2017, ta kafa tarihi a matsayin samfuri na farko da ya bayyana a cikin babban kamfen din talla na kayan gashi tare da dreadlocks na halitta, lokacin da aka jefa ta a cikin kamfen din talla na shekarar 2017 na kayayyakin gashi na Pantene. 

== Ƙngiyar Kiɗa ta Duniya ==
A cikin watan Janairun shekararv2019, bayan da ta yi wasa a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu a Legas, Najeriya, wani mai tallata rediyo ya gabatar da Grace ga shugabannin gudanarwa na Universal Music Group Nigeria kuma a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2019, an sanya mata hannu a hukumance zuwa ga Universal Music Group Nigeria. 

A watan Yulin shekarar 2019, ta bayyana bidiyon waƙar don waƙoƙin ta na farko a ƙarƙashin Musicungiyar Mawaƙa ta Duniya mai taken, redarfafa ku..&lt;ref name=&quot;gritty&quot;/&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;soundcity_tv&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=|url=https://soundcity.tv/new-song/umg-artiste-demi-grace-shares-new-afro-pop-track-tired-of-you/ |title=UMG ARTISTE DEMI GRACE SHARES NEW AFRO-POP TRACK, ‘TIRED OF YOU’ |publisher=soundcity.tv |date=26 July 2019 |accessdate=4 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jtv&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author= |url=https://www.jtvdigital.com/demi-grace-signs-with-universal-music-and-jtv-digital/ |title=Demi Grace Signs with Universal and JTV |publisher=jtvdigital.com |date=20 February 2019 |accessdate=4 September 2019 |archive-date=4 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904151717/https://www.jtvdigital.com/demi-grace-signs-with-universal-music-and-jtv-digital/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Salo ==
Grace ta ambaci tasirinta na kiɗa kamar [[Janet Jackson]], Grace Jones, da Missy Elliot .  An bayyana salon kide-kide nata a matsayin na juyin halitta, tunda ta dauki samfurin sautuka daban-daban daga nau'ikan halittar afrobeats, reggae, rock, pop da R&amp;B.

== Waƙoƙin ta ==

* Want You (2012)
* Watch Me (2012)
* Fire it Up (2012)
* Bad Girl (2012)
* We are Not Alone (2012)
* Poke it Out (2012)
* Dream Seller (2012)
* Spend it All (2012)
* Go! Live it Up (2014)
* For the Girls (2016)
* Afraid (2016)
* The Dream featuring Jay Karnell (2017)
* Why Would You Lie (2018)
* Come Closer (2018)
* Tired of You (2019)
* Just Friends (2019)

== Manazartai ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Mata a Najeriya]]
[[Category:Mata]]
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Mutanen Mumuye</title>
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{{Infobox ethnic group|group=Mumuye|total=400,000|total_year=1993|total_ref=&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mzm|title=Mumuye|website=[[Ethnologue]]|accessdate=9 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;|regions=[[Taraba State]] ([[Nigeria]])|languages=[[Mumuye language|Mumuye]], [[Fulfulde]]|religions=[[Traditional African religions]]}}
[[File:Mumuye2 hg.jpg|thumb|Dan mutum-mutumi da yan kabilar suka kera da katako]]
[[File:Sculptures_Mumuye.jpg  |thumb|Sculptures Mumuye ]]
[[File:Raccolte_Extraeuropee_-_Passar%C3%A9_00048_-_Maschera_Mumuye_-_Nigeria.jpg  |thumb|Maschera Mumuye ]]
'''Mumuyes''' mutanen [[Najeriya|Najeriya ne]] . Suna magana da [[Harshen Mumuye]]. Sun kasance mafi yawan ƙabilu a cikin [[Taraba|jihar Taraba ta]] [[Najeriya]] kuma suka kafa manyan ƙabilun da aka samu a [[Zing (Nijeriya)|Zing]], [[Yorro]], [[Jalingo]], [[Ardo Kola|Ardo-Kola]], [[Lau (Nijeriya)|Lau]], [[Gassol]], Bali da [[Gashaka]], dukkansu ƙananan hukumomin jihar ne. Hakanan ana samun Mumuye a wurare da yawa na [[Adamawa|jihar Adamawa mai]] makwabtaka.&lt;ref&gt;Berns, Marla (1985). &quot;Sculpture of Northeastern Nigeria&quot;. African Arts. 18 (4): 89–90. doi:10.2307/3336268. ISSN 0001-9933. JSTOR 3336268.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Berns, Marla C.; Fardon, Richard (September 2011). &quot;Central Nigeria Unmasked: Arts of the Benue River Valley&quot;. African Arts. 44 (3): 16–37. doi:10.1162/afar.2011.44.3.16. ISSN 0001-9933.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Abdul-Mumin), Sa'ad, A. (1995). The politics of informal justice : a critical analysis of informal process of justice in rural Kilba, Mumuye and Jukun of Nigeria. OCLC 769934041.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;photographer., Lebas, Alain, editor, contributor, photographer. Côté, Michel, 1948- contributor. Falola, Toyin, contributor. Joubert, Hélène, contributor. Espenel, Alexandre, interviewer. Dubois, Hughes. Arts of Nigeria in French private collections. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-88-7439-581-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 829689223&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bacquart, Jean-Baptiste (2002). The tribal arts of Africa. Thames &amp; Hudson. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-500-28231-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 840923129.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;K., Wittmer, Marcilene (1978). Three rivers of Nigeria : art of the Lower Niger, Cross, and Benue from the collection of William and Robert Arnett. High Museum of Art. OCLC 4143368.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiyukan Su ==
Mumuye da farko mutane ne masu noma.  Abubuwan amfanin gona na farko sun hada da gero, ginger, wake, dawa, squash, gyada, da kuma kayan citrus.  Maza ne ke da alhakin noman amfanin gona, kuma aikin mata ya haɗa da watsa iri, tsire masara, da taimaka wa mazajensu yin aikin gona mai sauƙi.

Kayayyakin da aka tattara a cikin gandun daji suma suna da matukar mahimmanci ga Mumuye.  Ana kuma tattara zuma daga manyan tukwanen da aka sanya a cikin bishiyoyi azaman kudan zuma.  Hakanan ana tattara ƙwayoyin Shea, itace, da kuma ganye daga dazuzzuka.  A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, wasu daga cikin Mumuye sun bar salon rayuwar su ta noma, suna yin kaura zuwa garuruwa da kuma biranen neman ayyukan biyan albashi.

== Hanyar Rayuwa ==
Mumuye suna rayuwa ne a cikin al'adar maza (maza suka mamaye).  Kowane ƙauyen yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin babban ɗan cikinsu.  Shi ke da alhakin magance duk wata rigima tsakanin dangi.  Mazauna garin sun ba wannan dattijon dangin nasu wani bangare na kisan duk dabbobin farauta

Auren mata fiye da daya (yana da mata da yawa) sananniyar al'ada ce tsakanin Mumuye.  Kodayake babu wata iyaka ta doka, amma yawanci namiji yana da mata daya ko biyu.  Bayan aure, ma'aurata suna tare da dangin matar har zuwa haihuwar ɗan fari.  Ana bai wa dangin matar wannan jinjirin da zaran an yaye shi.

== Sutura ==
Mumuye suna da fasali na musamman.  Yanayinsu na adon da ya banbanta su da makwabta.  Maza suna sanya ɗamara ta fata ɗaya ko fiye, waɗanda aka ƙawata ƙarshensu da ƙyalli da shaƙatawa (bawo mai haske).  Hakanan ana saka fatun awaki tare da ɗamara.  Dukansu maza da mata suna sa kwalliya, da zobba da na ƙarfe da yatsu, da kuma itacen a kunnuwansu.  Mata kuma suna yin zane a ciki kuma suna sanya bambaro da itace a hancinsu da aka huda.  Maza suna yin haƙoran haƙoransu na sama guda huɗu zuwa maki.  Yawancin Mumuye suna yin layuka na ƙananan yanka a saman idanunsu, a kan temples, da kuma a kan kumatunsu.

== Bukukuwa ==
Wani muhimmin biki tsakanin Mumuye shi ne bikin zuwan sabuwar doya da ake yi kowace shekara.  A wuraren biki, wasu maza biyu sanye da kayan biki suna rawa a gaban juna.  Kayan aikinsu sun hada da huluna na budu da fuka-fukai, masks na katako da alamun ciyawa ko wutsiyoyin dawakai, ƙahoni, da dogayen garkuwar fata don rufe jikinsu.
== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Al'ummomi]]
[[Category:Al'ummomin Nijeriya]]
[[Category:Al'adun Najeriya]]
[[Category:Mutanen Afirka]]
[[Category:Harsunan Nijeriya]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>855265</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
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{{Infobox ethnic group|group=Mumuye|total=400,000|total_year=1993|total_ref=&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mzm|title=Mumuye|website=[[Ethnologue]]|accessdate=9 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;|regions=[[Taraba State]] ([[Nigeria]])|languages=[[Mumuye language|Mumuye]], [[Fulfulde]]|religions=[[Traditional African religions]]}}
[[File:Mumuye2 hg.jpg|thumb|Dan mutum-mutumi da yan kabilar suka kera da katako]]
[[File:Sculptures_Mumuye.jpg  |thumb|Sculptures Mumuye ]]
[[File:Raccolte_Extraeuropee_-_Passar%C3%A9_00048_-_Maschera_Mumuye_-_Nigeria.jpg  |thumb|Maschera Mumuye ]]
'''Mumuyes''' mutanen [[Najeriya|Najeriya ne]] . Suna magana da [[Harshen Mumuye]]. Sun kasance mafi yawan ƙabilu a cikin [[Taraba|jihar Taraba ta]] [[Najeriya]] kuma suka kafa manyan ƙabilun da aka samu a [[Zing (Nijeriya)|Zing]], [[Yorro]], [[Jalingo]], [[Ardo Kola|Ardo-Kola]], [[Lau (Nijeriya)|Lau]], [[Gassol]], Bali da [[Gashaka]], dukkansu ƙananan hukumomin jihar ne. Hakanan ana samun Mumuye a wurare da yawa na [[Adamawa|jihar Adamawa mai]] makwabtaka.&lt;ref&gt;Berns, Marla (1985). &quot;Sculpture of Northeastern Nigeria&quot;. African Arts. 18 (4): 89–90. doi:10.2307/3336268. ISSN 0001-9933. JSTOR 3336268.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Berns, Marla C.; Fardon, Richard (September 2011). &quot;Central Nigeria Unmasked: Arts of the Benue River Valley&quot;. African Arts. 44 (3): 16–37. doi:10.1162/afar.2011.44.3.16. ISSN 0001-9933.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Abdul-Mumin), Sa'ad, A. (1995). The politics of informal justice : a critical analysis of informal process of justice in rural Kilba, Mumuye and Jukun of Nigeria. OCLC 769934041.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;photographer., Lebas, Alain, editor, contributor, photographer. Côté, Michel, 1948- contributor. Falola, Toyin, contributor. Joubert, Hélène, contributor. Espenel, Alexandre, interviewer. Dubois, Hughes. Arts of Nigeria in French private collections. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-88-7439-581-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 829689223&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bacquart, Jean-Baptiste (2002). The tribal arts of Africa. Thames &amp; Hudson. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-500-28231-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 840923129.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;K., Wittmer, Marcilene (1978). Three rivers of Nigeria : art of the Lower Niger, Cross, and Benue from the collection of William and Robert Arnett. High Museum of Art. OCLC 4143368.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Adelberger, Joerg (2011). Central Nigeria unmasked arts of the Benue River valley. Fowler Museum at UCLA. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-9778344-5-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 1113855864.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiyukan Su ==
Mumuye da farko mutane ne masu noma.  Abubuwan amfanin gona na farko sun hada da gero, ginger, wake, dawa, squash, gyada, da kuma kayan citrus.  Maza ne ke da alhakin noman amfanin gona, kuma aikin mata ya haɗa da watsa iri, tsire masara, da taimaka wa mazajensu yin aikin gona mai sauƙi.

Kayayyakin da aka tattara a cikin gandun daji suma suna da matukar mahimmanci ga Mumuye.  Ana kuma tattara zuma daga manyan tukwanen da aka sanya a cikin bishiyoyi azaman kudan zuma.  Hakanan ana tattara ƙwayoyin Shea, itace, da kuma ganye daga dazuzzuka.  A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, wasu daga cikin Mumuye sun bar salon rayuwar su ta noma, suna yin kaura zuwa garuruwa da kuma biranen neman ayyukan biyan albashi.

== Hanyar Rayuwa ==
Mumuye suna rayuwa ne a cikin al'adar maza (maza suka mamaye).  Kowane ƙauyen yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin babban ɗan cikinsu.  Shi ke da alhakin magance duk wata rigima tsakanin dangi.  Mazauna garin sun ba wannan dattijon dangin nasu wani bangare na kisan duk dabbobin farauta

Auren mata fiye da daya (yana da mata da yawa) sananniyar al'ada ce tsakanin Mumuye.  Kodayake babu wata iyaka ta doka, amma yawanci namiji yana da mata daya ko biyu.  Bayan aure, ma'aurata suna tare da dangin matar har zuwa haihuwar ɗan fari.  Ana bai wa dangin matar wannan jinjirin da zaran an yaye shi.

== Sutura ==
Mumuye suna da fasali na musamman.  Yanayinsu na adon da ya banbanta su da makwabta.  Maza suna sanya ɗamara ta fata ɗaya ko fiye, waɗanda aka ƙawata ƙarshensu da ƙyalli da shaƙatawa (bawo mai haske).  Hakanan ana saka fatun awaki tare da ɗamara.  Dukansu maza da mata suna sa kwalliya, da zobba da na ƙarfe da yatsu, da kuma itacen a kunnuwansu.  Mata kuma suna yin zane a ciki kuma suna sanya bambaro da itace a hancinsu da aka huda.  Maza suna yin haƙoran haƙoransu na sama guda huɗu zuwa maki.  Yawancin Mumuye suna yin layuka na ƙananan yanka a saman idanunsu, a kan temples, da kuma a kan kumatunsu.

== Bukukuwa ==
Wani muhimmin biki tsakanin Mumuye shi ne bikin zuwan sabuwar doya da ake yi kowace shekara.  A wuraren biki, wasu maza biyu sanye da kayan biki suna rawa a gaban juna.  Kayan aikinsu sun hada da huluna na budu da fuka-fukai, masks na katako da alamun ciyawa ko wutsiyoyin dawakai, ƙahoni, da dogayen garkuwar fata don rufe jikinsu.
== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Al'ummomi]]
[[Category:Al'ummomin Nijeriya]]
[[Category:Al'adun Najeriya]]
[[Category:Mutanen Afirka]]
[[Category:Harsunan Nijeriya]]</text>
      <sha1>8j7cnvsdegh1k7vqtr4uz129sdnm5pz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855266</id>
      <parentid>855265</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T12:44:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>855266</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5000" sha1="epf1zeqlcmwhtzul33ia8dy79ucgnuu" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
{{Infobox ethnic group|group=Mumuye|total=400,000|total_year=1993|total_ref=&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mzm|title=Mumuye|website=[[Ethnologue]]|accessdate=9 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;|regions=[[Taraba State]] ([[Nigeria]])|languages=[[Mumuye language|Mumuye]], [[Fulfulde]]|religions=[[Traditional African religions]]}}
[[File:Mumuye2 hg.jpg|thumb|Dan mutum-mutumi da yan kabilar suka kera da katako]]
[[File:Sculptures_Mumuye.jpg  |thumb|Sculptures Mumuye ]]
[[File:Raccolte_Extraeuropee_-_Passar%C3%A9_00048_-_Maschera_Mumuye_-_Nigeria.jpg  |thumb|Maschera Mumuye ]]
'''Mumuyes''' mutanen [[Najeriya|Najeriya ne]] . Suna magana da [[Harshen Mumuye]]. Sun kasance mafi yawan ƙabilu a cikin [[Taraba|jihar Taraba ta]] [[Najeriya]] kuma suka kafa manyan ƙabilun da aka samu a [[Zing (Nijeriya)|Zing]], [[Yorro]], [[Jalingo]], [[Ardo Kola|Ardo-Kola]], [[Lau (Nijeriya)|Lau]], [[Gassol]], Bali da [[Gashaka]], dukkansu ƙananan hukumomin jihar ne. Hakanan ana samun Mumuye a wurare da yawa na [[Adamawa|jihar Adamawa mai]] makwabtaka.&lt;ref&gt;Berns, Marla (1985). &quot;Sculpture of Northeastern Nigeria&quot;. African Arts. 18 (4): 89–90. doi:10.2307/3336268. ISSN 0001-9933. JSTOR 3336268.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Berns, Marla C.; Fardon, Richard (September 2011). &quot;Central Nigeria Unmasked: Arts of the Benue River Valley&quot;. African Arts. 44 (3): 16–37. doi:10.1162/afar.2011.44.3.16. ISSN 0001-9933.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Abdul-Mumin), Sa'ad, A. (1995). The politics of informal justice : a critical analysis of informal process of justice in rural Kilba, Mumuye and Jukun of Nigeria. OCLC 769934041.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;photographer., Lebas, Alain, editor, contributor, photographer. Côté, Michel, 1948- contributor. Falola, Toyin, contributor. Joubert, Hélène, contributor. Espenel, Alexandre, interviewer. Dubois, Hughes. Arts of Nigeria in French private collections. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-88-7439-581-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 829689223&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bacquart, Jean-Baptiste (2002). The tribal arts of Africa. Thames &amp; Hudson. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-500-28231-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 840923129.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;K., Wittmer, Marcilene (1978). Three rivers of Nigeria : art of the Lower Niger, Cross, and Benue from the collection of William and Robert Arnett. High Museum of Art. OCLC 4143368.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Adelberger, Joerg (2011). Central Nigeria unmasked arts of the Benue River valley. Fowler Museum at UCLA. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-9778344-5-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 1113855864.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiyukan Su ==
Mumuye da farko mutane ne masu noma.  Abubuwan amfanin gona na farko sun hada da gero, ginger, wake, dawa, squash, gyada, da kuma kayan citrus.  Maza ne ke da alhakin noman amfanin gona, kuma aikin mata ya haɗa da watsa iri, tsire masara, da taimaka wa mazajensu yin aikin gona mai sauƙi.&lt;ref&gt;In Defence of Mumuye Culture and Tradition&quot;. ProQuest. ProQuest 1737623491.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kayayyakin da aka tattara a cikin gandun daji suma suna da matukar mahimmanci ga Mumuye.  Ana kuma tattara zuma daga manyan tukwanen da aka sanya a cikin bishiyoyi azaman kudan zuma.  Hakanan ana tattara ƙwayoyin Shea, itace, da kuma ganye daga dazuzzuka.  A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, wasu daga cikin Mumuye sun bar salon rayuwar su ta noma, suna yin kaura zuwa garuruwa da kuma biranen neman ayyukan biyan albashi.

== Hanyar Rayuwa ==
Mumuye suna rayuwa ne a cikin al'adar maza (maza suka mamaye).  Kowane ƙauyen yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin babban ɗan cikinsu.  Shi ke da alhakin magance duk wata rigima tsakanin dangi.  Mazauna garin sun ba wannan dattijon dangin nasu wani bangare na kisan duk dabbobin farauta

Auren mata fiye da daya (yana da mata da yawa) sananniyar al'ada ce tsakanin Mumuye.  Kodayake babu wata iyaka ta doka, amma yawanci namiji yana da mata daya ko biyu.  Bayan aure, ma'aurata suna tare da dangin matar har zuwa haihuwar ɗan fari.  Ana bai wa dangin matar wannan jinjirin da zaran an yaye shi.

== Sutura ==
Mumuye suna da fasali na musamman.  Yanayinsu na adon da ya banbanta su da makwabta.  Maza suna sanya ɗamara ta fata ɗaya ko fiye, waɗanda aka ƙawata ƙarshensu da ƙyalli da shaƙatawa (bawo mai haske).  Hakanan ana saka fatun awaki tare da ɗamara.  Dukansu maza da mata suna sa kwalliya, da zobba da na ƙarfe da yatsu, da kuma itacen a kunnuwansu.  Mata kuma suna yin zane a ciki kuma suna sanya bambaro da itace a hancinsu da aka huda.  Maza suna yin haƙoran haƙoransu na sama guda huɗu zuwa maki.  Yawancin Mumuye suna yin layuka na ƙananan yanka a saman idanunsu, a kan temples, da kuma a kan kumatunsu.

== Bukukuwa ==
Wani muhimmin biki tsakanin Mumuye shi ne bikin zuwan sabuwar doya da ake yi kowace shekara.  A wuraren biki, wasu maza biyu sanye da kayan biki suna rawa a gaban juna.  Kayan aikinsu sun hada da huluna na budu da fuka-fukai, masks na katako da alamun ciyawa ko wutsiyoyin dawakai, ƙahoni, da dogayen garkuwar fata don rufe jikinsu.
== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Al'ummomi]]
[[Category:Al'ummomin Nijeriya]]
[[Category:Al'adun Najeriya]]
[[Category:Mutanen Afirka]]
[[Category:Harsunan Nijeriya]]</text>
      <sha1>epf1zeqlcmwhtzul33ia8dy79ucgnuu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Sabbin editoci</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>21908</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855626</id>
      <parentid>854777</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T21:27:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci</comment>
      <origin>855626</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3437" sha1="jmm00p4cfsvj46fgbsrpxjab3jum5kt" xml:space="preserve">Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin.
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!Lokacin rajista
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|[[User:Young alaji|Young alaji]]
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|[[User:Bataclan|Bataclan]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Bataclan|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 11 ga Yuni 2026
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|[[User:Cruzeiro Sul|Cruzeiro Sul]]
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|Alhamis, 11 ga Yuni 2026
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|[[User:Adamu Musaa|Adamu Musaa]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Adamu Musaa|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 11 ga Yuni 2026
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|[[User:Violetmberg|Violetmberg]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Violetmberg|Gudummuwa]]
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|[[User:AussieBoy|AussieBoy]]
|[[Special:Contributions/AussieBoy|Gudummuwa]]
|Jumma'a, 12 ga Yuni 2026
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|[[User:Gustavgarian|Gustavgarian]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Gustavgarian|Gudummuwa]]
|Jumma'a, 12 ga Yuni 2026
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|[[User:Fratzs|Fratzs]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Fratzs|Gudummuwa]]
|Jumma'a, 12 ga Yuni 2026
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|[[User:Laylah26|Laylah26]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Laylah26|Gudummuwa]]
|Jumma'a, 12 ga Yuni 2026
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|[[User:Kamilu Rabiu|Kamilu Rabiu]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Kamilu Rabiu|Gudummuwa]]
|Jumma'a, 12 ga Yuni 2026
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|[[User:Jor.Grig|Jor.Grig]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Jor.Grig|Gudummuwa]]
|Jumma'a, 12 ga Yuni 2026
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|[[User:Epcilone15|Epcilone15]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Epcilone15|Gudummuwa]]
|Jumma'a, 12 ga Yuni 2026
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|[[User:IlaiFacts|IlaiFacts]]
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|[[User:The RoK - TU Berlin|The RoK - TU Berlin]]
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|[[User:Bogdan Khmelnitski|Bogdan Khmelnitski]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Bogdan Khmelnitski|Gudummuwa]]
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|[[User:Botman4567|Botman4567]]
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|Jumma'a, 12 ga Yuni 2026
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|[[User:M. Adrian Jurhami|M. Adrian Jurhami]]
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|[[User:TYTLMA|TYTLMA]]
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|Jumma'a, 12 ga Yuni 2026
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|[[User:مريم محمد المبروك|مريم محمد المبروك]]
|[[Special:Contributions/مريم محمد المبروك|Gudummuwa]]
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|23
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|}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Clementina Otero</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>24071</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855643</id>
      <parentid>258858</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T04:55:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdulrahman tahir shika</username>
        <id>24962</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nayi gyara</comment>
      <origin>855643</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3433" sha1="7uda3qf3iktr3ctjbbt47nwq9c79dh3" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Clementina Otero de Barrios''' (An haifeshi ranar 13 ga watan Satumba, 1909 &lt;ref name=&quot;Me muero de sin usted&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=JuBIokMOyOsC&amp;pg=PT7&amp;lpg=PT7&amp;dq=%22Clementina+Otero%22+%22de+1909%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=uTZ8EkWH0d&amp;sig=fvKNmHB8wcwQNHRtNS6seB2rOXQ&amp;hl=de&amp;ei=3pUrSrv7ONONsAbqtpDUCQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1 ''Me muero de sin usted: cartas de amor a Clementina Otero''] (Spanish)&lt;/ref&gt; - 30 ga watan Satumba, 1996) [[Mexico (ƙasa)|yar wasan Mexico ce]] kuma tana cikin majagaba na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na avant-garde na Mexico. Ita ce mamba na ƙarshe na ƙungiyar Los Contemporáneos.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gonzalo Valdés Medellín&quot;&gt;Gonzalo Valdés Medellín: [http://romperelcercoinformativo.blogspot.com/2007/11/25-aos-de-su-publicacin-cartas.html ''A 25 años de su publicación: Cartas a Clementina Otero, de Gilberto Owen''] (Spanish), November 22, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Farkon rayuwa==
An haifi Otero ga Antonio Otero Moreno da matarsa Clementina Mena Cantón. &lt;ref name=&quot;Me muero de sin usted&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=JuBIokMOyOsC&amp;pg=PT7&amp;lpg=PT7&amp;dq=%22Clementina+Otero%22+%22de+1909%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=uTZ8EkWH0d&amp;sig=fvKNmHB8wcwQNHRtNS6seB2rOXQ&amp;hl=de&amp;ei=3pUrSrv7ONONsAbqtpDUCQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1 ''Me muero de sin usted: cartas de amor a Clementina Otero''] (Spanish)&lt;/ref&gt; An ba da rahoton cewa, tana da shekara sha bakwai 17, lokacin da Celestino Gorostiza, wacce ke da alaƙa da ƙanwarta Araceli, &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-4231236_ITM ''El trato con Gorostiza.(El Angel)''] (Spanish), February 1, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; nemi izinin mahaifiyarta, don sanya ta zama 'yar wasan kwaikwayo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Valdés Medellín, Gonzalo&quot;&gt;Valdés Medellín, Gonzalo: [http://www.articlearchives.com/574350-1.html ''Los escenarios de Clementina Otero.''] (Spanish), October 7, 1999.&lt;/ref&gt; Ta ba da halarta na farko a Teatro Ulises, inda ta zama sananne. A wannan lokacin, mawaƙi Gilberto Owen, wanda shi ma yana cikin ƙungiyar masu wasan kwaikwayo, ya ji yana ƙaunarta, kuma ya rubuta mata jerin wasiƙun soyayya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gonzalo Valdés Medellín&quot;&gt;Gonzalo Valdés Medellín: [http://romperelcercoinformativo.blogspot.com/2007/11/25-aos-de-su-publicacin-cartas.html ''A 25 años de su publicación: Cartas a Clementina Otero, de Gilberto Owen''] (Spanish), November 22, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da abokantaka mai ƙarfi tare da Xavier Villaurrutia, wanda ya sanya ta zama mai shiga cikin abubuwan ban sha'awa na wasan kwaikwayo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Valdés Medellín, Gonzalo&quot; /&gt; Otero kuma ya kasance 'yar wasan kwaikwayo daga baya Teatro Orientación.

Daga baya Otero ya kasance darakta na ''Escuela de Arte Teatral'' (Makarantar Wasan kwaikwayo) na Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes y Literatura (INBA). &lt;ref&gt;[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-9438547/El-actor-es-la-voz.html ''El actor es la voz de la humanidad&quot;: Luisa Huertas, actriz.''] (Spanish).&lt;/ref&gt; Ta auri Carlos Barrios Castelazo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Me muero de sin usted&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=JuBIokMOyOsC&amp;pg=PT7&amp;lpg=PT7&amp;dq=%22Clementina+Otero%22+%22de+1909%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=uTZ8EkWH0d&amp;sig=fvKNmHB8wcwQNHRtNS6seB2rOXQ&amp;hl=de&amp;ei=3pUrSrv7ONONsAbqtpDUCQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1 ''Me muero de sin usted: cartas de amor a Clementina Otero''] (Spanish)&lt;/ref&gt; An gano wata yarinya mai suna Marinela.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[category:Haifaffun 1909]]
[[category:Mutuwan 1996]]</text>
      <sha1>7uda3qf3iktr3ctjbbt47nwq9c79dh3</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Boli (plantain)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>32682</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855302</id>
      <parentid>480914</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T13:41:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>855302</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1771" sha1="94ocye9uo4ftotevfgxmwphakis9pda" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Boli_and_Groundnut.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boli_and_Groundnut.png|thumb|300x300px|Gasar Boli a Najeriya]]
[[File:Boli and Groundnut.png|thumb|hoton boli]]
[[File:Roasted Plantain(Boli) with peppered stew and fried fish.png|thumb|Plantain (Boli)]]
[[Fayil:Plantain chips.png|thumb|Plantain chips]]
'''Boli''' gasasshen abinci ne a Najeriya. Abincin ya fito ne daga kabilar Yarbawa a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/plantain/roasted-plantain.html|title=Roasted Plantain (Boli)|website=www.allnigerianrecipes.com|access-date=2017-10-06|archive-date=2017-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002223927/http://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/plantain/roasted-plantain.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana kiranta ‘boli’ a yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya ana kiran wadannan mutanen da sunan kabilar Yarbawa kuma ana cin su da gyada. Yarabawa sun dade suna jin dadin wannan lalura tun shekaru masu yawa, ana iya sha a matsayin abun ciye-ciye ko babban abinci wanda za a iya hada shi da barkonon tsohuwa cike da nama, gasasshen kifi ko soyayyen kaza musamman a lokacin bukukuwa. Ana kiran kalmar 'boli' a matsayin 'bole' saboda bambancin lafazi a yankin kudu maso kudu a Najeriya. A Kudancin Najeriya, ana kiransa da 'bole' harshen aro daga mutanen kudu maso yammacin Najeriya kuma ana ci da kifi a wani muhimmin biki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kitchenbutterfly.com/2012/04/19/nigerian-street-food-bole-fish/|title=Nigerian Street Food: Boli &amp; Fish {{!}} Kitchen Butterfly|website=Kitchen Butterfly|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Roasted Plantain (Boli)&quot;. allnigerianrecipes.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>94ocye9uo4ftotevfgxmwphakis9pda</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855303</id>
      <parentid>855302</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T13:42:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>855303</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1819" sha1="22mdew75okeva7aj1i10t9isfipz455" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Boli_and_Groundnut.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boli_and_Groundnut.png|thumb|300x300px|Gasar Boli a Najeriya]]
[[File:Boli and Groundnut.png|thumb|hoton boli]]
[[File:Roasted Plantain(Boli) with peppered stew and fried fish.png|thumb|Plantain (Boli)]]
[[Fayil:Plantain chips.png|thumb|Plantain chips]]
'''Boli''' gasasshen abinci ne a Najeriya. Abincin ya fito ne daga kabilar Yarbawa a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/plantain/roasted-plantain.html|title=Roasted Plantain (Boli)|website=www.allnigerianrecipes.com|access-date=2017-10-06|archive-date=2017-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002223927/http://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/plantain/roasted-plantain.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana kiranta ‘boli’ a yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya ana kiran wadannan mutanen da sunan kabilar Yarbawa kuma ana cin su da gyada. Yarabawa sun dade suna jin dadin wannan lalura tun shekaru masu yawa, ana iya sha a matsayin abun ciye-ciye ko babban abinci wanda za a iya hada shi da barkonon tsohuwa cike da nama, gasasshen kifi ko soyayyen kaza musamman a lokacin bukukuwa. Ana kiran kalmar 'boli' a matsayin 'bole' saboda bambancin lafazi a yankin kudu maso kudu a Najeriya. A Kudancin Najeriya, ana kiransa da 'bole' harshen aro daga mutanen kudu maso yammacin Najeriya kuma ana ci da kifi a wani muhimmin biki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kitchenbutterfly.com/2012/04/19/nigerian-street-food-bole-fish/|title=Nigerian Street Food: Boli &amp; Fish {{!}} Kitchen Butterfly|website=Kitchen Butterfly|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Roasted Plantain (Boli)&quot;. allnigerianrecipes.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Roasted plantain: Boli&quot;. ResearchGate&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>22mdew75okeva7aj1i10t9isfipz455</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855304</id>
      <parentid>855303</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T13:43:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>855304</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1980" sha1="awyuageg3y8pifbx6w8ops05chhka7k" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Boli_and_Groundnut.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boli_and_Groundnut.png|thumb|300x300px|Gasar Boli a Najeriya]]
[[File:Boli and Groundnut.png|thumb|hoton boli]]
[[File:Roasted Plantain(Boli) with peppered stew and fried fish.png|thumb|Plantain (Boli)]]
[[Fayil:Plantain chips.png|thumb|Plantain chips]]
'''Boli''' gasasshen abinci ne a Najeriya. Abincin ya fito ne daga kabilar Yarbawa a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/plantain/roasted-plantain.html|title=Roasted Plantain (Boli)|website=www.allnigerianrecipes.com|access-date=2017-10-06|archive-date=2017-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002223927/http://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/plantain/roasted-plantain.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana kiranta ‘boli’ a yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya ana kiran wadannan mutanen da sunan kabilar Yarbawa kuma ana cin su da gyada. Yarabawa sun dade suna jin dadin wannan lalura tun shekaru masu yawa, ana iya sha a matsayin abun ciye-ciye ko babban abinci wanda za a iya hada shi da barkonon tsohuwa cike da nama, gasasshen kifi ko soyayyen kaza musamman a lokacin bukukuwa. Ana kiran kalmar 'boli' a matsayin 'bole' saboda bambancin lafazi a yankin kudu maso kudu a Najeriya. A Kudancin Najeriya, ana kiransa da 'bole' harshen aro daga mutanen kudu maso yammacin Najeriya kuma ana ci da kifi a wani muhimmin biki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kitchenbutterfly.com/2012/04/19/nigerian-street-food-bole-fish/|title=Nigerian Street Food: Boli &amp; Fish {{!}} Kitchen Butterfly|website=Kitchen Butterfly|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Roasted Plantain (Boli)&quot;. allnigerianrecipes.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Roasted plantain: Boli&quot;. ResearchGate&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;BoleBoli La'n Ta was inspired by my love for roasted plantain- Omolola Kayode&quot;. The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>awyuageg3y8pifbx6w8ops05chhka7k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855307</id>
      <parentid>855304</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T13:44:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>855307</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2135" sha1="etwpmkdkcfwzi3hhni2p8m6epjv4vwn" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Boli_and_Groundnut.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boli_and_Groundnut.png|thumb|300x300px|Gasar Boli a Najeriya]]
[[File:Boli and Groundnut.png|thumb|hoton boli]]
[[File:Roasted Plantain(Boli) with peppered stew and fried fish.png|thumb|Plantain (Boli)]]
[[Fayil:Plantain chips.png|thumb|Plantain chips]]
'''Boli''' gasasshen abinci ne a Najeriya. Abincin ya fito ne daga kabilar Yarbawa a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/plantain/roasted-plantain.html|title=Roasted Plantain (Boli)|website=www.allnigerianrecipes.com|access-date=2017-10-06|archive-date=2017-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002223927/http://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/plantain/roasted-plantain.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana kiranta ‘boli’ a yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya ana kiran wadannan mutanen da sunan kabilar Yarbawa kuma ana cin su da gyada. Yarabawa sun dade suna jin dadin wannan lalura tun shekaru masu yawa, ana iya sha a matsayin abun ciye-ciye ko babban abinci wanda za a iya hada shi da barkonon tsohuwa cike da nama, gasasshen kifi ko soyayyen kaza musamman a lokacin bukukuwa. Ana kiran kalmar 'boli' a matsayin 'bole' saboda bambancin lafazi a yankin kudu maso kudu a Najeriya. A Kudancin Najeriya, ana kiransa da 'bole' harshen aro daga mutanen kudu maso yammacin Najeriya kuma ana ci da kifi a wani muhimmin biki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kitchenbutterfly.com/2012/04/19/nigerian-street-food-bole-fish/|title=Nigerian Street Food: Boli &amp; Fish {{!}} Kitchen Butterfly|website=Kitchen Butterfly|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Roasted Plantain (Boli)&quot;. allnigerianrecipes.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Roasted plantain: Boli&quot;. ResearchGate&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;BoleBoli La'n Ta was inspired by my love for roasted plantain- Omolola Kayode&quot;. The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''ResearchG''

&quot;Watch How To Prepare Homemade BoleBoli (Roasted Plantain)&quot;. The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 18 August 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2022&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>etwpmkdkcfwzi3hhni2p8m6epjv4vwn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855308</id>
      <parentid>855307</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T13:44:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>855308</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2192" sha1="pzdcm8f6pksmq9q5b9fnwpk3fzh4eo1" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Boli_and_Groundnut.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boli_and_Groundnut.png|thumb|300x300px|Gasar Boli a Najeriya]]
[[File:Boli and Groundnut.png|thumb|hoton boli]]
[[File:Roasted Plantain(Boli) with peppered stew and fried fish.png|thumb|Plantain (Boli)]]
[[Fayil:Plantain chips.png|thumb|Plantain chips]]
'''Boli''' gasasshen abinci ne a Najeriya. Abincin ya fito ne daga kabilar Yarbawa a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/plantain/roasted-plantain.html|title=Roasted Plantain (Boli)|website=www.allnigerianrecipes.com|access-date=2017-10-06|archive-date=2017-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002223927/http://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/plantain/roasted-plantain.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana kiranta ‘boli’ a yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya ana kiran wadannan mutanen da sunan kabilar Yarbawa kuma ana cin su da gyada. Yarabawa sun dade suna jin dadin wannan lalura tun shekaru masu yawa, ana iya sha a matsayin abun ciye-ciye ko babban abinci wanda za a iya hada shi da barkonon tsohuwa cike da nama, gasasshen kifi ko soyayyen kaza musamman a lokacin bukukuwa. Ana kiran kalmar 'boli' a matsayin 'bole' saboda bambancin lafazi a yankin kudu maso kudu a Najeriya. A Kudancin Najeriya, ana kiransa da 'bole' harshen aro daga mutanen kudu maso yammacin Najeriya kuma ana ci da kifi a wani muhimmin biki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kitchenbutterfly.com/2012/04/19/nigerian-street-food-bole-fish/|title=Nigerian Street Food: Boli &amp; Fish {{!}} Kitchen Butterfly|website=Kitchen Butterfly|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Roasted Plantain (Boli)&quot;. allnigerianrecipes.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Roasted plantain: Boli&quot;. ResearchGate&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;BoleBoli La'n Ta was inspired by my love for roasted plantain- Omolola Kayode&quot;. The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''ResearchG''

&quot;Watch How To Prepare Homemade BoleBoli (Roasted Plantain)&quot;. The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 18 August 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2022&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;valuation of a roasted plantain&quot;. ResearchGate&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>pzdcm8f6pksmq9q5b9fnwpk3fzh4eo1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855912</id>
      <parentid>855308</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:15:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>855912</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2336" sha1="9mzeqaxq644pjpjlhmzg7a79vcte821" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Boli_and_Groundnut.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boli_and_Groundnut.png|thumb|300x300px|Gasar Boli a Najeriya]]
[[File:Boli and Groundnut.png|thumb|hoton boli]]
[[File:Roasted Plantain(Boli) with peppered stew and fried fish.png|thumb|Plantain (Boli)]]
[[Fayil:Plantain chips.png|thumb|Plantain chips]]
'''Boli''' gasasshen abinci ne a Najeriya. Abincin ya fito ne daga kabilar Yarbawa a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/plantain/roasted-plantain.html|title=Roasted Plantain (Boli)|website=www.allnigerianrecipes.com|access-date=2017-10-06|archive-date=2017-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002223927/http://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/plantain/roasted-plantain.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana kiranta ‘boli’ a yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya ana kiran wadannan mutanen da sunan kabilar Yarbawa kuma ana cin su da gyada. Yarabawa sun dade suna jin dadin wannan lalura tun shekaru masu yawa, ana iya sha a matsayin abun ciye-ciye ko babban abinci wanda za a iya hada shi da barkonon tsohuwa cike da nama, gasasshen kifi ko soyayyen kaza musamman a lokacin bukukuwa. Ana kiran kalmar 'boli' a matsayin 'bole' saboda bambancin lafazi a yankin kudu maso kudu a Najeriya. A Kudancin Najeriya, ana kiransa da 'bole' harshen aro daga mutanen kudu maso yammacin Najeriya kuma ana ci da kifi a wani muhimmin biki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kitchenbutterfly.com/2012/04/19/nigerian-street-food-bole-fish/|title=Nigerian Street Food: Boli &amp; Fish {{!}} Kitchen Butterfly|website=Kitchen Butterfly|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Roasted Plantain (Boli)&quot;. allnigerianrecipes.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Roasted plantain: Boli&quot;. ResearchGate&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;BoleBoli La'n Ta was inspired by my love for roasted plantain- Omolola Kayode&quot;. The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''ResearchG''

&quot;Watch How To Prepare Homemade BoleBoli (Roasted Plantain)&quot;. The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 18 August 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2022&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;valuation of a roasted plantain&quot;. ResearchGate&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lerato's roasted plantain, skinny efo, moringa and smoked chicken&quot;. The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 19 May 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>9mzeqaxq644pjpjlhmzg7a79vcte821</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855914</id>
      <parentid>855912</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:16:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>855914</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2432" sha1="4ifhke9elodqrpubjevcw9tqkj5cdu4" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Boli_and_Groundnut.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boli_and_Groundnut.png|thumb|300x300px|Gasar Boli a Najeriya]]
[[File:Boli and Groundnut.png|thumb|hoton boli]]
[[File:Roasted Plantain(Boli) with peppered stew and fried fish.png|thumb|Plantain (Boli)]]
[[Fayil:Plantain chips.png|thumb|Plantain chips]]
'''Boli''' gasasshen abinci ne a Najeriya. Abincin ya fito ne daga kabilar Yarbawa a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/plantain/roasted-plantain.html|title=Roasted Plantain (Boli)|website=www.allnigerianrecipes.com|access-date=2017-10-06|archive-date=2017-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002223927/http://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/plantain/roasted-plantain.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana kiranta ‘boli’ a yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya ana kiran wadannan mutanen da sunan kabilar Yarbawa kuma ana cin su da gyada. Yarabawa sun dade suna jin dadin wannan lalura tun shekaru masu yawa, ana iya sha a matsayin abun ciye-ciye ko babban abinci wanda za a iya hada shi da barkonon tsohuwa cike da nama, gasasshen kifi ko soyayyen kaza musamman a lokacin bukukuwa. Ana kiran kalmar 'boli' a matsayin 'bole' saboda bambancin lafazi a yankin kudu maso kudu a Najeriya. A Kudancin Najeriya, ana kiransa da 'bole' harshen aro daga mutanen kudu maso yammacin Najeriya kuma ana ci da kifi a wani muhimmin biki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kitchenbutterfly.com/2012/04/19/nigerian-street-food-bole-fish/|title=Nigerian Street Food: Boli &amp; Fish {{!}} Kitchen Butterfly|website=Kitchen Butterfly|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Roasted Plantain (Boli)&quot;. allnigerianrecipes.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Roasted plantain: Boli&quot;. ResearchGate&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;BoleBoli La'n Ta was inspired by my love for roasted plantain- Omolola Kayode&quot;. The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''ResearchG''

&quot;Watch How To Prepare Homemade BoleBoli (Roasted Plantain)&quot;. The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 18 August 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2022&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;valuation of a roasted plantain&quot;. ResearchGate&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lerato's roasted plantain, skinny efo, moringa and smoked chicken&quot;. The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 19 May 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bolé Festival — Africa's Hottest Festival&quot;. Bolé Festival. Retrieved 28 May 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>4ifhke9elodqrpubjevcw9tqkj5cdu4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855917</id>
      <parentid>855914</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:16:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>855917</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2577" sha1="595na34om3kd17b5pdeda6jnwdnited" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Boli_and_Groundnut.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boli_and_Groundnut.png|thumb|300x300px|Gasar Boli a Najeriya]]
[[File:Boli and Groundnut.png|thumb|hoton boli]]
[[File:Roasted Plantain(Boli) with peppered stew and fried fish.png|thumb|Plantain (Boli)]]
[[Fayil:Plantain chips.png|thumb|Plantain chips]]
'''Boli''' gasasshen abinci ne a Najeriya. Abincin ya fito ne daga kabilar Yarbawa a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/plantain/roasted-plantain.html|title=Roasted Plantain (Boli)|website=www.allnigerianrecipes.com|access-date=2017-10-06|archive-date=2017-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002223927/http://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/plantain/roasted-plantain.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana kiranta ‘boli’ a yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya ana kiran wadannan mutanen da sunan kabilar Yarbawa kuma ana cin su da gyada. Yarabawa sun dade suna jin dadin wannan lalura tun shekaru masu yawa, ana iya sha a matsayin abun ciye-ciye ko babban abinci wanda za a iya hada shi da barkonon tsohuwa cike da nama, gasasshen kifi ko soyayyen kaza musamman a lokacin bukukuwa. Ana kiran kalmar 'boli' a matsayin 'bole' saboda bambancin lafazi a yankin kudu maso kudu a Najeriya. A Kudancin Najeriya, ana kiransa da 'bole' harshen aro daga mutanen kudu maso yammacin Najeriya kuma ana ci da kifi a wani muhimmin biki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kitchenbutterfly.com/2012/04/19/nigerian-street-food-bole-fish/|title=Nigerian Street Food: Boli &amp; Fish {{!}} Kitchen Butterfly|website=Kitchen Butterfly|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Roasted Plantain (Boli)&quot;. allnigerianrecipes.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Roasted plantain: Boli&quot;. ResearchGate&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;BoleBoli La'n Ta was inspired by my love for roasted plantain- Omolola Kayode&quot;. The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''ResearchG''

&quot;Watch How To Prepare Homemade BoleBoli (Roasted Plantain)&quot;. The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 18 August 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2022&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;valuation of a roasted plantain&quot;. ResearchGate&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lerato's roasted plantain, skinny efo, moringa and smoked chicken&quot;. The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 19 May 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bolé Festival — Africa's Hottest Festival&quot;. Bolé Festival. Retrieved 28 May 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ekikor, Nsikak (25 March 2026). &quot;Bole (Roasted Plantain): Nigeria's Beloved Street Food Delicacy - Chefs Base&quot;. Retrieved 28 May 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>595na34om3kd17b5pdeda6jnwdnited</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855919</id>
      <parentid>855917</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:17:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>855919</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2688" sha1="1is58ape4b0mpe0yz6os2xzvkofeorh" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Boli_and_Groundnut.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boli_and_Groundnut.png|thumb|300x300px|Gasar Boli a Najeriya]]
[[File:Boli and Groundnut.png|thumb|hoton boli]]
[[File:Roasted Plantain(Boli) with peppered stew and fried fish.png|thumb|Plantain (Boli)]]
[[Fayil:Plantain chips.png|thumb|Plantain chips]]
'''Boli''' gasasshen abinci ne a Najeriya. Abincin ya fito ne daga kabilar Yarbawa a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/plantain/roasted-plantain.html|title=Roasted Plantain (Boli)|website=www.allnigerianrecipes.com|access-date=2017-10-06|archive-date=2017-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002223927/http://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/plantain/roasted-plantain.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana kiranta ‘boli’ a yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya ana kiran wadannan mutanen da sunan kabilar Yarbawa kuma ana cin su da gyada. Yarabawa sun dade suna jin dadin wannan lalura tun shekaru masu yawa, ana iya sha a matsayin abun ciye-ciye ko babban abinci wanda za a iya hada shi da barkonon tsohuwa cike da nama, gasasshen kifi ko soyayyen kaza musamman a lokacin bukukuwa. Ana kiran kalmar 'boli' a matsayin 'bole' saboda bambancin lafazi a yankin kudu maso kudu a Najeriya. A Kudancin Najeriya, ana kiransa da 'bole' harshen aro daga mutanen kudu maso yammacin Najeriya kuma ana ci da kifi a wani muhimmin biki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kitchenbutterfly.com/2012/04/19/nigerian-street-food-bole-fish/|title=Nigerian Street Food: Boli &amp; Fish {{!}} Kitchen Butterfly|website=Kitchen Butterfly|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Roasted Plantain (Boli)&quot;. allnigerianrecipes.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Roasted plantain: Boli&quot;. ResearchGate&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;BoleBoli La'n Ta was inspired by my love for roasted plantain- Omolola Kayode&quot;. The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''ResearchG''

&quot;Watch How To Prepare Homemade BoleBoli (Roasted Plantain)&quot;. The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 18 August 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2022&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;valuation of a roasted plantain&quot;. ResearchGate&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lerato's roasted plantain, skinny efo, moringa and smoked chicken&quot;. The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 19 May 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bolé Festival — Africa's Hottest Festival&quot;. Bolé Festival. Retrieved 28 May 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ekikor, Nsikak (25 March 2026). &quot;Bole (Roasted Plantain): Nigeria's Beloved Street Food Delicacy - Chefs Base&quot;. Retrieved 28 May 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nigerian Street Food: Boli &amp; Fish | Kitchen Butterfly&quot;. Kitchen Butterfly. Retrieved 6 October 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>1is58ape4b0mpe0yz6os2xzvkofeorh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855920</id>
      <parentid>855919</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:17:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>855920</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2848" sha1="f0sl1xfhu94pvqgxaefwz23u7grg2ig" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Boli_and_Groundnut.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boli_and_Groundnut.png|thumb|300x300px|Gasar Boli a Najeriya]]
[[File:Boli and Groundnut.png|thumb|hoton boli]]
[[File:Roasted Plantain(Boli) with peppered stew and fried fish.png|thumb|Plantain (Boli)]]
[[Fayil:Plantain chips.png|thumb|Plantain chips]]
'''Boli''' gasasshen abinci ne a Najeriya. Abincin ya fito ne daga kabilar Yarbawa a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/plantain/roasted-plantain.html|title=Roasted Plantain (Boli)|website=www.allnigerianrecipes.com|access-date=2017-10-06|archive-date=2017-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002223927/http://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/plantain/roasted-plantain.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana kiranta ‘boli’ a yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya ana kiran wadannan mutanen da sunan kabilar Yarbawa kuma ana cin su da gyada. Yarabawa sun dade suna jin dadin wannan lalura tun shekaru masu yawa, ana iya sha a matsayin abun ciye-ciye ko babban abinci wanda za a iya hada shi da barkonon tsohuwa cike da nama, gasasshen kifi ko soyayyen kaza musamman a lokacin bukukuwa. Ana kiran kalmar 'boli' a matsayin 'bole' saboda bambancin lafazi a yankin kudu maso kudu a Najeriya. A Kudancin Najeriya, ana kiransa da 'bole' harshen aro daga mutanen kudu maso yammacin Najeriya kuma ana ci da kifi a wani muhimmin biki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kitchenbutterfly.com/2012/04/19/nigerian-street-food-bole-fish/|title=Nigerian Street Food: Boli &amp; Fish {{!}} Kitchen Butterfly|website=Kitchen Butterfly|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Roasted Plantain (Boli)&quot;. allnigerianrecipes.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Roasted plantain: Boli&quot;. ResearchGate&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;BoleBoli La'n Ta was inspired by my love for roasted plantain- Omolola Kayode&quot;. The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''ResearchG''

&quot;Watch How To Prepare Homemade BoleBoli (Roasted Plantain)&quot;. The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 18 August 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2022&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;valuation of a roasted plantain&quot;. ResearchGate&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lerato's roasted plantain, skinny efo, moringa and smoked chicken&quot;. The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 19 May 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bolé Festival — Africa's Hottest Festival&quot;. Bolé Festival. Retrieved 28 May 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ekikor, Nsikak (25 March 2026). &quot;Bole (Roasted Plantain): Nigeria's Beloved Street Food Delicacy - Chefs Base&quot;. Retrieved 28 May 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nigerian Street Food: Boli &amp; Fish | Kitchen Butterfly&quot;. Kitchen Butterfly. Retrieved 6 October 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Onyeakagbu, Adaobi (24 November 2021). &quot;Recipe of the day: How to prepare bole and sauce in your oven at home&quot;. Pulse Nigeria. Retrieved 2 July 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>f0sl1xfhu94pvqgxaefwz23u7grg2ig</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855922</id>
      <parentid>855920</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:18:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>855922</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2979" sha1="mdhmhxk9wn3822kzeq9mhcoxdo8x0tv" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Boli_and_Groundnut.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boli_and_Groundnut.png|thumb|300x300px|Gasar Boli a Najeriya]]
[[File:Boli and Groundnut.png|thumb|hoton boli]]
[[File:Roasted Plantain(Boli) with peppered stew and fried fish.png|thumb|Plantain (Boli)]]
[[Fayil:Plantain chips.png|thumb|Plantain chips]]
'''Boli''' gasasshen abinci ne a Najeriya. Abincin ya fito ne daga kabilar Yarbawa a Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/plantain/roasted-plantain.html|title=Roasted Plantain (Boli)|website=www.allnigerianrecipes.com|access-date=2017-10-06|archive-date=2017-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002223927/http://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/plantain/roasted-plantain.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana kiranta ‘boli’ a yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya ana kiran wadannan mutanen da sunan kabilar Yarbawa kuma ana cin su da gyada. Yarabawa sun dade suna jin dadin wannan lalura tun shekaru masu yawa, ana iya sha a matsayin abun ciye-ciye ko babban abinci wanda za a iya hada shi da barkonon tsohuwa cike da nama, gasasshen kifi ko soyayyen kaza musamman a lokacin bukukuwa. Ana kiran kalmar 'boli' a matsayin 'bole' saboda bambancin lafazi a yankin kudu maso kudu a Najeriya. A Kudancin Najeriya, ana kiransa da 'bole' harshen aro daga mutanen kudu maso yammacin Najeriya kuma ana ci da kifi a wani muhimmin biki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kitchenbutterfly.com/2012/04/19/nigerian-street-food-bole-fish/|title=Nigerian Street Food: Boli &amp; Fish {{!}} Kitchen Butterfly|website=Kitchen Butterfly|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-10-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Roasted Plantain (Boli)&quot;. allnigerianrecipes.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Roasted plantain: Boli&quot;. ResearchGate&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;BoleBoli La'n Ta was inspired by my love for roasted plantain- Omolola Kayode&quot;. The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;''ResearchG''

&quot;Watch How To Prepare Homemade BoleBoli (Roasted Plantain)&quot;. The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 18 August 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2022&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;valuation of a roasted plantain&quot;. ResearchGate&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lerato's roasted plantain, skinny efo, moringa and smoked chicken&quot;. The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 19 May 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bolé Festival — Africa's Hottest Festival&quot;. Bolé Festival. Retrieved 28 May 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ekikor, Nsikak (25 March 2026). &quot;Bole (Roasted Plantain): Nigeria's Beloved Street Food Delicacy - Chefs Base&quot;. Retrieved 28 May 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nigerian Street Food: Boli &amp; Fish | Kitchen Butterfly&quot;. Kitchen Butterfly. Retrieved 6 October 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Onyeakagbu, Adaobi (24 November 2021). &quot;Recipe of the day: How to prepare bole and sauce in your oven at home&quot;. Pulse Nigeria. Retrieved 2 July 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dobby (22 April 2026). &quot;How To Make Authentic Bole &amp; Fish, Dobby's Signature&quot;. Dobby's Signature. Retrieved 28 May 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>mdhmhxk9wn3822kzeq9mhcoxdo8x0tv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Miyar Ogbono</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>32706</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855947</id>
      <parentid>726329</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:28:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>855947</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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{{Databox}}
[[Fayil:Ogbono soup.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono]]
[[Fayil:Ogbono soup with assorted meats.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono da Nama]]
'''Miyar Ogbono''', miya ce da ake ci a Najeriya wacce ake yinta da niƙaƙƙen busasshen tsabar ogbono. Ana samun irin Ogbono a Kudancin Najeriya kuma a can aka fara shuka ta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Atiku|first=M.K.|title=Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth|publisher=Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGLfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=October 2, 2018|page=178}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-12-01|title=Ogbono Soup|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ogbono-soup/|access-date=2022-05-11|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ogbono - UdyFoods|url=https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|access-date=2022-05-11|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620111208/https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; (ana kiran sa da Irvingia a gargajiyance)&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The Best Soups in the World|last=Wright|first=Clifford A.|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=978-1118109250|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34sAwi6lJoUC&amp;q=Ogbono+soup&amp;pg=PT63}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=IRVINGIA GABONENSIS: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews|url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1252/irvingia-gabonensis|access-date=2022-05-11|website=www.webmd.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma tana da iri daban daban. Dangane da bincike da Chris Chinaka da J.C. Obiefuna suka yi sun nuna cewa Ogbono bishiyar gandun daji ce ta asali da ke hade da tsirrai da aka ware su a matsayin 'kayan dajin da ba na itace ba. Ana kiransa da sunaye daban-daban a Najeriya. A yankin da ake magana da harshen Ibo ana kiransa 'ogbono/ugiri' ya danganta da nau'in Ibo. A Nupe, ana kiransa 'pekpeara', 'ogwi' a harshen Bini, 'uyo' a harshen Efik sannan kuma ana kiransa 'oro' a da Yarbanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Edozie|first=V|title=Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa|publisher=Daily Trust|year=2016|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust-saturday/20160806/282321089388033}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Reporter, Our (2018-12-01). &quot;Ogbono Soup&quot;. Tribune Online. Retrieved 2026-06-02.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana amfani da 'ya'yan ogbono don ƙara wa miya kauri da kuma sanya mata baƙin launi.&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Bayan tsaba, ruwa da manja, yawanci ana sanya wa miyan nama da kayan yaji kamar barkono,&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; kayan ganye da makamantansu. Ganyayyakin ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da bitterleaf da celosia. Sauran kayan ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da [[tumatir]] da okra. Kayan yaji sun haɗa da borkono, albasa, da iru (wake).&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Nama kuwa sun haɗa da naman sa, na akuya, kifi,&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; kaza, naman daji, jawa, ko crayfish.

Ana iya cin shi da [[fufu]],&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; ko kuma da sakwara. A wasu ƙasashen ana iya samun miyan a gyare a wasu kasuwannin da suka kware kan abinci irin na yammacin Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Miyar Ogbono tana da yauƙi,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Odumade|first=Omotolani|title=Soups every Nigerian should be able to make|website=Pulse.ng|date=May 21, 2018|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|access-date=October 2, 2018|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180520/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; mai kama da miyar kuɓewa.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
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{{Databox}}
[[Fayil:Ogbono soup.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono]]
[[Fayil:Ogbono soup with assorted meats.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono da Nama]]
'''Miyar Ogbono''', miya ce da ake ci a Najeriya wacce ake yinta da niƙaƙƙen busasshen tsabar ogbono. Ana samun irin Ogbono a Kudancin Najeriya kuma a can aka fara shuka ta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Atiku|first=M.K.|title=Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth|publisher=Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGLfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=October 2, 2018|page=178}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-12-01|title=Ogbono Soup|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ogbono-soup/|access-date=2022-05-11|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ogbono - UdyFoods|url=https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|access-date=2022-05-11|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620111208/https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; (ana kiran sa da Irvingia a gargajiyance)&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The Best Soups in the World|last=Wright|first=Clifford A.|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=978-1118109250|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34sAwi6lJoUC&amp;q=Ogbono+soup&amp;pg=PT63}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=IRVINGIA GABONENSIS: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews|url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1252/irvingia-gabonensis|access-date=2022-05-11|website=www.webmd.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma tana da iri daban daban. Dangane da bincike da Chris Chinaka da J.C. Obiefuna suka yi sun nuna cewa Ogbono bishiyar gandun daji ce ta asali da ke hade da tsirrai da aka ware su a matsayin 'kayan dajin da ba na itace ba. Ana kiransa da sunaye daban-daban a Najeriya. A yankin da ake magana da harshen Ibo ana kiransa 'ogbono/ugiri' ya danganta da nau'in Ibo. A Nupe, ana kiransa 'pekpeara', 'ogwi' a harshen Bini, 'uyo' a harshen Efik sannan kuma ana kiransa 'oro' a da Yarbanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Edozie|first=V|title=Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa|publisher=Daily Trust|year=2016|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust-saturday/20160806/282321089388033}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Reporter, Our (2018-12-01). &quot;Ogbono Soup&quot;. Tribune Online. Retrieved 2026-06-02.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ogunsiji, Ayo (2001). Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. pp. 160–174.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana amfani da 'ya'yan ogbono don ƙara wa miya kauri da kuma sanya mata baƙin launi.&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Bayan tsaba, ruwa da manja, yawanci ana sanya wa miyan nama da kayan yaji kamar barkono,&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; kayan ganye da makamantansu. Ganyayyakin ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da bitterleaf da celosia. Sauran kayan ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da [[tumatir]] da okra. Kayan yaji sun haɗa da borkono, albasa, da iru (wake).&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Nama kuwa sun haɗa da naman sa, na akuya, kifi,&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; kaza, naman daji, jawa, ko crayfish.

Ana iya cin shi da [[fufu]],&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; ko kuma da sakwara. A wasu ƙasashen ana iya samun miyan a gyare a wasu kasuwannin da suka kware kan abinci irin na yammacin Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Miyar Ogbono tana da yauƙi,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Odumade|first=Omotolani|title=Soups every Nigerian should be able to make|website=Pulse.ng|date=May 21, 2018|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|access-date=October 2, 2018|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180520/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; mai kama da miyar kuɓewa.

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>psgem0w4z9a62qm1tye0rqmfrc9p2o5</sha1>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
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{{Databox}}
[[Fayil:Ogbono soup.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono]]
[[Fayil:Ogbono soup with assorted meats.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono da Nama]]
'''Miyar Ogbono''', miya ce da ake ci a Najeriya wacce ake yinta da niƙaƙƙen busasshen tsabar ogbono. Ana samun irin Ogbono a Kudancin Najeriya kuma a can aka fara shuka ta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Atiku|first=M.K.|title=Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth|publisher=Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGLfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=October 2, 2018|page=178}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-12-01|title=Ogbono Soup|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ogbono-soup/|access-date=2022-05-11|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ogbono - UdyFoods|url=https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|access-date=2022-05-11|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620111208/https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; (ana kiran sa da Irvingia a gargajiyance)&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The Best Soups in the World|last=Wright|first=Clifford A.|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=978-1118109250|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34sAwi6lJoUC&amp;q=Ogbono+soup&amp;pg=PT63}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=IRVINGIA GABONENSIS: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews|url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1252/irvingia-gabonensis|access-date=2022-05-11|website=www.webmd.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma tana da iri daban daban. Dangane da bincike da Chris Chinaka da J.C. Obiefuna suka yi sun nuna cewa Ogbono bishiyar gandun daji ce ta asali da ke hade da tsirrai da aka ware su a matsayin 'kayan dajin da ba na itace ba. Ana kiransa da sunaye daban-daban a Najeriya. A yankin da ake magana da harshen Ibo ana kiransa 'ogbono/ugiri' ya danganta da nau'in Ibo. A Nupe, ana kiransa 'pekpeara', 'ogwi' a harshen Bini, 'uyo' a harshen Efik sannan kuma ana kiransa 'oro' a da Yarbanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Edozie|first=V|title=Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa|publisher=Daily Trust|year=2016|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust-saturday/20160806/282321089388033}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Reporter, Our (2018-12-01). &quot;Ogbono Soup&quot;. Tribune Online. Retrieved 2026-06-02.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ogunsiji, Ayo (2001). Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. pp. 160–174.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Igboanusi, Herbert (2002). A Dictionary of Nigerian English Usage. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. p. 201.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana amfani da 'ya'yan ogbono don ƙara wa miya kauri da kuma sanya mata baƙin launi.&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Bayan tsaba, ruwa da manja, yawanci ana sanya wa miyan nama da kayan yaji kamar barkono,&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; kayan ganye da makamantansu. Ganyayyakin ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da bitterleaf da celosia. Sauran kayan ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da [[tumatir]] da okra. Kayan yaji sun haɗa da borkono, albasa, da iru (wake).&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Nama kuwa sun haɗa da naman sa, na akuya, kifi,&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; kaza, naman daji, jawa, ko crayfish.

Ana iya cin shi da [[fufu]],&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; ko kuma da sakwara. A wasu ƙasashen ana iya samun miyan a gyare a wasu kasuwannin da suka kware kan abinci irin na yammacin Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Miyar Ogbono tana da yauƙi,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Odumade|first=Omotolani|title=Soups every Nigerian should be able to make|website=Pulse.ng|date=May 21, 2018|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|access-date=October 2, 2018|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180520/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; mai kama da miyar kuɓewa.

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>hxg1gx3crgx915w9p4gysfyafw5eaix</sha1>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
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      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
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{{Databox}}
[[Fayil:Ogbono soup.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono]]
[[Fayil:Ogbono soup with assorted meats.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono da Nama]]
'''Miyar Ogbono''', miya ce da ake ci a Najeriya wacce ake yinta da niƙaƙƙen busasshen tsabar ogbono. Ana samun irin Ogbono a Kudancin Najeriya kuma a can aka fara shuka ta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Atiku|first=M.K.|title=Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth|publisher=Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGLfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=October 2, 2018|page=178}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-12-01|title=Ogbono Soup|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ogbono-soup/|access-date=2022-05-11|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ogbono - UdyFoods|url=https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|access-date=2022-05-11|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620111208/https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; (ana kiran sa da Irvingia a gargajiyance)&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The Best Soups in the World|last=Wright|first=Clifford A.|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=978-1118109250|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34sAwi6lJoUC&amp;q=Ogbono+soup&amp;pg=PT63}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=IRVINGIA GABONENSIS: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews|url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1252/irvingia-gabonensis|access-date=2022-05-11|website=www.webmd.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma tana da iri daban daban. Dangane da bincike da Chris Chinaka da J.C. Obiefuna suka yi sun nuna cewa Ogbono bishiyar gandun daji ce ta asali da ke hade da tsirrai da aka ware su a matsayin 'kayan dajin da ba na itace ba. Ana kiransa da sunaye daban-daban a Najeriya. A yankin da ake magana da harshen Ibo ana kiransa 'ogbono/ugiri' ya danganta da nau'in Ibo. A Nupe, ana kiransa 'pekpeara', 'ogwi' a harshen Bini, 'uyo' a harshen Efik sannan kuma ana kiransa 'oro' a da Yarbanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Edozie|first=V|title=Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa|publisher=Daily Trust|year=2016|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust-saturday/20160806/282321089388033}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Reporter, Our (2018-12-01). &quot;Ogbono Soup&quot;. Tribune Online. Retrieved 2026-06-02.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ogunsiji, Ayo (2001). Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. pp. 160–174.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Igboanusi, Herbert (2002). A Dictionary of Nigerian English Usage. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. p. 201.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Williamson, Kay (2006) [1972]. Blench, Roger (ed.). Dictionary of Ọnịchà Igbo (PDF) (2nd ed.).&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana amfani da 'ya'yan ogbono don ƙara wa miya kauri da kuma sanya mata baƙin launi.&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Bayan tsaba, ruwa da manja, yawanci ana sanya wa miyan nama da kayan yaji kamar barkono,&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; kayan ganye da makamantansu. Ganyayyakin ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da bitterleaf da celosia. Sauran kayan ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da [[tumatir]] da okra. Kayan yaji sun haɗa da borkono, albasa, da iru (wake).&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Nama kuwa sun haɗa da naman sa, na akuya, kifi,&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; kaza, naman daji, jawa, ko crayfish.

Ana iya cin shi da [[fufu]],&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; ko kuma da sakwara. A wasu ƙasashen ana iya samun miyan a gyare a wasu kasuwannin da suka kware kan abinci irin na yammacin Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Miyar Ogbono tana da yauƙi,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Odumade|first=Omotolani|title=Soups every Nigerian should be able to make|website=Pulse.ng|date=May 21, 2018|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|access-date=October 2, 2018|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180520/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; mai kama da miyar kuɓewa.

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>khynhmkzmri6sfyhdlzpspc88hblwg8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855957</id>
      <parentid>855955</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
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{{Databox}}
[[Fayil:Ogbono soup.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono]]
[[Fayil:Ogbono soup with assorted meats.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono da Nama]]
'''Miyar Ogbono''', miya ce da ake ci a Najeriya wacce ake yinta da niƙaƙƙen busasshen tsabar ogbono. Ana samun irin Ogbono a Kudancin Najeriya kuma a can aka fara shuka ta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Atiku|first=M.K.|title=Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth|publisher=Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGLfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=October 2, 2018|page=178}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-12-01|title=Ogbono Soup|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ogbono-soup/|access-date=2022-05-11|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ogbono - UdyFoods|url=https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|access-date=2022-05-11|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620111208/https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; (ana kiran sa da Irvingia a gargajiyance)&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The Best Soups in the World|last=Wright|first=Clifford A.|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=978-1118109250|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34sAwi6lJoUC&amp;q=Ogbono+soup&amp;pg=PT63}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=IRVINGIA GABONENSIS: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews|url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1252/irvingia-gabonensis|access-date=2022-05-11|website=www.webmd.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma tana da iri daban daban. Dangane da bincike da Chris Chinaka da J.C. Obiefuna suka yi sun nuna cewa Ogbono bishiyar gandun daji ce ta asali da ke hade da tsirrai da aka ware su a matsayin 'kayan dajin da ba na itace ba. Ana kiransa da sunaye daban-daban a Najeriya. A yankin da ake magana da harshen Ibo ana kiransa 'ogbono/ugiri' ya danganta da nau'in Ibo. A Nupe, ana kiransa 'pekpeara', 'ogwi' a harshen Bini, 'uyo' a harshen Efik sannan kuma ana kiransa 'oro' a da Yarbanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Edozie|first=V|title=Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa|publisher=Daily Trust|year=2016|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust-saturday/20160806/282321089388033}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Reporter, Our (2018-12-01). &quot;Ogbono Soup&quot;. Tribune Online. Retrieved 2026-06-02.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ogunsiji, Ayo (2001). Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. pp. 160–174.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Igboanusi, Herbert (2002). A Dictionary of Nigerian English Usage. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. p. 201.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Williamson, Kay (2006) [1972]. Blench, Roger (ed.). Dictionary of Ọnịchà Igbo (PDF) (2nd ed.).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Echeruo, Michael J. C. (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780300073072&lt;/nowiki&gt; – via Internet Archive.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana amfani da 'ya'yan ogbono don ƙara wa miya kauri da kuma sanya mata baƙin launi.&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Bayan tsaba, ruwa da manja, yawanci ana sanya wa miyan nama da kayan yaji kamar barkono,&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; kayan ganye da makamantansu. Ganyayyakin ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da bitterleaf da celosia. Sauran kayan ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da [[tumatir]] da okra. Kayan yaji sun haɗa da borkono, albasa, da iru (wake).&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Nama kuwa sun haɗa da naman sa, na akuya, kifi,&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; kaza, naman daji, jawa, ko crayfish.

Ana iya cin shi da [[fufu]],&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; ko kuma da sakwara. A wasu ƙasashen ana iya samun miyan a gyare a wasu kasuwannin da suka kware kan abinci irin na yammacin Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Miyar Ogbono tana da yauƙi,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Odumade|first=Omotolani|title=Soups every Nigerian should be able to make|website=Pulse.ng|date=May 21, 2018|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|access-date=October 2, 2018|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180520/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; mai kama da miyar kuɓewa.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:31:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
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{{Databox}}
[[Fayil:Ogbono soup.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono]]
[[Fayil:Ogbono soup with assorted meats.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono da Nama]]
'''Miyar Ogbono''', miya ce da ake ci a Najeriya wacce ake yinta da niƙaƙƙen busasshen tsabar ogbono. Ana samun irin Ogbono a Kudancin Najeriya kuma a can aka fara shuka ta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Atiku|first=M.K.|title=Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth|publisher=Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGLfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=October 2, 2018|page=178}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-12-01|title=Ogbono Soup|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ogbono-soup/|access-date=2022-05-11|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ogbono - UdyFoods|url=https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|access-date=2022-05-11|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620111208/https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; (ana kiran sa da Irvingia a gargajiyance)&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The Best Soups in the World|last=Wright|first=Clifford A.|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=978-1118109250|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34sAwi6lJoUC&amp;q=Ogbono+soup&amp;pg=PT63}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=IRVINGIA GABONENSIS: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews|url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1252/irvingia-gabonensis|access-date=2022-05-11|website=www.webmd.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma tana da iri daban daban. Dangane da bincike da Chris Chinaka da J.C. Obiefuna suka yi sun nuna cewa Ogbono bishiyar gandun daji ce ta asali da ke hade da tsirrai da aka ware su a matsayin 'kayan dajin da ba na itace ba. Ana kiransa da sunaye daban-daban a Najeriya. A yankin da ake magana da harshen Ibo ana kiransa 'ogbono/ugiri' ya danganta da nau'in Ibo. A Nupe, ana kiransa 'pekpeara', 'ogwi' a harshen Bini, 'uyo' a harshen Efik sannan kuma ana kiransa 'oro' a da Yarbanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Edozie|first=V|title=Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa|publisher=Daily Trust|year=2016|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust-saturday/20160806/282321089388033}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Reporter, Our (2018-12-01). &quot;Ogbono Soup&quot;. Tribune Online. Retrieved 2026-06-02.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ogunsiji, Ayo (2001). Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. pp. 160–174.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Igboanusi, Herbert (2002). A Dictionary of Nigerian English Usage. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. p. 201.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Williamson, Kay (2006) [1972]. Blench, Roger (ed.). Dictionary of Ọnịchà Igbo (PDF) (2nd ed.).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Echeruo, Michael J. C. (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780300073072&lt;/nowiki&gt; – via Internet Archive.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Atiku, M.K. (2003). Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth. Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology. p. 178. Retrieved October 2, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana amfani da 'ya'yan ogbono don ƙara wa miya kauri da kuma sanya mata baƙin launi.&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Bayan tsaba, ruwa da manja, yawanci ana sanya wa miyan nama da kayan yaji kamar barkono,&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; kayan ganye da makamantansu. Ganyayyakin ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da bitterleaf da celosia. Sauran kayan ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da [[tumatir]] da okra. Kayan yaji sun haɗa da borkono, albasa, da iru (wake).&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Nama kuwa sun haɗa da naman sa, na akuya, kifi,&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; kaza, naman daji, jawa, ko crayfish.

Ana iya cin shi da [[fufu]],&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; ko kuma da sakwara. A wasu ƙasashen ana iya samun miyan a gyare a wasu kasuwannin da suka kware kan abinci irin na yammacin Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Miyar Ogbono tana da yauƙi,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Odumade|first=Omotolani|title=Soups every Nigerian should be able to make|website=Pulse.ng|date=May 21, 2018|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|access-date=October 2, 2018|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180520/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; mai kama da miyar kuɓewa.

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>2y2znu69t04ihf2oq01g0h1qf78xm0m</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>855972</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:42:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
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      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
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{{Databox}}
[[Fayil:Ogbono soup.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono]]
[[Fayil:Ogbono soup with assorted meats.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono da Nama]]
'''Miyar Ogbono''', miya ce da ake ci a Najeriya wacce ake yinta da niƙaƙƙen busasshen tsabar ogbono. Ana samun irin Ogbono a Kudancin Najeriya kuma a can aka fara shuka ta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Atiku|first=M.K.|title=Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth|publisher=Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGLfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=October 2, 2018|page=178}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-12-01|title=Ogbono Soup|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ogbono-soup/|access-date=2022-05-11|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ogbono - UdyFoods|url=https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|access-date=2022-05-11|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620111208/https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; (ana kiran sa da Irvingia a gargajiyance)&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The Best Soups in the World|last=Wright|first=Clifford A.|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=978-1118109250|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34sAwi6lJoUC&amp;q=Ogbono+soup&amp;pg=PT63}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=IRVINGIA GABONENSIS: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews|url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1252/irvingia-gabonensis|access-date=2022-05-11|website=www.webmd.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma tana da iri daban daban. Dangane da bincike da Chris Chinaka da J.C. Obiefuna suka yi sun nuna cewa Ogbono bishiyar gandun daji ce ta asali da ke hade da tsirrai da aka ware su a matsayin 'kayan dajin da ba na itace ba. Ana kiransa da sunaye daban-daban a Najeriya. A yankin da ake magana da harshen Ibo ana kiransa 'ogbono/ugiri' ya danganta da nau'in Ibo. A Nupe, ana kiransa 'pekpeara', 'ogwi' a harshen Bini, 'uyo' a harshen Efik sannan kuma ana kiransa 'oro' a da Yarbanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Edozie|first=V|title=Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa|publisher=Daily Trust|year=2016|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust-saturday/20160806/282321089388033}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Reporter, Our (2018-12-01). &quot;Ogbono Soup&quot;. Tribune Online. Retrieved 2026-06-02.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ogunsiji, Ayo (2001). Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. pp. 160–174.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Igboanusi, Herbert (2002). A Dictionary of Nigerian English Usage. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. p. 201.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Williamson, Kay (2006) [1972]. Blench, Roger (ed.). Dictionary of Ọnịchà Igbo (PDF) (2nd ed.).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Echeruo, Michael J. C. (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780300073072&lt;/nowiki&gt; – via Internet Archive.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Atiku, M.K. (2003). Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth. Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology. p. 178. Retrieved October 2, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ogbono Soup&quot;. Nigerian Tribune. 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2022-05-11&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana amfani da 'ya'yan ogbono don ƙara wa miya kauri da kuma sanya mata baƙin launi.&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Bayan tsaba, ruwa da manja, yawanci ana sanya wa miyan nama da kayan yaji kamar barkono,&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; kayan ganye da makamantansu. Ganyayyakin ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da bitterleaf da celosia. Sauran kayan ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da [[tumatir]] da okra. Kayan yaji sun haɗa da borkono, albasa, da iru (wake).&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Nama kuwa sun haɗa da naman sa, na akuya, kifi,&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; kaza, naman daji, jawa, ko crayfish.

Ana iya cin shi da [[fufu]],&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; ko kuma da sakwara. A wasu ƙasashen ana iya samun miyan a gyare a wasu kasuwannin da suka kware kan abinci irin na yammacin Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Miyar Ogbono tana da yauƙi,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Odumade|first=Omotolani|title=Soups every Nigerian should be able to make|website=Pulse.ng|date=May 21, 2018|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|access-date=October 2, 2018|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180520/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; mai kama da miyar kuɓewa.

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>6ixk7xc8fs68tk0htvnol7lg26xfgck</sha1>
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    <revision>
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        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
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{{Databox}}
[[Fayil:Ogbono soup.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono]]
[[Fayil:Ogbono soup with assorted meats.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono da Nama]]
'''Miyar Ogbono''', miya ce da ake ci a Najeriya wacce ake yinta da niƙaƙƙen busasshen tsabar ogbono. Ana samun irin Ogbono a Kudancin Najeriya kuma a can aka fara shuka ta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Atiku|first=M.K.|title=Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth|publisher=Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGLfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=October 2, 2018|page=178}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-12-01|title=Ogbono Soup|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ogbono-soup/|access-date=2022-05-11|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ogbono - UdyFoods|url=https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|access-date=2022-05-11|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620111208/https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; (ana kiran sa da Irvingia a gargajiyance)&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The Best Soups in the World|last=Wright|first=Clifford A.|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=978-1118109250|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34sAwi6lJoUC&amp;q=Ogbono+soup&amp;pg=PT63}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=IRVINGIA GABONENSIS: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews|url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1252/irvingia-gabonensis|access-date=2022-05-11|website=www.webmd.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma tana da iri daban daban. Dangane da bincike da Chris Chinaka da J.C. Obiefuna suka yi sun nuna cewa Ogbono bishiyar gandun daji ce ta asali da ke hade da tsirrai da aka ware su a matsayin 'kayan dajin da ba na itace ba. Ana kiransa da sunaye daban-daban a Najeriya. A yankin da ake magana da harshen Ibo ana kiransa 'ogbono/ugiri' ya danganta da nau'in Ibo. A Nupe, ana kiransa 'pekpeara', 'ogwi' a harshen Bini, 'uyo' a harshen Efik sannan kuma ana kiransa 'oro' a da Yarbanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Edozie|first=V|title=Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa|publisher=Daily Trust|year=2016|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust-saturday/20160806/282321089388033}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Reporter, Our (2018-12-01). &quot;Ogbono Soup&quot;. Tribune Online. Retrieved 2026-06-02.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ogunsiji, Ayo (2001). Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. pp. 160–174.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Igboanusi, Herbert (2002). A Dictionary of Nigerian English Usage. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. p. 201.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Williamson, Kay (2006) [1972]. Blench, Roger (ed.). Dictionary of Ọnịchà Igbo (PDF) (2nd ed.).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Echeruo, Michael J. C. (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780300073072&lt;/nowiki&gt; – via Internet Archive.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Atiku, M.K. (2003). Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth. Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology. p. 178. Retrieved October 2, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ogbono Soup&quot;. Nigerian Tribune. 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2022-05-11&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ogbono – UdyFoods&quot;. Archived from the original on 2025-06-20. Retrieved 2022-05-11.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana amfani da 'ya'yan ogbono don ƙara wa miya kauri da kuma sanya mata baƙin launi.&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Bayan tsaba, ruwa da manja, yawanci ana sanya wa miyan nama da kayan yaji kamar barkono,&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; kayan ganye da makamantansu. Ganyayyakin ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da bitterleaf da celosia. Sauran kayan ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da [[tumatir]] da okra. Kayan yaji sun haɗa da borkono, albasa, da iru (wake).&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Nama kuwa sun haɗa da naman sa, na akuya, kifi,&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; kaza, naman daji, jawa, ko crayfish.

Ana iya cin shi da [[fufu]],&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; ko kuma da sakwara. A wasu ƙasashen ana iya samun miyan a gyare a wasu kasuwannin da suka kware kan abinci irin na yammacin Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Miyar Ogbono tana da yauƙi,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Odumade|first=Omotolani|title=Soups every Nigerian should be able to make|website=Pulse.ng|date=May 21, 2018|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|access-date=October 2, 2018|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180520/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; mai kama da miyar kuɓewa.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <id>855975</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:44:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
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      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
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{{Databox}}
[[Fayil:Ogbono soup.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono]]
[[Fayil:Ogbono soup with assorted meats.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono da Nama]]
'''Miyar Ogbono''', miya ce da ake ci a Najeriya wacce ake yinta da niƙaƙƙen busasshen tsabar ogbono. Ana samun irin Ogbono a Kudancin Najeriya kuma a can aka fara shuka ta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Atiku|first=M.K.|title=Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth|publisher=Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGLfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=October 2, 2018|page=178}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-12-01|title=Ogbono Soup|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ogbono-soup/|access-date=2022-05-11|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ogbono - UdyFoods|url=https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|access-date=2022-05-11|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620111208/https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; (ana kiran sa da Irvingia a gargajiyance)&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The Best Soups in the World|last=Wright|first=Clifford A.|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=978-1118109250|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34sAwi6lJoUC&amp;q=Ogbono+soup&amp;pg=PT63}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=IRVINGIA GABONENSIS: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews|url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1252/irvingia-gabonensis|access-date=2022-05-11|website=www.webmd.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma tana da iri daban daban. Dangane da bincike da Chris Chinaka da J.C. Obiefuna suka yi sun nuna cewa Ogbono bishiyar gandun daji ce ta asali da ke hade da tsirrai da aka ware su a matsayin 'kayan dajin da ba na itace ba. Ana kiransa da sunaye daban-daban a Najeriya. A yankin da ake magana da harshen Ibo ana kiransa 'ogbono/ugiri' ya danganta da nau'in Ibo. A Nupe, ana kiransa 'pekpeara', 'ogwi' a harshen Bini, 'uyo' a harshen Efik sannan kuma ana kiransa 'oro' a da Yarbanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Edozie|first=V|title=Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa|publisher=Daily Trust|year=2016|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust-saturday/20160806/282321089388033}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Reporter, Our (2018-12-01). &quot;Ogbono Soup&quot;. Tribune Online. Retrieved 2026-06-02.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ogunsiji, Ayo (2001). Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. pp. 160–174.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Igboanusi, Herbert (2002). A Dictionary of Nigerian English Usage. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. p. 201.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Williamson, Kay (2006) [1972]. Blench, Roger (ed.). Dictionary of Ọnịchà Igbo (PDF) (2nd ed.).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Echeruo, Michael J. C. (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780300073072&lt;/nowiki&gt; – via Internet Archive.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Atiku, M.K. (2003). Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth. Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology. p. 178. Retrieved October 2, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ogbono Soup&quot;. Nigerian Tribune. 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2022-05-11&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ogbono – UdyFoods&quot;. Archived from the original on 2025-06-20. Retrieved 2022-05-11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;BusinessDay (2026-02-01). &quot;Ogbono Soup- Proudly Nigerian superfood that can gain UN cultural status&quot;. Businessday NG. Retrieved 2026-04-19.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana amfani da 'ya'yan ogbono don ƙara wa miya kauri da kuma sanya mata baƙin launi.&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Bayan tsaba, ruwa da manja, yawanci ana sanya wa miyan nama da kayan yaji kamar barkono,&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; kayan ganye da makamantansu. Ganyayyakin ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da bitterleaf da celosia. Sauran kayan ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da [[tumatir]] da okra. Kayan yaji sun haɗa da borkono, albasa, da iru (wake).&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Nama kuwa sun haɗa da naman sa, na akuya, kifi,&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; kaza, naman daji, jawa, ko crayfish.

Ana iya cin shi da [[fufu]],&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; ko kuma da sakwara. A wasu ƙasashen ana iya samun miyan a gyare a wasu kasuwannin da suka kware kan abinci irin na yammacin Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Miyar Ogbono tana da yauƙi,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Odumade|first=Omotolani|title=Soups every Nigerian should be able to make|website=Pulse.ng|date=May 21, 2018|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|access-date=October 2, 2018|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180520/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; mai kama da miyar kuɓewa.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
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{{Databox}}
[[Fayil:Ogbono soup.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono]]
[[Fayil:Ogbono soup with assorted meats.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono da Nama]]
'''Miyar Ogbono''', miya ce da ake ci a Najeriya wacce ake yinta da niƙaƙƙen busasshen tsabar ogbono. Ana samun irin Ogbono a Kudancin Najeriya kuma a can aka fara shuka ta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Atiku|first=M.K.|title=Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth|publisher=Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGLfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=October 2, 2018|page=178}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-12-01|title=Ogbono Soup|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ogbono-soup/|access-date=2022-05-11|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ogbono - UdyFoods|url=https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|access-date=2022-05-11|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620111208/https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; (ana kiran sa da Irvingia a gargajiyance)&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The Best Soups in the World|last=Wright|first=Clifford A.|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=978-1118109250|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34sAwi6lJoUC&amp;q=Ogbono+soup&amp;pg=PT63}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=IRVINGIA GABONENSIS: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews|url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1252/irvingia-gabonensis|access-date=2022-05-11|website=www.webmd.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma tana da iri daban daban. Dangane da bincike da Chris Chinaka da J.C. Obiefuna suka yi sun nuna cewa Ogbono bishiyar gandun daji ce ta asali da ke hade da tsirrai da aka ware su a matsayin 'kayan dajin da ba na itace ba. Ana kiransa da sunaye daban-daban a Najeriya. A yankin da ake magana da harshen Ibo ana kiransa 'ogbono/ugiri' ya danganta da nau'in Ibo. A Nupe, ana kiransa 'pekpeara', 'ogwi' a harshen Bini, 'uyo' a harshen Efik sannan kuma ana kiransa 'oro' a da Yarbanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Edozie|first=V|title=Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa|publisher=Daily Trust|year=2016|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust-saturday/20160806/282321089388033}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Reporter, Our (2018-12-01). &quot;Ogbono Soup&quot;. Tribune Online. Retrieved 2026-06-02.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ogunsiji, Ayo (2001). Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. pp. 160–174.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Igboanusi, Herbert (2002). A Dictionary of Nigerian English Usage. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. p. 201.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Williamson, Kay (2006) [1972]. Blench, Roger (ed.). Dictionary of Ọnịchà Igbo (PDF) (2nd ed.).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Echeruo, Michael J. C. (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780300073072&lt;/nowiki&gt; – via Internet Archive.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Atiku, M.K. (2003). Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth. Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology. p. 178. Retrieved October 2, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ogbono Soup&quot;. Nigerian Tribune. 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2022-05-11&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ogbono – UdyFoods&quot;. Archived from the original on 2025-06-20. Retrieved 2022-05-11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;BusinessDay (2026-02-01). &quot;Ogbono Soup- Proudly Nigerian superfood that can gain UN cultural status&quot;. Businessday NG. Retrieved 2026-04-19.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Chinaka, Chris; Obiefuna, J.C. &quot;Production and Utilization of 'Ogbono' (Irvingia gabonensis)&quot; (PDF). National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services, Ahmadu Bello University.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana amfani da 'ya'yan ogbono don ƙara wa miya kauri da kuma sanya mata baƙin launi.&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Bayan tsaba, ruwa da manja, yawanci ana sanya wa miyan nama da kayan yaji kamar barkono,&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; kayan ganye da makamantansu. Ganyayyakin ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da bitterleaf da celosia. Sauran kayan ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da [[tumatir]] da okra. Kayan yaji sun haɗa da borkono, albasa, da iru (wake).&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Nama kuwa sun haɗa da naman sa, na akuya, kifi,&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; kaza, naman daji, jawa, ko crayfish.

Ana iya cin shi da [[fufu]],&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; ko kuma da sakwara. A wasu ƙasashen ana iya samun miyan a gyare a wasu kasuwannin da suka kware kan abinci irin na yammacin Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Miyar Ogbono tana da yauƙi,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Odumade|first=Omotolani|title=Soups every Nigerian should be able to make|website=Pulse.ng|date=May 21, 2018|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|access-date=October 2, 2018|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180520/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; mai kama da miyar kuɓewa.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
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{{Databox}}
[[Fayil:Ogbono soup.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono]]
[[Fayil:Ogbono soup with assorted meats.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono da Nama]]
'''Miyar Ogbono''', miya ce da ake ci a Najeriya wacce ake yinta da niƙaƙƙen busasshen tsabar ogbono. Ana samun irin Ogbono a Kudancin Najeriya kuma a can aka fara shuka ta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Atiku|first=M.K.|title=Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth|publisher=Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGLfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=October 2, 2018|page=178}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-12-01|title=Ogbono Soup|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ogbono-soup/|access-date=2022-05-11|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ogbono - UdyFoods|url=https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|access-date=2022-05-11|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620111208/https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; (ana kiran sa da Irvingia a gargajiyance)&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The Best Soups in the World|last=Wright|first=Clifford A.|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=978-1118109250|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34sAwi6lJoUC&amp;q=Ogbono+soup&amp;pg=PT63}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=IRVINGIA GABONENSIS: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews|url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1252/irvingia-gabonensis|access-date=2022-05-11|website=www.webmd.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma tana da iri daban daban. Dangane da bincike da Chris Chinaka da J.C. Obiefuna suka yi sun nuna cewa Ogbono bishiyar gandun daji ce ta asali da ke hade da tsirrai da aka ware su a matsayin 'kayan dajin da ba na itace ba. Ana kiransa da sunaye daban-daban a Najeriya. A yankin da ake magana da harshen Ibo ana kiransa 'ogbono/ugiri' ya danganta da nau'in Ibo. A Nupe, ana kiransa 'pekpeara', 'ogwi' a harshen Bini, 'uyo' a harshen Efik sannan kuma ana kiransa 'oro' a da Yarbanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Edozie|first=V|title=Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa|publisher=Daily Trust|year=2016|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust-saturday/20160806/282321089388033}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Reporter, Our (2018-12-01). &quot;Ogbono Soup&quot;. Tribune Online. Retrieved 2026-06-02.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ogunsiji, Ayo (2001). Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. pp. 160–174.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Igboanusi, Herbert (2002). A Dictionary of Nigerian English Usage. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. p. 201.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Williamson, Kay (2006) [1972]. Blench, Roger (ed.). Dictionary of Ọnịchà Igbo (PDF) (2nd ed.).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Echeruo, Michael J. C. (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780300073072&lt;/nowiki&gt; – via Internet Archive.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Atiku, M.K. (2003). Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth. Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology. p. 178. Retrieved October 2, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ogbono Soup&quot;. Nigerian Tribune. 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2022-05-11&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ogbono – UdyFoods&quot;. Archived from the original on 2025-06-20. Retrieved 2022-05-11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;BusinessDay (2026-02-01). &quot;Ogbono Soup- Proudly Nigerian superfood that can gain UN cultural status&quot;. Businessday NG. Retrieved 2026-04-19.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Chinaka, Chris; Obiefuna, J.C. &quot;Production and Utilization of 'Ogbono' (Irvingia gabonensis)&quot; (PDF). National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services, Ahmadu Bello University.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Echeruo, Michael J.C (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary: A comprehensive Dictionary of the Igbo Language, with an English-Igbo Index. Yale University Press. pp. 135–159.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana amfani da 'ya'yan ogbono don ƙara wa miya kauri da kuma sanya mata baƙin launi.&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Bayan tsaba, ruwa da manja, yawanci ana sanya wa miyan nama da kayan yaji kamar barkono,&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; kayan ganye da makamantansu. Ganyayyakin ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da bitterleaf da celosia. Sauran kayan ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da [[tumatir]] da okra. Kayan yaji sun haɗa da borkono, albasa, da iru (wake).&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Nama kuwa sun haɗa da naman sa, na akuya, kifi,&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; kaza, naman daji, jawa, ko crayfish.

Ana iya cin shi da [[fufu]],&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; ko kuma da sakwara. A wasu ƙasashen ana iya samun miyan a gyare a wasu kasuwannin da suka kware kan abinci irin na yammacin Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Miyar Ogbono tana da yauƙi,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Odumade|first=Omotolani|title=Soups every Nigerian should be able to make|website=Pulse.ng|date=May 21, 2018|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|access-date=October 2, 2018|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180520/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; mai kama da miyar kuɓewa.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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{{Databox}}
[[Fayil:Ogbono soup.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono]]
[[Fayil:Ogbono soup with assorted meats.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono da Nama]]
'''Miyar Ogbono''', miya ce da ake ci a Najeriya wacce ake yinta da niƙaƙƙen busasshen tsabar ogbono. Ana samun irin Ogbono a Kudancin Najeriya kuma a can aka fara shuka ta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Atiku|first=M.K.|title=Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth|publisher=Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGLfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=October 2, 2018|page=178}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-12-01|title=Ogbono Soup|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ogbono-soup/|access-date=2022-05-11|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ogbono - UdyFoods|url=https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|access-date=2022-05-11|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620111208/https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; (ana kiran sa da Irvingia a gargajiyance)&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The Best Soups in the World|last=Wright|first=Clifford A.|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=978-1118109250|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34sAwi6lJoUC&amp;q=Ogbono+soup&amp;pg=PT63}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=IRVINGIA GABONENSIS: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews|url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1252/irvingia-gabonensis|access-date=2022-05-11|website=www.webmd.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma tana da iri daban daban. Dangane da bincike da Chris Chinaka da J.C. Obiefuna suka yi sun nuna cewa Ogbono bishiyar gandun daji ce ta asali da ke hade da tsirrai da aka ware su a matsayin 'kayan dajin da ba na itace ba. Ana kiransa da sunaye daban-daban a Najeriya. A yankin da ake magana da harshen Ibo ana kiransa 'ogbono/ugiri' ya danganta da nau'in Ibo. A Nupe, ana kiransa 'pekpeara', 'ogwi' a harshen Bini, 'uyo' a harshen Efik sannan kuma ana kiransa 'oro' a da Yarbanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Edozie|first=V|title=Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa|publisher=Daily Trust|year=2016|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust-saturday/20160806/282321089388033}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Reporter, Our (2018-12-01). &quot;Ogbono Soup&quot;. Tribune Online. Retrieved 2026-06-02.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ogunsiji, Ayo (2001). Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. pp. 160–174.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Igboanusi, Herbert (2002). A Dictionary of Nigerian English Usage. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. p. 201.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Williamson, Kay (2006) [1972]. Blench, Roger (ed.). Dictionary of Ọnịchà Igbo (PDF) (2nd ed.).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Echeruo, Michael J. C. (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780300073072&lt;/nowiki&gt; – via Internet Archive.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Atiku, M.K. (2003). Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth. Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology. p. 178. Retrieved October 2, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ogbono Soup&quot;. Nigerian Tribune. 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2022-05-11&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ogbono – UdyFoods&quot;. Archived from the original on 2025-06-20. Retrieved 2022-05-11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;BusinessDay (2026-02-01). &quot;Ogbono Soup- Proudly Nigerian superfood that can gain UN cultural status&quot;. Businessday NG. Retrieved 2026-04-19.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Chinaka, Chris; Obiefuna, J.C. &quot;Production and Utilization of 'Ogbono' (Irvingia gabonensis)&quot; (PDF). National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services, Ahmadu Bello University.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Echeruo, Michael J.C (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary: A comprehensive Dictionary of the Igbo Language, with an English-Igbo Index. Yale University Press. pp. 135–159.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Edozie, V (2016). &quot;Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa&quot;. Daily Trust.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana amfani da 'ya'yan ogbono don ƙara wa miya kauri da kuma sanya mata baƙin launi.&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Bayan tsaba, ruwa da manja, yawanci ana sanya wa miyan nama da kayan yaji kamar barkono,&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; kayan ganye da makamantansu. Ganyayyakin ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da bitterleaf da celosia. Sauran kayan ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da [[tumatir]] da okra. Kayan yaji sun haɗa da borkono, albasa, da iru (wake).&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Nama kuwa sun haɗa da naman sa, na akuya, kifi,&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; kaza, naman daji, jawa, ko crayfish.

Ana iya cin shi da [[fufu]],&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; ko kuma da sakwara. A wasu ƙasashen ana iya samun miyan a gyare a wasu kasuwannin da suka kware kan abinci irin na yammacin Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Miyar Ogbono tana da yauƙi,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Odumade|first=Omotolani|title=Soups every Nigerian should be able to make|website=Pulse.ng|date=May 21, 2018|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|access-date=October 2, 2018|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180520/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; mai kama da miyar kuɓewa.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
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        <id>39275</id>
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{{Databox}}
[[Fayil:Ogbono soup.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono]]
[[Fayil:Ogbono soup with assorted meats.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono da Nama]]
'''Miyar Ogbono''', miya ce da ake ci a Najeriya wacce ake yinta da niƙaƙƙen busasshen tsabar ogbono. Ana samun irin Ogbono a Kudancin Najeriya kuma a can aka fara shuka ta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Atiku|first=M.K.|title=Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth|publisher=Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGLfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=October 2, 2018|page=178}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-12-01|title=Ogbono Soup|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ogbono-soup/|access-date=2022-05-11|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ogbono - UdyFoods|url=https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|access-date=2022-05-11|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620111208/https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; (ana kiran sa da Irvingia a gargajiyance)&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The Best Soups in the World|last=Wright|first=Clifford A.|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=978-1118109250|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34sAwi6lJoUC&amp;q=Ogbono+soup&amp;pg=PT63}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=IRVINGIA GABONENSIS: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews|url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1252/irvingia-gabonensis|access-date=2022-05-11|website=www.webmd.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma tana da iri daban daban. Dangane da bincike da Chris Chinaka da J.C. Obiefuna suka yi sun nuna cewa Ogbono bishiyar gandun daji ce ta asali da ke hade da tsirrai da aka ware su a matsayin 'kayan dajin da ba na itace ba. Ana kiransa da sunaye daban-daban a Najeriya. A yankin da ake magana da harshen Ibo ana kiransa 'ogbono/ugiri' ya danganta da nau'in Ibo. A Nupe, ana kiransa 'pekpeara', 'ogwi' a harshen Bini, 'uyo' a harshen Efik sannan kuma ana kiransa 'oro' a da Yarbanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Edozie|first=V|title=Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa|publisher=Daily Trust|year=2016|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust-saturday/20160806/282321089388033}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Reporter, Our (2018-12-01). &quot;Ogbono Soup&quot;. Tribune Online. Retrieved 2026-06-02.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ogunsiji, Ayo (2001). Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. pp. 160–174.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Igboanusi, Herbert (2002). A Dictionary of Nigerian English Usage. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. p. 201.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Williamson, Kay (2006) [1972]. Blench, Roger (ed.). Dictionary of Ọnịchà Igbo (PDF) (2nd ed.).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Echeruo, Michael J. C. (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780300073072&lt;/nowiki&gt; – via Internet Archive.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Atiku, M.K. (2003). Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth. Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology. p. 178. Retrieved October 2, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ogbono Soup&quot;. Nigerian Tribune. 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2022-05-11&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ogbono – UdyFoods&quot;. Archived from the original on 2025-06-20. Retrieved 2022-05-11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;BusinessDay (2026-02-01). &quot;Ogbono Soup- Proudly Nigerian superfood that can gain UN cultural status&quot;. Businessday NG. Retrieved 2026-04-19.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Chinaka, Chris; Obiefuna, J.C. &quot;Production and Utilization of 'Ogbono' (Irvingia gabonensis)&quot; (PDF). National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services, Ahmadu Bello University.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Echeruo, Michael J.C (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary: A comprehensive Dictionary of the Igbo Language, with an English-Igbo Index. Yale University Press. pp. 135–159.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Edozie, V (2016). &quot;Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa&quot;. Daily Trust.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana amfani da 'ya'yan ogbono don ƙara wa miya kauri da kuma sanya mata baƙin launi.&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Bayan tsaba, ruwa da manja, yawanci ana sanya wa miyan nama da kayan yaji kamar barkono,&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; kayan ganye da makamantansu. Ganyayyakin ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da bitterleaf da celosia. Sauran kayan ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da [[tumatir]] da okra. Kayan yaji sun haɗa da borkono, albasa, da iru (wake).&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Nama kuwa sun haɗa da naman sa, na akuya, kifi,&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; kaza, naman daji, jawa, ko crayfish.&lt;ref&gt;Osewezina, Williams (2022-08-19). &quot;Ogbono: Things To Consider Before You Eat It&quot;. So Healthy. Retrieved 2026-05-10.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana iya cin shi da [[fufu]],&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; ko kuma da sakwara. A wasu ƙasashen ana iya samun miyan a gyare a wasu kasuwannin da suka kware kan abinci irin na yammacin Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Miyar Ogbono tana da yauƙi,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Odumade|first=Omotolani|title=Soups every Nigerian should be able to make|website=Pulse.ng|date=May 21, 2018|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|access-date=October 2, 2018|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180520/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; mai kama da miyar kuɓewa.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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        <id>39275</id>
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{{Databox}}
[[Fayil:Ogbono soup.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono]]
[[Fayil:Ogbono soup with assorted meats.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono da Nama]]
'''Miyar Ogbono''', miya ce da ake ci a Najeriya wacce ake yinta da niƙaƙƙen busasshen tsabar ogbono. Ana samun irin Ogbono a Kudancin Najeriya kuma a can aka fara shuka ta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Atiku|first=M.K.|title=Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth|publisher=Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGLfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=October 2, 2018|page=178}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-12-01|title=Ogbono Soup|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ogbono-soup/|access-date=2022-05-11|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ogbono - UdyFoods|url=https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|access-date=2022-05-11|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620111208/https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; (ana kiran sa da Irvingia a gargajiyance)&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The Best Soups in the World|last=Wright|first=Clifford A.|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=978-1118109250|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34sAwi6lJoUC&amp;q=Ogbono+soup&amp;pg=PT63}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=IRVINGIA GABONENSIS: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews|url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1252/irvingia-gabonensis|access-date=2022-05-11|website=www.webmd.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma tana da iri daban daban. Dangane da bincike da Chris Chinaka da J.C. Obiefuna suka yi sun nuna cewa Ogbono bishiyar gandun daji ce ta asali da ke hade da tsirrai da aka ware su a matsayin 'kayan dajin da ba na itace ba. Ana kiransa da sunaye daban-daban a Najeriya. A yankin da ake magana da harshen Ibo ana kiransa 'ogbono/ugiri' ya danganta da nau'in Ibo. A Nupe, ana kiransa 'pekpeara', 'ogwi' a harshen Bini, 'uyo' a harshen Efik sannan kuma ana kiransa 'oro' a da Yarbanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Edozie|first=V|title=Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa|publisher=Daily Trust|year=2016|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust-saturday/20160806/282321089388033}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Reporter, Our (2018-12-01). &quot;Ogbono Soup&quot;. Tribune Online. Retrieved 2026-06-02.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ogunsiji, Ayo (2001). Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. pp. 160–174.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Igboanusi, Herbert (2002). A Dictionary of Nigerian English Usage. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. p. 201.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Williamson, Kay (2006) [1972]. Blench, Roger (ed.). Dictionary of Ọnịchà Igbo (PDF) (2nd ed.).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Echeruo, Michael J. C. (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780300073072&lt;/nowiki&gt; – via Internet Archive.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Atiku, M.K. (2003). Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth. Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology. p. 178. Retrieved October 2, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ogbono Soup&quot;. Nigerian Tribune. 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2022-05-11&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ogbono – UdyFoods&quot;. Archived from the original on 2025-06-20. Retrieved 2022-05-11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;BusinessDay (2026-02-01). &quot;Ogbono Soup- Proudly Nigerian superfood that can gain UN cultural status&quot;. Businessday NG. Retrieved 2026-04-19.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Chinaka, Chris; Obiefuna, J.C. &quot;Production and Utilization of 'Ogbono' (Irvingia gabonensis)&quot; (PDF). National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services, Ahmadu Bello University.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Echeruo, Michael J.C (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary: A comprehensive Dictionary of the Igbo Language, with an English-Igbo Index. Yale University Press. pp. 135–159.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Edozie, V (2016). &quot;Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa&quot;. Daily Trust.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana amfani da 'ya'yan ogbono don ƙara wa miya kauri da kuma sanya mata baƙin launi.&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Bayan tsaba, ruwa da manja, yawanci ana sanya wa miyan nama da kayan yaji kamar barkono,&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; kayan ganye da makamantansu. Ganyayyakin ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da bitterleaf da celosia. Sauran kayan ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da [[tumatir]] da okra. Kayan yaji sun haɗa da borkono, albasa, da iru (wake).&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Nama kuwa sun haɗa da naman sa, na akuya, kifi,&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; kaza, naman daji, jawa, ko crayfish.&lt;ref&gt;Osewezina, Williams (2022-08-19). &quot;Ogbono: Things To Consider Before You Eat It&quot;. So Healthy. Retrieved 2026-05-10.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wright, Clifford A. (2011). The Best Soups in the World. John Wiley &amp; Sons. p. 51. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-118-10925-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana iya cin shi da [[fufu]],&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; ko kuma da sakwara. A wasu ƙasashen ana iya samun miyan a gyare a wasu kasuwannin da suka kware kan abinci irin na yammacin Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Miyar Ogbono tana da yauƙi,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Odumade|first=Omotolani|title=Soups every Nigerian should be able to make|website=Pulse.ng|date=May 21, 2018|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|access-date=October 2, 2018|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180520/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; mai kama da miyar kuɓewa.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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[[Fayil:Ogbono soup.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono]]
[[Fayil:Ogbono soup with assorted meats.jpg|thumb|Miyar Ogbono da Nama]]
'''Miyar Ogbono''', miya ce da ake ci a Najeriya wacce ake yinta da niƙaƙƙen busasshen tsabar ogbono. Ana samun irin Ogbono a Kudancin Najeriya kuma a can aka fara shuka ta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Atiku|first=M.K.|title=Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth|publisher=Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zGLfAAAAMAAJ|access-date=October 2, 2018|page=178}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-12-01|title=Ogbono Soup|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ogbono-soup/|access-date=2022-05-11|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ogbono - UdyFoods|url=https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|access-date=2022-05-11|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620111208/https://udyfoods.com/product/ogbono/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; (ana kiran sa da Irvingia a gargajiyance)&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The Best Soups in the World|last=Wright|first=Clifford A.|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=978-1118109250|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34sAwi6lJoUC&amp;q=Ogbono+soup&amp;pg=PT63}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=IRVINGIA GABONENSIS: Overview, Uses, Side Effects, Precautions, Interactions, Dosing and Reviews|url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1252/irvingia-gabonensis|access-date=2022-05-11|website=www.webmd.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma tana da iri daban daban. Dangane da bincike da Chris Chinaka da J.C. Obiefuna suka yi sun nuna cewa Ogbono bishiyar gandun daji ce ta asali da ke hade da tsirrai da aka ware su a matsayin 'kayan dajin da ba na itace ba. Ana kiransa da sunaye daban-daban a Najeriya. A yankin da ake magana da harshen Ibo ana kiransa 'ogbono/ugiri' ya danganta da nau'in Ibo. A Nupe, ana kiransa 'pekpeara', 'ogwi' a harshen Bini, 'uyo' a harshen Efik sannan kuma ana kiransa 'oro' a da Yarbanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Edozie|first=V|title=Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa|publisher=Daily Trust|year=2016|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust-saturday/20160806/282321089388033}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Reporter, Our (2018-12-01). &quot;Ogbono Soup&quot;. Tribune Online. Retrieved 2026-06-02.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ogunsiji, Ayo (2001). Language Attitude and Language Conflict in West Africa. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. pp. 160–174.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Igboanusi, Herbert (2002). A Dictionary of Nigerian English Usage. Ibadan, Nigeria: Enicrownfit. p. 201.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Williamson, Kay (2006) [1972]. Blench, Roger (ed.). Dictionary of Ọnịchà Igbo (PDF) (2nd ed.).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Echeruo, Michael J. C. (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780300073072&lt;/nowiki&gt; – via Internet Archive.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Atiku, M.K. (2003). Strengthening Food and Beverages Quality Standards and Safety as a Stimulant for Industrial Growth. Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology. p. 178. Retrieved October 2, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ogbono Soup&quot;. Nigerian Tribune. 2018-12-01. Retrieved 2022-05-11&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ogbono – UdyFoods&quot;. Archived from the original on 2025-06-20. Retrieved 2022-05-11.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;BusinessDay (2026-02-01). &quot;Ogbono Soup- Proudly Nigerian superfood that can gain UN cultural status&quot;. Businessday NG. Retrieved 2026-04-19.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Chinaka, Chris; Obiefuna, J.C. &quot;Production and Utilization of 'Ogbono' (Irvingia gabonensis)&quot; (PDF). National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services, Ahmadu Bello University.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Echeruo, Michael J.C (1998). Igbo-English Dictionary: A comprehensive Dictionary of the Igbo Language, with an English-Igbo Index. Yale University Press. pp. 135–159.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Edozie, V (2016). &quot;Ogbono trees vanishing in Bayelsa&quot;. Daily Trust.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana amfani da 'ya'yan ogbono don ƙara wa miya kauri da kuma sanya mata baƙin launi.&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Bayan tsaba, ruwa da manja, yawanci ana sanya wa miyan nama da kayan yaji kamar barkono,&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; kayan ganye da makamantansu. Ganyayyakin ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da bitterleaf da celosia. Sauran kayan ganye na yau da kullun sun haɗa da [[tumatir]] da okra. Kayan yaji sun haɗa da borkono, albasa, da iru (wake).&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Nama kuwa sun haɗa da naman sa, na akuya, kifi,&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; kaza, naman daji, jawa, ko crayfish.&lt;ref&gt;Osewezina, Williams (2022-08-19). &quot;Ogbono: Things To Consider Before You Eat It&quot;. So Healthy. Retrieved 2026-05-10.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wright, Clifford A. (2011). The Best Soups in the World. John Wiley &amp; Sons. p. 51. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-118-10925-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bushmeat: How wild meat can be a threat to wildlife and human health&quot;. Animals. 2019-06-19. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved 2022-11-08.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana iya cin shi da [[fufu]],&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; ko kuma da sakwara. A wasu ƙasashen ana iya samun miyan a gyare a wasu kasuwannin da suka kware kan abinci irin na yammacin Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;BestSoup&quot; /&gt; Miyar Ogbono tana da yauƙi,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Odumade|first=Omotolani|title=Soups every Nigerian should be able to make|website=Pulse.ng|date=May 21, 2018|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|access-date=October 2, 2018|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180520/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/soups-every-nigerian-should-be-able-to-make-id8403083.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; mai kama da miyar kuɓewa.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Likita</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357937016|Medical doctor]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Fayil:The_Doctor_Luke_Fildes_crop.jpg|thumb|''Likitan'', wani hoton Luke Fildes a shekarar 1891 ]]
'''Likitan likita''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''likita''' (Turancin Amurka da Kanada ) ko '''likitan likita''' ( Turancin Burtaniya ), [[Kwararre a fannin lafiya|ƙwararren likita]] ne wanda ke aiki a fannin likitanci . Magani yana da nufin haɓaka, kiyayewa ko dawo da lafiya ta hanyar [[Ilimin likita|bincike]], gano cututtuka, hasashen cututtuka da kuma magance cututtuka, rauni, da sauran yanayi na jiki da na tunani.

Likitoci na iya mai da hankali kan wasu nau'ikan cututtuka, nau'ikan marasa lafiya, da hanyoyin magani, waɗanda aka sani da ƙwarewa . Wasu kuma suna aiki a fannin likitanci gabaɗaya, suna ba da kulawa ta ci gaba da cikakken bayani ga daidaikun mutane, iyalai.  Aikin likitanci yana buƙatar cikakken [[Ilimi|ilimin]] kimiyyar likitanci - kamar [[Anatomy|ilimin halittar jiki]], ilimin halittar jiki, cututtuka, da maganinsu - da kuma ƙwarewa mai ƙarfi wajen amfani da wannan ilimin a aikace, wanda ke samar da fasaha ko sana'ar sana'ar.

Matsayin likitoci da ma'anar kalmar kanta sun bambanta a duk faɗin duniya. Digiri da sauran cancanta sun bambanta sosai, amma akwai wasu abubuwa da aka saba gani, kamar [[Ka'idodin kiwon lafiya|ɗabi'ar likitanci]] da ke buƙatar likitoci su nuna kulawa, tausayi, da kuma kyautatawa ga marasa lafiyarsu.

== Kalmomi ==
[[Fayil:Francesco_Redi.jpg|right|thumb|Francesco Redi, wanda aka yi la'akari da shi a matsayin wanda ya kafa ilmin halitta na gwaji, shi ne na farko da ya gane kuma ya bayyana cikakkun bayanai game da wasu muhimman ƙwayoyin cuta . &lt;ref name=&quot;ami&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Roncalli Amici R |year=2001 |title=The history of Italian parasitology |url=http://his.library.nenu.edu.cn/upload/soft/haoli/114/367.pdf |journal=Veterinary Parasitology |volume=98 |issue=1–3 |pages=3–10 |doi=10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00420-4 |pmid=11516576 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060404/http://his.library.nenu.edu.cn/upload/soft/haoli/114/367.pdf |archive-date=23 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Kalmar ''likita'' galibi tana nufin likitoci a duk faɗin duniya, amma kuma ana iya amfani da ita ga masu digirin digirgir na likitanci. Duk da cewa ana amfani da kalmar ''likita'' a Arewacin Amurka don nufin likitoci a ma'anar gabaɗaya, a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] da ƙasashen da Ingilishin Burtaniya ya shafa, wannan kalmar tana nufin ƙwararru a fannin likitancin ciki musamman.

=== Birtaniya da Commonwealth ===
Ma'anar kalmar ''likita'' ta Birtaniya ita ce ta asali, kuma ana amfani da ita a matsayin akasin ''likitan tiyata'', wanda ke nufin ƙwararren likita a tiyata . Wannan ma'anar likita tana nuna ƙwarewar magani da [[Magani|magunguna]], maimakon amfani da hanyoyin da likitan tiyata ke amfani da su.  Kalmar Ingilishi ''likita'' tana da shekaru kusan ɗari tara: likitoci da likitocin tiyata a da sun kasance mambobi ne na sana'o'i daban-daban, kuma a al'adance abokan hamayya ne. Littafin ''Shorter Oxford English Dictionary'', bugu na uku, ya ba da ambaton Turanci na Tsakiya wanda ya yi wannan bambanci, tun daga farkon 1400: &quot;Ya Ubangiji, menene bambanci tsakanin mai cirugian da likita.&quot;  Henry&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot; id=&quot;mwXQ&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;VIII ta ba da takardar izini ga Kwalejin Likitoci ta London Royal a shekara ta 1518. Sai a shekara &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=University of Cambridge: History of the School of Clinical Medicine |url=http://www.medschl.cam.ac.uk/about/history.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209023135/http://www.medschl.cam.ac.uk/about/history.html |archive-date=9 December 2012 |access-date=5 February 2008 |publisher=[[University of Cambridge]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''ne'' ya ba wa Kamfanin Masu Shayar da ...

Wannan amfani na asali ya zama ruwan dare a yawancin duniya, ciki har da Burtaniya da sauran ƙasashen Commonwealth (kamar [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Indiya]], [[New Zealand]], [[Pakistan]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Sri Lanka]], da [[Zimbabwe]] ), da kuma a wurare daban-daban kamar [[Brazil]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], [[Japan]], [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Ireland]], da [[Taiwan]] . A irin waɗannan wurare, ana amfani da kalmomin gabaɗaya na ''likita'' ko ''likitan'' da ke aiki a fannin likitanci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Royal Australasian College of Physicians: What are Physicians? |url=http://www.racp.edu.au/index.cfm?objectid=49EF1EB5-2A57-5487-D74DBAFBAE9143A3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306053048/http://www.racp.edu.au/index.cfm?objectid=49EF1EB5-2A57-5487-D74DBAFBAE9143A3 |archive-date=6 March 2008 |access-date=5 February 2008 |publisher=[[Royal Australasian College of Physicians]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Birtaniya, amfani da kalmar &quot;likita&quot; ga likitocin da ke aiki a fannin likitanci abin girmamawa ne kuma ba ya nuna cewa yana da digirin digirgir; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 2014 |title=The Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree-Awarding Bodies |url=http://www.qaa.ac.uk/en/Publications/Documents/qualifications-frameworks.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305083730/http://www.qaa.ac.uk/en/Publications/Documents/qualifications-frameworks.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=1 October 2016 |publisher=Quality Assurance Agency |page=29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dole ne likitocin Burtaniya su sami digirin digirgir, digirin digirgir na tiyata don yin aiki.  Masu ba da [[Kulawa na farko|kulawa ta farko]] da suka mayar da hankali kan al'umma ana kiransu da ''masu aikin jinya na gabaɗaya'', waɗanda aka fi rage su zuwa GP. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jacob |first=Nikita |last2=Chalkley |first2=Martin |last3=Santos |first3=Rita |last4=Siciliani |first4=Luigi |date=December 1, 2024 |title=Variation in attendance at emergency departments in England across local areas: A system under unequal pressure |journal=Health Policy |volume=150 |doi=10.1016/j.healthpol.2024.105186 |issn=0168-8510 |pmid=39481210 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Arewacin Amurka ===
[[Fayil:Elizabeth_Blackwell.jpg|thumb|Elizabeth Blackwell, likita mace ta farko a Amurka, ta kammala karatunta daga SUNY Upstate .]]
A Amurka da Kanada, kalmar ''likita'' tana bayyana duk likitocin da ke da digirin likitanci na ƙwararru. Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Amurka (AMA), wacce aka kafa a 1847, da kuma Ƙungiyar Magungunan Osteopathic ta Amurka, wacce aka kafa a 1897, duka suna amfani da kalmar ''likita'' a halin yanzu don bayyana membobi. AMA tana goyon bayan ma'anar ''likita'' a matsayin &quot;mutum mai digirin ko dai Likitancin Magunguna ko Likitancin Magungunan Osteopathic &quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Policy Finder {{!}} AMA |url=https://policysearch.ama-assn.org/policyfinder/detail/D-405.989?uri=/AMADoc/directives.xml-0-1397.xml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013221044/https://policysearch.ama-assn.org/policyfinder/detail/D-405.989?uri=%2FAMADoc%2Fdirectives.xml-0-1397.xml |archive-date=13 October 2021 |access-date=2021-12-27 |website=policysearch.ama-assn.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, Kwalejin Likitoci ta Amurka, wacce aka kafa a 1915, tana amfani da kalmar ''likita'' a ma'anarta ta asali. Ana iya siffanta ƙwararru a fannin likitancin ciki a matsayin ''likitan ciki'' . An gabatar da wani kalma, ''likitan asibiti'', a 1996, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wachter R |last2=Goldman L |year=1996 |title=The emerging role of 'hospitalists' in the American health care system |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=335 |issue=7 |pages=514–7 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199608153350713 |pmid=8672160}}&lt;/ref&gt; don bayyana ƙwararru a fannin likitancin ciki na Amurka waɗanda ke aiki galibi ko musamman a asibitoci. Irin waɗannan &quot;masu aikin asibiti&quot; yanzu sun kai kusan kashi 19% na duk ''likitocin ciki'' na Amurka, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kuo |first=YF |last2=Sharma |first2=G |last3=Freeman |first3=JL |last4=Goodwin |first4=JS |year=2009 |title=Growth in the care of older patients by hospitalists in the United States |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=360 |issue=11 |pages=1102–1112 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsa0802381 |pmc=2977939 |pmid=19279342 |quote=See also editorial by Hamel M. B. ''et al''. on pp1141–1143 of same issue}}&lt;/ref&gt; waɗanda galibi ake kira ''likitocin gabaɗaya'' a ƙasashen [[Kasashen common wealth|Commonwealth]] . A Arewacin Amurka, ana kiran masu samar da [[Kulawa na farko|kulawa ta farko]] da suka mayar da hankali kan al'umma ''likitocin iyali'' ko ''likitocin kulawa ta farko'' .

Yawancin likitocin da aka horar a Amurka suna da digirin Doctor of Medicine, kuma suna amfani da harafin MD. Ƙaramin adadi yana halartar makarantun likitanci na osteopathic kuma yana da digirin Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine kuma yana amfani da harafin DO &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Medline Plus |year=2012 |title=Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine |url=https://www.medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002020.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705121451/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002020.htm |archive-date=5 July 2016 |access-date=22 December 2012 |publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine of National Institutes of Health}}&lt;/ref&gt; Littafin Jagorar Makarantun Likitanci na Duniya ya lissafa makarantun da ke ba da MD da DO a matsayin ''makarantun likitanci'' da ke Amurka. Bayan kammala makarantar likitanci, likitoci suna kammala zama a fannin da za su yi aiki a ciki. Ƙwararrun ƙwararru suna buƙatar kammala zumunci bayan zama. Likitocin MD da DO duka suna shiga cikin Shirin Daidaita Mazauna Ƙasa (NRMP) kuma suna halartar zama da haɗin gwiwa da ACGME ta amince da su a duk fannoni na likitanci don samun lasisi. Duk hukumomin takaddun shaida yanzu suna buƙatar likitoci su nuna, ta hanyar jarrabawa, ci gaba da ƙwarewa a cikin ilimin da ƙwarewar da aka zaɓa. Sake ba da takardar shaida ya bambanta ta musamman tsakanin kowace shekara bakwai zuwa kowace shekara goma.

=== Likita da likitan fiɗa ===
A duk faɗin duniya, ana amfani da kalmar da aka haɗa ''likita da likitan tiyata'' don bayyana ko dai likita na gaba ɗaya ko kowane likita ba tare da la'akari da ƙwarewa ba.   Wannan amfani har yanzu yana nuna ainihin ma'anar likita kuma yana kiyaye tsohon bambanci tsakanin likita, a matsayin likitan ''fisik'', da likitan tiyata. Hukumomin kiwon lafiya na jihohi a Amurka, da kuma ƙungiyoyi masu kama da juna a lardunan Kanada, na iya amfani da kalmar don bayyana kowane likita.

== Samarwa da buƙata ==
[[Fayil:Medical_doctors_per_1,000_people,_OWID.svg|thumb|Likitoci ga kowane mutum 1,000 kamar na 2018 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Medical doctors per 1,000 people |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/physicians-per-1000-people |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104041315/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/physicians-per-1000-people |archive-date=4 November 2021 |access-date=5 March 2020 |website=Our World in Data}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Kasashe da dama a ƙasashe masu tasowa suna fama da matsalar ƙarancin likitoci. A shekarar 2015, Ƙungiyar Kwalejojin Likitoci ta Amurka ta yi gargaɗin cewa Amurka za ta fuskanci ƙarancin likitoci har zuwa 90,000 nan da shekarar 2025. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bernstein |first=Lenny |date=3 March 2015 |title=U.S. faces 90,000 doctor shortage by 2025, medical school association warns |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2015/03/03/u-s-faces-90000-doctor-shortage-by-2025-medical-school-association-warns/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629055659/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2015/03/03/u-s-faces-90000-doctor-shortage-by-2025-medical-school-association-warns/ |archive-date=29 June 2021 |access-date=27 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsawon lokacin aiki na likita, aikin da aka yi a ofis da kuma [[rashin barci]] suna haifar da kurakuran likita . &lt;ref name=&quot;s156&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Weinger |first=Matthew B. |date=27 February 2002 |title=Sleep Deprivation and Clinical Performance |journal=JAMA |volume=287 |issue=8 |pages=955–957 |doi=10.1001/jama.287.8.955 |issn=0098-7484 |pmid=11866625}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsayin zamantakewa da kuma ra'ayin duniya ==

=== Maganin Halittu ===
A cikin al'adun Yamma da kuma a cikin ƙarni na baya-bayan nan, magani ya ƙara zama tushen rage kimiyya da kuma son abin duniya. Wannan salon magani yanzu ya mamaye ko'ina cikin duniyar masana'antu, kuma masana ilimin ɗan adam na likitanci galibi suna kiransa da ''maganin halittu'' .  Maganin halittu &quot;yana tsara jikin ɗan adam da cuta a cikin tsari daban-daban na al'adu&quot;,  kuma ra'ayi ne na duniya da ɗaliban likitanci suka koya. A cikin wannan al'ada, [[Misali na kiwon lafiya|tsarin likitanci]] kalma ce ta cikakken &quot;tsarin hanyoyin da aka horar da duk likitoci&quot;,  gami da halayen tunani. Bayyanar wannan ra'ayi a sarari, wanda a halin yanzu ya mamaye tsakanin likitoci na gargajiya, shine maganin da ya dogara da shaida . A cikin maganin gargajiya, yawancin likitoci har yanzu suna kula da tsoffin al'adunsu:
{{Blockquote|The critical sense and sceptical attitude of the Hippocratic school ... the emancipation of medicine from the shackles of priestcraft and of caste; ''secondly'', the conception of medicine as an art based on accurate observation, and as a science, an integral part of the science of man and of nature; ''thirdly'', the high moral ideals, expressed in that most &quot;memorable of human documents&quot; (Gomperz), the [[Hippocratic oath]]; and ''fourthly'', the conception and realization of medicine as the profession of a cultivated gentleman.

:— [[William Osler|Sir William Osler]], ''Chauvinism in Medicine'' (1902)&lt;ref name=&quot;osler1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Osler, Sir William|title=Chauvinism in medicine: address to the Canadian Medical Association, Montreal (17 September 1902)|journal=The Montreal Medical Journal |volume=XXXI |year=1902}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
A cikin wannan al'adar Yammacin duniya, ana ɗaukar likitoci a matsayin mambobi na sana'ar da aka koya, kuma suna jin daɗin matsayi mai girma a zamantakewa, sau da yawa tare da tsammanin samun kuɗi mai yawa da kwanciyar hankali da kuma tsaron aiki . Duk da haka, likitocin sau da yawa suna aiki na dogon lokaci kuma marasa sassauƙa, tare da canje-canje a lokutan da ba a iya hulɗa da su ba. Matsayinsu mai girma ya samo asali ne daga buƙatun horo mai yawa, kuma saboda ɗabi'u na musamman na [[Ka'idodin kiwon lafiya|aikinsu]] da na shari'a . Kalmar da likitoci ke amfani da ita a al'ada don bayyana mutumin da ke neman taimakonsu ita ce kalmar &quot; ''patient&quot;'' (kodayake wanda ya ziyarci likita don duba lafiyarsa akai-akai ana iya bayyana ta haka). Wannan kalmar &quot; [[wiktionary:patient|patient&quot;]] tsohuwar tunatarwa ce ta aikin likita, kamar yadda a farko take nufin &quot;wanda ke shan wahala&quot;. Sunan Ingilishi ya fito ne daga kalmar [[Harshen Latin|Latin &quot;]] ''patiens&quot;'', ɓangaren yanzu na fi'ilin &quot;deponent&quot; [[wiktionary:patior|,]] ma'ana &quot;Ina shan wahala&quot;, kuma yayi kama da fi'ilin Girkanci πάσχειν ( &lt;small&gt;romanized :&lt;/small&gt; ''paschein'', &lt;small&gt;lit.&lt;/small&gt; don wahala) da ma'anar sunansa [[wiktionary:πάθος|πάθος]] ( [[wiktionary:pathos|''pathos'']], wahala).  

=== Madadin magani ===
Duk da cewa maganin zamani ya nisanta kansa daga tsoffin tushensa na addini da sihiri, nau'ikan [[Maganin gargajiya|magungunan gargajiya]] da yawa  da madadin magani suna ci gaba da tallafawa rayuwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban: &quot;Muddin rayuwa tana da nata sirrin sirruka, yana yiwuwa a sami kimiyya da magunguna bisa ga waɗannan kaddarorin&quot;.  Cibiyar Kula da Magungunan Cikakke da Madadin Magunguna (NCCAM) ta rarraba magungunan kari da madadin zuwa rukuni ko fannoni biyar, gami da: &lt;ref name=&quot;Complementary and Alt Med&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Complementary and Alternative Medicine&amp;nbsp;– U.S. National Library of Medicine Collection Development Manual |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/tsd/acquisitions/cdm/subjects24.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223124705/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/tsd/acquisitions/cdm/subjects24.html |archive-date=23 December 2019 |access-date=31 March 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; tsarin likitanci madadin, ko cikakken tsarin magani da aiki; tsoma baki na tunani-jiki, ko dabarun da aka tsara don sauƙaƙe tasirin tunani akan ayyukan jiki da alamu; tsarin da ya dogara da ilimin halitta gami da maganin herbalism ; da hanyoyin sarrafawa da na jiki kamar maganin chiropractic da tausa.

A yayin la'akari da waɗannan al'adu daban-daban waɗanda suka bambanta da maganin halittu (duba sama), masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na likitanci sun jaddada cewa duk hanyoyin tunani game da lafiya da cututtuka suna da mahimman abubuwan al'adu, gami da maganin gargajiya na yammacin duniya.    

Ayurveda, maganin Unani, da homeopathy sune shahararrun nau'ikan maganin madadin.

=== Lafiyar likitoci ===
Wasu masu sharhi sun yi jayayya cewa likitoci suna da ayyukan da za su zama abin koyi ga jama'a a fannin lafiya, misali ta hanyar rashin shan sigari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Appel JM |year=2009 |title=Smoke and mirrors: one case for ethical obligations of the doctor as public role model |journal=Camb Q Healthc Ethics |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=95–100 |doi=10.1017/S0963180108090142 |pmid=19149049 |s2cid=42678745}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakika, a yawancin ƙasashen yamma, likitoci kaɗan ne ke shan taba, kuma iliminsu na sana'a ya bayyana yana da tasiri mai kyau ga lafiyarsu da salon rayuwarsu. A cewar wani bincike da aka yi wa likitoci maza a Amurka, &lt;ref name=&quot;frank&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Frank E |last2=Biola H |last3=Burnett CA |date=October 2000 |title=Mortality rates and causes among U.S. physicians |journal=Am J Prev Med |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=155–9 |doi=10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00201-4 |pmid=11020591 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Rayuwa mai tsawo|tsawon rai]] ya ɗan fi girma ga likitoci (shekaru 73 ga fararen fata da shekaru 69 ga baƙaƙe) fiye da lauyoyi ko wasu ƙwararru masu ilimi sosai. Abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa waɗanda ba su da yuwuwar faruwa ga likitoci fiye da sauran jama'a sun haɗa da cututtukan numfashi (gami da [[ciwon huhu]], ciwon huhu, [[Cutar huhu na yau da kullun|COPD]], amma ban da emphysema da sauran [[Cutar huhu na yau da kullun|toshewar hanyoyin iska na yau da kullun]] ), mutuwar da ta shafi barasa, ciwon daji [[Ciwon daji mai launi|na rectosigmoid]] da dubura, da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta. &lt;ref name=&quot;frank&quot; /&gt;

Likitoci suna fuskantar [[Hadarin aiki|haɗarin aiki]], kuma akwai sanannen furuci cewa &quot;likitoci suna haifar da mafi munin marasa lafiya&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;schneck&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schneck SA |date=December 1998 |title='Doctoring' doctors and their families |journal=JAMA |volume=280 |issue=23 |pages=2039–42 |doi=10.1001/jama.280.23.2039 |pmid=9863860 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa da aka nuna sun fi yawa a cikin likitoci sun haɗa da kashe kai tsakanin likitoci da raunin da suka yi wa kansu, abubuwan da suka shafi miyagun ƙwayoyi, haɗarin zirga-zirga, da cututtukan zuciya na cerebrovascular da ischemic. &lt;ref name=&quot;frank&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Frank E |last2=Biola H |last3=Burnett CA |date=October 2000 |title=Mortality rates and causes among U.S. physicians |journal=Am J Prev Med |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=155–9 |doi=10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00201-4 |pmid=11020591 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFrank_EBiola_HBurnett_CA2000&quot;&gt;Frank E; Biola H; Burnett CA (October 2000). [[doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00201-4|&quot;Mortality rates and causes among U.S. physicians&quot;]]. ''Am J Prev Med''. '''19''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;155–&lt;/span&gt;9. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00201-4|10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00201-4]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11020591 11020591].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Likitoci kuma suna fuskantar gajiya a wurin aiki . Wannan yana bayyana a matsayin damuwa na dogon lokaci wanda ke nuna rashin ingancin kulawa ga marasa lafiya, gajiyar motsin rai, jin raguwar nasarar mutum, da sauransu. Wani bincike da Hukumar Bincike da Inganci ta Lafiya ta bayar ya nuna cewa matsin lamba na lokaci shine babban dalilin gajiya; wani bincike daga Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Amurka ya ruwaito cewa fiye da rabin duk waɗanda suka amsa sun zaɓi &quot;ayyukan gwamnati da yawa&quot; a matsayin babban dalilin gajiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 2017 |title=Physician Burnout |url=https://www.ahrq.gov/prevention/clinician/ahrq-works/burnout/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020082029/https://www.ahrq.gov/prevention/clinician/ahrq-works/burnout/index.html |archive-date=20 October 2021 |access-date=31 July 2020 |website=[[Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Berg |first=Sara |date=3 August 2018 |title=Physician burnout: It's not you, it's your medical specialty |url=https://www.ama-assn.org/residents-students/specialty-profiles/physician-burnout-it-s-not-you-it-s-your-medical-specialty |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020021709/https://www.ama-assn.org/residents-students/specialty-profiles/physician-burnout-it-s-not-you-it-s-your-medical-specialty |archive-date=20 October 2021 |access-date=31 July 2020 |website=[[American Medical Association]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi da horo ==
[[Fayil:Aerial-Picture-of-Jackson-e1445995779731.jpg|thumb|Asibitin tunawa da Jackson da ke [[Miami]], babban asibitin koyarwa na Makarantar Magunguna ta Miller a Jami'ar Miami]]
Ilimin likitanci da hanyoyin aiki ga likitoci sun bambanta sosai a duk faɗin duniya.

A duk ƙasashe masu tasowa, shirye-shiryen ilimin likitanci na matakin farko sune darussan matakin jami'a, waɗanda ake gudanarwa a makarantar likitanci da ke haɗe da [[jami'a]] . Dangane da ikon hukuma da jami'a, shiga makarantar na iya biyo baya kai tsaye daga makarantar sakandare ko kuma buƙatar ilimin digiri na farko da ake buƙata kafin lokaci. Na farko yawanci yana ɗaukar shekaru biyar ko shida don kammalawa. Shirye-shiryen da ke buƙatar ilimin digiri na farko na baya (yawanci digiri na shekaru uku ko huɗu, galibi a kimiyya) yawanci suna ɗaukar shekaru huɗu ko biyar. Saboda haka, samun digiri na farko na likita yawanci yana ɗaukar daga shekaru biyar zuwa takwas, ya danganta da ikon hukuma da jami'a.

Bayan kammala horon matakin shiga, ana buƙatar sabbin likitocin da suka kammala karatunsu su yi aikin sa ido kafin a ba da cikakken rajista, yawanci shekara ɗaya ko biyu. Ana iya kiran wannan a matsayin &quot; horon aiki &quot;, a matsayin &quot;shekarun tushe&quot; a Burtaniya, ko kuma &quot;rijistar sharaɗi&quot;. Wasu yankuna, ciki har da Amurka, suna buƙatar zama a wurin aiki don yin aiki.

Likitoci suna da digirin likitanci na musamman ga jami'ar da suka kammala karatunsu. Wannan digirin ya ba wa likitan damar samun lasisi ko rajista a ƙarƙashin dokokin wannan ƙasar, kuma wani lokacin na ƙasashe da dama, bisa ga buƙatun horon aiki ko rajistar sharaɗi.

== Dokoki ==
A mafi yawan yankuna, likitoci suna buƙatar izinin gwamnati don yin aiki. Irin wannan izinin an yi shi ne don inganta tsaron jama'a, kuma sau da yawa don kare kashe kuɗin gwamnati, saboda gwamnatocin ƙasa ne ke ba da tallafi ga kula da lafiya.

A wasu yankuna kamar [[Singafora|Singapore]], ya zama ruwan dare ga likitocin da ke aiki a fannin likitanci su ƙara musu darajar digirinsu da taken &quot;Dr&quot; a cikin wasiƙu ko katunan suna, koda kuwa cancantarsu ta takaita ga digiri na asali (misali, matakin farko). A wasu ƙasashe kamar [[Jamus]], ƙwararrun likitoci ne kawai ke da digiri na uku na ilimi za su iya kiran kansu &quot;likita&quot; - a gefe guda kuma, Majalisar Bincike ta Turai ta yanke shawarar cewa digirin likitanci na Jamus bai cika ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa na digirin bincike na PhD ba. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (November 2019)&quot;&gt;abin mamaki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&amp;#x20;&amp;#x2013; tattauna'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Sarah |date=30 September 2017 |title=Kommt ein Doktor zum Arzt ... |url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/bildung/qualitaet-medizinischer-promotionen-kommt-ein-doktor-zum-arzt--1.2673150 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413171359/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/bildung/qualitaet-medizinischer-promotionen-kommt-ein-doktor-zum-arzt--1.2673150 |archive-date=13 April 2019 |access-date=30 September 2017 |website=Sueddeutsche.de}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kramer |first=Bernd |date=28 September 2015 |title=Medizin-Promotionen: Akademische Ramschware |url=http://www.spiegel.de/lebenundlernen/uni/von-der-leyen-in-der-kritik-schlechte-promotionen-sind-in-der-medizin-ueblich-a-1055039.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412144802/https://www.spiegel.de/lebenundlernen/uni/von-der-leyen-in-der-kritik-schlechte-promotionen-sind-in-der-medizin-ueblich-a-1055039.html |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=30 September 2017 |website=Spiegel.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lasisi ===
A tsakanin ƙasashen da ke magana da Turanci, wannan tsari ana kiransa da lasisi kamar yadda yake a Amurka, ko kuma a matsayin rajista a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], wasu ƙasashen [[Kasashen common wealth|Commonwealth]], da [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Ireland]] . Kalmomin kamanceceniya da ake amfani da su a wasu wurare sun haɗa da ''colegiación'' a [[Ispaniya|Spain]], ''ishi menkyo'' a [[Japan]], ''autorisasjon'' a [[Norway]], ''Approbation'' a [[Jamus]], da  a Girka. A [[Faransa]], [[Italiya]] da [[Portugal]], dole ne likitoci su kasance memba na tsarin likitocin na ƙasa.

A wasu ƙasashe, ciki har da Burtaniya da Ireland, ƙwararrun likitoci suna tsara kansu, inda gwamnati ke tabbatar da ikon hukumar da ke kula da harkokin lafiya. Misali mafi shahara na wannan wataƙila shine Babban Kwamitin Likitoci na Burtaniya. A duk ƙasashe, hukumomin da ke kula da harkokin lafiya za su soke izinin yin aiki idan aka samu matsala ko kuma mummunan rashin lafiya.

A cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin da ke magana da Turanci ( [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Kanada]], [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] ), ana yin lasisi ko yin rijistar likitocin a matakin jiha ko lardi, ko kuma a ƙasa kamar yadda yake a New Zealand. Jihohin Ostiraliya galibi suna da &quot;Hukumar Lafiya&quot;, wanda yanzu an maye gurbinsa da Hukumar Kula da Ma'aikatan Lafiya ta Ostiraliya (AHPRA) a yawancin jihohi, yayin da lardunan Kanada galibi suna da &quot;Kwalejin Likitoci da Likitocin Fiɗa&quot;. Duk jihohin Amurka suna da hukuma da ake kira &quot;Hukumar Lafiya&quot;, kodayake akwai wasu sunaye daban-daban kamar &quot;Hukumar Magunguna&quot;, &quot;Hukumar Masu Duba Lafiya&quot;, &quot;Hukumar Lasisi ta Lafiya&quot;, &quot;Hukumar Fasahar Warkarwa&quot; ko wani nau'in daban. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AMA Links to state medical boards |url=http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/2645.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129124459/http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/2645.html |archive-date=29 January 2009 |access-date=1 March 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kammala karatunsu daga makarantar ƙwararru ta farko, likitocin da ke son yin aiki a Amurka galibi suna yin jarrabawa ta yau da kullun, kamar USMLE don Likita a fannin Magunguna.

=== Kula da aiki da ƙwarewa ===
Batun kurakuran likita, rashin bin ka'ida a fannin likitanci, shan miyagun ƙwayoyi, da sauran batutuwa a cikin halayen ƙwararru na likitoci ya sami kulawa sosai a duk faɗin duniya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lim MK |date=February 2004 |title=Quest for quality care and patient safety: the case of Singapore |journal=Qual Saf Health Care |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=71–5 |doi=10.1136/qshc.2002.004994 |pmc=1758053 |pmid=14757804}}&lt;/ref&gt; musamman bayan wani rahoto mai mahimmanci na 2000  wanda &quot;wanda za a iya jayayya ya ƙaddamar da&quot; motsi na lafiyar marasa lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wachter RM |year=2010 |title=Patient safety at ten: unmistakable progress, troubling gaps |journal=Health Aff (Millwood) |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=165–73 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2009.0785 |pmid=19952010}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Amurka, tun daga shekarar 2006, akwai ƙungiyoyi kaɗan da ke sa ido kan aikinsu cikin tsari. A Amurka, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Tsoffin Sojoji ne kawai ke gwada likitoci bazuwar, sabanin ayyukan gwajin miyagun ƙwayoyi ga wasu sana'o'i waɗanda ke da babban tasiri ga walwalar jama'a. Hukumomin lasisi a matakin jihar Amurka suna dogara ne akan ci gaba da ilimi don ci gaba da ƙwarewa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Leape LL |last2=Fromson JA |date=January 2006 |title=Problem doctors: is there a system-level solution? |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=144 |issue=2 |pages=107–15 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-144-2-200601170-00008 |pmid=16418410 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta hanyar amfani da Bankin Bayanai na Ƙwararru na Ƙasa, Rahoton ladabtarwa na Hukumar Lafiya ta Jiha, da Sabis na Bayanin Likitoci na Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Amurka, Hukumomin Lafiya na Jiha 67 suna ci gaba da ba da rahoton duk wani mataki mara kyau/ladabtarwa da aka ɗauka akan likita mai lasisi don haka za a sanar da sauran Hukumomin Lafiya waɗanda likitan ke riƙe da su ko kuma suke neman lasisin likita yadda ya kamata don a iya ɗaukar matakin gyara, na biyu akan likitan da ya aikata laifin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Medical Board Licensing Service for Physicians seeking an Expedited Medical License with any of the 50 State Medical Boards |url=http://www.medlicense.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402211024/https://medlicense.com/ |archive-date=2 April 2021 |access-date=19 September 2011 |publisher=MedLicense.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Turai, tun daga shekarar 2009, ana gudanar da tsarin kiwon lafiya bisa ga dokokin ƙasa daban-daban, kuma yana iya bambanta dangane da bambance-bambancen yankuna kamar na Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Suñol R |last2=Garel P |last3=Jacquerye A |date=February 2009 |title=Cross-border care and healthcare quality improvement in Europe: the MARQuIS research project |journal=Qual Saf Health Care |volume=18 Suppl 1 |issue=Suppl_1 |pages=i3–7 |doi=10.1136/qshc.2008.029678 |pmc=2629851 |pmid=19188459}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
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== Manazarta ==
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== Ƙarin karatu ==

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
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* {{Commons category-inline|Physicians}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline|physician}}
{{Medicine|state=collapsed}}{{Glossaries of science and engineering}}{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
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      <comment>Saka databox</comment>
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      <text bytes="30578" sha1="k85rc99n1mapqphl0486dtr6nzt07df" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:The_Doctor_Luke_Fildes_crop.jpg|thumb|''Likitan'', wani hoton Luke Fildes a shekarar 1891 ]]
'''Likitan likita''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''likita''' (Turancin Amurka da Kanada ) ko '''likitan likita''' ( Turancin Burtaniya ), [[Kwararre a fannin lafiya|ƙwararren likita]] ne wanda ke aiki a fannin likitanci . Magani yana da nufin haɓaka, kiyayewa ko dawo da lafiya ta hanyar [[Ilimin likita|bincike]], gano cututtuka, hasashen cututtuka da kuma magance cututtuka, rauni, da sauran yanayi na jiki da na tunani.

Likitoci na iya mai da hankali kan wasu nau'ikan cututtuka, nau'ikan marasa lafiya, da hanyoyin magani, waɗanda aka sani da ƙwarewa . Wasu kuma suna aiki a fannin likitanci gabaɗaya, suna ba da kulawa ta ci gaba da cikakken bayani ga daidaikun mutane, iyalai.  Aikin likitanci yana buƙatar cikakken [[Ilimi|ilimin]] kimiyyar likitanci - kamar [[Anatomy|ilimin halittar jiki]], ilimin halittar jiki, cututtuka, da maganinsu - da kuma ƙwarewa mai ƙarfi wajen amfani da wannan ilimin a aikace, wanda ke samar da fasaha ko sana'ar sana'ar.

Matsayin likitoci da ma'anar kalmar kanta sun bambanta a duk faɗin duniya. Digiri da sauran cancanta sun bambanta sosai, amma akwai wasu abubuwa da aka saba gani, kamar [[Ka'idodin kiwon lafiya|ɗabi'ar likitanci]] da ke buƙatar likitoci su nuna kulawa, tausayi, da kuma kyautatawa ga marasa lafiyarsu.

== Kalmomi ==
[[Fayil:Francesco_Redi.jpg|right|thumb|Francesco Redi, wanda aka yi la'akari da shi a matsayin wanda ya kafa ilmin halitta na gwaji, shi ne na farko da ya gane kuma ya bayyana cikakkun bayanai game da wasu muhimman ƙwayoyin cuta . &lt;ref name=&quot;ami&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Roncalli Amici R |year=2001 |title=The history of Italian parasitology |url=http://his.library.nenu.edu.cn/upload/soft/haoli/114/367.pdf |journal=Veterinary Parasitology |volume=98 |issue=1–3 |pages=3–10 |doi=10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00420-4 |pmid=11516576 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060404/http://his.library.nenu.edu.cn/upload/soft/haoli/114/367.pdf |archive-date=23 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Kalmar ''likita'' galibi tana nufin likitoci a duk faɗin duniya, amma kuma ana iya amfani da ita ga masu digirin digirgir na likitanci. Duk da cewa ana amfani da kalmar ''likita'' a Arewacin Amurka don nufin likitoci a ma'anar gabaɗaya, a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] da ƙasashen da Ingilishin Burtaniya ya shafa, wannan kalmar tana nufin ƙwararru a fannin likitancin ciki musamman.

=== Birtaniya da Commonwealth ===
Ma'anar kalmar ''likita'' ta Birtaniya ita ce ta asali, kuma ana amfani da ita a matsayin akasin ''likitan tiyata'', wanda ke nufin ƙwararren likita a tiyata . Wannan ma'anar likita tana nuna ƙwarewar magani da [[Magani|magunguna]], maimakon amfani da hanyoyin da likitan tiyata ke amfani da su.  Kalmar Ingilishi ''likita'' tana da shekaru kusan ɗari tara: likitoci da likitocin tiyata a da sun kasance mambobi ne na sana'o'i daban-daban, kuma a al'adance abokan hamayya ne. Littafin ''Shorter Oxford English Dictionary'', bugu na uku, ya ba da ambaton Turanci na Tsakiya wanda ya yi wannan bambanci, tun daga farkon 1400: &quot;Ya Ubangiji, menene bambanci tsakanin mai cirugian da likita.&quot;  Henry&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot; id=&quot;mwXQ&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;VIII ta ba da takardar izini ga Kwalejin Likitoci ta London Royal a shekara ta 1518. Sai a shekara &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=University of Cambridge: History of the School of Clinical Medicine |url=http://www.medschl.cam.ac.uk/about/history.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209023135/http://www.medschl.cam.ac.uk/about/history.html |archive-date=9 December 2012 |access-date=5 February 2008 |publisher=[[University of Cambridge]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''ne'' ya ba wa Kamfanin Masu Shayar da ...

Wannan amfani na asali ya zama ruwan dare a yawancin duniya, ciki har da Burtaniya da sauran ƙasashen Commonwealth (kamar [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Indiya]], [[New Zealand]], [[Pakistan]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Sri Lanka]], da [[Zimbabwe]] ), da kuma a wurare daban-daban kamar [[Brazil]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], [[Japan]], [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Ireland]], da [[Taiwan]] . A irin waɗannan wurare, ana amfani da kalmomin gabaɗaya na ''likita'' ko ''likitan'' da ke aiki a fannin likitanci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Royal Australasian College of Physicians: What are Physicians? |url=http://www.racp.edu.au/index.cfm?objectid=49EF1EB5-2A57-5487-D74DBAFBAE9143A3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306053048/http://www.racp.edu.au/index.cfm?objectid=49EF1EB5-2A57-5487-D74DBAFBAE9143A3 |archive-date=6 March 2008 |access-date=5 February 2008 |publisher=[[Royal Australasian College of Physicians]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Birtaniya, amfani da kalmar &quot;likita&quot; ga likitocin da ke aiki a fannin likitanci abin girmamawa ne kuma ba ya nuna cewa yana da digirin digirgir; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 2014 |title=The Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree-Awarding Bodies |url=http://www.qaa.ac.uk/en/Publications/Documents/qualifications-frameworks.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305083730/http://www.qaa.ac.uk/en/Publications/Documents/qualifications-frameworks.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=1 October 2016 |publisher=Quality Assurance Agency |page=29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dole ne likitocin Burtaniya su sami digirin digirgir, digirin digirgir na tiyata don yin aiki.  Masu ba da [[Kulawa na farko|kulawa ta farko]] da suka mayar da hankali kan al'umma ana kiransu da ''masu aikin jinya na gabaɗaya'', waɗanda aka fi rage su zuwa GP. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jacob |first=Nikita |last2=Chalkley |first2=Martin |last3=Santos |first3=Rita |last4=Siciliani |first4=Luigi |date=December 1, 2024 |title=Variation in attendance at emergency departments in England across local areas: A system under unequal pressure |journal=Health Policy |volume=150 |doi=10.1016/j.healthpol.2024.105186 |issn=0168-8510 |pmid=39481210 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Arewacin Amurka ===
[[Fayil:Elizabeth_Blackwell.jpg|thumb|Elizabeth Blackwell, likita mace ta farko a Amurka, ta kammala karatunta daga SUNY Upstate .]]
A Amurka da Kanada, kalmar ''likita'' tana bayyana duk likitocin da ke da digirin likitanci na ƙwararru. Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Amurka (AMA), wacce aka kafa a 1847, da kuma Ƙungiyar Magungunan Osteopathic ta Amurka, wacce aka kafa a 1897, duka suna amfani da kalmar ''likita'' a halin yanzu don bayyana membobi. AMA tana goyon bayan ma'anar ''likita'' a matsayin &quot;mutum mai digirin ko dai Likitancin Magunguna ko Likitancin Magungunan Osteopathic &quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Policy Finder {{!}} AMA |url=https://policysearch.ama-assn.org/policyfinder/detail/D-405.989?uri=/AMADoc/directives.xml-0-1397.xml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013221044/https://policysearch.ama-assn.org/policyfinder/detail/D-405.989?uri=%2FAMADoc%2Fdirectives.xml-0-1397.xml |archive-date=13 October 2021 |access-date=2021-12-27 |website=policysearch.ama-assn.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, Kwalejin Likitoci ta Amurka, wacce aka kafa a 1915, tana amfani da kalmar ''likita'' a ma'anarta ta asali. Ana iya siffanta ƙwararru a fannin likitancin ciki a matsayin ''likitan ciki'' . An gabatar da wani kalma, ''likitan asibiti'', a 1996, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wachter R |last2=Goldman L |year=1996 |title=The emerging role of 'hospitalists' in the American health care system |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=335 |issue=7 |pages=514–7 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199608153350713 |pmid=8672160}}&lt;/ref&gt; don bayyana ƙwararru a fannin likitancin ciki na Amurka waɗanda ke aiki galibi ko musamman a asibitoci. Irin waɗannan &quot;masu aikin asibiti&quot; yanzu sun kai kusan kashi 19% na duk ''likitocin ciki'' na Amurka, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kuo |first=YF |last2=Sharma |first2=G |last3=Freeman |first3=JL |last4=Goodwin |first4=JS |year=2009 |title=Growth in the care of older patients by hospitalists in the United States |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=360 |issue=11 |pages=1102–1112 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsa0802381 |pmc=2977939 |pmid=19279342 |quote=See also editorial by Hamel M. B. ''et al''. on pp1141–1143 of same issue}}&lt;/ref&gt; waɗanda galibi ake kira ''likitocin gabaɗaya'' a ƙasashen [[Kasashen common wealth|Commonwealth]] . A Arewacin Amurka, ana kiran masu samar da [[Kulawa na farko|kulawa ta farko]] da suka mayar da hankali kan al'umma ''likitocin iyali'' ko ''likitocin kulawa ta farko'' .

Yawancin likitocin da aka horar a Amurka suna da digirin Doctor of Medicine, kuma suna amfani da harafin MD. Ƙaramin adadi yana halartar makarantun likitanci na osteopathic kuma yana da digirin Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine kuma yana amfani da harafin DO &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Medline Plus |year=2012 |title=Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine |url=https://www.medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002020.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705121451/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002020.htm |archive-date=5 July 2016 |access-date=22 December 2012 |publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine of National Institutes of Health}}&lt;/ref&gt; Littafin Jagorar Makarantun Likitanci na Duniya ya lissafa makarantun da ke ba da MD da DO a matsayin ''makarantun likitanci'' da ke Amurka. Bayan kammala makarantar likitanci, likitoci suna kammala zama a fannin da za su yi aiki a ciki. Ƙwararrun ƙwararru suna buƙatar kammala zumunci bayan zama. Likitocin MD da DO duka suna shiga cikin Shirin Daidaita Mazauna Ƙasa (NRMP) kuma suna halartar zama da haɗin gwiwa da ACGME ta amince da su a duk fannoni na likitanci don samun lasisi. Duk hukumomin takaddun shaida yanzu suna buƙatar likitoci su nuna, ta hanyar jarrabawa, ci gaba da ƙwarewa a cikin ilimin da ƙwarewar da aka zaɓa. Sake ba da takardar shaida ya bambanta ta musamman tsakanin kowace shekara bakwai zuwa kowace shekara goma.

=== Likita da likitan fiɗa ===
A duk faɗin duniya, ana amfani da kalmar da aka haɗa ''likita da likitan tiyata'' don bayyana ko dai likita na gaba ɗaya ko kowane likita ba tare da la'akari da ƙwarewa ba.   Wannan amfani har yanzu yana nuna ainihin ma'anar likita kuma yana kiyaye tsohon bambanci tsakanin likita, a matsayin likitan ''fisik'', da likitan tiyata. Hukumomin kiwon lafiya na jihohi a Amurka, da kuma ƙungiyoyi masu kama da juna a lardunan Kanada, na iya amfani da kalmar don bayyana kowane likita.

== Samarwa da buƙata ==
[[Fayil:Medical_doctors_per_1,000_people,_OWID.svg|thumb|Likitoci ga kowane mutum 1,000 kamar na 2018 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Medical doctors per 1,000 people |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/physicians-per-1000-people |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104041315/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/physicians-per-1000-people |archive-date=4 November 2021 |access-date=5 March 2020 |website=Our World in Data}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Kasashe da dama a ƙasashe masu tasowa suna fama da matsalar ƙarancin likitoci. A shekarar 2015, Ƙungiyar Kwalejojin Likitoci ta Amurka ta yi gargaɗin cewa Amurka za ta fuskanci ƙarancin likitoci har zuwa 90,000 nan da shekarar 2025. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bernstein |first=Lenny |date=3 March 2015 |title=U.S. faces 90,000 doctor shortage by 2025, medical school association warns |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2015/03/03/u-s-faces-90000-doctor-shortage-by-2025-medical-school-association-warns/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629055659/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2015/03/03/u-s-faces-90000-doctor-shortage-by-2025-medical-school-association-warns/ |archive-date=29 June 2021 |access-date=27 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsawon lokacin aiki na likita, aikin da aka yi a ofis da kuma [[rashin barci]] suna haifar da kurakuran likita . &lt;ref name=&quot;s156&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Weinger |first=Matthew B. |date=27 February 2002 |title=Sleep Deprivation and Clinical Performance |journal=JAMA |volume=287 |issue=8 |pages=955–957 |doi=10.1001/jama.287.8.955 |issn=0098-7484 |pmid=11866625}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsayin zamantakewa da kuma ra'ayin duniya ==

=== Maganin Halittu ===
A cikin al'adun Yamma da kuma a cikin ƙarni na baya-bayan nan, magani ya ƙara zama tushen rage kimiyya da kuma son abin duniya. Wannan salon magani yanzu ya mamaye ko'ina cikin duniyar masana'antu, kuma masana ilimin ɗan adam na likitanci galibi suna kiransa da ''maganin halittu'' .  Maganin halittu &quot;yana tsara jikin ɗan adam da cuta a cikin tsari daban-daban na al'adu&quot;,  kuma ra'ayi ne na duniya da ɗaliban likitanci suka koya. A cikin wannan al'ada, [[Misali na kiwon lafiya|tsarin likitanci]] kalma ce ta cikakken &quot;tsarin hanyoyin da aka horar da duk likitoci&quot;,  gami da halayen tunani. Bayyanar wannan ra'ayi a sarari, wanda a halin yanzu ya mamaye tsakanin likitoci na gargajiya, shine maganin da ya dogara da shaida . A cikin maganin gargajiya, yawancin likitoci har yanzu suna kula da tsoffin al'adunsu:
{{Blockquote|The critical sense and sceptical attitude of the Hippocratic school ... the emancipation of medicine from the shackles of priestcraft and of caste; ''secondly'', the conception of medicine as an art based on accurate observation, and as a science, an integral part of the science of man and of nature; ''thirdly'', the high moral ideals, expressed in that most &quot;memorable of human documents&quot; (Gomperz), the [[Hippocratic oath]]; and ''fourthly'', the conception and realization of medicine as the profession of a cultivated gentleman.

:— [[William Osler|Sir William Osler]], ''Chauvinism in Medicine'' (1902)&lt;ref name=&quot;osler1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Osler, Sir William|title=Chauvinism in medicine: address to the Canadian Medical Association, Montreal (17 September 1902)|journal=The Montreal Medical Journal |volume=XXXI |year=1902}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
A cikin wannan al'adar Yammacin duniya, ana ɗaukar likitoci a matsayin mambobi na sana'ar da aka koya, kuma suna jin daɗin matsayi mai girma a zamantakewa, sau da yawa tare da tsammanin samun kuɗi mai yawa da kwanciyar hankali da kuma tsaron aiki . Duk da haka, likitocin sau da yawa suna aiki na dogon lokaci kuma marasa sassauƙa, tare da canje-canje a lokutan da ba a iya hulɗa da su ba. Matsayinsu mai girma ya samo asali ne daga buƙatun horo mai yawa, kuma saboda ɗabi'u na musamman na [[Ka'idodin kiwon lafiya|aikinsu]] da na shari'a . Kalmar da likitoci ke amfani da ita a al'ada don bayyana mutumin da ke neman taimakonsu ita ce kalmar &quot; ''patient&quot;'' (kodayake wanda ya ziyarci likita don duba lafiyarsa akai-akai ana iya bayyana ta haka). Wannan kalmar &quot; [[wiktionary:patient|patient&quot;]] tsohuwar tunatarwa ce ta aikin likita, kamar yadda a farko take nufin &quot;wanda ke shan wahala&quot;. Sunan Ingilishi ya fito ne daga kalmar [[Harshen Latin|Latin &quot;]] ''patiens&quot;'', ɓangaren yanzu na fi'ilin &quot;deponent&quot; [[wiktionary:patior|,]] ma'ana &quot;Ina shan wahala&quot;, kuma yayi kama da fi'ilin Girkanci πάσχειν ( &lt;small&gt;romanized :&lt;/small&gt; ''paschein'', &lt;small&gt;lit.&lt;/small&gt; don wahala) da ma'anar sunansa [[wiktionary:πάθος|πάθος]] ( [[wiktionary:pathos|''pathos'']], wahala).  

=== Madadin magani ===
Duk da cewa maganin zamani ya nisanta kansa daga tsoffin tushensa na addini da sihiri, nau'ikan [[Maganin gargajiya|magungunan gargajiya]] da yawa  da madadin magani suna ci gaba da tallafawa rayuwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban: &quot;Muddin rayuwa tana da nata sirrin sirruka, yana yiwuwa a sami kimiyya da magunguna bisa ga waɗannan kaddarorin&quot;.  Cibiyar Kula da Magungunan Cikakke da Madadin Magunguna (NCCAM) ta rarraba magungunan kari da madadin zuwa rukuni ko fannoni biyar, gami da: &lt;ref name=&quot;Complementary and Alt Med&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Complementary and Alternative Medicine&amp;nbsp;– U.S. National Library of Medicine Collection Development Manual |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/tsd/acquisitions/cdm/subjects24.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223124705/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/tsd/acquisitions/cdm/subjects24.html |archive-date=23 December 2019 |access-date=31 March 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; tsarin likitanci madadin, ko cikakken tsarin magani da aiki; tsoma baki na tunani-jiki, ko dabarun da aka tsara don sauƙaƙe tasirin tunani akan ayyukan jiki da alamu; tsarin da ya dogara da ilimin halitta gami da maganin herbalism ; da hanyoyin sarrafawa da na jiki kamar maganin chiropractic da tausa.

A yayin la'akari da waɗannan al'adu daban-daban waɗanda suka bambanta da maganin halittu (duba sama), masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na likitanci sun jaddada cewa duk hanyoyin tunani game da lafiya da cututtuka suna da mahimman abubuwan al'adu, gami da maganin gargajiya na yammacin duniya.    

Ayurveda, maganin Unani, da homeopathy sune shahararrun nau'ikan maganin madadin.

=== Lafiyar likitoci ===
Wasu masu sharhi sun yi jayayya cewa likitoci suna da ayyukan da za su zama abin koyi ga jama'a a fannin lafiya, misali ta hanyar rashin shan sigari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Appel JM |year=2009 |title=Smoke and mirrors: one case for ethical obligations of the doctor as public role model |journal=Camb Q Healthc Ethics |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=95–100 |doi=10.1017/S0963180108090142 |pmid=19149049 |s2cid=42678745}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakika, a yawancin ƙasashen yamma, likitoci kaɗan ne ke shan taba, kuma iliminsu na sana'a ya bayyana yana da tasiri mai kyau ga lafiyarsu da salon rayuwarsu. A cewar wani bincike da aka yi wa likitoci maza a Amurka, &lt;ref name=&quot;frank&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Frank E |last2=Biola H |last3=Burnett CA |date=October 2000 |title=Mortality rates and causes among U.S. physicians |journal=Am J Prev Med |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=155–9 |doi=10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00201-4 |pmid=11020591 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Rayuwa mai tsawo|tsawon rai]] ya ɗan fi girma ga likitoci (shekaru 73 ga fararen fata da shekaru 69 ga baƙaƙe) fiye da lauyoyi ko wasu ƙwararru masu ilimi sosai. Abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa waɗanda ba su da yuwuwar faruwa ga likitoci fiye da sauran jama'a sun haɗa da cututtukan numfashi (gami da [[ciwon huhu]], ciwon huhu, [[Cutar huhu na yau da kullun|COPD]], amma ban da emphysema da sauran [[Cutar huhu na yau da kullun|toshewar hanyoyin iska na yau da kullun]] ), mutuwar da ta shafi barasa, ciwon daji [[Ciwon daji mai launi|na rectosigmoid]] da dubura, da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta. &lt;ref name=&quot;frank&quot; /&gt;

Likitoci suna fuskantar [[Hadarin aiki|haɗarin aiki]], kuma akwai sanannen furuci cewa &quot;likitoci suna haifar da mafi munin marasa lafiya&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;schneck&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schneck SA |date=December 1998 |title='Doctoring' doctors and their families |journal=JAMA |volume=280 |issue=23 |pages=2039–42 |doi=10.1001/jama.280.23.2039 |pmid=9863860 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa da aka nuna sun fi yawa a cikin likitoci sun haɗa da kashe kai tsakanin likitoci da raunin da suka yi wa kansu, abubuwan da suka shafi miyagun ƙwayoyi, haɗarin zirga-zirga, da cututtukan zuciya na cerebrovascular da ischemic. &lt;ref name=&quot;frank&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Frank E |last2=Biola H |last3=Burnett CA |date=October 2000 |title=Mortality rates and causes among U.S. physicians |journal=Am J Prev Med |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=155–9 |doi=10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00201-4 |pmid=11020591 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFrank_EBiola_HBurnett_CA2000&quot;&gt;Frank E; Biola H; Burnett CA (October 2000). [[doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00201-4|&quot;Mortality rates and causes among U.S. physicians&quot;]]. ''Am J Prev Med''. '''19''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;155–&lt;/span&gt;9. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00201-4|10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00201-4]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11020591 11020591].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Likitoci kuma suna fuskantar gajiya a wurin aiki . Wannan yana bayyana a matsayin damuwa na dogon lokaci wanda ke nuna rashin ingancin kulawa ga marasa lafiya, gajiyar motsin rai, jin raguwar nasarar mutum, da sauransu. Wani bincike da Hukumar Bincike da Inganci ta Lafiya ta bayar ya nuna cewa matsin lamba na lokaci shine babban dalilin gajiya; wani bincike daga Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Amurka ya ruwaito cewa fiye da rabin duk waɗanda suka amsa sun zaɓi &quot;ayyukan gwamnati da yawa&quot; a matsayin babban dalilin gajiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 2017 |title=Physician Burnout |url=https://www.ahrq.gov/prevention/clinician/ahrq-works/burnout/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020082029/https://www.ahrq.gov/prevention/clinician/ahrq-works/burnout/index.html |archive-date=20 October 2021 |access-date=31 July 2020 |website=[[Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Berg |first=Sara |date=3 August 2018 |title=Physician burnout: It's not you, it's your medical specialty |url=https://www.ama-assn.org/residents-students/specialty-profiles/physician-burnout-it-s-not-you-it-s-your-medical-specialty |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020021709/https://www.ama-assn.org/residents-students/specialty-profiles/physician-burnout-it-s-not-you-it-s-your-medical-specialty |archive-date=20 October 2021 |access-date=31 July 2020 |website=[[American Medical Association]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi da horo ==
[[Fayil:Aerial-Picture-of-Jackson-e1445995779731.jpg|thumb|Asibitin tunawa da Jackson da ke [[Miami]], babban asibitin koyarwa na Makarantar Magunguna ta Miller a Jami'ar Miami]]
Ilimin likitanci da hanyoyin aiki ga likitoci sun bambanta sosai a duk faɗin duniya.

A duk ƙasashe masu tasowa, shirye-shiryen ilimin likitanci na matakin farko sune darussan matakin jami'a, waɗanda ake gudanarwa a makarantar likitanci da ke haɗe da [[jami'a]] . Dangane da ikon hukuma da jami'a, shiga makarantar na iya biyo baya kai tsaye daga makarantar sakandare ko kuma buƙatar ilimin digiri na farko da ake buƙata kafin lokaci. Na farko yawanci yana ɗaukar shekaru biyar ko shida don kammalawa. Shirye-shiryen da ke buƙatar ilimin digiri na farko na baya (yawanci digiri na shekaru uku ko huɗu, galibi a kimiyya) yawanci suna ɗaukar shekaru huɗu ko biyar. Saboda haka, samun digiri na farko na likita yawanci yana ɗaukar daga shekaru biyar zuwa takwas, ya danganta da ikon hukuma da jami'a.

Bayan kammala horon matakin shiga, ana buƙatar sabbin likitocin da suka kammala karatunsu su yi aikin sa ido kafin a ba da cikakken rajista, yawanci shekara ɗaya ko biyu. Ana iya kiran wannan a matsayin &quot; horon aiki &quot;, a matsayin &quot;shekarun tushe&quot; a Burtaniya, ko kuma &quot;rijistar sharaɗi&quot;. Wasu yankuna, ciki har da Amurka, suna buƙatar zama a wurin aiki don yin aiki.

Likitoci suna da digirin likitanci na musamman ga jami'ar da suka kammala karatunsu. Wannan digirin ya ba wa likitan damar samun lasisi ko rajista a ƙarƙashin dokokin wannan ƙasar, kuma wani lokacin na ƙasashe da dama, bisa ga buƙatun horon aiki ko rajistar sharaɗi.

== Dokoki ==
A mafi yawan yankuna, likitoci suna buƙatar izinin gwamnati don yin aiki. Irin wannan izinin an yi shi ne don inganta tsaron jama'a, kuma sau da yawa don kare kashe kuɗin gwamnati, saboda gwamnatocin ƙasa ne ke ba da tallafi ga kula da lafiya.

A wasu yankuna kamar [[Singafora|Singapore]], ya zama ruwan dare ga likitocin da ke aiki a fannin likitanci su ƙara musu darajar digirinsu da taken &quot;Dr&quot; a cikin wasiƙu ko katunan suna, koda kuwa cancantarsu ta takaita ga digiri na asali (misali, matakin farko). A wasu ƙasashe kamar [[Jamus]], ƙwararrun likitoci ne kawai ke da digiri na uku na ilimi za su iya kiran kansu &quot;likita&quot; - a gefe guda kuma, Majalisar Bincike ta Turai ta yanke shawarar cewa digirin likitanci na Jamus bai cika ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa na digirin bincike na PhD ba. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (November 2019)&quot;&gt;abin mamaki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&amp;#x20;&amp;#x2013; tattauna'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Sarah |date=30 September 2017 |title=Kommt ein Doktor zum Arzt ... |url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/bildung/qualitaet-medizinischer-promotionen-kommt-ein-doktor-zum-arzt--1.2673150 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413171359/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/bildung/qualitaet-medizinischer-promotionen-kommt-ein-doktor-zum-arzt--1.2673150 |archive-date=13 April 2019 |access-date=30 September 2017 |website=Sueddeutsche.de}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kramer |first=Bernd |date=28 September 2015 |title=Medizin-Promotionen: Akademische Ramschware |url=http://www.spiegel.de/lebenundlernen/uni/von-der-leyen-in-der-kritik-schlechte-promotionen-sind-in-der-medizin-ueblich-a-1055039.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412144802/https://www.spiegel.de/lebenundlernen/uni/von-der-leyen-in-der-kritik-schlechte-promotionen-sind-in-der-medizin-ueblich-a-1055039.html |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=30 September 2017 |website=Spiegel.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lasisi ===
A tsakanin ƙasashen da ke magana da Turanci, wannan tsari ana kiransa da lasisi kamar yadda yake a Amurka, ko kuma a matsayin rajista a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], wasu ƙasashen [[Kasashen common wealth|Commonwealth]], da [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Ireland]] . Kalmomin kamanceceniya da ake amfani da su a wasu wurare sun haɗa da ''colegiación'' a [[Ispaniya|Spain]], ''ishi menkyo'' a [[Japan]], ''autorisasjon'' a [[Norway]], ''Approbation'' a [[Jamus]], da  a Girka. A [[Faransa]], [[Italiya]] da [[Portugal]], dole ne likitoci su kasance memba na tsarin likitocin na ƙasa.

A wasu ƙasashe, ciki har da Burtaniya da Ireland, ƙwararrun likitoci suna tsara kansu, inda gwamnati ke tabbatar da ikon hukumar da ke kula da harkokin lafiya. Misali mafi shahara na wannan wataƙila shine Babban Kwamitin Likitoci na Burtaniya. A duk ƙasashe, hukumomin da ke kula da harkokin lafiya za su soke izinin yin aiki idan aka samu matsala ko kuma mummunan rashin lafiya.

A cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin da ke magana da Turanci ( [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Kanada]], [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] ), ana yin lasisi ko yin rijistar likitocin a matakin jiha ko lardi, ko kuma a ƙasa kamar yadda yake a New Zealand. Jihohin Ostiraliya galibi suna da &quot;Hukumar Lafiya&quot;, wanda yanzu an maye gurbinsa da Hukumar Kula da Ma'aikatan Lafiya ta Ostiraliya (AHPRA) a yawancin jihohi, yayin da lardunan Kanada galibi suna da &quot;Kwalejin Likitoci da Likitocin Fiɗa&quot;. Duk jihohin Amurka suna da hukuma da ake kira &quot;Hukumar Lafiya&quot;, kodayake akwai wasu sunaye daban-daban kamar &quot;Hukumar Magunguna&quot;, &quot;Hukumar Masu Duba Lafiya&quot;, &quot;Hukumar Lasisi ta Lafiya&quot;, &quot;Hukumar Fasahar Warkarwa&quot; ko wani nau'in daban. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AMA Links to state medical boards |url=http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/2645.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129124459/http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/2645.html |archive-date=29 January 2009 |access-date=1 March 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan kammala karatunsu daga makarantar ƙwararru ta farko, likitocin da ke son yin aiki a Amurka galibi suna yin jarrabawa ta yau da kullun, kamar USMLE don Likita a fannin Magunguna.

=== Kula da aiki da ƙwarewa ===
Batun kurakuran likita, rashin bin ka'ida a fannin likitanci, shan miyagun ƙwayoyi, da sauran batutuwa a cikin halayen ƙwararru na likitoci ya sami kulawa sosai a duk faɗin duniya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lim MK |date=February 2004 |title=Quest for quality care and patient safety: the case of Singapore |journal=Qual Saf Health Care |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=71–5 |doi=10.1136/qshc.2002.004994 |pmc=1758053 |pmid=14757804}}&lt;/ref&gt; musamman bayan wani rahoto mai mahimmanci na 2000  wanda &quot;wanda za a iya jayayya ya ƙaddamar da&quot; motsi na lafiyar marasa lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wachter RM |year=2010 |title=Patient safety at ten: unmistakable progress, troubling gaps |journal=Health Aff (Millwood) |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=165–73 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.2009.0785 |pmid=19952010}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Amurka, tun daga shekarar 2006, akwai ƙungiyoyi kaɗan da ke sa ido kan aikinsu cikin tsari. A Amurka, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Tsoffin Sojoji ne kawai ke gwada likitoci bazuwar, sabanin ayyukan gwajin miyagun ƙwayoyi ga wasu sana'o'i waɗanda ke da babban tasiri ga walwalar jama'a. Hukumomin lasisi a matakin jihar Amurka suna dogara ne akan ci gaba da ilimi don ci gaba da ƙwarewa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Leape LL |last2=Fromson JA |date=January 2006 |title=Problem doctors: is there a system-level solution? |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=144 |issue=2 |pages=107–15 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-144-2-200601170-00008 |pmid=16418410 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta hanyar amfani da Bankin Bayanai na Ƙwararru na Ƙasa, Rahoton ladabtarwa na Hukumar Lafiya ta Jiha, da Sabis na Bayanin Likitoci na Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Amurka, Hukumomin Lafiya na Jiha 67 suna ci gaba da ba da rahoton duk wani mataki mara kyau/ladabtarwa da aka ɗauka akan likita mai lasisi don haka za a sanar da sauran Hukumomin Lafiya waɗanda likitan ke riƙe da su ko kuma suke neman lasisin likita yadda ya kamata don a iya ɗaukar matakin gyara, na biyu akan likitan da ya aikata laifin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Medical Board Licensing Service for Physicians seeking an Expedited Medical License with any of the 50 State Medical Boards |url=http://www.medlicense.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402211024/https://medlicense.com/ |archive-date=2 April 2021 |access-date=19 September 2011 |publisher=MedLicense.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Turai, tun daga shekarar 2009, ana gudanar da tsarin kiwon lafiya bisa ga dokokin ƙasa daban-daban, kuma yana iya bambanta dangane da bambance-bambancen yankuna kamar na Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Suñol R |last2=Garel P |last3=Jacquerye A |date=February 2009 |title=Cross-border care and healthcare quality improvement in Europe: the MARQuIS research project |journal=Qual Saf Health Care |volume=18 Suppl 1 |issue=Suppl_1 |pages=i3–7 |doi=10.1136/qshc.2008.029678 |pmc=2629851 |pmid=19188459}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
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== Manazarta ==
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== Ƙarin karatu ==

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
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* {{Commons category-inline|Physicians}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline|physician}}
{{Medicine|state=collapsed}}{{Glossaries of science and engineering}}{{Authority control}}
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    <title>AS Douanes (Nijar)</title>
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[[Fayil:AS Douanes-Lome-logo.svg|thumb|tambarin '''Douanes''']]
'''AS Douanes''' (french: ''AssociationunSportive des Douanes de Niamey''&amp;nbsp;– hausa: ''Ƙungiyar wasanni ta Hukumar Kwastam ta Yamai'') ƙungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ce ta [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da ke [[Niamey|Yamai]] kuma jami’an ƴan  sandan haraji na gwamnati ne ke ɗaukar nauyinsu. Kafin kakar shekarar 2005 – 6 sun taka leda a cikin birnin [[Tillabéri (gari)|Tillabéry]],  kuma sun fafatawa a babban gasar lig na ƙasa tun daga lokacin shekarar 2004, lokacin da aka haɓaka su daga sashin yanki na 2.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/niger03.html |title=Niger 2003 |accessdate=2008-10-21 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008014806/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesn/niger03.html |archivedate=2008-10-08 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  AS Douanes ta taɓa lashe gasar Nijar sau ɗaya amma bata taɓa lashe kofin gasar zakarun nijar ba.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nigerchamp.html]&lt;br /&gt; [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nigerchamp.html] https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nigercuphist.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kakar 2008 ==
AS Douanes ta ƙare a matsayi na uku a rukunin A na zagayen farko na [[Gasar Super Ligue ta ƙasar (Niger)|gasar Firimiyar Nijar]] ta 2008. Sun kasa samun tikitin zuwa gasar zakarun ƙwallon Nijar, amma cikin sauki sun kaucewa wasan share fagen, ma'ana za su dawo kakar 2009.

== Nasarorin da aka samu ==

* '''[[Gasar Super Ligue ta ƙasar (Niger)|Gasar Firimiya ta Niger]] : 2'''

:: 2013, 2015.

* '''Kofin Niger : 2'''

:: 2016, 2022.

* '''[[Niger Super Cup]] : 2'''

:: 2013, 2015.

== Ayyukan a gasar CAF ==

* '''CAF Champions League : wasanni 1'''

:: 2014&amp;nbsp;– zagayen farko

* '''CAF Confederation Cup : wasanni 0'''

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Berihu Aregawi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:33:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351313635|Berihu Aregawi]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855962</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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'''Berihu Aregawi Teklehaimanot''' (Tigrinya: በሪሁ ኣረጋዊ; an haife shi a ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2001) &lt;ref name=&quot;WAprofile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Berihu AREGAWI – Athlete Profile |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/ethiopia/berihu-aregawi-14848753 |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan Habasha ne Mai tsere mai nisa kuma mai riƙe da rikodin duniya na yanzu a tseren 3,000 m da tseren 10,000 m. A Wasannin Olympics na Paris 2024, Berihu ya lashe lambar azurfa a tseren mita 10,000, kuma ya kasance na huɗu a tseren 10,000 a Wasannin Olympics na Tokyo na 2020. Berihu ya lashe lambar azurfa a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2023 . Ya kuma lashe lambar azurfa a tseren mita 3,000 a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2025.

A lokacin da yake da shekaru 17, Berihu ya lashe lambar tagulla a tseren mita 10,000 a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Kasa da 20 ta 2018.

== Ayyuka ==
Berihu Aregawi ya lashe lambar tagulla a tseren Mita 10,000 a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta U20 ta 2018 a [[Tampere]] a bayan Rhonex Kipruto da Jacob Kiplimo . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2018 |title=Rhonex Kipruto strides to World U20 10,000m title |url=https://athleticsweekly.com/event-news/rhonex-kipruto-strides-to-world-u20-10000m-title-101095/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya lashe tseren mita 3,000 a Wasannin Matasa na Afirka a wannan shekarar. Daga nan sai ya tafi Argentina don Wasannin Olympics na Matasa na bazara da aka gudanar a [[Buenos Aires]] kuma ya zama na biyu a cikin hadin gwiwar 3000 m.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAprofile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Berihu AREGAWI – Athlete Profile |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/ethiopia/berihu-aregawi-14848753 |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://worldathletics.org/athletes/ethiopia/berihu-aregawi-14848753 &quot;Berihu AREGAWI – Athlete Profile&quot;]. ''[[World Athletics]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 January&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2019, Berihu ya lashe Babban Gudun Habasha (tseren kilomita 10). &lt;ref name=&quot;WAprofile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Berihu AREGAWI – Athlete Profile |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/ethiopia/berihu-aregawi-14848753 |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://worldathletics.org/athletes/ethiopia/berihu-aregawi-14848753 &quot;Berihu AREGAWI – Athlete Profile&quot;]. ''[[World Athletics]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 January&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2021 ===
A ranar 8 ga Yuni 2021, ya kammala na uku a gwajin Habasha a bayan Selemon Barega da Yomif Kejelcha a cikin mita 10,000 don tabbatar da matsayinsa a Wasannin Olympics na Tokyo na 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 8, 2021 |title=2021 Ethiopian Olympic Trials: Gudaf Tsegay (14:13) &amp; Getnet Wale (12:53) Among Six World-Leading Times as New Stars Emerge |url=https://www.letsrun.com/news/2021/06/2021-ethiopian-olympic-trials-wins-for-getnet-wale-selemon-barega-in-new-events-as-new-contenders-emerge-fast-times-abound/ |website=LetsRun.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Berihu ya kammala na huɗu a gasar Olympics ta farko a tseren mita 10,000 a bayan Barega wanda ya lashe zinare.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Athletics - Final Results |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/athletics/result-men-s-10000m-fnl-000100-.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804233440/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/athletics/result-men-s-10000m-fnl-000100-.htm |archive-date=2021-08-04 |access-date=2021-07-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

A ranar 31 ga watan Disamba 2021, Berihu ya kafa rikodin duniya a tseren kilomita 5 a Cursa dels Nassos 5K a Barcelona a cikin minti 12 da sakan 49, yana inganta alamar [[Joshua Cheptegei]] da sakan 2. Ya sami nasarar nasara ta biyu 38.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dickinson |first=Marley |date=2021-12-31 |title=Ethiopia's Berihu Aregawi and Ejegayehu Taye shatter 5K world records |url=https://runningmagazine.ca/sections/runs-races/ethiopias-berihu-aregawi-and-ejegayehu-taye-shatter-5k-world-records/ |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=Canadian Running Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2022 ===
A Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Cikin Gida ta 2022 a [[Belgrade]], an kawar da shi a cikin zafi na Taron 3000 m&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot; id=&quot;mwVg&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;ref name=&quot;WAprofile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Berihu AREGAWI – Athlete Profile |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/ethiopia/berihu-aregawi-14848753 |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://worldathletics.org/athletes/ethiopia/berihu-aregawi-14848753 &quot;Berihu AREGAWI – Athlete Profile&quot;]. ''[[World Athletics]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 January&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Berihu ya kammala na bakwai a tseren mita 10,000 a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta waje da aka gudanar a [[Eugene, Oregon]] a wannan shekarar.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAprofile&quot; /&gt;

=== 2023 ===
A watan Fabrairun 2023, ya lashe lambar azurfa a tseren kilomita 10 a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a Bathurst, Ostiraliya tare da lokaci na 29:26. Wanda ya lashe shi ne Jacob Kiplimo a cikin 29:17. A ranar 11 ga watan Maris, Berihu ya rasa rikodin duniya na Rhonex Kipruto na kilomita 10 a Laredo, Spain, yana yin rikodin Habasha da kuma lokaci na biyu mafi sauri a tarihin 26:33. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Snider-McGrath |first=Ben |date=12 March 2023 |title=Ethiopian runner narrowly misses 10K world record |url=https://runningmagazine.ca/sections/runs-races/berihu-aregawi-runs-2633-at-laredo-10k-misses-world-record-by-9-seconds/ |access-date=12 March 2023 |website=Canadian Running Magazine |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2023, ya gudu 26:33 a tseren kilomita 10 a Laredo, Spain, na biyu mafi sauri 10k na kowane lokaci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 March 2023 |title=Aregawi runs 26:33 at Loredo 10k misses world record by seconds |url=https://runningmagazine.ca/sections/runs-races/berihu-aregawi-runs-2633-at-laredo-10k-misses-world-record-by-9-seconds/ |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=Running Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 March 2023 |title=Aregawi goes No.2 all time with 26:33 10km in Laredo |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-label-road-races/news/berihu-aregawi-10km-laredo-lisbon-half |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=World Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

Ya gudu hanya ta biyar mafi sauri 5000m a tarihi lokacin da yake gudu 12:40.45 don lashe taron Diamond League a Lausanne a watan Yunin 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 June 2023 |title=Berihu Aregawi clocks fifth-fastest men's 5,000 meters |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/olympics/trackandfield/story/_/id/37940602/berihu-aregawi-clocks-fifth-fastest-men-5000-meters?platform=amp |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=espn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin tseren 10,000m a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2023 a [[Budapest]], ya kasance na huɗu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 August 2023 |title=Cheptegei joins all-time greats after winning third world 10,000m title in Budapest |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-championships/budapest23/news/report/wch-budapest-23-report-men-10000m |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=World Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2024 ===
A shekara ta 2024, ya lashe Cross Internacional Juan Muguerza, taron zinare na World Athletics Cross Country Tour . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 January 2025 |title=Ethiopia's Berihu Aregawi Confirms Supremacy In Elgoibar |url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopias-berihu-aregawi-confirms-supremacy-in-elgoibar/ |access-date=5 January 2025 |website=Fsnabc}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya lashe azurfa a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2024 a Serbia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Henderson |first=Jason |date=March 30, 2024 |title=Kiplimo confirms he's the king of cross country |url=https://athleticsweekly.com/event-reports/kiplimo-confirms-hes-the-king-of-cross-country-1039976992/ |access-date=31 March 2024 |website=Athletics Weekly}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sadu da ma'auni na wasannin Olympics na Paris na 2024 don mita 5000 ya kammala na biyu a LA Grand Prix a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mull |first=Cory |date=May 18, 2024 |title=Olympic Standards, U.S. Trials Marks And More From The LA Grand Prix |url=https://www.flotrack.org/articles/12559092-olympic-standards-us-trials-marks-and-more-from-the-la-grand-prix |access-date=20 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A Wasannin Olympics na Paris na 2024, Berihu ya sami lambar azurfa a tseren Mita 10,000, yana gudana 26:43.44 a bayan sabon rikodin Olympics na [[Joshua Cheptegei]] na 26:43.14 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 August 2024 |title=Olympic Athletics Schedule - Men's 10,000m |url=https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/schedule/athletics/men-s-10-000m?day=2-august |website=[[Paris 2024 Olympics]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MEN'S 10,000M FINAL RESULTS |url=https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/results/athletics/men-s-10-000m/fnl-000100--}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A 2024 Silesia Diamond League, Berihu ya fafata a mita 3000, yana gudana 7:21.28 a bayan sabon rikodin duniya na Jakob Ingebrigtsen na 7:17.55. A wannan lokacin ya sanya Berihu a matsayin na uku mafi sauri a cikin mita 3000 a tarihi, bayan Daniel Komen, wanda ya rike rikodin duniya na 7:20.67, da Ingebrigtsen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ingebrigtsen and Duplantis break world records in Silesia {{!}} REPORTS {{!}} World Athletics |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/diamond-league/news/silesia-diamond-league-ingebrigtsen-world-3000m-record |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=worldathletics.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2025 ===
A watan Janairun 2025, ya riƙe matsayinsa a Cross Internacional Juan Muguerza a Elgoibar . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 January 2025 |title=Chebet and Aregawi confirm supremacy in Elgoibar |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-cross-country-tour/news/chebet-aregawi-cross-internacional-juan-muguerza-elgoibar-2025 |access-date=5 January 2025 |website=World Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt; An zaɓi Berihu don mita 3000 a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Cikin Gida ta 2025 a Nanjing a watan Maris na 2025, inda ya sami lambar azurfa tare da lokaci na 7:46.25 a bayan Jakob Ingebrigtsen, wanda ya gudu 7:46.09 .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ingebrigtsen takes 3000m gold in Nanjing |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-indoor-championships/nanjing25/news/report/nanjing-25-men-3000m-report |website=World Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=Tsegay, Duguma, Tefera and Hailu to represent Ethiopia in Nanjing |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-indoor-championships/nanjing25/news/news/ethiopian-team-nanjing-25 |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=World Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Be ya yi rikodin taro na 12:50.45 don lashe mita 5000 a cikin 2025 Shanghai Diamond League a gaban ɗan ƙasarsa Kuma Girma . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 May 2025 |title=Tinch and Duplantis fly in Shanghai/Keqiao |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/diamond-league/news/shanghai-keqiao-diamond-league-tinch-duplantis |access-date=3 May 2025 |website=World Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kammala na biyu a cikin mita 10,000 a Prefontaine Classic na 2025 a ranar 5 ga Yuli, a cikin tseren da ya ninka sau biyu a matsayin gwajin Habasha don Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2025. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 July 2025 |title=WORLD RECORDS FOR BEATRICE CHEBET AND FAITH KIPYEGON IN EUGENE |url=https://athleticsweekly.com/news/world-records-for-beatrice-chebet-and-faith-kipyegon-in-eugene-1040002456/ |access-date=6 July 2025 |website=Athletics Weekly}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumbar 2025, ya fafata sama da mita 10,000 a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2025 a [[Tokyo]], Japan, inda ya kammala a matsayi na goma sha biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 Sep 2025 |title=World Athletics Championships, Tokyo 2025 |url=https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7190593?eventId=10229610 |access-date=25 September 2025 |website=World Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Janairun 2026, an zaba shi don tawagar Habasha don yin gasa a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2026 a [[Tallahassee]], inda ya lashe lambar azurfa a tseren mutum da zinariya tare da Habasha a gasar tawagar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 Jan 2026 |title=WXC Tallahassee 26 senior men’s preview: History beckons as Kiplimo and Aregawi renew rivalry |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-cross-country-championships/tallahassee26/news/preview/world-cross-tallahassee-26-senior-mens-preview |access-date=6 January 2026 |website=World Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 Jan 2026 |title=History repeats as Kiplimo wins senior men's gold from Aregawi in Tallahassee |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-cross-country-championships/tallahassee26/news/report/world-cross-tallahassee-26-senior-men |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=World Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nasarorin da aka samu ==

=== Gasar kasa da kasa ===
{|{{AchievementTable}}
|-
|rowspan=3|2018
|[[2018 IAAF World U20 Championships|World U20 Championships]]
|[[Tampere]], Finland
|bgcolor=cc9966|3rd
|[[2018 IAAF World U20 Championships – Men's 10,000 metres|10,000 m]]
|27:48.41 {{AthAbbr|PB}}
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2018 African Youth Games|African Youth Games]]
|[[Algiers]], Algeria
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|[[Athletics at the 2018 African Youth Games#Boys|3000 m]]
|7:50.98
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics|Youth Olympic Games]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|bgcolor=silver|2nd
|[[Athletics at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' 3000 metres|3000 m]] + [[Cross country running|XC]]
|4 pts
|-
|2021
|[[Athletics at the 2021 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|[[Tokyo]], Japan
|4th
|[[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's 10,000 metres|10,000 m]]
|27:46.16
|-
|rowspan=2|2022
|[[2022 World Athletics Indoor Championships|World Indoor Championships]]
|[[Belgrade]], Serbia
|23 (h)
|[[2022 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's 3000 metres|3000 m]] {{AthAbbr|i}}
|7:58.59
|-
|[[2022 World Athletics Championships|World Championships]]
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]], United States
|7th
|[[2022 World Athletics Championships – Men's 10,000 metres|10,000 m]]
|27:31.00
|-
|rowspan=4|2023
|rowspan=2|[[2023 World Athletics Cross Country Championships|World Cross Country Championships]]
|rowspan=2|[[Bathurst, New South Wales|Bathurst]], Australia
|bgcolor=silver|2nd
|[[2023 World Athletics Cross Country Championships – Senior men's race|Senior race]]
|29:26
|-
|bgcolor=silver|2nd
|[[2023 World Athletics Cross Country Championships – Senior men's race|Team]]
|32 pts
|-
|rowspan=2|[[2023 World Athletics Championships|World Championships]]
|rowspan=2|[[Budapest, Hungary]]
|8th
|[[2023 World Athletics Championships – Men's 5000 metres|5000 m]]
|13:12.99
|-
|4th
|[[2023 World Athletics Championships – Men's 10,000 metres|10,000 m]]
|27:55.71
|-
|2024
|[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|[[Paris]], France
|bgcolor=silver|2nd
|[[10,000 m]]
|26:43.44
|-
|rowspan=2|2025
|[[2025 World Athletics Indoor Championships|World Indoor Championships]]
|[[Nanjing]], China
|bgcolor=silver|2nd
|[[2025 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's 3000 metres|3000 m]]
|7:46.25
|-
|[[2025 World Athletics Championships|World Championships]]
|[[Tokyo, Japan]]
|12th
|[[2025 World Athletics Championships – Men's 10,000 metres|10,000 m]]
|29:02.02
|}

=== Mafi kyawun mutum ===

* mita 3,000 - 7:21.28 (Chorzów 2024) '''{{AthAbbr|NR|Ethiopian}}''' 
** mita 3000 a cikin gida - 7:26.20 (Karlsruhe 2022)  
* mita 5,000 - 12:40.45 (Lausanne 2023) 
* mita 10,000 - 26:46.13 (Hengelo 2022) 

; Hanyar

* 5 km&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot; id=&quot;mw9A&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; - 12:49 ([[Barcelona]] 2021) Tarihin Duniya'''Rubuce-rubucen duniya'''
* 10 km - 26:33 (Laredo 2023) '''{{AthAbbr|NR|Ethiopian}}'''

=== Gidajen da aka ci nasara da lakabi, lakabi na kasa ===

* Gasar Diamond League ta mita 5000: 2021 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-09-09 |title=Wanda Diamond League Final {{!}} Zürich (SUI) {{!}} 8th-9th Sept 2021 |url=https://www.diamondleague.com/fileadmin/IDL_Zurich/user_upload/Results_Diamond_League_2021_Zurich_2021.pdf |access-date=2021-09-09 |website=[[Diamond League]] |page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2021: Zürich Weltklasse (5 km) 2022: Eugene Prefontaine Classic (5000m, WL MR PB) [[Fayil:Diamond_blue.svg|24x24px]]
** 2021: Zürich Weltklasse (5 km) &amp;nbsp;
** 2022: Eugene Prefontaine Classic (5000m, {{AthAbbr|WL}} {{AthAbbr|MR}} {{AthAbbr|PB}}) 
* Gasar Zakarun Habasha
** Mita 10,000: 2021

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{World Athletics|ethiopia/berihu-aregawi-14848753}}
* Berihu AregawiaOlympics.com
* [https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/berihu-aregawi_1536998 Berihu Aregawi] a gasar Olympics ta Paris 2024Wasannin Olympics na Paris 2024
* Berihu AregawiaOlympedia 
{{Footer IAAF Diamond League 5000 Metres Champions Men}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>5c4xfyxmf8ibspni39iaav89s064wur</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855969</id>
      <parentid>855962</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:38:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>inganta muqala</comment>
      <origin>855969</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="17101" sha1="4713adkitvkrw3qbln72vfp1yi1wsqp" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''Berihu Aregawi Teklehaimanot''' (Tigrinya: በሪሁ ኣረጋዊ; an haife shi a ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2001) &lt;ref name=&quot;WAprofile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Berihu AREGAWI – Athlete Profile |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/ethiopia/berihu-aregawi-14848753 |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan Habasha ne Mai tsere mai nisa kuma mai riƙe da rikodin duniya na yanzu a tseren 3,000 m da tseren 10,000 m. A Wasannin Olympics na Paris 2024, Berihu ya lashe lambar azurfa a tseren mita 10,000, kuma ya kasance na huɗu a tseren 10,000 a Wasannin Olympics na Tokyo na 2020. Berihu ya lashe lambar azurfa a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2023 . Ya kuma lashe lambar azurfa a tseren mita 3,000 a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2025.

A lokacin da yake da shekaru 17, Berihu ya lashe lambar tagulla a tseren mita 10,000 a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Kasa da 20 ta 2018.

== Ayyuka ==
Berihu Aregawi ya lashe lambar tagulla a tseren Mita 10,000 a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta U20 ta 2018 a [[Tampere]] a bayan Rhonex Kipruto da Jacob Kiplimo . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2018 |title=Rhonex Kipruto strides to World U20 10,000m title |url=https://athleticsweekly.com/event-news/rhonex-kipruto-strides-to-world-u20-10000m-title-101095/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya lashe tseren mita 3,000 a Wasannin Matasa na Afirka a wannan shekarar. Daga nan sai ya tafi Argentina don Wasannin Olympics na Matasa na bazara da aka gudanar a [[Buenos Aires]] kuma ya zama na biyu a cikin hadin gwiwar 3000 m.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAprofile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Berihu AREGAWI – Athlete Profile |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/ethiopia/berihu-aregawi-14848753 |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://worldathletics.org/athletes/ethiopia/berihu-aregawi-14848753 &quot;Berihu AREGAWI – Athlete Profile&quot;]. ''[[World Athletics]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 January&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2019, Berihu ya lashe Babban Gudun Habasha (tseren kilomita 10). &lt;ref name=&quot;WAprofile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Berihu AREGAWI – Athlete Profile |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/ethiopia/berihu-aregawi-14848753 |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://worldathletics.org/athletes/ethiopia/berihu-aregawi-14848753 &quot;Berihu AREGAWI – Athlete Profile&quot;]. ''[[World Athletics]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 January&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2021 ===
A ranar 8 ga Yuni 2021, ya kammala na uku a gwajin Habasha a bayan Selemon Barega da Yomif Kejelcha a cikin mita 10,000 don tabbatar da matsayinsa a Wasannin Olympics na Tokyo na 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 8, 2021 |title=2021 Ethiopian Olympic Trials: Gudaf Tsegay (14:13) &amp; Getnet Wale (12:53) Among Six World-Leading Times as New Stars Emerge |url=https://www.letsrun.com/news/2021/06/2021-ethiopian-olympic-trials-wins-for-getnet-wale-selemon-barega-in-new-events-as-new-contenders-emerge-fast-times-abound/ |website=LetsRun.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Berihu ya kammala na huɗu a gasar Olympics ta farko a tseren mita 10,000 a bayan Barega wanda ya lashe zinare.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Athletics - Final Results |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/athletics/result-men-s-10000m-fnl-000100-.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804233440/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/athletics/result-men-s-10000m-fnl-000100-.htm |archive-date=2021-08-04 |access-date=2021-07-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

A ranar 31 ga watan Disamba 2021, Berihu ya kafa rikodin duniya a tseren kilomita 5 a Cursa dels Nassos 5K a Barcelona a cikin minti 12 da sakan 49, yana inganta alamar [[Joshua Cheptegei]] da sakan 2. Ya sami nasarar nasara ta biyu 38.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dickinson |first=Marley |date=2021-12-31 |title=Ethiopia's Berihu Aregawi and Ejegayehu Taye shatter 5K world records |url=https://runningmagazine.ca/sections/runs-races/ethiopias-berihu-aregawi-and-ejegayehu-taye-shatter-5k-world-records/ |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=Canadian Running Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2022 ===
A Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Cikin Gida ta 2022 a [[Belgrade]], an kawar da shi a cikin zafi na Taron 3000 m&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot; id=&quot;mwVg&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;ref name=&quot;WAprofile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Berihu AREGAWI – Athlete Profile |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/ethiopia/berihu-aregawi-14848753 |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://worldathletics.org/athletes/ethiopia/berihu-aregawi-14848753 &quot;Berihu AREGAWI – Athlete Profile&quot;]. ''[[World Athletics]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 January&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Berihu ya kammala na bakwai a tseren mita 10,000 a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta waje da aka gudanar a [[Eugene, Oregon]] a wannan shekarar.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAprofile&quot; /&gt;

=== 2023 ===
A watan Fabrairun 2023, ya lashe lambar azurfa a tseren kilomita 10 a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a Bathurst, Ostiraliya tare da lokaci na 29:26. Wanda ya lashe shi ne Jacob Kiplimo a cikin 29:17. A ranar 11 ga watan Maris, Berihu ya rasa rikodin duniya na Rhonex Kipruto na kilomita 10 a Laredo, Spain, yana yin rikodin Habasha da kuma lokaci na biyu mafi sauri a tarihin 26:33. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Snider-McGrath |first=Ben |date=12 March 2023 |title=Ethiopian runner narrowly misses 10K world record |url=https://runningmagazine.ca/sections/runs-races/berihu-aregawi-runs-2633-at-laredo-10k-misses-world-record-by-9-seconds/ |access-date=12 March 2023 |website=Canadian Running Magazine |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2023, ya gudu 26:33 a tseren kilomita 10 a Laredo, Spain, na biyu mafi sauri 10k na kowane lokaci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 March 2023 |title=Aregawi runs 26:33 at Loredo 10k misses world record by seconds |url=https://runningmagazine.ca/sections/runs-races/berihu-aregawi-runs-2633-at-laredo-10k-misses-world-record-by-9-seconds/ |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=Running Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 March 2023 |title=Aregawi goes No.2 all time with 26:33 10km in Laredo |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-label-road-races/news/berihu-aregawi-10km-laredo-lisbon-half |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=World Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

Ya gudu hanya ta biyar mafi sauri 5000m a tarihi lokacin da yake gudu 12:40.45 don lashe taron Diamond League a Lausanne a watan Yunin 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 June 2023 |title=Berihu Aregawi clocks fifth-fastest men's 5,000 meters |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/olympics/trackandfield/story/_/id/37940602/berihu-aregawi-clocks-fifth-fastest-men-5000-meters?platform=amp |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=espn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin tseren 10,000m a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2023 a [[Budapest]], ya kasance na huɗu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 August 2023 |title=Cheptegei joins all-time greats after winning third world 10,000m title in Budapest |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-championships/budapest23/news/report/wch-budapest-23-report-men-10000m |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=World Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2024 ===
A shekara ta 2024, ya lashe Cross Internacional Juan Muguerza, taron zinare na World Athletics Cross Country Tour . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 January 2025 |title=Ethiopia's Berihu Aregawi Confirms Supremacy In Elgoibar |url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopias-berihu-aregawi-confirms-supremacy-in-elgoibar/ |access-date=5 January 2025 |website=Fsnabc}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya lashe azurfa a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2024 a Serbia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Henderson |first=Jason |date=March 30, 2024 |title=Kiplimo confirms he's the king of cross country |url=https://athleticsweekly.com/event-reports/kiplimo-confirms-hes-the-king-of-cross-country-1039976992/ |access-date=31 March 2024 |website=Athletics Weekly}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sadu da ma'auni na wasannin Olympics na Paris na 2024 don mita 5000 ya kammala na biyu a LA Grand Prix a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mull |first=Cory |date=May 18, 2024 |title=Olympic Standards, U.S. Trials Marks And More From The LA Grand Prix |url=https://www.flotrack.org/articles/12559092-olympic-standards-us-trials-marks-and-more-from-the-la-grand-prix |access-date=20 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A Wasannin Olympics na Paris na 2024, Berihu ya sami lambar azurfa a tseren Mita 10,000, yana gudana 26:43.44 a bayan sabon rikodin Olympics na [[Joshua Cheptegei]] na 26:43.14 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 August 2024 |title=Olympic Athletics Schedule - Men's 10,000m |url=https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/schedule/athletics/men-s-10-000m?day=2-august |website=[[Paris 2024 Olympics]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MEN'S 10,000M FINAL RESULTS |url=https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/results/athletics/men-s-10-000m/fnl-000100--}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A 2024 Silesia Diamond League, Berihu ya fafata a mita 3000, yana gudana 7:21.28 a bayan sabon rikodin duniya na Jakob Ingebrigtsen na 7:17.55. A wannan lokacin ya sanya Berihu a matsayin na uku mafi sauri a cikin mita 3000 a tarihi, bayan Daniel Komen, wanda ya rike rikodin duniya na 7:20.67, da Ingebrigtsen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ingebrigtsen and Duplantis break world records in Silesia {{!}} REPORTS {{!}} World Athletics |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/diamond-league/news/silesia-diamond-league-ingebrigtsen-world-3000m-record |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=worldathletics.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2025 ===
A watan Janairun 2025, ya riƙe matsayinsa a Cross Internacional Juan Muguerza a Elgoibar . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 January 2025 |title=Chebet and Aregawi confirm supremacy in Elgoibar |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-cross-country-tour/news/chebet-aregawi-cross-internacional-juan-muguerza-elgoibar-2025 |access-date=5 January 2025 |website=World Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt; An zaɓi Berihu don mita 3000 a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Cikin Gida ta 2025 a Nanjing a watan Maris na 2025, inda ya sami lambar azurfa tare da lokaci na 7:46.25 a bayan Jakob Ingebrigtsen, wanda ya gudu 7:46.09 .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ingebrigtsen takes 3000m gold in Nanjing |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-indoor-championships/nanjing25/news/report/nanjing-25-men-3000m-report |website=World Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=Tsegay, Duguma, Tefera and Hailu to represent Ethiopia in Nanjing |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-indoor-championships/nanjing25/news/news/ethiopian-team-nanjing-25 |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=World Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Be ya yi rikodin taro na 12:50.45 don lashe mita 5000 a cikin 2025 Shanghai Diamond League a gaban ɗan ƙasarsa Kuma Girma . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 May 2025 |title=Tinch and Duplantis fly in Shanghai/Keqiao |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/diamond-league/news/shanghai-keqiao-diamond-league-tinch-duplantis |access-date=3 May 2025 |website=World Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kammala na biyu a cikin mita 10,000 a Prefontaine Classic na 2025 a ranar 5 ga Yuli, a cikin tseren da ya ninka sau biyu a matsayin gwajin Habasha don Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2025. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 July 2025 |title=WORLD RECORDS FOR BEATRICE CHEBET AND FAITH KIPYEGON IN EUGENE |url=https://athleticsweekly.com/news/world-records-for-beatrice-chebet-and-faith-kipyegon-in-eugene-1040002456/ |access-date=6 July 2025 |website=Athletics Weekly}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Satumbar 2025, ya fafata sama da mita 10,000 a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2025 a [[Tokyo]], Japan, inda ya kammala a matsayi na goma sha biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 Sep 2025 |title=World Athletics Championships, Tokyo 2025 |url=https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7190593?eventId=10229610 |access-date=25 September 2025 |website=World Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Janairun 2026, an zaba shi don tawagar Habasha don yin gasa a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2026 a [[Tallahassee]], inda ya lashe lambar azurfa a tseren mutum da zinariya tare da Habasha a gasar tawagar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 Jan 2026 |title=WXC Tallahassee 26 senior men’s preview: History beckons as Kiplimo and Aregawi renew rivalry |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-cross-country-championships/tallahassee26/news/preview/world-cross-tallahassee-26-senior-mens-preview |access-date=6 January 2026 |website=World Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 Jan 2026 |title=History repeats as Kiplimo wins senior men's gold from Aregawi in Tallahassee |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-cross-country-championships/tallahassee26/news/report/world-cross-tallahassee-26-senior-men |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=World Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nasarorin da aka samu ==

=== Gasar kasa da kasa ===
{|{{AchievementTable}}
|-
|rowspan=3|2018
|[[2018 IAAF World U20 Championships|World U20 Championships]]
|[[Tampere]], Finland
|bgcolor=cc9966|3rd
|[[2018 IAAF World U20 Championships – Men's 10,000 metres|10,000 m]]
|27:48.41 {{AthAbbr|PB}}
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2018 African Youth Games|African Youth Games]]
|[[Algiers]], Algeria
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|[[Athletics at the 2018 African Youth Games#Boys|3000 m]]
|7:50.98
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics|Youth Olympic Games]]
|[[Buenos Aires]], Argentina
|bgcolor=silver|2nd
|[[Athletics at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' 3000 metres|3000 m]] + [[Cross country running|XC]]
|4 pts
|-
|2021
|[[Athletics at the 2021 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|[[Tokyo]], Japan
|4th
|[[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's 10,000 metres|10,000 m]]
|27:46.16
|-
|rowspan=2|2022
|[[2022 World Athletics Indoor Championships|World Indoor Championships]]
|[[Belgrade]], Serbia
|23 (h)
|[[2022 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's 3000 metres|3000 m]] {{AthAbbr|i}}
|7:58.59
|-
|[[2022 World Athletics Championships|World Championships]]
|[[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]], United States
|7th
|[[2022 World Athletics Championships – Men's 10,000 metres|10,000 m]]
|27:31.00
|-
|rowspan=4|2023
|rowspan=2|[[2023 World Athletics Cross Country Championships|World Cross Country Championships]]
|rowspan=2|[[Bathurst, New South Wales|Bathurst]], Australia
|bgcolor=silver|2nd
|[[2023 World Athletics Cross Country Championships – Senior men's race|Senior race]]
|29:26
|-
|bgcolor=silver|2nd
|[[2023 World Athletics Cross Country Championships – Senior men's race|Team]]
|32 pts
|-
|rowspan=2|[[2023 World Athletics Championships|World Championships]]
|rowspan=2|[[Budapest, Hungary]]
|8th
|[[2023 World Athletics Championships – Men's 5000 metres|5000 m]]
|13:12.99
|-
|4th
|[[2023 World Athletics Championships – Men's 10,000 metres|10,000 m]]
|27:55.71
|-
|2024
|[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|[[Paris]], France
|bgcolor=silver|2nd
|[[10,000 m]]
|26:43.44
|-
|rowspan=2|2025
|[[2025 World Athletics Indoor Championships|World Indoor Championships]]
|[[Nanjing]], China
|bgcolor=silver|2nd
|[[2025 World Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's 3000 metres|3000 m]]
|7:46.25
|-
|[[2025 World Athletics Championships|World Championships]]
|[[Tokyo, Japan]]
|12th
|[[2025 World Athletics Championships – Men's 10,000 metres|10,000 m]]
|29:02.02
|}

=== Mafi kyawun mutum ===

* mita 3,000 - 7:21.28 (Chorzów 2024) '''{{AthAbbr|NR|Ethiopian}}''' 
** mita 3000 a cikin gida - 7:26.20 (Karlsruhe 2022)  
* mita 5,000 - 12:40.45 (Lausanne 2023) 
* mita 10,000 - 26:46.13 (Hengelo 2022) 

; Hanyar

* 5 km&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot; id=&quot;mw9A&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; - 12:49 ([[Barcelona]] 2021) Tarihin Duniya'''Rubuce-rubucen duniya'''
* 10 km - 26:33 (Laredo 2023) '''{{AthAbbr|NR|Ethiopian}}'''

=== Gidajen da aka ci nasara da lakabi, lakabi na kasa ===

* Gasar Diamond League ta mita 5000: 2021 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-09-09 |title=Wanda Diamond League Final {{!}} Zürich (SUI) {{!}} 8th-9th Sept 2021 |url=https://www.diamondleague.com/fileadmin/IDL_Zurich/user_upload/Results_Diamond_League_2021_Zurich_2021.pdf |access-date=2021-09-09 |website=[[Diamond League]] |page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2021: Zürich Weltklasse (5 km) 2022: Eugene Prefontaine Classic (5000m, WL MR PB) [[Fayil:Diamond_blue.svg|24x24px]]
** 2021: Zürich Weltklasse (5 km) &amp;nbsp;
** 2022: Eugene Prefontaine Classic (5000m, {{AthAbbr|WL}} {{AthAbbr|MR}} {{AthAbbr|PB}}) 
* Gasar Zakarun Habasha
** Mita 10,000: 2021

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{World Athletics|ethiopia/berihu-aregawi-14848753}}
* Berihu AregawiaOlympics.com
* [https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/berihu-aregawi_1536998 Berihu Aregawi] a gasar Olympics ta Paris 2024Wasannin Olympics na Paris 2024
* Berihu AregawiaOlympedia 
{{Footer IAAF Diamond League 5000 Metres Champions Men}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>4713adkitvkrw3qbln72vfp1yi1wsqp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Marc Ona</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Abdulrahman tahir shika</username>
        <id>24962</id>
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      <comment>Nayi gyara</comment>
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[[Fayil:Marc Ona &amp; Natalya Yantsen.jpg|thumb|Marc Ona da natalya]]
[[Fayil:Marc Ona 2011.jpg|thumb|Marc Ona Yana jawabi ]]
Marc Ona Essangui, shi ne wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar kare muhalli ta Brainforest kuma shugaban Muhalli na ƙasar Gabon, cibiyar sadarwar ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Marc Ona Essangui ya jagoranci yunƙurin fallasa yarjejeniyoyin da aka ƙulla a aikin haƙar ma'adinai na ƙasar Sin a ƙasar [[Gabon]], wata ƙasa dake yammacin [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta tsakiya]], wadda ke barazana ga yanayin dazuzzukan. A cewar Ona Essangui, shirin raya Belinga, na dala biliyan 3.5, an yi shawarwari a asirce. Ba a tuntuɓi al'ummomin yankin ba kuma ba su san tasirin da aikin zai yi ga muhallinsu ba. Ona ya lashe lambar yabo ta Afirka [[Ƙyautar Muhalli ta Goldman|ta Goldman Environmental Prize]] na shekarar 2009 saboda aikinsa. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.goldmanprize.org/2009/africa 2009 Goldman Environmental Prize Recipient Marc Ona Essangui]&lt;/ref&gt; A halin yanzu dai an dakatar da aikin saboda ƙarancin kuɗi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.banktrack.org/show/dodgydeals/belinga_iron_ore_project |title=BankTrack.org - dodgydeals - Belinga iron ore project |website=www.banktrack.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091205184149/http://www.banktrack.org/show/dodgydeals/belinga_iron_ore_project |archive-date=2009-12-05}} &lt;/ref&gt;  A watan Maris na shekarar 2013, an yanke wa Ona Essangui hukuncin ɗaurin wata shida a gidan yari da kuma tarar dalar Amurka kusan ta 10,000 saboda ɓata sunan Liban Soleman, babban mai ba shugaban ƙasa shawara Ali Bongo Ondimba.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gabon-olam-activist-idUSBRE92T04Q20130330 Reuters]&lt;/ref&gt;

shi ne wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar kare muhalli ta Brainforest kuma shugaban Muhalli Gabon, cibiyar sadarwar ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Marc Ona Essangui ya jagoranci yunƙurin fallasa yarjejeniyoyin da aka kulla a aikin haƙar ma'adinai na ƙasar Sin a [[Gabon]], wata ƙasa dake yammacin [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta tsakiya]], wadda ke barazana ga yanayin dazuzzukan dazuzzuka .PA cewar Ona Essangui, shirin raya Belinga, na dala biliyan 3.5, an yi shawarwari a asirce. Ba a tuntuɓi al'ummomin yankin ba kuma ba su san tasirin da aikin zai yi ga muhallinsu ba. Ona ya lashe lambar yabo ta Afirka [[Ƙyautar Muhalli ta Goldman|ta Goldman Environmental Prize]] na shekarar 2009 saboda aikinsa. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.goldmanprize.org/2009/africa 2009 Goldman Environmental Prize Recipient Marc Ona Essangui]&lt;/ref&gt; A halin yanzu dai an dakatar da aikin saboda ƙarancin kuɗi. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.banktrack.org/show/dodgydeals/belinga_iron_ore_project |title=BankTrack.org - dodgydeals - Belinga iron ore project |website=www.banktrack.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091205184149/http://www.banktrack.org/show/dodgydeals/belinga_iron_ore_project |archive-date=2009-12-05}} &lt;/ref&gt; A watan Maris na shekarar 2013, an yanke wa Ona Essangui hukuncin ɗaurin wata shida a gidan yari da kuma tarar dalar Amurka kusan 10,000 saboda bata sunan Liban Soleman, babban mai ba shugaban kasa shawara Ali Bongo Ondimba. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gabon-olam-activist-idUSBRE92T04Q20130330 Reuters]&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga watan Janairun 2020, Marc Ona Essangui shi ne shugaban ƙungiyar [[:fr:Tournons la Page|Tournons La Page]] mai fafutukar neman Dimokuraɗiyya a [https://www.gabonreview.com/societe-civile-marc-ona-porte-a-la-tete-de-tournons-la-page-international/ Afirka] .

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>dbj69pgdsi3exx5fwcaejkbydxu23ba</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Adabin Igbo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>48112</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855296</id>
      <parentid>513066</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T13:36:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>855296</origin>
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[[Fayil:Shell Vessel with Leopard from Igbo-Ukwu,.png|thumb|adabin igbo]]
[[Fayil:Iwe Nwanne Anaghi Eru n'okpukpu.jpg|thumb|littafi mai adabin igbo]]
[[Fayil:Iwe Nwanne Anaghi Eru n'okpukpu.jpg|thumb|adabin igbo]]
'''Adabin Igbo''' shi ne adabin magana da rubuce-rubuce na mutanen Igbo. Kafin zuwan rubuce-rubuce,[[Inyamurai|Igbo]] sun yi adabin baka da wakokin jama'a da [[Waƙa|wakoki]].Green, M. (1948). &lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Unwritten Literature of the Igbo-Speaking People of South-Eastern Nigeria&quot;. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. Cambridge University Press. 12 (3–4): 838–846. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00083415. S2CID 162905333.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Green 1948, p. 839-841.&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Rubutu ==
Ko da yake akwai bayanan da ke nuna cewa adabin Igbo ya fara har zuwa shekarar 1857,  wannan shafi ne na 17 da Samuel Ajayi Crowther ya rubuta.  Daga Shekarar 1872 zuwa shekarar 1913,an rubuta kuma an fassara litattafan addini da dama a wasu yarukan [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]],musamman yarukan [[Onicha]] da [[Mutanen Isu|Isuama]]. A shekara ta 1924,Israel E.Iwekano ya buga littafin tarihi mai shafuka 262 mai suna ''Akuko Ala Obosi'' wanda ya ba da labarin tarihin garin Obosi.

Littafin novel na farko na Igbo ''Omenuko'' Pita Nwana ne ya rubuta shi a cikin 1932 kuma ya buga a 1933 ta Longman,Green and Co.  ''Omenuko'' na Pita Nwana an dauki shi a matsayin tushen almara a cikin adabin Igbo.Daga baya ''Ije Odumodu Jere'' ya biyo ta Henry Leopold Bell-Gam wanda Longman ya buga a Shekarar 1966. Sauran marubutan farko na almarar Igbo sun hada da Tony Ubesie, FC Ogbalu,Ude Odilora,Julie N.Onwuchekwa da Mmuotulummanya J.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>cfvefup7wf0j0ufagsbbn405616cv87</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855297</id>
      <parentid>855296</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T13:36:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>855297</origin>
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[[Fayil:Shell Vessel with Leopard from Igbo-Ukwu,.png|thumb|adabin igbo]]
[[Fayil:Iwe Nwanne Anaghi Eru n'okpukpu.jpg|thumb|littafi mai adabin igbo]]
[[Fayil:Iwe Nwanne Anaghi Eru n'okpukpu.jpg|thumb|adabin igbo]]
'''Adabin Igbo''' shi ne adabin magana da rubuce-rubuce na mutanen Igbo. Kafin zuwan rubuce-rubuce,[[Inyamurai|Igbo]] sun yi adabin baka da wakokin jama'a da [[Waƙa|wakoki]].Green, M. (1948). &lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Unwritten Literature of the Igbo-Speaking People of South-Eastern Nigeria&quot;. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. Cambridge University Press. 12 (3–4): 838–846. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00083415. S2CID 162905333.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Green 1948, p. 839-841.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Green 1948, p. 841.&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Rubutu ==
Ko da yake akwai bayanan da ke nuna cewa adabin Igbo ya fara har zuwa shekarar 1857,  wannan shafi ne na 17 da Samuel Ajayi Crowther ya rubuta.  Daga Shekarar 1872 zuwa shekarar 1913,an rubuta kuma an fassara litattafan addini da dama a wasu yarukan [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]],musamman yarukan [[Onicha]] da [[Mutanen Isu|Isuama]]. A shekara ta 1924,Israel E.Iwekano ya buga littafin tarihi mai shafuka 262 mai suna ''Akuko Ala Obosi'' wanda ya ba da labarin tarihin garin Obosi.

Littafin novel na farko na Igbo ''Omenuko'' Pita Nwana ne ya rubuta shi a cikin 1932 kuma ya buga a 1933 ta Longman,Green and Co.  ''Omenuko'' na Pita Nwana an dauki shi a matsayin tushen almara a cikin adabin Igbo.Daga baya ''Ije Odumodu Jere'' ya biyo ta Henry Leopold Bell-Gam wanda Longman ya buga a Shekarar 1966. Sauran marubutan farko na almarar Igbo sun hada da Tony Ubesie, FC Ogbalu,Ude Odilora,Julie N.Onwuchekwa da Mmuotulummanya J.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>mevnteq0x946izs1vrol8z91i5d6u20</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855298</id>
      <parentid>855297</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T13:36:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
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[[Fayil:Shell Vessel with Leopard from Igbo-Ukwu,.png|thumb|adabin igbo]]
[[Fayil:Iwe Nwanne Anaghi Eru n'okpukpu.jpg|thumb|littafi mai adabin igbo]]
[[Fayil:Iwe Nwanne Anaghi Eru n'okpukpu.jpg|thumb|adabin igbo]]
'''Adabin Igbo''' shi ne adabin magana da rubuce-rubuce na mutanen Igbo. Kafin zuwan rubuce-rubuce,[[Inyamurai|Igbo]] sun yi adabin baka da wakokin jama'a da [[Waƙa|wakoki]].Green, M. (1948). &lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Unwritten Literature of the Igbo-Speaking People of South-Eastern Nigeria&quot;. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. Cambridge University Press. 12 (3–4): 838–846. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00083415. S2CID 162905333.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Green 1948, p. 839-841.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Green 1948, p. 841.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Green 1948, p. 843.&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Rubutu ==
Ko da yake akwai bayanan da ke nuna cewa adabin Igbo ya fara har zuwa shekarar 1857,  wannan shafi ne na 17 da Samuel Ajayi Crowther ya rubuta.  Daga Shekarar 1872 zuwa shekarar 1913,an rubuta kuma an fassara litattafan addini da dama a wasu yarukan [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]],musamman yarukan [[Onicha]] da [[Mutanen Isu|Isuama]]. A shekara ta 1924,Israel E.Iwekano ya buga littafin tarihi mai shafuka 262 mai suna ''Akuko Ala Obosi'' wanda ya ba da labarin tarihin garin Obosi.

Littafin novel na farko na Igbo ''Omenuko'' Pita Nwana ne ya rubuta shi a cikin 1932 kuma ya buga a 1933 ta Longman,Green and Co.  ''Omenuko'' na Pita Nwana an dauki shi a matsayin tushen almara a cikin adabin Igbo.Daga baya ''Ije Odumodu Jere'' ya biyo ta Henry Leopold Bell-Gam wanda Longman ya buga a Shekarar 1966. Sauran marubutan farko na almarar Igbo sun hada da Tony Ubesie, FC Ogbalu,Ude Odilora,Julie N.Onwuchekwa da Mmuotulummanya J.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>foirhds8dztrn9t88db3zt69rlgdtlv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855299</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-12T13:38:00Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
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[[Fayil:Shell Vessel with Leopard from Igbo-Ukwu,.png|thumb|adabin igbo]]
[[Fayil:Iwe Nwanne Anaghi Eru n'okpukpu.jpg|thumb|littafi mai adabin igbo]]
[[Fayil:Iwe Nwanne Anaghi Eru n'okpukpu.jpg|thumb|adabin igbo]]
'''Adabin Igbo''' shi ne adabin magana da rubuce-rubuce na mutanen Igbo. Kafin zuwan rubuce-rubuce,[[Inyamurai|Igbo]] sun yi adabin baka da wakokin jama'a da [[Waƙa|wakoki]].Green, M. (1948). &lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Unwritten Literature of the Igbo-Speaking People of South-Eastern Nigeria&quot;. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. Cambridge University Press. 12 (3–4): 838–846. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00083415. S2CID 162905333.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Green 1948, p. 839-841.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Green 1948, p. 841.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Green 1948, p. 843.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Green 1948, p. 844&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Rubutu ==
Ko da yake akwai bayanan da ke nuna cewa adabin Igbo ya fara har zuwa shekarar 1857,  wannan shafi ne na 17 da Samuel Ajayi Crowther ya rubuta.  Daga Shekarar 1872 zuwa shekarar 1913,an rubuta kuma an fassara litattafan addini da dama a wasu yarukan [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]],musamman yarukan [[Onicha]] da [[Mutanen Isu|Isuama]]. A shekara ta 1924,Israel E.Iwekano ya buga littafin tarihi mai shafuka 262 mai suna ''Akuko Ala Obosi'' wanda ya ba da labarin tarihin garin Obosi.

Littafin novel na farko na Igbo ''Omenuko'' Pita Nwana ne ya rubuta shi a cikin 1932 kuma ya buga a 1933 ta Longman,Green and Co.  ''Omenuko'' na Pita Nwana an dauki shi a matsayin tushen almara a cikin adabin Igbo.Daga baya ''Ije Odumodu Jere'' ya biyo ta Henry Leopold Bell-Gam wanda Longman ya buga a Shekarar 1966. Sauran marubutan farko na almarar Igbo sun hada da Tony Ubesie, FC Ogbalu,Ude Odilora,Julie N.Onwuchekwa da Mmuotulummanya J.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>eyoic9oyee7zgb0cip3ac5bwm33v5ap</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855300</id>
      <parentid>855299</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T13:38:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>855300</origin>
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      <text bytes="2418" sha1="2lprgzrtnsxiyipl4p7d7zdm075x2nf" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Fayil:Shell Vessel with Leopard from Igbo-Ukwu,.png|thumb|adabin igbo]]
[[Fayil:Iwe Nwanne Anaghi Eru n'okpukpu.jpg|thumb|littafi mai adabin igbo]]
[[Fayil:Iwe Nwanne Anaghi Eru n'okpukpu.jpg|thumb|adabin igbo]]
'''Adabin Igbo''' shi ne adabin magana da rubuce-rubuce na mutanen Igbo. Kafin zuwan rubuce-rubuce,[[Inyamurai|Igbo]] sun yi adabin baka da wakokin jama'a da [[Waƙa|wakoki]].Green, M. (1948). &lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Unwritten Literature of the Igbo-Speaking People of South-Eastern Nigeria&quot;. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. Cambridge University Press. 12 (3–4): 838–846. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00083415. S2CID 162905333.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Green 1948, p. 839-841.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Green 1948, p. 841.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Green 1948, p. 843.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Green 1948, p. 844&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Igbo literary critic Mbube Nwi-Akeeri explained that Western theories cannot effectively capture and explain oral literature, particularly those indigenous to regions such as Africa. The reason is that there are elements to oral traditions in these places that cannot be captured by words alone, such as gestures, dance, and the interaction between the storyteller and the audience. According to Nwi-Akeeri, oral literature is not only a narrative, but also a social performance. Cf. Nwi-Akeeri, Mbube (2017). &quot;Oral literature in Nigeria: A Search for Critical Theory&quot;. Research Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies. 3 (2): 41–51. ISSN 2579-0528.&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Rubutu ==
Ko da yake akwai bayanan da ke nuna cewa adabin Igbo ya fara har zuwa shekarar 1857,  wannan shafi ne na 17 da Samuel Ajayi Crowther ya rubuta.  Daga Shekarar 1872 zuwa shekarar 1913,an rubuta kuma an fassara litattafan addini da dama a wasu yarukan [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]],musamman yarukan [[Onicha]] da [[Mutanen Isu|Isuama]]. A shekara ta 1924,Israel E.Iwekano ya buga littafin tarihi mai shafuka 262 mai suna ''Akuko Ala Obosi'' wanda ya ba da labarin tarihin garin Obosi.

Littafin novel na farko na Igbo ''Omenuko'' Pita Nwana ne ya rubuta shi a cikin 1932 kuma ya buga a 1933 ta Longman,Green and Co.  ''Omenuko'' na Pita Nwana an dauki shi a matsayin tushen almara a cikin adabin Igbo.Daga baya ''Ije Odumodu Jere'' ya biyo ta Henry Leopold Bell-Gam wanda Longman ya buga a Shekarar 1966. Sauran marubutan farko na almarar Igbo sun hada da Tony Ubesie, FC Ogbalu,Ude Odilora,Julie N.Onwuchekwa da Mmuotulummanya J.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>2lprgzrtnsxiyipl4p7d7zdm075x2nf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855301</id>
      <parentid>855300</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
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      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
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[[Fayil:Shell Vessel with Leopard from Igbo-Ukwu,.png|thumb|adabin igbo]]
[[Fayil:Iwe Nwanne Anaghi Eru n'okpukpu.jpg|thumb|littafi mai adabin igbo]]
[[Fayil:Iwe Nwanne Anaghi Eru n'okpukpu.jpg|thumb|adabin igbo]]
'''Adabin Igbo''' shi ne adabin magana da rubuce-rubuce na mutanen Igbo. Kafin zuwan rubuce-rubuce,[[Inyamurai|Igbo]] sun yi adabin baka da wakokin jama'a da [[Waƙa|wakoki]].Green, M. (1948). &lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Unwritten Literature of the Igbo-Speaking People of South-Eastern Nigeria&quot;. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. Cambridge University Press. 12 (3–4): 838–846. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00083415. S2CID 162905333.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Green 1948, p. 839-841.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Green 1948, p. 841.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Green 1948, p. 843.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Green 1948, p. 844&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Igbo literary critic Mbube Nwi-Akeeri explained that Western theories cannot effectively capture and explain oral literature, particularly those indigenous to regions such as Africa. The reason is that there are elements to oral traditions in these places that cannot be captured by words alone, such as gestures, dance, and the interaction between the storyteller and the audience. According to Nwi-Akeeri, oral literature is not only a narrative, but also a social performance. Cf. Nwi-Akeeri, Mbube (2017). &quot;Oral literature in Nigeria: A Search for Critical Theory&quot;. Research Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies. 3 (2): 41–51. ISSN 2579-0528.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Green 1948, p. 940.&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Rubutu ==
Ko da yake akwai bayanan da ke nuna cewa adabin Igbo ya fara har zuwa shekarar 1857,  wannan shafi ne na 17 da Samuel Ajayi Crowther ya rubuta.  Daga Shekarar 1872 zuwa shekarar 1913,an rubuta kuma an fassara litattafan addini da dama a wasu yarukan [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]],musamman yarukan [[Onicha]] da [[Mutanen Isu|Isuama]]. A shekara ta 1924,Israel E.Iwekano ya buga littafin tarihi mai shafuka 262 mai suna ''Akuko Ala Obosi'' wanda ya ba da labarin tarihin garin Obosi.

Littafin novel na farko na Igbo ''Omenuko'' Pita Nwana ne ya rubuta shi a cikin 1932 kuma ya buga a 1933 ta Longman,Green and Co.  ''Omenuko'' na Pita Nwana an dauki shi a matsayin tushen almara a cikin adabin Igbo.Daga baya ''Ije Odumodu Jere'' ya biyo ta Henry Leopold Bell-Gam wanda Longman ya buga a Shekarar 1966. Sauran marubutan farko na almarar Igbo sun hada da Tony Ubesie, FC Ogbalu,Ude Odilora,Julie N.Onwuchekwa da Mmuotulummanya J.

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>tf3a1xkul8hvp3mhm3se6yj78e3uso9</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Yawon Buɗe Ido a Maroko</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49253</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855461</id>
      <parentid>685890</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T16:26:21Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Geoffroi</username>
        <id>38897</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:The beautiful Ourika; Morroco.jpg]] → [[File:The beautiful Ourika, Morocco.jpg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error)</comment>
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      <text bytes="10288" sha1="ocr9ga1v385whcpqlj58j98nqwpm9fo" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[File:Number_of_tourists_in_Morocco.svg|thumb| Yawan masu yawon bude ido na duniya a Maroko]]
[[Fayil:Morroco 02.jpg|thumb|kasar maroko]]
[[Fayil:The beautiful Ourika, Morocco.jpg|thumb|morocco]]
'''Yawon Buɗe Ido a Maroko''' yana  haɓaka sosai, yana mai da hankali kan masana'antar yawon buɗe ido da ke mai da hankali kan gabar teku, al'adu, da tarihin ƙasar. Gwamnatin Morocco ta kafa ma'aikatar yawon buɗe ido a shekarar 1985.&lt;ref&gt;Hudman, Lloyd E.; Jackson, Richard H.
(2003). Geography of Travel &amp; Tourism .
Cengage Learning. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0766832562&lt;/nowiki&gt; .&lt;/ref&gt;  Ana daukar yawon bude ido daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin musayar kudaden waje a Maroko kuma tun daga shekarar 2013 ta kasance mafi yawan masu shigowa daga kasashen Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Most Visited Countries in Africa&quot; .&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin shekarar 2018, an ba da rahoton cewa masu yawon bude ido miliyan 12.3 sun ziyarci [[Moroko|Morocco]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Bazza, Tarek (2019-01-23). &quot;Over 12

Million Tourists Visited Morocco in 2018, Up

8% from 2017&quot; . Morocco World News .

Retrieved 2019-03-21.{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin yawon buɗe ido ==
[[File:Maroc_Sahara_caravane.jpg|right|thumb| Yawon buɗe ido a Sahara]]
A rabi na biyu na shekarun 1980 da farkon shekarun 1990, Turawa tsakanin miliyan 1 zuwa 1.5 sun ziyarci Morocco. Yawancin waɗannan baƙi sun kasance [[Faransa]] ko  [[Ispaniya|Sipaniya]], tare da kusan 100,000 kowanne daga [[Birtaniya|Biritaniya]], [[Italiya]], [[Jamus]], da [[Holand|Netherlands]]. Masu yawon bude ido galibi sun ziyarci manyan wuraren yawon buɗe ido na bakin teku da ke gabar Tekun [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantika]], musamman Agadir. Kimanin mutane 20,000 ne daga [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabiya]] suka ziyarci, wasu daga cikinsu sun sayi gidajen hutu. Karban 'yan yawon buɗe ido ya ragu da kashi 16.5% a cikin shekarar 1990, shekarar da aka fara yakin Gulf. A shekarar 1994, Algeria ta rufe kan iyakarta da Maroko bayan harin da aka kai [[Marrakesh|a Marrakech]], wanda ya sa yawan masu ziyarar Aljeriya ya ragu matuka; akwai masu ziyara 70,000 a 1994 da 13,000 a 1995, idan aka kwatanta da miliyan 1.66 a 1992 da miliyan 1.28 a 1993. A cikin shekarar 2017, akwai masu zuwa yawon buɗe ido miliyan 10.3, idan aka kwatanta da kusan miliyan 10.1 a cikin shekarar 2016, haɓaka 1.5% a kowace shekara. Kashi 30% na masu yawon bude ido na daya daga cikin 'yan Morocco miliyan 3.8 da ke zaune a kasashen waje. Marrakech kanta tana da baƙi sama da miliyan 2 a cikin shekarar 2017.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Tourism in Marrakech Breaks All Records
in 2017&quot; . 2018-01-02.&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin shekarar 2019, fiye da masu yawon bude ido miliyan 13 sun ziyarci [[Moroko|Maroko]]. A cikin shekarar 2020, Maroko ba ta taɓa gani ba tare da masu yawon bude ido sama da miliyan 4, saboda yaduwar [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]]. &lt;ref&gt;AfricaNews (2022-02-12). &quot;Morocco
tourism sector struggles to pick up days after
reopening&quot; . Africanews . Retrieved
2023-01-24.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarar 2023, an zaɓi Marrakech a matsayin Mafi kyawun wurare 10 don masu yawon buɗe ido na duniya ta Tripadvisor.&lt;ref&gt;Rahhou, Jihane. &quot;Marrakech Features on
Top 10 Best Destinations for International
Tourists&quot; . moroccoworldnews . Retrieved
2023-01-24.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Masana'antar yawon buɗe ido ==
Masu yawon bude ido a shekarar 2007 ya kai dalar Amurka biliyan 7.55. Yawon bude ido shi ne na biyu mafi yawan samun kudin waje a Maroko, bayan masana'antar phosphate. Gwamnatin Moroko tana zuba jari sosai a fannin raya yawon bude ido.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Inspiring a tourism revolution in
Morocco&quot; . www.worldfinance.com .
Retrieved 2019-03-21.&lt;/ref&gt;  An samar da wata sabuwar dabarar yawon bude ido mai suna Vision 2010 bayan hawan Sarki Mohammed VI a 1999. Gwamnati ta yi niyya cewa Maroko za ta sami baƙi miliyan 10 nan da shekara ta 2010, tare da fatan cewa yawon buɗe ido zai tashi zuwa kashi 20% na GDP. Wata babbar gwamnati ta dauki nauyin tallan tallace-tallace don jawo hankalin masu yawon bude ido ta tallata Maroko a matsayin wuri mai arha kuma mai ban mamaki, amma mai aminci, ga masu yawon bude ido na Turai.

Yawan masu yawon bude ido na Maroko ya sami taimako ta wurin wurinta, wuraren yawon bude ido, da kuma karancin farashi. Tasoshin jiragen ruwa suna ziyartar tashar jiragen ruwa na [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]] da [[Tanja|Tangier]]. Maroko tana kusa da Turai kuma tana jan hankalin baƙi zuwa rairayin bakin teku. Saboda kusancinta da Spain, masu yawon bude ido a yankunan bakin teku na kudancin Spain suna yin balaguron kwana daya zuwa uku zuwa Maroko. Marrakesh da Agadir sune manyan wurare biyu a kasar.  An kafa sabis na jiragen sama tsakanin Maroko da Aljeriya, 'yan Algeria da yawa sun je Maroko don siyayya da ziyartar 'yan uwa da abokan arziki. Maroko ba ta da tsada sosai saboda farashin musayar Dirham mai ban sha'awa idan aka kwatanta da manyan agogo da kuma karuwar farashin otal a makwabciyar Spain. Maroko tana da kyakkyawar hanya da hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa waɗanda ke haɗa manyan biranen da wuraren yawon buɗe ido tare da tashoshin jiragen ruwa da biranen da filayen jirgin sama na ƙasa da ƙasa. Kamfanonin jiragen sama masu rahusa suna ba da jirgi mai arha zuwa ƙasar.

== Plan Azur ==
Shirin &quot;plan Azur&quot;, babban aiki ne wanda Sarki Mohammed VI ya fara, ana nufin samar da wuraren shakatawa na bakin teku guda shida don masu gida da masu yawon bude ido (biyar a gabar Tekun Atlantika da daya a Bahar Rum), Daily Telegraph Note. Shirin ya kuma kunshi wasu manya-manyan ayyukan raya kasa kamar inganta filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama na yankin don jawo hankalin kamfanonin jiragen sama na kasafin kudi, da gina sabbin jiragen kasa da hanyoyin mota. Ta hanyar wadannan kokarin kasar ta samu karuwar kashi 11% a fannin yawon bude ido a watanni biyar na farkon shekarar 2008 idan aka kwatanta da na shekarar da ta gabata, ta kara da cewa maziyartan Faransa sun kasance kan gaba a jerin wadanda suka kai 927,000 sai Spaniards (587,000) da Britaniya (. 141,000). Maroko, wacce ke kusa da Turai, tana da cuɗanya da al’adu da ƙazamin da ke sa ta shahara wajen sayen gidajen hutu na Turawa[15].

== Abubuwa masu jan hankali na yawon bude ido ==
{|
|[[File:N9_Haute_Atlas_Taddert.JPG|right|thumb| Dutsen Atlas]]
|[[File:Dune_sunrise.jpg|right|thumb| Sand dunes a Maroko]]
|[[File:Tangier_5184a.jpg|right|thumb| Malabata Coast in Tangier]]
|}
{|
|[[File:Bou_Inania_Madrasa_2011.jpg|right|thumb| Madrasa Bou Inania in Fes]]
|[[File:Skala_de_Ville.jpg|right|thumb| Tsohon katangar tsaro na Essaouira]]
|[[File:Meknès_-_Estany_de_l'Aguedal.jpg|right|thumb| Swany Water Reserve a cikin Meknes]]
|}
{|
|[[File:Ifrane_snow.jpg|right|thumb| Ifrane, &quot;Morocco&quot;]]
|[[File:Agadir_Kasbah_1012.JPG|right|thumb| bakin teku da Kasbah a Agadir]]
|}
Ana iya raba abubuwa masu jan hankali na ƙasar zuwa yankuna bakwai: 

* Biranen Imperial guda huɗu - manyan biranen tarihi guda huɗu na Maroko: [[Fas|Fez]], [[Marrakesh]], [[Ameknas|Meknes]] da [[Rabat|Rabat.]]
* [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]] - birni mafi girma a Maroko; gidan [[masallacin Hassan II]], wanda ke da minare na biyu mafi tsayi a duniya mai tsawon kafa 656 &lt;ref&gt;Museyon (2009-06-01). Film + Travel Asia,
Oceania, Africa: Traveling the World Through
Your Favorite Movies . Museyon.
ISBN 9781938450341&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Tanja|Tangier]] da kewaye
* Ouarzazate-sanannen wurin yin fim; ƙauyen ƙaƙƙarfan (ksar) na Ait Benhaddou yamma da birni wurin Tarihin Duniya ne [[UNESCO|na UNESCO]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;You're Not a World Traveler Until You Visit
these UNESCO sites&quot; . pastemagazine.com .
Retrieved 2017-11-22.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Places, Pure Morocco. &quot;Places in
Morocco&quot; . Puremorocco Tours and Travel.
Retrieved 2019-04-22.&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Agadir da wuraren shakatawa na bakin teku
* Tarfaya da wuraren shakatawa na bakin teku
* [[Fas|Fez]] - birni na biyu mafi girma a Maroko kuma shine kimiyya da babban birnin ruhaniya na Maroko.&lt;ref&gt;Gilbert, Sarah (2017-07-25). &quot;Fez's medina
gets new riads, restaurants and restored
monuments&quot; . The Guardian .
ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 2017-11-22.&lt;/ref&gt;  Ya ƙunshi wani tsohon yanki wanda ake ganin shi ne yanki mafi girma a duniya da motoci ba sa iya shiga. Har ila yau, gidan &quot;Al Qarawyien&quot; ne mafi tsufa jami'a a duniya.
* Merzouga – Merzouga ƙaramin ƙauye ne a kudu maso gabashin Maroko, kimanin shekaru 35&amp;nbsp;km (22&amp;nbsp;mi) kudu maso gabashin Rissani, kimanin 55&amp;nbsp;km (34&amp;nbsp;mi) daga Erfoud kuma kusan 50&amp;nbsp;km (31&amp;nbsp;mi) daga. . .

Yayin da Maroko ta kasance Kariyar Faransa (daga 1912 zuwa 1956) yawon buɗe ido yana mayar da hankali kan yankunan birane kamar garuruwan Tangier da [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]] na Bahar Rum. Tangier ya jawo hankalin marubuta da yawa, irin su Edith Wharton, Jack Kerouac, Paul Bowles, da William S. Burroughs. Akwai lokacin ci gaban wuraren shakatawa na bakin teku a wurare irin su Agadir da ke gabar Tekun Atlantika a cikin shekarun 1970 da 1980. &lt;ref name=&quot;Shackley&quot;&gt;Shackley, Myra (2006). Atlas of

Travel And Tourism Development .

Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 43–44.

&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 0-7506-6348-0&lt;/nowiki&gt; .{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawon buɗe ido yana ƙara mai da hankali kan al'adun Maroko, kamar tsoffin garuruwanta. Masana'antar yawon buɗe ido ta zamani tana yin amfani da tsoffin wuraren Roman da na Musulunci na Maroko, da kuma yanayin yanayinta da tarihin al'adunta. Kashi 60% na masu yawon bude ido na Maroko suna ziyartar ne saboda al'adu da al'adunta. 

Agadir babban wurin shakatawa ne na bakin teku kuma yana da kashi uku na duk daren gado na Moroccan. Tushen ne don yawon shakatawa zuwa tsaunukan Atlas.  Sauran wuraren shakatawa a arewacin Maroko kuma suna da farin jini sosai. &lt;ref&gt;The Middle East and North Africa 2003 .
Europa Publications, Routledge. 2002.
p. 863. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 1-85743-132-4&lt;/nowiki&gt; .&lt;/ref&gt; Casablanca ita ce babbar tashar jiragen ruwa a Maroko, kuma tana da kasuwa mafi ci gaba ga masu yawon bude ido a Maroko. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hudman367&quot; /&gt;

Tun daga 2006, ayyuka da balaguron balaguron balaguro a cikin tsaunukan Atlas da Rif sune yanki mafi saurin girma a cikin yawon bude ido na Morocco. Waɗannan wuraren suna da kyawawan damar tafiya da tafiya daga ƙarshen Maris zuwa tsakiyar Nuwamba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Shackley&quot; /&gt; Gwamnati na saka hannun jari a hanyoyin zirga-zirga. Suna kuma bunkasa yawon shakatawa na hamada a gasar da [[Tunisiya|Tunisia]].  


== Manazarta ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Abu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52376</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855790</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Umar A Muhammad</username>
        <id>22698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gyara</comment>
      <origin>855790</origin>
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      <text bytes="2317" sha1="d901ygqslkcol4qhpmnwfxns4xzlrww" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Sculptures in Ahmadu bello university 18.jpg|thumb|ABU  university]]
[[Fayil:Ahmadu bello university senate.jpg|thumb|ABU]]
[[Fayil:ABU Zaria Kill lab.jpg|thumb|abu zaria]]
'''Abu''' ko '''ABU''' na iya nufin sunan:

== Wurare ==

* Abu (volcano), dutsen mai aman wuta a tsibirin Honshū a Japan
* Abu, Yamaguchi, wani gari a ƙasar Japan
* [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|Ahmadu Bello University]], [[Zariya|Zaria]], Nigeria
* Jami'ar Baptist ta Atlantic, jami'ar Kirista ce a Moncton, New Brunswick, Kanada
* [[Elephantine]], Misira, wanda aka sani da Abu ga Masarawa na d ¯ a
* AA Bere Tallo Airport (IATA: ABU), in Atambua, Indonesia
* Abu Road, [[Rajasthan]], India
* Dutsen Abu, dutse mafi tsayi a jihar Rajasthan ta Indiya

== Mutane ==

* Abu (Larabci kalmar), wani bangare na wasu sunayen larabci
* Ab (Semitic), wani yanki na gama-gari ,na sunayen da aka samo daga Larabci, ma'ana &quot;uban&quot; a cikin Larabci
* Abu al-Faraj (ra)
* Abu Baker Asvat, wani ɗan gwagwarmayar Afirka ta Kudu da aka kashe kuma likita
* Abu Ibrahim (Abu Ibrahim)
* Abu Mohammed (Abu Muhammad)
* Abu Salim (Abu Salim)
* Abdul-Malik Abu (an haife shi a shekara ta 1995), ɗan wasan [[Kwallon kwando|ƙwallon kwando]] na Amurka a gasar ƙwallon kwando ta ƙasar Isra'ila
* Raneo Abu, dan siyasar Philippines

== Sauran amfani ==

* Abu (allah), ƙaramin allah ciyayi a cikin tatsuniyar Sumerian
* ABU Garcia, dan kasar [[Sweden]] mai kera kayan kamun kifi na wasanni
* Abu harshe (rashin fahimta)
* Harshen Abure (ISO 639: ABU), yaren Tano na Ivory Coast
* [[Kungiyar Dambe ta Afirka|Kungiyar damben boksin ta Afirka]], kungiyar damben Afirka wadda kuma ke ba da kambun nahiya
* Uniform na Airman Battle, rigar kayan aiki na Sojojin Sama na Amurka
* Ƙungiyar Watsa Labarun Asiya-Pacific
* Asymptomatic bacteriuria, kwayoyin cuta a cikin fitsari ba tare da alamun kamuwa da cutar urinary ba
* Abu, mai hali a cikin jerin gajerun fina-finai na farfagandar farfagandar raye-raye da Halas &amp;amp;amp; Batchelor suka shirya don Ma'aikatar Watsa Labarai ta Burtaniya daga 1943 zuwa 1945.
* Hali a cikin Disney &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwRw&quot;&gt;Aladdin&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; franchise
* Wata na biyar na kalandar Babila

== Duba kuma ==

* All pages with titles beginning with Abu
* Apu (disambiguation)
* A Bu, Chinese jazz pianist, born as Dai Liang
[[Category:Suna]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Meji Alabi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>54071</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855526</id>
      <parentid>786673</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T19:03:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdulrahman tahir shika</username>
        <id>24962</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An kirkira ta fassara &quot;Early life&quot; daga shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358073957|Meji Alabi]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855526</origin>
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      <text bytes="14187" sha1="r2iqtxnest5w9dpjsuhbrw216iakti9" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Meji Alabi''' listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Disamban shekarar 1988) ɗan fim ne na Najeriya, darakta, mai ɗaukar hoto kuma furodusa wanda aka haifa a Landan. Darakta ne kuma ya yi aiki tare da [[Beyoncé|Beyonce]], &lt;ref name=&quot;:142&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=A N T I on Instagram: &quot;Black Is King, a film by @beyonce.⁣ Super pumped to have played our part on the Nigerian chapter of this film 🧡 alongside amazing…&quot; |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CCCPpchjO_r/ |url-access=registration |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928005317/https://www.instagram.com/p/CCCPpchjO_r/ |archive-date=2023-09-28 |access-date=2020-07-11 |website=[[Instagram]] |language=en |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Burna Boy]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 August 2019 |title=Burna Boy Proves He's Nigeria's Most Stylish Musician in His New Video |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/burna-boy-pull-up-nigeria-new-music-video-african-giant |access-date=13 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wizkid]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 February 2019 |title=The Meji Alabi Fever |url=https://guardian.ng/life/the-meji-alabi-fever/ |access-date=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 April 2021 |title=Top five Nigerian music video directors |url=https://punchng.com/top-five-nigerian-music-video-directors/ |access-date=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 February 2019 |title=Meji Alabi: Tales of an &quot;Experience Junkie&quot; |url=https://www.lbbonline.com/news/meji-alabi-tales-of-an-experience-junkie |access-date=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 April 2021 |title=Runtown and director Meji Alabi go virtual this weekend |url=https://www.voice-online.co.uk/entertainment/2021/04/23/runtown-and-director-meji-alabi-go-virtual-this-weekend/ |access-date=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 May 2017 |title=Runtown shares official music video for new single &quot;For Life&quot; |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/music/231986-runtown-shares-official-music-video-for-new-single-for-life.html |access-date=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Davido]], [[Tiwa Savage]], Popcaan, Goldlink, Koffee da Nasty C. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 May 2019 |title=WATCH THE MEJI ALABI DIRECTED VIDEO FOR GOLDLINK AND MALEEK BERRY'S 'ZULU SCREAMS' |url=https://culturecustodian.com/watch-the-meji-alabi-video-for-goldlink-and-maleek-berrys-zulu-screams/ |access-date=23 May 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya shirya fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin 2024, ''Water and Garri,'' wanda Tiwa Savage ta fito a ciki. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=In Tiwa Savage’s ‘Water and Garri,’ Meji Alabi Finds a Fresh Directorial Perspective - Okayplayer |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/meji-alabi-water-and-garri/ |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=www.okayafrica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Meji a ranar 13 ga Disamban shekarar 1988, a Landan, kuma ya shafe tsawon lokacin ƙuruciyarsa yana ƙaura tare da mahaifinsa bayan rabuwar iyayensa a 1989. Ya yi yawo tsakanin London, [[Bahamas]], da Texas, Amurka. Ya halarci Makarantar Tsakiya ta Spring Forest da Makarantar Sakandare ta Stratford duka a [[Houston|Houston, Texas]] . Meji Alabi ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Yammacin London da digiri na farko a fannin Lissafi da Kuɗi, kuma yana da digirin Lasisi na Aikin Jinya daga Kwalejin St. Phillips da ke [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=17 May 2021 |title=Meji Alabi: Grammy-winning director on working with Beyonce, Burna Boy and Wizkid |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-57122864 |access-date=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 August 2019 |title=Burna Boy Proves He's Nigeria's Most Stylish Musician in His New Video |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/burna-boy-pull-up-nigeria-new-music-video-african-giant |access-date=13 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
A shekarar 2014, Alabi ya kafa JM Films tare da Jimi Adesanya. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=17 May 2021 |title=Meji Alabi: Grammy-winning director on working with Beyonce, Burna Boy and Wizkid |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-57122864 |access-date=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; JM Films (wani reshe na Unbound Studios) kamfani ne na ayyukan watsa labarai da shirye-shirye wanda ya ƙware a fannin zane-zane masu ƙirƙira, bidiyon kiɗa, tallace-tallace, fina-finai da talabijin kuma yana zaune a Legas, Najeriya. Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa Priorgold Pictures wanda wani kamfani ne na shirya fina-finai da ke Legas, Najeriya wanda aka ƙirƙira don biyan buƙatun masana'antar nishaɗi ta hanyar samar da kayan aiki da ma'aikata don aiwatar da abubuwan gani masu ƙirƙira.

A shekarar 2014, ya jagoranci bidiyon waƙar 'Murda' wanda [[Seyi Shay]] ya rera tare da Patoranking, Shaydee . Nasarar wannan bidiyon ta jawo masa hankali sosai a masana'antar kiɗan Najeriya kuma an zaɓe shi a wannan shekarar a bikin bayar da kyaututtukan MTV Africa Music Awards don Mafi Kyawun Bidiyo. Haka kuma a shekarar 2014, ya jagoranci bidiyon waƙar 'Crazy' wanda [[Seyi Shay]] ya rera tare da [[Wizkid]] kuma an zaɓe shi a shekarar 2015 don Mafi Kyawun Bidiyon Waƙa na Shekara (Mai Zane da Darakta) a [[Nigeria Entertainment Awards|bikin bayar da kyaututtukan nishaɗi na Najeriya]] da kuma mafi kyawun bidiyon kiɗa a The Headies 2015 .

A shekarar 2016, ya jagoranci bidiyon 'Kontrol' na [[Maleek Berry]] wanda ya nuna sabon salon da yake bi wajen jagorantar bidiyon wakoki ga fitattun mawakan Najeriya. A wannan shekarar, ya jagoranci 'Aje' wanda Alikiba ya rera, wanda ya lashe kyautar Mafi Kyawun Bidiyon Waƙa a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Soundcity MVP a shekarar 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=17 May 2021 |title=Meji Alabi: Grammy-winning director on working with Beyonce, Burna Boy and Wizkid |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-57122864 |access-date=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2018, Alabi ya jagoranci bidiyon waƙar [[Davido]] mai suna 'Assurance' a cikin fim ɗin 'A Good Time'.

Tun daga shekarar 2018, Alabi ya yi aiki tare da [[Burna Boy]] a wasu ayyukansa. Ya ba da umarni ga Pull Up, On The Low, da Gum Body tare da Jorja Smith daga kundin wakokin Burna Boy mai suna 'African Giant'. Meji ya kuma ba da umarni ga bidiyon Way Too Big, Wonderful, Monsters You Made wanda ya nuna [[Chris Martin]] da Real Life tare da Stormzy daga kundin wakokin 'Twice As Tall'.

Ya kuma yi aiki tare da [[Wizkid]] a cikin kundin wakokin Made in Lagos, kuma yana da jagoranci a cikin bidiyon wakokin Ginger tare da [[Burna Boy]], No Stress da Smile tare da HER.

A shekarar 2020, Alabi ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa tare da Jimi Adesanya a fim ɗin Najeriya na Black Is King wanda Beyonce Knowles-Carter ta shirya. Ya kuma yi aiki tare da Ibra Ake da Jenn Nkiru don yin bidiyon waƙar ' Brown Skin Girl ' wadda ta lashe kyautar Grammy, wanda aka yaba masa a matsayin mataimakin darakta. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=17 May 2021 |title=Meji Alabi: Grammy-winning director on working with Beyonce, Burna Boy and Wizkid |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-57122864 |access-date=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 August 2019 |title=Burna Boy Proves He's Nigeria's Most Stylish Musician in His New Video |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/burna-boy-pull-up-nigeria-new-music-video-african-giant |access-date=13 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 February 2019 |title=The Meji Alabi Fever |url=https://guardian.ng/life/the-meji-alabi-fever/ |access-date=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2021, Alabi ya yi aiki tare da Black Dog Films a matsayin darektan aikin gani na kamfen ɗin 'Zero Malaria: Draw The Line Against Malaria'. Wannan ƙungiya ta ƙunshi 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya kuma mai ba da agaji [[Omotola Jalade Ekeinde|Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde]], 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma 'yar kasuwa Osas Ighodaro, wacce ta lashe lambar zinare ta Olympics ta Kenya kuma mai riƙe da rikodin duniya na marathon Eliud Kipchoge, mai binciken Afirka ta Kudu kuma mai hawa dutse Saray Khumalo, mai zane-zanen Najeriya Laolu Senbanjo a halin yanzu kyaftin ɗin ƙungiyar Rugby ta ƙasa ta Afirka ta Kudu Siya Kolisi, da kuma mai tsara rawa ta Rwanda-Britaniya Sherrie Silver . &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=17 May 2021 |title=Meji Alabi: Grammy-winning director on working with Beyonce, Burna Boy and Wizkid |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-57122864 |access-date=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alabi ya jagoranci kuma ya rubuta fim ɗinsa na farko mai suna ''Water and Garri'', wanda Tiwa Savage ta fito a ciki kuma aka fitar a shekarar 2024 &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Bidiyo ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Title
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Year
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Artist(s)
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |{{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
|&quot;Murda&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2014
|[[Seyi Shay]] (feat. Patoranking &amp; Shaydee)
|
|-
|&quot;Crazy&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |2015
|[[Seyi Shay]] (feat. [[Wizkid]])
|
|-
|&quot;Satan Be Gone&quot;
|Asa
|
|-
|&quot;Eyo&quot;
|Asa
|
|-
|&quot;Right Now&quot;
|[[Seyi Shay]]
|
|-
|&quot;Never Gonna Stop&quot;
|Niyola
|
|-
|&quot;Kontrol&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2016
|Maleek Berry
|
|-
|&quot;Aje&quot;
|Alikiba
|
|-
|&quot;For Life&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2017
|Runtown
|
|-
|&quot;Ma Lo&quot;
|[[Tiwa Savage]] (feat. [[Wizkid]])
|
|-
|&quot;All Night&quot;
|Yungen (feat. Mr Eazi)
|
|-
|&quot;Unstable&quot;
|Zak Abel
|
|-
|&quot;Been Callin&quot;
|Maleek Berry
|
|-
|&quot;All Night&quot;
|Yungen
|
|-
|&quot;Sugarcane&quot;
|Tiwa Savage
|
|-
|&quot;Check&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |2018
|Kojo Funds (feat. Raye)
|
|-
|&quot;Space For Two&quot;
|Mr. Probz
|
|-
|&quot;Property&quot;
|Mr Eazi
|
|-
|&quot;Fever&quot;
|[[Wizkid]]
|
|-
|&quot;Get It Now Remix&quot;
|[[Tiwa Savage]] ( feat. Omarion)
|
|-
|&quot;Assurance&quot;
|[[Davido]]
|
|-
|&quot;On The Low&quot;
|[[Burna Boy]]
|
|-
|&quot;Dun Rich&quot;
|Popcaan (feat.[[Davido]])
|
|-
|&quot;Pon My Mind&quot;
|Maleek Berry
|
|-
|&quot;Jungle&quot;
|Nasty C
|
|-
|&quot;Energy&quot;
|Skepta &amp; [[Wizkid]]
|
|-
|&quot;No Crime&quot;
|Nonso Amadi
|
|-
|&quot;London Town&quot;
|Mr Eazi feat. Giggs
|
|-
|&quot;Take Over&quot;
|
|Beatfreakz feat. Mr Eazi, Seyi Shay, Shakka,
|
|-
|&quot;Dis Love&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;10&quot; |2019
|DJ Spinall (feat. Wizkid &amp; Tiwa Savage)
|
|-
|&quot;Sweet in the Middle&quot;
|[[Davido]](feat. Naira Marley, Zlatan Ibile &amp; Wurld)
|
|-
|&quot;Pull Up&quot;
|Burna Boy
|
|-
|&quot;Risky&quot;
|[[Davido]] (feat. Popcaan)
|
|-
|&quot;Traffic Jam&quot;
|Banx+Ranx feat. Kojo Funds
|
|-
|&quot;Gum Body&quot;
|[[Burna Boy]] (feat. Jorja Smith)
|
|-
|&quot;49-99&quot;
|Tiwa Savage
|
|-
|&quot;Zulu Screams&quot;
|Goldlink
|
|-
|&quot;Body Deep&quot;
|Wavy The Creator
|
|-
|&quot;Hold Me Down&quot;
|Eugy feat. Wavy The Creator
|
|-
|&quot;Wonderful&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |2020
|Burna Boy
|
|-
|&quot;4AM&quot;
|Manny Norte
|
|-
|&quot;Dangerous Love&quot;
|Tiwa Savage
|
|-
|&quot;Cause A Commotion&quot;
|Bugzy Malone feat. Skip Marley
|
|-
|&quot;Cool As A Breeze&quot;
|Chronixx
|
|-
|&quot;Monsters You Made&quot;
|Burna Boy feat. Chris Martins
|
|-
|&quot;Cool Me Down&quot;
|DJ Tunez (feat. Wizkid)
|
|-
|&quot;Way Too Big&quot;
|Burna Boy
|
|-
|&quot;Kini Issue&quot;
|Runtown
|
|-
|&quot;No Stress&quot;
|Wizkid
|
|-
|&quot;Smile&quot;
|Wizkid (feat. H.E.R)
|
|-
|&quot;Lento&quot;
|Mr Eazi (feat. J Balvin)
|
|-
|&quot;Real Life&quot;
|Burna Boy feat. Stormzy
|
|-
|&quot;Ginger&quot;
|2021
|Wizkid (feat. Burna Boy)
|
|-
|&quot;Hide n' Seek&quot;
|2022
|Stormzy
|
|-
|&quot;Aboboyaa&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2023
|Popcaan (feat. Burna Boy)
|
|-
|&quot;Party Girls&quot;
|Victoria Monét (feat. Buju Banton)
|
|-
|&quot;My Love&quot;
|Leigh-Anne (feat. Ayra Starr)
|
|}

== Tallace-tallace ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Lakabi
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Shekara
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Alamar(s)
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | {{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| &quot;Mai Likitan Zane&quot;
| 2016
| Hadaddun abubuwa da Selfridges
|
|-
| &quot;Bangano&quot;
| 2017
| Tigo Nipa
|
|-
| &quot;S4&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2018
| Infinix
|
|-
| &quot;Makon Salo&quot;
| GTB
|
|-
| &quot;Kamfen ɗin ƙaddamar da kyau&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | 2019
| UOMA
|
|-
| &quot;Autism: Uwa ta sani&quot;
| GTB
|
|-
| &quot;Abinci da Abin Sha&quot;
| GTB
|
|-
| &quot;Fashion Shi ne 'Yanci&quot;
| GTB
|
|-
| &quot;Lamba ta 5&quot;
| Infinix
|
|-
| &quot;Baƙi Yana Haskakawa Mafi Haske&quot;
| 2021
| Guinness
|
|-
| &quot;Kada Ka Daina Buri&quot;
| 2021
| OREO
|
|-
| &quot;Manyan Rangwame: Abincin Rana&quot;
| 2022
| KFC
|
|-
| &quot;Manyan Rangwame: Talata&quot;
| 2022
| KFC
|
|-
| &quot;Tayoyin Horarwa&quot;
| 2022
| Toyota
|
|-
| &quot;An Yi Don Motsawa&quot;
| 2022
| Cadillac
|
|-
| &quot;Abincin Abinci Mai Daɗi&quot;
| 2023
| Fanta
|
|-
| &quot;Kawai ƙara sifili&quot;
| 2023
| Coca-Cola
|
|}

== Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai ==
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Shekara
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Taron
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Kyauta
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Mai karɓa
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Sakamako
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | {{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | 2014
| Kyautar MTV Africa Music Awards ta 2014
| Mafi Kyawun Bidiyo 
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; ||{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2015
| [[Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya ta 2015|Kyaututtukan Nishaɗi na Najeriya na 2015]]
| Mafi Kyawun Bidiyon Waƙa na Shekara (Mai Zane &amp; Darakta)
| &quot;Hauka&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;( [[Seyi Shay]] )&lt;/span&gt; |{{Nom}}
|
|-
| The Headies 2015
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Mafi kyawun Daraktan Bidiyon Kiɗa
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &quot; [[Seyi Shay]] (Hauka)&quot;  |{{Nom}}
|
|-
| 2016
| The Headies 2016 |{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2017
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | [[Nigeria Entertainment Awards|Kyaututtukan Nishaɗi na Najeriya]]
| Bidiyon Waƙa na Shekara
| &quot; [[Seyi Shay]] (Yolo Yolo)&quot; |{{Won}}
|
|-
| Bikin Kyaututtukan MVP na Soundcity
| Mafi Kyawun Bidiyon Kiɗa
| &quot; Alikiba (Aje)&quot;  |{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2018
| [[Nigeria Entertainment Awards|Kyaututtukan Nishaɗi na Najeriya]]
| Mafi Kyawun Bidiyon Waƙa na Shekara (Mai Zane &amp; Darakta)
| &quot;Malo&quot;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;( [[Tiwa Savage]] )&lt;/span&gt; |{{Nom}}
|
|-
| The Headies 2018
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Mafi kyawun Daraktan Bidiyon Kiɗa
| &quot; [[Tiwa Savage]] (Malo)&quot;  |{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2020
| The Headies 2020
| &quot; [[Wizkid]] (Murmushi)&quot;  |{{Nom}}
|
|-
| Bikin Kyaututtukan MVP na Soundcity
| Bidiyon Shekara
| [[Tiwa Savage]] (49-99)|{{Won}}
|  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 August 2019 |title=Burna Boy Proves He's Nigeria's Most Stylish Musician in His New Video |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/burna-boy-pull-up-nigeria-new-music-video-african-giant |access-date=13 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|}

== Farkon rayuwa ==


== Manazarta ==
 

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* {{Official website|https://www.mejialabi.com}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>r2iqtxnest5w9dpjsuhbrw216iakti9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Imoh Umoren</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>54189</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855865</id>
      <parentid>810539</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:01:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Umulkairi Rabe Nalado</username>
        <id>45777</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348086137|Imoh Umoren]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855865</origin>
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'''Imoh Umoren''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1982), ɗan fim ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] wanda ke yin fina-finai na indie .  Ya fi shahara a matsayin darektan fim din 2017 Children of Mud . Umoren an dauke shi Mai shirya fim-finai na farko da ya yi fim din baki da fari a masana'antar fina-falla ta [[Nollywood]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kweli&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Imoh Umoren career |url=https://www.kweli.tv/authors/imoh-umoren |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=kweliTV, Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
An haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta 1982 a Najeriya. Mahaifinsa ɗan siyasa ne kuma mahaifiyarsa farfesa ce a kwaleji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 April 2019 |title=Interview: Imoh Umoren, African Filmmaker Talks Career Plus &quot;Lagos: Sex, Lies &amp; Traffic&quot; |url=https://www.indieactivity.com/imoh-umoren-interview/ |access-date=14 October 2020 |publisher=Indie Activity}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umoren ya yaba da tasirin mahaifiyarsa don aikinsa a cikin fim. Iyayensa biyu sun mutu lokacin da yake matashi, kuma dangi ne suka yi renonsa har sai da ya fadi da kansa yana da shekaru 16.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-05-30 |title=Losing My Parents And Two Siblings Scared Me Shitless — Man Like Imoh Umoren |url=https://www.zikoko.com/man/man-like-imoh-umoren/ |access-date=2021-05-30 |website=Zikoko! |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
A lokacin da yake da shekaru 9, Umoren ya fara rubuta jerin wasan kwaikwayo da ake kira The ''Wickeds'' tare da abokinsa mafi kusa Richie . Ya shiga a matsayin ƙaramin furodusa na 'Common Ground Production' kuma ya yi aiki a kan jerin ƙasashen duniya da ake kira The Station .  Daga baya, ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin irin su Project Fame, MTV Advance Warning, Don't Forget The Lyrics da ''Malta Guinness Street Dance'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Imoh Umoren: The rise of a filmmaker |url=https://www.omenkaonline.com/imoh-umoren-the-rise-of-a-filmmaker/ |access-date=14 October 2020 |publisher=Omenka Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin da yake da shekaru 26, ya yi fim dinsa na farko ''Lemon Green.'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-05-30 |title=Losing My Parents And Two Siblings Scared Me Shitless — Man Like Imoh Umoren |url=https://www.zikoko.com/man/man-like-imoh-umoren/ |access-date=2021-05-30 |website=Zikoko! |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.zikoko.com/man/man-like-imoh-umoren/ &quot;Losing My Parents And Two Siblings Scared Me Shitless — Man Like Imoh Umoren&quot;]. ''Zikoko!''. 2021-05-30&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2021-05-30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Fim din ya sami yabo mai mahimmanci. Sa'an nan a cikin 2010, ya ba da umarnin gajeren fim din All Sorts Of Trouble . A cikin 2013, an zabi fim dinsa na TV Have A Nice Day don Mafi Kyawun Cinematography . A shekara ta 2015 ya ba da umarnin fim din baki da fari mai suna Hard Times, wanda ya ba shi lambar yabo ta AMVCA ta farko.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AMVCA 2015: Imoh Umoren wins Best New Media Online Video |url=https://africamagic.dstv.com/video/amvca-2015-imoh-umoren-wins-best-new-media-online-video_797864 |access-date=2021-01-06 |website=Africa Magic - AMVCA 2015: Imoh Umoren wins Best New Media Online Video |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don fim dinsa mai ban tsoro The Happyness Limited, an zabi dan wasan kwaikwayo Tope Tedela a matsayin Mafi kyawun Actor a Afirka a Afirka Magic Viewers' Choice Awards (AMVCA). &lt;ref name=&quot;kweli&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Imoh Umoren career |url=https://www.kweli.tv/authors/imoh-umoren |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=kweliTV, Inc.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.kweli.tv/authors/imoh-umoren &quot;Imoh Umoren career&quot;]. kweliTV, Inc&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 October&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Umoren daga baya ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarnin fim din da aka yaba da shi Children of Mud wanda ya dogara ne akan ainihin labarin. Fim din ya sami gabatarwa 7 a bukukuwan fina-finai daban-daban na kasa da kasa ciki har da: Nigeria Entertainment Awards (NEA) da AMVCA. An nuna fim dinsa na gaba mai ban tsoro Dear Bayo a bukukuwan fina-finai 11 kuma ya lashe kyaututtuka 6 a bikin Nollywood na Burtaniya wasu bukukuwan fim na kasa da kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;kweli&quot; /&gt; Umoren ya kuma ba da umarnin fim din Lagos: Sex, Lies &amp; Traffic wanda ya rubuta tare da Gbemisola Afolabi

Daga nan sai ya kammala samar da wasan kwaikwayo na lokacin The [[Herbert Macaulay]] Affair, fim game da Herbert Macaulay, a cikin 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=From an idea to the big screen: The journey of producing a movie |url=https://www.stearsng.com/premium/article/from-an-idea-to-the-big-screen-the-journey-of-producing-a-movie |access-date=14 October 2020 |publisher=Stears Business}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2020, ya yi jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Channel 77. 

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Fim din
!Matsayi
!Irin wannan
!Tabbacin.
|-
|2004
|''Lokaci Mai wuya''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|-
|2007
|''Tashar''
|Junior mai gabatarwa
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|
|-
|2007
|''Kashe Bankin''
|Mai gabatarwa
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|
|-
|2007
|''Kada ku manta da kalmomin''
|Junior mai gabatarwa
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|
|-
|2008
|''Shahararren aikin''
|Junior mai gabatarwa
|Shirin talabijin
|
|-
|2008
|''MTN Xtra Connect Game Show''
|Junior mai gabatarwa
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|
|-
|2008
|''Gargadi na Ci gaba na MTV''
|Junior mai gabatarwa
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|
|-
|2009
|''Lemon Green''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=I want to take Lemon Green to 22 film festivals says, Imoh Umoren |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/8008/i-want-to-take-lemon-green-to-22-film-festivals-says-imoh-u.html |access-date=14 October 2020 |publisher=thenigerianvoice}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2009
|''Malta Guinness Street Dance''
|Junior mai gabatarwa
|Shirin talabijin
|
|-
|2010
|''Dukkanin Matsala''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|-
|2013
|''Yi Rana Mai Kyau''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|-
|2015
|''Legas: Jima'i, Ƙarya &amp; Hanyar Hanyar Hoto''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|-
|2016
|''Farin Ciki da aka Ƙuntata''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Children of Mud|Yaran Mud]]''
|Darakta, furodusa, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|-
|2018
|Kungiyar
|
|
|
|-
|2019
|''[[The Herbert Macaulay Affair|Batun Herbert Macaulay]]''
|Darakta, furodusa
|Fim din
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Dear Bayo|ƙaunataccen Bayo]]''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|}

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]]
* [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]]

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{IMDb name|nm9540176}}
* [http://wanawana.net/2015/11/02/new-short-film-mama-na-boy/ Sabon gajeren fim din 'Mama Na Boy']
[[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>g58530k5eg5uoyukpwzs9lm4tnjooz6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855866</id>
      <parentid>855865</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:02:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Umulkairi Rabe Nalado</username>
        <id>45777</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>855866</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6889" sha1="gy3ro4foadlm2ibpbby4hhuin0w929q" xml:space="preserve">
 

'''Imoh Umoren''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1982), ɗan fim ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] wanda ke yin fina-finai na indie .  Ya fi shahara a matsayin darektan fim din 2017 Children of Mud . Umoren an dauke shi Mai shirya fim-finai na farko da ya yi fim din baki da fari a masana'antar fina-falla ta [[Nollywood]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kweli&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Imoh Umoren career |url=https://www.kweli.tv/authors/imoh-umoren |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=kweliTV, Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
An haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1982 a Najeriya. Mahaifinsa ɗan siyasa ne kuma mahaifiyarsa farfesa ce a kwaleji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 April 2019 |title=Interview: Imoh Umoren, African Filmmaker Talks Career Plus &quot;Lagos: Sex, Lies &amp; Traffic&quot; |url=https://www.indieactivity.com/imoh-umoren-interview/ |access-date=14 October 2020 |publisher=Indie Activity}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umoren ya yaba da tasirin mahaifiyarsa don aikinsa a cikin fim. Iyayensa biyu sun mutu lokacin da yake matashi, kuma dangi ne suka yi renonsa har sai da ya fadi da kansa yana da shekaru 16.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-05-30 |title=Losing My Parents And Two Siblings Scared Me Shitless — Man Like Imoh Umoren |url=https://www.zikoko.com/man/man-like-imoh-umoren/ |access-date=2021-05-30 |website=Zikoko! |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
A lokacin da yake da shekaru 9, Umoren ya fara rubuta jerin wasan kwaikwayo da ake kira The ''Wickeds'' tare da abokinsa mafi kusa Richie . Ya shiga a matsayin ƙaramin furodusa na 'Common Ground Production' kuma ya yi aiki a kan jerin ƙasashen duniya da ake kira The Station .  Daga baya, ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin irin su Project Fame, MTV Advance Warning, Don't Forget The Lyrics da ''Malta Guinness Street Dance'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Imoh Umoren: The rise of a filmmaker |url=https://www.omenkaonline.com/imoh-umoren-the-rise-of-a-filmmaker/ |access-date=14 October 2020 |publisher=Omenka Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin da yake da shekaru 26, ya yi fim dinsa na farko ''Lemon Green.'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-05-30 |title=Losing My Parents And Two Siblings Scared Me Shitless — Man Like Imoh Umoren |url=https://www.zikoko.com/man/man-like-imoh-umoren/ |access-date=2021-05-30 |website=Zikoko! |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.zikoko.com/man/man-like-imoh-umoren/ &quot;Losing My Parents And Two Siblings Scared Me Shitless — Man Like Imoh Umoren&quot;]. ''Zikoko!''. 2021-05-30&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2021-05-30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Fim din ya sami yabo mai mahimmanci. Sa'an nan a cikin 2010, ya ba da umarnin gajeren fim din All Sorts Of Trouble . A cikin 2013, an zabi fim dinsa na TV Have A Nice Day don Mafi Kyawun Cinematography . A shekara ta 2015 ya ba da umarnin fim din baki da fari mai suna Hard Times, wanda ya ba shi lambar yabo ta AMVCA ta farko.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AMVCA 2015: Imoh Umoren wins Best New Media Online Video |url=https://africamagic.dstv.com/video/amvca-2015-imoh-umoren-wins-best-new-media-online-video_797864 |access-date=2021-01-06 |website=Africa Magic - AMVCA 2015: Imoh Umoren wins Best New Media Online Video |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don fim dinsa mai ban tsoro The Happyness Limited, an zabi dan wasan kwaikwayo Tope Tedela a matsayin Mafi kyawun Actor a Afirka a Afirka Magic Viewers' Choice Awards (AMVCA). &lt;ref name=&quot;kweli&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Imoh Umoren career |url=https://www.kweli.tv/authors/imoh-umoren |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=kweliTV, Inc.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.kweli.tv/authors/imoh-umoren &quot;Imoh Umoren career&quot;]. kweliTV, Inc&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 October&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Umoren daga baya ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarnin fim din da aka yaba da shi Children of Mud wanda ya dogara ne akan ainihin labarin. Fim din ya sami gabatarwa 7 a bukukuwan fina-finai daban-daban na kasa da kasa ciki har da: Nigeria Entertainment Awards (NEA) da AMVCA. An nuna fim dinsa na gaba mai ban tsoro Dear Bayo a bukukuwan fina-finai 11 kuma ya lashe kyaututtuka 6 a bikin Nollywood na Burtaniya wasu bukukuwan fim na kasa da kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;kweli&quot; /&gt; Umoren ya kuma ba da umarnin fim din Lagos: Sex, Lies &amp; Traffic wanda ya rubuta tare da Gbemisola Afolabi

Daga nan sai ya kammala samar da wasan kwaikwayo na lokacin The [[Herbert Macaulay]] Affair, fim game da Herbert Macaulay, a cikin 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=From an idea to the big screen: The journey of producing a movie |url=https://www.stearsng.com/premium/article/from-an-idea-to-the-big-screen-the-journey-of-producing-a-movie |access-date=14 October 2020 |publisher=Stears Business}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2020, ya yi jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Channel 77. 

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Fim din
!Matsayi
!Irin wannan
!Tabbacin.
|-
|2004
|''Lokaci Mai wuya''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|-
|2007
|''Tashar''
|Junior mai gabatarwa
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|
|-
|2007
|''Kashe Bankin''
|Mai gabatarwa
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|
|-
|2007
|''Kada ku manta da kalmomin''
|Junior mai gabatarwa
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|
|-
|2008
|''Shahararren aikin''
|Junior mai gabatarwa
|Shirin talabijin
|
|-
|2008
|''MTN Xtra Connect Game Show''
|Junior mai gabatarwa
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|
|-
|2008
|''Gargadi na Ci gaba na MTV''
|Junior mai gabatarwa
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|
|-
|2009
|''Lemon Green''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=I want to take Lemon Green to 22 film festivals says, Imoh Umoren |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/8008/i-want-to-take-lemon-green-to-22-film-festivals-says-imoh-u.html |access-date=14 October 2020 |publisher=thenigerianvoice}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2009
|''Malta Guinness Street Dance''
|Junior mai gabatarwa
|Shirin talabijin
|
|-
|2010
|''Dukkanin Matsala''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|-
|2013
|''Yi Rana Mai Kyau''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|-
|2015
|''Legas: Jima'i, Ƙarya &amp; Hanyar Hanyar Hoto''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|-
|2016
|''Farin Ciki da aka Ƙuntata''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Children of Mud|Yaran Mud]]''
|Darakta, furodusa, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|-
|2018
|Kungiyar
|
|
|
|-
|2019
|''[[The Herbert Macaulay Affair|Batun Herbert Macaulay]]''
|Darakta, furodusa
|Fim din
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Dear Bayo|ƙaunataccen Bayo]]''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|}

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]]
* [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]]

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{IMDb name|nm9540176}}
* [http://wanawana.net/2015/11/02/new-short-film-mama-na-boy/ Sabon gajeren fim din 'Mama Na Boy']
[[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>gy3ro4foadlm2ibpbby4hhuin0w929q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855868</id>
      <parentid>855866</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:02:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Umulkairi Rabe Nalado</username>
        <id>45777</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>855868</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6894" sha1="i91e3w15fqplo388k4ozdprhx330xin" xml:space="preserve">
 

'''Imoh Umoren''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1982), ɗan fim ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] wanda ke yin fina-finai na indie .  Ya fi shahara a matsayin darektan fim din 2017 Children of Mud . Umoren an dauke shi Mai shirya fim-finai na farko da ya yi fim din baki da fari a masana'antar fina-falla ta [[Nollywood]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kweli&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Imoh Umoren career |url=https://www.kweli.tv/authors/imoh-umoren |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=kweliTV, Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
An haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1982 a Najeriya. Mahaifinsa ɗan siyasa ne kuma mahaifiyarsa farfesa ce a kwaleji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 April 2019 |title=Interview: Imoh Umoren, African Filmmaker Talks Career Plus &quot;Lagos: Sex, Lies &amp; Traffic&quot; |url=https://www.indieactivity.com/imoh-umoren-interview/ |access-date=14 October 2020 |publisher=Indie Activity}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umoren ya yaba da tasirin mahaifiyarsa don aikinsa a cikin fim. Iyayensa biyu sun mutu lokacin da yake matashi, kuma dangi ne suka yi renonsa har sai da ya fadi da kansa yana da shekaru 16.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-05-30 |title=Losing My Parents And Two Siblings Scared Me Shitless — Man Like Imoh Umoren |url=https://www.zikoko.com/man/man-like-imoh-umoren/ |access-date=2021-05-30 |website=Zikoko! |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
A lokacin da yake da shekaru 9, Umoren ya fara rubuta jerin wasan kwaikwayo da ake kira The ''Wickeds'' tare da abokinsa mafi kusa Richie . Ya shiga a matsayin ƙaramin furodusa na 'Common Ground Production' kuma ya yi aiki a kan jerin ƙasashen duniya da ake kira The Station .  Daga baya, ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin irin su Project Fame, MTV Advance Warning, Don't Forget The Lyrics da ''Malta Guinness Street Dance'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Imoh Umoren: The rise of a filmmaker |url=https://www.omenkaonline.com/imoh-umoren-the-rise-of-a-filmmaker/ |access-date=14 October 2020 |publisher=Omenka Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin da yake da shekaru 26, ya kuma yi fim dinsa na farko ''Lemon Green.'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-05-30 |title=Losing My Parents And Two Siblings Scared Me Shitless — Man Like Imoh Umoren |url=https://www.zikoko.com/man/man-like-imoh-umoren/ |access-date=2021-05-30 |website=Zikoko! |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.zikoko.com/man/man-like-imoh-umoren/ &quot;Losing My Parents And Two Siblings Scared Me Shitless — Man Like Imoh Umoren&quot;]. ''Zikoko!''. 2021-05-30&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2021-05-30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Fim din ya sami yabo mai mahimmanci. Sa'an nan a cikin 2010, ya ba da umarnin gajeren fim din All Sorts Of Trouble . A cikin 2013, an zabi fim dinsa na TV Have A Nice Day don Mafi Kyawun Cinematography . A shekara ta 2015 ya ba da umarnin fim din baki da fari mai suna Hard Times, wanda ya ba shi lambar yabo ta AMVCA ta farko.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AMVCA 2015: Imoh Umoren wins Best New Media Online Video |url=https://africamagic.dstv.com/video/amvca-2015-imoh-umoren-wins-best-new-media-online-video_797864 |access-date=2021-01-06 |website=Africa Magic - AMVCA 2015: Imoh Umoren wins Best New Media Online Video |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don fim dinsa mai ban tsoro The Happyness Limited, an zabi dan wasan kwaikwayo Tope Tedela a matsayin Mafi kyawun Actor a Afirka a Afirka Magic Viewers' Choice Awards (AMVCA). &lt;ref name=&quot;kweli&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Imoh Umoren career |url=https://www.kweli.tv/authors/imoh-umoren |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=kweliTV, Inc.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.kweli.tv/authors/imoh-umoren &quot;Imoh Umoren career&quot;]. kweliTV, Inc&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 October&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Umoren daga baya ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarnin fim din da aka yaba da shi Children of Mud wanda ya dogara ne akan ainihin labarin. Fim din ya sami gabatarwa 7 a bukukuwan fina-finai daban-daban na kasa da kasa ciki har da: Nigeria Entertainment Awards (NEA) da AMVCA. An nuna fim dinsa na gaba mai ban tsoro Dear Bayo a bukukuwan fina-finai 11 kuma ya lashe kyaututtuka 6 a bikin Nollywood na Burtaniya wasu bukukuwan fim na kasa da kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;kweli&quot; /&gt; Umoren ya kuma ba da umarnin fim din Lagos: Sex, Lies &amp; Traffic wanda ya rubuta tare da Gbemisola Afolabi

Daga nan sai ya kammala samar da wasan kwaikwayo na lokacin The [[Herbert Macaulay]] Affair, fim game da Herbert Macaulay, a cikin 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=From an idea to the big screen: The journey of producing a movie |url=https://www.stearsng.com/premium/article/from-an-idea-to-the-big-screen-the-journey-of-producing-a-movie |access-date=14 October 2020 |publisher=Stears Business}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2020, ya yi jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Channel 77. 

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Fim din
!Matsayi
!Irin wannan
!Tabbacin.
|-
|2004
|''Lokaci Mai wuya''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|-
|2007
|''Tashar''
|Junior mai gabatarwa
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|
|-
|2007
|''Kashe Bankin''
|Mai gabatarwa
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|
|-
|2007
|''Kada ku manta da kalmomin''
|Junior mai gabatarwa
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|
|-
|2008
|''Shahararren aikin''
|Junior mai gabatarwa
|Shirin talabijin
|
|-
|2008
|''MTN Xtra Connect Game Show''
|Junior mai gabatarwa
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|
|-
|2008
|''Gargadi na Ci gaba na MTV''
|Junior mai gabatarwa
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|
|-
|2009
|''Lemon Green''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=I want to take Lemon Green to 22 film festivals says, Imoh Umoren |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/8008/i-want-to-take-lemon-green-to-22-film-festivals-says-imoh-u.html |access-date=14 October 2020 |publisher=thenigerianvoice}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2009
|''Malta Guinness Street Dance''
|Junior mai gabatarwa
|Shirin talabijin
|
|-
|2010
|''Dukkanin Matsala''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|-
|2013
|''Yi Rana Mai Kyau''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|-
|2015
|''Legas: Jima'i, Ƙarya &amp; Hanyar Hanyar Hoto''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|-
|2016
|''Farin Ciki da aka Ƙuntata''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Children of Mud|Yaran Mud]]''
|Darakta, furodusa, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|-
|2018
|Kungiyar
|
|
|
|-
|2019
|''[[The Herbert Macaulay Affair|Batun Herbert Macaulay]]''
|Darakta, furodusa
|Fim din
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Dear Bayo|ƙaunataccen Bayo]]''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|}

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]]
* [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]]

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{IMDb name|nm9540176}}
* [http://wanawana.net/2015/11/02/new-short-film-mama-na-boy/ Sabon gajeren fim din 'Mama Na Boy']
[[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>i91e3w15fqplo388k4ozdprhx330xin</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855870</id>
      <parentid>855868</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:03:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Umulkairi Rabe Nalado</username>
        <id>45777</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>855870</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6903" sha1="8zcyuw7dypd8kecicegwj5saixe13x2" xml:space="preserve">
 

'''Imoh Umoren''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1982), ɗan fim ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] wanda ke yin fina-finai na indie .  Ya fi shahara a matsayin darektan fim din 2017 Children of Mud . Umoren an dauke shi Mai shirya fim-finai na farko da ya yi fim din baki da fari a masana'antar fina-falla ta [[Nollywood]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kweli&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Imoh Umoren career |url=https://www.kweli.tv/authors/imoh-umoren |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=kweliTV, Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
An haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1982 a Najeriya. Mahaifinsa ɗan siyasa ne kuma mahaifiyarsa farfesa ce a kwaleji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 April 2019 |title=Interview: Imoh Umoren, African Filmmaker Talks Career Plus &quot;Lagos: Sex, Lies &amp; Traffic&quot; |url=https://www.indieactivity.com/imoh-umoren-interview/ |access-date=14 October 2020 |publisher=Indie Activity}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umoren ya yaba da tasirin mahaifiyarsa don aikinsa a cikin fim. Iyayensa biyu sun mutu lokacin da yake matashi, kuma dangi ne suka yi renonsa har sai da ya fadi da kansa yana da shekaru 16.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-05-30 |title=Losing My Parents And Two Siblings Scared Me Shitless — Man Like Imoh Umoren |url=https://www.zikoko.com/man/man-like-imoh-umoren/ |access-date=2021-05-30 |website=Zikoko! |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
A lokacin da yake da shekaru 9, Umoren ya fara rubuta jerin wasan kwaikwayo da ake kira The ''Wickeds'' tare da abokinsa mafi kusa Richie . Ya shiga a matsayin ƙaramin furodusa na 'Common Ground Production' kuma ya yi aiki a kan jerin ƙasashen duniya da ake kira The Station .  Daga baya, ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin irin su Project Fame, MTV Advance Warning, Don't Forget The Lyrics da ''Malta Guinness Street Dance'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Imoh Umoren: The rise of a filmmaker |url=https://www.omenkaonline.com/imoh-umoren-the-rise-of-a-filmmaker/ |access-date=14 October 2020 |publisher=Omenka Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin da yake da shekaru 26, ya kuma yi fim dinsa na farko ''Lemon Green.'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-05-30 |title=Losing My Parents And Two Siblings Scared Me Shitless — Man Like Imoh Umoren |url=https://www.zikoko.com/man/man-like-imoh-umoren/ |access-date=2021-05-30 |website=Zikoko! |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.zikoko.com/man/man-like-imoh-umoren/ &quot;Losing My Parents And Two Siblings Scared Me Shitless — Man Like Imoh Umoren&quot;]. ''Zikoko!''. 2021-05-30&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2021-05-30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Fim din ya sami yabo mai mahimmanci. Sa'an nan a cikin 2010, ya ba da umarnin gajeren fim din All Sorts Of Trouble . A cikin 2013, an zabi fim dinsa na TV Have A Nice Day don Mafi Kyawun Cinematography . A shekara ta 2015 ya ba da umarnin fim din baki da fari mai suna Hard Times, wanda ya ba shi lambar yabo ta AMVCA ta farko.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AMVCA 2015: Imoh Umoren wins Best New Media Online Video |url=https://africamagic.dstv.com/video/amvca-2015-imoh-umoren-wins-best-new-media-online-video_797864 |access-date=2021-01-06 |website=Africa Magic - AMVCA 2015: Imoh Umoren wins Best New Media Online Video |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don fim dinsa mai ban tsoro The Happyness Limited, an zabi dan wasan kwaikwayo Tope Tedela a matsayin Mafi kyawun Actor a Afirka a Afirka Magic Viewers' Choice Awards (AMVCA). &lt;ref name=&quot;kweli&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Imoh Umoren career |url=https://www.kweli.tv/authors/imoh-umoren |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=kweliTV, Inc.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.kweli.tv/authors/imoh-umoren &quot;Imoh Umoren career&quot;]. kweliTV, Inc&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 October&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Umoren daga baya ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarnin fim din da aka yaba da shi Children of Mud wanda ya dogara ne akan ainihin labarin. Fim din ya sami gabatarwa 7 a bukukuwan fina-finai daban-daban na kasa da kasa ciki har da: Nigeria Entertainment Awards (NEA) da AMVCA. An nuna fim dinsa na gaba mai ban tsoro Dear Bayo a bukukuwan fina-finai 11 kuma ya lashe kyaututtuka 6 a bikin Nollywood na Burtaniya wasu bukukuwan fim na kasa da kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;kweli&quot; /&gt; Umoren ya kuma ba da umarnin fim din Lagos: Sex, Lies &amp; Traffic wanda ya rubuta tare da Gbemisola Afolabi

Daga nan sai ya kammala samar da wasan kwaikwayo na lokacin The [[Herbert Macaulay]] Affair, fim game da Herbert Macaulay, a cikin shekarar 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=From an idea to the big screen: The journey of producing a movie |url=https://www.stearsng.com/premium/article/from-an-idea-to-the-big-screen-the-journey-of-producing-a-movie |access-date=14 October 2020 |publisher=Stears Business}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2020, ya yi jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Channel 77. 

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Fim din
!Matsayi
!Irin wannan
!Tabbacin.
|-
|2004
|''Lokaci Mai wuya''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|-
|2007
|''Tashar''
|Junior mai gabatarwa
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|
|-
|2007
|''Kashe Bankin''
|Mai gabatarwa
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|
|-
|2007
|''Kada ku manta da kalmomin''
|Junior mai gabatarwa
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|
|-
|2008
|''Shahararren aikin''
|Junior mai gabatarwa
|Shirin talabijin
|
|-
|2008
|''MTN Xtra Connect Game Show''
|Junior mai gabatarwa
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|
|-
|2008
|''Gargadi na Ci gaba na MTV''
|Junior mai gabatarwa
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|
|-
|2009
|''Lemon Green''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=I want to take Lemon Green to 22 film festivals says, Imoh Umoren |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/8008/i-want-to-take-lemon-green-to-22-film-festivals-says-imoh-u.html |access-date=14 October 2020 |publisher=thenigerianvoice}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2009
|''Malta Guinness Street Dance''
|Junior mai gabatarwa
|Shirin talabijin
|
|-
|2010
|''Dukkanin Matsala''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|-
|2013
|''Yi Rana Mai Kyau''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|-
|2015
|''Legas: Jima'i, Ƙarya &amp; Hanyar Hanyar Hoto''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|-
|2016
|''Farin Ciki da aka Ƙuntata''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Children of Mud|Yaran Mud]]''
|Darakta, furodusa, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|-
|2018
|Kungiyar
|
|
|
|-
|2019
|''[[The Herbert Macaulay Affair|Batun Herbert Macaulay]]''
|Darakta, furodusa
|Fim din
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Dear Bayo|ƙaunataccen Bayo]]''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|}

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]]
* [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]]

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{IMDb name|nm9540176}}
* [http://wanawana.net/2015/11/02/new-short-film-mama-na-boy/ Sabon gajeren fim din 'Mama Na Boy']
[[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <id>855874</id>
      <parentid>855870</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:05:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mahuta</username>
        <id>11340</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>855874</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6911" sha1="d68lowp3l6u6uibvn7130h6opjr59iy" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''Imoh Umoren''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1982), ɗan fim ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] wanda ke yin fina-finai na indie .  Ya fi shahara a matsayin darektan fim din 2017 Children of Mud . Umoren an dauke shi Mai shirya fim-finai na farko da ya yi fim din baki da fari a masana'antar fina-falla ta [[Nollywood]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kweli&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Imoh Umoren career |url=https://www.kweli.tv/authors/imoh-umoren |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=kweliTV, Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
An haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1982 a Najeriya. Mahaifinsa ɗan siyasa ne kuma mahaifiyarsa farfesa ce a kwaleji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 April 2019 |title=Interview: Imoh Umoren, African Filmmaker Talks Career Plus &quot;Lagos: Sex, Lies &amp; Traffic&quot; |url=https://www.indieactivity.com/imoh-umoren-interview/ |access-date=14 October 2020 |publisher=Indie Activity}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umoren ya yaba da tasirin mahaifiyarsa don aikinsa a cikin fim. Iyayensa biyu sun mutu lokacin da yake matashi, kuma dangi ne suka yi renonsa har sai da ya fadi da kansa yana da shekaru 16.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-05-30 |title=Losing My Parents And Two Siblings Scared Me Shitless — Man Like Imoh Umoren |url=https://www.zikoko.com/man/man-like-imoh-umoren/ |access-date=2021-05-30 |website=Zikoko! |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
A lokacin da yake da shekaru 9, Umoren ya fara rubuta jerin wasan kwaikwayo da ake kira The ''Wickeds'' tare da abokinsa mafi kusa Richie . Ya shiga a matsayin ƙaramin furodusa na 'Common Ground Production' kuma ya yi aiki a kan jerin ƙasashen duniya da ake kira The Station .  Daga baya, ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin irin su Project Fame, MTV Advance Warning, Don't Forget The Lyrics da ''Malta Guinness Street Dance'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Imoh Umoren: The rise of a filmmaker |url=https://www.omenkaonline.com/imoh-umoren-the-rise-of-a-filmmaker/ |access-date=14 October 2020 |publisher=Omenka Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin da yake da shekaru 26, ya kuma yi fim dinsa na farko ''Lemon Green.'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-05-30 |title=Losing My Parents And Two Siblings Scared Me Shitless — Man Like Imoh Umoren |url=https://www.zikoko.com/man/man-like-imoh-umoren/ |access-date=2021-05-30 |website=Zikoko! |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.zikoko.com/man/man-like-imoh-umoren/ &quot;Losing My Parents And Two Siblings Scared Me Shitless — Man Like Imoh Umoren&quot;]. ''Zikoko!''. 2021-05-30&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2021-05-30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Fim din ya sami yabo mai mahimmanci. Sa'an nan a cikin 2010, ya ba da umarnin gajeren fim din All Sorts Of Trouble . A cikin 2013, an zabi fim dinsa na TV Have A Nice Day don Mafi Kyawun Cinematography . A shekara ta 2015 ya ba da umarnin fim din baki da fari mai suna Hard Times, wanda ya ba shi lambar yabo ta AMVCA ta farko.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AMVCA 2015: Imoh Umoren wins Best New Media Online Video |url=https://africamagic.dstv.com/video/amvca-2015-imoh-umoren-wins-best-new-media-online-video_797864 |access-date=2021-01-06 |website=Africa Magic - AMVCA 2015: Imoh Umoren wins Best New Media Online Video |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don fim dinsa mai ban tsoro The Happyness Limited, an zabi dan wasan kwaikwayo Tope Tedela a matsayin Mafi kyawun Actor a Afirka a Afirka Magic Viewers' Choice Awards (AMVCA). &lt;ref name=&quot;kweli&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Imoh Umoren career |url=https://www.kweli.tv/authors/imoh-umoren |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=kweliTV, Inc.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.kweli.tv/authors/imoh-umoren &quot;Imoh Umoren career&quot;]. kweliTV, Inc&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;13 October&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Umoren daga baya ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarnin fim din da aka yaba da shi Children of Mud wanda ya dogara ne akan ainihin labarin. Fim din ya sami gabatarwa 7 a bukukuwan fina-finai daban-daban na kasa da kasa ciki har da: Nigeria Entertainment Awards (NEA) da AMVCA. An nuna fim dinsa na gaba mai ban tsoro Dear Bayo a bukukuwan fina-finai 11 kuma ya lashe kyaututtuka 6 a bikin Nollywood na Burtaniya wasu bukukuwan fim na kasa da kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;kweli&quot; /&gt; Umoren ya kuma ba da umarnin fim din Lagos: Sex, Lies &amp; Traffic wanda ya rubuta tare da Gbemisola Afolabi

Daga nan sai ya kammala samar da wasan kwaikwayo na lokacin The [[Herbert Macaulay]] Affair, fim game da Herbert Macaulay, a cikin shekarar 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=From an idea to the big screen: The journey of producing a movie |url=https://www.stearsng.com/premium/article/from-an-idea-to-the-big-screen-the-journey-of-producing-a-movie |access-date=14 October 2020 |publisher=Stears Business}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2020, ya yi jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Channel 77. 

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
!Fim din
!Matsayi
!Irin wannan
!Tabbacin.
|-
|2004
|''Lokaci Mai wuya''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|-
|2007
|''Tashar''
|Junior mai gabatarwa
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|
|-
|2007
|''Kashe Bankin''
|Mai gabatarwa
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|
|-
|2007
|''Kada ku manta da kalmomin''
|Junior mai gabatarwa
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|
|-
|2008
|''Shahararren aikin''
|Junior mai gabatarwa
|Shirin talabijin
|
|-
|2008
|''MTN Xtra Connect Game Show''
|Junior mai gabatarwa
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|
|-
|2008
|''Gargadi na Ci gaba na MTV''
|Junior mai gabatarwa
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|
|-
|2009
|''Lemon Green''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=I want to take Lemon Green to 22 film festivals says, Imoh Umoren |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/8008/i-want-to-take-lemon-green-to-22-film-festivals-says-imoh-u.html |access-date=14 October 2020 |publisher=thenigerianvoice}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2009
|''Malta Guinness Street Dance''
|Junior mai gabatarwa
|Shirin talabijin
|
|-
|2010
|''Dukkanin Matsala''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|-
|2013
|''Yi Rana Mai Kyau''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|-
|2015
|''Legas: Jima'i, Ƙarya &amp; Hanyar Hanyar Hoto''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|-
|2016
|''Farin Ciki da aka Ƙuntata''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Children of Mud|Yaran Mud]]''
|Darakta, furodusa, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|-
|2018
|Kungiyar
|
|
|
|-
|2019
|''[[The Herbert Macaulay Affair|Batun Herbert Macaulay]]''
|Darakta, furodusa
|Fim din
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Dear Bayo|ƙaunataccen Bayo]]''
|Darakta, marubuci
|Fim din
|
|}

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]]
* [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]]

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{IMDb name|nm9540176}}
* [http://wanawana.net/2015/11/02/new-short-film-mama-na-boy/ Sabon gajeren fim din 'Mama Na Boy']
[[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>d68lowp3l6u6uibvn7130h6opjr59iy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>As Crazy as It Gets (fim)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>69369</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855820</id>
      <parentid>785158</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T10:48:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Umulkairi Rabe Nalado</username>
        <id>45777</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>855820</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3176" sha1="86w0aaracanfprrzzo6jkc6gj3b7kiy" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''As Crazy as it Gets''''' fim ɗin  barkwanci ne na soyayya a Najeriya na shekarar 2015 wanda Shittu Taiwo ya ba da Umarni, sannan kuma [[Omoni Oboli]] da Chuks Chyke suka fito a matsayin jagororin shirin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/2015/04/16/omoni-oboli/ | title=Omoni Oboli Stars In Soon To Be Released Film, As Crazy As It Gets | publisher=Sodas and Popcorn | date=16 April 2015 | accessdate=2 September 2015 | author=Oluwatobi | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527185804/http://www.sodasandpopcorn.com/2015/04/16/omoni-oboli/ | archive-date=27 May 2015 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Takaitaccen tarihin fim ɗin na bsyanin: &quot;Namijin da zai yi wa budurwar aure ya kuma yi watsi da shirinsa yayin da wata mata mai ɗauke da juna biyu ta fito a kofar gidansa tana neman ya ɗauki nauyin da kuma ke kansa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nigerianmovies.watch/omoni-oboli-stumbles-on-the-truth-in-as-crazy-as-it-gets/ |title=Omoni Oboli Stumbles On The Truth In &quot; As Crazy As It Gets &quot; |publisher=Watch Nigerian Movies |date=8 June 2015 |accessdate=2 September 2015 }}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƴan wasan shirin ==

* [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Katherine
* Chucks Chyke a matsayin Ritchie
* Aisha Tisham a matsayin Nina
* Oduen Apel a matsayin
* Titi Yusuf a matsayin
* Mary Chukwu a matsayin
* Tehilla Adiele a matsayin
* Ajibade

== Shiryawa da saki ==
''As Crazy as It Gets'' an dauki shirin fim ɗin a [[Abuja]], [[Babban Birnin Tarayya, Najeriya|babban birnin tarayyar Najeriya]] . An fara haska shirin a Otal ɗin Sheraton, Abuja ranar 3 ga watan Mayu 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.olisa.tv/2015/05/06/picturesayesther-audupremiere-as-crazy-gets/ | title=Pictures: AY, Esther Audu, others at the premiere of &quot;As Crazy As It Gets&quot; | publisher=Olisa TV | date=6 May 2015 | accessdate=2 September 2015 | author=Duru, Uche | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120225806/http://www.olisa.tv/2015/05/06/picturesayesther-audupremiere-as-crazy-gets/ | archive-date=20 November 2015 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.makinmagazine.com/as-crazy-as-it-gets-feat-omoni-oboli-and-chucks-chyke/ | title='As Crazy As It Gets' feat. Omoni Oboli and Chucks Chyke | publisher=Makin Magazine | accessdate=2 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120184658/http://www.makinmagazine.com/as-crazy-as-it-gets-feat-omoni-oboli-and-chucks-chyke/ | archive-date=20 November 2015 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  An fitar da tsllar fim ɗin a yanar gizo a watan Yuni shekarar 2015. 

== Tsokaci ==
Nollywood Reinvented ya ba fim din kashi 40%, inda ya yaba wa labarin da cewa “na daban ne”, amma ya soki raunata makirci da rashin ilimi tsakanin manyan jaruman biyu. Ya karkare da cewa: “...fim ɗin yana da ban sha’awa domin ya sha bamban, Omoni ya kawo rayuwa mai yawa a fim ɗin kuma jarumin maza, Chucks Chyke, ya taka rawar gani a daidaikunsu a matsayinsa na ɗan wasa. Yanzu babu shakka akwai aikin da ya kamata a yi tare da martaninsa ga sauran 'yan wasan kwaikwayo&quot;. 

== Nassoshi ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Fim]]</text>
      <sha1>86w0aaracanfprrzzo6jkc6gj3b7kiy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chijindu Kelechi Eke</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>73549</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855921</id>
      <parentid>838775</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:18:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Umulkairi Rabe Nalado</username>
        <id>45777</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357308342|Chijindu Kelechi Eke]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855921</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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'''Chijindu Kelechi Eke'''// i shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya na Amurka, injiniyan software, kuma mai ba da agaji.   Shi ne wanda ya kafa bikin fina-finai na [[Afirka]] (TAFF),  wanda ya kafa Village Arts &amp; Film Festival (VILLAFFEST),   kuma mai kirkirar sabis na fina-fakka na Afirka Rootflix.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-07 |title=African Film Festival in Texas Bridges Cultures |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/african-film-festival-texas-bridges-cultures/3408425.html |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa bikin African Women Arts &amp; Film Festival (AWAFFEST),  wanda ke murna da aikin mata na Afirka a fim.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=African Women Arts &amp; Film Festival (AWAFFEST) |url=https://filmfreeway.com/awaffest |website=Filmfreeway}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana amfani da fina-finai da ya fitar a jami'o'in da aka sani a duniya kamar [[Jami'ar Harvard|Harvard]], Yale, [[Jami'ar Stanford|Stanford]], a matsayin kayan bincike don Nazarin Afirka da Shige da Fice.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Catalog - chijindu kelechi eke - Search Results |url=https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=chijindu+kelechi+eke&amp;offset=1 |website=search.worldcat.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eke |first=Chijindu |date=2012 |title=Lost in Abroad: Have we forgotten our Roots? |url=https://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/990133641810203941/catalog |journal=Harvard University Library |via=Bigobi Productions}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eke |first=Chijindu Kelechi |date=2012 |title=Lost in Abroad: Have We Forgotten Our Roots? |url=https://search.library.yale.edu/catalog/11072297 |journal=[[Yale University]] |via=[Dallas, Texas]: Bigobi Productions}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eke |first=Chijindu Kelechi |date=2012 |title=Lost in abroad: have we forgotten our roots? |url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/9723004 |format=Video Recording |journal=[[Stanford University]] |via=[Dallas, Tex.?], Bigobi Productions.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 30 ga Satumba, 2022, Kelechi Eke ya fara wani aikin da ya kira Operation Light up Amafor don shigar da fitilun hasken rana a cikin al'ummarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; A lokacin da aka naɗa shi a ranar 26 ga Disamba, 2023, an naɗa shi sarauta a matsayin &quot;Ichie Ihemba&quot; na farko na Imerienwe  a [[Imo|Jihar Imo]] ta Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=fatshimetrie |date=2023-12-16 |title=Kelechi Eke, founder of the TAFF festival, inducted leader of his community for his exceptional contribution to cultural development |url=https://eng.fatshimetrie.org/2023/12/16/kelechi-eke-founder-of-the-taff-festival-inducted-leader-of-his-community-for-his-exceptional-contribution-to-cultural-development/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Fatshimetrie |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da cewa yana zaune ne a Amurka, an nada Ichie Kelechi Eke a matsayin shugaban kwamitin kungiyar Para-Soccer Association of Imo State a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2024 saboda sha'awar da yake da ita ga ci gaban wasanni da kulawa da nakasassu.

A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2024, Ichie Kelechi Eke ya yi kira ga hadin kai a cikin al'ummarsa kuma ya ba da damar farfado da bikin ranar Amafor da aka watsar, wanda yawanci ana gudanar da shi a kowace ranar 27 ga Disamba don kiyaye al'adun al'adu. Ya canza shi zuwa carnival, wanda ke nuna alamun tufafin gargajiya, wasan kwaikwayo na rawa, da kuma hada sabbin abubuwa kamar gasar wasanni da wasan kwaikwayo mai kyau, wanda ya ba da dama ga mata matasa, gami da tallafin karatu.&amp;nbsp;

A ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 2024, Ichie Kelechi Eke ya jagoranci kaddamar da [[Odenigbo Cultural Club|Kungiyar Al'adu ta Odenigbo]], kungiyar da ya kafa a [[Dallas]] don yin bikin [[Al'adun Igbo]] da kuma adana [[Harshen Ibo|Harshen Igbo]] a cikin kasashen waje. Shi da membobin kungiyar suna amfani da wannan dandamali don koyar da yarensu ga 'ya'yansu da aka haifa a kasashen waje da kuma ɗalibai da ke son koyon harshen Igbo.

Dangane da kiran da gwamnatin tarayya ta yi wa 'yan Najeriya da ke zaune a kasashen waje su koma gida su saka hannun jari don bunkasa tattalin arzikin kasar, Ichie Kelechi Eke ya bude gidan burodi a [[Owerri]] a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2025, don samar da aiki da samar da [[Ihemba Bread|Gurasar Ihemba]]. 

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Kelechi ne a [[Owerri ta Yamma|Amafor]], Imerienwe a [[Imo|Jihar Imo]], wanda ke yankin kudu maso gabashin Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=fatshimetrie |date=2023-12-16 |title=Kelechi Eke, founder of the TAFF festival, inducted leader of his community for his exceptional contribution to cultural development |url=https://eng.fatshimetrie.org/2023/12/16/kelechi-eke-founder-of-the-taff-festival-inducted-leader-of-his-community-for-his-exceptional-contribution-to-cultural-development/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Fatshimetrie |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFfatshimetrie2023&quot;&gt;fatshimetrie (2023-12-16). [https://eng.fatshimetrie.org/2023/12/16/kelechi-eke-founder-of-the-taff-festival-inducted-leader-of-his-community-for-his-exceptional-contribution-to-cultural-development/ &quot;Kelechi Eke, founder of the TAFF festival, inducted leader of his community for his exceptional contribution to cultural development&quot;]. ''Fatshimetrie''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-12-18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ya girma a garinsu, [[Owerri]], kuma ya koma Amurka bayan makarantar sakandare don ci gaba da karatunsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ltd |first=Fresco Software Solution Pvt |title=Kelechi Eke {{!}} AFRIFAMU |url=https://www.afrifamu.org/2024/01/31/kelechi-eke/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=DAORA BEADS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Duk da cewa yana zaune ne a Amurka, an nada Ichie Kelechi Eke a matsayin shugaban kwamitin kungiyar Para-Soccer Association of Imo State a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2024 saboda sha'awar da yake da ita ga ci gaban wasanni da kulawa da nakasassu.

== Ayyuka ==
Kelechi ya fara aikin fim dinsa a shekara ta 2009 a matsayin furodusa da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a Okra Principle .  Ya fara biGObi Productions a cikin 2011  kuma ya ba da umarnin fim din 2012 Lost In Abroad wanda aka nuna a cikin ɗakunan karatu a [[Jami'ar Harvard]], &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ltd |first=Fresco Software Solution Pvt |title=Kelechi Eke {{!}} AFRIFAMU |url=https://www.afrifamu.org/2024/01/31/kelechi-eke/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=DAORA BEADS}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLtd&quot;&gt;Ltd, Fresco Software Solution Pvt. [https://www.afrifamu.org/2024/01/31/kelechi-eke/ &quot;Kelechi Eke | AFRIFAMU&quot;]. ''DAORA BEADS''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-12-18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Jami'ar Yale, &lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eke |first=Chijindu |date=2012 |title=Lost in Abroad: Have we forgotten our Roots? |url=https://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/990133641810203941/catalog |journal=Harvard University Library |via=Bigobi Productions}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEke2012&quot;&gt;Eke, Chijindu (2012). [https://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/990133641810203941/catalog &quot;Lost in Abroad: Have we forgotten our Roots?&quot;]. ''Harvard University Library'' &amp;#x2013; via Bigobi Productions.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jami'ar Stanford]], &lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eke |first=Chijindu Kelechi |date=2012 |title=Lost in abroad: have we forgotten our roots? |url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/9723004 |format=Video Recording |journal=[[Stanford University]] |via=[Dallas, Tex.?], Bigobi Productions.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEke2012&quot;&gt;Eke, Chijindu Kelechi (2012). [https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/9723004 &quot;Lost in abroad: have we forgotten our roots?&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(Video Recording)&lt;/span&gt;. ''[[Jami'ar Stanford|Stanford University]]'' &amp;#x2013; via [Dallas, Tex.?], Bigobi Productions.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Jami'ar Iowa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eke |first=Chijindu Kelechi |date=2012 |title=Lost in Abroad : Have We Forgotten Our Roots? / a Kelechi Eke Film |url=https://search.lib.uiowa.edu/permalink/f/9i2ftm/01IOWA_ALMA21436720730002771 |format=DVD |journal=[[University of Iowa]] |via=Bigobi Productions}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma [3] da Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison, da Madison General Library System.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eke |first=Chijindu Kelechi |date=2012 |title=Lost in Abroad: Have We Forgotten Our Roots? |url=https://search.library.yale.edu/catalog/11072297 |journal=[[Yale University]] |via=[Dallas, Texas]: Bigobi Productions}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEke2012&quot;&gt;Eke, Chijindu Kelechi (2012). [https://search.library.yale.edu/catalog/11072297 &quot;Lost in Abroad: Have We Forgotten Our Roots?&quot;]. ''[[Jami ar Yale|Yale University]]'' &amp;#x2013; via [Dallas, Texas]: Bigobi Productions.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eke |first=Chijindu Kelechi |date=2012 |title=Lost in Abroad : Have We Forgotten Our Roots? |url=https://search.library.northwestern.edu/permalink/01NWU_INST/h04e76/alma9963769044202441 |format=Video |journal=[[Northwestern University]] |via=Bigobi Productions}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma ba da umarnin fim din 2013 False Engagement  da fim din 2014 The Stepchild . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Stepchild |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/the-stepchild/2030207327/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2015, ya kafa Bikin fina-finai na [[Afirka]] (TAFF), kuma ya gudanar da bugu na farko a [[Dallas|Dallas, Texas]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-07 |title=African Film Festival in Texas Bridges Cultures |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/african-film-festival-texas-bridges-cultures/3408425.html |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.voanews.com/a/african-film-festival-texas-bridges-cultures/3408425.html &quot;African Film Festival in Texas Bridges Cultures&quot;]. ''Voice of America''. 2016-07-07&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-12-18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; TAFF kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce aka sadaukar da ita don samar da shirye-shiryen jagoranci ga masu shirya fina-finai marasa galihu na asalin Afirka; karfafa fasahar ba da labari; da kuma koyar da al'adun Afirka ta hanyar fina-fukkuna, zane-zane, da ba da labari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-08-01 |title=The African Film Festival - TAFF |url=https://filmfreeway.com/taff |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=FilmFreeway |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2017, ya fara zane da injiniya na [[Rootflix]], dandamali mai gudana don fina-finai na al'adu da yawa, kuma ya ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2019 .  Aikace-aikacen Rootflix yana samuwa don saukewa a cikin App Store (Apple)   da kuma Google Play. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-04-10 |title=ROOTFLIX |url=https://apps.apple.com/us/app/rootflix/id1543775763 |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=App Store |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rootflix - Apps on Google Play |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.rootflix.rootflix1&amp;hl=en_US&amp;pli=1 |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=play.google.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2019, Kelechi ta ƙaddamar da bikin Fasaha da Fim na Mata na Afirka (AWAFFEST)  &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=African Women Arts &amp; Film Festival (AWAFFEST) |url=https://filmfreeway.com/awaffest |website=Filmfreeway}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://filmfreeway.com/awaffest &quot;African Women Arts &amp; Film Festival (AWAFFEST)&quot;]. ''Filmfreeway''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; a [[Dar es Salaam]] . Bikin yana godiya da zane-zane da labarun mata kuma ana shirya shi a kasashe daban-daban na Afirka bayan fitowar farko a Tanzania. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an gudanar da shi kusan saboda cutar, kuma a Zambia da Gambiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=editorial |date=2025-04-07 |title=ROOTFLIX PRESENTS: AWAFFEST 2025 - THE 6TH EDITION |url=https://dallasweekly.com/2025/04/awaffest-2025-celebrating-women/ |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=Dallas Weekly |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2020, Kelechi ta ƙaddamar da bikin zane-zane da fina-finai na ƙauyen (VILLAFFEST)   a [[Owerri|Owerri, Najeriya]] don yin bikin zane-zanen asali da fina-filimu. Ta hanyar VILLAFFEST yana so ya karfafa masu son zane-zane da ɓoyayyun ƙwarewa a ƙauyukan Afirka daban-daban. Ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni, ya samar kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa da suka lashe lambar yabo waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan batutuwa masu alaƙa da Afirka da haƙƙin ɗan adam.

A cikin 2025, Kelechi ya kara wani kamfani ga fayil dinsa ta hanyar bude gidan burodi a garinsu, ta hanyar da ya dauki matasa sama da 25 aiki don samar da [[Ihemba Bread|Gurasar Ihemba]], don taimakawa wajen rage rashin aikin yi a matakin kasa da kuma mayar da al'umma.

== Sarauta ==
Kelechi Eke ya naɗa Ichie Ihemba 1 na Imerienwe saboda ƙaunar da yake yi wa mutanensa, jajircewa ga ci gaban al'ummarsa, da sha'awar adanawa da bikin al'adunsu. &quot;Ihe&quot; yana nufin haske kuma &quot;mba&quot; yana nufin al'umma. Ihemba na nufin ''Hasken Al'umma''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=fatshimetrie |date=2023-12-16 |title=Kelechi Eke, founder of the TAFF festival, inducted leader of his community for his exceptional contribution to cultural development |url=https://eng.fatshimetrie.org/2023/12/16/kelechi-eke-founder-of-the-taff-festival-inducted-leader-of-his-community-for-his-exceptional-contribution-to-cultural-development/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Fatshimetrie |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFfatshimetrie2023&quot;&gt;fatshimetrie (2023-12-16). [https://eng.fatshimetrie.org/2023/12/16/kelechi-eke-founder-of-the-taff-festival-inducted-leader-of-his-community-for-his-exceptional-contribution-to-cultural-development/ &quot;Kelechi Eke, founder of the TAFF festival, inducted leader of his community for his exceptional contribution to cultural development&quot;]. ''Fatshimetrie''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-12-18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Taken
!Irin wannan
!Matsayi
!Shekara
!Bayani
|-
|Ya ɓace a Ƙasashen Waje
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|Marubuci, Darakta
|2012
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=tosan |date=2012-02-26 |title=&quot;Lost in Abroad&quot; premiere's at the Majestic Theater |url=https://trendyafrica.com/lost-in-abroad-premieres-at-the-majestic-theater/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Trendy Africa |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ƙaddamarwa ta Ƙarya
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|Marubuci, Actor, Daraktan
|2013
|
|-
|Lokacin Afirka
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|Dan wasan kwaikwayo, Darakta
|2014
|
|-
|Rashin kuka
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|Daraktan
|2014
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Weeping Ashes - A Kelechi Eke Film |url=https://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/990145400130203941/catalog |website=[[Harvard University]] Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Sauran kabilun
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|Daraktan
|2015
|
|-
|Black Pot
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|Daraktan
|2015
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=The Black Pot |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4733904/ |website=[[IMDb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Akwuna
|Gajeren fim
|Mai wasan kwaikwayo
|2022
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Veteran Nollywood actress, Stella Damasus, others stars in Akwụna |url=https://www.boomplay.com/buzz/3024862 |website=Boomplay}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ihemba
|Hotuna
|Mai gabatarwa
|2024
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2024 |title=IHEMBA - Ichie Royalty Documentary |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt30824476/ |website=[[IMDb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Kyaututtuka ==

=== Kyautar Fim ===
2012 - Mafi kyawun Mai Fim na Afirka da ke zaune a kasashen waje, [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim na Afirka]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=Best Filmmaker Living Abroad |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3734802/awards/ |website=[[Africa Movie Academy Awards]] [[IMDb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2015 - Zaɓin Jama'a Mafi Kyawun Darakta, Nollywood da Kyautar Masu Fim na Afirka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=NAFCA Awards |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3734802/awards/ |website=[[IMDb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2015 - Kyautar Kyautar Kyautattun Fim, Los Angeles Nollywood Film Awards . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=G |first=Vida |date=2015-09-07 |title=LANFA Award-Winning Filmmaker to Screen His Films |url=https://hollywoodpresscorps.com/lanfa-award-winning-filmmaker-to-screen-his-films/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Hollywood Press Corps |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2015 - Kyautar Kyauta a Bikin Fim na Kyauta, California . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=Awareness Film Festival, CA |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3734802/awards/ |website=[[IMDb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2015 - Mafi kyawun Mawallafi, Kyautar Fim ta Duniya, Indonesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 13, 2015 |title=A festival of Awards for Kelechi Eke |url=https://trendyafrica.com/a-festival-of-awards-for-kelechi-eke/ |website=Trendy Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kyautar jin kai da na al'umma ===
A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2014, Kelechi ta sami lambar yabo ta Lifetime Achievement daga Majalisar Al'adu ta Najeriya-Amurka (NAMC). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ltd |first=Fresco Software Solution Pvt |title=Kelechi Eke {{!}} AFRIFAMU |url=https://www.afrifamu.org/2024/01/31/kelechi-eke/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=DAORA BEADS}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLtd&quot;&gt;Ltd, Fresco Software Solution Pvt. [https://www.afrifamu.org/2024/01/31/kelechi-eke/ &quot;Kelechi Eke | AFRIFAMU&quot;]. ''DAORA BEADS''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-12-18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, 2018, Kyautar Nasarar Al'ummar Afirka ta girmama shi don Kyautattun Al'umma a kan Fasaha da Ci gaban Nishaɗi na Afirka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ltd |first=Fresco Software Solution Pvt |title=Kelechi Eke {{!}} AFRIFAMU |url=https://www.afrifamu.org/2024/01/31/kelechi-eke/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=DAORA BEADS}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLtd&quot;&gt;Ltd, Fresco Software Solution Pvt. [https://www.afrifamu.org/2024/01/31/kelechi-eke/ &quot;Kelechi Eke | AFRIFAMU&quot;]. ''DAORA BEADS''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-12-18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga Yuni, 2018, Hollywood da African Prestigious Awards (HAPA) sun girmama shi a matsayin Jakadan Al'adu da Fasaha na Afirka na 2018 a Hollywood, California . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=HAPAWARDS {{!}} Hollywood and African Prestigious Awards |url=https://www.hapawards.com/ |access-date=2025-05-19 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 19 ga watan Agusta, 2023, Kelechi Eke ya karbi lambar yabo ta Shugaban Amurka don gudummawar zamantakewa da ayyukan jin kai. 

A ranar 30 ga Maris, 2024, ya sami lambar yabo ta girmamawa daga Ambassadors na Mata na Jihar Imo don tallafawa mata da ci gaban 'ya'ya mata, da kuma karfafa matasa a cikin Jiha.

A ranar 27 ga watan Disamba, 2025, Ichie Kelechi Eke ya sami girmamawa daga mutanensa tare da Kyautar Jagorancin Al'umma don farfado da bikin al'adunsu da inganta hadin kai da zaman lafiya.

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [[IMDb]].com/name/nm3734802/&quot; id=&quot;mwA-M&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow&quot;&gt;Chijindu Kelechi Eke a kan IMDb
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'''Chijindu Kelechi Eke'''// i shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya na Amurka, injiniyan software, kuma mai ba da agaji.   Shi ne wanda ya kafa bikin fina-finai na [[Afirka]] (TAFF),  wanda ya kafa Village Arts &amp; Film Festival (VILLAFFEST),   kuma mai kirkirar sabis na fina-fakka na Afirka Rootflix.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-07 |title=African Film Festival in Texas Bridges Cultures |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/african-film-festival-texas-bridges-cultures/3408425.html |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa bikin African Women Arts &amp; Film Festival (AWAFFEST),  wanda ke murna da aikin mata na Afirka a fim.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=African Women Arts &amp; Film Festival (AWAFFEST) |url=https://filmfreeway.com/awaffest |website=Filmfreeway}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana amfani da fina-finai da ya fitar a jami'o'in da aka sani a duniya kamar [[Jami'ar Harvard|Harvard]], Yale, [[Jami'ar Stanford|Stanford]], a matsayin kayan bincike don Nazarin Afirka da Shige da Fice.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Catalog - chijindu kelechi eke - Search Results |url=https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=chijindu+kelechi+eke&amp;offset=1 |website=search.worldcat.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eke |first=Chijindu |date=2012 |title=Lost in Abroad: Have we forgotten our Roots? |url=https://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/990133641810203941/catalog |journal=Harvard University Library |via=Bigobi Productions}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eke |first=Chijindu Kelechi |date=2012 |title=Lost in Abroad: Have We Forgotten Our Roots? |url=https://search.library.yale.edu/catalog/11072297 |journal=[[Yale University]] |via=[Dallas, Texas]: Bigobi Productions}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eke |first=Chijindu Kelechi |date=2012 |title=Lost in abroad: have we forgotten our roots? |url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/9723004 |format=Video Recording |journal=[[Stanford University]] |via=[Dallas, Tex.?], Bigobi Productions.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 30 ga Satumban shekarar 2022, Kelechi Eke ya fara wani aikin da ya kira Operation Light up Amafor don shigar da fitilun hasken rana a cikin al'ummarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; A lokacin da aka naɗa shi a ranar 26 ga Disamba, 2023, an naɗa shi sarauta a matsayin &quot;Ichie Ihemba&quot; na farko na Imerienwe  a [[Imo|Jihar Imo]] ta Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=fatshimetrie |date=2023-12-16 |title=Kelechi Eke, founder of the TAFF festival, inducted leader of his community for his exceptional contribution to cultural development |url=https://eng.fatshimetrie.org/2023/12/16/kelechi-eke-founder-of-the-taff-festival-inducted-leader-of-his-community-for-his-exceptional-contribution-to-cultural-development/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Fatshimetrie |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da cewa yana zaune ne a Amurka, an nada Ichie Kelechi Eke a matsayin shugaban kwamitin kungiyar Para-Soccer Association of Imo State a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2024 saboda sha'awar da yake da ita ga ci gaban wasanni da kulawa da nakasassu.

A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2024, Ichie Kelechi Eke ya yi kira ga hadin kai a cikin al'ummarsa kuma ya ba da damar farfado da bikin ranar Amafor da aka watsar, wanda yawanci ana gudanar da shi a kowace ranar 27 ga Disamba don kiyaye al'adun al'adu. Ya canza shi zuwa carnival, wanda ke nuna alamun tufafin gargajiya, wasan kwaikwayo na rawa, da kuma hada sabbin abubuwa kamar gasar wasanni da wasan kwaikwayo mai kyau, wanda ya ba da dama ga mata matasa, gami da tallafin karatu.&amp;nbsp;

A ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 2024, Ichie Kelechi Eke ya jagoranci kaddamar da [[Odenigbo Cultural Club|Kungiyar Al'adu ta Odenigbo]], kungiyar da ya kafa a [[Dallas]] don yin bikin [[Al'adun Igbo]] da kuma adana [[Harshen Ibo|Harshen Igbo]] a cikin kasashen waje. Shi da membobin kungiyar suna amfani da wannan dandamali don koyar da yarensu ga 'ya'yansu da aka haifa a kasashen waje da kuma ɗalibai da ke son koyon harshen Igbo.

Dangane da kiran da gwamnatin tarayya ta yi wa 'yan Najeriya da ke zaune a kasashen waje su koma gida su saka hannun jari don bunkasa tattalin arzikin kasar, Ichie Kelechi Eke ya bude gidan burodi a [[Owerri]] a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2025, don samar da aiki da samar da [[Ihemba Bread|Gurasar Ihemba]]. 

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Kelechi ne a [[Owerri ta Yamma|Amafor]], Imerienwe a [[Imo|Jihar Imo]], wanda ke yankin kudu maso gabashin Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=fatshimetrie |date=2023-12-16 |title=Kelechi Eke, founder of the TAFF festival, inducted leader of his community for his exceptional contribution to cultural development |url=https://eng.fatshimetrie.org/2023/12/16/kelechi-eke-founder-of-the-taff-festival-inducted-leader-of-his-community-for-his-exceptional-contribution-to-cultural-development/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Fatshimetrie |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFfatshimetrie2023&quot;&gt;fatshimetrie (2023-12-16). [https://eng.fatshimetrie.org/2023/12/16/kelechi-eke-founder-of-the-taff-festival-inducted-leader-of-his-community-for-his-exceptional-contribution-to-cultural-development/ &quot;Kelechi Eke, founder of the TAFF festival, inducted leader of his community for his exceptional contribution to cultural development&quot;]. ''Fatshimetrie''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-12-18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ya girma a garinsu, [[Owerri]], kuma ya koma Amurka bayan makarantar sakandare don ci gaba da karatunsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ltd |first=Fresco Software Solution Pvt |title=Kelechi Eke {{!}} AFRIFAMU |url=https://www.afrifamu.org/2024/01/31/kelechi-eke/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=DAORA BEADS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Duk da cewa yana zaune ne a Amurka, an nada Ichie Kelechi Eke a matsayin shugaban kwamitin kungiyar Para-Soccer Association of Imo State a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2024 saboda sha'awar da yake da ita ga ci gaban wasanni da kulawa da nakasassu.

== Ayyuka ==
Kelechi ya fara aikin fim dinsa a shekara ta 2009 a matsayin furodusa da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a Okra Principle .  Ya fara biGObi Productions a cikin 2011  kuma ya ba da umarnin fim din 2012 Lost In Abroad wanda aka nuna a cikin ɗakunan karatu a [[Jami'ar Harvard]], &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ltd |first=Fresco Software Solution Pvt |title=Kelechi Eke {{!}} AFRIFAMU |url=https://www.afrifamu.org/2024/01/31/kelechi-eke/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=DAORA BEADS}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLtd&quot;&gt;Ltd, Fresco Software Solution Pvt. [https://www.afrifamu.org/2024/01/31/kelechi-eke/ &quot;Kelechi Eke | AFRIFAMU&quot;]. ''DAORA BEADS''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-12-18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Jami'ar Yale, &lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eke |first=Chijindu |date=2012 |title=Lost in Abroad: Have we forgotten our Roots? |url=https://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/990133641810203941/catalog |journal=Harvard University Library |via=Bigobi Productions}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEke2012&quot;&gt;Eke, Chijindu (2012). [https://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/990133641810203941/catalog &quot;Lost in Abroad: Have we forgotten our Roots?&quot;]. ''Harvard University Library'' &amp;#x2013; via Bigobi Productions.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jami'ar Stanford]], &lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eke |first=Chijindu Kelechi |date=2012 |title=Lost in abroad: have we forgotten our roots? |url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/9723004 |format=Video Recording |journal=[[Stanford University]] |via=[Dallas, Tex.?], Bigobi Productions.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEke2012&quot;&gt;Eke, Chijindu Kelechi (2012). [https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/9723004 &quot;Lost in abroad: have we forgotten our roots?&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(Video Recording)&lt;/span&gt;. ''[[Jami'ar Stanford|Stanford University]]'' &amp;#x2013; via [Dallas, Tex.?], Bigobi Productions.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Jami'ar Iowa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eke |first=Chijindu Kelechi |date=2012 |title=Lost in Abroad : Have We Forgotten Our Roots? / a Kelechi Eke Film |url=https://search.lib.uiowa.edu/permalink/f/9i2ftm/01IOWA_ALMA21436720730002771 |format=DVD |journal=[[University of Iowa]] |via=Bigobi Productions}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma [3] da Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison, da Madison General Library System.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eke |first=Chijindu Kelechi |date=2012 |title=Lost in Abroad: Have We Forgotten Our Roots? |url=https://search.library.yale.edu/catalog/11072297 |journal=[[Yale University]] |via=[Dallas, Texas]: Bigobi Productions}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEke2012&quot;&gt;Eke, Chijindu Kelechi (2012). [https://search.library.yale.edu/catalog/11072297 &quot;Lost in Abroad: Have We Forgotten Our Roots?&quot;]. ''[[Jami ar Yale|Yale University]]'' &amp;#x2013; via [Dallas, Texas]: Bigobi Productions.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eke |first=Chijindu Kelechi |date=2012 |title=Lost in Abroad : Have We Forgotten Our Roots? |url=https://search.library.northwestern.edu/permalink/01NWU_INST/h04e76/alma9963769044202441 |format=Video |journal=[[Northwestern University]] |via=Bigobi Productions}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma ba da umarnin fim din 2013 False Engagement  da fim din 2014 The Stepchild . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Stepchild |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/the-stepchild/2030207327/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2015, ya kafa Bikin fina-finai na [[Afirka]] (TAFF), kuma ya gudanar da bugu na farko a [[Dallas|Dallas, Texas]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-07 |title=African Film Festival in Texas Bridges Cultures |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/african-film-festival-texas-bridges-cultures/3408425.html |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.voanews.com/a/african-film-festival-texas-bridges-cultures/3408425.html &quot;African Film Festival in Texas Bridges Cultures&quot;]. ''Voice of America''. 2016-07-07&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-12-18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; TAFF kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce aka sadaukar da ita don samar da shirye-shiryen jagoranci ga masu shirya fina-finai marasa galihu na asalin Afirka; karfafa fasahar ba da labari; da kuma koyar da al'adun Afirka ta hanyar fina-fukkuna, zane-zane, da ba da labari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-08-01 |title=The African Film Festival - TAFF |url=https://filmfreeway.com/taff |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=FilmFreeway |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2017, ya fara zane da injiniya na [[Rootflix]], dandamali mai gudana don fina-finai na al'adu da yawa, kuma ya ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2019 .  Aikace-aikacen Rootflix yana samuwa don saukewa a cikin App Store (Apple)   da kuma Google Play. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-04-10 |title=ROOTFLIX |url=https://apps.apple.com/us/app/rootflix/id1543775763 |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=App Store |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rootflix - Apps on Google Play |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.rootflix.rootflix1&amp;hl=en_US&amp;pli=1 |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=play.google.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2019, Kelechi ta ƙaddamar da bikin Fasaha da Fim na Mata na Afirka (AWAFFEST)  &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=African Women Arts &amp; Film Festival (AWAFFEST) |url=https://filmfreeway.com/awaffest |website=Filmfreeway}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://filmfreeway.com/awaffest &quot;African Women Arts &amp; Film Festival (AWAFFEST)&quot;]. ''Filmfreeway''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; a [[Dar es Salaam]] . Bikin yana godiya da zane-zane da labarun mata kuma ana shirya shi a kasashe daban-daban na Afirka bayan fitowar farko a Tanzania. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an gudanar da shi kusan saboda cutar, kuma a Zambia da Gambiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=editorial |date=2025-04-07 |title=ROOTFLIX PRESENTS: AWAFFEST 2025 - THE 6TH EDITION |url=https://dallasweekly.com/2025/04/awaffest-2025-celebrating-women/ |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=Dallas Weekly |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2020, Kelechi ta ƙaddamar da bikin zane-zane da fina-finai na ƙauyen (VILLAFFEST)   a [[Owerri|Owerri, Najeriya]] don yin bikin zane-zanen asali da fina-filimu. Ta hanyar VILLAFFEST yana so ya karfafa masu son zane-zane da ɓoyayyun ƙwarewa a ƙauyukan Afirka daban-daban. Ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni, ya samar kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa da suka lashe lambar yabo waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan batutuwa masu alaƙa da Afirka da haƙƙin ɗan adam.

A cikin 2025, Kelechi ya kara wani kamfani ga fayil dinsa ta hanyar bude gidan burodi a garinsu, ta hanyar da ya dauki matasa sama da 25 aiki don samar da [[Ihemba Bread|Gurasar Ihemba]], don taimakawa wajen rage rashin aikin yi a matakin kasa da kuma mayar da al'umma.

== Sarauta ==
Kelechi Eke ya naɗa Ichie Ihemba 1 na Imerienwe saboda ƙaunar da yake yi wa mutanensa, jajircewa ga ci gaban al'ummarsa, da sha'awar adanawa da bikin al'adunsu. &quot;Ihe&quot; yana nufin haske kuma &quot;mba&quot; yana nufin al'umma. Ihemba na nufin ''Hasken Al'umma''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=fatshimetrie |date=2023-12-16 |title=Kelechi Eke, founder of the TAFF festival, inducted leader of his community for his exceptional contribution to cultural development |url=https://eng.fatshimetrie.org/2023/12/16/kelechi-eke-founder-of-the-taff-festival-inducted-leader-of-his-community-for-his-exceptional-contribution-to-cultural-development/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Fatshimetrie |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFfatshimetrie2023&quot;&gt;fatshimetrie (2023-12-16). [https://eng.fatshimetrie.org/2023/12/16/kelechi-eke-founder-of-the-taff-festival-inducted-leader-of-his-community-for-his-exceptional-contribution-to-cultural-development/ &quot;Kelechi Eke, founder of the TAFF festival, inducted leader of his community for his exceptional contribution to cultural development&quot;]. ''Fatshimetrie''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-12-18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Taken
!Irin wannan
!Matsayi
!Shekara
!Bayani
|-
|Ya ɓace a Ƙasashen Waje
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|Marubuci, Darakta
|2012
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=tosan |date=2012-02-26 |title=&quot;Lost in Abroad&quot; premiere's at the Majestic Theater |url=https://trendyafrica.com/lost-in-abroad-premieres-at-the-majestic-theater/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Trendy Africa |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ƙaddamarwa ta Ƙarya
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|Marubuci, Actor, Daraktan
|2013
|
|-
|Lokacin Afirka
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|Dan wasan kwaikwayo, Darakta
|2014
|
|-
|Rashin kuka
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|Daraktan
|2014
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Weeping Ashes - A Kelechi Eke Film |url=https://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/990145400130203941/catalog |website=[[Harvard University]] Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Sauran kabilun
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|Daraktan
|2015
|
|-
|Black Pot
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|Daraktan
|2015
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=The Black Pot |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4733904/ |website=[[IMDb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Akwuna
|Gajeren fim
|Mai wasan kwaikwayo
|2022
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Veteran Nollywood actress, Stella Damasus, others stars in Akwụna |url=https://www.boomplay.com/buzz/3024862 |website=Boomplay}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ihemba
|Hotuna
|Mai gabatarwa
|2024
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2024 |title=IHEMBA - Ichie Royalty Documentary |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt30824476/ |website=[[IMDb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Kyaututtuka ==

=== Kyautar Fim ===
2012 - Mafi kyawun Mai Fim na Afirka da ke zaune a kasashen waje, [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim na Afirka]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=Best Filmmaker Living Abroad |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3734802/awards/ |website=[[Africa Movie Academy Awards]] [[IMDb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2015 - Zaɓin Jama'a Mafi Kyawun Darakta, Nollywood da Kyautar Masu Fim na Afirka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=NAFCA Awards |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3734802/awards/ |website=[[IMDb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2015 - Kyautar Kyautar Kyautattun Fim, Los Angeles Nollywood Film Awards . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=G |first=Vida |date=2015-09-07 |title=LANFA Award-Winning Filmmaker to Screen His Films |url=https://hollywoodpresscorps.com/lanfa-award-winning-filmmaker-to-screen-his-films/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Hollywood Press Corps |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2015 - Kyautar Kyauta a Bikin Fim na Kyauta, California . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=Awareness Film Festival, CA |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3734802/awards/ |website=[[IMDb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2015 - Mafi kyawun Mawallafi, Kyautar Fim ta Duniya, Indonesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 13, 2015 |title=A festival of Awards for Kelechi Eke |url=https://trendyafrica.com/a-festival-of-awards-for-kelechi-eke/ |website=Trendy Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kyautar jin kai da na al'umma ===
A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2014, Kelechi ta sami lambar yabo ta Lifetime Achievement daga Majalisar Al'adu ta Najeriya-Amurka (NAMC). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ltd |first=Fresco Software Solution Pvt |title=Kelechi Eke {{!}} AFRIFAMU |url=https://www.afrifamu.org/2024/01/31/kelechi-eke/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=DAORA BEADS}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLtd&quot;&gt;Ltd, Fresco Software Solution Pvt. [https://www.afrifamu.org/2024/01/31/kelechi-eke/ &quot;Kelechi Eke | AFRIFAMU&quot;]. ''DAORA BEADS''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-12-18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, 2018, Kyautar Nasarar Al'ummar Afirka ta girmama shi don Kyautattun Al'umma a kan Fasaha da Ci gaban Nishaɗi na Afirka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ltd |first=Fresco Software Solution Pvt |title=Kelechi Eke {{!}} AFRIFAMU |url=https://www.afrifamu.org/2024/01/31/kelechi-eke/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=DAORA BEADS}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLtd&quot;&gt;Ltd, Fresco Software Solution Pvt. [https://www.afrifamu.org/2024/01/31/kelechi-eke/ &quot;Kelechi Eke | AFRIFAMU&quot;]. ''DAORA BEADS''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-12-18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga Yuni, 2018, Hollywood da African Prestigious Awards (HAPA) sun girmama shi a matsayin Jakadan Al'adu da Fasaha na Afirka na 2018 a Hollywood, California . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=HAPAWARDS {{!}} Hollywood and African Prestigious Awards |url=https://www.hapawards.com/ |access-date=2025-05-19 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 19 ga watan Agusta, 2023, Kelechi Eke ya karbi lambar yabo ta Shugaban Amurka don gudummawar zamantakewa da ayyukan jin kai. 

A ranar 30 ga Maris, 2024, ya sami lambar yabo ta girmamawa daga Ambassadors na Mata na Jihar Imo don tallafawa mata da ci gaban 'ya'ya mata, da kuma karfafa matasa a cikin Jiha.

A ranar 27 ga watan Disamba, 2025, Ichie Kelechi Eke ya sami girmamawa daga mutanensa tare da Kyautar Jagorancin Al'umma don farfado da bikin al'adunsu da inganta hadin kai da zaman lafiya.

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [[IMDb]].com/name/nm3734802/&quot; id=&quot;mwA-M&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow&quot;&gt;Chijindu Kelechi Eke a kan IMDb
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'''Chijindu Kelechi Eke'''// i shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya na Amurka, injiniyan software, kuma mai ba da agaji.   Shi ne wanda ya kafa bikin fina-finai na [[Afirka]] (TAFF),  wanda ya kafa Village Arts &amp; Film Festival (VILLAFFEST),   kuma mai kirkirar sabis na fina-fakka na Afirka Rootflix.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-07 |title=African Film Festival in Texas Bridges Cultures |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/african-film-festival-texas-bridges-cultures/3408425.html |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa bikin African Women Arts &amp; Film Festival (AWAFFEST),  wanda ke murna da aikin mata na Afirka a fim.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=African Women Arts &amp; Film Festival (AWAFFEST) |url=https://filmfreeway.com/awaffest |website=Filmfreeway}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana amfani da fina-finai da ya fitar a jami'o'in da aka sani a duniya kamar [[Jami'ar Harvard|Harvard]], Yale, [[Jami'ar Stanford|Stanford]], a matsayin kayan bincike don Nazarin Afirka da Shige da Fice.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Catalog - chijindu kelechi eke - Search Results |url=https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=chijindu+kelechi+eke&amp;offset=1 |website=search.worldcat.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eke |first=Chijindu |date=2012 |title=Lost in Abroad: Have we forgotten our Roots? |url=https://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/990133641810203941/catalog |journal=Harvard University Library |via=Bigobi Productions}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eke |first=Chijindu Kelechi |date=2012 |title=Lost in Abroad: Have We Forgotten Our Roots? |url=https://search.library.yale.edu/catalog/11072297 |journal=[[Yale University]] |via=[Dallas, Texas]: Bigobi Productions}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eke |first=Chijindu Kelechi |date=2012 |title=Lost in abroad: have we forgotten our roots? |url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/9723004 |format=Video Recording |journal=[[Stanford University]] |via=[Dallas, Tex.?], Bigobi Productions.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 30 ga Satumban shekarar 2022, Kelechi Eke ya fara wani aikin da ya kira Operation Light up Amafor don shigar da fitilun hasken rana a cikin al'ummarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; A lokacin da aka naɗa shi a ranar 26 ga Disamba, 2023, an naɗa shi sarauta a matsayin &quot;Ichie Ihemba&quot; na farko na Imerienwe  a [[Imo|Jihar Imo]] ta Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=fatshimetrie |date=2023-12-16 |title=Kelechi Eke, founder of the TAFF festival, inducted leader of his community for his exceptional contribution to cultural development |url=https://eng.fatshimetrie.org/2023/12/16/kelechi-eke-founder-of-the-taff-festival-inducted-leader-of-his-community-for-his-exceptional-contribution-to-cultural-development/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Fatshimetrie |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da cewa yana zaune ne a Amurka, an nada Ichie Kelechi Eke a matsayin shugaban kwamitin kungiyar Para-Soccer Association of Imo State a ranar 20 ga Fabrairun shekarar 2024 saboda sha'awar da yake da ita ga ci gaban wasanni da kulawa da nakasassu.

A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2024, Ichie Kelechi Eke ya yi kira ga hadin kai a cikin al'ummarsa kuma ya ba da damar farfado da bikin ranar Amafor da aka watsar, wanda yawanci ana gudanar da shi a kowace ranar 27 ga Disamba don kiyaye al'adun al'adu. Ya canza shi zuwa carnival, wanda ke nuna alamun tufafin gargajiya, wasan kwaikwayo na rawa, da kuma hada sabbin abubuwa kamar gasar wasanni da wasan kwaikwayo mai kyau, wanda ya ba da dama ga mata matasa, gami da tallafin karatu.&amp;nbsp;

A ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 2024, Ichie Kelechi Eke ya jagoranci kaddamar da [[Odenigbo Cultural Club|Kungiyar Al'adu ta Odenigbo]], kungiyar da ya kafa a [[Dallas]] don yin bikin [[Al'adun Igbo]] da kuma adana [[Harshen Ibo|Harshen Igbo]] a cikin kasashen waje. Shi da membobin kungiyar suna amfani da wannan dandamali don koyar da yarensu ga 'ya'yansu da aka haifa a kasashen waje da kuma ɗalibai da ke son koyon harshen Igbo.

Dangane da kiran da gwamnatin tarayya ta yi wa 'yan Najeriya da ke zaune a kasashen waje su koma gida su saka hannun jari don bunkasa tattalin arzikin kasar, Ichie Kelechi Eke ya bude gidan burodi a [[Owerri]] a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2025, don samar da aiki da samar da [[Ihemba Bread|Gurasar Ihemba]]. 

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Kelechi ne a [[Owerri ta Yamma|Amafor]], Imerienwe a [[Imo|Jihar Imo]], wanda ke yankin kudu maso gabashin Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=fatshimetrie |date=2023-12-16 |title=Kelechi Eke, founder of the TAFF festival, inducted leader of his community for his exceptional contribution to cultural development |url=https://eng.fatshimetrie.org/2023/12/16/kelechi-eke-founder-of-the-taff-festival-inducted-leader-of-his-community-for-his-exceptional-contribution-to-cultural-development/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Fatshimetrie |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFfatshimetrie2023&quot;&gt;fatshimetrie (2023-12-16). [https://eng.fatshimetrie.org/2023/12/16/kelechi-eke-founder-of-the-taff-festival-inducted-leader-of-his-community-for-his-exceptional-contribution-to-cultural-development/ &quot;Kelechi Eke, founder of the TAFF festival, inducted leader of his community for his exceptional contribution to cultural development&quot;]. ''Fatshimetrie''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-12-18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ya girma a garinsu, [[Owerri]], kuma ya koma Amurka bayan makarantar sakandare don ci gaba da karatunsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ltd |first=Fresco Software Solution Pvt |title=Kelechi Eke {{!}} AFRIFAMU |url=https://www.afrifamu.org/2024/01/31/kelechi-eke/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=DAORA BEADS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Duk da cewa yana zaune ne a Amurka, an nada Ichie Kelechi Eke a matsayin shugaban kwamitin kungiyar Para-Soccer Association of Imo State a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2024 saboda sha'awar da yake da ita ga ci gaban wasanni da kulawa da nakasassu.

== Ayyuka ==
Kelechi ya fara aikin fim dinsa a shekara ta 2009 a matsayin furodusa da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a Okra Principle .  Ya fara biGObi Productions a cikin 2011  kuma ya ba da umarnin fim din 2012 Lost In Abroad wanda aka nuna a cikin ɗakunan karatu a [[Jami'ar Harvard]], &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ltd |first=Fresco Software Solution Pvt |title=Kelechi Eke {{!}} AFRIFAMU |url=https://www.afrifamu.org/2024/01/31/kelechi-eke/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=DAORA BEADS}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLtd&quot;&gt;Ltd, Fresco Software Solution Pvt. [https://www.afrifamu.org/2024/01/31/kelechi-eke/ &quot;Kelechi Eke | AFRIFAMU&quot;]. ''DAORA BEADS''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-12-18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Jami'ar Yale, &lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eke |first=Chijindu |date=2012 |title=Lost in Abroad: Have we forgotten our Roots? |url=https://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/990133641810203941/catalog |journal=Harvard University Library |via=Bigobi Productions}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEke2012&quot;&gt;Eke, Chijindu (2012). [https://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/990133641810203941/catalog &quot;Lost in Abroad: Have we forgotten our Roots?&quot;]. ''Harvard University Library'' &amp;#x2013; via Bigobi Productions.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jami'ar Stanford]], &lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eke |first=Chijindu Kelechi |date=2012 |title=Lost in abroad: have we forgotten our roots? |url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/9723004 |format=Video Recording |journal=[[Stanford University]] |via=[Dallas, Tex.?], Bigobi Productions.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEke2012&quot;&gt;Eke, Chijindu Kelechi (2012). [https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/9723004 &quot;Lost in abroad: have we forgotten our roots?&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(Video Recording)&lt;/span&gt;. ''[[Jami'ar Stanford|Stanford University]]'' &amp;#x2013; via [Dallas, Tex.?], Bigobi Productions.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Jami'ar Iowa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eke |first=Chijindu Kelechi |date=2012 |title=Lost in Abroad : Have We Forgotten Our Roots? / a Kelechi Eke Film |url=https://search.lib.uiowa.edu/permalink/f/9i2ftm/01IOWA_ALMA21436720730002771 |format=DVD |journal=[[University of Iowa]] |via=Bigobi Productions}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma [3] da Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison, da Madison General Library System.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eke |first=Chijindu Kelechi |date=2012 |title=Lost in Abroad: Have We Forgotten Our Roots? |url=https://search.library.yale.edu/catalog/11072297 |journal=[[Yale University]] |via=[Dallas, Texas]: Bigobi Productions}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEke2012&quot;&gt;Eke, Chijindu Kelechi (2012). [https://search.library.yale.edu/catalog/11072297 &quot;Lost in Abroad: Have We Forgotten Our Roots?&quot;]. ''[[Jami ar Yale|Yale University]]'' &amp;#x2013; via [Dallas, Texas]: Bigobi Productions.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eke |first=Chijindu Kelechi |date=2012 |title=Lost in Abroad : Have We Forgotten Our Roots? |url=https://search.library.northwestern.edu/permalink/01NWU_INST/h04e76/alma9963769044202441 |format=Video |journal=[[Northwestern University]] |via=Bigobi Productions}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma ba da umarnin fim din 2013 False Engagement  da fim din 2014 The Stepchild . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Stepchild |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/the-stepchild/2030207327/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2015, ya kafa Bikin fina-finai na [[Afirka]] (TAFF), kuma ya gudanar da bugu na farko a [[Dallas|Dallas, Texas]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-07 |title=African Film Festival in Texas Bridges Cultures |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/african-film-festival-texas-bridges-cultures/3408425.html |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.voanews.com/a/african-film-festival-texas-bridges-cultures/3408425.html &quot;African Film Festival in Texas Bridges Cultures&quot;]. ''Voice of America''. 2016-07-07&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-12-18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; TAFF kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce aka sadaukar da ita don samar da shirye-shiryen jagoranci ga masu shirya fina-finai marasa galihu na asalin Afirka; karfafa fasahar ba da labari; da kuma koyar da al'adun Afirka ta hanyar fina-fukkuna, zane-zane, da ba da labari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-08-01 |title=The African Film Festival - TAFF |url=https://filmfreeway.com/taff |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=FilmFreeway |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2017, ya fara zane da injiniya na [[Rootflix]], dandamali mai gudana don fina-finai na al'adu da yawa, kuma ya ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2019 .  Aikace-aikacen Rootflix yana samuwa don saukewa a cikin App Store (Apple)   da kuma Google Play. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-04-10 |title=ROOTFLIX |url=https://apps.apple.com/us/app/rootflix/id1543775763 |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=App Store |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rootflix - Apps on Google Play |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.rootflix.rootflix1&amp;hl=en_US&amp;pli=1 |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=play.google.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2019, Kelechi ta ƙaddamar da bikin Fasaha da Fim na Mata na Afirka (AWAFFEST)  &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=African Women Arts &amp; Film Festival (AWAFFEST) |url=https://filmfreeway.com/awaffest |website=Filmfreeway}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://filmfreeway.com/awaffest &quot;African Women Arts &amp; Film Festival (AWAFFEST)&quot;]. ''Filmfreeway''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; a [[Dar es Salaam]] . Bikin yana godiya da zane-zane da labarun mata kuma ana shirya shi a kasashe daban-daban na Afirka bayan fitowar farko a Tanzania. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an gudanar da shi kusan saboda cutar, kuma a Zambia da Gambiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=editorial |date=2025-04-07 |title=ROOTFLIX PRESENTS: AWAFFEST 2025 - THE 6TH EDITION |url=https://dallasweekly.com/2025/04/awaffest-2025-celebrating-women/ |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=Dallas Weekly |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2020, Kelechi ta ƙaddamar da bikin zane-zane da fina-finai na ƙauyen (VILLAFFEST)   a [[Owerri|Owerri, Najeriya]] don yin bikin zane-zanen asali da fina-filimu. Ta hanyar VILLAFFEST yana so ya karfafa masu son zane-zane da ɓoyayyun ƙwarewa a ƙauyukan Afirka daban-daban. Ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni, ya samar kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa da suka lashe lambar yabo waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan batutuwa masu alaƙa da Afirka da haƙƙin ɗan adam.

A cikin 2025, Kelechi ya kara wani kamfani ga fayil dinsa ta hanyar bude gidan burodi a garinsu, ta hanyar da ya dauki matasa sama da 25 aiki don samar da [[Ihemba Bread|Gurasar Ihemba]], don taimakawa wajen rage rashin aikin yi a matakin kasa da kuma mayar da al'umma.

== Sarauta ==
Kelechi Eke ya naɗa Ichie Ihemba 1 na Imerienwe saboda ƙaunar da yake yi wa mutanensa, jajircewa ga ci gaban al'ummarsa, da sha'awar adanawa da bikin al'adunsu. &quot;Ihe&quot; yana nufin haske kuma &quot;mba&quot; yana nufin al'umma. Ihemba na nufin ''Hasken Al'umma''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=fatshimetrie |date=2023-12-16 |title=Kelechi Eke, founder of the TAFF festival, inducted leader of his community for his exceptional contribution to cultural development |url=https://eng.fatshimetrie.org/2023/12/16/kelechi-eke-founder-of-the-taff-festival-inducted-leader-of-his-community-for-his-exceptional-contribution-to-cultural-development/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Fatshimetrie |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFfatshimetrie2023&quot;&gt;fatshimetrie (2023-12-16). [https://eng.fatshimetrie.org/2023/12/16/kelechi-eke-founder-of-the-taff-festival-inducted-leader-of-his-community-for-his-exceptional-contribution-to-cultural-development/ &quot;Kelechi Eke, founder of the TAFF festival, inducted leader of his community for his exceptional contribution to cultural development&quot;]. ''Fatshimetrie''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-12-18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Taken
!Irin wannan
!Matsayi
!Shekara
!Bayani
|-
|Ya ɓace a Ƙasashen Waje
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|Marubuci, Darakta
|2012
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=tosan |date=2012-02-26 |title=&quot;Lost in Abroad&quot; premiere's at the Majestic Theater |url=https://trendyafrica.com/lost-in-abroad-premieres-at-the-majestic-theater/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Trendy Africa |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ƙaddamarwa ta Ƙarya
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|Marubuci, Actor, Daraktan
|2013
|
|-
|Lokacin Afirka
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|Dan wasan kwaikwayo, Darakta
|2014
|
|-
|Rashin kuka
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|Daraktan
|2014
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Weeping Ashes - A Kelechi Eke Film |url=https://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/990145400130203941/catalog |website=[[Harvard University]] Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Sauran kabilun
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|Daraktan
|2015
|
|-
|Black Pot
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|Daraktan
|2015
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=The Black Pot |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4733904/ |website=[[IMDb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Akwuna
|Gajeren fim
|Mai wasan kwaikwayo
|2022
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Veteran Nollywood actress, Stella Damasus, others stars in Akwụna |url=https://www.boomplay.com/buzz/3024862 |website=Boomplay}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ihemba
|Hotuna
|Mai gabatarwa
|2024
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2024 |title=IHEMBA - Ichie Royalty Documentary |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt30824476/ |website=[[IMDb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Kyaututtuka ==

=== Kyautar Fim ===
2012 - Mafi kyawun Mai Fim na Afirka da ke zaune a kasashen waje, [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim na Afirka]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=Best Filmmaker Living Abroad |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3734802/awards/ |website=[[Africa Movie Academy Awards]] [[IMDb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2015 - Zaɓin Jama'a Mafi Kyawun Darakta, Nollywood da Kyautar Masu Fim na Afirka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=NAFCA Awards |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3734802/awards/ |website=[[IMDb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2015 - Kyautar Kyautar Kyautattun Fim, Los Angeles Nollywood Film Awards . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=G |first=Vida |date=2015-09-07 |title=LANFA Award-Winning Filmmaker to Screen His Films |url=https://hollywoodpresscorps.com/lanfa-award-winning-filmmaker-to-screen-his-films/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Hollywood Press Corps |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2015 - Kyautar Kyauta a Bikin Fim na Kyauta, California . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=Awareness Film Festival, CA |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3734802/awards/ |website=[[IMDb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2015 - Mafi kyawun Mawallafi, Kyautar Fim ta Duniya, Indonesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 13, 2015 |title=A festival of Awards for Kelechi Eke |url=https://trendyafrica.com/a-festival-of-awards-for-kelechi-eke/ |website=Trendy Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kyautar jin kai da na al'umma ===
A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2014, Kelechi ta sami lambar yabo ta Lifetime Achievement daga Majalisar Al'adu ta Najeriya-Amurka (NAMC). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ltd |first=Fresco Software Solution Pvt |title=Kelechi Eke {{!}} AFRIFAMU |url=https://www.afrifamu.org/2024/01/31/kelechi-eke/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=DAORA BEADS}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLtd&quot;&gt;Ltd, Fresco Software Solution Pvt. [https://www.afrifamu.org/2024/01/31/kelechi-eke/ &quot;Kelechi Eke | AFRIFAMU&quot;]. ''DAORA BEADS''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-12-18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, 2018, Kyautar Nasarar Al'ummar Afirka ta girmama shi don Kyautattun Al'umma a kan Fasaha da Ci gaban Nishaɗi na Afirka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ltd |first=Fresco Software Solution Pvt |title=Kelechi Eke {{!}} AFRIFAMU |url=https://www.afrifamu.org/2024/01/31/kelechi-eke/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=DAORA BEADS}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLtd&quot;&gt;Ltd, Fresco Software Solution Pvt. [https://www.afrifamu.org/2024/01/31/kelechi-eke/ &quot;Kelechi Eke | AFRIFAMU&quot;]. ''DAORA BEADS''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-12-18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga Yuni, 2018, Hollywood da African Prestigious Awards (HAPA) sun girmama shi a matsayin Jakadan Al'adu da Fasaha na Afirka na 2018 a Hollywood, California . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=HAPAWARDS {{!}} Hollywood and African Prestigious Awards |url=https://www.hapawards.com/ |access-date=2025-05-19 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 19 ga watan Agusta, 2023, Kelechi Eke ya karbi lambar yabo ta Shugaban Amurka don gudummawar zamantakewa da ayyukan jin kai. 

A ranar 30 ga Maris, 2024, ya sami lambar yabo ta girmamawa daga Ambassadors na Mata na Jihar Imo don tallafawa mata da ci gaban 'ya'ya mata, da kuma karfafa matasa a cikin Jiha.

A ranar 27 ga watan Disamba, 2025, Ichie Kelechi Eke ya sami girmamawa daga mutanensa tare da Kyautar Jagorancin Al'umma don farfado da bikin al'adunsu da inganta hadin kai da zaman lafiya.

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [[IMDb]].com/name/nm3734802/&quot; id=&quot;mwA-M&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow&quot;&gt;Chijindu Kelechi Eke a kan IMDb
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'''Chijindu Kelechi Eke'''// i shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya na Amurka, injiniyan software, kuma mai ba da agaji.   Shi ne wanda ya kafa bikin fina-finai na [[Afirka]] (TAFF),  wanda ya kafa Village Arts &amp; Film Festival (VILLAFFEST),   kuma mai kirkirar sabis na fina-fakka na Afirka Rootflix.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-07 |title=African Film Festival in Texas Bridges Cultures |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/african-film-festival-texas-bridges-cultures/3408425.html |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa bikin African Women Arts &amp; Film Festival (AWAFFEST),  wanda ke murna da aikin mata na Afirka a fim.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=African Women Arts &amp; Film Festival (AWAFFEST) |url=https://filmfreeway.com/awaffest |website=Filmfreeway}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana amfani da fina-finai da ya fitar a jami'o'in da aka sani a duniya kamar [[Jami'ar Harvard|Harvard]], Yale, [[Jami'ar Stanford|Stanford]], a matsayin kayan bincike don Nazarin Afirka da Shige da Fice.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Catalog - chijindu kelechi eke - Search Results |url=https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=chijindu+kelechi+eke&amp;offset=1 |website=search.worldcat.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eke |first=Chijindu |date=2012 |title=Lost in Abroad: Have we forgotten our Roots? |url=https://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/990133641810203941/catalog |journal=Harvard University Library |via=Bigobi Productions}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eke |first=Chijindu Kelechi |date=2012 |title=Lost in Abroad: Have We Forgotten Our Roots? |url=https://search.library.yale.edu/catalog/11072297 |journal=[[Yale University]] |via=[Dallas, Texas]: Bigobi Productions}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eke |first=Chijindu Kelechi |date=2012 |title=Lost in abroad: have we forgotten our roots? |url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/9723004 |format=Video Recording |journal=[[Stanford University]] |via=[Dallas, Tex.?], Bigobi Productions.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 30 ga Satumban shekarar 2022, Kelechi Eke ya fara wani aikin da ya kira Operation Light up Amafor don shigar da fitilun hasken rana a cikin al'ummarsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt; A lokacin da aka naɗa shi a ranar 26 ga Disamba, 2023, an naɗa shi sarauta a matsayin &quot;Ichie Ihemba&quot; na farko na Imerienwe  a [[Imo|Jihar Imo]] ta Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=fatshimetrie |date=2023-12-16 |title=Kelechi Eke, founder of the TAFF festival, inducted leader of his community for his exceptional contribution to cultural development |url=https://eng.fatshimetrie.org/2023/12/16/kelechi-eke-founder-of-the-taff-festival-inducted-leader-of-his-community-for-his-exceptional-contribution-to-cultural-development/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Fatshimetrie |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da cewa yana zaune ne a Amurka, an nada Ichie Kelechi Eke a matsayin shugaban kwamitin kungiyar Para-Soccer Association of Imo State a ranar 20 ga Fabrairun shekarar 2024 saboda sha'awar da yake da ita ga ci gaban wasanni da kulawa da nakasassu.

A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2024, Ichie Kelechi Eke ya yi kira ga hadin kai a cikin al'ummarsa kuma ya ba da damar farfado da bikin ranar Amafor da aka watsar, wanda yawanci ana gudanar da shi a kowace ranar 27 ga Disamba don kiyaye al'adun al'adu. Ya canza shi zuwa carnival, wanda ke nuna alamun tufafin gargajiya, wasan kwaikwayo na rawa, da kuma hada sabbin abubuwa kamar gasar wasanni da wasan kwaikwayo mai kyau, wanda ya ba da dama ga mata matasa, gami da tallafin karatu.&amp;nbsp;

A ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 2024, Ichie Kelechi Eke ya jagoranci kaddamar da [[Odenigbo Cultural Club|Kungiyar Al'adu ta Odenigbo]], kungiyar da ya kafa a [[Dallas]] don yin bikin [[Al'adun Igbo]] da kuma adana [[Harshen Ibo|Harshen Igbo]] a cikin kasashen waje. Shi da membobin kungiyar suna amfani da wannan dandamali don koyar da yarensu ga 'ya'yansu da aka haifa a kasashen waje da kuma ɗalibai da ke son koyon harshen Igbo.

Dangane da kiran da gwamnatin tarayya ta yi wa 'yan Najeriya da ke zaune a kasashen waje su koma gida su saka hannun jari don bunkasa tattalin arzikin kasar, Ichie Kelechi Eke ya bude gidan burodi a [[Owerri]] a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2025, don samar da aiki da samar da [[Ihemba Bread|Gurasar Ihemba]]. 

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Kelechi ne a [[Owerri ta Yamma|Amafor]], Imerienwe a [[Imo|Jihar Imo]], wanda ke yankin kudu maso gabashin Najeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=fatshimetrie |date=2023-12-16 |title=Kelechi Eke, founder of the TAFF festival, inducted leader of his community for his exceptional contribution to cultural development |url=https://eng.fatshimetrie.org/2023/12/16/kelechi-eke-founder-of-the-taff-festival-inducted-leader-of-his-community-for-his-exceptional-contribution-to-cultural-development/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Fatshimetrie |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFfatshimetrie2023&quot;&gt;fatshimetrie (2023-12-16). [https://eng.fatshimetrie.org/2023/12/16/kelechi-eke-founder-of-the-taff-festival-inducted-leader-of-his-community-for-his-exceptional-contribution-to-cultural-development/ &quot;Kelechi Eke, founder of the TAFF festival, inducted leader of his community for his exceptional contribution to cultural development&quot;]. ''Fatshimetrie''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-12-18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ya girma a garinsu, [[Owerri]], kuma ya koma Amurka bayan makarantar sakandare don ci gaba da karatunsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ltd |first=Fresco Software Solution Pvt |title=Kelechi Eke {{!}} AFRIFAMU |url=https://www.afrifamu.org/2024/01/31/kelechi-eke/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=DAORA BEADS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
Duk da cewa yana zaune ne a Amurka, an nada Ichie Kelechi Eke a matsayin shugaban kwamitin kungiyar Para-Soccer Association of Imo State a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2024 saboda sha'awar da yake da ita ga ci gaban wasanni da kulawa da nakasassu.

== Ayyuka ==
Kelechi ya fara aikin fim dinsa a shekara ta 2009 a matsayin furodusa da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a Okra Principle .  Ya fara biGObi Productions a cikin 2011  kuma ya ba da umarnin fim din 2012 Lost In Abroad wanda aka nuna a cikin ɗakunan karatu a [[Jami'ar Harvard]], &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ltd |first=Fresco Software Solution Pvt |title=Kelechi Eke {{!}} AFRIFAMU |url=https://www.afrifamu.org/2024/01/31/kelechi-eke/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=DAORA BEADS}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLtd&quot;&gt;Ltd, Fresco Software Solution Pvt. [https://www.afrifamu.org/2024/01/31/kelechi-eke/ &quot;Kelechi Eke | AFRIFAMU&quot;]. ''DAORA BEADS''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-12-18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Jami'ar Yale, &lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eke |first=Chijindu |date=2012 |title=Lost in Abroad: Have we forgotten our Roots? |url=https://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/990133641810203941/catalog |journal=Harvard University Library |via=Bigobi Productions}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEke2012&quot;&gt;Eke, Chijindu (2012). [https://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/990133641810203941/catalog &quot;Lost in Abroad: Have we forgotten our Roots?&quot;]. ''Harvard University Library'' &amp;#x2013; via Bigobi Productions.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jami'ar Stanford]], &lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eke |first=Chijindu Kelechi |date=2012 |title=Lost in abroad: have we forgotten our roots? |url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/9723004 |format=Video Recording |journal=[[Stanford University]] |via=[Dallas, Tex.?], Bigobi Productions.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEke2012&quot;&gt;Eke, Chijindu Kelechi (2012). [https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/9723004 &quot;Lost in abroad: have we forgotten our roots?&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(Video Recording)&lt;/span&gt;. ''[[Jami'ar Stanford|Stanford University]]'' &amp;#x2013; via [Dallas, Tex.?], Bigobi Productions.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Jami'ar Iowa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eke |first=Chijindu Kelechi |date=2012 |title=Lost in Abroad : Have We Forgotten Our Roots? / a Kelechi Eke Film |url=https://search.lib.uiowa.edu/permalink/f/9i2ftm/01IOWA_ALMA21436720730002771 |format=DVD |journal=[[University of Iowa]] |via=Bigobi Productions}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma [3] da Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison, da Madison General Library System.&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eke |first=Chijindu Kelechi |date=2012 |title=Lost in Abroad: Have We Forgotten Our Roots? |url=https://search.library.yale.edu/catalog/11072297 |journal=[[Yale University]] |via=[Dallas, Texas]: Bigobi Productions}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEke2012&quot;&gt;Eke, Chijindu Kelechi (2012). [https://search.library.yale.edu/catalog/11072297 &quot;Lost in Abroad: Have We Forgotten Our Roots?&quot;]. ''[[Jami ar Yale|Yale University]]'' &amp;#x2013; via [Dallas, Texas]: Bigobi Productions.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eke |first=Chijindu Kelechi |date=2012 |title=Lost in Abroad : Have We Forgotten Our Roots? |url=https://search.library.northwestern.edu/permalink/01NWU_INST/h04e76/alma9963769044202441 |format=Video |journal=[[Northwestern University]] |via=Bigobi Productions}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kuma ba da umarnin fim din 2013 False Engagement  da fim din 2014 The Stepchild . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Stepchild |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/the-stepchild/2030207327/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2015, ya kafa Bikin fina-finai na [[Afirka]] (TAFF), kuma ya gudanar da bugu na farko a [[Dallas|Dallas, Texas]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-07 |title=African Film Festival in Texas Bridges Cultures |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/african-film-festival-texas-bridges-cultures/3408425.html |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.voanews.com/a/african-film-festival-texas-bridges-cultures/3408425.html &quot;African Film Festival in Texas Bridges Cultures&quot;]. ''Voice of America''. 2016-07-07&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-12-18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; TAFF kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce aka sadaukar da ita don samar da shirye-shiryen jagoranci ga masu shirya fina-finai marasa galihu na asalin Afirka; karfafa fasahar ba da labari; da kuma koyar da al'adun Afirka ta hanyar fina-fukkuna, zane-zane, da ba da labari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-08-01 |title=The African Film Festival - TAFF |url=https://filmfreeway.com/taff |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=FilmFreeway |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2017, ya fara zane da injiniya na [[Rootflix]], dandamali mai gudana don fina-finai na al'adu da yawa, kuma ya ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2019 .  Aikace-aikacen Rootflix yana samuwa don saukewa a cikin App Store (Apple)   da kuma Google Play. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-04-10 |title=ROOTFLIX |url=https://apps.apple.com/us/app/rootflix/id1543775763 |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=App Store |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rootflix - Apps on Google Play |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.rootflix.rootflix1&amp;hl=en_US&amp;pli=1 |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=play.google.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2019, Kelechi ta ƙaddamar da bikin Fasaha da Fim na Mata na Afirka (AWAFFEST)  &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=African Women Arts &amp; Film Festival (AWAFFEST) |url=https://filmfreeway.com/awaffest |website=Filmfreeway}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://filmfreeway.com/awaffest &quot;African Women Arts &amp; Film Festival (AWAFFEST)&quot;]. ''Filmfreeway''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; a [[Dar es Salaam]] . Bikin yana godiya da zane-zane da labarun mata kuma ana shirya shi a kasashe daban-daban na Afirka bayan fitowar farko a Tanzania. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an gudanar da shi kusan saboda cutar, kuma a Zambia da Gambiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=editorial |date=2025-04-07 |title=ROOTFLIX PRESENTS: AWAFFEST 2025 - THE 6TH EDITION |url=https://dallasweekly.com/2025/04/awaffest-2025-celebrating-women/ |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=Dallas Weekly |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2020, Kelechi ta ƙaddamar da bikin zane-zane da fina-finai na ƙauyen (VILLAFFEST)   a [[Owerri|Owerri, Najeriya]] don yin bikin zane-zanen asali da fina-filimu. Ta hanyar VILLAFFEST yana so ya karfafa masu son zane-zane da ɓoyayyun ƙwarewa a ƙauyukan Afirka daban-daban. Ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni, ya samar kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa da suka lashe lambar yabo waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan batutuwa masu alaƙa da Afirka da haƙƙin ɗan adam.

A cikin 2025, Kelechi ya kara wani kamfani ga fayil dinsa ta hanyar bude gidan burodi a garinsu, ta hanyar da ya dauki matasa sama da 25 aiki don samar da [[Ihemba Bread|Gurasar Ihemba]], don taimakawa wajen rage rashin aikin yi a matakin kasa da kuma mayar da al'umma.

== Sarauta ==
Kelechi Eke ya naɗa Ichie Ihemba 1 na Imerienwe saboda ƙaunar da yake yi wa mutanensa, jajircewa ga ci gaban al'ummarsa, da sha'awar adanawa da bikin al'adunsu. &quot;Ihe&quot; yana nufin haske kuma &quot;mba&quot; yana nufin al'umma. Ihemba na nufin ''Hasken Al'umma''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=fatshimetrie |date=2023-12-16 |title=Kelechi Eke, founder of the TAFF festival, inducted leader of his community for his exceptional contribution to cultural development |url=https://eng.fatshimetrie.org/2023/12/16/kelechi-eke-founder-of-the-taff-festival-inducted-leader-of-his-community-for-his-exceptional-contribution-to-cultural-development/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Fatshimetrie |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFfatshimetrie2023&quot;&gt;fatshimetrie (2023-12-16). [https://eng.fatshimetrie.org/2023/12/16/kelechi-eke-founder-of-the-taff-festival-inducted-leader-of-his-community-for-his-exceptional-contribution-to-cultural-development/ &quot;Kelechi Eke, founder of the TAFF festival, inducted leader of his community for his exceptional contribution to cultural development&quot;]. ''Fatshimetrie''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-12-18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Taken
!Irin wannan
!Matsayi
!Shekara
!Bayani
|-
|Ya ɓace a Ƙasashen Waje
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|Marubuci, Darakta
|2012
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=tosan |date=2012-02-26 |title=&quot;Lost in Abroad&quot; premiere's at the Majestic Theater |url=https://trendyafrica.com/lost-in-abroad-premieres-at-the-majestic-theater/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Trendy Africa |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ƙaddamarwa ta Ƙarya
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|Marubuci, Actor, Daraktan
|2013
|
|-
|Lokacin Afirka
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|Dan wasan kwaikwayo, Darakta
|2014
|
|-
|Rashin kuka
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|Daraktan
|2014
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Weeping Ashes - A Kelechi Eke Film |url=https://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/990145400130203941/catalog |website=[[Harvard University]] Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Sauran kabilun
|Wasan kwaikwayo
|Daraktan
|2015
|
|-
|Black Pot
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|Daraktan
|2015
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=The Black Pot |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4733904/ |website=[[IMDb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Akwuna
|Gajeren fim
|Mai wasan kwaikwayo
|2022
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Veteran Nollywood actress, Stella Damasus, others stars in Akwụna |url=https://www.boomplay.com/buzz/3024862 |website=Boomplay}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Ihemba
|Hotuna
|Mai gabatarwa
|2024
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2024 |title=IHEMBA - Ichie Royalty Documentary |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt30824476/ |website=[[IMDb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Kyaututtuka ==

=== Kyautar Fim ===
2012 - Mafi kyawun Mai Fim na Afirka da ke zaune a kasashen waje, [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim na Afirka]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=Best Filmmaker Living Abroad |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3734802/awards/ |website=[[Africa Movie Academy Awards]] [[IMDb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2015 - Zaɓin Jama'a Mafi Kyawun Darakta, Nollywood da Kyautar Masu Fim na Afirka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=NAFCA Awards |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3734802/awards/ |website=[[IMDb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2015 - Kyautar Kyautar Kyautattun Fim, Los Angeles Nollywood Film Awards . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=G |first=Vida |date=2015-09-07 |title=LANFA Award-Winning Filmmaker to Screen His Films |url=https://hollywoodpresscorps.com/lanfa-award-winning-filmmaker-to-screen-his-films/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Hollywood Press Corps |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2015 - Kyautar Kyauta a Bikin Fim na Kyauta, California . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=Awareness Film Festival, CA |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3734802/awards/ |website=[[IMDb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

2015 - Mafi kyawun Mawallafi, Kyautar Fim ta Duniya, Indonesia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 13, 2015 |title=A festival of Awards for Kelechi Eke |url=https://trendyafrica.com/a-festival-of-awards-for-kelechi-eke/ |website=Trendy Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kyautar jin kai da na al'umma ===
A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2014, Kelechi ta sami lambar yabo ta Lifetime Achievement daga Majalisar Al'adu ta Najeriya-Amurka (NAMC). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ltd |first=Fresco Software Solution Pvt |title=Kelechi Eke {{!}} AFRIFAMU |url=https://www.afrifamu.org/2024/01/31/kelechi-eke/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=DAORA BEADS}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLtd&quot;&gt;Ltd, Fresco Software Solution Pvt. [https://www.afrifamu.org/2024/01/31/kelechi-eke/ &quot;Kelechi Eke | AFRIFAMU&quot;]. ''DAORA BEADS''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-12-18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, 2018, Kyautar Nasarar Al'ummar Afirka ta girmama shi don Kyautattun Al'umma a kan Fasaha da Ci gaban Nishaɗi na Afirka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ltd |first=Fresco Software Solution Pvt |title=Kelechi Eke {{!}} AFRIFAMU |url=https://www.afrifamu.org/2024/01/31/kelechi-eke/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=DAORA BEADS}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLtd&quot;&gt;Ltd, Fresco Software Solution Pvt. [https://www.afrifamu.org/2024/01/31/kelechi-eke/ &quot;Kelechi Eke | AFRIFAMU&quot;]. ''DAORA BEADS''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-12-18&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga Yuni, 2018, Hollywood da African Prestigious Awards (HAPA) sun girmama shi a matsayin Jakadan Al'adu da Fasaha na Afirka na 2018 a Hollywood, California . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=HAPAWARDS {{!}} Hollywood and African Prestigious Awards |url=https://www.hapawards.com/ |access-date=2025-05-19 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 19 ga watan Agusta, 2023, Kelechi Eke ya karbi lambar yabo ta Shugaban Amurka don gudummawar zamantakewa da ayyukan jin kai. 

A ranar 30 ga Maris, 2024, ya sami lambar yabo ta girmamawa daga Ambassadors na Mata na Jihar Imo don tallafawa mata da ci gaban 'ya'ya mata, da kuma karfafa matasa a cikin Jiha.

A ranar 27 ga watan Disamba, 2025, Ichie Kelechi Eke ya sami girmamawa daga mutanensa tare da Kyautar Jagorancin Al'umma don farfado da bikin al'adunsu da inganta hadin kai da zaman lafiya.

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* [[IMDb]].com/name/nm3734802/&quot; id=&quot;mwA-M&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow&quot;&gt;Chijindu Kelechi Eke a kan IMDb
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Harshen Tuamotuan</title>
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      <comment>Nayi gyara</comment>
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      <text bytes="11977" sha1="ff14i9wirxwoblc1h0vkjp6cx4bv9dl" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox language|name=Pa‘umotu|nativename={{lang|pmt|Re{{okina}}o Pa{{okina}}umotu}}&lt;br/&gt;{{lang|pmt|Reko Pa{{okina}}umotu}}|states=[[French Polynesia]]|region=[[Tuamotus]], [[Tahiti]]|ethnicity=15,600 (2007 census?)&lt;!--1st appears w census figure--&gt;&lt;ref name=e17&gt;{{e17|pmt}}&lt;/ref&gt;|speakers=4,000 in Tuamotu|date=2007 census|ref=e18|speakers2=many additional speakers in Tahiti&lt;ref name=e18/&gt;|familycolor=Austronesian|fam2=[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]|fam3=[[Oceanic languages|Oceanic]]|fam4=[[Polynesian languages|Polynesian]]|fam5=[[Eastern Polynesian languages|Eastern Polynesian]]|fam6=[[Tahitic languages|Tahitic]]|iso3=pmt|glotto=tuam1242|glottorefname=Tuamotuan|map=Lang Status 60-DE.svg|mapcaption={{center|{{small|Pa‘umotu is classified as Definitely Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]}}}}}}

Tuamotuan, Pa ʻ umotu or Paumotu (Tuamotuan: ReTemplate:Okinao PaTemplate:Okinaumotu )&lt;/link&gt; ko Reko PaTemplate:Okinaumotu&lt;/link&gt; ) yaren Polynesia ne wanda mutane 4,000 ke magana a cikin tsibiran Tuamotu, tare da ƙarin masu magana 2,000 a Tahiti


Harafin Pa'umotu ya dogara ne akan rubutun Latin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ethnologue |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pmt}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Game da harshe ==

=== Tarihi da al'adu ===
Mutanen Pa'umotu a yau suna kiran tsibirinsu Tuamotu yayin da suke kiran kansu da harshensu a matsayin Pa'umotu (ko Paumotu). Pa'umotu yana ɗaya daga cikin harsuna shida na Polynesia da ake magana da su a cikin Faransanci Polynesia, sauran harsuna biyar sune Tahitian, Marquesan, Mangarevan, Rapa, da Austral. 

Tasirin ziyarar farko a Turai ba ta da wani tasiri a siyasance. Harshen, duk da haka, yaren Tahitian ya shafe shi a ƙarshe, wanda fadada Turai ya shafe shi. Zuwan ƴan mishan na Turai a ƙarni na 19 kuma ya haifar da lamuni, gami da ƙirƙirar sabbin ƙamus na sabon bangaskiyar Pa'umotu, da fassarar Littafi Mai-Tsarki zuwa Pa'umotu. 

Addinin asali na Tuamtus ya ƙunshi bautar wani babban halitta, Kiho-Tumu ko Kiho. An adana kuma an fassara waƙoƙin addini waɗanda ke bayyana halayen Kiho da yadda ya halicci duniya. 

A cikin 'yan lokutan baya-bayan nan, Tuamotus sune wurin gwajin makaman nukiliya na Faransa akan atolls na Moruroa da Fangataufa.

=== Rabewa ===
Paumotu memba ne na ƙungiyar Polynesian na harsunan Oceanic, ita kanta rukuni ne na dangin Austronesia . 

Wasu tasirin kasashen waje suna nan. 

=== Yaduwar yanki ===
[[File:Karta_FP_Tuamotus_isl.PNG|thumb| Mummunan taswirar Tuamotu Archipelago]]
Ana magana da Pa'umotu a cikin manyan tsibirai na Tuamotu, waɗanda adadinsu ya kai fiye da ƙananan tsibirai 60. Yawancin mazaunan dā sun ƙaura zuwa Tahiti, wanda hakan ya sa harshen ya ragu. 

A cikin 1970s, akwai adadin Pa'umotu da ke zaune a Laie, O'ahu, Hawai'i, da kuma wasu wurare a tsibirin O'ahu. An ba da rahoton cewa wasu suna zaune a California da Florida. Akwai kuma mutane da dama da ke zaune a New Zealand da aka ruwaito Pa'umotu, ko da yake sun fito daga Tahiti. 

=== Yaruka ===
Pa'umotu yana da yaruka bakwai ko yankunan harshe: suna rufe Parata, Vahitu, Maraga, Fagatau, Tapuhoe, Napuka da Mihiro. &lt;ref name=&quot;atlas&quot;&gt;See [[Tuamotuan language#atlas|Charpentier &amp; François (2015)]].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carine Chamfrault |date=26 December 2008 |title=L'académie pa'umotu, &quot;reconnaissance d'un peuple&quot; |trans-title=The Pa‘umotu Academy, “recognition of a people” |url=http://www.ladepeche.pf/fenua/culture/2484-lacademie-paumotu-reconnaissance-dun-peuple.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120905135126/http://www.ladepeche.pf/fenua/culture/2484-lacademie-paumotu-reconnaissance-dun-peuple.html |archive-date=5 September 2012 |access-date=4 November 2010 |website=[[La Dépêche de Tahiti]] |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutanen Pa'umotu na asali ƴan ƙauyuka ne, suna ƙaura daga wannan atom zuwa wani kuma ta haka ne suke ƙirƙirar yaruka iri-iri.  ’Yan asalin ƙasar suna kiran wannan ɗabi’ar makiyaya a matsayin {{Lang|pmt|orihaerenoa}}&lt;/link&gt; , daga tushen kalmomin {{Lang|pmt|ori}}&lt;/link&gt; (ma'ana 'yawo'), {{Lang|pmt|haere}}&lt;/link&gt; (ma'ana 'tafi') da {{Lang|pmt|noa}}&lt;/link&gt; (ma'ana 'rashin takurawa'). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Pa'umotu yayi kama da na Tahiti, kuma yawan Tahitian ya shafi Pa'umotu.  &lt;ref name=&quot;atlas&quot;&gt;See [[Tuamotuan language#atlas|Charpentier &amp; François (2015)]].&lt;/ref&gt; {{Rp|101–108}}Da farko saboda rinjayen siyasa da tattalin arziƙin Tahiti a yankin, yawancin Pa'umotu (musamman waɗanda suka fito daga yammacin turai) suna harsuna biyu, suna magana da Pa'umotu da Tahitian.  Matasa da yawa Pa'umotu da ke zaune a kan atolls kusa da Tahiti suna jin yaren Tahiti kawai kuma ba su da Pa'umotu.

Misali shi ne yadda Pa'umotu ke amfani da sautin murfi kamar ''k'' ko ''g'', wanda a cikin Tahitian-Pa'umotu (haɗuwar harsuna) ya zama tasha. Misali, kalmar 'shark' a cikin Pa'umotu {{Lang|pmt|mago}} ce&lt;/link&gt; , amma a cikin haɗakar harsunan biyu ya zama {{Lang|pmt|ma'o}}&lt;/link&gt; ''.'' Haka abin yake da kalmomi irin su {{Lang|pmt|matagi}}&lt;/link&gt; ''/'' {{Lang|pmt|mata'i}}&lt;/link&gt; da {{Lang|pmt|koe}}&lt;/link&gt; ''/'' {{Lang|pmt|'oe}}&lt;/link&gt;. 

Waɗannan bambance-bambancen yare suna haifar da rarrabuwa tsakanin &quot;Tsohon Pa'umotu&quot; da &quot;Sabon Pa'umotu&quot;. Yawancin ƙananan Pa'umotu ba su gane wasu kalmomi da kakanninsu suka yi amfani da su ba, kamar kalmar {{Lang|pmt|ua}}&lt;/link&gt; don 'ruwan sama'.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2022}}&lt;/link&gt;Ƙananan Pa'umotu &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; &amp;#x5D; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)&quot;&gt;da&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&lt;/sup&gt; kalmar {{Lang|pmt|toiti}}&lt;/link&gt; don 'ruwan sama' a cikin Pa'umotu na zamani.

=== Muhimmanci ===
A cewar [[UNESCO]], Pa`umotu &quot;tabbas yana cikin haɗari &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wurm |first=Stephen |date=2001 |title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger of Disappearing (2001) |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000123609 |website=unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakika, tun kafin shekarun 1960, yawancin mazauna tsibirin Tuamotu sun yi ƙaura zuwa Tahiti don neman ilimi ko damar aiki; &lt;ref name=&quot;atlas&quot;&gt;See [[Tuamotuan language#atlas|Charpentier &amp; François (2015)]].&lt;/ref&gt; wannan jirgin na karkara ya ba da gudummawa sosai wajen raunana Pa'umotu, wanda wani lokaci ana kwatanta shi da &quot; harshe mai mutuwa &quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stimson |first=J. Frank |date=1965 |title=A dictionary of some Tuamotuan dialects of the Polynesian language |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=67 |doi=10.1525/aa.1965.67.4.02a00210 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga shekarun 1950, harshen da ake amfani da shi wajen ilimi a Polynesia na Faransa shine Faransanci. Ba a koyar da ɗan Tahiti ko Pa'umotu a makarantu. &lt;ref name=&quot;JV&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vernaudon |first=Jacques |year=2015 |title=Linguistic Ideologies: Teaching Oceanic Languages in French Polynesia and New Caledonia |url=http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/42541/1/v27n2-433-462.pdf |journal=The Contemporary Pacific |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=433–462 |doi=10.1353/cp.2015.0048 |s2cid=152329866 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hukumar da ta keɓe, mai suna {{Interlanguage link|Académie pa'umotu|fr|}} tana kula da harshen Pa'umotu., ko ''Kāruru vānaga'' . &lt;ref&gt;[https://archives.culture-patrimoine.pf/spip.php?article617 Présentation de l’académie Pa’umotu - Kāruru vānaga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721075445/https://archives.culture-patrimoine.pf/spip.php?article617 |date=2023-07-21 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; An ƙirƙira shi a cikin 2008, &lt;ref&gt;[http://lexpol.cloud.pf/LexpolAfficheTexte.php?texte=215785 “Arrêté n° 1910 CM du 23 décembre 2008 portant création de l’académie pa’umotu”].&lt;/ref&gt; yana bin tsarin Académie tahitienne . &lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.today/20120905135126/http://www.ladepeche.pf/fenua/culture/2484-lacademie-paumotu-reconnaissance-dun-peuple.html L’académie pa’umotu, “reconnaissance d’un peuple”], ''La Dépêche de Tahiti'', 23 Dec 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nahawu ==
Babu tsarin nahawu da aka buga akan yaren Pa'umotu. Kalmomin Tahitian-Pa'umotu na yanzu suna dogara ne akan Littafi Mai Tsarki na Tahiti da fassarar Tahiti na Littafin Mormon. 

Samfuran tushe don kwatancen Pa'umotu-Turanci shine ''al'adun Kiho-Tumu'', wanda ya ƙunshi waƙoƙin addini na Pa'umotu da fassarar turanci. 

=== Ilimin sauti ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Consonants
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Nasal
| m
| n
| ŋ ⟨ g ⟩
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | M
| p
| t
| k
| ʔ ⟨ ` ⟩
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ƙarfafawa
| f&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; v
|
|
| h
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Rhotic
|
| r
|
|
|}
Ana samun tasha glottal a cikin ɗimbin kalmomin lamunin Tahiti . Hakanan ana samunsa a cikin bambance-bambancen kyauta tare da {{IPA|/k/}}&lt;/link&gt; da {{IPA|/ŋ/}}&lt;/link&gt; a cikin wasu kalmomi da aka raba tsakanin Pa'umotu da Tahitian. Za a iya samun tasha mai ɗorewa a farkon kalmomin farko guda ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;Kuki (1973), p. 104&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Wasula 
!
! Gaba
! Tsakiya
! Baya
|-
! Babban
| i
|
| u
|-
! Tsakar
| e
|
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | o &lt;ref&gt;Kuki (1973), p. 103&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Ƙananan
|
| a
|}
Gajerun wasula sun bambanta da dogayen wasali da tsayin wasali don haka sauti ne. Wasu nau'i-nau'i na wasali da ba iri ɗaya ba sun bayyana a cikin Pu'amotu, kuma ana fassara dogayen wasula a matsayin nau'i-nau'i na wasula iri ɗaya kuma an rubuta su ta hanyar ninka wasulan a kowane hali.  A cikin matsayi mara ƙarfi, za a iya rasa bambanci tsakanin dogon da gajere. Matsayin damuwa yana da tsinkaya. Danniya na farko yana kan wasali na gaba kafin juncture, tare da dogayen wasulan da ke kirga wasula biyu da masu saurara da ba a kirga su a matsayin wasulan. Daya daga cikin kowane wasali biyu ko uku yana damuwa.. wato, mafi ƙarancin yanki don sanya damuwa shine wasula biyu, kuma matsakaicin shine uku. Idan aka danne dogon wasali, damuwa ya kan sauka kan gaba dayan wasalin, ba tare da la’akari da wane irin mora ba ne, sai dai idan dogon wasali ya zama na karshe. Babu fiye da wasali/mora mara nauyi da zai iya faruwa a jere, amma, idan na farkon wasula biyu ya yi tsayi, babu damuwa a tsakaninsu. Ba za a iya nanata nau'ikan ɗan gajeren wasali ɗaya ba. &lt;ref&gt;Kuki (1973), p. 104–105, 108–112.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kalmomi ===
A zahiri, ana iya ganin kamanceceniya da yawa tsakanin sauran harsunan Polynesia a cikin ƙamus na Pa'umotu. 'Mace', alal misali, banza {{Lang|pmt|vahine}}&lt;/link&gt; , kusa da Hawaiian da Maori {{Lang|haw|wahine}}&lt;/link&gt; . Wani misali kuma shine 'abu', wanda a cikin Pa'umotu {{Lang|pmt|mea}} ne&lt;/link&gt; , kuma iri ɗaya ne a Samoan da Maori.

Masu magana da harshen Pa'umotu suna amfani da saurin magana da gangan, jinkirin magana, da salon magana na yau da kullun. Suna amfani da damuwa na jimla, wanda zai iya zama sautin sauti ko morphemic, da damuwa na farko, wanda ba sautin sauti ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kuki |first=Hiroshi |date=March 1973 |title=Predictability of Stress in a Polynesian Language: Stress Patterns in Tuamotuan |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/gengo1939/1973/64/1973_64_97/_pdf/-char/en |journal=Gengo Kenkyu (Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan kula da nassoshi ==

=== Magana ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Kara karantawa ===

* {{Cite book|last2=Alexandre François (linguist)}}
*  

=== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ===

* [http://alex.francois.online.fr/AF-Fr-Polynesia-map_e.htm Taswirar Harshe na Faransanci Polynesia, yana nuna yaruka daban-daban na Pa'umotu] &lt;small&gt;(daga Charpentier &lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;amp; François' &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAdQ&quot;&gt;Linguistic Atlas na Faransa Polynesia&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ).&lt;/small&gt;
* Katunan fihirisar sunayen tsirrai da dabbobi a cikin Pu'amotu da aka adana tare da Kaipuleohone ( [[hdl:10125/33155|PA1-020]], [[hdl:10125/33156|PA1-021]] )
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Elechi Amadi</title>
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        <username>Sardeeq</username>
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      <text bytes="10629" sha1="ej05o4tro72t6tgi4997te4akdn7qcn" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person 
| name             = Elechi Amadi
| honorific_suffix =  [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic|MFR]]
| image            =
| image_size       = 
| caption          = 
| birth_name       = Emmanuel Elechi Daniel
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| birth_place      = Aluu, [[Rivers State]], Nigeria
| death_date       = {{death date and age|2016|06|29|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| death_place      = [[Port Harcourt]], Nigeria
| occupation       = Novelist
| nationality      = Nigerian
| alma_mater       = 
| spouse           = 
| subject          = 
| period           = 
| genre            = 
| movement         = 
| notableworks     = ''[[The Concubine (novel)|The Concubine]]'' (1966)
| awards           = 
}}
'''Elechi Amadi''' MFR // ⓘ (12 Mayu 1934 - 29 Yuni 2016) marubuci ne kuma soja ɗan Najeriya. Ya kasance tsohon [[Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya|jami'in sojan Najeriya]]. Ya kasance marubucin wasan kwaikwayo da litattafai da suka shafi rayuwar ƙauyen Afirka, al'adu, imani, da ayyukan addini kafin tuntuɓar ƙasashen yammacin duniya. An fi ganin Amadi don littafinsa na farko na 1966, ''The Concubine'', wanda ake kira &quot;fitaccen aikin almara mai tsabta&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Eldred Jones, &quot;African Literature 1966-1967&quot;, ''African Forum'', vol. 3, no. 1, p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haife shi a shekarar 1934, a Mbodo-Aluu da ke karamar hukumar Ikwerre a [[Jihar Rivers|jihar Ribas]], [[Najeriya]], Elechi Amadi ya halarci [[Kwalejin Gwamnati Umuahia|Kwalejin Gwamnati, Umuahia]] (1948-52), Makarantar Survey, [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]] (1953-54), da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] (1955 – 59), inda ya sami digiri a fannin Physics da Mathematics. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gikandi 2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Simon Gikandi}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Liukkonen |first=Petri |title=Elechi Amadi |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125001500/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |archive-date=25 January 2015 |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da yake jami'a, ya karbi sunan Elechi Amadi, wanda ya ji yana nuna al'adunsa na Ikwerre fiye da sunan haihuwarsa, Emmanuel Elechi Daniel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Emmanuel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ya yi aiki na wani lokaci a matsayin mai binciken filaye, sannan ya zama malami a makarantu da dama, ciki har da Makarantar Soja ta Najeriya, [[Zariya]] (1963-66). &lt;ref&gt;Hans M. Zell, Carol Bundy, Virginia Coulon, ''A New Reader's Guide to African Literature'', Heinemann Educational Books, 1983; pp. 350-351.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aikin soja da siyasa ===
Amadi ya yi aikin sojan Najeriya, ya ci gaba da zama a can lokacin [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasar Najeriya]], kuma ya yi ritaya a matsayin kyaftin.  Sannan ya rike mukamai daban-daban a gwamnatin jihar Ribas : Babban Sakatare (1973-83), Kwamishinan Ilimi (1987-88) da Kwamishinan Filaye da Gidaje (1989-90). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 June 2016 |title=Literary icon, Elechi Amadi, is dead |url=https://punchng.com/literary-icon-elechi-amadi-dead/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rubutu ===
Ya kasance marubucin zama kuma malami a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Ribas, inda kuma ya kasance shugaban sashen fasaha, shugaban sashen adabi da daraktan nazari na gaba daya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-08 |title=Elechi Amadi (1934-2016) |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/elechi-amadi-1934-2016/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amadi ya ce littafinsa na farko shi ne a shekarar 1957, waka mai suna &quot;Tubawa&quot; a wata mujallar jami'ar Ibadan mai suna ''The Horn'', wanda [[J. P. Clark|John Pepper Clark]] ya shirya. 

Littafin littafin Amadi na farko, ''The Concubine'', an buga shi a Landan a cikin 1966 kuma an yaba da shi a matsayin &quot;fitaccen aikin farko&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Eustace Palmer, &quot;Elechi Amadi and Flora Nwapa&quot;, ''African Literarture Today'', no. 1, 1969, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt; Alastair Niven a cikin bincikensa mai mahimmanci game da littafin ya rubuta cewa: &quot;Tsarin kafuwar ƙauyuka na farauta da kamun kifi na Neja delta, ''Ƙwarƙwarar'' ta mallaki rashin lokaci da duniya na babban labari.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Alastair Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'' (London, 1981), p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; An yi ''kuyangar'' ta zama fim, wanda Elechi Amadi ya rubuta kuma fitaccen daraktan fina-finan [[Nollywood]] [[Andy Amenechi]] ne ya ba da umarni, wanda aka fara a [[Abuja]] a watan Maris 2007. 

Saitin littafin littafin Amadi na biyu, ''[[The Great Ponds]]'', wanda aka buga a 1969, shine Gabashin Najeriya kafin mulkin mallaka, kuma yana magana ne game da yakin da aka yi tsakanin al’ummomin kauyuka biyu kan mallakar tafki.

A cikin 1973 Amadi autobiographical non-fiction, ''Sunset in Biafra'', aka buga. Ya rubuta abubuwan da ya faru a yakin Najeriya da Biafra, kuma a cewar Niven &quot;an rubuta shi a cikin wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa kamar labari ne&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'', (1981), p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga watan Mayun 1989 aka gudanar da taron karawa juna sani a jami'ar Fatakwal domin murnar cika shekaru 55 da haihuwar Amadi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-06-29 |title=Elechi Amadi dies - |url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2016/06/29/elechi-amadi-dies/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayun 2004, kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya reshen jihar Ribas ta shirya taron bikin cika shekaru 70 da haihuwa Elechi Amadi. 

Don littafinsa na ƙarshe, ''Lokacin da Allah Ya zo'', Elechi ya juya a karon farko zuwa nau'in fiction na kimiyya. &lt;ref&gt;Aderonke Adeleke, [http://cerebrallemon.com/late-elechi-amadis-final-work-of-art-when-god-came/ &quot;Late Elechi Amadi’s Final Work Of Art, ‘When God Came’&quot;]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Cerebral Lemon Co.'', 1 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake bitar ta, Lindsay Barrett ya rubuta cewa: “Lokacin da marubuci ya kai matsayin gunki a cikin sana’arsa, bisa la’akari da buga ayyukan da aka ayyana fitattun fitattun abubuwa tun farkon aikinsa, ba sabon abu ba ne ka same shi yana shiga cikin ayyukansa. Gwaji a matakai na ƙarshe na waccan sana'a. Haƙiƙa zai zama mafi daidai a ayyana su azaman ƙa'idodin falsafanci abin da ke cikin su yana yin la'akari da yanayin ɗan adam da iyakan yuwuwar cimma nasarar ɗan adam bisa ra'ayi na allahntaka maimakon kawai yin motsa jiki a cikin tunanin abubuwan da suka faru na wani yanayi na duniya., wanda mashahurin almarar kimiyya sau da yawa shine ... A cikin bincike na ƙarshe waɗannan ayyukan sun karanta kamar tatsuniyoyi daga nan gaba cewa marubucin dole ne ya sami jin daɗin ƙirƙira. Ƙaunar Amadi ga wallafe-wallafe da kuma abubuwan da ya yi a farkon shekarunsa sun rufe masa ilimin kimiyya musamman bayan yakin basasa lokacin da ya zauna a matsayin masanin ilimi kuma mai kula da gwamnati a jihar Rivers. A cikin wannan lokacin ne ya fara gwaje-gwajen a cikin sabbin nau'ikan rubuce-rubucen da wannan aikin ya kasance ɗan ƙaramin misali amma ba za a manta da shi ba.” &lt;ref&gt;Lindsay Barrett, [http://independentnig.com/fables-from-the-future-elechi-amadis-philosophical-allegories/ &quot;Fables From The Future: Elechi Amadi’s Philosophical Allegories&quot;]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Independent'' (Nigeria), 21 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan shekaru ==

=== 2009 sacewa ===
A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun 2009 wasu ‘yan bindiga da ba a san ko su waye ba sun yi garkuwa da Amadi a gidansa da ke garin Aluu, [[Ikwerre]] . An sake shi a yammacin ranar 6 ga Janairu, sa'o'i 23 bayan haka. &lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7814454.stm &quot;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;], BBC News, 6 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Jimitota Onoyume and Samuel Oyadongha, [http://allafrica.com/stories/200901070333.html &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;], AllAfrica, 7 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afirka39 ===
A 2014 ya kasance alkali na Africa39, tare da [[Osonye Tess Onwueme|Tess Onwueme]] da [[Margaret Busby]] . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.hayfestival.com/africa39/index.aspx?skinid=27&amp;currencysetting=GBP&amp;localesetting=en-GB&amp;resetfilters=true &quot;Imagine the World&quot;], Africa39.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mutuwa ===
A ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2016, Amadi ya rasu a [[Asibitin Ƙwararru na Good Heart|Asibitin Zuciya mai Kyau]] da ke [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] yana da shekaru 82.  &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36672302 &quot;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;], BBC News, 30 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wole Soyinka|Wole Soyinka,]] wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Nobel, ya yaba wa Amadi a matsayin &quot;soja kuma mawaƙi, mai kame lamiri, haɗin kai da adalci.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Ben Ezeamalu, [http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/artsbooks/206424-adieu-soldier-poet-soyinka-pays-tribute-elechi-amadi.html &quot;‘Adieu Soldier and Poet,’ Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;], ''[[Premium Times]]'', 4 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyauta ==
* 1992 – Rivers State Silver Jubilee Merit Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/journalism-and-publishing-biographies/elechi-amadi|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – honorary doctorate, Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) in Education, honoris causa, awarded by [[Rivers State University of Science and Technology]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;/&gt;
* 2003 – Fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Education.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi dies at 82|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/06/elechi-amadi-dies-82/|date=2016-06-29|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic]] (MFR).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Niven|first=Alastair|date=2016-08-22|title=Elechi Amadi obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/aug/22/elechi-amadi-obituary|access-date=2020-05-26|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gado ==
Faculty of Humanity a Jami'ar Fatakwal, ta sadaukar da shi gare shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot; /&gt; Port Harcourt Polytechnic an canza masa suna zuwa Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic a 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Onoyume |first=Jimitota |date=5 December 2016 |title=Rivers government renames Port Harcourt Poly after Elechi Amadi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/rivers-govt-renames-port-harcourt-poly-elechi-amadi/ |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=[[Vanguard, Nigeria|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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      <text bytes="10725" sha1="lg6dwsalcrblo2rsbx7u4cnlejs6dm4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person 
| name             = Elechi Amadi
| honorific_suffix =  [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic|MFR]]
| image            =
| image_size       = 
| caption          = 
| birth_name       = Emmanuel Elechi Daniel
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| birth_place      = Aluu, [[Rivers State]], Nigeria
| death_date       = {{death date and age|2016|06|29|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| death_place      = [[Port Harcourt]], Nigeria
| occupation       = Novelist
| nationality      = Nigerian
| alma_mater       = 
| spouse           = 
| subject          = 
| period           = 
| genre            = 
| movement         = 
| notableworks     = ''[[The Concubine (novel)|The Concubine]]'' (1966)
| awards           = 
}}
'''Elechi Amadi''' MFR // ⓘ (12 Mayu 1934 - 29 Yuni 2016) marubuci ne kuma soja ɗan Najeriya. Ya kasance tsohon [[Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya|jami'in sojan Najeriya]]. Ya kasance marubucin wasan kwaikwayo da litattafai da suka shafi rayuwar ƙauyen Afirka, al'adu, imani, da ayyukan addini kafin tuntuɓar ƙasashen yammacin duniya. An fi ganin Amadi don littafinsa na farko na 1966, ''The Concubine'', wanda ake kira &quot;fitaccen aikin almara mai tsabta&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Eldred Jones, &quot;African Literature 1966-1967&quot;, ''African Forum'', vol. 3, no. 1, p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;. BBC News. 6 January 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haife shi a shekarar 1934, a Mbodo-Aluu da ke karamar hukumar Ikwerre a [[Jihar Rivers|jihar Ribas]], [[Najeriya]], Elechi Amadi ya halarci [[Kwalejin Gwamnati Umuahia|Kwalejin Gwamnati, Umuahia]] (1948-52), Makarantar Survey, [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]] (1953-54), da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] (1955 – 59), inda ya sami digiri a fannin Physics da Mathematics. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gikandi 2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Simon Gikandi}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Liukkonen |first=Petri |title=Elechi Amadi |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125001500/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |archive-date=25 January 2015 |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da yake jami'a, ya karbi sunan Elechi Amadi, wanda ya ji yana nuna al'adunsa na Ikwerre fiye da sunan haihuwarsa, Emmanuel Elechi Daniel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Emmanuel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ya yi aiki na wani lokaci a matsayin mai binciken filaye, sannan ya zama malami a makarantu da dama, ciki har da Makarantar Soja ta Najeriya, [[Zariya]] (1963-66). &lt;ref&gt;Hans M. Zell, Carol Bundy, Virginia Coulon, ''A New Reader's Guide to African Literature'', Heinemann Educational Books, 1983; pp. 350-351.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aikin soja da siyasa ===
Amadi ya yi aikin sojan Najeriya, ya ci gaba da zama a can lokacin [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasar Najeriya]], kuma ya yi ritaya a matsayin kyaftin.  Sannan ya rike mukamai daban-daban a gwamnatin jihar Ribas : Babban Sakatare (1973-83), Kwamishinan Ilimi (1987-88) da Kwamishinan Filaye da Gidaje (1989-90). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 June 2016 |title=Literary icon, Elechi Amadi, is dead |url=https://punchng.com/literary-icon-elechi-amadi-dead/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rubutu ===
Ya kasance marubucin zama kuma malami a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Ribas, inda kuma ya kasance shugaban sashen fasaha, shugaban sashen adabi da daraktan nazari na gaba daya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-08 |title=Elechi Amadi (1934-2016) |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/elechi-amadi-1934-2016/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amadi ya ce littafinsa na farko shi ne a shekarar 1957, waka mai suna &quot;Tubawa&quot; a wata mujallar jami'ar Ibadan mai suna ''The Horn'', wanda [[J. P. Clark|John Pepper Clark]] ya shirya. 

Littafin littafin Amadi na farko, ''The Concubine'', an buga shi a Landan a cikin 1966 kuma an yaba da shi a matsayin &quot;fitaccen aikin farko&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Eustace Palmer, &quot;Elechi Amadi and Flora Nwapa&quot;, ''African Literarture Today'', no. 1, 1969, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt; Alastair Niven a cikin bincikensa mai mahimmanci game da littafin ya rubuta cewa: &quot;Tsarin kafuwar ƙauyuka na farauta da kamun kifi na Neja delta, ''Ƙwarƙwarar'' ta mallaki rashin lokaci da duniya na babban labari.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Alastair Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'' (London, 1981), p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; An yi ''kuyangar'' ta zama fim, wanda Elechi Amadi ya rubuta kuma fitaccen daraktan fina-finan [[Nollywood]] [[Andy Amenechi]] ne ya ba da umarni, wanda aka fara a [[Abuja]] a watan Maris 2007. 

Saitin littafin littafin Amadi na biyu, ''[[The Great Ponds]]'', wanda aka buga a 1969, shine Gabashin Najeriya kafin mulkin mallaka, kuma yana magana ne game da yakin da aka yi tsakanin al’ummomin kauyuka biyu kan mallakar tafki.

A cikin 1973 Amadi autobiographical non-fiction, ''Sunset in Biafra'', aka buga. Ya rubuta abubuwan da ya faru a yakin Najeriya da Biafra, kuma a cewar Niven &quot;an rubuta shi a cikin wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa kamar labari ne&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'', (1981), p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga watan Mayun 1989 aka gudanar da taron karawa juna sani a jami'ar Fatakwal domin murnar cika shekaru 55 da haihuwar Amadi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-06-29 |title=Elechi Amadi dies - |url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2016/06/29/elechi-amadi-dies/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayun 2004, kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya reshen jihar Ribas ta shirya taron bikin cika shekaru 70 da haihuwa Elechi Amadi. 

Don littafinsa na ƙarshe, ''Lokacin da Allah Ya zo'', Elechi ya juya a karon farko zuwa nau'in fiction na kimiyya. &lt;ref&gt;Aderonke Adeleke, [http://cerebrallemon.com/late-elechi-amadis-final-work-of-art-when-god-came/ &quot;Late Elechi Amadi’s Final Work Of Art, ‘When God Came’&quot;]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Cerebral Lemon Co.'', 1 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake bitar ta, Lindsay Barrett ya rubuta cewa: “Lokacin da marubuci ya kai matsayin gunki a cikin sana’arsa, bisa la’akari da buga ayyukan da aka ayyana fitattun fitattun abubuwa tun farkon aikinsa, ba sabon abu ba ne ka same shi yana shiga cikin ayyukansa. Gwaji a matakai na ƙarshe na waccan sana'a. Haƙiƙa zai zama mafi daidai a ayyana su azaman ƙa'idodin falsafanci abin da ke cikin su yana yin la'akari da yanayin ɗan adam da iyakan yuwuwar cimma nasarar ɗan adam bisa ra'ayi na allahntaka maimakon kawai yin motsa jiki a cikin tunanin abubuwan da suka faru na wani yanayi na duniya., wanda mashahurin almarar kimiyya sau da yawa shine ... A cikin bincike na ƙarshe waɗannan ayyukan sun karanta kamar tatsuniyoyi daga nan gaba cewa marubucin dole ne ya sami jin daɗin ƙirƙira. Ƙaunar Amadi ga wallafe-wallafe da kuma abubuwan da ya yi a farkon shekarunsa sun rufe masa ilimin kimiyya musamman bayan yakin basasa lokacin da ya zauna a matsayin masanin ilimi kuma mai kula da gwamnati a jihar Rivers. A cikin wannan lokacin ne ya fara gwaje-gwajen a cikin sabbin nau'ikan rubuce-rubucen da wannan aikin ya kasance ɗan ƙaramin misali amma ba za a manta da shi ba.” &lt;ref&gt;Lindsay Barrett, [http://independentnig.com/fables-from-the-future-elechi-amadis-philosophical-allegories/ &quot;Fables From The Future: Elechi Amadi’s Philosophical Allegories&quot;]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Independent'' (Nigeria), 21 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan shekaru ==

=== 2009 sacewa ===
A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun 2009 wasu ‘yan bindiga da ba a san ko su waye ba sun yi garkuwa da Amadi a gidansa da ke garin Aluu, [[Ikwerre]] . An sake shi a yammacin ranar 6 ga Janairu, sa'o'i 23 bayan haka. &lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7814454.stm &quot;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;], BBC News, 6 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Jimitota Onoyume and Samuel Oyadongha, [http://allafrica.com/stories/200901070333.html &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;], AllAfrica, 7 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afirka39 ===
A 2014 ya kasance alkali na Africa39, tare da [[Osonye Tess Onwueme|Tess Onwueme]] da [[Margaret Busby]] . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.hayfestival.com/africa39/index.aspx?skinid=27&amp;currencysetting=GBP&amp;localesetting=en-GB&amp;resetfilters=true &quot;Imagine the World&quot;], Africa39.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mutuwa ===
A ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2016, Amadi ya rasu a [[Asibitin Ƙwararru na Good Heart|Asibitin Zuciya mai Kyau]] da ke [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] yana da shekaru 82.  &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36672302 &quot;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;], BBC News, 30 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wole Soyinka|Wole Soyinka,]] wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Nobel, ya yaba wa Amadi a matsayin &quot;soja kuma mawaƙi, mai kame lamiri, haɗin kai da adalci.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Ben Ezeamalu, [http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/artsbooks/206424-adieu-soldier-poet-soyinka-pays-tribute-elechi-amadi.html &quot;‘Adieu Soldier and Poet,’ Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;], ''[[Premium Times]]'', 4 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyauta ==
* 1992 – Rivers State Silver Jubilee Merit Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/journalism-and-publishing-biographies/elechi-amadi|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – honorary doctorate, Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) in Education, honoris causa, awarded by [[Rivers State University of Science and Technology]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;/&gt;
* 2003 – Fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Education.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi dies at 82|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/06/elechi-amadi-dies-82/|date=2016-06-29|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic]] (MFR).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Niven|first=Alastair|date=2016-08-22|title=Elechi Amadi obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/aug/22/elechi-amadi-obituary|access-date=2020-05-26|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gado ==
Faculty of Humanity a Jami'ar Fatakwal, ta sadaukar da shi gare shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot; /&gt; Port Harcourt Polytechnic an canza masa suna zuwa Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic a 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Onoyume |first=Jimitota |date=5 December 2016 |title=Rivers government renames Port Harcourt Poly after Elechi Amadi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/rivers-govt-renames-port-harcourt-poly-elechi-amadi/ |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=[[Vanguard, Nigeria|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="10894" sha1="k5c333zs908wisw8woh7nsz2pus40tj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person 
| name             = Elechi Amadi
| honorific_suffix =  [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic|MFR]]
| image            =
| image_size       = 
| caption          = 
| birth_name       = Emmanuel Elechi Daniel
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| birth_place      = Aluu, [[Rivers State]], Nigeria
| death_date       = {{death date and age|2016|06|29|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| death_place      = [[Port Harcourt]], Nigeria
| occupation       = Novelist
| nationality      = Nigerian
| alma_mater       = 
| spouse           = 
| subject          = 
| period           = 
| genre            = 
| movement         = 
| notableworks     = ''[[The Concubine (novel)|The Concubine]]'' (1966)
| awards           = 
}}
'''Elechi Amadi''' MFR // ⓘ (12 Mayu 1934 - 29 Yuni 2016) marubuci ne kuma soja ɗan Najeriya. Ya kasance tsohon [[Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya|jami'in sojan Najeriya]]. Ya kasance marubucin wasan kwaikwayo da litattafai da suka shafi rayuwar ƙauyen Afirka, al'adu, imani, da ayyukan addini kafin tuntuɓar ƙasashen yammacin duniya. An fi ganin Amadi don littafinsa na farko na 1966, ''The Concubine'', wanda ake kira &quot;fitaccen aikin almara mai tsabta&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Eldred Jones, &quot;African Literature 1966-1967&quot;, ''African Forum'', vol. 3, no. 1, p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;. BBC News. 6 January 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Onoyume, Jimitota; Oyadongha, Samuel (7 January 2009). &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;. AllAfrica. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haife shi a shekarar 1934, a Mbodo-Aluu da ke karamar hukumar Ikwerre a [[Jihar Rivers|jihar Ribas]], [[Najeriya]], Elechi Amadi ya halarci [[Kwalejin Gwamnati Umuahia|Kwalejin Gwamnati, Umuahia]] (1948-52), Makarantar Survey, [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]] (1953-54), da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] (1955 – 59), inda ya sami digiri a fannin Physics da Mathematics. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gikandi 2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Simon Gikandi}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Liukkonen |first=Petri |title=Elechi Amadi |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125001500/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |archive-date=25 January 2015 |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da yake jami'a, ya karbi sunan Elechi Amadi, wanda ya ji yana nuna al'adunsa na Ikwerre fiye da sunan haihuwarsa, Emmanuel Elechi Daniel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Emmanuel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ya yi aiki na wani lokaci a matsayin mai binciken filaye, sannan ya zama malami a makarantu da dama, ciki har da Makarantar Soja ta Najeriya, [[Zariya]] (1963-66). &lt;ref&gt;Hans M. Zell, Carol Bundy, Virginia Coulon, ''A New Reader's Guide to African Literature'', Heinemann Educational Books, 1983; pp. 350-351.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aikin soja da siyasa ===
Amadi ya yi aikin sojan Najeriya, ya ci gaba da zama a can lokacin [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasar Najeriya]], kuma ya yi ritaya a matsayin kyaftin.  Sannan ya rike mukamai daban-daban a gwamnatin jihar Ribas : Babban Sakatare (1973-83), Kwamishinan Ilimi (1987-88) da Kwamishinan Filaye da Gidaje (1989-90). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 June 2016 |title=Literary icon, Elechi Amadi, is dead |url=https://punchng.com/literary-icon-elechi-amadi-dead/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rubutu ===
Ya kasance marubucin zama kuma malami a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Ribas, inda kuma ya kasance shugaban sashen fasaha, shugaban sashen adabi da daraktan nazari na gaba daya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-08 |title=Elechi Amadi (1934-2016) |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/elechi-amadi-1934-2016/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amadi ya ce littafinsa na farko shi ne a shekarar 1957, waka mai suna &quot;Tubawa&quot; a wata mujallar jami'ar Ibadan mai suna ''The Horn'', wanda [[J. P. Clark|John Pepper Clark]] ya shirya. 

Littafin littafin Amadi na farko, ''The Concubine'', an buga shi a Landan a cikin 1966 kuma an yaba da shi a matsayin &quot;fitaccen aikin farko&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Eustace Palmer, &quot;Elechi Amadi and Flora Nwapa&quot;, ''African Literarture Today'', no. 1, 1969, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt; Alastair Niven a cikin bincikensa mai mahimmanci game da littafin ya rubuta cewa: &quot;Tsarin kafuwar ƙauyuka na farauta da kamun kifi na Neja delta, ''Ƙwarƙwarar'' ta mallaki rashin lokaci da duniya na babban labari.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Alastair Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'' (London, 1981), p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; An yi ''kuyangar'' ta zama fim, wanda Elechi Amadi ya rubuta kuma fitaccen daraktan fina-finan [[Nollywood]] [[Andy Amenechi]] ne ya ba da umarni, wanda aka fara a [[Abuja]] a watan Maris 2007. 

Saitin littafin littafin Amadi na biyu, ''[[The Great Ponds]]'', wanda aka buga a 1969, shine Gabashin Najeriya kafin mulkin mallaka, kuma yana magana ne game da yakin da aka yi tsakanin al’ummomin kauyuka biyu kan mallakar tafki.

A cikin 1973 Amadi autobiographical non-fiction, ''Sunset in Biafra'', aka buga. Ya rubuta abubuwan da ya faru a yakin Najeriya da Biafra, kuma a cewar Niven &quot;an rubuta shi a cikin wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa kamar labari ne&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'', (1981), p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga watan Mayun 1989 aka gudanar da taron karawa juna sani a jami'ar Fatakwal domin murnar cika shekaru 55 da haihuwar Amadi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-06-29 |title=Elechi Amadi dies - |url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2016/06/29/elechi-amadi-dies/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayun 2004, kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya reshen jihar Ribas ta shirya taron bikin cika shekaru 70 da haihuwa Elechi Amadi. 

Don littafinsa na ƙarshe, ''Lokacin da Allah Ya zo'', Elechi ya juya a karon farko zuwa nau'in fiction na kimiyya. &lt;ref&gt;Aderonke Adeleke, [http://cerebrallemon.com/late-elechi-amadis-final-work-of-art-when-god-came/ &quot;Late Elechi Amadi’s Final Work Of Art, ‘When God Came’&quot;]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Cerebral Lemon Co.'', 1 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake bitar ta, Lindsay Barrett ya rubuta cewa: “Lokacin da marubuci ya kai matsayin gunki a cikin sana’arsa, bisa la’akari da buga ayyukan da aka ayyana fitattun fitattun abubuwa tun farkon aikinsa, ba sabon abu ba ne ka same shi yana shiga cikin ayyukansa. Gwaji a matakai na ƙarshe na waccan sana'a. Haƙiƙa zai zama mafi daidai a ayyana su azaman ƙa'idodin falsafanci abin da ke cikin su yana yin la'akari da yanayin ɗan adam da iyakan yuwuwar cimma nasarar ɗan adam bisa ra'ayi na allahntaka maimakon kawai yin motsa jiki a cikin tunanin abubuwan da suka faru na wani yanayi na duniya., wanda mashahurin almarar kimiyya sau da yawa shine ... A cikin bincike na ƙarshe waɗannan ayyukan sun karanta kamar tatsuniyoyi daga nan gaba cewa marubucin dole ne ya sami jin daɗin ƙirƙira. Ƙaunar Amadi ga wallafe-wallafe da kuma abubuwan da ya yi a farkon shekarunsa sun rufe masa ilimin kimiyya musamman bayan yakin basasa lokacin da ya zauna a matsayin masanin ilimi kuma mai kula da gwamnati a jihar Rivers. A cikin wannan lokacin ne ya fara gwaje-gwajen a cikin sabbin nau'ikan rubuce-rubucen da wannan aikin ya kasance ɗan ƙaramin misali amma ba za a manta da shi ba.” &lt;ref&gt;Lindsay Barrett, [http://independentnig.com/fables-from-the-future-elechi-amadis-philosophical-allegories/ &quot;Fables From The Future: Elechi Amadi’s Philosophical Allegories&quot;]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Independent'' (Nigeria), 21 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan shekaru ==

=== 2009 sacewa ===
A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun 2009 wasu ‘yan bindiga da ba a san ko su waye ba sun yi garkuwa da Amadi a gidansa da ke garin Aluu, [[Ikwerre]] . An sake shi a yammacin ranar 6 ga Janairu, sa'o'i 23 bayan haka. &lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7814454.stm &quot;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;], BBC News, 6 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Jimitota Onoyume and Samuel Oyadongha, [http://allafrica.com/stories/200901070333.html &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;], AllAfrica, 7 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afirka39 ===
A 2014 ya kasance alkali na Africa39, tare da [[Osonye Tess Onwueme|Tess Onwueme]] da [[Margaret Busby]] . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.hayfestival.com/africa39/index.aspx?skinid=27&amp;currencysetting=GBP&amp;localesetting=en-GB&amp;resetfilters=true &quot;Imagine the World&quot;], Africa39.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mutuwa ===
A ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2016, Amadi ya rasu a [[Asibitin Ƙwararru na Good Heart|Asibitin Zuciya mai Kyau]] da ke [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] yana da shekaru 82.  &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36672302 &quot;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;], BBC News, 30 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wole Soyinka|Wole Soyinka,]] wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Nobel, ya yaba wa Amadi a matsayin &quot;soja kuma mawaƙi, mai kame lamiri, haɗin kai da adalci.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Ben Ezeamalu, [http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/artsbooks/206424-adieu-soldier-poet-soyinka-pays-tribute-elechi-amadi.html &quot;‘Adieu Soldier and Poet,’ Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;], ''[[Premium Times]]'', 4 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyauta ==
* 1992 – Rivers State Silver Jubilee Merit Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/journalism-and-publishing-biographies/elechi-amadi|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – honorary doctorate, Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) in Education, honoris causa, awarded by [[Rivers State University of Science and Technology]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;/&gt;
* 2003 – Fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Education.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi dies at 82|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/06/elechi-amadi-dies-82/|date=2016-06-29|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic]] (MFR).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Niven|first=Alastair|date=2016-08-22|title=Elechi Amadi obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/aug/22/elechi-amadi-obituary|access-date=2020-05-26|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gado ==
Faculty of Humanity a Jami'ar Fatakwal, ta sadaukar da shi gare shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot; /&gt; Port Harcourt Polytechnic an canza masa suna zuwa Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic a 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Onoyume |first=Jimitota |date=5 December 2016 |title=Rivers government renames Port Harcourt Poly after Elechi Amadi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/rivers-govt-renames-port-harcourt-poly-elechi-amadi/ |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=[[Vanguard, Nigeria|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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        <id>39275</id>
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      <text bytes="10962" sha1="k6sx97e9796bth8vjrwhx03zzm3f73g" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person 
| name             = Elechi Amadi
| honorific_suffix =  [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic|MFR]]
| image            =
| image_size       = 
| caption          = 
| birth_name       = Emmanuel Elechi Daniel
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| birth_place      = Aluu, [[Rivers State]], Nigeria
| death_date       = {{death date and age|2016|06|29|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| death_place      = [[Port Harcourt]], Nigeria
| occupation       = Novelist
| nationality      = Nigerian
| alma_mater       = 
| spouse           = 
| subject          = 
| period           = 
| genre            = 
| movement         = 
| notableworks     = ''[[The Concubine (novel)|The Concubine]]'' (1966)
| awards           = 
}}
'''Elechi Amadi''' MFR // ⓘ (12 Mayu 1934 - 29 Yuni 2016) marubuci ne kuma soja ɗan Najeriya. Ya kasance tsohon [[Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya|jami'in sojan Najeriya]]. Ya kasance marubucin wasan kwaikwayo da litattafai da suka shafi rayuwar ƙauyen Afirka, al'adu, imani, da ayyukan addini kafin tuntuɓar ƙasashen yammacin duniya. An fi ganin Amadi don littafinsa na farko na 1966, ''The Concubine'', wanda ake kira &quot;fitaccen aikin almara mai tsabta&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Eldred Jones, &quot;African Literature 1966-1967&quot;, ''African Forum'', vol. 3, no. 1, p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;. BBC News. 6 January 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Onoyume, Jimitota; Oyadongha, Samuel (7 January 2009). &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;. AllAfrica. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Africa39&quot;. Hay Festival Global. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haife shi a shekarar 1934, a Mbodo-Aluu da ke karamar hukumar Ikwerre a [[Jihar Rivers|jihar Ribas]], [[Najeriya]], Elechi Amadi ya halarci [[Kwalejin Gwamnati Umuahia|Kwalejin Gwamnati, Umuahia]] (1948-52), Makarantar Survey, [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]] (1953-54), da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] (1955 – 59), inda ya sami digiri a fannin Physics da Mathematics. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gikandi 2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Simon Gikandi}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Liukkonen |first=Petri |title=Elechi Amadi |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125001500/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |archive-date=25 January 2015 |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da yake jami'a, ya karbi sunan Elechi Amadi, wanda ya ji yana nuna al'adunsa na Ikwerre fiye da sunan haihuwarsa, Emmanuel Elechi Daniel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Emmanuel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ya yi aiki na wani lokaci a matsayin mai binciken filaye, sannan ya zama malami a makarantu da dama, ciki har da Makarantar Soja ta Najeriya, [[Zariya]] (1963-66). &lt;ref&gt;Hans M. Zell, Carol Bundy, Virginia Coulon, ''A New Reader's Guide to African Literature'', Heinemann Educational Books, 1983; pp. 350-351.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aikin soja da siyasa ===
Amadi ya yi aikin sojan Najeriya, ya ci gaba da zama a can lokacin [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasar Najeriya]], kuma ya yi ritaya a matsayin kyaftin.  Sannan ya rike mukamai daban-daban a gwamnatin jihar Ribas : Babban Sakatare (1973-83), Kwamishinan Ilimi (1987-88) da Kwamishinan Filaye da Gidaje (1989-90). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 June 2016 |title=Literary icon, Elechi Amadi, is dead |url=https://punchng.com/literary-icon-elechi-amadi-dead/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rubutu ===
Ya kasance marubucin zama kuma malami a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Ribas, inda kuma ya kasance shugaban sashen fasaha, shugaban sashen adabi da daraktan nazari na gaba daya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-08 |title=Elechi Amadi (1934-2016) |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/elechi-amadi-1934-2016/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amadi ya ce littafinsa na farko shi ne a shekarar 1957, waka mai suna &quot;Tubawa&quot; a wata mujallar jami'ar Ibadan mai suna ''The Horn'', wanda [[J. P. Clark|John Pepper Clark]] ya shirya. 

Littafin littafin Amadi na farko, ''The Concubine'', an buga shi a Landan a cikin 1966 kuma an yaba da shi a matsayin &quot;fitaccen aikin farko&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Eustace Palmer, &quot;Elechi Amadi and Flora Nwapa&quot;, ''African Literarture Today'', no. 1, 1969, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt; Alastair Niven a cikin bincikensa mai mahimmanci game da littafin ya rubuta cewa: &quot;Tsarin kafuwar ƙauyuka na farauta da kamun kifi na Neja delta, ''Ƙwarƙwarar'' ta mallaki rashin lokaci da duniya na babban labari.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Alastair Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'' (London, 1981), p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; An yi ''kuyangar'' ta zama fim, wanda Elechi Amadi ya rubuta kuma fitaccen daraktan fina-finan [[Nollywood]] [[Andy Amenechi]] ne ya ba da umarni, wanda aka fara a [[Abuja]] a watan Maris 2007. 

Saitin littafin littafin Amadi na biyu, ''[[The Great Ponds]]'', wanda aka buga a 1969, shine Gabashin Najeriya kafin mulkin mallaka, kuma yana magana ne game da yakin da aka yi tsakanin al’ummomin kauyuka biyu kan mallakar tafki.

A cikin 1973 Amadi autobiographical non-fiction, ''Sunset in Biafra'', aka buga. Ya rubuta abubuwan da ya faru a yakin Najeriya da Biafra, kuma a cewar Niven &quot;an rubuta shi a cikin wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa kamar labari ne&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'', (1981), p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga watan Mayun 1989 aka gudanar da taron karawa juna sani a jami'ar Fatakwal domin murnar cika shekaru 55 da haihuwar Amadi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-06-29 |title=Elechi Amadi dies - |url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2016/06/29/elechi-amadi-dies/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayun 2004, kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya reshen jihar Ribas ta shirya taron bikin cika shekaru 70 da haihuwa Elechi Amadi. 

Don littafinsa na ƙarshe, ''Lokacin da Allah Ya zo'', Elechi ya juya a karon farko zuwa nau'in fiction na kimiyya. &lt;ref&gt;Aderonke Adeleke, [http://cerebrallemon.com/late-elechi-amadis-final-work-of-art-when-god-came/ &quot;Late Elechi Amadi’s Final Work Of Art, ‘When God Came’&quot;]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Cerebral Lemon Co.'', 1 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake bitar ta, Lindsay Barrett ya rubuta cewa: “Lokacin da marubuci ya kai matsayin gunki a cikin sana’arsa, bisa la’akari da buga ayyukan da aka ayyana fitattun fitattun abubuwa tun farkon aikinsa, ba sabon abu ba ne ka same shi yana shiga cikin ayyukansa. Gwaji a matakai na ƙarshe na waccan sana'a. Haƙiƙa zai zama mafi daidai a ayyana su azaman ƙa'idodin falsafanci abin da ke cikin su yana yin la'akari da yanayin ɗan adam da iyakan yuwuwar cimma nasarar ɗan adam bisa ra'ayi na allahntaka maimakon kawai yin motsa jiki a cikin tunanin abubuwan da suka faru na wani yanayi na duniya., wanda mashahurin almarar kimiyya sau da yawa shine ... A cikin bincike na ƙarshe waɗannan ayyukan sun karanta kamar tatsuniyoyi daga nan gaba cewa marubucin dole ne ya sami jin daɗin ƙirƙira. Ƙaunar Amadi ga wallafe-wallafe da kuma abubuwan da ya yi a farkon shekarunsa sun rufe masa ilimin kimiyya musamman bayan yakin basasa lokacin da ya zauna a matsayin masanin ilimi kuma mai kula da gwamnati a jihar Rivers. A cikin wannan lokacin ne ya fara gwaje-gwajen a cikin sabbin nau'ikan rubuce-rubucen da wannan aikin ya kasance ɗan ƙaramin misali amma ba za a manta da shi ba.” &lt;ref&gt;Lindsay Barrett, [http://independentnig.com/fables-from-the-future-elechi-amadis-philosophical-allegories/ &quot;Fables From The Future: Elechi Amadi’s Philosophical Allegories&quot;]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Independent'' (Nigeria), 21 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan shekaru ==

=== 2009 sacewa ===
A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun 2009 wasu ‘yan bindiga da ba a san ko su waye ba sun yi garkuwa da Amadi a gidansa da ke garin Aluu, [[Ikwerre]] . An sake shi a yammacin ranar 6 ga Janairu, sa'o'i 23 bayan haka. &lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7814454.stm &quot;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;], BBC News, 6 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Jimitota Onoyume and Samuel Oyadongha, [http://allafrica.com/stories/200901070333.html &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;], AllAfrica, 7 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afirka39 ===
A 2014 ya kasance alkali na Africa39, tare da [[Osonye Tess Onwueme|Tess Onwueme]] da [[Margaret Busby]] . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.hayfestival.com/africa39/index.aspx?skinid=27&amp;currencysetting=GBP&amp;localesetting=en-GB&amp;resetfilters=true &quot;Imagine the World&quot;], Africa39.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mutuwa ===
A ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2016, Amadi ya rasu a [[Asibitin Ƙwararru na Good Heart|Asibitin Zuciya mai Kyau]] da ke [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] yana da shekaru 82.  &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36672302 &quot;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;], BBC News, 30 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wole Soyinka|Wole Soyinka,]] wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Nobel, ya yaba wa Amadi a matsayin &quot;soja kuma mawaƙi, mai kame lamiri, haɗin kai da adalci.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Ben Ezeamalu, [http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/artsbooks/206424-adieu-soldier-poet-soyinka-pays-tribute-elechi-amadi.html &quot;‘Adieu Soldier and Poet,’ Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;], ''[[Premium Times]]'', 4 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyauta ==
* 1992 – Rivers State Silver Jubilee Merit Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/journalism-and-publishing-biographies/elechi-amadi|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – honorary doctorate, Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) in Education, honoris causa, awarded by [[Rivers State University of Science and Technology]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;/&gt;
* 2003 – Fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Education.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi dies at 82|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/06/elechi-amadi-dies-82/|date=2016-06-29|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic]] (MFR).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Niven|first=Alastair|date=2016-08-22|title=Elechi Amadi obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/aug/22/elechi-amadi-obituary|access-date=2020-05-26|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gado ==
Faculty of Humanity a Jami'ar Fatakwal, ta sadaukar da shi gare shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot; /&gt; Port Harcourt Polytechnic an canza masa suna zuwa Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic a 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Onoyume |first=Jimitota |date=5 December 2016 |title=Rivers government renames Port Harcourt Poly after Elechi Amadi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/rivers-govt-renames-port-harcourt-poly-elechi-amadi/ |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=[[Vanguard, Nigeria|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <id>855271</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-12T12:53:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>855271</origin>
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      <text bytes="11078" sha1="85ilmd59i3ttoezrl8o1lr205y50lci" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person 
| name             = Elechi Amadi
| honorific_suffix =  [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic|MFR]]
| image            =
| image_size       = 
| caption          = 
| birth_name       = Emmanuel Elechi Daniel
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| birth_place      = Aluu, [[Rivers State]], Nigeria
| death_date       = {{death date and age|2016|06|29|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| death_place      = [[Port Harcourt]], Nigeria
| occupation       = Novelist
| nationality      = Nigerian
| alma_mater       = 
| spouse           = 
| subject          = 
| period           = 
| genre            = 
| movement         = 
| notableworks     = ''[[The Concubine (novel)|The Concubine]]'' (1966)
| awards           = 
}}
'''Elechi Amadi''' MFR // ⓘ (12 Mayu 1934 - 29 Yuni 2016) marubuci ne kuma soja ɗan Najeriya. Ya kasance tsohon [[Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya|jami'in sojan Najeriya]]. Ya kasance marubucin wasan kwaikwayo da litattafai da suka shafi rayuwar ƙauyen Afirka, al'adu, imani, da ayyukan addini kafin tuntuɓar ƙasashen yammacin duniya. An fi ganin Amadi don littafinsa na farko na 1966, ''The Concubine'', wanda ake kira &quot;fitaccen aikin almara mai tsabta&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Eldred Jones, &quot;African Literature 1966-1967&quot;, ''African Forum'', vol. 3, no. 1, p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;. BBC News. 6 January 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Onoyume, Jimitota; Oyadongha, Samuel (7 January 2009). &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;. AllAfrica. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Africa39&quot;. Hay Festival Global. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;. BBC News. 30 June 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haife shi a shekarar 1934, a Mbodo-Aluu da ke karamar hukumar Ikwerre a [[Jihar Rivers|jihar Ribas]], [[Najeriya]], Elechi Amadi ya halarci [[Kwalejin Gwamnati Umuahia|Kwalejin Gwamnati, Umuahia]] (1948-52), Makarantar Survey, [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]] (1953-54), da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] (1955 – 59), inda ya sami digiri a fannin Physics da Mathematics. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gikandi 2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Simon Gikandi}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Liukkonen |first=Petri |title=Elechi Amadi |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125001500/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |archive-date=25 January 2015 |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da yake jami'a, ya karbi sunan Elechi Amadi, wanda ya ji yana nuna al'adunsa na Ikwerre fiye da sunan haihuwarsa, Emmanuel Elechi Daniel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Emmanuel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ya yi aiki na wani lokaci a matsayin mai binciken filaye, sannan ya zama malami a makarantu da dama, ciki har da Makarantar Soja ta Najeriya, [[Zariya]] (1963-66). &lt;ref&gt;Hans M. Zell, Carol Bundy, Virginia Coulon, ''A New Reader's Guide to African Literature'', Heinemann Educational Books, 1983; pp. 350-351.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aikin soja da siyasa ===
Amadi ya yi aikin sojan Najeriya, ya ci gaba da zama a can lokacin [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasar Najeriya]], kuma ya yi ritaya a matsayin kyaftin.  Sannan ya rike mukamai daban-daban a gwamnatin jihar Ribas : Babban Sakatare (1973-83), Kwamishinan Ilimi (1987-88) da Kwamishinan Filaye da Gidaje (1989-90). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 June 2016 |title=Literary icon, Elechi Amadi, is dead |url=https://punchng.com/literary-icon-elechi-amadi-dead/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rubutu ===
Ya kasance marubucin zama kuma malami a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Ribas, inda kuma ya kasance shugaban sashen fasaha, shugaban sashen adabi da daraktan nazari na gaba daya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-08 |title=Elechi Amadi (1934-2016) |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/elechi-amadi-1934-2016/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amadi ya ce littafinsa na farko shi ne a shekarar 1957, waka mai suna &quot;Tubawa&quot; a wata mujallar jami'ar Ibadan mai suna ''The Horn'', wanda [[J. P. Clark|John Pepper Clark]] ya shirya. 

Littafin littafin Amadi na farko, ''The Concubine'', an buga shi a Landan a cikin 1966 kuma an yaba da shi a matsayin &quot;fitaccen aikin farko&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Eustace Palmer, &quot;Elechi Amadi and Flora Nwapa&quot;, ''African Literarture Today'', no. 1, 1969, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt; Alastair Niven a cikin bincikensa mai mahimmanci game da littafin ya rubuta cewa: &quot;Tsarin kafuwar ƙauyuka na farauta da kamun kifi na Neja delta, ''Ƙwarƙwarar'' ta mallaki rashin lokaci da duniya na babban labari.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Alastair Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'' (London, 1981), p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; An yi ''kuyangar'' ta zama fim, wanda Elechi Amadi ya rubuta kuma fitaccen daraktan fina-finan [[Nollywood]] [[Andy Amenechi]] ne ya ba da umarni, wanda aka fara a [[Abuja]] a watan Maris 2007. 

Saitin littafin littafin Amadi na biyu, ''[[The Great Ponds]]'', wanda aka buga a 1969, shine Gabashin Najeriya kafin mulkin mallaka, kuma yana magana ne game da yakin da aka yi tsakanin al’ummomin kauyuka biyu kan mallakar tafki.

A cikin 1973 Amadi autobiographical non-fiction, ''Sunset in Biafra'', aka buga. Ya rubuta abubuwan da ya faru a yakin Najeriya da Biafra, kuma a cewar Niven &quot;an rubuta shi a cikin wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa kamar labari ne&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'', (1981), p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga watan Mayun 1989 aka gudanar da taron karawa juna sani a jami'ar Fatakwal domin murnar cika shekaru 55 da haihuwar Amadi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-06-29 |title=Elechi Amadi dies - |url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2016/06/29/elechi-amadi-dies/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayun 2004, kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya reshen jihar Ribas ta shirya taron bikin cika shekaru 70 da haihuwa Elechi Amadi. 

Don littafinsa na ƙarshe, ''Lokacin da Allah Ya zo'', Elechi ya juya a karon farko zuwa nau'in fiction na kimiyya. &lt;ref&gt;Aderonke Adeleke, [http://cerebrallemon.com/late-elechi-amadis-final-work-of-art-when-god-came/ &quot;Late Elechi Amadi’s Final Work Of Art, ‘When God Came’&quot;]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Cerebral Lemon Co.'', 1 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake bitar ta, Lindsay Barrett ya rubuta cewa: “Lokacin da marubuci ya kai matsayin gunki a cikin sana’arsa, bisa la’akari da buga ayyukan da aka ayyana fitattun fitattun abubuwa tun farkon aikinsa, ba sabon abu ba ne ka same shi yana shiga cikin ayyukansa. Gwaji a matakai na ƙarshe na waccan sana'a. Haƙiƙa zai zama mafi daidai a ayyana su azaman ƙa'idodin falsafanci abin da ke cikin su yana yin la'akari da yanayin ɗan adam da iyakan yuwuwar cimma nasarar ɗan adam bisa ra'ayi na allahntaka maimakon kawai yin motsa jiki a cikin tunanin abubuwan da suka faru na wani yanayi na duniya., wanda mashahurin almarar kimiyya sau da yawa shine ... A cikin bincike na ƙarshe waɗannan ayyukan sun karanta kamar tatsuniyoyi daga nan gaba cewa marubucin dole ne ya sami jin daɗin ƙirƙira. Ƙaunar Amadi ga wallafe-wallafe da kuma abubuwan da ya yi a farkon shekarunsa sun rufe masa ilimin kimiyya musamman bayan yakin basasa lokacin da ya zauna a matsayin masanin ilimi kuma mai kula da gwamnati a jihar Rivers. A cikin wannan lokacin ne ya fara gwaje-gwajen a cikin sabbin nau'ikan rubuce-rubucen da wannan aikin ya kasance ɗan ƙaramin misali amma ba za a manta da shi ba.” &lt;ref&gt;Lindsay Barrett, [http://independentnig.com/fables-from-the-future-elechi-amadis-philosophical-allegories/ &quot;Fables From The Future: Elechi Amadi’s Philosophical Allegories&quot;]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Independent'' (Nigeria), 21 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan shekaru ==

=== 2009 sacewa ===
A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun 2009 wasu ‘yan bindiga da ba a san ko su waye ba sun yi garkuwa da Amadi a gidansa da ke garin Aluu, [[Ikwerre]] . An sake shi a yammacin ranar 6 ga Janairu, sa'o'i 23 bayan haka. &lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7814454.stm &quot;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;], BBC News, 6 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Jimitota Onoyume and Samuel Oyadongha, [http://allafrica.com/stories/200901070333.html &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;], AllAfrica, 7 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afirka39 ===
A 2014 ya kasance alkali na Africa39, tare da [[Osonye Tess Onwueme|Tess Onwueme]] da [[Margaret Busby]] . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.hayfestival.com/africa39/index.aspx?skinid=27&amp;currencysetting=GBP&amp;localesetting=en-GB&amp;resetfilters=true &quot;Imagine the World&quot;], Africa39.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mutuwa ===
A ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2016, Amadi ya rasu a [[Asibitin Ƙwararru na Good Heart|Asibitin Zuciya mai Kyau]] da ke [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] yana da shekaru 82.  &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36672302 &quot;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;], BBC News, 30 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wole Soyinka|Wole Soyinka,]] wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Nobel, ya yaba wa Amadi a matsayin &quot;soja kuma mawaƙi, mai kame lamiri, haɗin kai da adalci.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Ben Ezeamalu, [http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/artsbooks/206424-adieu-soldier-poet-soyinka-pays-tribute-elechi-amadi.html &quot;‘Adieu Soldier and Poet,’ Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;], ''[[Premium Times]]'', 4 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyauta ==
* 1992 – Rivers State Silver Jubilee Merit Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/journalism-and-publishing-biographies/elechi-amadi|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – honorary doctorate, Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) in Education, honoris causa, awarded by [[Rivers State University of Science and Technology]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;/&gt;
* 2003 – Fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Education.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi dies at 82|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/06/elechi-amadi-dies-82/|date=2016-06-29|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic]] (MFR).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Niven|first=Alastair|date=2016-08-22|title=Elechi Amadi obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/aug/22/elechi-amadi-obituary|access-date=2020-05-26|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gado ==
Faculty of Humanity a Jami'ar Fatakwal, ta sadaukar da shi gare shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot; /&gt; Port Harcourt Polytechnic an canza masa suna zuwa Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic a 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Onoyume |first=Jimitota |date=5 December 2016 |title=Rivers government renames Port Harcourt Poly after Elechi Amadi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/rivers-govt-renames-port-harcourt-poly-elechi-amadi/ |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=[[Vanguard, Nigeria|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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        <id>39275</id>
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      <text bytes="11224" sha1="fkca2rtmnbicjpriwa4tdq41fnp3y6v" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person 
| name             = Elechi Amadi
| honorific_suffix =  [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic|MFR]]
| image            =
| image_size       = 
| caption          = 
| birth_name       = Emmanuel Elechi Daniel
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| birth_place      = Aluu, [[Rivers State]], Nigeria
| death_date       = {{death date and age|2016|06|29|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| death_place      = [[Port Harcourt]], Nigeria
| occupation       = Novelist
| nationality      = Nigerian
| alma_mater       = 
| spouse           = 
| subject          = 
| period           = 
| genre            = 
| movement         = 
| notableworks     = ''[[The Concubine (novel)|The Concubine]]'' (1966)
| awards           = 
}}
'''Elechi Amadi''' MFR // ⓘ (12 Mayu 1934 - 29 Yuni 2016) marubuci ne kuma soja ɗan Najeriya. Ya kasance tsohon [[Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya|jami'in sojan Najeriya]]. Ya kasance marubucin wasan kwaikwayo da litattafai da suka shafi rayuwar ƙauyen Afirka, al'adu, imani, da ayyukan addini kafin tuntuɓar ƙasashen yammacin duniya. An fi ganin Amadi don littafinsa na farko na 1966, ''The Concubine'', wanda ake kira &quot;fitaccen aikin almara mai tsabta&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Eldred Jones, &quot;African Literature 1966-1967&quot;, ''African Forum'', vol. 3, no. 1, p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;. BBC News. 6 January 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Onoyume, Jimitota; Oyadongha, Samuel (7 January 2009). &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;. AllAfrica. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Africa39&quot;. Hay Festival Global. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;. BBC News. 30 June 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ezeamalu, Ben (4 July 2016). &quot;'Adieu Soldier and Poet,' Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;. Premium Times. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haife shi a shekarar 1934, a Mbodo-Aluu da ke karamar hukumar Ikwerre a [[Jihar Rivers|jihar Ribas]], [[Najeriya]], Elechi Amadi ya halarci [[Kwalejin Gwamnati Umuahia|Kwalejin Gwamnati, Umuahia]] (1948-52), Makarantar Survey, [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]] (1953-54), da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] (1955 – 59), inda ya sami digiri a fannin Physics da Mathematics. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gikandi 2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Simon Gikandi}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Liukkonen |first=Petri |title=Elechi Amadi |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125001500/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |archive-date=25 January 2015 |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da yake jami'a, ya karbi sunan Elechi Amadi, wanda ya ji yana nuna al'adunsa na Ikwerre fiye da sunan haihuwarsa, Emmanuel Elechi Daniel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Emmanuel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ya yi aiki na wani lokaci a matsayin mai binciken filaye, sannan ya zama malami a makarantu da dama, ciki har da Makarantar Soja ta Najeriya, [[Zariya]] (1963-66). &lt;ref&gt;Hans M. Zell, Carol Bundy, Virginia Coulon, ''A New Reader's Guide to African Literature'', Heinemann Educational Books, 1983; pp. 350-351.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aikin soja da siyasa ===
Amadi ya yi aikin sojan Najeriya, ya ci gaba da zama a can lokacin [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasar Najeriya]], kuma ya yi ritaya a matsayin kyaftin.  Sannan ya rike mukamai daban-daban a gwamnatin jihar Ribas : Babban Sakatare (1973-83), Kwamishinan Ilimi (1987-88) da Kwamishinan Filaye da Gidaje (1989-90). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 June 2016 |title=Literary icon, Elechi Amadi, is dead |url=https://punchng.com/literary-icon-elechi-amadi-dead/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rubutu ===
Ya kasance marubucin zama kuma malami a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Ribas, inda kuma ya kasance shugaban sashen fasaha, shugaban sashen adabi da daraktan nazari na gaba daya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-08 |title=Elechi Amadi (1934-2016) |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/elechi-amadi-1934-2016/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amadi ya ce littafinsa na farko shi ne a shekarar 1957, waka mai suna &quot;Tubawa&quot; a wata mujallar jami'ar Ibadan mai suna ''The Horn'', wanda [[J. P. Clark|John Pepper Clark]] ya shirya. 

Littafin littafin Amadi na farko, ''The Concubine'', an buga shi a Landan a cikin 1966 kuma an yaba da shi a matsayin &quot;fitaccen aikin farko&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Eustace Palmer, &quot;Elechi Amadi and Flora Nwapa&quot;, ''African Literarture Today'', no. 1, 1969, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt; Alastair Niven a cikin bincikensa mai mahimmanci game da littafin ya rubuta cewa: &quot;Tsarin kafuwar ƙauyuka na farauta da kamun kifi na Neja delta, ''Ƙwarƙwarar'' ta mallaki rashin lokaci da duniya na babban labari.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Alastair Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'' (London, 1981), p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; An yi ''kuyangar'' ta zama fim, wanda Elechi Amadi ya rubuta kuma fitaccen daraktan fina-finan [[Nollywood]] [[Andy Amenechi]] ne ya ba da umarni, wanda aka fara a [[Abuja]] a watan Maris 2007. 

Saitin littafin littafin Amadi na biyu, ''[[The Great Ponds]]'', wanda aka buga a 1969, shine Gabashin Najeriya kafin mulkin mallaka, kuma yana magana ne game da yakin da aka yi tsakanin al’ummomin kauyuka biyu kan mallakar tafki.

A cikin 1973 Amadi autobiographical non-fiction, ''Sunset in Biafra'', aka buga. Ya rubuta abubuwan da ya faru a yakin Najeriya da Biafra, kuma a cewar Niven &quot;an rubuta shi a cikin wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa kamar labari ne&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'', (1981), p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga watan Mayun 1989 aka gudanar da taron karawa juna sani a jami'ar Fatakwal domin murnar cika shekaru 55 da haihuwar Amadi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-06-29 |title=Elechi Amadi dies - |url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2016/06/29/elechi-amadi-dies/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayun 2004, kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya reshen jihar Ribas ta shirya taron bikin cika shekaru 70 da haihuwa Elechi Amadi. 

Don littafinsa na ƙarshe, ''Lokacin da Allah Ya zo'', Elechi ya juya a karon farko zuwa nau'in fiction na kimiyya. &lt;ref&gt;Aderonke Adeleke, [http://cerebrallemon.com/late-elechi-amadis-final-work-of-art-when-god-came/ &quot;Late Elechi Amadi’s Final Work Of Art, ‘When God Came’&quot;]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Cerebral Lemon Co.'', 1 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake bitar ta, Lindsay Barrett ya rubuta cewa: “Lokacin da marubuci ya kai matsayin gunki a cikin sana’arsa, bisa la’akari da buga ayyukan da aka ayyana fitattun fitattun abubuwa tun farkon aikinsa, ba sabon abu ba ne ka same shi yana shiga cikin ayyukansa. Gwaji a matakai na ƙarshe na waccan sana'a. Haƙiƙa zai zama mafi daidai a ayyana su azaman ƙa'idodin falsafanci abin da ke cikin su yana yin la'akari da yanayin ɗan adam da iyakan yuwuwar cimma nasarar ɗan adam bisa ra'ayi na allahntaka maimakon kawai yin motsa jiki a cikin tunanin abubuwan da suka faru na wani yanayi na duniya., wanda mashahurin almarar kimiyya sau da yawa shine ... A cikin bincike na ƙarshe waɗannan ayyukan sun karanta kamar tatsuniyoyi daga nan gaba cewa marubucin dole ne ya sami jin daɗin ƙirƙira. Ƙaunar Amadi ga wallafe-wallafe da kuma abubuwan da ya yi a farkon shekarunsa sun rufe masa ilimin kimiyya musamman bayan yakin basasa lokacin da ya zauna a matsayin masanin ilimi kuma mai kula da gwamnati a jihar Rivers. A cikin wannan lokacin ne ya fara gwaje-gwajen a cikin sabbin nau'ikan rubuce-rubucen da wannan aikin ya kasance ɗan ƙaramin misali amma ba za a manta da shi ba.” &lt;ref&gt;Lindsay Barrett, [http://independentnig.com/fables-from-the-future-elechi-amadis-philosophical-allegories/ &quot;Fables From The Future: Elechi Amadi’s Philosophical Allegories&quot;]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Independent'' (Nigeria), 21 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan shekaru ==

=== 2009 sacewa ===
A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun 2009 wasu ‘yan bindiga da ba a san ko su waye ba sun yi garkuwa da Amadi a gidansa da ke garin Aluu, [[Ikwerre]] . An sake shi a yammacin ranar 6 ga Janairu, sa'o'i 23 bayan haka. &lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7814454.stm &quot;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;], BBC News, 6 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Jimitota Onoyume and Samuel Oyadongha, [http://allafrica.com/stories/200901070333.html &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;], AllAfrica, 7 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afirka39 ===
A 2014 ya kasance alkali na Africa39, tare da [[Osonye Tess Onwueme|Tess Onwueme]] da [[Margaret Busby]] . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.hayfestival.com/africa39/index.aspx?skinid=27&amp;currencysetting=GBP&amp;localesetting=en-GB&amp;resetfilters=true &quot;Imagine the World&quot;], Africa39.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mutuwa ===
A ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2016, Amadi ya rasu a [[Asibitin Ƙwararru na Good Heart|Asibitin Zuciya mai Kyau]] da ke [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] yana da shekaru 82.  &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36672302 &quot;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;], BBC News, 30 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wole Soyinka|Wole Soyinka,]] wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Nobel, ya yaba wa Amadi a matsayin &quot;soja kuma mawaƙi, mai kame lamiri, haɗin kai da adalci.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Ben Ezeamalu, [http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/artsbooks/206424-adieu-soldier-poet-soyinka-pays-tribute-elechi-amadi.html &quot;‘Adieu Soldier and Poet,’ Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;], ''[[Premium Times]]'', 4 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyauta ==
* 1992 – Rivers State Silver Jubilee Merit Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/journalism-and-publishing-biographies/elechi-amadi|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – honorary doctorate, Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) in Education, honoris causa, awarded by [[Rivers State University of Science and Technology]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;/&gt;
* 2003 – Fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Education.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi dies at 82|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/06/elechi-amadi-dies-82/|date=2016-06-29|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic]] (MFR).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Niven|first=Alastair|date=2016-08-22|title=Elechi Amadi obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/aug/22/elechi-amadi-obituary|access-date=2020-05-26|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gado ==
Faculty of Humanity a Jami'ar Fatakwal, ta sadaukar da shi gare shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot; /&gt; Port Harcourt Polytechnic an canza masa suna zuwa Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic a 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Onoyume |first=Jimitota |date=5 December 2016 |title=Rivers government renames Port Harcourt Poly after Elechi Amadi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/rivers-govt-renames-port-harcourt-poly-elechi-amadi/ |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=[[Vanguard, Nigeria|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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      <text bytes="11290" sha1="ssnussgln44ruy5xts4ajuqlar2do7d" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person 
| name             = Elechi Amadi
| honorific_suffix =  [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic|MFR]]
| image            =
| image_size       = 
| caption          = 
| birth_name       = Emmanuel Elechi Daniel
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| birth_place      = Aluu, [[Rivers State]], Nigeria
| death_date       = {{death date and age|2016|06|29|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| death_place      = [[Port Harcourt]], Nigeria
| occupation       = Novelist
| nationality      = Nigerian
| alma_mater       = 
| spouse           = 
| subject          = 
| period           = 
| genre            = 
| movement         = 
| notableworks     = ''[[The Concubine (novel)|The Concubine]]'' (1966)
| awards           = 
}}
'''Elechi Amadi''' MFR // ⓘ (12 Mayu 1934 - 29 Yuni 2016) marubuci ne kuma soja ɗan Najeriya. Ya kasance tsohon [[Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya|jami'in sojan Najeriya]]. Ya kasance marubucin wasan kwaikwayo da litattafai da suka shafi rayuwar ƙauyen Afirka, al'adu, imani, da ayyukan addini kafin tuntuɓar ƙasashen yammacin duniya. An fi ganin Amadi don littafinsa na farko na 1966, ''The Concubine'', wanda ake kira &quot;fitaccen aikin almara mai tsabta&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Eldred Jones, &quot;African Literature 1966-1967&quot;, ''African Forum'', vol. 3, no. 1, p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;. BBC News. 6 January 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Onoyume, Jimitota; Oyadongha, Samuel (7 January 2009). &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;. AllAfrica. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Africa39&quot;. Hay Festival Global. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;. BBC News. 30 June 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ezeamalu, Ben (4 July 2016). &quot;'Adieu Soldier and Poet,' Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;. Premium Times. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Elechi Amadi&quot;. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haife shi a shekarar 1934, a Mbodo-Aluu da ke karamar hukumar Ikwerre a [[Jihar Rivers|jihar Ribas]], [[Najeriya]], Elechi Amadi ya halarci [[Kwalejin Gwamnati Umuahia|Kwalejin Gwamnati, Umuahia]] (1948-52), Makarantar Survey, [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]] (1953-54), da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] (1955 – 59), inda ya sami digiri a fannin Physics da Mathematics. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gikandi 2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Simon Gikandi}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Liukkonen |first=Petri |title=Elechi Amadi |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125001500/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |archive-date=25 January 2015 |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da yake jami'a, ya karbi sunan Elechi Amadi, wanda ya ji yana nuna al'adunsa na Ikwerre fiye da sunan haihuwarsa, Emmanuel Elechi Daniel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Emmanuel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ya yi aiki na wani lokaci a matsayin mai binciken filaye, sannan ya zama malami a makarantu da dama, ciki har da Makarantar Soja ta Najeriya, [[Zariya]] (1963-66). &lt;ref&gt;Hans M. Zell, Carol Bundy, Virginia Coulon, ''A New Reader's Guide to African Literature'', Heinemann Educational Books, 1983; pp. 350-351.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aikin soja da siyasa ===
Amadi ya yi aikin sojan Najeriya, ya ci gaba da zama a can lokacin [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasar Najeriya]], kuma ya yi ritaya a matsayin kyaftin.  Sannan ya rike mukamai daban-daban a gwamnatin jihar Ribas : Babban Sakatare (1973-83), Kwamishinan Ilimi (1987-88) da Kwamishinan Filaye da Gidaje (1989-90). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 June 2016 |title=Literary icon, Elechi Amadi, is dead |url=https://punchng.com/literary-icon-elechi-amadi-dead/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rubutu ===
Ya kasance marubucin zama kuma malami a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Ribas, inda kuma ya kasance shugaban sashen fasaha, shugaban sashen adabi da daraktan nazari na gaba daya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-08 |title=Elechi Amadi (1934-2016) |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/elechi-amadi-1934-2016/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amadi ya ce littafinsa na farko shi ne a shekarar 1957, waka mai suna &quot;Tubawa&quot; a wata mujallar jami'ar Ibadan mai suna ''The Horn'', wanda [[J. P. Clark|John Pepper Clark]] ya shirya. 

Littafin littafin Amadi na farko, ''The Concubine'', an buga shi a Landan a cikin 1966 kuma an yaba da shi a matsayin &quot;fitaccen aikin farko&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Eustace Palmer, &quot;Elechi Amadi and Flora Nwapa&quot;, ''African Literarture Today'', no. 1, 1969, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt; Alastair Niven a cikin bincikensa mai mahimmanci game da littafin ya rubuta cewa: &quot;Tsarin kafuwar ƙauyuka na farauta da kamun kifi na Neja delta, ''Ƙwarƙwarar'' ta mallaki rashin lokaci da duniya na babban labari.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Alastair Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'' (London, 1981), p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; An yi ''kuyangar'' ta zama fim, wanda Elechi Amadi ya rubuta kuma fitaccen daraktan fina-finan [[Nollywood]] [[Andy Amenechi]] ne ya ba da umarni, wanda aka fara a [[Abuja]] a watan Maris 2007. 

Saitin littafin littafin Amadi na biyu, ''[[The Great Ponds]]'', wanda aka buga a 1969, shine Gabashin Najeriya kafin mulkin mallaka, kuma yana magana ne game da yakin da aka yi tsakanin al’ummomin kauyuka biyu kan mallakar tafki.

A cikin 1973 Amadi autobiographical non-fiction, ''Sunset in Biafra'', aka buga. Ya rubuta abubuwan da ya faru a yakin Najeriya da Biafra, kuma a cewar Niven &quot;an rubuta shi a cikin wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa kamar labari ne&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'', (1981), p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga watan Mayun 1989 aka gudanar da taron karawa juna sani a jami'ar Fatakwal domin murnar cika shekaru 55 da haihuwar Amadi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-06-29 |title=Elechi Amadi dies - |url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2016/06/29/elechi-amadi-dies/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayun 2004, kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya reshen jihar Ribas ta shirya taron bikin cika shekaru 70 da haihuwa Elechi Amadi. 

Don littafinsa na ƙarshe, ''Lokacin da Allah Ya zo'', Elechi ya juya a karon farko zuwa nau'in fiction na kimiyya. &lt;ref&gt;Aderonke Adeleke, [http://cerebrallemon.com/late-elechi-amadis-final-work-of-art-when-god-came/ &quot;Late Elechi Amadi’s Final Work Of Art, ‘When God Came’&quot;]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Cerebral Lemon Co.'', 1 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake bitar ta, Lindsay Barrett ya rubuta cewa: “Lokacin da marubuci ya kai matsayin gunki a cikin sana’arsa, bisa la’akari da buga ayyukan da aka ayyana fitattun fitattun abubuwa tun farkon aikinsa, ba sabon abu ba ne ka same shi yana shiga cikin ayyukansa. Gwaji a matakai na ƙarshe na waccan sana'a. Haƙiƙa zai zama mafi daidai a ayyana su azaman ƙa'idodin falsafanci abin da ke cikin su yana yin la'akari da yanayin ɗan adam da iyakan yuwuwar cimma nasarar ɗan adam bisa ra'ayi na allahntaka maimakon kawai yin motsa jiki a cikin tunanin abubuwan da suka faru na wani yanayi na duniya., wanda mashahurin almarar kimiyya sau da yawa shine ... A cikin bincike na ƙarshe waɗannan ayyukan sun karanta kamar tatsuniyoyi daga nan gaba cewa marubucin dole ne ya sami jin daɗin ƙirƙira. Ƙaunar Amadi ga wallafe-wallafe da kuma abubuwan da ya yi a farkon shekarunsa sun rufe masa ilimin kimiyya musamman bayan yakin basasa lokacin da ya zauna a matsayin masanin ilimi kuma mai kula da gwamnati a jihar Rivers. A cikin wannan lokacin ne ya fara gwaje-gwajen a cikin sabbin nau'ikan rubuce-rubucen da wannan aikin ya kasance ɗan ƙaramin misali amma ba za a manta da shi ba.” &lt;ref&gt;Lindsay Barrett, [http://independentnig.com/fables-from-the-future-elechi-amadis-philosophical-allegories/ &quot;Fables From The Future: Elechi Amadi’s Philosophical Allegories&quot;]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Independent'' (Nigeria), 21 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan shekaru ==

=== 2009 sacewa ===
A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun 2009 wasu ‘yan bindiga da ba a san ko su waye ba sun yi garkuwa da Amadi a gidansa da ke garin Aluu, [[Ikwerre]] . An sake shi a yammacin ranar 6 ga Janairu, sa'o'i 23 bayan haka. &lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7814454.stm &quot;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;], BBC News, 6 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Jimitota Onoyume and Samuel Oyadongha, [http://allafrica.com/stories/200901070333.html &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;], AllAfrica, 7 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afirka39 ===
A 2014 ya kasance alkali na Africa39, tare da [[Osonye Tess Onwueme|Tess Onwueme]] da [[Margaret Busby]] . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.hayfestival.com/africa39/index.aspx?skinid=27&amp;currencysetting=GBP&amp;localesetting=en-GB&amp;resetfilters=true &quot;Imagine the World&quot;], Africa39.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mutuwa ===
A ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2016, Amadi ya rasu a [[Asibitin Ƙwararru na Good Heart|Asibitin Zuciya mai Kyau]] da ke [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] yana da shekaru 82.  &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36672302 &quot;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;], BBC News, 30 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wole Soyinka|Wole Soyinka,]] wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Nobel, ya yaba wa Amadi a matsayin &quot;soja kuma mawaƙi, mai kame lamiri, haɗin kai da adalci.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Ben Ezeamalu, [http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/artsbooks/206424-adieu-soldier-poet-soyinka-pays-tribute-elechi-amadi.html &quot;‘Adieu Soldier and Poet,’ Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;], ''[[Premium Times]]'', 4 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyauta ==
* 1992 – Rivers State Silver Jubilee Merit Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/journalism-and-publishing-biographies/elechi-amadi|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – honorary doctorate, Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) in Education, honoris causa, awarded by [[Rivers State University of Science and Technology]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;/&gt;
* 2003 – Fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Education.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi dies at 82|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/06/elechi-amadi-dies-82/|date=2016-06-29|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic]] (MFR).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Niven|first=Alastair|date=2016-08-22|title=Elechi Amadi obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/aug/22/elechi-amadi-obituary|access-date=2020-05-26|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gado ==
Faculty of Humanity a Jami'ar Fatakwal, ta sadaukar da shi gare shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot; /&gt; Port Harcourt Polytechnic an canza masa suna zuwa Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic a 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Onoyume |first=Jimitota |date=5 December 2016 |title=Rivers government renames Port Harcourt Poly after Elechi Amadi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/rivers-govt-renames-port-harcourt-poly-elechi-amadi/ |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=[[Vanguard, Nigeria|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="11355" sha1="doz87o6kmtvsgdexzmhybm80lmnhbyu" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person 
| name             = Elechi Amadi
| honorific_suffix =  [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic|MFR]]
| image            =
| image_size       = 
| caption          = 
| birth_name       = Emmanuel Elechi Daniel
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| birth_place      = Aluu, [[Rivers State]], Nigeria
| death_date       = {{death date and age|2016|06|29|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| death_place      = [[Port Harcourt]], Nigeria
| occupation       = Novelist
| nationality      = Nigerian
| alma_mater       = 
| spouse           = 
| subject          = 
| period           = 
| genre            = 
| movement         = 
| notableworks     = ''[[The Concubine (novel)|The Concubine]]'' (1966)
| awards           = 
}}
'''Elechi Amadi''' MFR // ⓘ (12 Mayu 1934 - 29 Yuni 2016) marubuci ne kuma soja ɗan Najeriya. Ya kasance tsohon [[Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya|jami'in sojan Najeriya]]. Ya kasance marubucin wasan kwaikwayo da litattafai da suka shafi rayuwar ƙauyen Afirka, al'adu, imani, da ayyukan addini kafin tuntuɓar ƙasashen yammacin duniya. An fi ganin Amadi don littafinsa na farko na 1966, ''The Concubine'', wanda ake kira &quot;fitaccen aikin almara mai tsabta&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Eldred Jones, &quot;African Literature 1966-1967&quot;, ''African Forum'', vol. 3, no. 1, p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;. BBC News. 6 January 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Onoyume, Jimitota; Oyadongha, Samuel (7 January 2009). &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;. AllAfrica. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Africa39&quot;. Hay Festival Global. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;. BBC News. 30 June 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ezeamalu, Ben (4 July 2016). &quot;'Adieu Soldier and Poet,' Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;. Premium Times. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Elechi Amadi&quot;. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Elechi Amadi&quot;. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haife shi a shekarar 1934, a Mbodo-Aluu da ke karamar hukumar Ikwerre a [[Jihar Rivers|jihar Ribas]], [[Najeriya]], Elechi Amadi ya halarci [[Kwalejin Gwamnati Umuahia|Kwalejin Gwamnati, Umuahia]] (1948-52), Makarantar Survey, [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]] (1953-54), da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] (1955 – 59), inda ya sami digiri a fannin Physics da Mathematics. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gikandi 2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Simon Gikandi}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Liukkonen |first=Petri |title=Elechi Amadi |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125001500/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |archive-date=25 January 2015 |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da yake jami'a, ya karbi sunan Elechi Amadi, wanda ya ji yana nuna al'adunsa na Ikwerre fiye da sunan haihuwarsa, Emmanuel Elechi Daniel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Emmanuel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ya yi aiki na wani lokaci a matsayin mai binciken filaye, sannan ya zama malami a makarantu da dama, ciki har da Makarantar Soja ta Najeriya, [[Zariya]] (1963-66). &lt;ref&gt;Hans M. Zell, Carol Bundy, Virginia Coulon, ''A New Reader's Guide to African Literature'', Heinemann Educational Books, 1983; pp. 350-351.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aikin soja da siyasa ===
Amadi ya yi aikin sojan Najeriya, ya ci gaba da zama a can lokacin [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasar Najeriya]], kuma ya yi ritaya a matsayin kyaftin.  Sannan ya rike mukamai daban-daban a gwamnatin jihar Ribas : Babban Sakatare (1973-83), Kwamishinan Ilimi (1987-88) da Kwamishinan Filaye da Gidaje (1989-90). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 June 2016 |title=Literary icon, Elechi Amadi, is dead |url=https://punchng.com/literary-icon-elechi-amadi-dead/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rubutu ===
Ya kasance marubucin zama kuma malami a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Ribas, inda kuma ya kasance shugaban sashen fasaha, shugaban sashen adabi da daraktan nazari na gaba daya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-08 |title=Elechi Amadi (1934-2016) |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/elechi-amadi-1934-2016/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amadi ya ce littafinsa na farko shi ne a shekarar 1957, waka mai suna &quot;Tubawa&quot; a wata mujallar jami'ar Ibadan mai suna ''The Horn'', wanda [[J. P. Clark|John Pepper Clark]] ya shirya. 

Littafin littafin Amadi na farko, ''The Concubine'', an buga shi a Landan a cikin 1966 kuma an yaba da shi a matsayin &quot;fitaccen aikin farko&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Eustace Palmer, &quot;Elechi Amadi and Flora Nwapa&quot;, ''African Literarture Today'', no. 1, 1969, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt; Alastair Niven a cikin bincikensa mai mahimmanci game da littafin ya rubuta cewa: &quot;Tsarin kafuwar ƙauyuka na farauta da kamun kifi na Neja delta, ''Ƙwarƙwarar'' ta mallaki rashin lokaci da duniya na babban labari.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Alastair Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'' (London, 1981), p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; An yi ''kuyangar'' ta zama fim, wanda Elechi Amadi ya rubuta kuma fitaccen daraktan fina-finan [[Nollywood]] [[Andy Amenechi]] ne ya ba da umarni, wanda aka fara a [[Abuja]] a watan Maris 2007. 

Saitin littafin littafin Amadi na biyu, ''[[The Great Ponds]]'', wanda aka buga a 1969, shine Gabashin Najeriya kafin mulkin mallaka, kuma yana magana ne game da yakin da aka yi tsakanin al’ummomin kauyuka biyu kan mallakar tafki.

A cikin 1973 Amadi autobiographical non-fiction, ''Sunset in Biafra'', aka buga. Ya rubuta abubuwan da ya faru a yakin Najeriya da Biafra, kuma a cewar Niven &quot;an rubuta shi a cikin wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa kamar labari ne&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'', (1981), p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga watan Mayun 1989 aka gudanar da taron karawa juna sani a jami'ar Fatakwal domin murnar cika shekaru 55 da haihuwar Amadi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-06-29 |title=Elechi Amadi dies - |url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2016/06/29/elechi-amadi-dies/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayun 2004, kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya reshen jihar Ribas ta shirya taron bikin cika shekaru 70 da haihuwa Elechi Amadi. 

Don littafinsa na ƙarshe, ''Lokacin da Allah Ya zo'', Elechi ya juya a karon farko zuwa nau'in fiction na kimiyya. &lt;ref&gt;Aderonke Adeleke, [http://cerebrallemon.com/late-elechi-amadis-final-work-of-art-when-god-came/ &quot;Late Elechi Amadi’s Final Work Of Art, ‘When God Came’&quot;]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Cerebral Lemon Co.'', 1 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake bitar ta, Lindsay Barrett ya rubuta cewa: “Lokacin da marubuci ya kai matsayin gunki a cikin sana’arsa, bisa la’akari da buga ayyukan da aka ayyana fitattun fitattun abubuwa tun farkon aikinsa, ba sabon abu ba ne ka same shi yana shiga cikin ayyukansa. Gwaji a matakai na ƙarshe na waccan sana'a. Haƙiƙa zai zama mafi daidai a ayyana su azaman ƙa'idodin falsafanci abin da ke cikin su yana yin la'akari da yanayin ɗan adam da iyakan yuwuwar cimma nasarar ɗan adam bisa ra'ayi na allahntaka maimakon kawai yin motsa jiki a cikin tunanin abubuwan da suka faru na wani yanayi na duniya., wanda mashahurin almarar kimiyya sau da yawa shine ... A cikin bincike na ƙarshe waɗannan ayyukan sun karanta kamar tatsuniyoyi daga nan gaba cewa marubucin dole ne ya sami jin daɗin ƙirƙira. Ƙaunar Amadi ga wallafe-wallafe da kuma abubuwan da ya yi a farkon shekarunsa sun rufe masa ilimin kimiyya musamman bayan yakin basasa lokacin da ya zauna a matsayin masanin ilimi kuma mai kula da gwamnati a jihar Rivers. A cikin wannan lokacin ne ya fara gwaje-gwajen a cikin sabbin nau'ikan rubuce-rubucen da wannan aikin ya kasance ɗan ƙaramin misali amma ba za a manta da shi ba.” &lt;ref&gt;Lindsay Barrett, [http://independentnig.com/fables-from-the-future-elechi-amadis-philosophical-allegories/ &quot;Fables From The Future: Elechi Amadi’s Philosophical Allegories&quot;]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Independent'' (Nigeria), 21 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan shekaru ==

=== 2009 sacewa ===
A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun 2009 wasu ‘yan bindiga da ba a san ko su waye ba sun yi garkuwa da Amadi a gidansa da ke garin Aluu, [[Ikwerre]] . An sake shi a yammacin ranar 6 ga Janairu, sa'o'i 23 bayan haka. &lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7814454.stm &quot;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;], BBC News, 6 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Jimitota Onoyume and Samuel Oyadongha, [http://allafrica.com/stories/200901070333.html &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;], AllAfrica, 7 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afirka39 ===
A 2014 ya kasance alkali na Africa39, tare da [[Osonye Tess Onwueme|Tess Onwueme]] da [[Margaret Busby]] . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.hayfestival.com/africa39/index.aspx?skinid=27&amp;currencysetting=GBP&amp;localesetting=en-GB&amp;resetfilters=true &quot;Imagine the World&quot;], Africa39.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mutuwa ===
A ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2016, Amadi ya rasu a [[Asibitin Ƙwararru na Good Heart|Asibitin Zuciya mai Kyau]] da ke [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] yana da shekaru 82.  &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36672302 &quot;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;], BBC News, 30 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wole Soyinka|Wole Soyinka,]] wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Nobel, ya yaba wa Amadi a matsayin &quot;soja kuma mawaƙi, mai kame lamiri, haɗin kai da adalci.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Ben Ezeamalu, [http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/artsbooks/206424-adieu-soldier-poet-soyinka-pays-tribute-elechi-amadi.html &quot;‘Adieu Soldier and Poet,’ Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;], ''[[Premium Times]]'', 4 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyauta ==
* 1992 – Rivers State Silver Jubilee Merit Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/journalism-and-publishing-biographies/elechi-amadi|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – honorary doctorate, Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) in Education, honoris causa, awarded by [[Rivers State University of Science and Technology]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;/&gt;
* 2003 – Fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Education.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi dies at 82|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/06/elechi-amadi-dies-82/|date=2016-06-29|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic]] (MFR).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Niven|first=Alastair|date=2016-08-22|title=Elechi Amadi obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/aug/22/elechi-amadi-obituary|access-date=2020-05-26|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gado ==
Faculty of Humanity a Jami'ar Fatakwal, ta sadaukar da shi gare shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot; /&gt; Port Harcourt Polytechnic an canza masa suna zuwa Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic a 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Onoyume |first=Jimitota |date=5 December 2016 |title=Rivers government renames Port Harcourt Poly after Elechi Amadi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/rivers-govt-renames-port-harcourt-poly-elechi-amadi/ |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=[[Vanguard, Nigeria|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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      <text bytes="11455" sha1="kixr46o7tptlg68sx9yn0lyyxny76su" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person 
| name             = Elechi Amadi
| honorific_suffix =  [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic|MFR]]
| image            =
| image_size       = 
| caption          = 
| birth_name       = Emmanuel Elechi Daniel
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| birth_place      = Aluu, [[Rivers State]], Nigeria
| death_date       = {{death date and age|2016|06|29|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| death_place      = [[Port Harcourt]], Nigeria
| occupation       = Novelist
| nationality      = Nigerian
| alma_mater       = 
| spouse           = 
| subject          = 
| period           = 
| genre            = 
| movement         = 
| notableworks     = ''[[The Concubine (novel)|The Concubine]]'' (1966)
| awards           = 
}}
'''Elechi Amadi''' MFR // ⓘ (12 Mayu 1934 - 29 Yuni 2016) marubuci ne kuma soja ɗan Najeriya. Ya kasance tsohon [[Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya|jami'in sojan Najeriya]]. Ya kasance marubucin wasan kwaikwayo da litattafai da suka shafi rayuwar ƙauyen Afirka, al'adu, imani, da ayyukan addini kafin tuntuɓar ƙasashen yammacin duniya. An fi ganin Amadi don littafinsa na farko na 1966, ''The Concubine'', wanda ake kira &quot;fitaccen aikin almara mai tsabta&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Eldred Jones, &quot;African Literature 1966-1967&quot;, ''African Forum'', vol. 3, no. 1, p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;. BBC News. 6 January 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Onoyume, Jimitota; Oyadongha, Samuel (7 January 2009). &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;. AllAfrica. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Africa39&quot;. Hay Festival Global. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;. BBC News. 30 June 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ezeamalu, Ben (4 July 2016). &quot;'Adieu Soldier and Poet,' Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;. Premium Times. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Elechi Amadi&quot;. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Elechi Amadi&quot;. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Elechi Amadi dies at 82&quot;. Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 29 June 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haife shi a shekarar 1934, a Mbodo-Aluu da ke karamar hukumar Ikwerre a [[Jihar Rivers|jihar Ribas]], [[Najeriya]], Elechi Amadi ya halarci [[Kwalejin Gwamnati Umuahia|Kwalejin Gwamnati, Umuahia]] (1948-52), Makarantar Survey, [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]] (1953-54), da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] (1955 – 59), inda ya sami digiri a fannin Physics da Mathematics. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gikandi 2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Simon Gikandi}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Liukkonen |first=Petri |title=Elechi Amadi |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125001500/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |archive-date=25 January 2015 |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da yake jami'a, ya karbi sunan Elechi Amadi, wanda ya ji yana nuna al'adunsa na Ikwerre fiye da sunan haihuwarsa, Emmanuel Elechi Daniel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Emmanuel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ya yi aiki na wani lokaci a matsayin mai binciken filaye, sannan ya zama malami a makarantu da dama, ciki har da Makarantar Soja ta Najeriya, [[Zariya]] (1963-66). &lt;ref&gt;Hans M. Zell, Carol Bundy, Virginia Coulon, ''A New Reader's Guide to African Literature'', Heinemann Educational Books, 1983; pp. 350-351.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aikin soja da siyasa ===
Amadi ya yi aikin sojan Najeriya, ya ci gaba da zama a can lokacin [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasar Najeriya]], kuma ya yi ritaya a matsayin kyaftin.  Sannan ya rike mukamai daban-daban a gwamnatin jihar Ribas : Babban Sakatare (1973-83), Kwamishinan Ilimi (1987-88) da Kwamishinan Filaye da Gidaje (1989-90). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 June 2016 |title=Literary icon, Elechi Amadi, is dead |url=https://punchng.com/literary-icon-elechi-amadi-dead/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rubutu ===
Ya kasance marubucin zama kuma malami a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Ribas, inda kuma ya kasance shugaban sashen fasaha, shugaban sashen adabi da daraktan nazari na gaba daya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-08 |title=Elechi Amadi (1934-2016) |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/elechi-amadi-1934-2016/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amadi ya ce littafinsa na farko shi ne a shekarar 1957, waka mai suna &quot;Tubawa&quot; a wata mujallar jami'ar Ibadan mai suna ''The Horn'', wanda [[J. P. Clark|John Pepper Clark]] ya shirya. 

Littafin littafin Amadi na farko, ''The Concubine'', an buga shi a Landan a cikin 1966 kuma an yaba da shi a matsayin &quot;fitaccen aikin farko&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Eustace Palmer, &quot;Elechi Amadi and Flora Nwapa&quot;, ''African Literarture Today'', no. 1, 1969, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt; Alastair Niven a cikin bincikensa mai mahimmanci game da littafin ya rubuta cewa: &quot;Tsarin kafuwar ƙauyuka na farauta da kamun kifi na Neja delta, ''Ƙwarƙwarar'' ta mallaki rashin lokaci da duniya na babban labari.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Alastair Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'' (London, 1981), p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; An yi ''kuyangar'' ta zama fim, wanda Elechi Amadi ya rubuta kuma fitaccen daraktan fina-finan [[Nollywood]] [[Andy Amenechi]] ne ya ba da umarni, wanda aka fara a [[Abuja]] a watan Maris 2007. 

Saitin littafin littafin Amadi na biyu, ''[[The Great Ponds]]'', wanda aka buga a 1969, shine Gabashin Najeriya kafin mulkin mallaka, kuma yana magana ne game da yakin da aka yi tsakanin al’ummomin kauyuka biyu kan mallakar tafki.

A cikin 1973 Amadi autobiographical non-fiction, ''Sunset in Biafra'', aka buga. Ya rubuta abubuwan da ya faru a yakin Najeriya da Biafra, kuma a cewar Niven &quot;an rubuta shi a cikin wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa kamar labari ne&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'', (1981), p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga watan Mayun 1989 aka gudanar da taron karawa juna sani a jami'ar Fatakwal domin murnar cika shekaru 55 da haihuwar Amadi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-06-29 |title=Elechi Amadi dies - |url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2016/06/29/elechi-amadi-dies/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayun 2004, kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya reshen jihar Ribas ta shirya taron bikin cika shekaru 70 da haihuwa Elechi Amadi. 

Don littafinsa na ƙarshe, ''Lokacin da Allah Ya zo'', Elechi ya juya a karon farko zuwa nau'in fiction na kimiyya. &lt;ref&gt;Aderonke Adeleke, [http://cerebrallemon.com/late-elechi-amadis-final-work-of-art-when-god-came/ &quot;Late Elechi Amadi’s Final Work Of Art, ‘When God Came’&quot;]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Cerebral Lemon Co.'', 1 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake bitar ta, Lindsay Barrett ya rubuta cewa: “Lokacin da marubuci ya kai matsayin gunki a cikin sana’arsa, bisa la’akari da buga ayyukan da aka ayyana fitattun fitattun abubuwa tun farkon aikinsa, ba sabon abu ba ne ka same shi yana shiga cikin ayyukansa. Gwaji a matakai na ƙarshe na waccan sana'a. Haƙiƙa zai zama mafi daidai a ayyana su azaman ƙa'idodin falsafanci abin da ke cikin su yana yin la'akari da yanayin ɗan adam da iyakan yuwuwar cimma nasarar ɗan adam bisa ra'ayi na allahntaka maimakon kawai yin motsa jiki a cikin tunanin abubuwan da suka faru na wani yanayi na duniya., wanda mashahurin almarar kimiyya sau da yawa shine ... A cikin bincike na ƙarshe waɗannan ayyukan sun karanta kamar tatsuniyoyi daga nan gaba cewa marubucin dole ne ya sami jin daɗin ƙirƙira. Ƙaunar Amadi ga wallafe-wallafe da kuma abubuwan da ya yi a farkon shekarunsa sun rufe masa ilimin kimiyya musamman bayan yakin basasa lokacin da ya zauna a matsayin masanin ilimi kuma mai kula da gwamnati a jihar Rivers. A cikin wannan lokacin ne ya fara gwaje-gwajen a cikin sabbin nau'ikan rubuce-rubucen da wannan aikin ya kasance ɗan ƙaramin misali amma ba za a manta da shi ba.” &lt;ref&gt;Lindsay Barrett, [http://independentnig.com/fables-from-the-future-elechi-amadis-philosophical-allegories/ &quot;Fables From The Future: Elechi Amadi’s Philosophical Allegories&quot;]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Independent'' (Nigeria), 21 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan shekaru ==

=== 2009 sacewa ===
A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun 2009 wasu ‘yan bindiga da ba a san ko su waye ba sun yi garkuwa da Amadi a gidansa da ke garin Aluu, [[Ikwerre]] . An sake shi a yammacin ranar 6 ga Janairu, sa'o'i 23 bayan haka. &lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7814454.stm &quot;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;], BBC News, 6 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Jimitota Onoyume and Samuel Oyadongha, [http://allafrica.com/stories/200901070333.html &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;], AllAfrica, 7 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afirka39 ===
A 2014 ya kasance alkali na Africa39, tare da [[Osonye Tess Onwueme|Tess Onwueme]] da [[Margaret Busby]] . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.hayfestival.com/africa39/index.aspx?skinid=27&amp;currencysetting=GBP&amp;localesetting=en-GB&amp;resetfilters=true &quot;Imagine the World&quot;], Africa39.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mutuwa ===
A ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2016, Amadi ya rasu a [[Asibitin Ƙwararru na Good Heart|Asibitin Zuciya mai Kyau]] da ke [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] yana da shekaru 82.  &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36672302 &quot;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;], BBC News, 30 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wole Soyinka|Wole Soyinka,]] wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Nobel, ya yaba wa Amadi a matsayin &quot;soja kuma mawaƙi, mai kame lamiri, haɗin kai da adalci.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Ben Ezeamalu, [http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/artsbooks/206424-adieu-soldier-poet-soyinka-pays-tribute-elechi-amadi.html &quot;‘Adieu Soldier and Poet,’ Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;], ''[[Premium Times]]'', 4 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyauta ==
* 1992 – Rivers State Silver Jubilee Merit Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/journalism-and-publishing-biographies/elechi-amadi|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – honorary doctorate, Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) in Education, honoris causa, awarded by [[Rivers State University of Science and Technology]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;/&gt;
* 2003 – Fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Education.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi dies at 82|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/06/elechi-amadi-dies-82/|date=2016-06-29|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic]] (MFR).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Niven|first=Alastair|date=2016-08-22|title=Elechi Amadi obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/aug/22/elechi-amadi-obituary|access-date=2020-05-26|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gado ==
Faculty of Humanity a Jami'ar Fatakwal, ta sadaukar da shi gare shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot; /&gt; Port Harcourt Polytechnic an canza masa suna zuwa Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic a 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Onoyume |first=Jimitota |date=5 December 2016 |title=Rivers government renames Port Harcourt Poly after Elechi Amadi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/rivers-govt-renames-port-harcourt-poly-elechi-amadi/ |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=[[Vanguard, Nigeria|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
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      <text bytes="11577" sha1="4nhr9tucbgczl6p8ckpeh0gfs9lkfoq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person 
| name             = Elechi Amadi
| honorific_suffix =  [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic|MFR]]
| image            =
| image_size       = 
| caption          = 
| birth_name       = Emmanuel Elechi Daniel
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| birth_place      = Aluu, [[Rivers State]], Nigeria
| death_date       = {{death date and age|2016|06|29|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| death_place      = [[Port Harcourt]], Nigeria
| occupation       = Novelist
| nationality      = Nigerian
| alma_mater       = 
| spouse           = 
| subject          = 
| period           = 
| genre            = 
| movement         = 
| notableworks     = ''[[The Concubine (novel)|The Concubine]]'' (1966)
| awards           = 
}}
'''Elechi Amadi''' MFR // ⓘ (12 Mayu 1934 - 29 Yuni 2016) marubuci ne kuma soja ɗan Najeriya. Ya kasance tsohon [[Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya|jami'in sojan Najeriya]]. Ya kasance marubucin wasan kwaikwayo da litattafai da suka shafi rayuwar ƙauyen Afirka, al'adu, imani, da ayyukan addini kafin tuntuɓar ƙasashen yammacin duniya. An fi ganin Amadi don littafinsa na farko na 1966, ''The Concubine'', wanda ake kira &quot;fitaccen aikin almara mai tsabta&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Eldred Jones, &quot;African Literature 1966-1967&quot;, ''African Forum'', vol. 3, no. 1, p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;. BBC News. 6 January 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Onoyume, Jimitota; Oyadongha, Samuel (7 January 2009). &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;. AllAfrica. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Africa39&quot;. Hay Festival Global. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;. BBC News. 30 June 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ezeamalu, Ben (4 July 2016). &quot;'Adieu Soldier and Poet,' Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;. Premium Times. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Elechi Amadi&quot;. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Elechi Amadi&quot;. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Elechi Amadi dies at 82&quot;. Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 29 June 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Niven, Alastair (22 August 2016). &quot;Elechi Amadi obituary&quot;. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haife shi a shekarar 1934, a Mbodo-Aluu da ke karamar hukumar Ikwerre a [[Jihar Rivers|jihar Ribas]], [[Najeriya]], Elechi Amadi ya halarci [[Kwalejin Gwamnati Umuahia|Kwalejin Gwamnati, Umuahia]] (1948-52), Makarantar Survey, [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]] (1953-54), da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] (1955 – 59), inda ya sami digiri a fannin Physics da Mathematics. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gikandi 2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Simon Gikandi}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Liukkonen |first=Petri |title=Elechi Amadi |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125001500/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |archive-date=25 January 2015 |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da yake jami'a, ya karbi sunan Elechi Amadi, wanda ya ji yana nuna al'adunsa na Ikwerre fiye da sunan haihuwarsa, Emmanuel Elechi Daniel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Emmanuel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ya yi aiki na wani lokaci a matsayin mai binciken filaye, sannan ya zama malami a makarantu da dama, ciki har da Makarantar Soja ta Najeriya, [[Zariya]] (1963-66). &lt;ref&gt;Hans M. Zell, Carol Bundy, Virginia Coulon, ''A New Reader's Guide to African Literature'', Heinemann Educational Books, 1983; pp. 350-351.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aikin soja da siyasa ===
Amadi ya yi aikin sojan Najeriya, ya ci gaba da zama a can lokacin [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasar Najeriya]], kuma ya yi ritaya a matsayin kyaftin.  Sannan ya rike mukamai daban-daban a gwamnatin jihar Ribas : Babban Sakatare (1973-83), Kwamishinan Ilimi (1987-88) da Kwamishinan Filaye da Gidaje (1989-90). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 June 2016 |title=Literary icon, Elechi Amadi, is dead |url=https://punchng.com/literary-icon-elechi-amadi-dead/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rubutu ===
Ya kasance marubucin zama kuma malami a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Ribas, inda kuma ya kasance shugaban sashen fasaha, shugaban sashen adabi da daraktan nazari na gaba daya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-08 |title=Elechi Amadi (1934-2016) |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/elechi-amadi-1934-2016/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amadi ya ce littafinsa na farko shi ne a shekarar 1957, waka mai suna &quot;Tubawa&quot; a wata mujallar jami'ar Ibadan mai suna ''The Horn'', wanda [[J. P. Clark|John Pepper Clark]] ya shirya. 

Littafin littafin Amadi na farko, ''The Concubine'', an buga shi a Landan a cikin 1966 kuma an yaba da shi a matsayin &quot;fitaccen aikin farko&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Eustace Palmer, &quot;Elechi Amadi and Flora Nwapa&quot;, ''African Literarture Today'', no. 1, 1969, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt; Alastair Niven a cikin bincikensa mai mahimmanci game da littafin ya rubuta cewa: &quot;Tsarin kafuwar ƙauyuka na farauta da kamun kifi na Neja delta, ''Ƙwarƙwarar'' ta mallaki rashin lokaci da duniya na babban labari.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Alastair Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'' (London, 1981), p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; An yi ''kuyangar'' ta zama fim, wanda Elechi Amadi ya rubuta kuma fitaccen daraktan fina-finan [[Nollywood]] [[Andy Amenechi]] ne ya ba da umarni, wanda aka fara a [[Abuja]] a watan Maris 2007. 

Saitin littafin littafin Amadi na biyu, ''[[The Great Ponds]]'', wanda aka buga a 1969, shine Gabashin Najeriya kafin mulkin mallaka, kuma yana magana ne game da yakin da aka yi tsakanin al’ummomin kauyuka biyu kan mallakar tafki.

A cikin 1973 Amadi autobiographical non-fiction, ''Sunset in Biafra'', aka buga. Ya rubuta abubuwan da ya faru a yakin Najeriya da Biafra, kuma a cewar Niven &quot;an rubuta shi a cikin wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa kamar labari ne&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'', (1981), p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga watan Mayun 1989 aka gudanar da taron karawa juna sani a jami'ar Fatakwal domin murnar cika shekaru 55 da haihuwar Amadi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-06-29 |title=Elechi Amadi dies - |url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2016/06/29/elechi-amadi-dies/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayun 2004, kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya reshen jihar Ribas ta shirya taron bikin cika shekaru 70 da haihuwa Elechi Amadi. 

Don littafinsa na ƙarshe, ''Lokacin da Allah Ya zo'', Elechi ya juya a karon farko zuwa nau'in fiction na kimiyya. &lt;ref&gt;Aderonke Adeleke, [http://cerebrallemon.com/late-elechi-amadis-final-work-of-art-when-god-came/ &quot;Late Elechi Amadi’s Final Work Of Art, ‘When God Came’&quot;]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Cerebral Lemon Co.'', 1 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake bitar ta, Lindsay Barrett ya rubuta cewa: “Lokacin da marubuci ya kai matsayin gunki a cikin sana’arsa, bisa la’akari da buga ayyukan da aka ayyana fitattun fitattun abubuwa tun farkon aikinsa, ba sabon abu ba ne ka same shi yana shiga cikin ayyukansa. Gwaji a matakai na ƙarshe na waccan sana'a. Haƙiƙa zai zama mafi daidai a ayyana su azaman ƙa'idodin falsafanci abin da ke cikin su yana yin la'akari da yanayin ɗan adam da iyakan yuwuwar cimma nasarar ɗan adam bisa ra'ayi na allahntaka maimakon kawai yin motsa jiki a cikin tunanin abubuwan da suka faru na wani yanayi na duniya., wanda mashahurin almarar kimiyya sau da yawa shine ... A cikin bincike na ƙarshe waɗannan ayyukan sun karanta kamar tatsuniyoyi daga nan gaba cewa marubucin dole ne ya sami jin daɗin ƙirƙira. Ƙaunar Amadi ga wallafe-wallafe da kuma abubuwan da ya yi a farkon shekarunsa sun rufe masa ilimin kimiyya musamman bayan yakin basasa lokacin da ya zauna a matsayin masanin ilimi kuma mai kula da gwamnati a jihar Rivers. A cikin wannan lokacin ne ya fara gwaje-gwajen a cikin sabbin nau'ikan rubuce-rubucen da wannan aikin ya kasance ɗan ƙaramin misali amma ba za a manta da shi ba.” &lt;ref&gt;Lindsay Barrett, [http://independentnig.com/fables-from-the-future-elechi-amadis-philosophical-allegories/ &quot;Fables From The Future: Elechi Amadi’s Philosophical Allegories&quot;]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Independent'' (Nigeria), 21 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan shekaru ==

=== 2009 sacewa ===
A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun 2009 wasu ‘yan bindiga da ba a san ko su waye ba sun yi garkuwa da Amadi a gidansa da ke garin Aluu, [[Ikwerre]] . An sake shi a yammacin ranar 6 ga Janairu, sa'o'i 23 bayan haka. &lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7814454.stm &quot;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;], BBC News, 6 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Jimitota Onoyume and Samuel Oyadongha, [http://allafrica.com/stories/200901070333.html &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;], AllAfrica, 7 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afirka39 ===
A 2014 ya kasance alkali na Africa39, tare da [[Osonye Tess Onwueme|Tess Onwueme]] da [[Margaret Busby]] . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.hayfestival.com/africa39/index.aspx?skinid=27&amp;currencysetting=GBP&amp;localesetting=en-GB&amp;resetfilters=true &quot;Imagine the World&quot;], Africa39.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mutuwa ===
A ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2016, Amadi ya rasu a [[Asibitin Ƙwararru na Good Heart|Asibitin Zuciya mai Kyau]] da ke [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] yana da shekaru 82.  &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36672302 &quot;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;], BBC News, 30 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wole Soyinka|Wole Soyinka,]] wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Nobel, ya yaba wa Amadi a matsayin &quot;soja kuma mawaƙi, mai kame lamiri, haɗin kai da adalci.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Ben Ezeamalu, [http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/artsbooks/206424-adieu-soldier-poet-soyinka-pays-tribute-elechi-amadi.html &quot;‘Adieu Soldier and Poet,’ Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;], ''[[Premium Times]]'', 4 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyauta ==
* 1992 – Rivers State Silver Jubilee Merit Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/journalism-and-publishing-biographies/elechi-amadi|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – honorary doctorate, Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) in Education, honoris causa, awarded by [[Rivers State University of Science and Technology]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;/&gt;
* 2003 – Fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Education.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi dies at 82|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/06/elechi-amadi-dies-82/|date=2016-06-29|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic]] (MFR).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Niven|first=Alastair|date=2016-08-22|title=Elechi Amadi obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/aug/22/elechi-amadi-obituary|access-date=2020-05-26|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gado ==
Faculty of Humanity a Jami'ar Fatakwal, ta sadaukar da shi gare shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot; /&gt; Port Harcourt Polytechnic an canza masa suna zuwa Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic a 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Onoyume |first=Jimitota |date=5 December 2016 |title=Rivers government renames Port Harcourt Poly after Elechi Amadi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/rivers-govt-renames-port-harcourt-poly-elechi-amadi/ |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=[[Vanguard, Nigeria|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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        <id>39275</id>
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      <text bytes="11742" sha1="cnn3uhe08bxci7cy9vf5hd5r25d4e7q" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person 
| name             = Elechi Amadi
| honorific_suffix =  [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic|MFR]]
| image            =
| image_size       = 
| caption          = 
| birth_name       = Emmanuel Elechi Daniel
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| birth_place      = Aluu, [[Rivers State]], Nigeria
| death_date       = {{death date and age|2016|06|29|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| death_place      = [[Port Harcourt]], Nigeria
| occupation       = Novelist
| nationality      = Nigerian
| alma_mater       = 
| spouse           = 
| subject          = 
| period           = 
| genre            = 
| movement         = 
| notableworks     = ''[[The Concubine (novel)|The Concubine]]'' (1966)
| awards           = 
}}
'''Elechi Amadi''' MFR // ⓘ (12 Mayu 1934 - 29 Yuni 2016) marubuci ne kuma soja ɗan Najeriya. Ya kasance tsohon [[Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya|jami'in sojan Najeriya]]. Ya kasance marubucin wasan kwaikwayo da litattafai da suka shafi rayuwar ƙauyen Afirka, al'adu, imani, da ayyukan addini kafin tuntuɓar ƙasashen yammacin duniya. An fi ganin Amadi don littafinsa na farko na 1966, ''The Concubine'', wanda ake kira &quot;fitaccen aikin almara mai tsabta&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Eldred Jones, &quot;African Literature 1966-1967&quot;, ''African Forum'', vol. 3, no. 1, p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;. BBC News. 6 January 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Onoyume, Jimitota; Oyadongha, Samuel (7 January 2009). &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;. AllAfrica. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Africa39&quot;. Hay Festival Global. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;. BBC News. 30 June 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ezeamalu, Ben (4 July 2016). &quot;'Adieu Soldier and Poet,' Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;. Premium Times. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Elechi Amadi&quot;. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Elechi Amadi&quot;. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Elechi Amadi dies at 82&quot;. Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 29 June 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Niven, Alastair (22 August 2016). &quot;Elechi Amadi obituary&quot;. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haife shi a shekarar 1934, a Mbodo-Aluu da ke karamar hukumar Ikwerre a [[Jihar Rivers|jihar Ribas]], [[Najeriya]], Elechi Amadi ya halarci [[Kwalejin Gwamnati Umuahia|Kwalejin Gwamnati, Umuahia]] (1948-52), Makarantar Survey, [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]] (1953-54), da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] (1955 – 59), inda ya sami digiri a fannin Physics da Mathematics. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gikandi 2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Simon Gikandi}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Liukkonen |first=Petri |title=Elechi Amadi |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125001500/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |archive-date=25 January 2015 |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da yake jami'a, ya karbi sunan Elechi Amadi, wanda ya ji yana nuna al'adunsa na Ikwerre fiye da sunan haihuwarsa, Emmanuel Elechi Daniel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Emmanuel}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Onoyume, Jimitota (5 December 2016). &quot;Rivers government renames Port Harcourt Poly after Elechi Amadi&quot;. Vanguard. Port Harcourt. Retrieved 4 January 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ya yi aiki na wani lokaci a matsayin mai binciken filaye, sannan ya zama malami a makarantu da dama, ciki har da Makarantar Soja ta Najeriya, [[Zariya]] (1963-66). &lt;ref&gt;Hans M. Zell, Carol Bundy, Virginia Coulon, ''A New Reader's Guide to African Literature'', Heinemann Educational Books, 1983; pp. 350-351.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aikin soja da siyasa ===
Amadi ya yi aikin sojan Najeriya, ya ci gaba da zama a can lokacin [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasar Najeriya]], kuma ya yi ritaya a matsayin kyaftin.  Sannan ya rike mukamai daban-daban a gwamnatin jihar Ribas : Babban Sakatare (1973-83), Kwamishinan Ilimi (1987-88) da Kwamishinan Filaye da Gidaje (1989-90). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 June 2016 |title=Literary icon, Elechi Amadi, is dead |url=https://punchng.com/literary-icon-elechi-amadi-dead/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rubutu ===
Ya kasance marubucin zama kuma malami a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Ribas, inda kuma ya kasance shugaban sashen fasaha, shugaban sashen adabi da daraktan nazari na gaba daya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-08 |title=Elechi Amadi (1934-2016) |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/elechi-amadi-1934-2016/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amadi ya ce littafinsa na farko shi ne a shekarar 1957, waka mai suna &quot;Tubawa&quot; a wata mujallar jami'ar Ibadan mai suna ''The Horn'', wanda [[J. P. Clark|John Pepper Clark]] ya shirya. 

Littafin littafin Amadi na farko, ''The Concubine'', an buga shi a Landan a cikin 1966 kuma an yaba da shi a matsayin &quot;fitaccen aikin farko&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Eustace Palmer, &quot;Elechi Amadi and Flora Nwapa&quot;, ''African Literarture Today'', no. 1, 1969, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt; Alastair Niven a cikin bincikensa mai mahimmanci game da littafin ya rubuta cewa: &quot;Tsarin kafuwar ƙauyuka na farauta da kamun kifi na Neja delta, ''Ƙwarƙwarar'' ta mallaki rashin lokaci da duniya na babban labari.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Alastair Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'' (London, 1981), p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; An yi ''kuyangar'' ta zama fim, wanda Elechi Amadi ya rubuta kuma fitaccen daraktan fina-finan [[Nollywood]] [[Andy Amenechi]] ne ya ba da umarni, wanda aka fara a [[Abuja]] a watan Maris 2007. 

Saitin littafin littafin Amadi na biyu, ''[[The Great Ponds]]'', wanda aka buga a 1969, shine Gabashin Najeriya kafin mulkin mallaka, kuma yana magana ne game da yakin da aka yi tsakanin al’ummomin kauyuka biyu kan mallakar tafki.

A cikin 1973 Amadi autobiographical non-fiction, ''Sunset in Biafra'', aka buga. Ya rubuta abubuwan da ya faru a yakin Najeriya da Biafra, kuma a cewar Niven &quot;an rubuta shi a cikin wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa kamar labari ne&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'', (1981), p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga watan Mayun 1989 aka gudanar da taron karawa juna sani a jami'ar Fatakwal domin murnar cika shekaru 55 da haihuwar Amadi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-06-29 |title=Elechi Amadi dies - |url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2016/06/29/elechi-amadi-dies/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayun 2004, kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya reshen jihar Ribas ta shirya taron bikin cika shekaru 70 da haihuwa Elechi Amadi. 

Don littafinsa na ƙarshe, ''Lokacin da Allah Ya zo'', Elechi ya juya a karon farko zuwa nau'in fiction na kimiyya. &lt;ref&gt;Aderonke Adeleke, [http://cerebrallemon.com/late-elechi-amadis-final-work-of-art-when-god-came/ &quot;Late Elechi Amadi’s Final Work Of Art, ‘When God Came’&quot;]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Cerebral Lemon Co.'', 1 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake bitar ta, Lindsay Barrett ya rubuta cewa: “Lokacin da marubuci ya kai matsayin gunki a cikin sana’arsa, bisa la’akari da buga ayyukan da aka ayyana fitattun fitattun abubuwa tun farkon aikinsa, ba sabon abu ba ne ka same shi yana shiga cikin ayyukansa. Gwaji a matakai na ƙarshe na waccan sana'a. Haƙiƙa zai zama mafi daidai a ayyana su azaman ƙa'idodin falsafanci abin da ke cikin su yana yin la'akari da yanayin ɗan adam da iyakan yuwuwar cimma nasarar ɗan adam bisa ra'ayi na allahntaka maimakon kawai yin motsa jiki a cikin tunanin abubuwan da suka faru na wani yanayi na duniya., wanda mashahurin almarar kimiyya sau da yawa shine ... A cikin bincike na ƙarshe waɗannan ayyukan sun karanta kamar tatsuniyoyi daga nan gaba cewa marubucin dole ne ya sami jin daɗin ƙirƙira. Ƙaunar Amadi ga wallafe-wallafe da kuma abubuwan da ya yi a farkon shekarunsa sun rufe masa ilimin kimiyya musamman bayan yakin basasa lokacin da ya zauna a matsayin masanin ilimi kuma mai kula da gwamnati a jihar Rivers. A cikin wannan lokacin ne ya fara gwaje-gwajen a cikin sabbin nau'ikan rubuce-rubucen da wannan aikin ya kasance ɗan ƙaramin misali amma ba za a manta da shi ba.” &lt;ref&gt;Lindsay Barrett, [http://independentnig.com/fables-from-the-future-elechi-amadis-philosophical-allegories/ &quot;Fables From The Future: Elechi Amadi’s Philosophical Allegories&quot;]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Independent'' (Nigeria), 21 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan shekaru ==

=== 2009 sacewa ===
A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun 2009 wasu ‘yan bindiga da ba a san ko su waye ba sun yi garkuwa da Amadi a gidansa da ke garin Aluu, [[Ikwerre]] . An sake shi a yammacin ranar 6 ga Janairu, sa'o'i 23 bayan haka. &lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7814454.stm &quot;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;], BBC News, 6 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Jimitota Onoyume and Samuel Oyadongha, [http://allafrica.com/stories/200901070333.html &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;], AllAfrica, 7 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afirka39 ===
A 2014 ya kasance alkali na Africa39, tare da [[Osonye Tess Onwueme|Tess Onwueme]] da [[Margaret Busby]] . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.hayfestival.com/africa39/index.aspx?skinid=27&amp;currencysetting=GBP&amp;localesetting=en-GB&amp;resetfilters=true &quot;Imagine the World&quot;], Africa39.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mutuwa ===
A ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2016, Amadi ya rasu a [[Asibitin Ƙwararru na Good Heart|Asibitin Zuciya mai Kyau]] da ke [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] yana da shekaru 82.  &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36672302 &quot;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;], BBC News, 30 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wole Soyinka|Wole Soyinka,]] wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Nobel, ya yaba wa Amadi a matsayin &quot;soja kuma mawaƙi, mai kame lamiri, haɗin kai da adalci.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Ben Ezeamalu, [http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/artsbooks/206424-adieu-soldier-poet-soyinka-pays-tribute-elechi-amadi.html &quot;‘Adieu Soldier and Poet,’ Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;], ''[[Premium Times]]'', 4 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyauta ==
* 1992 – Rivers State Silver Jubilee Merit Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/journalism-and-publishing-biographies/elechi-amadi|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – honorary doctorate, Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) in Education, honoris causa, awarded by [[Rivers State University of Science and Technology]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;/&gt;
* 2003 – Fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Education.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi dies at 82|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/06/elechi-amadi-dies-82/|date=2016-06-29|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic]] (MFR).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Niven|first=Alastair|date=2016-08-22|title=Elechi Amadi obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/aug/22/elechi-amadi-obituary|access-date=2020-05-26|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gado ==
Faculty of Humanity a Jami'ar Fatakwal, ta sadaukar da shi gare shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot; /&gt; Port Harcourt Polytechnic an canza masa suna zuwa Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic a 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Onoyume |first=Jimitota |date=5 December 2016 |title=Rivers government renames Port Harcourt Poly after Elechi Amadi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/rivers-govt-renames-port-harcourt-poly-elechi-amadi/ |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=[[Vanguard, Nigeria|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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      <text bytes="11842" sha1="druo83isrwvrh8fk8s0c3ftqmh09pji" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person 
| name             = Elechi Amadi
| honorific_suffix =  [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic|MFR]]
| image            =
| image_size       = 
| caption          = 
| birth_name       = Emmanuel Elechi Daniel
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| birth_place      = Aluu, [[Rivers State]], Nigeria
| death_date       = {{death date and age|2016|06|29|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| death_place      = [[Port Harcourt]], Nigeria
| occupation       = Novelist
| nationality      = Nigerian
| alma_mater       = 
| spouse           = 
| subject          = 
| period           = 
| genre            = 
| movement         = 
| notableworks     = ''[[The Concubine (novel)|The Concubine]]'' (1966)
| awards           = 
}}
'''Elechi Amadi''' MFR // ⓘ (12 Mayu 1934 - 29 Yuni 2016) marubuci ne kuma soja ɗan Najeriya. Ya kasance tsohon [[Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya|jami'in sojan Najeriya]]. Ya kasance marubucin wasan kwaikwayo da litattafai da suka shafi rayuwar ƙauyen Afirka, al'adu, imani, da ayyukan addini kafin tuntuɓar ƙasashen yammacin duniya. An fi ganin Amadi don littafinsa na farko na 1966, ''The Concubine'', wanda ake kira &quot;fitaccen aikin almara mai tsabta&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Eldred Jones, &quot;African Literature 1966-1967&quot;, ''African Forum'', vol. 3, no. 1, p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;. BBC News. 6 January 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Onoyume, Jimitota; Oyadongha, Samuel (7 January 2009). &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;. AllAfrica. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Africa39&quot;. Hay Festival Global. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;. BBC News. 30 June 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ezeamalu, Ben (4 July 2016). &quot;'Adieu Soldier and Poet,' Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;. Premium Times. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Elechi Amadi&quot;. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Elechi Amadi&quot;. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Elechi Amadi dies at 82&quot;. Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 29 June 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Niven, Alastair (22 August 2016). &quot;Elechi Amadi obituary&quot;. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haife shi a shekarar 1934, a Mbodo-Aluu da ke karamar hukumar Ikwerre a [[Jihar Rivers|jihar Ribas]], [[Najeriya]], Elechi Amadi ya halarci [[Kwalejin Gwamnati Umuahia|Kwalejin Gwamnati, Umuahia]] (1948-52), Makarantar Survey, [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]] (1953-54), da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] (1955 – 59), inda ya sami digiri a fannin Physics da Mathematics. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gikandi 2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Simon Gikandi}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Liukkonen |first=Petri |title=Elechi Amadi |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125001500/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |archive-date=25 January 2015 |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da yake jami'a, ya karbi sunan Elechi Amadi, wanda ya ji yana nuna al'adunsa na Ikwerre fiye da sunan haihuwarsa, Emmanuel Elechi Daniel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Emmanuel}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Onoyume, Jimitota (5 December 2016). &quot;Rivers government renames Port Harcourt Poly after Elechi Amadi&quot;. Vanguard. Port Harcourt. Retrieved 4 January 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1977). Peppersoup ; and, The road to Ibadan. Ibadan: Onibonoje Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ya yi aiki na wani lokaci a matsayin mai binciken filaye, sannan ya zama malami a makarantu da dama, ciki har da Makarantar Soja ta Najeriya, [[Zariya]] (1963-66). &lt;ref&gt;Hans M. Zell, Carol Bundy, Virginia Coulon, ''A New Reader's Guide to African Literature'', Heinemann Educational Books, 1983; pp. 350-351.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aikin soja da siyasa ===
Amadi ya yi aikin sojan Najeriya, ya ci gaba da zama a can lokacin [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasar Najeriya]], kuma ya yi ritaya a matsayin kyaftin.  Sannan ya rike mukamai daban-daban a gwamnatin jihar Ribas : Babban Sakatare (1973-83), Kwamishinan Ilimi (1987-88) da Kwamishinan Filaye da Gidaje (1989-90). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 June 2016 |title=Literary icon, Elechi Amadi, is dead |url=https://punchng.com/literary-icon-elechi-amadi-dead/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rubutu ===
Ya kasance marubucin zama kuma malami a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Ribas, inda kuma ya kasance shugaban sashen fasaha, shugaban sashen adabi da daraktan nazari na gaba daya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-08 |title=Elechi Amadi (1934-2016) |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/elechi-amadi-1934-2016/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amadi ya ce littafinsa na farko shi ne a shekarar 1957, waka mai suna &quot;Tubawa&quot; a wata mujallar jami'ar Ibadan mai suna ''The Horn'', wanda [[J. P. Clark|John Pepper Clark]] ya shirya. 

Littafin littafin Amadi na farko, ''The Concubine'', an buga shi a Landan a cikin 1966 kuma an yaba da shi a matsayin &quot;fitaccen aikin farko&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Eustace Palmer, &quot;Elechi Amadi and Flora Nwapa&quot;, ''African Literarture Today'', no. 1, 1969, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt; Alastair Niven a cikin bincikensa mai mahimmanci game da littafin ya rubuta cewa: &quot;Tsarin kafuwar ƙauyuka na farauta da kamun kifi na Neja delta, ''Ƙwarƙwarar'' ta mallaki rashin lokaci da duniya na babban labari.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Alastair Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'' (London, 1981), p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; An yi ''kuyangar'' ta zama fim, wanda Elechi Amadi ya rubuta kuma fitaccen daraktan fina-finan [[Nollywood]] [[Andy Amenechi]] ne ya ba da umarni, wanda aka fara a [[Abuja]] a watan Maris 2007. 

Saitin littafin littafin Amadi na biyu, ''[[The Great Ponds]]'', wanda aka buga a 1969, shine Gabashin Najeriya kafin mulkin mallaka, kuma yana magana ne game da yakin da aka yi tsakanin al’ummomin kauyuka biyu kan mallakar tafki.

A cikin 1973 Amadi autobiographical non-fiction, ''Sunset in Biafra'', aka buga. Ya rubuta abubuwan da ya faru a yakin Najeriya da Biafra, kuma a cewar Niven &quot;an rubuta shi a cikin wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa kamar labari ne&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'', (1981), p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga watan Mayun 1989 aka gudanar da taron karawa juna sani a jami'ar Fatakwal domin murnar cika shekaru 55 da haihuwar Amadi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-06-29 |title=Elechi Amadi dies - |url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2016/06/29/elechi-amadi-dies/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayun 2004, kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya reshen jihar Ribas ta shirya taron bikin cika shekaru 70 da haihuwa Elechi Amadi. 

Don littafinsa na ƙarshe, ''Lokacin da Allah Ya zo'', Elechi ya juya a karon farko zuwa nau'in fiction na kimiyya. &lt;ref&gt;Aderonke Adeleke, [http://cerebrallemon.com/late-elechi-amadis-final-work-of-art-when-god-came/ &quot;Late Elechi Amadi’s Final Work Of Art, ‘When God Came’&quot;]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Cerebral Lemon Co.'', 1 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake bitar ta, Lindsay Barrett ya rubuta cewa: “Lokacin da marubuci ya kai matsayin gunki a cikin sana’arsa, bisa la’akari da buga ayyukan da aka ayyana fitattun fitattun abubuwa tun farkon aikinsa, ba sabon abu ba ne ka same shi yana shiga cikin ayyukansa. Gwaji a matakai na ƙarshe na waccan sana'a. Haƙiƙa zai zama mafi daidai a ayyana su azaman ƙa'idodin falsafanci abin da ke cikin su yana yin la'akari da yanayin ɗan adam da iyakan yuwuwar cimma nasarar ɗan adam bisa ra'ayi na allahntaka maimakon kawai yin motsa jiki a cikin tunanin abubuwan da suka faru na wani yanayi na duniya., wanda mashahurin almarar kimiyya sau da yawa shine ... A cikin bincike na ƙarshe waɗannan ayyukan sun karanta kamar tatsuniyoyi daga nan gaba cewa marubucin dole ne ya sami jin daɗin ƙirƙira. Ƙaunar Amadi ga wallafe-wallafe da kuma abubuwan da ya yi a farkon shekarunsa sun rufe masa ilimin kimiyya musamman bayan yakin basasa lokacin da ya zauna a matsayin masanin ilimi kuma mai kula da gwamnati a jihar Rivers. A cikin wannan lokacin ne ya fara gwaje-gwajen a cikin sabbin nau'ikan rubuce-rubucen da wannan aikin ya kasance ɗan ƙaramin misali amma ba za a manta da shi ba.” &lt;ref&gt;Lindsay Barrett, [http://independentnig.com/fables-from-the-future-elechi-amadis-philosophical-allegories/ &quot;Fables From The Future: Elechi Amadi’s Philosophical Allegories&quot;]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Independent'' (Nigeria), 21 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan shekaru ==

=== 2009 sacewa ===
A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun 2009 wasu ‘yan bindiga da ba a san ko su waye ba sun yi garkuwa da Amadi a gidansa da ke garin Aluu, [[Ikwerre]] . An sake shi a yammacin ranar 6 ga Janairu, sa'o'i 23 bayan haka. &lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7814454.stm &quot;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;], BBC News, 6 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Jimitota Onoyume and Samuel Oyadongha, [http://allafrica.com/stories/200901070333.html &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;], AllAfrica, 7 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afirka39 ===
A 2014 ya kasance alkali na Africa39, tare da [[Osonye Tess Onwueme|Tess Onwueme]] da [[Margaret Busby]] . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.hayfestival.com/africa39/index.aspx?skinid=27&amp;currencysetting=GBP&amp;localesetting=en-GB&amp;resetfilters=true &quot;Imagine the World&quot;], Africa39.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mutuwa ===
A ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2016, Amadi ya rasu a [[Asibitin Ƙwararru na Good Heart|Asibitin Zuciya mai Kyau]] da ke [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] yana da shekaru 82.  &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36672302 &quot;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;], BBC News, 30 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wole Soyinka|Wole Soyinka,]] wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Nobel, ya yaba wa Amadi a matsayin &quot;soja kuma mawaƙi, mai kame lamiri, haɗin kai da adalci.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Ben Ezeamalu, [http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/artsbooks/206424-adieu-soldier-poet-soyinka-pays-tribute-elechi-amadi.html &quot;‘Adieu Soldier and Poet,’ Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;], ''[[Premium Times]]'', 4 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyauta ==
* 1992 – Rivers State Silver Jubilee Merit Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/journalism-and-publishing-biographies/elechi-amadi|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – honorary doctorate, Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) in Education, honoris causa, awarded by [[Rivers State University of Science and Technology]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;/&gt;
* 2003 – Fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Education.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi dies at 82|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/06/elechi-amadi-dies-82/|date=2016-06-29|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic]] (MFR).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Niven|first=Alastair|date=2016-08-22|title=Elechi Amadi obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/aug/22/elechi-amadi-obituary|access-date=2020-05-26|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gado ==
Faculty of Humanity a Jami'ar Fatakwal, ta sadaukar da shi gare shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot; /&gt; Port Harcourt Polytechnic an canza masa suna zuwa Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic a 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Onoyume |first=Jimitota |date=5 December 2016 |title=Rivers government renames Port Harcourt Poly after Elechi Amadi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/rivers-govt-renames-port-harcourt-poly-elechi-amadi/ |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=[[Vanguard, Nigeria|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>855279</origin>
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      <text bytes="11921" sha1="9uqmbknrfuvflamv1r1dprb8yjd8seb" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person 
| name             = Elechi Amadi
| honorific_suffix =  [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic|MFR]]
| image            =
| image_size       = 
| caption          = 
| birth_name       = Emmanuel Elechi Daniel
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| birth_place      = Aluu, [[Rivers State]], Nigeria
| death_date       = {{death date and age|2016|06|29|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| death_place      = [[Port Harcourt]], Nigeria
| occupation       = Novelist
| nationality      = Nigerian
| alma_mater       = 
| spouse           = 
| subject          = 
| period           = 
| genre            = 
| movement         = 
| notableworks     = ''[[The Concubine (novel)|The Concubine]]'' (1966)
| awards           = 
}}
'''Elechi Amadi''' MFR // ⓘ (12 Mayu 1934 - 29 Yuni 2016) marubuci ne kuma soja ɗan Najeriya. Ya kasance tsohon [[Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya|jami'in sojan Najeriya]]. Ya kasance marubucin wasan kwaikwayo da litattafai da suka shafi rayuwar ƙauyen Afirka, al'adu, imani, da ayyukan addini kafin tuntuɓar ƙasashen yammacin duniya. An fi ganin Amadi don littafinsa na farko na 1966, ''The Concubine'', wanda ake kira &quot;fitaccen aikin almara mai tsabta&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Eldred Jones, &quot;African Literature 1966-1967&quot;, ''African Forum'', vol. 3, no. 1, p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;. BBC News. 6 January 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Onoyume, Jimitota; Oyadongha, Samuel (7 January 2009). &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;. AllAfrica. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Africa39&quot;. Hay Festival Global. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;. BBC News. 30 June 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ezeamalu, Ben (4 July 2016). &quot;'Adieu Soldier and Poet,' Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;. Premium Times. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Elechi Amadi&quot;. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Elechi Amadi&quot;. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Elechi Amadi dies at 82&quot;. Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 29 June 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Niven, Alastair (22 August 2016). &quot;Elechi Amadi obituary&quot;. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haife shi a shekarar 1934, a Mbodo-Aluu da ke karamar hukumar Ikwerre a [[Jihar Rivers|jihar Ribas]], [[Najeriya]], Elechi Amadi ya halarci [[Kwalejin Gwamnati Umuahia|Kwalejin Gwamnati, Umuahia]] (1948-52), Makarantar Survey, [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]] (1953-54), da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] (1955 – 59), inda ya sami digiri a fannin Physics da Mathematics. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gikandi 2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Simon Gikandi}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Liukkonen |first=Petri |title=Elechi Amadi |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125001500/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |archive-date=25 January 2015 |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da yake jami'a, ya karbi sunan Elechi Amadi, wanda ya ji yana nuna al'adunsa na Ikwerre fiye da sunan haihuwarsa, Emmanuel Elechi Daniel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Emmanuel}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Onoyume, Jimitota (5 December 2016). &quot;Rivers government renames Port Harcourt Poly after Elechi Amadi&quot;. Vanguard. Port Harcourt. Retrieved 4 January 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1977). Peppersoup ; and, The road to Ibadan. Ibadan: Onibonoje Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1977). Peppersoup: And The Road to Ibadan. Onibonoje.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ya yi aiki na wani lokaci a matsayin mai binciken filaye, sannan ya zama malami a makarantu da dama, ciki har da Makarantar Soja ta Najeriya, [[Zariya]] (1963-66). &lt;ref&gt;Hans M. Zell, Carol Bundy, Virginia Coulon, ''A New Reader's Guide to African Literature'', Heinemann Educational Books, 1983; pp. 350-351.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aikin soja da siyasa ===
Amadi ya yi aikin sojan Najeriya, ya ci gaba da zama a can lokacin [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasar Najeriya]], kuma ya yi ritaya a matsayin kyaftin.  Sannan ya rike mukamai daban-daban a gwamnatin jihar Ribas : Babban Sakatare (1973-83), Kwamishinan Ilimi (1987-88) da Kwamishinan Filaye da Gidaje (1989-90). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 June 2016 |title=Literary icon, Elechi Amadi, is dead |url=https://punchng.com/literary-icon-elechi-amadi-dead/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rubutu ===
Ya kasance marubucin zama kuma malami a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Ribas, inda kuma ya kasance shugaban sashen fasaha, shugaban sashen adabi da daraktan nazari na gaba daya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-08 |title=Elechi Amadi (1934-2016) |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/elechi-amadi-1934-2016/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amadi ya ce littafinsa na farko shi ne a shekarar 1957, waka mai suna &quot;Tubawa&quot; a wata mujallar jami'ar Ibadan mai suna ''The Horn'', wanda [[J. P. Clark|John Pepper Clark]] ya shirya. 

Littafin littafin Amadi na farko, ''The Concubine'', an buga shi a Landan a cikin 1966 kuma an yaba da shi a matsayin &quot;fitaccen aikin farko&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Eustace Palmer, &quot;Elechi Amadi and Flora Nwapa&quot;, ''African Literarture Today'', no. 1, 1969, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt; Alastair Niven a cikin bincikensa mai mahimmanci game da littafin ya rubuta cewa: &quot;Tsarin kafuwar ƙauyuka na farauta da kamun kifi na Neja delta, ''Ƙwarƙwarar'' ta mallaki rashin lokaci da duniya na babban labari.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Alastair Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'' (London, 1981), p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; An yi ''kuyangar'' ta zama fim, wanda Elechi Amadi ya rubuta kuma fitaccen daraktan fina-finan [[Nollywood]] [[Andy Amenechi]] ne ya ba da umarni, wanda aka fara a [[Abuja]] a watan Maris 2007. 

Saitin littafin littafin Amadi na biyu, ''[[The Great Ponds]]'', wanda aka buga a 1969, shine Gabashin Najeriya kafin mulkin mallaka, kuma yana magana ne game da yakin da aka yi tsakanin al’ummomin kauyuka biyu kan mallakar tafki.

A cikin 1973 Amadi autobiographical non-fiction, ''Sunset in Biafra'', aka buga. Ya rubuta abubuwan da ya faru a yakin Najeriya da Biafra, kuma a cewar Niven &quot;an rubuta shi a cikin wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa kamar labari ne&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'', (1981), p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga watan Mayun 1989 aka gudanar da taron karawa juna sani a jami'ar Fatakwal domin murnar cika shekaru 55 da haihuwar Amadi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-06-29 |title=Elechi Amadi dies - |url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2016/06/29/elechi-amadi-dies/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayun 2004, kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya reshen jihar Ribas ta shirya taron bikin cika shekaru 70 da haihuwa Elechi Amadi. 

Don littafinsa na ƙarshe, ''Lokacin da Allah Ya zo'', Elechi ya juya a karon farko zuwa nau'in fiction na kimiyya. &lt;ref&gt;Aderonke Adeleke, [http://cerebrallemon.com/late-elechi-amadis-final-work-of-art-when-god-came/ &quot;Late Elechi Amadi’s Final Work Of Art, ‘When God Came’&quot;]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Cerebral Lemon Co.'', 1 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake bitar ta, Lindsay Barrett ya rubuta cewa: “Lokacin da marubuci ya kai matsayin gunki a cikin sana’arsa, bisa la’akari da buga ayyukan da aka ayyana fitattun fitattun abubuwa tun farkon aikinsa, ba sabon abu ba ne ka same shi yana shiga cikin ayyukansa. Gwaji a matakai na ƙarshe na waccan sana'a. Haƙiƙa zai zama mafi daidai a ayyana su azaman ƙa'idodin falsafanci abin da ke cikin su yana yin la'akari da yanayin ɗan adam da iyakan yuwuwar cimma nasarar ɗan adam bisa ra'ayi na allahntaka maimakon kawai yin motsa jiki a cikin tunanin abubuwan da suka faru na wani yanayi na duniya., wanda mashahurin almarar kimiyya sau da yawa shine ... A cikin bincike na ƙarshe waɗannan ayyukan sun karanta kamar tatsuniyoyi daga nan gaba cewa marubucin dole ne ya sami jin daɗin ƙirƙira. Ƙaunar Amadi ga wallafe-wallafe da kuma abubuwan da ya yi a farkon shekarunsa sun rufe masa ilimin kimiyya musamman bayan yakin basasa lokacin da ya zauna a matsayin masanin ilimi kuma mai kula da gwamnati a jihar Rivers. A cikin wannan lokacin ne ya fara gwaje-gwajen a cikin sabbin nau'ikan rubuce-rubucen da wannan aikin ya kasance ɗan ƙaramin misali amma ba za a manta da shi ba.” &lt;ref&gt;Lindsay Barrett, [http://independentnig.com/fables-from-the-future-elechi-amadis-philosophical-allegories/ &quot;Fables From The Future: Elechi Amadi’s Philosophical Allegories&quot;]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Independent'' (Nigeria), 21 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan shekaru ==

=== 2009 sacewa ===
A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun 2009 wasu ‘yan bindiga da ba a san ko su waye ba sun yi garkuwa da Amadi a gidansa da ke garin Aluu, [[Ikwerre]] . An sake shi a yammacin ranar 6 ga Janairu, sa'o'i 23 bayan haka. &lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7814454.stm &quot;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;], BBC News, 6 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Jimitota Onoyume and Samuel Oyadongha, [http://allafrica.com/stories/200901070333.html &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;], AllAfrica, 7 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afirka39 ===
A 2014 ya kasance alkali na Africa39, tare da [[Osonye Tess Onwueme|Tess Onwueme]] da [[Margaret Busby]] . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.hayfestival.com/africa39/index.aspx?skinid=27&amp;currencysetting=GBP&amp;localesetting=en-GB&amp;resetfilters=true &quot;Imagine the World&quot;], Africa39.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mutuwa ===
A ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2016, Amadi ya rasu a [[Asibitin Ƙwararru na Good Heart|Asibitin Zuciya mai Kyau]] da ke [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] yana da shekaru 82.  &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36672302 &quot;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;], BBC News, 30 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wole Soyinka|Wole Soyinka,]] wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Nobel, ya yaba wa Amadi a matsayin &quot;soja kuma mawaƙi, mai kame lamiri, haɗin kai da adalci.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Ben Ezeamalu, [http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/artsbooks/206424-adieu-soldier-poet-soyinka-pays-tribute-elechi-amadi.html &quot;‘Adieu Soldier and Poet,’ Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;], ''[[Premium Times]]'', 4 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyauta ==
* 1992 – Rivers State Silver Jubilee Merit Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/journalism-and-publishing-biographies/elechi-amadi|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – honorary doctorate, Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) in Education, honoris causa, awarded by [[Rivers State University of Science and Technology]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;/&gt;
* 2003 – Fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Education.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi dies at 82|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/06/elechi-amadi-dies-82/|date=2016-06-29|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic]] (MFR).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Niven|first=Alastair|date=2016-08-22|title=Elechi Amadi obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/aug/22/elechi-amadi-obituary|access-date=2020-05-26|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gado ==
Faculty of Humanity a Jami'ar Fatakwal, ta sadaukar da shi gare shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot; /&gt; Port Harcourt Polytechnic an canza masa suna zuwa Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic a 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Onoyume |first=Jimitota |date=5 December 2016 |title=Rivers government renames Port Harcourt Poly after Elechi Amadi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/rivers-govt-renames-port-harcourt-poly-elechi-amadi/ |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=[[Vanguard, Nigeria|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>9uqmbknrfuvflamv1r1dprb8yjd8seb</sha1>
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        <id>39275</id>
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      <text bytes="12036" sha1="6rt0slis7710kdf03ntvc593p8ytq3k" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person 
| name             = Elechi Amadi
| honorific_suffix =  [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic|MFR]]
| image            =
| image_size       = 
| caption          = 
| birth_name       = Emmanuel Elechi Daniel
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| birth_place      = Aluu, [[Rivers State]], Nigeria
| death_date       = {{death date and age|2016|06|29|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| death_place      = [[Port Harcourt]], Nigeria
| occupation       = Novelist
| nationality      = Nigerian
| alma_mater       = 
| spouse           = 
| subject          = 
| period           = 
| genre            = 
| movement         = 
| notableworks     = ''[[The Concubine (novel)|The Concubine]]'' (1966)
| awards           = 
}}
'''Elechi Amadi''' MFR // ⓘ (12 Mayu 1934 - 29 Yuni 2016) marubuci ne kuma soja ɗan Najeriya. Ya kasance tsohon [[Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya|jami'in sojan Najeriya]]. Ya kasance marubucin wasan kwaikwayo da litattafai da suka shafi rayuwar ƙauyen Afirka, al'adu, imani, da ayyukan addini kafin tuntuɓar ƙasashen yammacin duniya. An fi ganin Amadi don littafinsa na farko na 1966, ''The Concubine'', wanda ake kira &quot;fitaccen aikin almara mai tsabta&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Eldred Jones, &quot;African Literature 1966-1967&quot;, ''African Forum'', vol. 3, no. 1, p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;. BBC News. 6 January 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Onoyume, Jimitota; Oyadongha, Samuel (7 January 2009). &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;. AllAfrica. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Africa39&quot;. Hay Festival Global. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;. BBC News. 30 June 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ezeamalu, Ben (4 July 2016). &quot;'Adieu Soldier and Poet,' Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;. Premium Times. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Elechi Amadi&quot;. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Elechi Amadi&quot;. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Elechi Amadi dies at 82&quot;. Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 29 June 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Niven, Alastair (22 August 2016). &quot;Elechi Amadi obituary&quot;. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haife shi a shekarar 1934, a Mbodo-Aluu da ke karamar hukumar Ikwerre a [[Jihar Rivers|jihar Ribas]], [[Najeriya]], Elechi Amadi ya halarci [[Kwalejin Gwamnati Umuahia|Kwalejin Gwamnati, Umuahia]] (1948-52), Makarantar Survey, [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]] (1953-54), da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] (1955 – 59), inda ya sami digiri a fannin Physics da Mathematics. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gikandi 2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Simon Gikandi}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Liukkonen |first=Petri |title=Elechi Amadi |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125001500/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |archive-date=25 January 2015 |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da yake jami'a, ya karbi sunan Elechi Amadi, wanda ya ji yana nuna al'adunsa na Ikwerre fiye da sunan haihuwarsa, Emmanuel Elechi Daniel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Emmanuel}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Onoyume, Jimitota (5 December 2016). &quot;Rivers government renames Port Harcourt Poly after Elechi Amadi&quot;. Vanguard. Port Harcourt. Retrieved 4 January 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1977). Peppersoup ; and, The road to Ibadan. Ibadan: Onibonoje Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1977). Peppersoup: And The Road to Ibadan. Onibonoje.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1978). Dancer of Johannesburg. African literature series ;19. Ibadan, Nigeria: Onibonoje.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ya yi aiki na wani lokaci a matsayin mai binciken filaye, sannan ya zama malami a makarantu da dama, ciki har da Makarantar Soja ta Najeriya, [[Zariya]] (1963-66). &lt;ref&gt;Hans M. Zell, Carol Bundy, Virginia Coulon, ''A New Reader's Guide to African Literature'', Heinemann Educational Books, 1983; pp. 350-351.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aikin soja da siyasa ===
Amadi ya yi aikin sojan Najeriya, ya ci gaba da zama a can lokacin [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasar Najeriya]], kuma ya yi ritaya a matsayin kyaftin.  Sannan ya rike mukamai daban-daban a gwamnatin jihar Ribas : Babban Sakatare (1973-83), Kwamishinan Ilimi (1987-88) da Kwamishinan Filaye da Gidaje (1989-90). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 June 2016 |title=Literary icon, Elechi Amadi, is dead |url=https://punchng.com/literary-icon-elechi-amadi-dead/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rubutu ===
Ya kasance marubucin zama kuma malami a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Ribas, inda kuma ya kasance shugaban sashen fasaha, shugaban sashen adabi da daraktan nazari na gaba daya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-08 |title=Elechi Amadi (1934-2016) |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/elechi-amadi-1934-2016/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amadi ya ce littafinsa na farko shi ne a shekarar 1957, waka mai suna &quot;Tubawa&quot; a wata mujallar jami'ar Ibadan mai suna ''The Horn'', wanda [[J. P. Clark|John Pepper Clark]] ya shirya. 

Littafin littafin Amadi na farko, ''The Concubine'', an buga shi a Landan a cikin 1966 kuma an yaba da shi a matsayin &quot;fitaccen aikin farko&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Eustace Palmer, &quot;Elechi Amadi and Flora Nwapa&quot;, ''African Literarture Today'', no. 1, 1969, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt; Alastair Niven a cikin bincikensa mai mahimmanci game da littafin ya rubuta cewa: &quot;Tsarin kafuwar ƙauyuka na farauta da kamun kifi na Neja delta, ''Ƙwarƙwarar'' ta mallaki rashin lokaci da duniya na babban labari.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Alastair Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'' (London, 1981), p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; An yi ''kuyangar'' ta zama fim, wanda Elechi Amadi ya rubuta kuma fitaccen daraktan fina-finan [[Nollywood]] [[Andy Amenechi]] ne ya ba da umarni, wanda aka fara a [[Abuja]] a watan Maris 2007. 

Saitin littafin littafin Amadi na biyu, ''[[The Great Ponds]]'', wanda aka buga a 1969, shine Gabashin Najeriya kafin mulkin mallaka, kuma yana magana ne game da yakin da aka yi tsakanin al’ummomin kauyuka biyu kan mallakar tafki.

A cikin 1973 Amadi autobiographical non-fiction, ''Sunset in Biafra'', aka buga. Ya rubuta abubuwan da ya faru a yakin Najeriya da Biafra, kuma a cewar Niven &quot;an rubuta shi a cikin wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa kamar labari ne&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'', (1981), p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga watan Mayun 1989 aka gudanar da taron karawa juna sani a jami'ar Fatakwal domin murnar cika shekaru 55 da haihuwar Amadi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-06-29 |title=Elechi Amadi dies - |url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2016/06/29/elechi-amadi-dies/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayun 2004, kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya reshen jihar Ribas ta shirya taron bikin cika shekaru 70 da haihuwa Elechi Amadi. 

Don littafinsa na ƙarshe, ''Lokacin da Allah Ya zo'', Elechi ya juya a karon farko zuwa nau'in fiction na kimiyya. &lt;ref&gt;Aderonke Adeleke, [http://cerebrallemon.com/late-elechi-amadis-final-work-of-art-when-god-came/ &quot;Late Elechi Amadi’s Final Work Of Art, ‘When God Came’&quot;]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Cerebral Lemon Co.'', 1 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake bitar ta, Lindsay Barrett ya rubuta cewa: “Lokacin da marubuci ya kai matsayin gunki a cikin sana’arsa, bisa la’akari da buga ayyukan da aka ayyana fitattun fitattun abubuwa tun farkon aikinsa, ba sabon abu ba ne ka same shi yana shiga cikin ayyukansa. Gwaji a matakai na ƙarshe na waccan sana'a. Haƙiƙa zai zama mafi daidai a ayyana su azaman ƙa'idodin falsafanci abin da ke cikin su yana yin la'akari da yanayin ɗan adam da iyakan yuwuwar cimma nasarar ɗan adam bisa ra'ayi na allahntaka maimakon kawai yin motsa jiki a cikin tunanin abubuwan da suka faru na wani yanayi na duniya., wanda mashahurin almarar kimiyya sau da yawa shine ... A cikin bincike na ƙarshe waɗannan ayyukan sun karanta kamar tatsuniyoyi daga nan gaba cewa marubucin dole ne ya sami jin daɗin ƙirƙira. Ƙaunar Amadi ga wallafe-wallafe da kuma abubuwan da ya yi a farkon shekarunsa sun rufe masa ilimin kimiyya musamman bayan yakin basasa lokacin da ya zauna a matsayin masanin ilimi kuma mai kula da gwamnati a jihar Rivers. A cikin wannan lokacin ne ya fara gwaje-gwajen a cikin sabbin nau'ikan rubuce-rubucen da wannan aikin ya kasance ɗan ƙaramin misali amma ba za a manta da shi ba.” &lt;ref&gt;Lindsay Barrett, [http://independentnig.com/fables-from-the-future-elechi-amadis-philosophical-allegories/ &quot;Fables From The Future: Elechi Amadi’s Philosophical Allegories&quot;]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Independent'' (Nigeria), 21 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan shekaru ==

=== 2009 sacewa ===
A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun 2009 wasu ‘yan bindiga da ba a san ko su waye ba sun yi garkuwa da Amadi a gidansa da ke garin Aluu, [[Ikwerre]] . An sake shi a yammacin ranar 6 ga Janairu, sa'o'i 23 bayan haka. &lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7814454.stm &quot;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;], BBC News, 6 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Jimitota Onoyume and Samuel Oyadongha, [http://allafrica.com/stories/200901070333.html &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;], AllAfrica, 7 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afirka39 ===
A 2014 ya kasance alkali na Africa39, tare da [[Osonye Tess Onwueme|Tess Onwueme]] da [[Margaret Busby]] . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.hayfestival.com/africa39/index.aspx?skinid=27&amp;currencysetting=GBP&amp;localesetting=en-GB&amp;resetfilters=true &quot;Imagine the World&quot;], Africa39.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mutuwa ===
A ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2016, Amadi ya rasu a [[Asibitin Ƙwararru na Good Heart|Asibitin Zuciya mai Kyau]] da ke [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] yana da shekaru 82.  &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36672302 &quot;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;], BBC News, 30 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wole Soyinka|Wole Soyinka,]] wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Nobel, ya yaba wa Amadi a matsayin &quot;soja kuma mawaƙi, mai kame lamiri, haɗin kai da adalci.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Ben Ezeamalu, [http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/artsbooks/206424-adieu-soldier-poet-soyinka-pays-tribute-elechi-amadi.html &quot;‘Adieu Soldier and Poet,’ Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;], ''[[Premium Times]]'', 4 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyauta ==
* 1992 – Rivers State Silver Jubilee Merit Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/journalism-and-publishing-biographies/elechi-amadi|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – honorary doctorate, Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) in Education, honoris causa, awarded by [[Rivers State University of Science and Technology]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;/&gt;
* 2003 – Fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Education.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi dies at 82|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/06/elechi-amadi-dies-82/|date=2016-06-29|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic]] (MFR).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Niven|first=Alastair|date=2016-08-22|title=Elechi Amadi obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/aug/22/elechi-amadi-obituary|access-date=2020-05-26|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gado ==
Faculty of Humanity a Jami'ar Fatakwal, ta sadaukar da shi gare shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot; /&gt; Port Harcourt Polytechnic an canza masa suna zuwa Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic a 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Onoyume |first=Jimitota |date=5 December 2016 |title=Rivers government renames Port Harcourt Poly after Elechi Amadi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/rivers-govt-renames-port-harcourt-poly-elechi-amadi/ |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=[[Vanguard, Nigeria|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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      <text bytes="12131" sha1="9d0y519r0xaot08an4m8p6k832xzaa1" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person 
| name             = Elechi Amadi
| honorific_suffix =  [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic|MFR]]
| image            =
| image_size       = 
| caption          = 
| birth_name       = Emmanuel Elechi Daniel
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| birth_place      = Aluu, [[Rivers State]], Nigeria
| death_date       = {{death date and age|2016|06|29|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| death_place      = [[Port Harcourt]], Nigeria
| occupation       = Novelist
| nationality      = Nigerian
| alma_mater       = 
| spouse           = 
| subject          = 
| period           = 
| genre            = 
| movement         = 
| notableworks     = ''[[The Concubine (novel)|The Concubine]]'' (1966)
| awards           = 
}}
'''Elechi Amadi''' MFR // ⓘ (12 Mayu 1934 - 29 Yuni 2016) marubuci ne kuma soja ɗan Najeriya. Ya kasance tsohon [[Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya|jami'in sojan Najeriya]]. Ya kasance marubucin wasan kwaikwayo da litattafai da suka shafi rayuwar ƙauyen Afirka, al'adu, imani, da ayyukan addini kafin tuntuɓar ƙasashen yammacin duniya. An fi ganin Amadi don littafinsa na farko na 1966, ''The Concubine'', wanda ake kira &quot;fitaccen aikin almara mai tsabta&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Eldred Jones, &quot;African Literature 1966-1967&quot;, ''African Forum'', vol. 3, no. 1, p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;. BBC News. 6 January 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Onoyume, Jimitota; Oyadongha, Samuel (7 January 2009). &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;. AllAfrica. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Africa39&quot;. Hay Festival Global. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;. BBC News. 30 June 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ezeamalu, Ben (4 July 2016). &quot;'Adieu Soldier and Poet,' Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;. Premium Times. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Elechi Amadi&quot;. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Elechi Amadi&quot;. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Elechi Amadi dies at 82&quot;. Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 29 June 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Niven, Alastair (22 August 2016). &quot;Elechi Amadi obituary&quot;. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haife shi a shekarar 1934, a Mbodo-Aluu da ke karamar hukumar Ikwerre a [[Jihar Rivers|jihar Ribas]], [[Najeriya]], Elechi Amadi ya halarci [[Kwalejin Gwamnati Umuahia|Kwalejin Gwamnati, Umuahia]] (1948-52), Makarantar Survey, [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]] (1953-54), da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] (1955 – 59), inda ya sami digiri a fannin Physics da Mathematics. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gikandi 2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Simon Gikandi}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Liukkonen |first=Petri |title=Elechi Amadi |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125001500/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |archive-date=25 January 2015 |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da yake jami'a, ya karbi sunan Elechi Amadi, wanda ya ji yana nuna al'adunsa na Ikwerre fiye da sunan haihuwarsa, Emmanuel Elechi Daniel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Emmanuel}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Onoyume, Jimitota (5 December 2016). &quot;Rivers government renames Port Harcourt Poly after Elechi Amadi&quot;. Vanguard. Port Harcourt. Retrieved 4 January 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1977). Peppersoup ; and, The road to Ibadan. Ibadan: Onibonoje Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1977). Peppersoup: And The Road to Ibadan. Onibonoje.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1978). Dancer of Johannesburg. African literature series ;19. Ibadan, Nigeria: Onibonoje.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1978). Dancer of Johannesburg. Ibadan, Nigeria: Onibonoje Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ya yi aiki na wani lokaci a matsayin mai binciken filaye, sannan ya zama malami a makarantu da dama, ciki har da Makarantar Soja ta Najeriya, [[Zariya]] (1963-66). &lt;ref&gt;Hans M. Zell, Carol Bundy, Virginia Coulon, ''A New Reader's Guide to African Literature'', Heinemann Educational Books, 1983; pp. 350-351.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aikin soja da siyasa ===
Amadi ya yi aikin sojan Najeriya, ya ci gaba da zama a can lokacin [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasar Najeriya]], kuma ya yi ritaya a matsayin kyaftin.  Sannan ya rike mukamai daban-daban a gwamnatin jihar Ribas : Babban Sakatare (1973-83), Kwamishinan Ilimi (1987-88) da Kwamishinan Filaye da Gidaje (1989-90). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 June 2016 |title=Literary icon, Elechi Amadi, is dead |url=https://punchng.com/literary-icon-elechi-amadi-dead/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rubutu ===
Ya kasance marubucin zama kuma malami a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Ribas, inda kuma ya kasance shugaban sashen fasaha, shugaban sashen adabi da daraktan nazari na gaba daya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-08 |title=Elechi Amadi (1934-2016) |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/elechi-amadi-1934-2016/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amadi ya ce littafinsa na farko shi ne a shekarar 1957, waka mai suna &quot;Tubawa&quot; a wata mujallar jami'ar Ibadan mai suna ''The Horn'', wanda [[J. P. Clark|John Pepper Clark]] ya shirya. 

Littafin littafin Amadi na farko, ''The Concubine'', an buga shi a Landan a cikin 1966 kuma an yaba da shi a matsayin &quot;fitaccen aikin farko&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Eustace Palmer, &quot;Elechi Amadi and Flora Nwapa&quot;, ''African Literarture Today'', no. 1, 1969, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt; Alastair Niven a cikin bincikensa mai mahimmanci game da littafin ya rubuta cewa: &quot;Tsarin kafuwar ƙauyuka na farauta da kamun kifi na Neja delta, ''Ƙwarƙwarar'' ta mallaki rashin lokaci da duniya na babban labari.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Alastair Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'' (London, 1981), p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; An yi ''kuyangar'' ta zama fim, wanda Elechi Amadi ya rubuta kuma fitaccen daraktan fina-finan [[Nollywood]] [[Andy Amenechi]] ne ya ba da umarni, wanda aka fara a [[Abuja]] a watan Maris 2007. 

Saitin littafin littafin Amadi na biyu, ''[[The Great Ponds]]'', wanda aka buga a 1969, shine Gabashin Najeriya kafin mulkin mallaka, kuma yana magana ne game da yakin da aka yi tsakanin al’ummomin kauyuka biyu kan mallakar tafki.

A cikin 1973 Amadi autobiographical non-fiction, ''Sunset in Biafra'', aka buga. Ya rubuta abubuwan da ya faru a yakin Najeriya da Biafra, kuma a cewar Niven &quot;an rubuta shi a cikin wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa kamar labari ne&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'', (1981), p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga watan Mayun 1989 aka gudanar da taron karawa juna sani a jami'ar Fatakwal domin murnar cika shekaru 55 da haihuwar Amadi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-06-29 |title=Elechi Amadi dies - |url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2016/06/29/elechi-amadi-dies/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayun 2004, kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya reshen jihar Ribas ta shirya taron bikin cika shekaru 70 da haihuwa Elechi Amadi. 

Don littafinsa na ƙarshe, ''Lokacin da Allah Ya zo'', Elechi ya juya a karon farko zuwa nau'in fiction na kimiyya. &lt;ref&gt;Aderonke Adeleke, [http://cerebrallemon.com/late-elechi-amadis-final-work-of-art-when-god-came/ &quot;Late Elechi Amadi’s Final Work Of Art, ‘When God Came’&quot;]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Cerebral Lemon Co.'', 1 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake bitar ta, Lindsay Barrett ya rubuta cewa: “Lokacin da marubuci ya kai matsayin gunki a cikin sana’arsa, bisa la’akari da buga ayyukan da aka ayyana fitattun fitattun abubuwa tun farkon aikinsa, ba sabon abu ba ne ka same shi yana shiga cikin ayyukansa. Gwaji a matakai na ƙarshe na waccan sana'a. Haƙiƙa zai zama mafi daidai a ayyana su azaman ƙa'idodin falsafanci abin da ke cikin su yana yin la'akari da yanayin ɗan adam da iyakan yuwuwar cimma nasarar ɗan adam bisa ra'ayi na allahntaka maimakon kawai yin motsa jiki a cikin tunanin abubuwan da suka faru na wani yanayi na duniya., wanda mashahurin almarar kimiyya sau da yawa shine ... A cikin bincike na ƙarshe waɗannan ayyukan sun karanta kamar tatsuniyoyi daga nan gaba cewa marubucin dole ne ya sami jin daɗin ƙirƙira. Ƙaunar Amadi ga wallafe-wallafe da kuma abubuwan da ya yi a farkon shekarunsa sun rufe masa ilimin kimiyya musamman bayan yakin basasa lokacin da ya zauna a matsayin masanin ilimi kuma mai kula da gwamnati a jihar Rivers. A cikin wannan lokacin ne ya fara gwaje-gwajen a cikin sabbin nau'ikan rubuce-rubucen da wannan aikin ya kasance ɗan ƙaramin misali amma ba za a manta da shi ba.” &lt;ref&gt;Lindsay Barrett, [http://independentnig.com/fables-from-the-future-elechi-amadis-philosophical-allegories/ &quot;Fables From The Future: Elechi Amadi’s Philosophical Allegories&quot;]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Independent'' (Nigeria), 21 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan shekaru ==

=== 2009 sacewa ===
A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun 2009 wasu ‘yan bindiga da ba a san ko su waye ba sun yi garkuwa da Amadi a gidansa da ke garin Aluu, [[Ikwerre]] . An sake shi a yammacin ranar 6 ga Janairu, sa'o'i 23 bayan haka. &lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7814454.stm &quot;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;], BBC News, 6 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Jimitota Onoyume and Samuel Oyadongha, [http://allafrica.com/stories/200901070333.html &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;], AllAfrica, 7 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afirka39 ===
A 2014 ya kasance alkali na Africa39, tare da [[Osonye Tess Onwueme|Tess Onwueme]] da [[Margaret Busby]] . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.hayfestival.com/africa39/index.aspx?skinid=27&amp;currencysetting=GBP&amp;localesetting=en-GB&amp;resetfilters=true &quot;Imagine the World&quot;], Africa39.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mutuwa ===
A ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2016, Amadi ya rasu a [[Asibitin Ƙwararru na Good Heart|Asibitin Zuciya mai Kyau]] da ke [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] yana da shekaru 82.  &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36672302 &quot;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;], BBC News, 30 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wole Soyinka|Wole Soyinka,]] wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Nobel, ya yaba wa Amadi a matsayin &quot;soja kuma mawaƙi, mai kame lamiri, haɗin kai da adalci.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Ben Ezeamalu, [http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/artsbooks/206424-adieu-soldier-poet-soyinka-pays-tribute-elechi-amadi.html &quot;‘Adieu Soldier and Poet,’ Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;], ''[[Premium Times]]'', 4 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyauta ==
* 1992 – Rivers State Silver Jubilee Merit Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/journalism-and-publishing-biographies/elechi-amadi|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – honorary doctorate, Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) in Education, honoris causa, awarded by [[Rivers State University of Science and Technology]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;/&gt;
* 2003 – Fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Education.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi dies at 82|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/06/elechi-amadi-dies-82/|date=2016-06-29|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic]] (MFR).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Niven|first=Alastair|date=2016-08-22|title=Elechi Amadi obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/aug/22/elechi-amadi-obituary|access-date=2020-05-26|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gado ==
Faculty of Humanity a Jami'ar Fatakwal, ta sadaukar da shi gare shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot; /&gt; Port Harcourt Polytechnic an canza masa suna zuwa Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic a 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Onoyume |first=Jimitota |date=5 December 2016 |title=Rivers government renames Port Harcourt Poly after Elechi Amadi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/rivers-govt-renames-port-harcourt-poly-elechi-amadi/ |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=[[Vanguard, Nigeria|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>9d0y519r0xaot08an4m8p6k832xzaa1</sha1>
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      <id>855282</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-12T12:59:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>855282</origin>
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      <text bytes="12231" sha1="mbisshf5v1umfv5xwuho98vvi3zpajz" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person 
| name             = Elechi Amadi
| honorific_suffix =  [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic|MFR]]
| image            =
| image_size       = 
| caption          = 
| birth_name       = Emmanuel Elechi Daniel
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| birth_place      = Aluu, [[Rivers State]], Nigeria
| death_date       = {{death date and age|2016|06|29|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| death_place      = [[Port Harcourt]], Nigeria
| occupation       = Novelist
| nationality      = Nigerian
| alma_mater       = 
| spouse           = 
| subject          = 
| period           = 
| genre            = 
| movement         = 
| notableworks     = ''[[The Concubine (novel)|The Concubine]]'' (1966)
| awards           = 
}}
'''Elechi Amadi''' MFR // ⓘ (12 Mayu 1934 - 29 Yuni 2016) marubuci ne kuma soja ɗan Najeriya. Ya kasance tsohon [[Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya|jami'in sojan Najeriya]]. Ya kasance marubucin wasan kwaikwayo da litattafai da suka shafi rayuwar ƙauyen Afirka, al'adu, imani, da ayyukan addini kafin tuntuɓar ƙasashen yammacin duniya. An fi ganin Amadi don littafinsa na farko na 1966, ''The Concubine'', wanda ake kira &quot;fitaccen aikin almara mai tsabta&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Eldred Jones, &quot;African Literature 1966-1967&quot;, ''African Forum'', vol. 3, no. 1, p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;. BBC News. 6 January 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Onoyume, Jimitota; Oyadongha, Samuel (7 January 2009). &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;. AllAfrica. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Africa39&quot;. Hay Festival Global. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;. BBC News. 30 June 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ezeamalu, Ben (4 July 2016). &quot;'Adieu Soldier and Poet,' Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;. Premium Times. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Elechi Amadi&quot;. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Elechi Amadi&quot;. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Elechi Amadi dies at 82&quot;. Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 29 June 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Niven, Alastair (22 August 2016). &quot;Elechi Amadi obituary&quot;. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haife shi a shekarar 1934, a Mbodo-Aluu da ke karamar hukumar Ikwerre a [[Jihar Rivers|jihar Ribas]], [[Najeriya]], Elechi Amadi ya halarci [[Kwalejin Gwamnati Umuahia|Kwalejin Gwamnati, Umuahia]] (1948-52), Makarantar Survey, [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]] (1953-54), da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] (1955 – 59), inda ya sami digiri a fannin Physics da Mathematics. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gikandi 2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Simon Gikandi}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Liukkonen |first=Petri |title=Elechi Amadi |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125001500/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |archive-date=25 January 2015 |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da yake jami'a, ya karbi sunan Elechi Amadi, wanda ya ji yana nuna al'adunsa na Ikwerre fiye da sunan haihuwarsa, Emmanuel Elechi Daniel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Emmanuel}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Onoyume, Jimitota (5 December 2016). &quot;Rivers government renames Port Harcourt Poly after Elechi Amadi&quot;. Vanguard. Port Harcourt. Retrieved 4 January 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1977). Peppersoup ; and, The road to Ibadan. Ibadan: Onibonoje Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1977). Peppersoup: And The Road to Ibadan. Onibonoje.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1978). Dancer of Johannesburg. African literature series ;19. Ibadan, Nigeria: Onibonoje.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1978). Dancer of Johannesburg. Ibadan, Nigeria: Onibonoje Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (2002). The woman of calabar: a play. Rivers State, Nigeria: Gitelle Press.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ya yi aiki na wani lokaci a matsayin mai binciken filaye, sannan ya zama malami a makarantu da dama, ciki har da Makarantar Soja ta Najeriya, [[Zariya]] (1963-66). &lt;ref&gt;Hans M. Zell, Carol Bundy, Virginia Coulon, ''A New Reader's Guide to African Literature'', Heinemann Educational Books, 1983; pp. 350-351.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aikin soja da siyasa ===
Amadi ya yi aikin sojan Najeriya, ya ci gaba da zama a can lokacin [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasar Najeriya]], kuma ya yi ritaya a matsayin kyaftin.  Sannan ya rike mukamai daban-daban a gwamnatin jihar Ribas : Babban Sakatare (1973-83), Kwamishinan Ilimi (1987-88) da Kwamishinan Filaye da Gidaje (1989-90). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 June 2016 |title=Literary icon, Elechi Amadi, is dead |url=https://punchng.com/literary-icon-elechi-amadi-dead/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rubutu ===
Ya kasance marubucin zama kuma malami a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Ribas, inda kuma ya kasance shugaban sashen fasaha, shugaban sashen adabi da daraktan nazari na gaba daya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-08 |title=Elechi Amadi (1934-2016) |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/elechi-amadi-1934-2016/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amadi ya ce littafinsa na farko shi ne a shekarar 1957, waka mai suna &quot;Tubawa&quot; a wata mujallar jami'ar Ibadan mai suna ''The Horn'', wanda [[J. P. Clark|John Pepper Clark]] ya shirya. 

Littafin littafin Amadi na farko, ''The Concubine'', an buga shi a Landan a cikin 1966 kuma an yaba da shi a matsayin &quot;fitaccen aikin farko&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Eustace Palmer, &quot;Elechi Amadi and Flora Nwapa&quot;, ''African Literarture Today'', no. 1, 1969, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt; Alastair Niven a cikin bincikensa mai mahimmanci game da littafin ya rubuta cewa: &quot;Tsarin kafuwar ƙauyuka na farauta da kamun kifi na Neja delta, ''Ƙwarƙwarar'' ta mallaki rashin lokaci da duniya na babban labari.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Alastair Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'' (London, 1981), p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; An yi ''kuyangar'' ta zama fim, wanda Elechi Amadi ya rubuta kuma fitaccen daraktan fina-finan [[Nollywood]] [[Andy Amenechi]] ne ya ba da umarni, wanda aka fara a [[Abuja]] a watan Maris 2007. 

Saitin littafin littafin Amadi na biyu, ''[[The Great Ponds]]'', wanda aka buga a 1969, shine Gabashin Najeriya kafin mulkin mallaka, kuma yana magana ne game da yakin da aka yi tsakanin al’ummomin kauyuka biyu kan mallakar tafki.

A cikin 1973 Amadi autobiographical non-fiction, ''Sunset in Biafra'', aka buga. Ya rubuta abubuwan da ya faru a yakin Najeriya da Biafra, kuma a cewar Niven &quot;an rubuta shi a cikin wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa kamar labari ne&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'', (1981), p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga watan Mayun 1989 aka gudanar da taron karawa juna sani a jami'ar Fatakwal domin murnar cika shekaru 55 da haihuwar Amadi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-06-29 |title=Elechi Amadi dies - |url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2016/06/29/elechi-amadi-dies/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayun 2004, kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya reshen jihar Ribas ta shirya taron bikin cika shekaru 70 da haihuwa Elechi Amadi. 

Don littafinsa na ƙarshe, ''Lokacin da Allah Ya zo'', Elechi ya juya a karon farko zuwa nau'in fiction na kimiyya. &lt;ref&gt;Aderonke Adeleke, [http://cerebrallemon.com/late-elechi-amadis-final-work-of-art-when-god-came/ &quot;Late Elechi Amadi’s Final Work Of Art, ‘When God Came’&quot;]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Cerebral Lemon Co.'', 1 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake bitar ta, Lindsay Barrett ya rubuta cewa: “Lokacin da marubuci ya kai matsayin gunki a cikin sana’arsa, bisa la’akari da buga ayyukan da aka ayyana fitattun fitattun abubuwa tun farkon aikinsa, ba sabon abu ba ne ka same shi yana shiga cikin ayyukansa. Gwaji a matakai na ƙarshe na waccan sana'a. Haƙiƙa zai zama mafi daidai a ayyana su azaman ƙa'idodin falsafanci abin da ke cikin su yana yin la'akari da yanayin ɗan adam da iyakan yuwuwar cimma nasarar ɗan adam bisa ra'ayi na allahntaka maimakon kawai yin motsa jiki a cikin tunanin abubuwan da suka faru na wani yanayi na duniya., wanda mashahurin almarar kimiyya sau da yawa shine ... A cikin bincike na ƙarshe waɗannan ayyukan sun karanta kamar tatsuniyoyi daga nan gaba cewa marubucin dole ne ya sami jin daɗin ƙirƙira. Ƙaunar Amadi ga wallafe-wallafe da kuma abubuwan da ya yi a farkon shekarunsa sun rufe masa ilimin kimiyya musamman bayan yakin basasa lokacin da ya zauna a matsayin masanin ilimi kuma mai kula da gwamnati a jihar Rivers. A cikin wannan lokacin ne ya fara gwaje-gwajen a cikin sabbin nau'ikan rubuce-rubucen da wannan aikin ya kasance ɗan ƙaramin misali amma ba za a manta da shi ba.” &lt;ref&gt;Lindsay Barrett, [http://independentnig.com/fables-from-the-future-elechi-amadis-philosophical-allegories/ &quot;Fables From The Future: Elechi Amadi’s Philosophical Allegories&quot;]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Independent'' (Nigeria), 21 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan shekaru ==

=== 2009 sacewa ===
A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun 2009 wasu ‘yan bindiga da ba a san ko su waye ba sun yi garkuwa da Amadi a gidansa da ke garin Aluu, [[Ikwerre]] . An sake shi a yammacin ranar 6 ga Janairu, sa'o'i 23 bayan haka. &lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7814454.stm &quot;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;], BBC News, 6 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Jimitota Onoyume and Samuel Oyadongha, [http://allafrica.com/stories/200901070333.html &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;], AllAfrica, 7 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afirka39 ===
A 2014 ya kasance alkali na Africa39, tare da [[Osonye Tess Onwueme|Tess Onwueme]] da [[Margaret Busby]] . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.hayfestival.com/africa39/index.aspx?skinid=27&amp;currencysetting=GBP&amp;localesetting=en-GB&amp;resetfilters=true &quot;Imagine the World&quot;], Africa39.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mutuwa ===
A ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2016, Amadi ya rasu a [[Asibitin Ƙwararru na Good Heart|Asibitin Zuciya mai Kyau]] da ke [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] yana da shekaru 82.  &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36672302 &quot;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;], BBC News, 30 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wole Soyinka|Wole Soyinka,]] wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Nobel, ya yaba wa Amadi a matsayin &quot;soja kuma mawaƙi, mai kame lamiri, haɗin kai da adalci.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Ben Ezeamalu, [http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/artsbooks/206424-adieu-soldier-poet-soyinka-pays-tribute-elechi-amadi.html &quot;‘Adieu Soldier and Poet,’ Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;], ''[[Premium Times]]'', 4 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyauta ==
* 1992 – Rivers State Silver Jubilee Merit Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/journalism-and-publishing-biographies/elechi-amadi|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – honorary doctorate, Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) in Education, honoris causa, awarded by [[Rivers State University of Science and Technology]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;/&gt;
* 2003 – Fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Education.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi dies at 82|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/06/elechi-amadi-dies-82/|date=2016-06-29|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic]] (MFR).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Niven|first=Alastair|date=2016-08-22|title=Elechi Amadi obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/aug/22/elechi-amadi-obituary|access-date=2020-05-26|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gado ==
Faculty of Humanity a Jami'ar Fatakwal, ta sadaukar da shi gare shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot; /&gt; Port Harcourt Polytechnic an canza masa suna zuwa Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic a 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Onoyume |first=Jimitota |date=5 December 2016 |title=Rivers government renames Port Harcourt Poly after Elechi Amadi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/rivers-govt-renames-port-harcourt-poly-elechi-amadi/ |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=[[Vanguard, Nigeria|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>mbisshf5v1umfv5xwuho98vvi3zpajz</sha1>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-12T13:00:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>855283</origin>
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      <text bytes="12381" sha1="glx7diivpp3xms9cgusz5cjwvr3vzt2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person 
| name             = Elechi Amadi
| honorific_suffix =  [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic|MFR]]
| image            =
| image_size       = 
| caption          = 
| birth_name       = Emmanuel Elechi Daniel
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| birth_place      = Aluu, [[Rivers State]], Nigeria
| death_date       = {{death date and age|2016|06|29|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| death_place      = [[Port Harcourt]], Nigeria
| occupation       = Novelist
| nationality      = Nigerian
| alma_mater       = 
| spouse           = 
| subject          = 
| period           = 
| genre            = 
| movement         = 
| notableworks     = ''[[The Concubine (novel)|The Concubine]]'' (1966)
| awards           = 
}}
'''Elechi Amadi''' MFR // ⓘ (12 Mayu 1934 - 29 Yuni 2016) marubuci ne kuma soja ɗan Najeriya. Ya kasance tsohon [[Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya|jami'in sojan Najeriya]]. Ya kasance marubucin wasan kwaikwayo da litattafai da suka shafi rayuwar ƙauyen Afirka, al'adu, imani, da ayyukan addini kafin tuntuɓar ƙasashen yammacin duniya. An fi ganin Amadi don littafinsa na farko na 1966, ''The Concubine'', wanda ake kira &quot;fitaccen aikin almara mai tsabta&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Eldred Jones, &quot;African Literature 1966-1967&quot;, ''African Forum'', vol. 3, no. 1, p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;. BBC News. 6 January 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Onoyume, Jimitota; Oyadongha, Samuel (7 January 2009). &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;. AllAfrica. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Africa39&quot;. Hay Festival Global. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;. BBC News. 30 June 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ezeamalu, Ben (4 July 2016). &quot;'Adieu Soldier and Poet,' Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;. Premium Times. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Elechi Amadi&quot;. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Elechi Amadi&quot;. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Elechi Amadi dies at 82&quot;. Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 29 June 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Niven, Alastair (22 August 2016). &quot;Elechi Amadi obituary&quot;. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haife shi a shekarar 1934, a Mbodo-Aluu da ke karamar hukumar Ikwerre a [[Jihar Rivers|jihar Ribas]], [[Najeriya]], Elechi Amadi ya halarci [[Kwalejin Gwamnati Umuahia|Kwalejin Gwamnati, Umuahia]] (1948-52), Makarantar Survey, [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]] (1953-54), da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] (1955 – 59), inda ya sami digiri a fannin Physics da Mathematics. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gikandi 2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Simon Gikandi}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Liukkonen |first=Petri |title=Elechi Amadi |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125001500/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |archive-date=25 January 2015 |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da yake jami'a, ya karbi sunan Elechi Amadi, wanda ya ji yana nuna al'adunsa na Ikwerre fiye da sunan haihuwarsa, Emmanuel Elechi Daniel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Emmanuel}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Onoyume, Jimitota (5 December 2016). &quot;Rivers government renames Port Harcourt Poly after Elechi Amadi&quot;. Vanguard. Port Harcourt. Retrieved 4 January 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1977). Peppersoup ; and, The road to Ibadan. Ibadan: Onibonoje Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1977). Peppersoup: And The Road to Ibadan. Onibonoje.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1978). Dancer of Johannesburg. African literature series ;19. Ibadan, Nigeria: Onibonoje.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1978). Dancer of Johannesburg. Ibadan, Nigeria: Onibonoje Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (2002). The woman of calabar: a play. Rivers State, Nigeria: Gitelle Press.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (2003). Speaking and Singing: (papers and Poems). University of Port Harcourt Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-978-2321-70-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ya yi aiki na wani lokaci a matsayin mai binciken filaye, sannan ya zama malami a makarantu da dama, ciki har da Makarantar Soja ta Najeriya, [[Zariya]] (1963-66). &lt;ref&gt;Hans M. Zell, Carol Bundy, Virginia Coulon, ''A New Reader's Guide to African Literature'', Heinemann Educational Books, 1983; pp. 350-351.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aikin soja da siyasa ===
Amadi ya yi aikin sojan Najeriya, ya ci gaba da zama a can lokacin [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasar Najeriya]], kuma ya yi ritaya a matsayin kyaftin.  Sannan ya rike mukamai daban-daban a gwamnatin jihar Ribas : Babban Sakatare (1973-83), Kwamishinan Ilimi (1987-88) da Kwamishinan Filaye da Gidaje (1989-90). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 June 2016 |title=Literary icon, Elechi Amadi, is dead |url=https://punchng.com/literary-icon-elechi-amadi-dead/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rubutu ===
Ya kasance marubucin zama kuma malami a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Ribas, inda kuma ya kasance shugaban sashen fasaha, shugaban sashen adabi da daraktan nazari na gaba daya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-08 |title=Elechi Amadi (1934-2016) |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/elechi-amadi-1934-2016/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amadi ya ce littafinsa na farko shi ne a shekarar 1957, waka mai suna &quot;Tubawa&quot; a wata mujallar jami'ar Ibadan mai suna ''The Horn'', wanda [[J. P. Clark|John Pepper Clark]] ya shirya. 

Littafin littafin Amadi na farko, ''The Concubine'', an buga shi a Landan a cikin 1966 kuma an yaba da shi a matsayin &quot;fitaccen aikin farko&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Eustace Palmer, &quot;Elechi Amadi and Flora Nwapa&quot;, ''African Literarture Today'', no. 1, 1969, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt; Alastair Niven a cikin bincikensa mai mahimmanci game da littafin ya rubuta cewa: &quot;Tsarin kafuwar ƙauyuka na farauta da kamun kifi na Neja delta, ''Ƙwarƙwarar'' ta mallaki rashin lokaci da duniya na babban labari.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Alastair Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'' (London, 1981), p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; An yi ''kuyangar'' ta zama fim, wanda Elechi Amadi ya rubuta kuma fitaccen daraktan fina-finan [[Nollywood]] [[Andy Amenechi]] ne ya ba da umarni, wanda aka fara a [[Abuja]] a watan Maris 2007. 

Saitin littafin littafin Amadi na biyu, ''[[The Great Ponds]]'', wanda aka buga a 1969, shine Gabashin Najeriya kafin mulkin mallaka, kuma yana magana ne game da yakin da aka yi tsakanin al’ummomin kauyuka biyu kan mallakar tafki.

A cikin 1973 Amadi autobiographical non-fiction, ''Sunset in Biafra'', aka buga. Ya rubuta abubuwan da ya faru a yakin Najeriya da Biafra, kuma a cewar Niven &quot;an rubuta shi a cikin wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa kamar labari ne&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'', (1981), p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga watan Mayun 1989 aka gudanar da taron karawa juna sani a jami'ar Fatakwal domin murnar cika shekaru 55 da haihuwar Amadi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-06-29 |title=Elechi Amadi dies - |url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2016/06/29/elechi-amadi-dies/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayun 2004, kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya reshen jihar Ribas ta shirya taron bikin cika shekaru 70 da haihuwa Elechi Amadi. 

Don littafinsa na ƙarshe, ''Lokacin da Allah Ya zo'', Elechi ya juya a karon farko zuwa nau'in fiction na kimiyya. &lt;ref&gt;Aderonke Adeleke, [http://cerebrallemon.com/late-elechi-amadis-final-work-of-art-when-god-came/ &quot;Late Elechi Amadi’s Final Work Of Art, ‘When God Came’&quot;]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Cerebral Lemon Co.'', 1 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake bitar ta, Lindsay Barrett ya rubuta cewa: “Lokacin da marubuci ya kai matsayin gunki a cikin sana’arsa, bisa la’akari da buga ayyukan da aka ayyana fitattun fitattun abubuwa tun farkon aikinsa, ba sabon abu ba ne ka same shi yana shiga cikin ayyukansa. Gwaji a matakai na ƙarshe na waccan sana'a. Haƙiƙa zai zama mafi daidai a ayyana su azaman ƙa'idodin falsafanci abin da ke cikin su yana yin la'akari da yanayin ɗan adam da iyakan yuwuwar cimma nasarar ɗan adam bisa ra'ayi na allahntaka maimakon kawai yin motsa jiki a cikin tunanin abubuwan da suka faru na wani yanayi na duniya., wanda mashahurin almarar kimiyya sau da yawa shine ... A cikin bincike na ƙarshe waɗannan ayyukan sun karanta kamar tatsuniyoyi daga nan gaba cewa marubucin dole ne ya sami jin daɗin ƙirƙira. Ƙaunar Amadi ga wallafe-wallafe da kuma abubuwan da ya yi a farkon shekarunsa sun rufe masa ilimin kimiyya musamman bayan yakin basasa lokacin da ya zauna a matsayin masanin ilimi kuma mai kula da gwamnati a jihar Rivers. A cikin wannan lokacin ne ya fara gwaje-gwajen a cikin sabbin nau'ikan rubuce-rubucen da wannan aikin ya kasance ɗan ƙaramin misali amma ba za a manta da shi ba.” &lt;ref&gt;Lindsay Barrett, [http://independentnig.com/fables-from-the-future-elechi-amadis-philosophical-allegories/ &quot;Fables From The Future: Elechi Amadi’s Philosophical Allegories&quot;]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Independent'' (Nigeria), 21 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan shekaru ==

=== 2009 sacewa ===
A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun 2009 wasu ‘yan bindiga da ba a san ko su waye ba sun yi garkuwa da Amadi a gidansa da ke garin Aluu, [[Ikwerre]] . An sake shi a yammacin ranar 6 ga Janairu, sa'o'i 23 bayan haka. &lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7814454.stm &quot;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;], BBC News, 6 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Jimitota Onoyume and Samuel Oyadongha, [http://allafrica.com/stories/200901070333.html &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;], AllAfrica, 7 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afirka39 ===
A 2014 ya kasance alkali na Africa39, tare da [[Osonye Tess Onwueme|Tess Onwueme]] da [[Margaret Busby]] . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.hayfestival.com/africa39/index.aspx?skinid=27&amp;currencysetting=GBP&amp;localesetting=en-GB&amp;resetfilters=true &quot;Imagine the World&quot;], Africa39.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mutuwa ===
A ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2016, Amadi ya rasu a [[Asibitin Ƙwararru na Good Heart|Asibitin Zuciya mai Kyau]] da ke [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] yana da shekaru 82.  &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36672302 &quot;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;], BBC News, 30 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wole Soyinka|Wole Soyinka,]] wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Nobel, ya yaba wa Amadi a matsayin &quot;soja kuma mawaƙi, mai kame lamiri, haɗin kai da adalci.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Ben Ezeamalu, [http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/artsbooks/206424-adieu-soldier-poet-soyinka-pays-tribute-elechi-amadi.html &quot;‘Adieu Soldier and Poet,’ Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;], ''[[Premium Times]]'', 4 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyauta ==
* 1992 – Rivers State Silver Jubilee Merit Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/journalism-and-publishing-biographies/elechi-amadi|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – honorary doctorate, Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) in Education, honoris causa, awarded by [[Rivers State University of Science and Technology]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;/&gt;
* 2003 – Fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Education.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi dies at 82|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/06/elechi-amadi-dies-82/|date=2016-06-29|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic]] (MFR).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Niven|first=Alastair|date=2016-08-22|title=Elechi Amadi obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/aug/22/elechi-amadi-obituary|access-date=2020-05-26|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gado ==
Faculty of Humanity a Jami'ar Fatakwal, ta sadaukar da shi gare shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot; /&gt; Port Harcourt Polytechnic an canza masa suna zuwa Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic a 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Onoyume |first=Jimitota |date=5 December 2016 |title=Rivers government renames Port Harcourt Poly after Elechi Amadi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/rivers-govt-renames-port-harcourt-poly-elechi-amadi/ |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=[[Vanguard, Nigeria|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="12500" sha1="hvv4xr9etbon00gwstlsjd370cenfvm" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person 
| name             = Elechi Amadi
| honorific_suffix =  [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic|MFR]]
| image            =
| image_size       = 
| caption          = 
| birth_name       = Emmanuel Elechi Daniel
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| birth_place      = Aluu, [[Rivers State]], Nigeria
| death_date       = {{death date and age|2016|06|29|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| death_place      = [[Port Harcourt]], Nigeria
| occupation       = Novelist
| nationality      = Nigerian
| alma_mater       = 
| spouse           = 
| subject          = 
| period           = 
| genre            = 
| movement         = 
| notableworks     = ''[[The Concubine (novel)|The Concubine]]'' (1966)
| awards           = 
}}
'''Elechi Amadi''' MFR // ⓘ (12 Mayu 1934 - 29 Yuni 2016) marubuci ne kuma soja ɗan Najeriya. Ya kasance tsohon [[Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya|jami'in sojan Najeriya]]. Ya kasance marubucin wasan kwaikwayo da litattafai da suka shafi rayuwar ƙauyen Afirka, al'adu, imani, da ayyukan addini kafin tuntuɓar ƙasashen yammacin duniya. An fi ganin Amadi don littafinsa na farko na 1966, ''The Concubine'', wanda ake kira &quot;fitaccen aikin almara mai tsabta&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Eldred Jones, &quot;African Literature 1966-1967&quot;, ''African Forum'', vol. 3, no. 1, p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;. BBC News. 6 January 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Onoyume, Jimitota; Oyadongha, Samuel (7 January 2009). &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;. AllAfrica. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Africa39&quot;. Hay Festival Global. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;. BBC News. 30 June 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ezeamalu, Ben (4 July 2016). &quot;'Adieu Soldier and Poet,' Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;. Premium Times. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Elechi Amadi&quot;. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Elechi Amadi&quot;. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Elechi Amadi dies at 82&quot;. Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 29 June 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Niven, Alastair (22 August 2016). &quot;Elechi Amadi obituary&quot;. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haife shi a shekarar 1934, a Mbodo-Aluu da ke karamar hukumar Ikwerre a [[Jihar Rivers|jihar Ribas]], [[Najeriya]], Elechi Amadi ya halarci [[Kwalejin Gwamnati Umuahia|Kwalejin Gwamnati, Umuahia]] (1948-52), Makarantar Survey, [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]] (1953-54), da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] (1955 – 59), inda ya sami digiri a fannin Physics da Mathematics. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gikandi 2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Simon Gikandi}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Liukkonen |first=Petri |title=Elechi Amadi |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125001500/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |archive-date=25 January 2015 |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da yake jami'a, ya karbi sunan Elechi Amadi, wanda ya ji yana nuna al'adunsa na Ikwerre fiye da sunan haihuwarsa, Emmanuel Elechi Daniel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Emmanuel}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Onoyume, Jimitota (5 December 2016). &quot;Rivers government renames Port Harcourt Poly after Elechi Amadi&quot;. Vanguard. Port Harcourt. Retrieved 4 January 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1977). Peppersoup ; and, The road to Ibadan. Ibadan: Onibonoje Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1977). Peppersoup: And The Road to Ibadan. Onibonoje.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1978). Dancer of Johannesburg. African literature series ;19. Ibadan, Nigeria: Onibonoje.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1978). Dancer of Johannesburg. Ibadan, Nigeria: Onibonoje Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (2002). The woman of calabar: a play. Rivers State, Nigeria: Gitelle Press.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (2003). Speaking and Singing: (papers and Poems). University of Port Harcourt Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-978-2321-70-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi. &quot;Speaking and singing : (papers and poems)&quot;. search.library.nyu.edu. Retrieved 18 March 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ya yi aiki na wani lokaci a matsayin mai binciken filaye, sannan ya zama malami a makarantu da dama, ciki har da Makarantar Soja ta Najeriya, [[Zariya]] (1963-66). &lt;ref&gt;Hans M. Zell, Carol Bundy, Virginia Coulon, ''A New Reader's Guide to African Literature'', Heinemann Educational Books, 1983; pp. 350-351.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aikin soja da siyasa ===
Amadi ya yi aikin sojan Najeriya, ya ci gaba da zama a can lokacin [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasar Najeriya]], kuma ya yi ritaya a matsayin kyaftin.  Sannan ya rike mukamai daban-daban a gwamnatin jihar Ribas : Babban Sakatare (1973-83), Kwamishinan Ilimi (1987-88) da Kwamishinan Filaye da Gidaje (1989-90). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 June 2016 |title=Literary icon, Elechi Amadi, is dead |url=https://punchng.com/literary-icon-elechi-amadi-dead/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rubutu ===
Ya kasance marubucin zama kuma malami a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Ribas, inda kuma ya kasance shugaban sashen fasaha, shugaban sashen adabi da daraktan nazari na gaba daya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-08 |title=Elechi Amadi (1934-2016) |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/elechi-amadi-1934-2016/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amadi ya ce littafinsa na farko shi ne a shekarar 1957, waka mai suna &quot;Tubawa&quot; a wata mujallar jami'ar Ibadan mai suna ''The Horn'', wanda [[J. P. Clark|John Pepper Clark]] ya shirya. 

Littafin littafin Amadi na farko, ''The Concubine'', an buga shi a Landan a cikin 1966 kuma an yaba da shi a matsayin &quot;fitaccen aikin farko&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Eustace Palmer, &quot;Elechi Amadi and Flora Nwapa&quot;, ''African Literarture Today'', no. 1, 1969, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt; Alastair Niven a cikin bincikensa mai mahimmanci game da littafin ya rubuta cewa: &quot;Tsarin kafuwar ƙauyuka na farauta da kamun kifi na Neja delta, ''Ƙwarƙwarar'' ta mallaki rashin lokaci da duniya na babban labari.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Alastair Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'' (London, 1981), p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; An yi ''kuyangar'' ta zama fim, wanda Elechi Amadi ya rubuta kuma fitaccen daraktan fina-finan [[Nollywood]] [[Andy Amenechi]] ne ya ba da umarni, wanda aka fara a [[Abuja]] a watan Maris 2007. 

Saitin littafin littafin Amadi na biyu, ''[[The Great Ponds]]'', wanda aka buga a 1969, shine Gabashin Najeriya kafin mulkin mallaka, kuma yana magana ne game da yakin da aka yi tsakanin al’ummomin kauyuka biyu kan mallakar tafki.

A cikin 1973 Amadi autobiographical non-fiction, ''Sunset in Biafra'', aka buga. Ya rubuta abubuwan da ya faru a yakin Najeriya da Biafra, kuma a cewar Niven &quot;an rubuta shi a cikin wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa kamar labari ne&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'', (1981), p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga watan Mayun 1989 aka gudanar da taron karawa juna sani a jami'ar Fatakwal domin murnar cika shekaru 55 da haihuwar Amadi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-06-29 |title=Elechi Amadi dies - |url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2016/06/29/elechi-amadi-dies/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayun 2004, kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya reshen jihar Ribas ta shirya taron bikin cika shekaru 70 da haihuwa Elechi Amadi. 

Don littafinsa na ƙarshe, ''Lokacin da Allah Ya zo'', Elechi ya juya a karon farko zuwa nau'in fiction na kimiyya. &lt;ref&gt;Aderonke Adeleke, [http://cerebrallemon.com/late-elechi-amadis-final-work-of-art-when-god-came/ &quot;Late Elechi Amadi’s Final Work Of Art, ‘When God Came’&quot;]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Cerebral Lemon Co.'', 1 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake bitar ta, Lindsay Barrett ya rubuta cewa: “Lokacin da marubuci ya kai matsayin gunki a cikin sana’arsa, bisa la’akari da buga ayyukan da aka ayyana fitattun fitattun abubuwa tun farkon aikinsa, ba sabon abu ba ne ka same shi yana shiga cikin ayyukansa. Gwaji a matakai na ƙarshe na waccan sana'a. Haƙiƙa zai zama mafi daidai a ayyana su azaman ƙa'idodin falsafanci abin da ke cikin su yana yin la'akari da yanayin ɗan adam da iyakan yuwuwar cimma nasarar ɗan adam bisa ra'ayi na allahntaka maimakon kawai yin motsa jiki a cikin tunanin abubuwan da suka faru na wani yanayi na duniya., wanda mashahurin almarar kimiyya sau da yawa shine ... A cikin bincike na ƙarshe waɗannan ayyukan sun karanta kamar tatsuniyoyi daga nan gaba cewa marubucin dole ne ya sami jin daɗin ƙirƙira. Ƙaunar Amadi ga wallafe-wallafe da kuma abubuwan da ya yi a farkon shekarunsa sun rufe masa ilimin kimiyya musamman bayan yakin basasa lokacin da ya zauna a matsayin masanin ilimi kuma mai kula da gwamnati a jihar Rivers. A cikin wannan lokacin ne ya fara gwaje-gwajen a cikin sabbin nau'ikan rubuce-rubucen da wannan aikin ya kasance ɗan ƙaramin misali amma ba za a manta da shi ba.” &lt;ref&gt;Lindsay Barrett, [http://independentnig.com/fables-from-the-future-elechi-amadis-philosophical-allegories/ &quot;Fables From The Future: Elechi Amadi’s Philosophical Allegories&quot;]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Independent'' (Nigeria), 21 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan shekaru ==

=== 2009 sacewa ===
A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun 2009 wasu ‘yan bindiga da ba a san ko su waye ba sun yi garkuwa da Amadi a gidansa da ke garin Aluu, [[Ikwerre]] . An sake shi a yammacin ranar 6 ga Janairu, sa'o'i 23 bayan haka. &lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7814454.stm &quot;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;], BBC News, 6 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Jimitota Onoyume and Samuel Oyadongha, [http://allafrica.com/stories/200901070333.html &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;], AllAfrica, 7 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afirka39 ===
A 2014 ya kasance alkali na Africa39, tare da [[Osonye Tess Onwueme|Tess Onwueme]] da [[Margaret Busby]] . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.hayfestival.com/africa39/index.aspx?skinid=27&amp;currencysetting=GBP&amp;localesetting=en-GB&amp;resetfilters=true &quot;Imagine the World&quot;], Africa39.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mutuwa ===
A ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2016, Amadi ya rasu a [[Asibitin Ƙwararru na Good Heart|Asibitin Zuciya mai Kyau]] da ke [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] yana da shekaru 82.  &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36672302 &quot;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;], BBC News, 30 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wole Soyinka|Wole Soyinka,]] wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Nobel, ya yaba wa Amadi a matsayin &quot;soja kuma mawaƙi, mai kame lamiri, haɗin kai da adalci.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Ben Ezeamalu, [http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/artsbooks/206424-adieu-soldier-poet-soyinka-pays-tribute-elechi-amadi.html &quot;‘Adieu Soldier and Poet,’ Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;], ''[[Premium Times]]'', 4 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyauta ==
* 1992 – Rivers State Silver Jubilee Merit Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/journalism-and-publishing-biographies/elechi-amadi|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – honorary doctorate, Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) in Education, honoris causa, awarded by [[Rivers State University of Science and Technology]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;/&gt;
* 2003 – Fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Education.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi dies at 82|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/06/elechi-amadi-dies-82/|date=2016-06-29|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic]] (MFR).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Niven|first=Alastair|date=2016-08-22|title=Elechi Amadi obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/aug/22/elechi-amadi-obituary|access-date=2020-05-26|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gado ==
Faculty of Humanity a Jami'ar Fatakwal, ta sadaukar da shi gare shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot; /&gt; Port Harcourt Polytechnic an canza masa suna zuwa Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic a 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Onoyume |first=Jimitota |date=5 December 2016 |title=Rivers government renames Port Harcourt Poly after Elechi Amadi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/rivers-govt-renames-port-harcourt-poly-elechi-amadi/ |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=[[Vanguard, Nigeria|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
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      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
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      <text bytes="12621" sha1="noyl4ywhwehn6snezeykfe20lzp750j" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person 
| name             = Elechi Amadi
| honorific_suffix =  [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic|MFR]]
| image            =
| image_size       = 
| caption          = 
| birth_name       = Emmanuel Elechi Daniel
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| birth_place      = Aluu, [[Rivers State]], Nigeria
| death_date       = {{death date and age|2016|06|29|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| death_place      = [[Port Harcourt]], Nigeria
| occupation       = Novelist
| nationality      = Nigerian
| alma_mater       = 
| spouse           = 
| subject          = 
| period           = 
| genre            = 
| movement         = 
| notableworks     = ''[[The Concubine (novel)|The Concubine]]'' (1966)
| awards           = 
}}
'''Elechi Amadi''' MFR // ⓘ (12 Mayu 1934 - 29 Yuni 2016) marubuci ne kuma soja ɗan Najeriya. Ya kasance tsohon [[Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya|jami'in sojan Najeriya]]. Ya kasance marubucin wasan kwaikwayo da litattafai da suka shafi rayuwar ƙauyen Afirka, al'adu, imani, da ayyukan addini kafin tuntuɓar ƙasashen yammacin duniya. An fi ganin Amadi don littafinsa na farko na 1966, ''The Concubine'', wanda ake kira &quot;fitaccen aikin almara mai tsabta&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Eldred Jones, &quot;African Literature 1966-1967&quot;, ''African Forum'', vol. 3, no. 1, p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;. BBC News. 6 January 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Onoyume, Jimitota; Oyadongha, Samuel (7 January 2009). &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;. AllAfrica. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Africa39&quot;. Hay Festival Global. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;. BBC News. 30 June 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ezeamalu, Ben (4 July 2016). &quot;'Adieu Soldier and Poet,' Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;. Premium Times. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Elechi Amadi&quot;. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Elechi Amadi&quot;. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Elechi Amadi dies at 82&quot;. Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 29 June 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Niven, Alastair (22 August 2016). &quot;Elechi Amadi obituary&quot;. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haife shi a shekarar 1934, a Mbodo-Aluu da ke karamar hukumar Ikwerre a [[Jihar Rivers|jihar Ribas]], [[Najeriya]], Elechi Amadi ya halarci [[Kwalejin Gwamnati Umuahia|Kwalejin Gwamnati, Umuahia]] (1948-52), Makarantar Survey, [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]] (1953-54), da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] (1955 – 59), inda ya sami digiri a fannin Physics da Mathematics. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gikandi 2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Simon Gikandi}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Liukkonen |first=Petri |title=Elechi Amadi |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125001500/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |archive-date=25 January 2015 |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da yake jami'a, ya karbi sunan Elechi Amadi, wanda ya ji yana nuna al'adunsa na Ikwerre fiye da sunan haihuwarsa, Emmanuel Elechi Daniel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Emmanuel}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Onoyume, Jimitota (5 December 2016). &quot;Rivers government renames Port Harcourt Poly after Elechi Amadi&quot;. Vanguard. Port Harcourt. Retrieved 4 January 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1977). Peppersoup ; and, The road to Ibadan. Ibadan: Onibonoje Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1977). Peppersoup: And The Road to Ibadan. Onibonoje.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1978). Dancer of Johannesburg. African literature series ;19. Ibadan, Nigeria: Onibonoje.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1978). Dancer of Johannesburg. Ibadan, Nigeria: Onibonoje Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (2002). The woman of calabar: a play. Rivers State, Nigeria: Gitelle Press.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (2003). Speaking and Singing: (papers and Poems). University of Port Harcourt Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-978-2321-70-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi. &quot;Speaking and singing : (papers and poems)&quot;. search.library.nyu.edu. Retrieved 18 March 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nation, The (1 July 2016). &quot;Elechi Amadi (1934 to 2016)&quot;. The Nation. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 18 March 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ya yi aiki na wani lokaci a matsayin mai binciken filaye, sannan ya zama malami a makarantu da dama, ciki har da Makarantar Soja ta Najeriya, [[Zariya]] (1963-66). &lt;ref&gt;Hans M. Zell, Carol Bundy, Virginia Coulon, ''A New Reader's Guide to African Literature'', Heinemann Educational Books, 1983; pp. 350-351.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aikin soja da siyasa ===
Amadi ya yi aikin sojan Najeriya, ya ci gaba da zama a can lokacin [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasar Najeriya]], kuma ya yi ritaya a matsayin kyaftin.  Sannan ya rike mukamai daban-daban a gwamnatin jihar Ribas : Babban Sakatare (1973-83), Kwamishinan Ilimi (1987-88) da Kwamishinan Filaye da Gidaje (1989-90). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 June 2016 |title=Literary icon, Elechi Amadi, is dead |url=https://punchng.com/literary-icon-elechi-amadi-dead/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rubutu ===
Ya kasance marubucin zama kuma malami a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Ribas, inda kuma ya kasance shugaban sashen fasaha, shugaban sashen adabi da daraktan nazari na gaba daya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-08 |title=Elechi Amadi (1934-2016) |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/elechi-amadi-1934-2016/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amadi ya ce littafinsa na farko shi ne a shekarar 1957, waka mai suna &quot;Tubawa&quot; a wata mujallar jami'ar Ibadan mai suna ''The Horn'', wanda [[J. P. Clark|John Pepper Clark]] ya shirya. 

Littafin littafin Amadi na farko, ''The Concubine'', an buga shi a Landan a cikin 1966 kuma an yaba da shi a matsayin &quot;fitaccen aikin farko&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Eustace Palmer, &quot;Elechi Amadi and Flora Nwapa&quot;, ''African Literarture Today'', no. 1, 1969, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt; Alastair Niven a cikin bincikensa mai mahimmanci game da littafin ya rubuta cewa: &quot;Tsarin kafuwar ƙauyuka na farauta da kamun kifi na Neja delta, ''Ƙwarƙwarar'' ta mallaki rashin lokaci da duniya na babban labari.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Alastair Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'' (London, 1981), p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; An yi ''kuyangar'' ta zama fim, wanda Elechi Amadi ya rubuta kuma fitaccen daraktan fina-finan [[Nollywood]] [[Andy Amenechi]] ne ya ba da umarni, wanda aka fara a [[Abuja]] a watan Maris 2007. 

Saitin littafin littafin Amadi na biyu, ''[[The Great Ponds]]'', wanda aka buga a 1969, shine Gabashin Najeriya kafin mulkin mallaka, kuma yana magana ne game da yakin da aka yi tsakanin al’ummomin kauyuka biyu kan mallakar tafki.

A cikin 1973 Amadi autobiographical non-fiction, ''Sunset in Biafra'', aka buga. Ya rubuta abubuwan da ya faru a yakin Najeriya da Biafra, kuma a cewar Niven &quot;an rubuta shi a cikin wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa kamar labari ne&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'', (1981), p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga watan Mayun 1989 aka gudanar da taron karawa juna sani a jami'ar Fatakwal domin murnar cika shekaru 55 da haihuwar Amadi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-06-29 |title=Elechi Amadi dies - |url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2016/06/29/elechi-amadi-dies/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayun 2004, kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya reshen jihar Ribas ta shirya taron bikin cika shekaru 70 da haihuwa Elechi Amadi. 

Don littafinsa na ƙarshe, ''Lokacin da Allah Ya zo'', Elechi ya juya a karon farko zuwa nau'in fiction na kimiyya. &lt;ref&gt;Aderonke Adeleke, [http://cerebrallemon.com/late-elechi-amadis-final-work-of-art-when-god-came/ &quot;Late Elechi Amadi’s Final Work Of Art, ‘When God Came’&quot;]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Cerebral Lemon Co.'', 1 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake bitar ta, Lindsay Barrett ya rubuta cewa: “Lokacin da marubuci ya kai matsayin gunki a cikin sana’arsa, bisa la’akari da buga ayyukan da aka ayyana fitattun fitattun abubuwa tun farkon aikinsa, ba sabon abu ba ne ka same shi yana shiga cikin ayyukansa. Gwaji a matakai na ƙarshe na waccan sana'a. Haƙiƙa zai zama mafi daidai a ayyana su azaman ƙa'idodin falsafanci abin da ke cikin su yana yin la'akari da yanayin ɗan adam da iyakan yuwuwar cimma nasarar ɗan adam bisa ra'ayi na allahntaka maimakon kawai yin motsa jiki a cikin tunanin abubuwan da suka faru na wani yanayi na duniya., wanda mashahurin almarar kimiyya sau da yawa shine ... A cikin bincike na ƙarshe waɗannan ayyukan sun karanta kamar tatsuniyoyi daga nan gaba cewa marubucin dole ne ya sami jin daɗin ƙirƙira. Ƙaunar Amadi ga wallafe-wallafe da kuma abubuwan da ya yi a farkon shekarunsa sun rufe masa ilimin kimiyya musamman bayan yakin basasa lokacin da ya zauna a matsayin masanin ilimi kuma mai kula da gwamnati a jihar Rivers. A cikin wannan lokacin ne ya fara gwaje-gwajen a cikin sabbin nau'ikan rubuce-rubucen da wannan aikin ya kasance ɗan ƙaramin misali amma ba za a manta da shi ba.” &lt;ref&gt;Lindsay Barrett, [http://independentnig.com/fables-from-the-future-elechi-amadis-philosophical-allegories/ &quot;Fables From The Future: Elechi Amadi’s Philosophical Allegories&quot;]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Independent'' (Nigeria), 21 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan shekaru ==

=== 2009 sacewa ===
A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun 2009 wasu ‘yan bindiga da ba a san ko su waye ba sun yi garkuwa da Amadi a gidansa da ke garin Aluu, [[Ikwerre]] . An sake shi a yammacin ranar 6 ga Janairu, sa'o'i 23 bayan haka. &lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7814454.stm &quot;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;], BBC News, 6 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Jimitota Onoyume and Samuel Oyadongha, [http://allafrica.com/stories/200901070333.html &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;], AllAfrica, 7 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afirka39 ===
A 2014 ya kasance alkali na Africa39, tare da [[Osonye Tess Onwueme|Tess Onwueme]] da [[Margaret Busby]] . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.hayfestival.com/africa39/index.aspx?skinid=27&amp;currencysetting=GBP&amp;localesetting=en-GB&amp;resetfilters=true &quot;Imagine the World&quot;], Africa39.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mutuwa ===
A ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2016, Amadi ya rasu a [[Asibitin Ƙwararru na Good Heart|Asibitin Zuciya mai Kyau]] da ke [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] yana da shekaru 82.  &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36672302 &quot;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;], BBC News, 30 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wole Soyinka|Wole Soyinka,]] wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Nobel, ya yaba wa Amadi a matsayin &quot;soja kuma mawaƙi, mai kame lamiri, haɗin kai da adalci.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Ben Ezeamalu, [http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/artsbooks/206424-adieu-soldier-poet-soyinka-pays-tribute-elechi-amadi.html &quot;‘Adieu Soldier and Poet,’ Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;], ''[[Premium Times]]'', 4 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyauta ==
* 1992 – Rivers State Silver Jubilee Merit Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/journalism-and-publishing-biographies/elechi-amadi|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – honorary doctorate, Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) in Education, honoris causa, awarded by [[Rivers State University of Science and Technology]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;/&gt;
* 2003 – Fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Education.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi dies at 82|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/06/elechi-amadi-dies-82/|date=2016-06-29|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic]] (MFR).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Niven|first=Alastair|date=2016-08-22|title=Elechi Amadi obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/aug/22/elechi-amadi-obituary|access-date=2020-05-26|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gado ==
Faculty of Humanity a Jami'ar Fatakwal, ta sadaukar da shi gare shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot; /&gt; Port Harcourt Polytechnic an canza masa suna zuwa Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic a 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Onoyume |first=Jimitota |date=5 December 2016 |title=Rivers government renames Port Harcourt Poly after Elechi Amadi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/rivers-govt-renames-port-harcourt-poly-elechi-amadi/ |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=[[Vanguard, Nigeria|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="12683" sha1="qd501vx85faon36t7nztd2elgibtm2q" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person 
| name             = Elechi Amadi
| honorific_suffix =  [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic|MFR]]
| image            =
| image_size       = 
| caption          = 
| birth_name       = Emmanuel Elechi Daniel
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| birth_place      = Aluu, [[Rivers State]], Nigeria
| death_date       = {{death date and age|2016|06|29|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| death_place      = [[Port Harcourt]], Nigeria
| occupation       = Novelist
| nationality      = Nigerian
| alma_mater       = 
| spouse           = 
| subject          = 
| period           = 
| genre            = 
| movement         = 
| notableworks     = ''[[The Concubine (novel)|The Concubine]]'' (1966)
| awards           = 
}}
'''Elechi Amadi''' MFR // ⓘ (12 Mayu 1934 - 29 Yuni 2016) marubuci ne kuma soja ɗan Najeriya. Ya kasance tsohon [[Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya|jami'in sojan Najeriya]]. Ya kasance marubucin wasan kwaikwayo da litattafai da suka shafi rayuwar ƙauyen Afirka, al'adu, imani, da ayyukan addini kafin tuntuɓar ƙasashen yammacin duniya. An fi ganin Amadi don littafinsa na farko na 1966, ''The Concubine'', wanda ake kira &quot;fitaccen aikin almara mai tsabta&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Eldred Jones, &quot;African Literature 1966-1967&quot;, ''African Forum'', vol. 3, no. 1, p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;. BBC News. 6 January 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Onoyume, Jimitota; Oyadongha, Samuel (7 January 2009). &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;. AllAfrica. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Africa39&quot;. Hay Festival Global. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;. BBC News. 30 June 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ezeamalu, Ben (4 July 2016). &quot;'Adieu Soldier and Poet,' Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;. Premium Times. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Elechi Amadi&quot;. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Elechi Amadi&quot;. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Elechi Amadi dies at 82&quot;. Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 29 June 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Niven, Alastair (22 August 2016). &quot;Elechi Amadi obituary&quot;. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haife shi a shekarar 1934, a Mbodo-Aluu da ke karamar hukumar Ikwerre a [[Jihar Rivers|jihar Ribas]], [[Najeriya]], Elechi Amadi ya halarci [[Kwalejin Gwamnati Umuahia|Kwalejin Gwamnati, Umuahia]] (1948-52), Makarantar Survey, [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]] (1953-54), da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] (1955 – 59), inda ya sami digiri a fannin Physics da Mathematics. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gikandi 2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Simon Gikandi}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Liukkonen |first=Petri |title=Elechi Amadi |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125001500/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |archive-date=25 January 2015 |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da yake jami'a, ya karbi sunan Elechi Amadi, wanda ya ji yana nuna al'adunsa na Ikwerre fiye da sunan haihuwarsa, Emmanuel Elechi Daniel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Emmanuel}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Onoyume, Jimitota (5 December 2016). &quot;Rivers government renames Port Harcourt Poly after Elechi Amadi&quot;. Vanguard. Port Harcourt. Retrieved 4 January 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1977). Peppersoup ; and, The road to Ibadan. Ibadan: Onibonoje Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1977). Peppersoup: And The Road to Ibadan. Onibonoje.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1978). Dancer of Johannesburg. African literature series ;19. Ibadan, Nigeria: Onibonoje.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1978). Dancer of Johannesburg. Ibadan, Nigeria: Onibonoje Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (2002). The woman of calabar: a play. Rivers State, Nigeria: Gitelle Press.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (2003). Speaking and Singing: (papers and Poems). University of Port Harcourt Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-978-2321-70-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi. &quot;Speaking and singing : (papers and poems)&quot;. search.library.nyu.edu. Retrieved 18 March 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nation, The (1 July 2016). &quot;Elechi Amadi (1934 to 2016)&quot;. The Nation. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 18 March 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ya yi aiki na wani lokaci a matsayin mai binciken filaye, sannan ya zama malami a makarantu da dama, ciki har da Makarantar Soja ta Najeriya, [[Zariya]] (1963-66). &lt;ref&gt;Hans M. Zell, Carol Bundy, Virginia Coulon, ''A New Reader's Guide to African Literature'', Heinemann Educational Books, 1983; pp. 350-351.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;When God Came&quot;. Bookville. Retrieved 18 March 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aikin soja da siyasa ===
Amadi ya yi aikin sojan Najeriya, ya ci gaba da zama a can lokacin [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasar Najeriya]], kuma ya yi ritaya a matsayin kyaftin.  Sannan ya rike mukamai daban-daban a gwamnatin jihar Ribas : Babban Sakatare (1973-83), Kwamishinan Ilimi (1987-88) da Kwamishinan Filaye da Gidaje (1989-90). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 June 2016 |title=Literary icon, Elechi Amadi, is dead |url=https://punchng.com/literary-icon-elechi-amadi-dead/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rubutu ===
Ya kasance marubucin zama kuma malami a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Ribas, inda kuma ya kasance shugaban sashen fasaha, shugaban sashen adabi da daraktan nazari na gaba daya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-08 |title=Elechi Amadi (1934-2016) |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/elechi-amadi-1934-2016/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amadi ya ce littafinsa na farko shi ne a shekarar 1957, waka mai suna &quot;Tubawa&quot; a wata mujallar jami'ar Ibadan mai suna ''The Horn'', wanda [[J. P. Clark|John Pepper Clark]] ya shirya. 

Littafin littafin Amadi na farko, ''The Concubine'', an buga shi a Landan a cikin 1966 kuma an yaba da shi a matsayin &quot;fitaccen aikin farko&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Eustace Palmer, &quot;Elechi Amadi and Flora Nwapa&quot;, ''African Literarture Today'', no. 1, 1969, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt; Alastair Niven a cikin bincikensa mai mahimmanci game da littafin ya rubuta cewa: &quot;Tsarin kafuwar ƙauyuka na farauta da kamun kifi na Neja delta, ''Ƙwarƙwarar'' ta mallaki rashin lokaci da duniya na babban labari.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Alastair Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'' (London, 1981), p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; An yi ''kuyangar'' ta zama fim, wanda Elechi Amadi ya rubuta kuma fitaccen daraktan fina-finan [[Nollywood]] [[Andy Amenechi]] ne ya ba da umarni, wanda aka fara a [[Abuja]] a watan Maris 2007. 

Saitin littafin littafin Amadi na biyu, ''[[The Great Ponds]]'', wanda aka buga a 1969, shine Gabashin Najeriya kafin mulkin mallaka, kuma yana magana ne game da yakin da aka yi tsakanin al’ummomin kauyuka biyu kan mallakar tafki.

A cikin 1973 Amadi autobiographical non-fiction, ''Sunset in Biafra'', aka buga. Ya rubuta abubuwan da ya faru a yakin Najeriya da Biafra, kuma a cewar Niven &quot;an rubuta shi a cikin wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa kamar labari ne&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'', (1981), p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga watan Mayun 1989 aka gudanar da taron karawa juna sani a jami'ar Fatakwal domin murnar cika shekaru 55 da haihuwar Amadi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-06-29 |title=Elechi Amadi dies - |url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2016/06/29/elechi-amadi-dies/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayun 2004, kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya reshen jihar Ribas ta shirya taron bikin cika shekaru 70 da haihuwa Elechi Amadi. 

Don littafinsa na ƙarshe, ''Lokacin da Allah Ya zo'', Elechi ya juya a karon farko zuwa nau'in fiction na kimiyya. &lt;ref&gt;Aderonke Adeleke, [http://cerebrallemon.com/late-elechi-amadis-final-work-of-art-when-god-came/ &quot;Late Elechi Amadi’s Final Work Of Art, ‘When God Came’&quot;]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Cerebral Lemon Co.'', 1 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake bitar ta, Lindsay Barrett ya rubuta cewa: “Lokacin da marubuci ya kai matsayin gunki a cikin sana’arsa, bisa la’akari da buga ayyukan da aka ayyana fitattun fitattun abubuwa tun farkon aikinsa, ba sabon abu ba ne ka same shi yana shiga cikin ayyukansa. Gwaji a matakai na ƙarshe na waccan sana'a. Haƙiƙa zai zama mafi daidai a ayyana su azaman ƙa'idodin falsafanci abin da ke cikin su yana yin la'akari da yanayin ɗan adam da iyakan yuwuwar cimma nasarar ɗan adam bisa ra'ayi na allahntaka maimakon kawai yin motsa jiki a cikin tunanin abubuwan da suka faru na wani yanayi na duniya., wanda mashahurin almarar kimiyya sau da yawa shine ... A cikin bincike na ƙarshe waɗannan ayyukan sun karanta kamar tatsuniyoyi daga nan gaba cewa marubucin dole ne ya sami jin daɗin ƙirƙira. Ƙaunar Amadi ga wallafe-wallafe da kuma abubuwan da ya yi a farkon shekarunsa sun rufe masa ilimin kimiyya musamman bayan yakin basasa lokacin da ya zauna a matsayin masanin ilimi kuma mai kula da gwamnati a jihar Rivers. A cikin wannan lokacin ne ya fara gwaje-gwajen a cikin sabbin nau'ikan rubuce-rubucen da wannan aikin ya kasance ɗan ƙaramin misali amma ba za a manta da shi ba.” &lt;ref&gt;Lindsay Barrett, [http://independentnig.com/fables-from-the-future-elechi-amadis-philosophical-allegories/ &quot;Fables From The Future: Elechi Amadi’s Philosophical Allegories&quot;]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Independent'' (Nigeria), 21 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan shekaru ==

=== 2009 sacewa ===
A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun 2009 wasu ‘yan bindiga da ba a san ko su waye ba sun yi garkuwa da Amadi a gidansa da ke garin Aluu, [[Ikwerre]] . An sake shi a yammacin ranar 6 ga Janairu, sa'o'i 23 bayan haka. &lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7814454.stm &quot;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;], BBC News, 6 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Jimitota Onoyume and Samuel Oyadongha, [http://allafrica.com/stories/200901070333.html &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;], AllAfrica, 7 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afirka39 ===
A 2014 ya kasance alkali na Africa39, tare da [[Osonye Tess Onwueme|Tess Onwueme]] da [[Margaret Busby]] . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.hayfestival.com/africa39/index.aspx?skinid=27&amp;currencysetting=GBP&amp;localesetting=en-GB&amp;resetfilters=true &quot;Imagine the World&quot;], Africa39.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mutuwa ===
A ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2016, Amadi ya rasu a [[Asibitin Ƙwararru na Good Heart|Asibitin Zuciya mai Kyau]] da ke [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] yana da shekaru 82.  &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36672302 &quot;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;], BBC News, 30 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wole Soyinka|Wole Soyinka,]] wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Nobel, ya yaba wa Amadi a matsayin &quot;soja kuma mawaƙi, mai kame lamiri, haɗin kai da adalci.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Ben Ezeamalu, [http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/artsbooks/206424-adieu-soldier-poet-soyinka-pays-tribute-elechi-amadi.html &quot;‘Adieu Soldier and Poet,’ Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;], ''[[Premium Times]]'', 4 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyauta ==
* 1992 – Rivers State Silver Jubilee Merit Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/journalism-and-publishing-biographies/elechi-amadi|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – honorary doctorate, Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) in Education, honoris causa, awarded by [[Rivers State University of Science and Technology]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;/&gt;
* 2003 – Fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Education.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi dies at 82|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/06/elechi-amadi-dies-82/|date=2016-06-29|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic]] (MFR).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Niven|first=Alastair|date=2016-08-22|title=Elechi Amadi obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/aug/22/elechi-amadi-obituary|access-date=2020-05-26|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gado ==
Faculty of Humanity a Jami'ar Fatakwal, ta sadaukar da shi gare shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot; /&gt; Port Harcourt Polytechnic an canza masa suna zuwa Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic a 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Onoyume |first=Jimitota |date=5 December 2016 |title=Rivers government renames Port Harcourt Poly after Elechi Amadi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/rivers-govt-renames-port-harcourt-poly-elechi-amadi/ |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=[[Vanguard, Nigeria|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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      <text bytes="12740" sha1="78cvkd6qjnqe00zzij4l1mlgqd05i11" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person 
| name             = Elechi Amadi
| honorific_suffix =  [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic|MFR]]
| image            =
| image_size       = 
| caption          = 
| birth_name       = Emmanuel Elechi Daniel
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| birth_place      = Aluu, [[Rivers State]], Nigeria
| death_date       = {{death date and age|2016|06|29|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| death_place      = [[Port Harcourt]], Nigeria
| occupation       = Novelist
| nationality      = Nigerian
| alma_mater       = 
| spouse           = 
| subject          = 
| period           = 
| genre            = 
| movement         = 
| notableworks     = ''[[The Concubine (novel)|The Concubine]]'' (1966)
| awards           = 
}}
'''Elechi Amadi''' MFR // ⓘ (12 Mayu 1934 - 29 Yuni 2016) marubuci ne kuma soja ɗan Najeriya. Ya kasance tsohon [[Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya|jami'in sojan Najeriya]]. Ya kasance marubucin wasan kwaikwayo da litattafai da suka shafi rayuwar ƙauyen Afirka, al'adu, imani, da ayyukan addini kafin tuntuɓar ƙasashen yammacin duniya. An fi ganin Amadi don littafinsa na farko na 1966, ''The Concubine'', wanda ake kira &quot;fitaccen aikin almara mai tsabta&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Eldred Jones, &quot;African Literature 1966-1967&quot;, ''African Forum'', vol. 3, no. 1, p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;. BBC News. 6 January 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Onoyume, Jimitota; Oyadongha, Samuel (7 January 2009). &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;. AllAfrica. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Africa39&quot;. Hay Festival Global. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;. BBC News. 30 June 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ezeamalu, Ben (4 July 2016). &quot;'Adieu Soldier and Poet,' Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;. Premium Times. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Elechi Amadi&quot;. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Elechi Amadi&quot;. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Elechi Amadi dies at 82&quot;. Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 29 June 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Niven, Alastair (22 August 2016). &quot;Elechi Amadi obituary&quot;. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haife shi a shekarar 1934, a Mbodo-Aluu da ke karamar hukumar Ikwerre a [[Jihar Rivers|jihar Ribas]], [[Najeriya]], Elechi Amadi ya halarci [[Kwalejin Gwamnati Umuahia|Kwalejin Gwamnati, Umuahia]] (1948-52), Makarantar Survey, [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]] (1953-54), da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] (1955 – 59), inda ya sami digiri a fannin Physics da Mathematics. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gikandi 2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Simon Gikandi}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Liukkonen |first=Petri |title=Elechi Amadi |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125001500/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |archive-date=25 January 2015 |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da yake jami'a, ya karbi sunan Elechi Amadi, wanda ya ji yana nuna al'adunsa na Ikwerre fiye da sunan haihuwarsa, Emmanuel Elechi Daniel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Emmanuel}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Onoyume, Jimitota (5 December 2016). &quot;Rivers government renames Port Harcourt Poly after Elechi Amadi&quot;. Vanguard. Port Harcourt. Retrieved 4 January 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1977). Peppersoup ; and, The road to Ibadan. Ibadan: Onibonoje Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1977). Peppersoup: And The Road to Ibadan. Onibonoje.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1978). Dancer of Johannesburg. African literature series ;19. Ibadan, Nigeria: Onibonoje.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1978). Dancer of Johannesburg. Ibadan, Nigeria: Onibonoje Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (2002). The woman of calabar: a play. Rivers State, Nigeria: Gitelle Press.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (2003). Speaking and Singing: (papers and Poems). University of Port Harcourt Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-978-2321-70-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi. &quot;Speaking and singing : (papers and poems)&quot;. search.library.nyu.edu. Retrieved 18 March 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nation, The (1 July 2016). &quot;Elechi Amadi (1934 to 2016)&quot;. The Nation. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 18 March 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ya yi aiki na wani lokaci a matsayin mai binciken filaye, sannan ya zama malami a makarantu da dama, ciki har da Makarantar Soja ta Najeriya, [[Zariya]] (1963-66). &lt;ref&gt;Hans M. Zell, Carol Bundy, Virginia Coulon, ''A New Reader's Guide to African Literature'', Heinemann Educational Books, 1983; pp. 350-351.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;When God Came&quot;. Bookville. Retrieved 18 March 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebele Eko. Elechi Amadi: The Man And His Work.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aikin soja da siyasa ===
Amadi ya yi aikin sojan Najeriya, ya ci gaba da zama a can lokacin [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasar Najeriya]], kuma ya yi ritaya a matsayin kyaftin.  Sannan ya rike mukamai daban-daban a gwamnatin jihar Ribas : Babban Sakatare (1973-83), Kwamishinan Ilimi (1987-88) da Kwamishinan Filaye da Gidaje (1989-90). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 June 2016 |title=Literary icon, Elechi Amadi, is dead |url=https://punchng.com/literary-icon-elechi-amadi-dead/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rubutu ===
Ya kasance marubucin zama kuma malami a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Ribas, inda kuma ya kasance shugaban sashen fasaha, shugaban sashen adabi da daraktan nazari na gaba daya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-08 |title=Elechi Amadi (1934-2016) |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/elechi-amadi-1934-2016/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amadi ya ce littafinsa na farko shi ne a shekarar 1957, waka mai suna &quot;Tubawa&quot; a wata mujallar jami'ar Ibadan mai suna ''The Horn'', wanda [[J. P. Clark|John Pepper Clark]] ya shirya. 

Littafin littafin Amadi na farko, ''The Concubine'', an buga shi a Landan a cikin 1966 kuma an yaba da shi a matsayin &quot;fitaccen aikin farko&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Eustace Palmer, &quot;Elechi Amadi and Flora Nwapa&quot;, ''African Literarture Today'', no. 1, 1969, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt; Alastair Niven a cikin bincikensa mai mahimmanci game da littafin ya rubuta cewa: &quot;Tsarin kafuwar ƙauyuka na farauta da kamun kifi na Neja delta, ''Ƙwarƙwarar'' ta mallaki rashin lokaci da duniya na babban labari.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Alastair Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'' (London, 1981), p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; An yi ''kuyangar'' ta zama fim, wanda Elechi Amadi ya rubuta kuma fitaccen daraktan fina-finan [[Nollywood]] [[Andy Amenechi]] ne ya ba da umarni, wanda aka fara a [[Abuja]] a watan Maris 2007. 

Saitin littafin littafin Amadi na biyu, ''[[The Great Ponds]]'', wanda aka buga a 1969, shine Gabashin Najeriya kafin mulkin mallaka, kuma yana magana ne game da yakin da aka yi tsakanin al’ummomin kauyuka biyu kan mallakar tafki.

A cikin 1973 Amadi autobiographical non-fiction, ''Sunset in Biafra'', aka buga. Ya rubuta abubuwan da ya faru a yakin Najeriya da Biafra, kuma a cewar Niven &quot;an rubuta shi a cikin wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa kamar labari ne&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'', (1981), p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga watan Mayun 1989 aka gudanar da taron karawa juna sani a jami'ar Fatakwal domin murnar cika shekaru 55 da haihuwar Amadi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-06-29 |title=Elechi Amadi dies - |url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2016/06/29/elechi-amadi-dies/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayun 2004, kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya reshen jihar Ribas ta shirya taron bikin cika shekaru 70 da haihuwa Elechi Amadi. 

Don littafinsa na ƙarshe, ''Lokacin da Allah Ya zo'', Elechi ya juya a karon farko zuwa nau'in fiction na kimiyya. &lt;ref&gt;Aderonke Adeleke, [http://cerebrallemon.com/late-elechi-amadis-final-work-of-art-when-god-came/ &quot;Late Elechi Amadi’s Final Work Of Art, ‘When God Came’&quot;]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Cerebral Lemon Co.'', 1 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake bitar ta, Lindsay Barrett ya rubuta cewa: “Lokacin da marubuci ya kai matsayin gunki a cikin sana’arsa, bisa la’akari da buga ayyukan da aka ayyana fitattun fitattun abubuwa tun farkon aikinsa, ba sabon abu ba ne ka same shi yana shiga cikin ayyukansa. Gwaji a matakai na ƙarshe na waccan sana'a. Haƙiƙa zai zama mafi daidai a ayyana su azaman ƙa'idodin falsafanci abin da ke cikin su yana yin la'akari da yanayin ɗan adam da iyakan yuwuwar cimma nasarar ɗan adam bisa ra'ayi na allahntaka maimakon kawai yin motsa jiki a cikin tunanin abubuwan da suka faru na wani yanayi na duniya., wanda mashahurin almarar kimiyya sau da yawa shine ... A cikin bincike na ƙarshe waɗannan ayyukan sun karanta kamar tatsuniyoyi daga nan gaba cewa marubucin dole ne ya sami jin daɗin ƙirƙira. Ƙaunar Amadi ga wallafe-wallafe da kuma abubuwan da ya yi a farkon shekarunsa sun rufe masa ilimin kimiyya musamman bayan yakin basasa lokacin da ya zauna a matsayin masanin ilimi kuma mai kula da gwamnati a jihar Rivers. A cikin wannan lokacin ne ya fara gwaje-gwajen a cikin sabbin nau'ikan rubuce-rubucen da wannan aikin ya kasance ɗan ƙaramin misali amma ba za a manta da shi ba.” &lt;ref&gt;Lindsay Barrett, [http://independentnig.com/fables-from-the-future-elechi-amadis-philosophical-allegories/ &quot;Fables From The Future: Elechi Amadi’s Philosophical Allegories&quot;]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Independent'' (Nigeria), 21 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan shekaru ==

=== 2009 sacewa ===
A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun 2009 wasu ‘yan bindiga da ba a san ko su waye ba sun yi garkuwa da Amadi a gidansa da ke garin Aluu, [[Ikwerre]] . An sake shi a yammacin ranar 6 ga Janairu, sa'o'i 23 bayan haka. &lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7814454.stm &quot;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;], BBC News, 6 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Jimitota Onoyume and Samuel Oyadongha, [http://allafrica.com/stories/200901070333.html &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;], AllAfrica, 7 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afirka39 ===
A 2014 ya kasance alkali na Africa39, tare da [[Osonye Tess Onwueme|Tess Onwueme]] da [[Margaret Busby]] . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.hayfestival.com/africa39/index.aspx?skinid=27&amp;currencysetting=GBP&amp;localesetting=en-GB&amp;resetfilters=true &quot;Imagine the World&quot;], Africa39.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mutuwa ===
A ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2016, Amadi ya rasu a [[Asibitin Ƙwararru na Good Heart|Asibitin Zuciya mai Kyau]] da ke [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] yana da shekaru 82.  &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36672302 &quot;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;], BBC News, 30 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wole Soyinka|Wole Soyinka,]] wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Nobel, ya yaba wa Amadi a matsayin &quot;soja kuma mawaƙi, mai kame lamiri, haɗin kai da adalci.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Ben Ezeamalu, [http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/artsbooks/206424-adieu-soldier-poet-soyinka-pays-tribute-elechi-amadi.html &quot;‘Adieu Soldier and Poet,’ Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;], ''[[Premium Times]]'', 4 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyauta ==
* 1992 – Rivers State Silver Jubilee Merit Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/journalism-and-publishing-biographies/elechi-amadi|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – honorary doctorate, Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) in Education, honoris causa, awarded by [[Rivers State University of Science and Technology]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;/&gt;
* 2003 – Fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Education.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi dies at 82|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/06/elechi-amadi-dies-82/|date=2016-06-29|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic]] (MFR).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Niven|first=Alastair|date=2016-08-22|title=Elechi Amadi obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/aug/22/elechi-amadi-obituary|access-date=2020-05-26|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gado ==
Faculty of Humanity a Jami'ar Fatakwal, ta sadaukar da shi gare shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot; /&gt; Port Harcourt Polytechnic an canza masa suna zuwa Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic a 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Onoyume |first=Jimitota |date=5 December 2016 |title=Rivers government renames Port Harcourt Poly after Elechi Amadi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/rivers-govt-renames-port-harcourt-poly-elechi-amadi/ |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=[[Vanguard, Nigeria|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>855288</origin>
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      <text bytes="12902" sha1="r1vno6svlb26o8fuyb0mo22muedxkwd" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person 
| name             = Elechi Amadi
| honorific_suffix =  [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic|MFR]]
| image            =
| image_size       = 
| caption          = 
| birth_name       = Emmanuel Elechi Daniel
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| birth_place      = Aluu, [[Rivers State]], Nigeria
| death_date       = {{death date and age|2016|06|29|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| death_place      = [[Port Harcourt]], Nigeria
| occupation       = Novelist
| nationality      = Nigerian
| alma_mater       = 
| spouse           = 
| subject          = 
| period           = 
| genre            = 
| movement         = 
| notableworks     = ''[[The Concubine (novel)|The Concubine]]'' (1966)
| awards           = 
}}
'''Elechi Amadi''' MFR // ⓘ (12 Mayu 1934 - 29 Yuni 2016) marubuci ne kuma soja ɗan Najeriya. Ya kasance tsohon [[Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya|jami'in sojan Najeriya]]. Ya kasance marubucin wasan kwaikwayo da litattafai da suka shafi rayuwar ƙauyen Afirka, al'adu, imani, da ayyukan addini kafin tuntuɓar ƙasashen yammacin duniya. An fi ganin Amadi don littafinsa na farko na 1966, ''The Concubine'', wanda ake kira &quot;fitaccen aikin almara mai tsabta&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Eldred Jones, &quot;African Literature 1966-1967&quot;, ''African Forum'', vol. 3, no. 1, p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;. BBC News. 6 January 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Onoyume, Jimitota; Oyadongha, Samuel (7 January 2009). &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;. AllAfrica. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Africa39&quot;. Hay Festival Global. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;. BBC News. 30 June 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ezeamalu, Ben (4 July 2016). &quot;'Adieu Soldier and Poet,' Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;. Premium Times. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Elechi Amadi&quot;. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Elechi Amadi&quot;. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Elechi Amadi dies at 82&quot;. Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 29 June 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Niven, Alastair (22 August 2016). &quot;Elechi Amadi obituary&quot;. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haife shi a shekarar 1934, a Mbodo-Aluu da ke karamar hukumar Ikwerre a [[Jihar Rivers|jihar Ribas]], [[Najeriya]], Elechi Amadi ya halarci [[Kwalejin Gwamnati Umuahia|Kwalejin Gwamnati, Umuahia]] (1948-52), Makarantar Survey, [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]] (1953-54), da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] (1955 – 59), inda ya sami digiri a fannin Physics da Mathematics. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gikandi 2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Simon Gikandi}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Liukkonen |first=Petri |title=Elechi Amadi |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125001500/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |archive-date=25 January 2015 |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da yake jami'a, ya karbi sunan Elechi Amadi, wanda ya ji yana nuna al'adunsa na Ikwerre fiye da sunan haihuwarsa, Emmanuel Elechi Daniel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Emmanuel}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Onoyume, Jimitota (5 December 2016). &quot;Rivers government renames Port Harcourt Poly after Elechi Amadi&quot;. Vanguard. Port Harcourt. Retrieved 4 January 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1977). Peppersoup ; and, The road to Ibadan. Ibadan: Onibonoje Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1977). Peppersoup: And The Road to Ibadan. Onibonoje.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1978). Dancer of Johannesburg. African literature series ;19. Ibadan, Nigeria: Onibonoje.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1978). Dancer of Johannesburg. Ibadan, Nigeria: Onibonoje Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (2002). The woman of calabar: a play. Rivers State, Nigeria: Gitelle Press.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (2003). Speaking and Singing: (papers and Poems). University of Port Harcourt Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-978-2321-70-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi. &quot;Speaking and singing : (papers and poems)&quot;. search.library.nyu.edu. Retrieved 18 March 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nation, The (1 July 2016). &quot;Elechi Amadi (1934 to 2016)&quot;. The Nation. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 18 March 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ya yi aiki na wani lokaci a matsayin mai binciken filaye, sannan ya zama malami a makarantu da dama, ciki har da Makarantar Soja ta Najeriya, [[Zariya]] (1963-66). &lt;ref&gt;Hans M. Zell, Carol Bundy, Virginia Coulon, ''A New Reader's Guide to African Literature'', Heinemann Educational Books, 1983; pp. 350-351.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;When God Came&quot;. Bookville. Retrieved 18 March 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebele Eko. Elechi Amadi: The Man And His Work.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Amazon.com: Elechi Amadi: The man and his work: Ebele Eko: Books&quot;. www.amazon.com. Archived from the original on 27 May 2008. Retrieved 18 March 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aikin soja da siyasa ===
Amadi ya yi aikin sojan Najeriya, ya ci gaba da zama a can lokacin [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasar Najeriya]], kuma ya yi ritaya a matsayin kyaftin.  Sannan ya rike mukamai daban-daban a gwamnatin jihar Ribas : Babban Sakatare (1973-83), Kwamishinan Ilimi (1987-88) da Kwamishinan Filaye da Gidaje (1989-90). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 June 2016 |title=Literary icon, Elechi Amadi, is dead |url=https://punchng.com/literary-icon-elechi-amadi-dead/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rubutu ===
Ya kasance marubucin zama kuma malami a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Ribas, inda kuma ya kasance shugaban sashen fasaha, shugaban sashen adabi da daraktan nazari na gaba daya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-08 |title=Elechi Amadi (1934-2016) |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/elechi-amadi-1934-2016/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amadi ya ce littafinsa na farko shi ne a shekarar 1957, waka mai suna &quot;Tubawa&quot; a wata mujallar jami'ar Ibadan mai suna ''The Horn'', wanda [[J. P. Clark|John Pepper Clark]] ya shirya. 

Littafin littafin Amadi na farko, ''The Concubine'', an buga shi a Landan a cikin 1966 kuma an yaba da shi a matsayin &quot;fitaccen aikin farko&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Eustace Palmer, &quot;Elechi Amadi and Flora Nwapa&quot;, ''African Literarture Today'', no. 1, 1969, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt; Alastair Niven a cikin bincikensa mai mahimmanci game da littafin ya rubuta cewa: &quot;Tsarin kafuwar ƙauyuka na farauta da kamun kifi na Neja delta, ''Ƙwarƙwarar'' ta mallaki rashin lokaci da duniya na babban labari.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Alastair Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'' (London, 1981), p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; An yi ''kuyangar'' ta zama fim, wanda Elechi Amadi ya rubuta kuma fitaccen daraktan fina-finan [[Nollywood]] [[Andy Amenechi]] ne ya ba da umarni, wanda aka fara a [[Abuja]] a watan Maris 2007. 

Saitin littafin littafin Amadi na biyu, ''[[The Great Ponds]]'', wanda aka buga a 1969, shine Gabashin Najeriya kafin mulkin mallaka, kuma yana magana ne game da yakin da aka yi tsakanin al’ummomin kauyuka biyu kan mallakar tafki.

A cikin 1973 Amadi autobiographical non-fiction, ''Sunset in Biafra'', aka buga. Ya rubuta abubuwan da ya faru a yakin Najeriya da Biafra, kuma a cewar Niven &quot;an rubuta shi a cikin wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa kamar labari ne&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'', (1981), p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga watan Mayun 1989 aka gudanar da taron karawa juna sani a jami'ar Fatakwal domin murnar cika shekaru 55 da haihuwar Amadi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-06-29 |title=Elechi Amadi dies - |url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2016/06/29/elechi-amadi-dies/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayun 2004, kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya reshen jihar Ribas ta shirya taron bikin cika shekaru 70 da haihuwa Elechi Amadi. 

Don littafinsa na ƙarshe, ''Lokacin da Allah Ya zo'', Elechi ya juya a karon farko zuwa nau'in fiction na kimiyya. &lt;ref&gt;Aderonke Adeleke, [http://cerebrallemon.com/late-elechi-amadis-final-work-of-art-when-god-came/ &quot;Late Elechi Amadi’s Final Work Of Art, ‘When God Came’&quot;]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Cerebral Lemon Co.'', 1 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake bitar ta, Lindsay Barrett ya rubuta cewa: “Lokacin da marubuci ya kai matsayin gunki a cikin sana’arsa, bisa la’akari da buga ayyukan da aka ayyana fitattun fitattun abubuwa tun farkon aikinsa, ba sabon abu ba ne ka same shi yana shiga cikin ayyukansa. Gwaji a matakai na ƙarshe na waccan sana'a. Haƙiƙa zai zama mafi daidai a ayyana su azaman ƙa'idodin falsafanci abin da ke cikin su yana yin la'akari da yanayin ɗan adam da iyakan yuwuwar cimma nasarar ɗan adam bisa ra'ayi na allahntaka maimakon kawai yin motsa jiki a cikin tunanin abubuwan da suka faru na wani yanayi na duniya., wanda mashahurin almarar kimiyya sau da yawa shine ... A cikin bincike na ƙarshe waɗannan ayyukan sun karanta kamar tatsuniyoyi daga nan gaba cewa marubucin dole ne ya sami jin daɗin ƙirƙira. Ƙaunar Amadi ga wallafe-wallafe da kuma abubuwan da ya yi a farkon shekarunsa sun rufe masa ilimin kimiyya musamman bayan yakin basasa lokacin da ya zauna a matsayin masanin ilimi kuma mai kula da gwamnati a jihar Rivers. A cikin wannan lokacin ne ya fara gwaje-gwajen a cikin sabbin nau'ikan rubuce-rubucen da wannan aikin ya kasance ɗan ƙaramin misali amma ba za a manta da shi ba.” &lt;ref&gt;Lindsay Barrett, [http://independentnig.com/fables-from-the-future-elechi-amadis-philosophical-allegories/ &quot;Fables From The Future: Elechi Amadi’s Philosophical Allegories&quot;]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Independent'' (Nigeria), 21 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan shekaru ==

=== 2009 sacewa ===
A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun 2009 wasu ‘yan bindiga da ba a san ko su waye ba sun yi garkuwa da Amadi a gidansa da ke garin Aluu, [[Ikwerre]] . An sake shi a yammacin ranar 6 ga Janairu, sa'o'i 23 bayan haka. &lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7814454.stm &quot;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;], BBC News, 6 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Jimitota Onoyume and Samuel Oyadongha, [http://allafrica.com/stories/200901070333.html &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;], AllAfrica, 7 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afirka39 ===
A 2014 ya kasance alkali na Africa39, tare da [[Osonye Tess Onwueme|Tess Onwueme]] da [[Margaret Busby]] . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.hayfestival.com/africa39/index.aspx?skinid=27&amp;currencysetting=GBP&amp;localesetting=en-GB&amp;resetfilters=true &quot;Imagine the World&quot;], Africa39.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mutuwa ===
A ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2016, Amadi ya rasu a [[Asibitin Ƙwararru na Good Heart|Asibitin Zuciya mai Kyau]] da ke [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] yana da shekaru 82.  &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36672302 &quot;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;], BBC News, 30 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wole Soyinka|Wole Soyinka,]] wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Nobel, ya yaba wa Amadi a matsayin &quot;soja kuma mawaƙi, mai kame lamiri, haɗin kai da adalci.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Ben Ezeamalu, [http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/artsbooks/206424-adieu-soldier-poet-soyinka-pays-tribute-elechi-amadi.html &quot;‘Adieu Soldier and Poet,’ Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;], ''[[Premium Times]]'', 4 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyauta ==
* 1992 – Rivers State Silver Jubilee Merit Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/journalism-and-publishing-biographies/elechi-amadi|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – honorary doctorate, Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) in Education, honoris causa, awarded by [[Rivers State University of Science and Technology]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;/&gt;
* 2003 – Fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Education.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi dies at 82|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/06/elechi-amadi-dies-82/|date=2016-06-29|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic]] (MFR).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Niven|first=Alastair|date=2016-08-22|title=Elechi Amadi obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/aug/22/elechi-amadi-obituary|access-date=2020-05-26|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gado ==
Faculty of Humanity a Jami'ar Fatakwal, ta sadaukar da shi gare shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot; /&gt; Port Harcourt Polytechnic an canza masa suna zuwa Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic a 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Onoyume |first=Jimitota |date=5 December 2016 |title=Rivers government renames Port Harcourt Poly after Elechi Amadi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/rivers-govt-renames-port-harcourt-poly-elechi-amadi/ |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=[[Vanguard, Nigeria|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855289</id>
      <parentid>855288</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T13:04:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
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      <text bytes="13121" sha1="0mv7r8lslhnmf4kxcyfkzjbwnk2la97" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person 
| name             = Elechi Amadi
| honorific_suffix =  [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic|MFR]]
| image            =
| image_size       = 
| caption          = 
| birth_name       = Emmanuel Elechi Daniel
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| birth_place      = Aluu, [[Rivers State]], Nigeria
| death_date       = {{death date and age|2016|06|29|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| death_place      = [[Port Harcourt]], Nigeria
| occupation       = Novelist
| nationality      = Nigerian
| alma_mater       = 
| spouse           = 
| subject          = 
| period           = 
| genre            = 
| movement         = 
| notableworks     = ''[[The Concubine (novel)|The Concubine]]'' (1966)
| awards           = 
}}
'''Elechi Amadi''' MFR // ⓘ (12 Mayu 1934 - 29 Yuni 2016) marubuci ne kuma soja ɗan Najeriya. Ya kasance tsohon [[Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya|jami'in sojan Najeriya]]. Ya kasance marubucin wasan kwaikwayo da litattafai da suka shafi rayuwar ƙauyen Afirka, al'adu, imani, da ayyukan addini kafin tuntuɓar ƙasashen yammacin duniya. An fi ganin Amadi don littafinsa na farko na 1966, ''The Concubine'', wanda ake kira &quot;fitaccen aikin almara mai tsabta&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Eldred Jones, &quot;African Literature 1966-1967&quot;, ''African Forum'', vol. 3, no. 1, p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;. BBC News. 6 January 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Onoyume, Jimitota; Oyadongha, Samuel (7 January 2009). &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;. AllAfrica. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Africa39&quot;. Hay Festival Global. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;. BBC News. 30 June 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ezeamalu, Ben (4 July 2016). &quot;'Adieu Soldier and Poet,' Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;. Premium Times. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Elechi Amadi&quot;. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Elechi Amadi&quot;. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Elechi Amadi dies at 82&quot;. Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 29 June 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Niven, Alastair (22 August 2016). &quot;Elechi Amadi obituary&quot;. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haife shi a shekarar 1934, a Mbodo-Aluu da ke karamar hukumar Ikwerre a [[Jihar Rivers|jihar Ribas]], [[Najeriya]], Elechi Amadi ya halarci [[Kwalejin Gwamnati Umuahia|Kwalejin Gwamnati, Umuahia]] (1948-52), Makarantar Survey, [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]] (1953-54), da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] (1955 – 59), inda ya sami digiri a fannin Physics da Mathematics. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gikandi 2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Simon Gikandi}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Liukkonen |first=Petri |title=Elechi Amadi |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125001500/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |archive-date=25 January 2015 |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da yake jami'a, ya karbi sunan Elechi Amadi, wanda ya ji yana nuna al'adunsa na Ikwerre fiye da sunan haihuwarsa, Emmanuel Elechi Daniel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Emmanuel}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Onoyume, Jimitota (5 December 2016). &quot;Rivers government renames Port Harcourt Poly after Elechi Amadi&quot;. Vanguard. Port Harcourt. Retrieved 4 January 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1977). Peppersoup ; and, The road to Ibadan. Ibadan: Onibonoje Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1977). Peppersoup: And The Road to Ibadan. Onibonoje.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1978). Dancer of Johannesburg. African literature series ;19. Ibadan, Nigeria: Onibonoje.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1978). Dancer of Johannesburg. Ibadan, Nigeria: Onibonoje Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (2002). The woman of calabar: a play. Rivers State, Nigeria: Gitelle Press.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (2003). Speaking and Singing: (papers and Poems). University of Port Harcourt Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-978-2321-70-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi. &quot;Speaking and singing : (papers and poems)&quot;. search.library.nyu.edu. Retrieved 18 March 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nation, The (1 July 2016). &quot;Elechi Amadi (1934 to 2016)&quot;. The Nation. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 18 March 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ya yi aiki na wani lokaci a matsayin mai binciken filaye, sannan ya zama malami a makarantu da dama, ciki har da Makarantar Soja ta Najeriya, [[Zariya]] (1963-66). &lt;ref&gt;Hans M. Zell, Carol Bundy, Virginia Coulon, ''A New Reader's Guide to African Literature'', Heinemann Educational Books, 1983; pp. 350-351.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;When God Came&quot;. Bookville. Retrieved 18 March 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebele Eko. Elechi Amadi: The Man And His Work.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Amazon.com: Elechi Amadi: The man and his work: Ebele Eko: Books&quot;. www.amazon.com. Archived from the original on 27 May 2008. Retrieved 18 March 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aikin soja da siyasa ===
Amadi ya yi aikin sojan Najeriya, ya ci gaba da zama a can lokacin [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasar Najeriya]], kuma ya yi ritaya a matsayin kyaftin.  Sannan ya rike mukamai daban-daban a gwamnatin jihar Ribas : Babban Sakatare (1973-83), Kwamishinan Ilimi (1987-88) da Kwamishinan Filaye da Gidaje (1989-90). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 June 2016 |title=Literary icon, Elechi Amadi, is dead |url=https://punchng.com/literary-icon-elechi-amadi-dead/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Eko, Ebele.; Feuser, Willfried (1994). Elechi Amadi at 55: poems, short stories, and papers. Elechi Amadi at fifty-five. Ibadan: Heinemann Educational Books (Nigeria). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-978-129-376-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rubutu ===
Ya kasance marubucin zama kuma malami a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Ribas, inda kuma ya kasance shugaban sashen fasaha, shugaban sashen adabi da daraktan nazari na gaba daya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-08 |title=Elechi Amadi (1934-2016) |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/elechi-amadi-1934-2016/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amadi ya ce littafinsa na farko shi ne a shekarar 1957, waka mai suna &quot;Tubawa&quot; a wata mujallar jami'ar Ibadan mai suna ''The Horn'', wanda [[J. P. Clark|John Pepper Clark]] ya shirya. 

Littafin littafin Amadi na farko, ''The Concubine'', an buga shi a Landan a cikin 1966 kuma an yaba da shi a matsayin &quot;fitaccen aikin farko&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Eustace Palmer, &quot;Elechi Amadi and Flora Nwapa&quot;, ''African Literarture Today'', no. 1, 1969, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt; Alastair Niven a cikin bincikensa mai mahimmanci game da littafin ya rubuta cewa: &quot;Tsarin kafuwar ƙauyuka na farauta da kamun kifi na Neja delta, ''Ƙwarƙwarar'' ta mallaki rashin lokaci da duniya na babban labari.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Alastair Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'' (London, 1981), p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; An yi ''kuyangar'' ta zama fim, wanda Elechi Amadi ya rubuta kuma fitaccen daraktan fina-finan [[Nollywood]] [[Andy Amenechi]] ne ya ba da umarni, wanda aka fara a [[Abuja]] a watan Maris 2007. 

Saitin littafin littafin Amadi na biyu, ''[[The Great Ponds]]'', wanda aka buga a 1969, shine Gabashin Najeriya kafin mulkin mallaka, kuma yana magana ne game da yakin da aka yi tsakanin al’ummomin kauyuka biyu kan mallakar tafki.

A cikin 1973 Amadi autobiographical non-fiction, ''Sunset in Biafra'', aka buga. Ya rubuta abubuwan da ya faru a yakin Najeriya da Biafra, kuma a cewar Niven &quot;an rubuta shi a cikin wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa kamar labari ne&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'', (1981), p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga watan Mayun 1989 aka gudanar da taron karawa juna sani a jami'ar Fatakwal domin murnar cika shekaru 55 da haihuwar Amadi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-06-29 |title=Elechi Amadi dies - |url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2016/06/29/elechi-amadi-dies/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayun 2004, kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya reshen jihar Ribas ta shirya taron bikin cika shekaru 70 da haihuwa Elechi Amadi. 

Don littafinsa na ƙarshe, ''Lokacin da Allah Ya zo'', Elechi ya juya a karon farko zuwa nau'in fiction na kimiyya. &lt;ref&gt;Aderonke Adeleke, [http://cerebrallemon.com/late-elechi-amadis-final-work-of-art-when-god-came/ &quot;Late Elechi Amadi’s Final Work Of Art, ‘When God Came’&quot;]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Cerebral Lemon Co.'', 1 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake bitar ta, Lindsay Barrett ya rubuta cewa: “Lokacin da marubuci ya kai matsayin gunki a cikin sana’arsa, bisa la’akari da buga ayyukan da aka ayyana fitattun fitattun abubuwa tun farkon aikinsa, ba sabon abu ba ne ka same shi yana shiga cikin ayyukansa. Gwaji a matakai na ƙarshe na waccan sana'a. Haƙiƙa zai zama mafi daidai a ayyana su azaman ƙa'idodin falsafanci abin da ke cikin su yana yin la'akari da yanayin ɗan adam da iyakan yuwuwar cimma nasarar ɗan adam bisa ra'ayi na allahntaka maimakon kawai yin motsa jiki a cikin tunanin abubuwan da suka faru na wani yanayi na duniya., wanda mashahurin almarar kimiyya sau da yawa shine ... A cikin bincike na ƙarshe waɗannan ayyukan sun karanta kamar tatsuniyoyi daga nan gaba cewa marubucin dole ne ya sami jin daɗin ƙirƙira. Ƙaunar Amadi ga wallafe-wallafe da kuma abubuwan da ya yi a farkon shekarunsa sun rufe masa ilimin kimiyya musamman bayan yakin basasa lokacin da ya zauna a matsayin masanin ilimi kuma mai kula da gwamnati a jihar Rivers. A cikin wannan lokacin ne ya fara gwaje-gwajen a cikin sabbin nau'ikan rubuce-rubucen da wannan aikin ya kasance ɗan ƙaramin misali amma ba za a manta da shi ba.” &lt;ref&gt;Lindsay Barrett, [http://independentnig.com/fables-from-the-future-elechi-amadis-philosophical-allegories/ &quot;Fables From The Future: Elechi Amadi’s Philosophical Allegories&quot;]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Independent'' (Nigeria), 21 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan shekaru ==

=== 2009 sacewa ===
A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun 2009 wasu ‘yan bindiga da ba a san ko su waye ba sun yi garkuwa da Amadi a gidansa da ke garin Aluu, [[Ikwerre]] . An sake shi a yammacin ranar 6 ga Janairu, sa'o'i 23 bayan haka. &lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7814454.stm &quot;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;], BBC News, 6 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Jimitota Onoyume and Samuel Oyadongha, [http://allafrica.com/stories/200901070333.html &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;], AllAfrica, 7 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afirka39 ===
A 2014 ya kasance alkali na Africa39, tare da [[Osonye Tess Onwueme|Tess Onwueme]] da [[Margaret Busby]] . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.hayfestival.com/africa39/index.aspx?skinid=27&amp;currencysetting=GBP&amp;localesetting=en-GB&amp;resetfilters=true &quot;Imagine the World&quot;], Africa39.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mutuwa ===
A ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2016, Amadi ya rasu a [[Asibitin Ƙwararru na Good Heart|Asibitin Zuciya mai Kyau]] da ke [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] yana da shekaru 82.  &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36672302 &quot;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;], BBC News, 30 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wole Soyinka|Wole Soyinka,]] wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Nobel, ya yaba wa Amadi a matsayin &quot;soja kuma mawaƙi, mai kame lamiri, haɗin kai da adalci.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Ben Ezeamalu, [http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/artsbooks/206424-adieu-soldier-poet-soyinka-pays-tribute-elechi-amadi.html &quot;‘Adieu Soldier and Poet,’ Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;], ''[[Premium Times]]'', 4 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyauta ==
* 1992 – Rivers State Silver Jubilee Merit Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/journalism-and-publishing-biographies/elechi-amadi|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – honorary doctorate, Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) in Education, honoris causa, awarded by [[Rivers State University of Science and Technology]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;/&gt;
* 2003 – Fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Education.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi dies at 82|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/06/elechi-amadi-dies-82/|date=2016-06-29|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic]] (MFR).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Niven|first=Alastair|date=2016-08-22|title=Elechi Amadi obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/aug/22/elechi-amadi-obituary|access-date=2020-05-26|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gado ==
Faculty of Humanity a Jami'ar Fatakwal, ta sadaukar da shi gare shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot; /&gt; Port Harcourt Polytechnic an canza masa suna zuwa Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic a 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Onoyume |first=Jimitota |date=5 December 2016 |title=Rivers government renames Port Harcourt Poly after Elechi Amadi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/rivers-govt-renames-port-harcourt-poly-elechi-amadi/ |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=[[Vanguard, Nigeria|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="13253" sha1="9w3fw2ac4xmp6xejbzkh5ioa5b6fbyc" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person 
| name             = Elechi Amadi
| honorific_suffix =  [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic|MFR]]
| image            =
| image_size       = 
| caption          = 
| birth_name       = Emmanuel Elechi Daniel
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| birth_place      = Aluu, [[Rivers State]], Nigeria
| death_date       = {{death date and age|2016|06|29|1934|05|12|df=y}}
| death_place      = [[Port Harcourt]], Nigeria
| occupation       = Novelist
| nationality      = Nigerian
| alma_mater       = 
| spouse           = 
| subject          = 
| period           = 
| genre            = 
| movement         = 
| notableworks     = ''[[The Concubine (novel)|The Concubine]]'' (1966)
| awards           = 
}}
'''Elechi Amadi''' MFR // ⓘ (12 Mayu 1934 - 29 Yuni 2016) marubuci ne kuma soja ɗan Najeriya. Ya kasance tsohon [[Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya|jami'in sojan Najeriya]]. Ya kasance marubucin wasan kwaikwayo da litattafai da suka shafi rayuwar ƙauyen Afirka, al'adu, imani, da ayyukan addini kafin tuntuɓar ƙasashen yammacin duniya. An fi ganin Amadi don littafinsa na farko na 1966, ''The Concubine'', wanda ake kira &quot;fitaccen aikin almara mai tsabta&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Eldred Jones, &quot;African Literature 1966-1967&quot;, ''African Forum'', vol. 3, no. 1, p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;. BBC News. 6 January 2009. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Onoyume, Jimitota; Oyadongha, Samuel (7 January 2009). &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;. AllAfrica. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Africa39&quot;. Hay Festival Global. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;. BBC News. 30 June 2016. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ezeamalu, Ben (4 July 2016). &quot;'Adieu Soldier and Poet,' Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;. Premium Times. Retrieved 26 August 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Elechi Amadi&quot;. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Elechi Amadi&quot;. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 26 May 2020&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Elechi Amadi dies at 82&quot;. Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 29 June 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Niven, Alastair (22 August 2016). &quot;Elechi Amadi obituary&quot;. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haife shi a shekarar 1934, a Mbodo-Aluu da ke karamar hukumar Ikwerre a [[Jihar Rivers|jihar Ribas]], [[Najeriya]], Elechi Amadi ya halarci [[Kwalejin Gwamnati Umuahia|Kwalejin Gwamnati, Umuahia]] (1948-52), Makarantar Survey, [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]] (1953-54), da [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] (1955 – 59), inda ya sami digiri a fannin Physics da Mathematics. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gikandi 2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Simon Gikandi}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Liukkonen |first=Petri |title=Elechi Amadi |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125001500/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/amadi.htm |archive-date=25 January 2015 |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |publisher=[[Kuusankoski]] Public Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da yake jami'a, ya karbi sunan Elechi Amadi, wanda ya ji yana nuna al'adunsa na Ikwerre fiye da sunan haihuwarsa, Emmanuel Elechi Daniel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Emmanuel}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Onoyume, Jimitota (5 December 2016). &quot;Rivers government renames Port Harcourt Poly after Elechi Amadi&quot;. Vanguard. Port Harcourt. Retrieved 4 January 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1977). Peppersoup ; and, The road to Ibadan. Ibadan: Onibonoje Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1977). Peppersoup: And The Road to Ibadan. Onibonoje.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1978). Dancer of Johannesburg. African literature series ;19. Ibadan, Nigeria: Onibonoje.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (1978). Dancer of Johannesburg. Ibadan, Nigeria: Onibonoje Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (2002). The woman of calabar: a play. Rivers State, Nigeria: Gitelle Press.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi (2003). Speaking and Singing: (papers and Poems). University of Port Harcourt Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-978-2321-70-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Amadi, Elechi. &quot;Speaking and singing : (papers and poems)&quot;. search.library.nyu.edu. Retrieved 18 March 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nation, The (1 July 2016). &quot;Elechi Amadi (1934 to 2016)&quot;. The Nation. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 18 March 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ya yi aiki na wani lokaci a matsayin mai binciken filaye, sannan ya zama malami a makarantu da dama, ciki har da Makarantar Soja ta Najeriya, [[Zariya]] (1963-66). &lt;ref&gt;Hans M. Zell, Carol Bundy, Virginia Coulon, ''A New Reader's Guide to African Literature'', Heinemann Educational Books, 1983; pp. 350-351.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;When God Came&quot;. Bookville. Retrieved 18 March 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebele Eko. Elechi Amadi: The Man And His Work.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Amazon.com: Elechi Amadi: The man and his work: Ebele Eko: Books&quot;. www.amazon.com. Archived from the original on 27 May 2008. Retrieved 18 March 2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Koroye, Seiyifa (2008). Critical Perspectives on Elechi Amadi. Pearl Publishers. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-978-48309-1-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aikin soja da siyasa ===
Amadi ya yi aikin sojan Najeriya, ya ci gaba da zama a can lokacin [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasar Najeriya]], kuma ya yi ritaya a matsayin kyaftin.  Sannan ya rike mukamai daban-daban a gwamnatin jihar Ribas : Babban Sakatare (1973-83), Kwamishinan Ilimi (1987-88) da Kwamishinan Filaye da Gidaje (1989-90). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 June 2016 |title=Literary icon, Elechi Amadi, is dead |url=https://punchng.com/literary-icon-elechi-amadi-dead/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Eko, Ebele.; Feuser, Willfried (1994). Elechi Amadi at 55: poems, short stories, and papers. Elechi Amadi at fifty-five. Ibadan: Heinemann Educational Books (Nigeria). &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-978-129-376-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rubutu ===
Ya kasance marubucin zama kuma malami a Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Ribas, inda kuma ya kasance shugaban sashen fasaha, shugaban sashen adabi da daraktan nazari na gaba daya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-07-08 |title=Elechi Amadi (1934-2016) |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/elechi-amadi-1934-2016/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amadi ya ce littafinsa na farko shi ne a shekarar 1957, waka mai suna &quot;Tubawa&quot; a wata mujallar jami'ar Ibadan mai suna ''The Horn'', wanda [[J. P. Clark|John Pepper Clark]] ya shirya. 

Littafin littafin Amadi na farko, ''The Concubine'', an buga shi a Landan a cikin 1966 kuma an yaba da shi a matsayin &quot;fitaccen aikin farko&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Eustace Palmer, &quot;Elechi Amadi and Flora Nwapa&quot;, ''African Literarture Today'', no. 1, 1969, p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt; Alastair Niven a cikin bincikensa mai mahimmanci game da littafin ya rubuta cewa: &quot;Tsarin kafuwar ƙauyuka na farauta da kamun kifi na Neja delta, ''Ƙwarƙwarar'' ta mallaki rashin lokaci da duniya na babban labari.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Alastair Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'' (London, 1981), p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; An yi ''kuyangar'' ta zama fim, wanda Elechi Amadi ya rubuta kuma fitaccen daraktan fina-finan [[Nollywood]] [[Andy Amenechi]] ne ya ba da umarni, wanda aka fara a [[Abuja]] a watan Maris 2007. 

Saitin littafin littafin Amadi na biyu, ''[[The Great Ponds]]'', wanda aka buga a 1969, shine Gabashin Najeriya kafin mulkin mallaka, kuma yana magana ne game da yakin da aka yi tsakanin al’ummomin kauyuka biyu kan mallakar tafki.

A cikin 1973 Amadi autobiographical non-fiction, ''Sunset in Biafra'', aka buga. Ya rubuta abubuwan da ya faru a yakin Najeriya da Biafra, kuma a cewar Niven &quot;an rubuta shi a cikin wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa kamar labari ne&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Niven, ''A Critical View on Elechi Amadi's &quot;The Concubine&quot;'', (1981), p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga watan Mayun 1989 aka gudanar da taron karawa juna sani a jami'ar Fatakwal domin murnar cika shekaru 55 da haihuwar Amadi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-06-29 |title=Elechi Amadi dies - |url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2016/06/29/elechi-amadi-dies/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=The NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Mayun 2004, kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya reshen jihar Ribas ta shirya taron bikin cika shekaru 70 da haihuwa Elechi Amadi. 

Don littafinsa na ƙarshe, ''Lokacin da Allah Ya zo'', Elechi ya juya a karon farko zuwa nau'in fiction na kimiyya. &lt;ref&gt;Aderonke Adeleke, [http://cerebrallemon.com/late-elechi-amadis-final-work-of-art-when-god-came/ &quot;Late Elechi Amadi’s Final Work Of Art, ‘When God Came’&quot;]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Cerebral Lemon Co.'', 1 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake bitar ta, Lindsay Barrett ya rubuta cewa: “Lokacin da marubuci ya kai matsayin gunki a cikin sana’arsa, bisa la’akari da buga ayyukan da aka ayyana fitattun fitattun abubuwa tun farkon aikinsa, ba sabon abu ba ne ka same shi yana shiga cikin ayyukansa. Gwaji a matakai na ƙarshe na waccan sana'a. Haƙiƙa zai zama mafi daidai a ayyana su azaman ƙa'idodin falsafanci abin da ke cikin su yana yin la'akari da yanayin ɗan adam da iyakan yuwuwar cimma nasarar ɗan adam bisa ra'ayi na allahntaka maimakon kawai yin motsa jiki a cikin tunanin abubuwan da suka faru na wani yanayi na duniya., wanda mashahurin almarar kimiyya sau da yawa shine ... A cikin bincike na ƙarshe waɗannan ayyukan sun karanta kamar tatsuniyoyi daga nan gaba cewa marubucin dole ne ya sami jin daɗin ƙirƙira. Ƙaunar Amadi ga wallafe-wallafe da kuma abubuwan da ya yi a farkon shekarunsa sun rufe masa ilimin kimiyya musamman bayan yakin basasa lokacin da ya zauna a matsayin masanin ilimi kuma mai kula da gwamnati a jihar Rivers. A cikin wannan lokacin ne ya fara gwaje-gwajen a cikin sabbin nau'ikan rubuce-rubucen da wannan aikin ya kasance ɗan ƙaramin misali amma ba za a manta da shi ba.” &lt;ref&gt;Lindsay Barrett, [http://independentnig.com/fables-from-the-future-elechi-amadis-philosophical-allegories/ &quot;Fables From The Future: Elechi Amadi’s Philosophical Allegories&quot;]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Independent'' (Nigeria), 21 August 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan shekaru ==

=== 2009 sacewa ===
A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun 2009 wasu ‘yan bindiga da ba a san ko su waye ba sun yi garkuwa da Amadi a gidansa da ke garin Aluu, [[Ikwerre]] . An sake shi a yammacin ranar 6 ga Janairu, sa'o'i 23 bayan haka. &lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7814454.stm &quot;Gunmen kidnap Nigerian novelist&quot;], BBC News, 6 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Jimitota Onoyume and Samuel Oyadongha, [http://allafrica.com/stories/200901070333.html &quot;Nigeria: Novelist, Elechi Amadi Kidnapped, Freed After 23 Hours&quot;], AllAfrica, 7 January 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Afirka39 ===
A 2014 ya kasance alkali na Africa39, tare da [[Osonye Tess Onwueme|Tess Onwueme]] da [[Margaret Busby]] . &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.hayfestival.com/africa39/index.aspx?skinid=27&amp;currencysetting=GBP&amp;localesetting=en-GB&amp;resetfilters=true &quot;Imagine the World&quot;], Africa39.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mutuwa ===
A ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2016, Amadi ya rasu a [[Asibitin Ƙwararru na Good Heart|Asibitin Zuciya mai Kyau]] da ke [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] yana da shekaru 82.  &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36672302 &quot;Nigeria's Elechi Amadi, author of The Concubine, dies&quot;], BBC News, 30 June 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wole Soyinka|Wole Soyinka,]] wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Nobel, ya yaba wa Amadi a matsayin &quot;soja kuma mawaƙi, mai kame lamiri, haɗin kai da adalci.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;Ben Ezeamalu, [http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/artsbooks/206424-adieu-soldier-poet-soyinka-pays-tribute-elechi-amadi.html &quot;‘Adieu Soldier and Poet,’ Soyinka pays tribute to Elechi Amadi&quot;], ''[[Premium Times]]'', 4 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyauta ==
* 1992 – Rivers State Silver Jubilee Merit Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/journalism-and-publishing-biographies/elechi-amadi|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – honorary doctorate, Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) in Education, honoris causa, awarded by [[Rivers State University of Science and Technology]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Elechi Amadi dies&quot;/&gt;
* 2003 – Fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Education.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elechi Amadi dies at 82|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/06/elechi-amadi-dies-82/|date=2016-06-29|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2003 – [[Member of the Order of the Federal Republic]] (MFR).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Niven|first=Alastair|date=2016-08-22|title=Elechi Amadi obituary|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/aug/22/elechi-amadi-obituary|access-date=2020-05-26|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gado ==
Faculty of Humanity a Jami'ar Fatakwal, ta sadaukar da shi gare shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot; /&gt; Port Harcourt Polytechnic an canza masa suna zuwa Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic a 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Onoyume |first=Jimitota |date=5 December 2016 |title=Rivers government renames Port Harcourt Poly after Elechi Amadi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/rivers-govt-renames-port-harcourt-poly-elechi-amadi/ |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=[[Vanguard, Nigeria|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Eswatini</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Abdulrahman tahir shika</username>
        <id>24962</id>
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      <comment>Nayi gyara</comment>
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      <text bytes="32927" sha1="sfh16tu6388jvmu15y9ip330rb489xx" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[Fayil:Eswatini w1 locator.svg|thumb|Taswiran daular karke kenam]]
[[ESwatini|Eswatini]], daular karshe da ta rage cikakkar sarauta a [[Afirka]], &lt;ref name=&quot;freedomhouse.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=African Commission Criticizes Swaziland's Human Rights Record |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/article/african-commission-criticizes-swaziland%E2%80%99s-human-rights-record |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Freedom House}}&lt;/ref&gt; Freedom House ce ta kimanta shi daga 1972 zuwa 1992 a matsayin &quot;Yanci 'Yanci&quot;; tun 1993, an dauke shi &quot;Ba Kyauta&quot;. A cikin wadannan shekarun kimar ‘Yancin Siyasa na kasar ''Freedom House'' ya ragu daga 4 zuwa 7, da ‘Yancin Bil’adama’ daga 2 zuwa 5. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=FIW Scores |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%20All%20Scores%2C%20Countries%2C%201973-2012%20%28FINAL%29.xls |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Freedom House}}&lt;/ref&gt; An dakatar da jam'iyyun siyasa a Eswatini tun 1973. &lt;ref name=&quot;World Report 2012: Swaziland&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Report 2012: Swaziland |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/world-report-2012-swaziland |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rahoton na [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] na shekara ta 2011 ya bayyana kasar a matsayin &quot;na cikin wani mummunan rikici na mulki&quot;, inda ya nuna cewa &quot;kunnen makudan kudade da dangin sarki ke kashewa, rashin da'a na kasafin kudi, da cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati sun bar kasar a cikin mawuyacin hali. bakin bala'in tattalin arziki&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;World Report 2012: Swaziland&quot; /&gt; A shekara ta 2012, [[Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam da Jama'a ta Afirka|hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Afirka]] (ACHPR) ta fitar da wani kakkausar suka ga yadda Eswatini yake da hakkin dan Adam, inda ya yi kira ga gwamnatin kasar Swazi da ta mutunta alkawurran da ta dauka a karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa dangane da 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, kungiyoyi da kuma taro. &lt;ref name=&quot;freedomhouse.org&quot; /&gt; HRW ta lura cewa saboda rashin aikin yi na kashi 40% da karancin albashi wanda ke tilastawa kashi 80% na Swazis rayuwa a kasa da dalar Amurka 2 a rana, gwamnati na fuskantar &quot;kara matsin lamba daga masu fafutukar farar hula da 'yan kungiyar kwadago don aiwatar da sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki da bude kofa. sama da sararin fafutuka na farar hula da na siyasa&quot; da kuma cewa an kama mutane da dama &quot;a lokacin zanga-zangar adawa da rashin shugabanci nagari da kuma kare hakkin dan adam&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;World Report 2012: Swaziland&quot; /&gt;

Matsalolin kare hakkin bil'adama a Eswatini sun hada da, a cewar wani rahoto na 2011 na ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka, &quot;kisan gilla da jami'an tsaro ke yi, kisan kiyashi, amfani da 'yan sanda na azabtarwa, duka, da karfin tuwo a kan wadanda ake tsare da su, rashin hukunta 'yan sanda; kama mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma tsawaita shari'a. tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|tare]] da tsare sirri da kuma takura wa ' [[Journalism|yan jarida]] [[Yancin taro|:]] fataucin mutane; nuna wariya ga 'yan madigo, 'yan luwadi, bisexual, da kuma cin zarafin 'yan kasa: &lt;ref name=&quot;state.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Swaziland |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154372.htm |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=US Department of State}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Agustan 2011 asusun ba da lamuni na duniya IMF ya bukaci gwamnatin Eswatini da ta aiwatar da sauye-sauye a kasafin kudi don magance rikicin da ke kara kamari. A cikin wannan watan ne Afirka ta Kudu ta amince da baiwa Eswatini rancen dala miliyan 355 bisa sharadin cewa ta kafa sauye-sauyen siyasa da tattalin arziki. An yi watsi da sharuddan. &lt;ref name=&quot;World Report 2012: Swaziland&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Report 2012: Swaziland |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/world-report-2012-swaziland |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hukumar kare hakkin dan adam ==
Amnesty International ta lura a cikin 2011 cewa kundin tsarin mulkin Swazi ya tanadi kafa hukumar kare hakkin dan adam da gudanar da al'umma. An nada waccan hukumar a shekara ta 2009, amma tana aiki &quot;idan babu wata doka ta doka&quot;, wacce ta hana ta &quot;ba da aiwatar da aikinta yadda ya kamata&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Swaziland&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Swaziland |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr55/006/2011/en/ |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama ==
Ƙungiyoyin da suka fi fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a Eswatini sun haɗa da Ƙungiyar Action na Eswatini Against Abuse, Lauyoyin Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Eswatini, Mata da Doka a Kudancin Afirka, Majalisar Cocin Eswatini, da Cocin Roman Katolika. Wadannan da sauran kungiyoyi gaba daya suna iya gudanar da aiki ba tare da takura ba, amma da kyar gwamnati ba ta jin ra'ayinsu. Gwamnati yawanci tana ba da hadin kai da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran hukumomin kasa da kasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;US2021&quot;&gt;[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2011, a cewar Human Rights Watch, cin zarafi da sa ido na kungiyoyin fararen hula da 'yan sanda ke yi ya karu, inda aka &quot;kama masu fafutuka, da tsare su, da shari'a a karkashin dokar tsaro&quot; da kuma tuhumar su da cin amanar kasa da sauran laifuka. &quot;Masu fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a da masu sukar gwamnati sun ba da rahoton karuwar cin zarafi, bincike, da kwace kayan ofis, da kuma sanya ido kan hanyoyin sadarwa na lantarki, kiran tarho, da tarurrukan da hukumomi ke yi&quot;, in ji HRW, wadda ta kara da cewa galibi ana fuskantar masu fafutuka. zuwa ga wuce kima da karfi, azabtarwa, da sauran rashin lafiya, da kuma cewa babu &quot;hukumar binciken korafe-korafe mai zaman kanta... ga wadanda aka ci zarafin 'yan sanda&quot;. 

== Hakkoki na asali ==
Kundin tsarin mulki ya haramta wariya dangane da launin fata, jima'i, nakasa, shekaru, kabila, addini, ra'ayin siyasa, ko matsayin zamantakewa; duk da haka, gwamnati ba ta aiwatar da waɗannan haramcin akai-akai. Cin hanci da rashawa ya yadu kuma ba a yaki da shi da karfi. Ana dai kallon jami'an 'yan sanda da cin hanci da rashawa. Shugabanni da malamai na karbar cin hanci don shigar da dalibai makarantu. Nepotism abu ne na kowa. Hukumomi suna kashe mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba. Ba doka ta haramta azabtar da 'yan sanda musamman, kuma ba a aiwatar da tanadin tsarin mulki game da azabtarwa; a aikace, haƙiƙa, jami'an tsaro na yawan azabtar da su, kuma amfani da ƙarfi da ya wuce kima da 'yan sanda ya zama ruwan dare. Har ila yau ana yawan samun tashin hankalin ’yan kungiyar, inda ake zargin wadanda ake zargi da aikata fyade, musamman gungun jama’a da dama, wadanda ba kasafai ake hukunta ‘yan kungiyar ba. Karamar hukuma dai tana hannun shuwagabannin kabilu wadanda kuma ke kula da ‘yan sandan al’umma na sa kai na karkara wadanda ke da ikon yin kama da kananan laifuka. 

Kundin tsarin mulkin ya hada da tabbatar da ‘yanci na asali, amma kuma ya baiwa gwamnati damar takurawa ko dakatar da wadannan hakkoki. Amnesty International ta ci gaba da cewa wadannan haƙƙoƙin suna fuskantar barazana musamman daga “dokokin tsaro masu tsauri kamar dokar tada zaune tsaye da kuma dokar hana ta’addanci ta 2008 (STA)”, kuma ta lura cewa “ tanade-tanaden tsohuwar dokar ba su da tushe kuma za a iya fassara su. ta yadda za a takaita jin dadin fadin albarkacin baki, da sauran hakkokinsu, da kuma bayar da damar daurin shekaru ashirin a gidan yari ba tare da zabin tara ba”. Amnesty International ta yi nuni da cewa &quot; tanade-tanade a cikin STA suna da yawa kuma ba daidai ba ne yayin da hukuncin cin zarafi yana da tsanani &quot;, tare da kalmar &quot;aikin ta'addanci&quot; musamman an bayyana shi sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Swaziland&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Swaziland |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr55/006/2011/en/ |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}&lt;/ref&gt; Human Rights Watch, ita ma, ta yi amfani da kalmar &quot;draconian&quot; don bayyana Dokar Ayyukan Tada hankali. &lt;ref name=&quot;World Report 2012: Swaziland&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Report 2012: Swaziland |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/world-report-2012-swaziland |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gabaɗaya ana mutunta ƴancin ƙaura a cikin ƙasa, fita waje, ƙaura, ko komawa daga ketare, duk da cewa sarakunan ƙabilun suna da ikon korar mutane daga yankunan da suke ƙarƙashin ikonsu. Gudanar da fasfo da takaddun shaida na Swazis waɗanda ba na ƙabilu ba galibi suna ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo da ba a saba gani ba.

Jami'an 'yan sanda sama da wani matsayi na iya bincika wuraren sirri ba tare da izini ba idan sun yi iƙirarin yin imani cewa za a iya rasa shaida idan ba haka ba, kuma gidaje da kasuwanci da yawa ana shiga ba tare da izinin kotu ba. Membobin siyasa, addini, ma'aikata, da sauran kungiyoyi suna karkashin kulawar 'yan sanda. A cikin watan Satumba na 2010, 'yan sanda sun shiga harabar gidauniyar adalci ta zamantakewar al'umma kuma sun tursasa ƴan ƙasar Denmark da suka ziyarci ofishin 'yan sanda. Tun daga shekara ta 2008 mutanen da ke ba da taimako ko bin wasu kungiyoyi - PUDEMO, Eswatini Solidarity Network (ESN), SWAYOCO, da kuma rundunar 'yantar da jama'ar Eswatini (UMBANE) - suna fuskantar hukunci har da hada da daurin rai da rai a karkashin dokar hana ta'addanci ta 2008. 

Amnesty International ta yi rajistar rashin amincewarta ga Dokar Wasan 1953, wanda &quot;ba wa masu kula da wasa ko duk wani mutum da ke aiki da umarninsu 'yancin yin amfani da bindigogi&quot; don kare kansa ko kuma idan yana da dalilin gaskata cewa rayuwarsa, ko ta wani abokan aikinsa, suna barazana ko kuma suna cikin haɗari.' Wannan da alama zai ba da damar yin amfani da karfi mai muni a cikin yanayin da ba za a iya yin barazana ga rayuwa ba.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Swaziland&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Swaziland |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr55/006/2011/en/ |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyar ta kuma bayyana damuwarta game da jami'an 'yan sanda da ke amfani da &quot;karfi mai yawa a kan masu zanga-zangar lumana, suna amfani da karfi mai tsanani ba tare da hujja ba akan wadanda ake zargi da aikata laifuka, da kuma azabtarwa da sauran nau'o'in cin zarafi ga wadanda aka kama da kuma tsare su&quot;. Ta buga misali da Rabaran David Matse, shugaban hukumar kare hakkin dan adam da gudanar da al’umma a lokacin yana cewa a watan Janairun 2010 “da alama ‘yan sanda da sojoji suna amfani da manufar harbe-harbe…. Kasashen duniya sun nemi tabbaci, bayanan sun nuna karara cewa wadanda abin ya shafa ba su yin barazana ga rayuwa lokacin da aka harbe su da kisa”. Mutane da yawa da aka kama a hannun 'yan sanda, haka kuma, an fuskanci &quot;mummunan duka da azabtarwa, wanda ke faruwa a wurare na yau da kullun da kuma a ofisoshin 'yan sanda&quot;, tare da harin &quot;mafi yawan wadanda ake zargi da aikata laifuka da kuma abokan adawar gwamnati&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Swaziland&quot; /&gt;

=== 'Yancin magana ===
Sarki na iya yafe wa mutum 'yancin fadar albarkacin baki ko na 'yan jarida yadda ya ga dama. ’Yancin fadin albarkacin bakinsu yana da iyaka a kowane yanayi, musamman magana game da batutuwan siyasa ko kuma dangin da ke mulki. Zargin sarki na fuskantar tuhuma a matsayin tada zaune tsaye ko cin amanar kasa, kuma kafofin yada labaran da ke irin wannan suka suna fuskantar barazanar rufewa. Takaddama kan kai ta 'yan jarida shine daidaitaccen aiki. Duk da cewa a wasu lokuta jaridu suna sukar cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati, kusan kullum suna taka tsantsan don gujewa sukar sarki da iyalansa. Ana yi wa ’yan jarida barazana da cin zarafi akai-akai, ana kuma amfani da dokar bata suna, don takura musu ayyukansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;US2021&quot;&gt;[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnati ba ta hana al'adu ko shiga yanar gizo ba, kuma ba ta sanya ido a kan Intanet, amma tana hana tarurrukan siyasa, kuma malaman jami'o'i kan shiga tsakani don gujewa rikici da hukumomi. Ana sarrafa 'yancin yin taro sosai, tare da izinin 'yan sanda da ake buƙata, kuma galibi ana hana su, don taron siyasa ko zanga-zangar jama'a. Kundin tsarin mulki ya tanadi ‘yancin yin tarayya. Babu wata hanyar doka da jam’iyyun siyasa za su fafata a zabuka ko bayyana a kan katin zabe. &lt;ref name=&quot;US2021&quot;&gt;[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyar ta HRW ta ci gaba da cewa gwamnatin Eswatini &quot;ta kara tsaurara takunkumi kan 'yancin yin taro da taro a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata&quot;, inda 'yan sanda suka rika tarwatsawa tare da kama masu halartar zanga-zangar lumana. Kungiyar ta HRW ta bada misali da wani taron gangamin da aka gudanar a Manzini a ranar 9 ga watan Satumban 2011, inda ‘yan sanda suka lakada wa jagororin jam’iyyar adawa ta PUDEMO duka. &lt;ref name=&quot;World Report 2012: Swaziland&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Report 2012: Swaziland |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/world-report-2012-swaziland |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Human Rights Watch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 'Yancin addini ===
Kundin tsarin mulkin Eswatini da dokokinsa sun kare ‘yancin addini, amma “kungiyoyin addinai marasa rinjaye suna samun karancin kariya a karkashin dokokin gargajiya da kuma al’adun gargajiya, wadanda suka hada da kotunan gargajiya da kuma ikon sarakuna kusan 360”, a cewar rahoton ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka kan ‘yancin addini. &quot;Lokacin da ayyukan kungiyar addini suka ci karo da al'ada da al'adu kamar yadda sarakuna suka ayyana, za su iya jagorantar matsin lamba a kan kungiyar.&quot; Wajibi ne kungiyoyin addini su sami amincewar sarakuna kafin su gina gidajen ibada. Sabbin ikilisiyoyin dole ne su gabatar da aikace-aikacen ga hukuma ta ɗayan ƙungiyoyin laima guda uku: Ƙungiyar Ikklisiya, Taron Ikklisiya na Eswatini, ko Majalisar Cocin Eswatini. Muminai suna aiki a fili ba tare da tsangwama ba, tare da izinin limaman addinin Musulunci damar shiga fursunoni kuma an bar makarantun Baha'i Baha'i a rufe ranakun addini. Duk da mutunta yancin addini gabaɗaya, har yanzu ana fuskantar wariya a tsakanin al'umma, musamman ga waɗanda ba na Kiristanci ba, kodayake wannan na iya samun tushen bambance-bambancen kabilanci. &lt;ref name=&quot;US2021&quot;&gt;[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkokin mata ==
Galibin matan da suka yi aure a Eswatini suna da &quot;matsayin kananan yara na shari'a&quot;, a cewar Amnesty International. &quot;Matan da suka yi aure a ƙarƙashin tanadin dokar farar hula (Dokar Aure ta 1964) suna ƙarƙashin ' ikon aure ' na mazajensu&quot;, kuma ba a ba su izinin sarrafa dukiya ko sanya hannu kan kwangila ba. Za su iya ficewa daga wannan yanayin ta hanyar yarjejeniya kafin aure, amma mata kaɗan ne suka san cewa hakan mai yiwuwa ne. Matan da suka yi aure a karkashin dokar al'ada sun fi zama cikakkiyar biyayya ga &quot;ikon aure&quot;, wanda Amnesty International ta ce, &quot;ba a san iyakarta ba&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Swaziland&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Swaziland |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr55/006/2011/en/ |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}&lt;/ref&gt; A karkashin dokokin farar hula da na kabilanci, a takaice, mata suna karkashin maza ne, kuma hakkinsu ya bambanta a karkashin tsarin dokokin guda biyu, wadanda suke da dokoki masu cin karo da juna a kan batutuwan da suka shafi aure, reno, dukiya, da gado.

Dokar ta haramta cin zarafi da fyade a cikin gida, gami da fyaden ma'aurata ko abokan zamanta na kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;US2021&quot;&gt;[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]&lt;/ref&gt; Fyade ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a Eswatini amma ya yadu, kuma ba a aiwatar da dokar a kai a kai ba. Amnesty International ta bayyana cewa &quot;an bayyana fyade a takaice kuma ba a hukunta fyaden a aure ko dai bisa ka'ida ko doka&quot;, ta kara da cewa dokar kare 'yan mata da mata ta shekarar 1920 ta musamman ta kebance fyaden a aure daga cikin laifukan ta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Swaziland&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Swaziland |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr55/006/2011/en/ |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maza na kallon fyade a matsayin karamin laifi, ita kuma mace a matsayin abin kunya da suka gwammace kada su kai rahoto. Wasu masu ra'ayin mata na Swazi sun ji cewa ra'ayin mata da yawancin maza Swazi suka yi ya bayyana a wani shafi na ranar Lahadi na Disamba 2012 na Qalakaliboli Dlamini, wanda ya yi jayayya a ciki cewa yawancin matan da ake cin zarafi sun kawo wa kansu kuma &quot;lokacin da mace ta kasance. da aka yi mata, ta yiwu ta yi illa ga namijin da zai yi mata illa a waje”. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Swaziland: Human Rights Groups Take On 'Times' |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201212130613.html |access-date=January 26, 2013 |website=allAfrica}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rikicin cikin gida ya zama ruwan dare, amma ana kallonsa a matsayin karbuwa. Yayin da matan birni ke ba da rahoton tashin hankalin gida da wasu lokuta kuma a wasu lokuta kotuna irin ta Yamma suna ɗauka da muhimmanci, kotunan ƙabilanci a yankunan karkara ba sa jin tausayin waɗanda abin ya shafa. Dokar ta hada da kariya daga cin zarafin mata. &lt;ref name=&quot;US2021&quot;&gt;[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2010, babbar kotun Swazi ta yanke hukuncin cewa wani kaso na dokar rajistar ayyukan da mata ba za su iya rajistar kadarorin da sunayensu ba ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki, kuma Kotun Koli ta goyi bayan hukuncin, amma ba a kafa wata sabuwar doka ba, kuma dokar ta ci gaba da aiki. . &lt;ref name=&quot;state.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Swaziland |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154372.htm |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=US Department of State}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin watan Yunin 2011, gwamnati ta gabatar da wani sabon Dokar Rajistar Ayyuka (gyara) a majalisa a cikin wani yunƙuri na yin aiki da hukuncin kotuna, amma har yanzu dokar ba ta zama doka ba a ƙarshen Satumba 2011. &lt;ref name=&quot;Swaziland&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Swaziland |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr55/006/2011/en/ |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dokokin kabilanci sun halatta maza su auri mata da yawa, amma dokar farar hula ta hana auren mace fiye da ɗaya. ’Ya’yan da aka haifa cikin auren gargajiya ana daukar su a matsayin dukiyar ubanninsu. 'Ya'yan maza ne kawai za su iya gado. Shugabannin kabilu na iya cin tarar matan da suka sanya wando. Duk da cewa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya bayyana cewa ba a wajabta mata su bi al'adun gargajiyar da suke adawa da su ba, &lt;ref name=&quot;state.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Swaziland |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154372.htm |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=US Department of State}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amnesty International ta nuna rashin amincewa da cewa wannan tsari na sanya wani nauyi da bai dace ba a kan mace guda, yayin da dokar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa da kasa ta nuna cewa alhakin kasa ne. don haramtawa da yin Allah wadai da duk wani nau'i na munanan ayyuka da ke cutar da mata.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Swaziland&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Swaziland |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr55/006/2011/en/ |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kowane hali, duk da kariyar da tsarin mulki ya tanada, matan da suka ƙi yin zaman makoki na al'ada ana ɗaukar su a matsayin waɗanda ba a sani ba kuma suna iya rasa gidajensu da gadonsu. Matan da mazajensu suka mutu a cikin makoki ba za su bayyana a wasu wuraren jama'a ba kuma ba a yarda da su kusa da dangin sarki ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;US2021&quot;&gt;[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkokin yara ==
'Ya'yan ubanninsu na Swazi waɗanda suka amince da kasancewarsu a matsayin iyayensu kai tsaye suna zama ƴan ƙasar Swazi, haka ma yaran da aka haifa ba tare da aure ga matan Swazi ba kuma ubanninsu ba za su amince da iyayensu ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;US2021&quot;&gt;[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]&lt;/ref&gt; Matar baƙon da ta auri ɗan ƙasar Swazi tana da haƙƙin zama ɗan ƙasar Swazi, kuma za a haifi 'ya'yansu ƴan ƙasar Swazi; duk da haka, yaron da wata mace Swazi ta auri wani baƙo, ko da ya sami ɗan ƙasar Swazi, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗan ƙasar uban haihuwa. Marayu da marasa galihu (OVC) sune kashi 70 cikin 100 na al'ummar Swazi kuma gwamnati ce ke tallafa musu kudaden makarantar firamare; makarantar sakandare ba wajibi ba ce. &lt;ref name=&quot;US2021&quot; /&gt;

Ana yawan cin zarafin yara a Eswatini, amma ba kasafai ake ba da rahoto ko hukunta su ba. Hukunce-hukuncen, idan sun faru, ba su da yawa, tare da masu cin zarafi da ke haifar da kisa yawanci ana ci tarar emalangeni 200 ($ 27). Yara da yawa suna kamuwa da cutar kanjamau sakamakon fyade. Daya daga cikin 'yan mata uku tsakanin 13 zuwa 24 an yi lalata da su. Ana ba wa malamai da shugabanni damar azabtar da yara ta jiki, kuma suna yin hakan akai-akai, tare da dukansu da sanduna. Samari da 'yan mata za su iya yin aure tun suna shekara 18, amma tare da izinin iyaye da amincewa daga ministan shari'a, 'yan mata na iya yin aure tun suna shekara 16. &lt;ref name=&quot;US2021&quot;&gt;[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai rahotannin da ke cewa ‘yan mata za su iya yin aure tun suna shekara 13 kuma “’yan mata da ‘yan mata ba su da isasshen kariya a karkashin doka daga tilastawa ko auren wuri”. &lt;ref name=&quot;Swaziland&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Swaziland |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr55/006/2011/en/ |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yara da yawa, musamman 'yan mata da ke OVCs, suna yin karuwanci, ana lalata da su a mashaya, gidajen karuwai, da manyan motoci; babu wata doka da ta hana karuwanci yara. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata kafin 2010, da kuma a wannan shekarar ma, adadin yaran tituna a Mbabane da Manzini ya ƙaru a hankali. Eswatini ba ya cikin yarjejeniyar Hague ta 1980 kan al'amuran farar hula na satar yara na duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;US2021&quot; /&gt;

== Hakkokin nakasassu ==
Kundin tsarin mulki ya bukaci a kare nakasassu. Ci gaba a cikin faɗaɗa dama da samun damar yin amfani da sabis na jama'a ga nakasassu yana sannu a hankali kuma ayyukan ba su da kaɗan. A al'adance, masu nakasa bazai kasance a gaban sarki ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;US2021&quot;&gt;[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkokin tsiraru ==
Wariya kan kabila, launi, asalin kabila, kabila, ko haihuwa ya sabawa tsarin mulki a fasahance, amma hukumomin gwamnati da sauran al’umma ne ke aiwatar da su a kan fararen fata da masu bambancin launin fata, wadanda ke fuskantar matsala wajen samun takaddun hukuma, daga fasfo zuwa izinin gini. . &lt;ref name=&quot;state.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Swaziland |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154372.htm |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=US Department of State}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkin LGBT ==

== Hakkin HIV/AIDS ==
Cin mutuncin masu dauke da cutar kanjamau bai kai yadda ake yi a baya ba. Mutanen da ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV ba za su iya shiga aikin soja ba, amma yin aikin soja na iya zama a cikin ayyukansu idan aka gano suna da lafiya; banda wannan, haramun ne a nuna wariya ga masu cutar kanjamau. &lt;ref name=&quot;US2021&quot;&gt;[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2010 kusan kashi 26 na Swazis sun kamu da cutar kanjamau, amma magani bai isa sosai ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;state.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Swaziland |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154372.htm |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=US Department of State}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkokin 'yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka ==
Gwamnati na da wani tsari na taimaka wa 'yan gudun hijira, da kare 'yan gudun hijirar da rayuwarsu ko 'yancinsu na iya fuskantar hadari idan an mayar da su wata kasa, da kuma hada kai da ofishin hukumar kula da 'yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran kungiyoyin agaji don taimakawa 'yan gudun hijira da mafaka. masu neman. &lt;ref name=&quot;US2021&quot;&gt;[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkokin mutanen da ake kamawa ==
[[Kamu da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba|Kama da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida]] ba ba bisa ka'ida ba, amma yana faruwa akai-akai. Duka rundunar ‘yan sanda ta Royal Eswatini (REPS), wacce ke da alhakin tsaron cikin gida, da kuma Umbutfo Eswatini Defence Force (USDF), da ke kula da tsaron waje, “kwararu ne gaba daya”, a cewar ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka, amma ba su da inganci, da cin hanci da rashawa., da rashin kayan aiki. Akwai kuma &quot;'yan sandan al'umma&quot; da ke karkashin ikon shugabannin kabilu. Wadanda ake tuhuma marasa galihu suna da damar samun lauya kyauta kawai idan suna fuskantar hukuncin kisa ko daurin rai da rai. Yawancin lokaci ana sanar da waɗanda ake tuhuma da sauri game da tuhumar, amma ba koyaushe ana tuhumar su a cikin awanni 48 da aka kayyade ba bayan kama su. Akwai tsarin beli. Wani lokaci ana kama ’yan adawar siyasa a tsare su ba tare da tuhumarsu ba. Tsarewar gaban shari'a na iya daɗe. &lt;ref name=&quot;US2021&quot;&gt;[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkokin mutanen da ake shari'a ==
Kundin tsarin mulki da doka sun ba da tabbacin samun tsarin shari'a mai zaman kansa, amma tunda sarki ne ke nada alkalai 'yancinsu yana da iyaka. Akwai kotunan farar hula guda biyu, waɗanda suka zana bisa dokar Roman-Dutch da kuma waɗanda suka zana bisa ka'ida da al'ada. Na ƙarshe, wanda ba a ba wa waɗanda ake tuhuma izinin samun lauyoyi ba, za su iya gwada ƙananan laifuka kawai kuma suna da iyakacin ikon yanke hukunci. Ya rage ga Daraktan kararrakin jama’a ya zabi tsarin kotun da za a yi shari’a a karkashinsa. Haka kuma akwai kotunan soja da za a iya yanke wa wadanda ake tuhuma hukunci bisa ga ji-ji. Gabaɗaya ana mutunta haƙƙin yin shari'ar jama'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;US2021&quot;&gt;[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]&lt;/ref&gt;

Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Amnesty International ta lura da cewa &quot;An yi watsi da damar yin adalci ga wadanda aka ci zarafinsu&quot; tun daga watan Yunin 2011 &quot;sakamakon sabon rikici a cikin tsarin doka. Wani babban alkalin Kotun Koli, Thomas Masuku, wanda hukuncin da ya dade ya ba da gudummawa wajen kare hakkin bil adama. 'yancin ɗan adam a Eswatini, &lt;ref name=&quot;Swaziland&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Swaziland |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr55/006/2011/en/ |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}&lt;/ref&gt; an fuskanci shari'ar cirewa ba tare da adalci ba .... Waɗannan ci gaban kuma sun kafa misali mai banƙyama ga sauran membobin shari'a kuma suna da tasiri kai tsaye ga 'yancin kai na aikin shari'a a Swaziland. &quot; A cikin wata sanarwa da ta fitar a watan Maris na shekarar 2012, Amnesty International ta ce &quot;makamaiman matakan tabbatar da 'yancin kai da nuna son kai na bangaren shari'a&quot; da Eswatini ya yi alkawari &quot;na cikin gaggawa&quot;, idan aka yi la'akari da cewa &quot;kare hakkin dan Adam da samun adalci ga wadanda ake cin zarafi na ci gaba da tabarbarewa ta hanyar abin da ke haifar da rikici a cikin bin doka. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta bayyana cewa baya ga cire Thomas Masuku daga kan kujerar, gwamnatin Swazi ta kori ministan shari'a David Matse, &quot;wanda ya ki shiga&quot; wajen tsige Masuku. &lt;ref name=&quot;Swaziland&quot; /&gt;

Kungiyar Amnesty International ta kuma kara da cewa, matakin shari'a ga wadanda aka zalunta, da kuma wadanda ke neman yin amfani da bangaren shari'a don inganta kare hakkin bil'adama, &quot;an kara yin kasa a gwiwa ta hanyar sabbin takunkumi, ta hanyar bin umarnin aiki, wadanda ake aiwatarwa. An aiwatar da shi a cikin manyan kotuna. Ɗaya daga cikin umarnin yana iyakancewa ko kuma ba zai yiwu ba don shiga cikin kotunan shari'ar da aka shafi Sarki kai tsaye ko a kaikaice a matsayin mai kara wadanda ke cikin gaggawa, musamman a hannun Alkalin Alkalai, akwai fargabar cewa wannan lamari ya haifar da rashin yarda da adalci a cikin shari’a. Amnesty International ta yi nuni da cewa kungiyar lauyoyi ta Eswatini ta kauracewa kotuna a watan Agustan 2011 &quot;don nuna rashin amincewa da wadannan abubuwan da ke faruwa da kuma gazawar hukumomi na gabatar da kara kan korafe-korafenta game da tafiyar da kotuna&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Swaziland&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Swaziland |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr55/006/2011/en/ |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkokin fursunoni ==
A shekarar 2021, gidajen yarin Eswatini na iya rike mutane 2,838; duk da haka, jimilar mutane 3,362, ciki har da mutane sama da 800 da ke jiran shari'a. Fursunoni sun lalace, kodayake an inganta wasu sabbin gine-gine. &lt;ref name=&quot;US2021&quot;&gt;[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]&lt;/ref&gt; A baya, yara suna zama tare da iyayensu mata a wurin da ake tsare da mata, ana tsare da wadanda ake tsare da su tare da wadanda aka yanke wa hukunci, da kuma masu laifin da ba su kai shekaru ba, ana tsare su tare da manya. Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da sauran kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam na cikin gida da na kasa da kasa ba a ba su damar sanya ido kan yanayi ba; haka ma kafafen yada labarai ba. An sami cunkoso sosai, wanda ya taimaka wajen yaɗuwar cutar tarin fuka, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis, da sauran cututtuka. Samun dama ga baƙi ya isa. &lt;ref name=&quot;state.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Swaziland |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154372.htm |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=US Department of State}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hakkin ma'aikata ==
Yawancin ma'aikata, ban da waɗanda ke cikin &quot;mahimman sabis&quot;, ana ba su damar haɗa kai, yajin aiki, da yin ciniki tare. Yin aikin tilas ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki, amma duk da haka ana tilasta mata da yara yin aikin gida, ’yan kwadago, da dillalai. Akwai mafi ƙarancin albashi na ayyuka daban-daban, amma ba su shafi ɓangaren da ba na yau da kullun ba. Akwai dokokin tsaro, amma kaɗan na binciken aminci. &lt;ref name=&quot;US2021&quot;&gt;[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau aikin yara haramun ne ga yara ‘yan kasa da shekaru 15, kuma doka ta kayyade lokacin aiki ga yara, amma hakan bai shafi yaran da ke aikin kiwo, noma da aikin gida ba.

== Halin tarihi ==
Shafi na gaba yana nuna ƙimar Eswatini tun 1972 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 &quot;kyauta&quot; ne; 7, &quot;ba kyauta ba&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;FH1972&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=[[Freedom House]] |year=2012 |title=Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012 |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%20All%20Scores%2C%20Countries%2C%201973-2012%20%28FINAL%29.xls |access-date=2012-08-22 |format=XLS}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1

Freedom House ta canza tsarin tantancewa inda a shekarar 2023 ta ci Eswatini kamar haka; &lt;ref&gt;[https://freedomhouse.org/country/eswatini/freedom-world/2023 Freedom House website, Eswatini page, retrieved 2023-10-25]&lt;/ref&gt;

* Hakkin Siyasa = 1 cikin 40
* 'Yancin Jama'a = 16 cikin 60
* Jimlar = 17 cikin 100

Mafi girman maki shine na 'Yancin Addini, Shari'a da 'Yancin Motsawa (duk 2 cikin 4).

== Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya ==
Matsayin Eswatini kan [[Dokar 'yancin dan adam ta kasa da kasa|yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa]] sune kamar haka.

== Duba kuma ==

* Fataucin mutane a Eswatini
* Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Eswatini

== Bayanan kula ==

: 1. Lura cewa &quot;Shekarar&quot; tana nufin &quot;Shekarar da aka rufe&quot;. Don haka bayanin shekara ta 2008 ta fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu.
: 2. &lt;span class=&quot;citation wikicite&quot; id=&quot;endnote_b&quot;&gt;'''^'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu.
: 3. &lt;span class=&quot;citation wikicite&quot; id=&quot;endnote_c&quot;&gt;'''^'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Rahoton na 1982 ya shafi shekara ta 1981 da rabi na farko na 1982, kuma rahoton na 1984 mai zuwa ya shafi rabin na biyu na 1982 da kuma gaba ɗaya 1983. Don samun sauƙi, waɗannan rahotannin &quot;shekaru da rabi&quot; guda biyu masu banƙyama an raba su zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar cirewa.

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist|2}}
[[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Al'adun Igbo</title>
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      <text bytes="21716" sha1="dezdc6y2j5jqjc9fvdfms220bft00fu" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
'''Al'adun Igbo''' ( Igbo  ) [[Hanyar zamantakewa|al'adu]], al'adu da al'adun [[Inyamurai|kabilar Igbo]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Igbo People - Origins &amp; History |url=https://faculty.ucr.edu/~legneref/igbo/igbo1.htm |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=faculty.ucr.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; na [[Kudu ta Yamma (Najeriya)|kudu maso gabas]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria : History {{!}} The Commonwealth |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/nigeria/history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002083244/https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/nigeria/history |archive-date=2020-10-02 |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=thecommonwealth.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Najeriya]] . Ya ƙunshi tsofaffin ayyuka da kuma sabbin dabaru da aka ƙara a cikin al'adun Igbo ko dai ta hanyar haɓakar al'adu ko kuma ta hanyar tasirin waje. Wadannan al’adu da al’adu sun hada da fasahar gani, kade-kade da raye-rayen kabilar Ibo, da kuma kayan ado da kayan abinci da kuma yarukan yare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adugna |first=Gabe |title=Research: Language Learning: Igbo: Home |url=https://library.bu.edu/igbo |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=library.bu.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda rukunoninsu dabam-dabam, al'adunsu iri-iri na ƙara haɓaka.&lt;ref&gt;Slattery, Katharine (15 August 2001). &quot;Religion and the Igbo People&quot;. The Imperial Archive Project. Archived from the original on 2008-09-13. Retrieved 2008-08-18&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kiɗa ==
 
[[Fayil:Udu.jpg|right|thumb|125x125px| [[Udu]], kayan aikin Igbo]]


Wani shahararren salon waka a tsakanin al'ummar Igbo shi ne highlife, wanda ke hade da kade-kade na jazz da na gargajiya da ya shahara a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] . Ana ganin babban rayuwar Igbo na zamani a cikin ayyukan Prince Nico Mbarga, [[Dr Sir Warrior]], [[Oliver De Coque]], Bright Chimezie, [[Celestine ukwu|Celestine Ukwu]] da [[Cif Stephen Osita Osadebe|Chief Osita Osadebe]], wadanda wasu daga cikin manyan mawakan Igbo na highlife na karni na ashirin. Haka kuma akwai wasu fitattun mawakan Igbo, kamar Mike Ejeagha, Paulson Kalu, Ali Chukwuma, Ozoemena Nwa Nsugbe.

== Art ==
{{Commonscat|Igbo culture}}
Ibo Art sananne ne da nau'ikan masarrafa daban-daban, abin rufe fuska, kayan sawa (alamar mutane), dabbobi da tsinkaya . Har ila yau an san fasahar Igbo da wasan kwaikwayo na tagulla da aka samu a garin [[Igbo-Ukwu|Igbo Ukwu]] daga karni na 9. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Apley |first=Alice |date=October 2001 |title=Igbo-Ukwu (ca. 9th Century) |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/igbo/hd_igbo.htm |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=[[The Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fasahar Igbo ita ce fasahar gani da ta samo asali daga kabilar Igbo. Al'adar Igbo fasaha ce da al'adar gani.
{{Reflist|2}}

== Tatsuniyoyi ==
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot;&gt;
Fayil:Nigeria,_igbo,_maschera-elmo_della_società_mmuo,_xx_secolo.jpg|alt=Helmet-mask; 20th century; Indianapolis Museum of Art (USA)| Kwalkwali-mask; Karni na 20; Indianapolis Museum of Art (Amurka)
Fayil:Nigeria,_igbo,_figura_femminile_per_un_tempietto,_xx_secolo.jpg|alt=Female figure for a small temple, 20th century; Indianapolis Museum of Art| Siffar mace don ƙaramin haikali, karni na 20; Indianapolis Museum of Art
Fayil:Igbo_brass_anklet.jpg|alt=Anklet beaten from a solid brass bar of the type worn by Igbo women. Now in the collection of Wolverhampton Art Gallery. The leg-tube extends approx 7 cm each side of the 35 cm disc.| An buge Anklet daga wani kayyadadden sandar tagulla irin na matan Igbo. Yanzu a cikin tarin Wolverhampton Art Gallery . Tubun kafa ya kara kusan 7&amp;nbsp;cm kowane gefe na 35&amp;nbsp;cm disc. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-10-17 |title=Discomfort of fashion |url=http://ukpuru.blogspot.com/2010/10/discomfort-of-fashion.html |access-date=2013-09-29 |website=Antique images and videos of Alaigbo/Ala Igbo (Igboland) posted at Ukpuru blog |quote=Photograph of dancer wearing anklets - Thomas Whitridge Northcote (pre 1913)}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-10-17 |title=Willing Submission to Life Sentence to the Stocks |url=http://ukpuru.blogspot.com/2010/10/caption-immense-ankle-plates-are-main.html |access-date=2013-09-29 |website=Antique images and videos of Alaigbo/Ala Igbo (Igboland) posted at Ukpuru blog |quote=Photograph of female sitting wearing anklets - Thomas Whitridge Northcote (pre 1913)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Fayil:Bronze_ceremonial_vessel_in_form_of_a_snail_shell,_9th_century,_Igbo-Ukwu,_Nigeria.JPG|alt=Bronze ceremonial vessel in form of a snail shell; 9th century; from Igbo-Ukwu; Nigerian National Museum (Lagos, Nigeria)| Jirgin bikin tagulla a cikin nau'in harsashi na katantanwa; Karni na 9; daga [[Igbo-Ukwu]] ; [[Gidan Tarihi ta Kasa Najeriya|Gidan kayan tarihi na Najeriya]] ( [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]], Najeriya)
Fayil:Eze_Onyiudo_(2).jpg| Eze Onyiudo Masquerade Awka-Etiti
&lt;/gallery&gt;Yayin da a yau yawancin kabilar Ibo [[Kirista|Kiristoci]] ne, addinin gargajiya na Ibo da ake kira Odinani . A cikin tatsuniyar Ibo, wanda ke cikin tsohon addininsu, ana kiran Allah maɗaukakin Sarki [[Chukwu|Chineke]] (&quot;Allahn halitta&quot;); Chineke ya halicci duniya da duk abin da ke cikinta kuma yana hade da dukkan abubuwan da ke cikin Duniya. Ga tsohon Igbo, sararin samaniya ya kasu kashi hudu hadaddun: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|edition=E. Nọlue}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Okike (Halitta)
* Alusi (Rundunonin Sojoji ko Alloli)
* Muo (Ruhu)
* Uwa (Duniya)

=== Alusi ===
[[Fayil:Complex_sculpture_Nigeria_BM_Af1954_23_522_img02.jpg|alt=A photo of a complex wooden carving of animals, people and spirits laid on each other to about 2 meters in height|thumb| Haɗaɗɗen sassaƙa na katako masu nuna hotunan iko da rayuwar yau da kullun, kamar mahayan dawakai, kayan da aka shigo da su, alamun sojoji, Turawa, bindigu, namun daji da masu ɓalle.]]
 
'''Alusi''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Arusi''' ko '''Arushi''', ƙananan alloli ne da ake bautawa da bauta a tatsuniyar Igbo . Akwai jerin Alusi daban-daban da ke cikin kowace al'umma kuma kowanne yana da nasa manufar. Idan aka daina buqatar abin bautar, sai a mayar da ita, ta hanyar taimakon Babban Firist ko Dibia, wanda ya san tsarin kuma ya tabbatar da an yi shi yadda ya kamata. 

=== Muo ===
Mmuo kawai yana nufin ruhi. Ko dai ruhi nagari ne kuma na ibada (mmuo oma) ko kuma mugun ruhi (mmuo ojo). Misali, ana kallon ruhun Ogbanje a matsayin mugun ruhi (mmuo ojo) kuma duk wanda ke da wannan ruhu ana ba da kulawa ta ruhaniya. ( Hankali na ruhaniya yana nufin hanyar korar mugun ruhu ta hanyar kuɓuta (hanyar Kiristanci) ko ta hanyar Addinin Gargajiya ta Afirka (watau tono daga '''“iyi uwa”''' . hanyar ATR)). Ogbanje kalma ce ta Igbo (Nigeria) wacce ke nufin mai maimaitawa ko wanda ya zo ya tashi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ilechukwu |first=Sunday T. C. |date=May 2007 |title=Ogbanje / abiku and cultural conceptualizations of psychopathology in Nigeria |journal=Mental Health, Religion &amp; Culture |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=239–255 |doi=10.1080/13694670600621795 |s2cid=144687043}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ogbanje ba mugun ruhi ba ne a Cosmology na Igbo . Kalma ce da aka fi amfani da ita wajen siffanta yaro ko matashin da ake iƙirarin ya mutu kuma mutum ɗaya ya maimaita haihuwarsa.

== Doya ==
[[Doya]] na da matukar muhimmanci ga Igbo domin ita ce amfanin gonakinsu . Akwai bukukuwa irin su bikin Sabuwar Yam ( Igbo  &lt;/link&gt; ) wanda ake yi don girbin doya. &lt;ref name=&quot;yam&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Agwu |first=Kene |title=Yam and the Igbos |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/birmingham/content/articles/2008/08/01/yam_and_the_igbos_feature.shtml}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bikin Sabuwar Doya( Igbo  &lt;/link&gt; ) ana yin bikin kowace shekara don samun girbin amfanin gona mai kyau. Ana gudanar da bikin ne a Najeriya da sauran kasashen yammacin Afirka. 

=== Auren gargajiya ===
Aure a yankin Igbo na bin matakai da dama kafin a yi wa ango da amarya shelar miji da mata kamar yadda doka da al’ada ta gari suka tanada. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-12-10 |title=The economics of Igbo Marriage explained |url=https://nairametrics.com/2017/12/10/the-economics-of-igbo-marriage-explained/ |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=Nairametrics |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Igba nkwu ceremony 07.jpg|alt=Igbo Traditional Marriage|thumb| Tufafin Auren Ibo na Gargajiya]]
[[File:Igba nkwu ceremony 04.jpg|alt=Igbo Traditional Marriage|thumb|Tufafin Auren Gargajiya na Igbo]]
Auren gargajiya ana kiransa da Igbankwu, ko kuma ruwan inabi, tunda ya hada da amaryar ta ba wa angonta kofin ruwan dabino. Kafin daurin auren dole ne ango ya je gidan amarya tare da mahaifinsa kafin ranar Igbankwu don neman izinin mahaifin amarya ya auri 'yarsa. Idan mahaifin amarya ya makara, to a irin wannan yanayi, kanin amarya, ko kawunsa ko danginsa namiji ya cika ma mahaifin amaryar, kamar yadda ya shafi ango. A ziyarar ta biyu, idan aka ba da kola goro (oji Igbo), dole ne ubanni biyu su tsara farashin amarya. &lt;ref name=&quot;cnn.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=A traditional Igbo wedding in Nigeria - CNN.com |url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/09/30/nigerian.wedding.ceremony/index.html |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=www.cnn.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A mafi yawan lokuta, farashin amarya kawai alama ne, ban da sauran buƙatun kamar goro, awaki, giya, tsuntsaye da sauransu. A ka'ida, yana ɗaukar fiye da maraice ɗaya har sai an amince da farashin amarya na ƙarshe, bayan haka ana ba da liyafa ga iyaye biyu. Idan an biya kudin amarya sai a ware wani yamma domin bikin. &lt;ref name=&quot;cnn.com&quot; /&gt;

A lokacin bikin, mahaifin amarya ya cika kofi da ruwan dabino ya mika wa 'yar. Sai ta nemo ango a cikin taron bakin daurin aure domin ta ba shi ruwan sha. Bayan an gama sha, ango da amarya suna rawa ga mahaifin amarya. Suna durƙusa a gabansa, zai albarkace su. Bayan haka, ma'auratan suna rawa na ɗan lokaci kafin su zauna, sannan a shakata ana gabatar da kyaututtuka, a wasu lokutan jawabin MC, sannan a rufe addu'a da tashi.

== Igbo Architecture ==
Gine-ginen Igbo na nufin salon al’adun da suka ginu akaiina al’ummar Igbo. Salon gine-ginen yana da nasaba sosai da al'adun al'ummar Igbo, imani, da tsarin zamantakewar al'ummar Igbo. Yayin da tsarin gine-gine ya samo asali, gine-ginen gargajiya na Igbo ya raba wasu halaye na kowa kamar:

'''Tsarin haɗin kai''' - Al'adun gine-ginen Igbo sau da yawa suna komawa kan manufar fili wanda ke da alaƙa da wani yanki da ke kewaye da ya ƙunshi gidaje da yawa na iyali, buɗewar tsakar gida, verandas, da tsarin taimako. Ana tsara waɗannan mahadi a hankali kuma wani lokaci ana shimfida su da duwatsu masu faɗi don haɓaka rayuwar jama'a da sauƙaƙe ayyukan iyali. Bugu da ƙari, wasu mahadi sun ƙunshi abubuwa na musamman kamar gidajen Impluvium, [[Lambu|Lambuna]], Motsi, da [[Rijiya|rijiyoyin ruwa]] waɗanda ke nuna bambancin tsarin gine-ginen Igbo.

'''Samun iska''' - Gine-ginen Igbo ya haɗa dabarun sanya buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗiya a cikin gine-gine don haɓaka iskar iska, yana taimakawa wajen daidaita yanayin zafi na cikin gida. Yin amfani da buɗaɗɗen buɗewa yana sauƙaƙe kewayawar iska, yana tabbatar da jin daɗin mazauna. Dangane da yankin da ke da yanayin zafi da zafi, ƙafewar gumi ya zama ƙalubale; duk da haka, iska tana taimakawa wannan tsari, yana haɓaka ta'aziyya. Bugu da ƙari, ayyukan gine-gine sun haɗa da katanga mai kauri, rufin ciyayi, da ɗaga tushe don rage ƙalubalen muhalli. Ganuwar mai kauri tana kula da yanayin sanyi cikin yanayi mai zafi da zafi lokacin damina. Rufin da aka keɓe yana ba da kariya daga hasken rana kai tsaye, yana ba da inuwa kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga ta'aziyyar zafi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dorcas Mobolade |first=Tolulope |last2=Pourvahidi |first2=Parastoo |date=20 May 2020 |title=Bioclimatic Approach for Climate Classification of Nigeria |journal=Sustainability |volume=12 |issue=10 |pages=4192 |doi=10.3390/su12104192 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Wuri Mai Tsarki da Wurare Tsarkaka''' - Gine-ginen Igbo yakan haɗa da wuraren da aka keɓance a cikin mahalli ko wuraren al'umma don wuraren ibada/ [[Mbari (art)|temples]] na kakanni da gidajen taron ƙungiyoyin asiri. Ana ɗaukar waɗannan wurare a matsayin masu tsarki kuma muhimmin sashe ne na al'adun Igbo da ayyukan addini. Waɗannan tsattsauran tsattsauran ra'ayi na iya bambanta da ƙira, kama daga sassauƙan wuraren buɗe sararin sama zuwa ƙarin ƙayyadaddun tsarin da ke da takamaiman fasalin gine-gine.

'''Abubuwan Ado -''' Gine-ginen gargajiya na Igbo yakan haɗa abubuwa na ado, gami da zanen fenti a bango irin su uli, filayen ƙofa na katako, da ƙaƙƙarfan tsari akan sifofi. Waɗannan kayan ado na iya samun alama ko ma'anar addini. 

== Tufafin gargajiya ==
A al'adance, kayan ado na Ibo gabaɗaya sun ƙunshi ƙananan tufafi domin manufar sutura a lokacin ita ce ɓoye al'aura, ko da yake dattawan sun cika tufafi.  Yara kan kasance tsirara tun daga haihuwa har zuwa lokacin [[samartaka]] (lokacin da ake ganin suna da abin da za su boye) amma a wasu lokuta ana sanya kayan ado irin su dunƙule a kugu don dalilai na likita. Hakanan an yi amfani da fasahar jikin Uli don yi wa maza da mata ado a cikin nau'ikan layin da ke samar da alamu da siffofi a jiki.
[[Fayil:Little_world,_Aichi_prefecture_-_African_plaza_-_Hat_of_a_vassal_-_Ìgbo_people_in_Nigeria_-_Collected_in_2006.jpg|left|thumb|147x147px| Hulun gargajiyar Igbo da aka yi gaba ɗaya daga ulu .]]
Da mulkin mallaka da kuma tura al’adun Ibo suka koma Turawan yamma, tufafin da Turawa suka yi amfani da su kamar riga da wando sun dauki kayan gargajiya. 

=== Mata ===
Mata sun dauki jariransu a bayansu da ɗigon tufafi da ke ɗaure su biyu da kulli a ƙirjinta. Wannan dabarar daukar jarirai ta kasance kuma har yanzu kungiyoyin mutane da yawa a fadin Afirka, ciki har da Igbo. An sabunta wannan hanyar ta hanyar ɗaukar yara . A mafi yawan lokuta, matan Igbo ba sa rufe kirjinsu. Budurwa sukan sanya guntun lullubi mai lulluɓe a kugunsu tare da wasu kayan ado kamar sarƙaƙƙiya da ƙura.  Duka maza da mata sun sanya abin rufe fuska. 

=== Maza ===
Maza za su sa rigar gindi da aka nannade a kugunsu da tsakanin kafafunsu don a daure su a bayansu, irin tufafin da ya dace da zafin zafi da kuma ayyuka kamar noma.  Maza kuma za su iya ɗaure abin rufe fuska a kan rigar gindinsu. A shagulgulan al’umma kamar bukukuwan aure na gargajiya, maza suna ɗaure irin waɗannan kayayyaki kamar kwazazzabo, wanda ake ganin yana da tsada, kuma wannan yakan tafi tare da ‘Isiagu’ wanda ya shahara ga masu hannu da shuni da na gargajiya.

=== Tufafin gargajiya na zamani ===
[[Fayil:Igbo_Traditional_marriage.jpg|thumb| Tufafin Auren Gargajiya na Igbo]]
Tufafin gargajiya na Igbo na zamani gabaɗaya an yi shi ne, ga maza, na saman [[Isiagu]] wanda yayi kama da Dashiki na Afirka. Isiagu (ko ''Ishi agu'' ) yawanci ana yin su ne tare da kawunan zakuna da aka yi wa sutura, Hakanan yana iya zama a fili, (yawanci baki). Ana sawa da wando kuma ana iya sawa da ko dai hular masu rike da sarautar gargajiya (wata fez mai suna okpu agu ko agwu), ko kuma da hular al’adun kabilar Igbo (wacce ta yi kama da hular Bobble ). Ga mata, an sa rigar rigar hannu mai kumbura (wanda kayan turawa ke tasiri) tare da nannade guda biyu (yawanci kayan ''[[Hollandis]]'' na zamani) da gyale.

== Taken Mulki ==
[[Fayil:Igbo_ichi_marks.jpg|thumb| Wani dan kabilar Igbo mai alamar ''Ichi'', alamar daraja a matsayin Ozo ]]
An shigar da manyan ƙwararrun maza da mata a cikin umarninsu na daraja ga mutanen da ke da lakabi kamar Ndi Ozo ko Ndi Nze . Waɗannan mutane suna karɓar tambari don nuna girman su. Kasancewa memba yana keɓantacce sosai, kuma don cancantar mutum yana buƙatar a mutunta shi sosai kuma a fahimce shi a cikin al'umma.

== Koyarwa ==
Igbo na da wani nau’i na koyon sana’o’i na musamman wanda ko dai dan gida namiji ko kuma wani dan gari zai yi amfani da lokaci (yawanci a shekarun kuruciyarsu har zuwa girmansu) tare da wani dangi, lokacin da suke yi musu aiki. Bayan zaman da aka yi da iyali, shugaban gidan, wanda yawanci shi ne babban mutumin da ya shigo da almajiri cikin gidansa, zai kafa ( Igbo  &lt;/link&gt; ) mai koyo ta hanyar kafa masa sana'a ko ba da kudi ko kayan aikin da zai ci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 November 2018 |title=From Apprenticeship to Enterprise {{!}} Ike Chioke {{!}} TEDxOguiRoad |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XGLUk319DVE |website=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Turai|Turawa]] ne suka yi amfani da wannan al'ada, inda suka yi amfani da wannan al'ada a matsayin hanyar ciniki ga bayi . Olaudah Equiano, ko da yake an sace shi a gidansa, dan kabilar Igbo ne da aka tilastawa yin hidima ga dangin Afirka. Ya ce ya ji wani ɓangare na iyali, ba kamar daga baya ba, sa’ad da aka tura shi zuwa Arewacin Amirka kuma aka bautar da shi a Ƙasashen Mulki goma sha uku . 

Ana kiran tsarin koyan koyan Igbo  Imu Ahia ko Igba Boy a kasar Igbo wanda ya yi fice a tsakanin Igbo bayan [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasar Najeriya]] . A wani yunkuri na tsira da tsarin kudi fam 20 wanda [[Obafemi Awolowo]] ya gabatar na cewa a baiwa kowane dan kasar Biafra fam 20 kacal ba tare da la’akari da abin da yake da shi a banki ba kafin yakin da sauran kudaden da Najeriya ke rike da su. gwamnati.

Kasuwancin ƙanana ɗaya ne daga cikin hanyoyin da za a sake gina al'ummomin da aka lalata da kuma Noma, amma sai noma ya buƙaci lokacin da ba shi da sauƙi a wannan lokacin.

Ainihin, yawancin mutane sun shiga ciniki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nnadozie |first=Emmanuel |year=2002 |title=African Indigenous Entrepreneurship Determinants of Resurgence and Growth of Igbo Entrepreneurship During the Post-Biafra Period |journal=[[Journal of African Business]] |volume=3 |pages=49–80 |doi=10.1300/J156v03n01_04 |s2cid=153686734}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan samfurin Imu-Ahia/Igba Boy ya kasance mai sauƙi, yana aiki ta yadda masu kasuwanci za su ɗauki yara maza waɗanda za su iya zama dangi, ƴan uwa ko kuma waɗanda ba dangi ba daga yanki ɗaya, suna zaune a cikin su kuma su sa su koyi kasuwanci yayin da suke koyo. koyon yadda yake aiki da kuma sirrin kasuwanci. Bayan an kai lokacin da aka ware don horon, bayan shekaru 5-8, za a yi ɗan bikin yaye '''ɗan yaron Nwa''' (wanda ya koyi sana'ar). Za a kuma biya shi dunƙule kuɗi na ayyukansu na tsawon shekaru, kuma za a yi amfani da kuɗin don fara kasuwanci ga '''Nwa Boy''' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 June 2018 |title=The age-old sharing economies of Africa -- and why we should scale them {{!}} Robert Neuwirth |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SO7pX6ojJQ0 |website=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Osu caste tsarin ==
Osu rukuni ne na mutanen da kakanninsu suka sadaukar da kansu don yin hidima a wuraren tsafi da gidajen ibada ga gumakan Ibo, don haka an dauke su mallakin alloli. Dangantaka da wasu lokuta mu'amala da Osu sun kasance (kuma har yau, har yanzu) a yawancin lokuta, haramun ne.

Har wala yau ana kiransa ''Osu'' abin kunya ne da ke hana ci gaban mutane da salon rayuwa. 

== Kalanda (Iguafo Igbo) ==
A cikin kalandar gargajiya ta Igbo, mako guda ( Igbo  &lt;/link&gt; ) yana da kwanaki 4 ( Igbo  &lt;/link&gt; ) ( ''Eke'', ''Orie'', ''Shekara'', ''Nkwọ'' ), bakwai makonni yin wata daya ( Igbo  &lt;/link&gt; ), wata yana da kwanaki 28 kuma akwai watanni 13 a cikin shekara. A cikin watan da ya gabata, ana ƙara ƙarin rana.  Sunayen kwanakin sun samo asali ne daga tatsuniyar [[Masarautar Nri]] . An yi imani da cewa Eri, wanda ya kafa sararin samaniya na mulkin Nri, ya tafi tafiya don gano asirin lokaci. A cikin tafiyarsa ya yi sallama ya ƙidaya kwanaki huɗu da sunayen ruhohin da suke mulkinsu, don haka sunayen ruhohin ( ''eke'', ''orie'', ''afu'' da ''Nkwo'' ) suka zama kwanakin mako. 
 

=== Sunayen kwanakin kasuwa ===
Jarirai da aka haifa a wasu lokuta ana sawa sunan ranar mako da aka haife su. Wannan ba shine salon ba. Sunaye irin su ''Mgbeke'' ( [[Budurci|budurwa]] [haihuwa] a ranar Eke), Mgborie (budurwa [an haife shi] a ranar Orie) ana yawan samun su a tsakanin kabilar Igbo. Na maza, ana maye gurbin ''Mgbe'' da ''Nwa'' ko &quot;Okoro&quot; ( [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]] : Child [na]). Misalan wannan sune Solomon Okoronkwo da [[Nwankwo Kanu]], mashahuran ’yan kwallon kafa biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 2006 |title=Naming practice guide UK 2006 |url=http://www.fbiic.gov/public/2008/nov/Naming_practice_guide_UK_2006.pdf |access-date=2009-04-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibo abin rufe fuska da maski ==
Akwai nau'ikan masquerades guda biyu na asali, bayyane da ganuwa. Masallatan da ake gani ana nufin jama'a ne. Sau da yawa sun fi jin daɗi. Masks da aka yi amfani da su suna ba da sha'awar gani don siffofi da sifofinsu. A cikin waɗannan masallatai da ake gani, ana yin wasan [[Cin-zarafi|tsangwama]], kiɗa, raye-raye, da wakoki (Oyeneke 25).

Masallatai marasa ganuwa suna faruwa da dare. Sauti shine babban kayan aiki a gare su. Mai yin masarrafa yana amfani da muryarsa don yin kururuwa don a ji shi a cikin ƙauyen. Abubuwan rufe fuska da ake amfani da su galibi suna da zafi sosai kuma membobin al'umma ne kawai ke fahimtar fassarar su. Wadannan masallatai marasa ganuwa suna kira ga kauye mai shiru don sanya tsoro a cikin zukatan wadanda ba a fara shiga cikin al'ummarsu ba.

== Kola nut (Yaji) ==
[[Fayil:Kola_nut.jpg|alt=Kola nut|thumb| Kola goro]]
Kola goro ( Igbo  &lt;/link&gt; )  yana da matsayi na musamman a rayuwar al'adun kabilar Igbo. Ọji shine abu na farko da ake yiwa duk wani baƙo a gidan Igbo. Ana yi wa Ọji hidima kafin a fara wani muhimmin aiki, walau [[Aure|bikin aure]],  sasanta rikicin iyali ko shiga kowace irin yarjejeniya.  A al’adance ana karkasa Ọji gunduwa-gunduwa da hannu, kuma idan ’ya’yan Kola ta kasu kashi uku sai a shirya biki na musamman.

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Biyafara|Biafra]]

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Kabilu a Afrika]]
[[Rukuni:Al'adun Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
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      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21945" sha1="dktr6dp7jbntbd6wvl4qzfkinykm13i" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
'''Al'adun Igbo''' ( Igbo  ) [[Hanyar zamantakewa|al'adu]], al'adu da al'adun [[Inyamurai|kabilar Igbo]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Igbo People - Origins &amp; History |url=https://faculty.ucr.edu/~legneref/igbo/igbo1.htm |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=faculty.ucr.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; na [[Kudu ta Yamma (Najeriya)|kudu maso gabas]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria : History {{!}} The Commonwealth |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/nigeria/history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002083244/https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/nigeria/history |archive-date=2020-10-02 |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=thecommonwealth.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Najeriya]] . Ya ƙunshi tsofaffin ayyuka da kuma sabbin dabaru da aka ƙara a cikin al'adun Igbo ko dai ta hanyar haɓakar al'adu ko kuma ta hanyar tasirin waje. Wadannan al’adu da al’adu sun hada da fasahar gani, kade-kade da raye-rayen kabilar Ibo, da kuma kayan ado da kayan abinci da kuma yarukan yare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adugna |first=Gabe |title=Research: Language Learning: Igbo: Home |url=https://library.bu.edu/igbo |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=library.bu.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda rukunoninsu dabam-dabam, al'adunsu iri-iri na ƙara haɓaka.&lt;ref&gt;Slattery, Katharine (15 August 2001). &quot;Religion and the Igbo People&quot;. The Imperial Archive Project. Archived from the original on 2008-09-13. Retrieved 2008-08-18&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ilechukwu, Sunday T. C. (May 2007). &quot;Ogbanje / abiku and cultural conceptualizations of psychopathology in Nigeria&quot;. Mental Health, Religion &amp; Culture. 10 (3): 239–255. doi:10.1080/13694670600621795. S2CID 144687043.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kiɗa ==
 
[[Fayil:Udu.jpg|right|thumb|125x125px| [[Udu]], kayan aikin Igbo]]


Wani shahararren salon waka a tsakanin al'ummar Igbo shi ne highlife, wanda ke hade da kade-kade na jazz da na gargajiya da ya shahara a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] . Ana ganin babban rayuwar Igbo na zamani a cikin ayyukan Prince Nico Mbarga, [[Dr Sir Warrior]], [[Oliver De Coque]], Bright Chimezie, [[Celestine ukwu|Celestine Ukwu]] da [[Cif Stephen Osita Osadebe|Chief Osita Osadebe]], wadanda wasu daga cikin manyan mawakan Igbo na highlife na karni na ashirin. Haka kuma akwai wasu fitattun mawakan Igbo, kamar Mike Ejeagha, Paulson Kalu, Ali Chukwuma, Ozoemena Nwa Nsugbe.

== Art ==
{{Commonscat|Igbo culture}}
Ibo Art sananne ne da nau'ikan masarrafa daban-daban, abin rufe fuska, kayan sawa (alamar mutane), dabbobi da tsinkaya . Har ila yau an san fasahar Igbo da wasan kwaikwayo na tagulla da aka samu a garin [[Igbo-Ukwu|Igbo Ukwu]] daga karni na 9. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Apley |first=Alice |date=October 2001 |title=Igbo-Ukwu (ca. 9th Century) |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/igbo/hd_igbo.htm |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=[[The Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fasahar Igbo ita ce fasahar gani da ta samo asali daga kabilar Igbo. Al'adar Igbo fasaha ce da al'adar gani.
{{Reflist|2}}

== Tatsuniyoyi ==
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot;&gt;
Fayil:Nigeria,_igbo,_maschera-elmo_della_società_mmuo,_xx_secolo.jpg|alt=Helmet-mask; 20th century; Indianapolis Museum of Art (USA)| Kwalkwali-mask; Karni na 20; Indianapolis Museum of Art (Amurka)
Fayil:Nigeria,_igbo,_figura_femminile_per_un_tempietto,_xx_secolo.jpg|alt=Female figure for a small temple, 20th century; Indianapolis Museum of Art| Siffar mace don ƙaramin haikali, karni na 20; Indianapolis Museum of Art
Fayil:Igbo_brass_anklet.jpg|alt=Anklet beaten from a solid brass bar of the type worn by Igbo women. Now in the collection of Wolverhampton Art Gallery. The leg-tube extends approx 7 cm each side of the 35 cm disc.| An buge Anklet daga wani kayyadadden sandar tagulla irin na matan Igbo. Yanzu a cikin tarin Wolverhampton Art Gallery . Tubun kafa ya kara kusan 7&amp;nbsp;cm kowane gefe na 35&amp;nbsp;cm disc. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-10-17 |title=Discomfort of fashion |url=http://ukpuru.blogspot.com/2010/10/discomfort-of-fashion.html |access-date=2013-09-29 |website=Antique images and videos of Alaigbo/Ala Igbo (Igboland) posted at Ukpuru blog |quote=Photograph of dancer wearing anklets - Thomas Whitridge Northcote (pre 1913)}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-10-17 |title=Willing Submission to Life Sentence to the Stocks |url=http://ukpuru.blogspot.com/2010/10/caption-immense-ankle-plates-are-main.html |access-date=2013-09-29 |website=Antique images and videos of Alaigbo/Ala Igbo (Igboland) posted at Ukpuru blog |quote=Photograph of female sitting wearing anklets - Thomas Whitridge Northcote (pre 1913)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Fayil:Bronze_ceremonial_vessel_in_form_of_a_snail_shell,_9th_century,_Igbo-Ukwu,_Nigeria.JPG|alt=Bronze ceremonial vessel in form of a snail shell; 9th century; from Igbo-Ukwu; Nigerian National Museum (Lagos, Nigeria)| Jirgin bikin tagulla a cikin nau'in harsashi na katantanwa; Karni na 9; daga [[Igbo-Ukwu]] ; [[Gidan Tarihi ta Kasa Najeriya|Gidan kayan tarihi na Najeriya]] ( [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]], Najeriya)
Fayil:Eze_Onyiudo_(2).jpg| Eze Onyiudo Masquerade Awka-Etiti
&lt;/gallery&gt;Yayin da a yau yawancin kabilar Ibo [[Kirista|Kiristoci]] ne, addinin gargajiya na Ibo da ake kira Odinani . A cikin tatsuniyar Ibo, wanda ke cikin tsohon addininsu, ana kiran Allah maɗaukakin Sarki [[Chukwu|Chineke]] (&quot;Allahn halitta&quot;); Chineke ya halicci duniya da duk abin da ke cikinta kuma yana hade da dukkan abubuwan da ke cikin Duniya. Ga tsohon Igbo, sararin samaniya ya kasu kashi hudu hadaddun: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|edition=E. Nọlue}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Okike (Halitta)
* Alusi (Rundunonin Sojoji ko Alloli)
* Muo (Ruhu)
* Uwa (Duniya)

=== Alusi ===
[[Fayil:Complex_sculpture_Nigeria_BM_Af1954_23_522_img02.jpg|alt=A photo of a complex wooden carving of animals, people and spirits laid on each other to about 2 meters in height|thumb| Haɗaɗɗen sassaƙa na katako masu nuna hotunan iko da rayuwar yau da kullun, kamar mahayan dawakai, kayan da aka shigo da su, alamun sojoji, Turawa, bindigu, namun daji da masu ɓalle.]]
 
'''Alusi''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Arusi''' ko '''Arushi''', ƙananan alloli ne da ake bautawa da bauta a tatsuniyar Igbo . Akwai jerin Alusi daban-daban da ke cikin kowace al'umma kuma kowanne yana da nasa manufar. Idan aka daina buqatar abin bautar, sai a mayar da ita, ta hanyar taimakon Babban Firist ko Dibia, wanda ya san tsarin kuma ya tabbatar da an yi shi yadda ya kamata. 

=== Muo ===
Mmuo kawai yana nufin ruhi. Ko dai ruhi nagari ne kuma na ibada (mmuo oma) ko kuma mugun ruhi (mmuo ojo). Misali, ana kallon ruhun Ogbanje a matsayin mugun ruhi (mmuo ojo) kuma duk wanda ke da wannan ruhu ana ba da kulawa ta ruhaniya. ( Hankali na ruhaniya yana nufin hanyar korar mugun ruhu ta hanyar kuɓuta (hanyar Kiristanci) ko ta hanyar Addinin Gargajiya ta Afirka (watau tono daga '''“iyi uwa”''' . hanyar ATR)). Ogbanje kalma ce ta Igbo (Nigeria) wacce ke nufin mai maimaitawa ko wanda ya zo ya tashi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ilechukwu |first=Sunday T. C. |date=May 2007 |title=Ogbanje / abiku and cultural conceptualizations of psychopathology in Nigeria |journal=Mental Health, Religion &amp; Culture |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=239–255 |doi=10.1080/13694670600621795 |s2cid=144687043}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ogbanje ba mugun ruhi ba ne a Cosmology na Igbo . Kalma ce da aka fi amfani da ita wajen siffanta yaro ko matashin da ake iƙirarin ya mutu kuma mutum ɗaya ya maimaita haihuwarsa.

== Doya ==
[[Doya]] na da matukar muhimmanci ga Igbo domin ita ce amfanin gonakinsu . Akwai bukukuwa irin su bikin Sabuwar Yam ( Igbo  &lt;/link&gt; ) wanda ake yi don girbin doya. &lt;ref name=&quot;yam&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Agwu |first=Kene |title=Yam and the Igbos |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/birmingham/content/articles/2008/08/01/yam_and_the_igbos_feature.shtml}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bikin Sabuwar Doya( Igbo  &lt;/link&gt; ) ana yin bikin kowace shekara don samun girbin amfanin gona mai kyau. Ana gudanar da bikin ne a Najeriya da sauran kasashen yammacin Afirka. 

=== Auren gargajiya ===
Aure a yankin Igbo na bin matakai da dama kafin a yi wa ango da amarya shelar miji da mata kamar yadda doka da al’ada ta gari suka tanada. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-12-10 |title=The economics of Igbo Marriage explained |url=https://nairametrics.com/2017/12/10/the-economics-of-igbo-marriage-explained/ |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=Nairametrics |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Igba nkwu ceremony 07.jpg|alt=Igbo Traditional Marriage|thumb| Tufafin Auren Ibo na Gargajiya]]
[[File:Igba nkwu ceremony 04.jpg|alt=Igbo Traditional Marriage|thumb|Tufafin Auren Gargajiya na Igbo]]
Auren gargajiya ana kiransa da Igbankwu, ko kuma ruwan inabi, tunda ya hada da amaryar ta ba wa angonta kofin ruwan dabino. Kafin daurin auren dole ne ango ya je gidan amarya tare da mahaifinsa kafin ranar Igbankwu don neman izinin mahaifin amarya ya auri 'yarsa. Idan mahaifin amarya ya makara, to a irin wannan yanayi, kanin amarya, ko kawunsa ko danginsa namiji ya cika ma mahaifin amaryar, kamar yadda ya shafi ango. A ziyarar ta biyu, idan aka ba da kola goro (oji Igbo), dole ne ubanni biyu su tsara farashin amarya. &lt;ref name=&quot;cnn.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=A traditional Igbo wedding in Nigeria - CNN.com |url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/09/30/nigerian.wedding.ceremony/index.html |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=www.cnn.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A mafi yawan lokuta, farashin amarya kawai alama ne, ban da sauran buƙatun kamar goro, awaki, giya, tsuntsaye da sauransu. A ka'ida, yana ɗaukar fiye da maraice ɗaya har sai an amince da farashin amarya na ƙarshe, bayan haka ana ba da liyafa ga iyaye biyu. Idan an biya kudin amarya sai a ware wani yamma domin bikin. &lt;ref name=&quot;cnn.com&quot; /&gt;

A lokacin bikin, mahaifin amarya ya cika kofi da ruwan dabino ya mika wa 'yar. Sai ta nemo ango a cikin taron bakin daurin aure domin ta ba shi ruwan sha. Bayan an gama sha, ango da amarya suna rawa ga mahaifin amarya. Suna durƙusa a gabansa, zai albarkace su. Bayan haka, ma'auratan suna rawa na ɗan lokaci kafin su zauna, sannan a shakata ana gabatar da kyaututtuka, a wasu lokutan jawabin MC, sannan a rufe addu'a da tashi.

== Igbo Architecture ==
Gine-ginen Igbo na nufin salon al’adun da suka ginu akaiina al’ummar Igbo. Salon gine-ginen yana da nasaba sosai da al'adun al'ummar Igbo, imani, da tsarin zamantakewar al'ummar Igbo. Yayin da tsarin gine-gine ya samo asali, gine-ginen gargajiya na Igbo ya raba wasu halaye na kowa kamar:

'''Tsarin haɗin kai''' - Al'adun gine-ginen Igbo sau da yawa suna komawa kan manufar fili wanda ke da alaƙa da wani yanki da ke kewaye da ya ƙunshi gidaje da yawa na iyali, buɗewar tsakar gida, verandas, da tsarin taimako. Ana tsara waɗannan mahadi a hankali kuma wani lokaci ana shimfida su da duwatsu masu faɗi don haɓaka rayuwar jama'a da sauƙaƙe ayyukan iyali. Bugu da ƙari, wasu mahadi sun ƙunshi abubuwa na musamman kamar gidajen Impluvium, [[Lambu|Lambuna]], Motsi, da [[Rijiya|rijiyoyin ruwa]] waɗanda ke nuna bambancin tsarin gine-ginen Igbo.

'''Samun iska''' - Gine-ginen Igbo ya haɗa dabarun sanya buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗiya a cikin gine-gine don haɓaka iskar iska, yana taimakawa wajen daidaita yanayin zafi na cikin gida. Yin amfani da buɗaɗɗen buɗewa yana sauƙaƙe kewayawar iska, yana tabbatar da jin daɗin mazauna. Dangane da yankin da ke da yanayin zafi da zafi, ƙafewar gumi ya zama ƙalubale; duk da haka, iska tana taimakawa wannan tsari, yana haɓaka ta'aziyya. Bugu da ƙari, ayyukan gine-gine sun haɗa da katanga mai kauri, rufin ciyayi, da ɗaga tushe don rage ƙalubalen muhalli. Ganuwar mai kauri tana kula da yanayin sanyi cikin yanayi mai zafi da zafi lokacin damina. Rufin da aka keɓe yana ba da kariya daga hasken rana kai tsaye, yana ba da inuwa kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga ta'aziyyar zafi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dorcas Mobolade |first=Tolulope |last2=Pourvahidi |first2=Parastoo |date=20 May 2020 |title=Bioclimatic Approach for Climate Classification of Nigeria |journal=Sustainability |volume=12 |issue=10 |pages=4192 |doi=10.3390/su12104192 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Wuri Mai Tsarki da Wurare Tsarkaka''' - Gine-ginen Igbo yakan haɗa da wuraren da aka keɓance a cikin mahalli ko wuraren al'umma don wuraren ibada/ [[Mbari (art)|temples]] na kakanni da gidajen taron ƙungiyoyin asiri. Ana ɗaukar waɗannan wurare a matsayin masu tsarki kuma muhimmin sashe ne na al'adun Igbo da ayyukan addini. Waɗannan tsattsauran tsattsauran ra'ayi na iya bambanta da ƙira, kama daga sassauƙan wuraren buɗe sararin sama zuwa ƙarin ƙayyadaddun tsarin da ke da takamaiman fasalin gine-gine.

'''Abubuwan Ado -''' Gine-ginen gargajiya na Igbo yakan haɗa abubuwa na ado, gami da zanen fenti a bango irin su uli, filayen ƙofa na katako, da ƙaƙƙarfan tsari akan sifofi. Waɗannan kayan ado na iya samun alama ko ma'anar addini. 

== Tufafin gargajiya ==
A al'adance, kayan ado na Ibo gabaɗaya sun ƙunshi ƙananan tufafi domin manufar sutura a lokacin ita ce ɓoye al'aura, ko da yake dattawan sun cika tufafi.  Yara kan kasance tsirara tun daga haihuwa har zuwa lokacin [[samartaka]] (lokacin da ake ganin suna da abin da za su boye) amma a wasu lokuta ana sanya kayan ado irin su dunƙule a kugu don dalilai na likita. Hakanan an yi amfani da fasahar jikin Uli don yi wa maza da mata ado a cikin nau'ikan layin da ke samar da alamu da siffofi a jiki.
[[Fayil:Little_world,_Aichi_prefecture_-_African_plaza_-_Hat_of_a_vassal_-_Ìgbo_people_in_Nigeria_-_Collected_in_2006.jpg|left|thumb|147x147px| Hulun gargajiyar Igbo da aka yi gaba ɗaya daga ulu .]]
Da mulkin mallaka da kuma tura al’adun Ibo suka koma Turawan yamma, tufafin da Turawa suka yi amfani da su kamar riga da wando sun dauki kayan gargajiya. 

=== Mata ===
Mata sun dauki jariransu a bayansu da ɗigon tufafi da ke ɗaure su biyu da kulli a ƙirjinta. Wannan dabarar daukar jarirai ta kasance kuma har yanzu kungiyoyin mutane da yawa a fadin Afirka, ciki har da Igbo. An sabunta wannan hanyar ta hanyar ɗaukar yara . A mafi yawan lokuta, matan Igbo ba sa rufe kirjinsu. Budurwa sukan sanya guntun lullubi mai lulluɓe a kugunsu tare da wasu kayan ado kamar sarƙaƙƙiya da ƙura.  Duka maza da mata sun sanya abin rufe fuska. 

=== Maza ===
Maza za su sa rigar gindi da aka nannade a kugunsu da tsakanin kafafunsu don a daure su a bayansu, irin tufafin da ya dace da zafin zafi da kuma ayyuka kamar noma.  Maza kuma za su iya ɗaure abin rufe fuska a kan rigar gindinsu. A shagulgulan al’umma kamar bukukuwan aure na gargajiya, maza suna ɗaure irin waɗannan kayayyaki kamar kwazazzabo, wanda ake ganin yana da tsada, kuma wannan yakan tafi tare da ‘Isiagu’ wanda ya shahara ga masu hannu da shuni da na gargajiya.

=== Tufafin gargajiya na zamani ===
[[Fayil:Igbo_Traditional_marriage.jpg|thumb| Tufafin Auren Gargajiya na Igbo]]
Tufafin gargajiya na Igbo na zamani gabaɗaya an yi shi ne, ga maza, na saman [[Isiagu]] wanda yayi kama da Dashiki na Afirka. Isiagu (ko ''Ishi agu'' ) yawanci ana yin su ne tare da kawunan zakuna da aka yi wa sutura, Hakanan yana iya zama a fili, (yawanci baki). Ana sawa da wando kuma ana iya sawa da ko dai hular masu rike da sarautar gargajiya (wata fez mai suna okpu agu ko agwu), ko kuma da hular al’adun kabilar Igbo (wacce ta yi kama da hular Bobble ). Ga mata, an sa rigar rigar hannu mai kumbura (wanda kayan turawa ke tasiri) tare da nannade guda biyu (yawanci kayan ''[[Hollandis]]'' na zamani) da gyale.

== Taken Mulki ==
[[Fayil:Igbo_ichi_marks.jpg|thumb| Wani dan kabilar Igbo mai alamar ''Ichi'', alamar daraja a matsayin Ozo ]]
An shigar da manyan ƙwararrun maza da mata a cikin umarninsu na daraja ga mutanen da ke da lakabi kamar Ndi Ozo ko Ndi Nze . Waɗannan mutane suna karɓar tambari don nuna girman su. Kasancewa memba yana keɓantacce sosai, kuma don cancantar mutum yana buƙatar a mutunta shi sosai kuma a fahimce shi a cikin al'umma.

== Koyarwa ==
Igbo na da wani nau’i na koyon sana’o’i na musamman wanda ko dai dan gida namiji ko kuma wani dan gari zai yi amfani da lokaci (yawanci a shekarun kuruciyarsu har zuwa girmansu) tare da wani dangi, lokacin da suke yi musu aiki. Bayan zaman da aka yi da iyali, shugaban gidan, wanda yawanci shi ne babban mutumin da ya shigo da almajiri cikin gidansa, zai kafa ( Igbo  &lt;/link&gt; ) mai koyo ta hanyar kafa masa sana'a ko ba da kudi ko kayan aikin da zai ci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 November 2018 |title=From Apprenticeship to Enterprise {{!}} Ike Chioke {{!}} TEDxOguiRoad |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XGLUk319DVE |website=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Turai|Turawa]] ne suka yi amfani da wannan al'ada, inda suka yi amfani da wannan al'ada a matsayin hanyar ciniki ga bayi . Olaudah Equiano, ko da yake an sace shi a gidansa, dan kabilar Igbo ne da aka tilastawa yin hidima ga dangin Afirka. Ya ce ya ji wani ɓangare na iyali, ba kamar daga baya ba, sa’ad da aka tura shi zuwa Arewacin Amirka kuma aka bautar da shi a Ƙasashen Mulki goma sha uku . 

Ana kiran tsarin koyan koyan Igbo  Imu Ahia ko Igba Boy a kasar Igbo wanda ya yi fice a tsakanin Igbo bayan [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasar Najeriya]] . A wani yunkuri na tsira da tsarin kudi fam 20 wanda [[Obafemi Awolowo]] ya gabatar na cewa a baiwa kowane dan kasar Biafra fam 20 kacal ba tare da la’akari da abin da yake da shi a banki ba kafin yakin da sauran kudaden da Najeriya ke rike da su. gwamnati.

Kasuwancin ƙanana ɗaya ne daga cikin hanyoyin da za a sake gina al'ummomin da aka lalata da kuma Noma, amma sai noma ya buƙaci lokacin da ba shi da sauƙi a wannan lokacin.

Ainihin, yawancin mutane sun shiga ciniki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nnadozie |first=Emmanuel |year=2002 |title=African Indigenous Entrepreneurship Determinants of Resurgence and Growth of Igbo Entrepreneurship During the Post-Biafra Period |journal=[[Journal of African Business]] |volume=3 |pages=49–80 |doi=10.1300/J156v03n01_04 |s2cid=153686734}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan samfurin Imu-Ahia/Igba Boy ya kasance mai sauƙi, yana aiki ta yadda masu kasuwanci za su ɗauki yara maza waɗanda za su iya zama dangi, ƴan uwa ko kuma waɗanda ba dangi ba daga yanki ɗaya, suna zaune a cikin su kuma su sa su koyi kasuwanci yayin da suke koyo. koyon yadda yake aiki da kuma sirrin kasuwanci. Bayan an kai lokacin da aka ware don horon, bayan shekaru 5-8, za a yi ɗan bikin yaye '''ɗan yaron Nwa''' (wanda ya koyi sana'ar). Za a kuma biya shi dunƙule kuɗi na ayyukansu na tsawon shekaru, kuma za a yi amfani da kuɗin don fara kasuwanci ga '''Nwa Boy''' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 June 2018 |title=The age-old sharing economies of Africa -- and why we should scale them {{!}} Robert Neuwirth |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SO7pX6ojJQ0 |website=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Osu caste tsarin ==
Osu rukuni ne na mutanen da kakanninsu suka sadaukar da kansu don yin hidima a wuraren tsafi da gidajen ibada ga gumakan Ibo, don haka an dauke su mallakin alloli. Dangantaka da wasu lokuta mu'amala da Osu sun kasance (kuma har yau, har yanzu) a yawancin lokuta, haramun ne.

Har wala yau ana kiransa ''Osu'' abin kunya ne da ke hana ci gaban mutane da salon rayuwa. 

== Kalanda (Iguafo Igbo) ==
A cikin kalandar gargajiya ta Igbo, mako guda ( Igbo  &lt;/link&gt; ) yana da kwanaki 4 ( Igbo  &lt;/link&gt; ) ( ''Eke'', ''Orie'', ''Shekara'', ''Nkwọ'' ), bakwai makonni yin wata daya ( Igbo  &lt;/link&gt; ), wata yana da kwanaki 28 kuma akwai watanni 13 a cikin shekara. A cikin watan da ya gabata, ana ƙara ƙarin rana.  Sunayen kwanakin sun samo asali ne daga tatsuniyar [[Masarautar Nri]] . An yi imani da cewa Eri, wanda ya kafa sararin samaniya na mulkin Nri, ya tafi tafiya don gano asirin lokaci. A cikin tafiyarsa ya yi sallama ya ƙidaya kwanaki huɗu da sunayen ruhohin da suke mulkinsu, don haka sunayen ruhohin ( ''eke'', ''orie'', ''afu'' da ''Nkwo'' ) suka zama kwanakin mako. 
 

=== Sunayen kwanakin kasuwa ===
Jarirai da aka haifa a wasu lokuta ana sawa sunan ranar mako da aka haife su. Wannan ba shine salon ba. Sunaye irin su ''Mgbeke'' ( [[Budurci|budurwa]] [haihuwa] a ranar Eke), Mgborie (budurwa [an haife shi] a ranar Orie) ana yawan samun su a tsakanin kabilar Igbo. Na maza, ana maye gurbin ''Mgbe'' da ''Nwa'' ko &quot;Okoro&quot; ( [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]] : Child [na]). Misalan wannan sune Solomon Okoronkwo da [[Nwankwo Kanu]], mashahuran ’yan kwallon kafa biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 2006 |title=Naming practice guide UK 2006 |url=http://www.fbiic.gov/public/2008/nov/Naming_practice_guide_UK_2006.pdf |access-date=2009-04-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibo abin rufe fuska da maski ==
Akwai nau'ikan masquerades guda biyu na asali, bayyane da ganuwa. Masallatan da ake gani ana nufin jama'a ne. Sau da yawa sun fi jin daɗi. Masks da aka yi amfani da su suna ba da sha'awar gani don siffofi da sifofinsu. A cikin waɗannan masallatai da ake gani, ana yin wasan [[Cin-zarafi|tsangwama]], kiɗa, raye-raye, da wakoki (Oyeneke 25).

Masallatai marasa ganuwa suna faruwa da dare. Sauti shine babban kayan aiki a gare su. Mai yin masarrafa yana amfani da muryarsa don yin kururuwa don a ji shi a cikin ƙauyen. Abubuwan rufe fuska da ake amfani da su galibi suna da zafi sosai kuma membobin al'umma ne kawai ke fahimtar fassarar su. Wadannan masallatai marasa ganuwa suna kira ga kauye mai shiru don sanya tsoro a cikin zukatan wadanda ba a fara shiga cikin al'ummarsu ba.

== Kola nut (Yaji) ==
[[Fayil:Kola_nut.jpg|alt=Kola nut|thumb| Kola goro]]
Kola goro ( Igbo  &lt;/link&gt; )  yana da matsayi na musamman a rayuwar al'adun kabilar Igbo. Ọji shine abu na farko da ake yiwa duk wani baƙo a gidan Igbo. Ana yi wa Ọji hidima kafin a fara wani muhimmin aiki, walau [[Aure|bikin aure]],  sasanta rikicin iyali ko shiga kowace irin yarjejeniya.  A al’adance ana karkasa Ọji gunduwa-gunduwa da hannu, kuma idan ’ya’yan Kola ta kasu kashi uku sai a shirya biki na musamman.

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Biyafara|Biafra]]

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Kabilu a Afrika]]
[[Rukuni:Al'adun Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Sardeeq</username>
        <id>39275</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>855293</origin>
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      <text bytes="21988" sha1="merxt5fodqvha54klhg9lfczhbsn83z" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} 
'''Al'adun Igbo''' ( Igbo  ) [[Hanyar zamantakewa|al'adu]], al'adu da al'adun [[Inyamurai|kabilar Igbo]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Igbo People - Origins &amp; History |url=https://faculty.ucr.edu/~legneref/igbo/igbo1.htm |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=faculty.ucr.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; na [[Kudu ta Yamma (Najeriya)|kudu maso gabas]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria : History {{!}} The Commonwealth |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/nigeria/history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002083244/https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/nigeria/history |archive-date=2020-10-02 |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=thecommonwealth.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Najeriya]] . Ya ƙunshi tsofaffin ayyuka da kuma sabbin dabaru da aka ƙara a cikin al'adun Igbo ko dai ta hanyar haɓakar al'adu ko kuma ta hanyar tasirin waje. Wadannan al’adu da al’adu sun hada da fasahar gani, kade-kade da raye-rayen kabilar Ibo, da kuma kayan ado da kayan abinci da kuma yarukan yare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adugna |first=Gabe |title=Research: Language Learning: Igbo: Home |url=https://library.bu.edu/igbo |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=library.bu.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda rukunoninsu dabam-dabam, al'adunsu iri-iri na ƙara haɓaka.&lt;ref&gt;Slattery, Katharine (15 August 2001). &quot;Religion and the Igbo People&quot;. The Imperial Archive Project. Archived from the original on 2008-09-13. Retrieved 2008-08-18&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ilechukwu, Sunday T. C. (May 2007). &quot;Ogbanje / abiku and cultural conceptualizations of psychopathology in Nigeria&quot;. Mental Health, Religion &amp; Culture. 10 (3): 239–255. doi:10.1080/13694670600621795. S2CID 144687043.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Agwu, Kene. &quot;Yam and the Igbos&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kiɗa ==
 
[[Fayil:Udu.jpg|right|thumb|125x125px| [[Udu]], kayan aikin Igbo]]


Wani shahararren salon waka a tsakanin al'ummar Igbo shi ne highlife, wanda ke hade da kade-kade na jazz da na gargajiya da ya shahara a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] . Ana ganin babban rayuwar Igbo na zamani a cikin ayyukan Prince Nico Mbarga, [[Dr Sir Warrior]], [[Oliver De Coque]], Bright Chimezie, [[Celestine ukwu|Celestine Ukwu]] da [[Cif Stephen Osita Osadebe|Chief Osita Osadebe]], wadanda wasu daga cikin manyan mawakan Igbo na highlife na karni na ashirin. Haka kuma akwai wasu fitattun mawakan Igbo, kamar Mike Ejeagha, Paulson Kalu, Ali Chukwuma, Ozoemena Nwa Nsugbe.

== Art ==
{{Commonscat|Igbo culture}}
Ibo Art sananne ne da nau'ikan masarrafa daban-daban, abin rufe fuska, kayan sawa (alamar mutane), dabbobi da tsinkaya . Har ila yau an san fasahar Igbo da wasan kwaikwayo na tagulla da aka samu a garin [[Igbo-Ukwu|Igbo Ukwu]] daga karni na 9. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Apley |first=Alice |date=October 2001 |title=Igbo-Ukwu (ca. 9th Century) |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/igbo/hd_igbo.htm |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=[[The Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fasahar Igbo ita ce fasahar gani da ta samo asali daga kabilar Igbo. Al'adar Igbo fasaha ce da al'adar gani.
{{Reflist|2}}

== Tatsuniyoyi ==
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot;&gt;
Fayil:Nigeria,_igbo,_maschera-elmo_della_società_mmuo,_xx_secolo.jpg|alt=Helmet-mask; 20th century; Indianapolis Museum of Art (USA)| Kwalkwali-mask; Karni na 20; Indianapolis Museum of Art (Amurka)
Fayil:Nigeria,_igbo,_figura_femminile_per_un_tempietto,_xx_secolo.jpg|alt=Female figure for a small temple, 20th century; Indianapolis Museum of Art| Siffar mace don ƙaramin haikali, karni na 20; Indianapolis Museum of Art
Fayil:Igbo_brass_anklet.jpg|alt=Anklet beaten from a solid brass bar of the type worn by Igbo women. Now in the collection of Wolverhampton Art Gallery. The leg-tube extends approx 7 cm each side of the 35 cm disc.| An buge Anklet daga wani kayyadadden sandar tagulla irin na matan Igbo. Yanzu a cikin tarin Wolverhampton Art Gallery . Tubun kafa ya kara kusan 7&amp;nbsp;cm kowane gefe na 35&amp;nbsp;cm disc. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-10-17 |title=Discomfort of fashion |url=http://ukpuru.blogspot.com/2010/10/discomfort-of-fashion.html |access-date=2013-09-29 |website=Antique images and videos of Alaigbo/Ala Igbo (Igboland) posted at Ukpuru blog |quote=Photograph of dancer wearing anklets - Thomas Whitridge Northcote (pre 1913)}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-10-17 |title=Willing Submission to Life Sentence to the Stocks |url=http://ukpuru.blogspot.com/2010/10/caption-immense-ankle-plates-are-main.html |access-date=2013-09-29 |website=Antique images and videos of Alaigbo/Ala Igbo (Igboland) posted at Ukpuru blog |quote=Photograph of female sitting wearing anklets - Thomas Whitridge Northcote (pre 1913)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Fayil:Bronze_ceremonial_vessel_in_form_of_a_snail_shell,_9th_century,_Igbo-Ukwu,_Nigeria.JPG|alt=Bronze ceremonial vessel in form of a snail shell; 9th century; from Igbo-Ukwu; Nigerian National Museum (Lagos, Nigeria)| Jirgin bikin tagulla a cikin nau'in harsashi na katantanwa; Karni na 9; daga [[Igbo-Ukwu]] ; [[Gidan Tarihi ta Kasa Najeriya|Gidan kayan tarihi na Najeriya]] ( [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]], Najeriya)
Fayil:Eze_Onyiudo_(2).jpg| Eze Onyiudo Masquerade Awka-Etiti
&lt;/gallery&gt;Yayin da a yau yawancin kabilar Ibo [[Kirista|Kiristoci]] ne, addinin gargajiya na Ibo da ake kira Odinani . A cikin tatsuniyar Ibo, wanda ke cikin tsohon addininsu, ana kiran Allah maɗaukakin Sarki [[Chukwu|Chineke]] (&quot;Allahn halitta&quot;); Chineke ya halicci duniya da duk abin da ke cikinta kuma yana hade da dukkan abubuwan da ke cikin Duniya. Ga tsohon Igbo, sararin samaniya ya kasu kashi hudu hadaddun: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|edition=E. Nọlue}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Okike (Halitta)
* Alusi (Rundunonin Sojoji ko Alloli)
* Muo (Ruhu)
* Uwa (Duniya)

=== Alusi ===
[[Fayil:Complex_sculpture_Nigeria_BM_Af1954_23_522_img02.jpg|alt=A photo of a complex wooden carving of animals, people and spirits laid on each other to about 2 meters in height|thumb| Haɗaɗɗen sassaƙa na katako masu nuna hotunan iko da rayuwar yau da kullun, kamar mahayan dawakai, kayan da aka shigo da su, alamun sojoji, Turawa, bindigu, namun daji da masu ɓalle.]]
 
'''Alusi''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Arusi''' ko '''Arushi''', ƙananan alloli ne da ake bautawa da bauta a tatsuniyar Igbo . Akwai jerin Alusi daban-daban da ke cikin kowace al'umma kuma kowanne yana da nasa manufar. Idan aka daina buqatar abin bautar, sai a mayar da ita, ta hanyar taimakon Babban Firist ko Dibia, wanda ya san tsarin kuma ya tabbatar da an yi shi yadda ya kamata. 

=== Muo ===
Mmuo kawai yana nufin ruhi. Ko dai ruhi nagari ne kuma na ibada (mmuo oma) ko kuma mugun ruhi (mmuo ojo). Misali, ana kallon ruhun Ogbanje a matsayin mugun ruhi (mmuo ojo) kuma duk wanda ke da wannan ruhu ana ba da kulawa ta ruhaniya. ( Hankali na ruhaniya yana nufin hanyar korar mugun ruhu ta hanyar kuɓuta (hanyar Kiristanci) ko ta hanyar Addinin Gargajiya ta Afirka (watau tono daga '''“iyi uwa”''' . hanyar ATR)). Ogbanje kalma ce ta Igbo (Nigeria) wacce ke nufin mai maimaitawa ko wanda ya zo ya tashi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ilechukwu |first=Sunday T. C. |date=May 2007 |title=Ogbanje / abiku and cultural conceptualizations of psychopathology in Nigeria |journal=Mental Health, Religion &amp; Culture |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=239–255 |doi=10.1080/13694670600621795 |s2cid=144687043}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ogbanje ba mugun ruhi ba ne a Cosmology na Igbo . Kalma ce da aka fi amfani da ita wajen siffanta yaro ko matashin da ake iƙirarin ya mutu kuma mutum ɗaya ya maimaita haihuwarsa.

== Doya ==
[[Doya]] na da matukar muhimmanci ga Igbo domin ita ce amfanin gonakinsu . Akwai bukukuwa irin su bikin Sabuwar Yam ( Igbo  &lt;/link&gt; ) wanda ake yi don girbin doya. &lt;ref name=&quot;yam&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Agwu |first=Kene |title=Yam and the Igbos |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/birmingham/content/articles/2008/08/01/yam_and_the_igbos_feature.shtml}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bikin Sabuwar Doya( Igbo  &lt;/link&gt; ) ana yin bikin kowace shekara don samun girbin amfanin gona mai kyau. Ana gudanar da bikin ne a Najeriya da sauran kasashen yammacin Afirka. 

=== Auren gargajiya ===
Aure a yankin Igbo na bin matakai da dama kafin a yi wa ango da amarya shelar miji da mata kamar yadda doka da al’ada ta gari suka tanada. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-12-10 |title=The economics of Igbo Marriage explained |url=https://nairametrics.com/2017/12/10/the-economics-of-igbo-marriage-explained/ |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=Nairametrics |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Igba nkwu ceremony 07.jpg|alt=Igbo Traditional Marriage|thumb| Tufafin Auren Ibo na Gargajiya]]
[[File:Igba nkwu ceremony 04.jpg|alt=Igbo Traditional Marriage|thumb|Tufafin Auren Gargajiya na Igbo]]
Auren gargajiya ana kiransa da Igbankwu, ko kuma ruwan inabi, tunda ya hada da amaryar ta ba wa angonta kofin ruwan dabino. Kafin daurin auren dole ne ango ya je gidan amarya tare da mahaifinsa kafin ranar Igbankwu don neman izinin mahaifin amarya ya auri 'yarsa. Idan mahaifin amarya ya makara, to a irin wannan yanayi, kanin amarya, ko kawunsa ko danginsa namiji ya cika ma mahaifin amaryar, kamar yadda ya shafi ango. A ziyarar ta biyu, idan aka ba da kola goro (oji Igbo), dole ne ubanni biyu su tsara farashin amarya. &lt;ref name=&quot;cnn.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=A traditional Igbo wedding in Nigeria - CNN.com |url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/09/30/nigerian.wedding.ceremony/index.html |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=www.cnn.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A mafi yawan lokuta, farashin amarya kawai alama ne, ban da sauran buƙatun kamar goro, awaki, giya, tsuntsaye da sauransu. A ka'ida, yana ɗaukar fiye da maraice ɗaya har sai an amince da farashin amarya na ƙarshe, bayan haka ana ba da liyafa ga iyaye biyu. Idan an biya kudin amarya sai a ware wani yamma domin bikin. &lt;ref name=&quot;cnn.com&quot; /&gt;

A lokacin bikin, mahaifin amarya ya cika kofi da ruwan dabino ya mika wa 'yar. Sai ta nemo ango a cikin taron bakin daurin aure domin ta ba shi ruwan sha. Bayan an gama sha, ango da amarya suna rawa ga mahaifin amarya. Suna durƙusa a gabansa, zai albarkace su. Bayan haka, ma'auratan suna rawa na ɗan lokaci kafin su zauna, sannan a shakata ana gabatar da kyaututtuka, a wasu lokutan jawabin MC, sannan a rufe addu'a da tashi.

== Igbo Architecture ==
Gine-ginen Igbo na nufin salon al’adun da suka ginu akaiina al’ummar Igbo. Salon gine-ginen yana da nasaba sosai da al'adun al'ummar Igbo, imani, da tsarin zamantakewar al'ummar Igbo. Yayin da tsarin gine-gine ya samo asali, gine-ginen gargajiya na Igbo ya raba wasu halaye na kowa kamar:

'''Tsarin haɗin kai''' - Al'adun gine-ginen Igbo sau da yawa suna komawa kan manufar fili wanda ke da alaƙa da wani yanki da ke kewaye da ya ƙunshi gidaje da yawa na iyali, buɗewar tsakar gida, verandas, da tsarin taimako. Ana tsara waɗannan mahadi a hankali kuma wani lokaci ana shimfida su da duwatsu masu faɗi don haɓaka rayuwar jama'a da sauƙaƙe ayyukan iyali. Bugu da ƙari, wasu mahadi sun ƙunshi abubuwa na musamman kamar gidajen Impluvium, [[Lambu|Lambuna]], Motsi, da [[Rijiya|rijiyoyin ruwa]] waɗanda ke nuna bambancin tsarin gine-ginen Igbo.

'''Samun iska''' - Gine-ginen Igbo ya haɗa dabarun sanya buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗiya a cikin gine-gine don haɓaka iskar iska, yana taimakawa wajen daidaita yanayin zafi na cikin gida. Yin amfani da buɗaɗɗen buɗewa yana sauƙaƙe kewayawar iska, yana tabbatar da jin daɗin mazauna. Dangane da yankin da ke da yanayin zafi da zafi, ƙafewar gumi ya zama ƙalubale; duk da haka, iska tana taimakawa wannan tsari, yana haɓaka ta'aziyya. Bugu da ƙari, ayyukan gine-gine sun haɗa da katanga mai kauri, rufin ciyayi, da ɗaga tushe don rage ƙalubalen muhalli. Ganuwar mai kauri tana kula da yanayin sanyi cikin yanayi mai zafi da zafi lokacin damina. Rufin da aka keɓe yana ba da kariya daga hasken rana kai tsaye, yana ba da inuwa kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga ta'aziyyar zafi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dorcas Mobolade |first=Tolulope |last2=Pourvahidi |first2=Parastoo |date=20 May 2020 |title=Bioclimatic Approach for Climate Classification of Nigeria |journal=Sustainability |volume=12 |issue=10 |pages=4192 |doi=10.3390/su12104192 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Wuri Mai Tsarki da Wurare Tsarkaka''' - Gine-ginen Igbo yakan haɗa da wuraren da aka keɓance a cikin mahalli ko wuraren al'umma don wuraren ibada/ [[Mbari (art)|temples]] na kakanni da gidajen taron ƙungiyoyin asiri. Ana ɗaukar waɗannan wurare a matsayin masu tsarki kuma muhimmin sashe ne na al'adun Igbo da ayyukan addini. Waɗannan tsattsauran tsattsauran ra'ayi na iya bambanta da ƙira, kama daga sassauƙan wuraren buɗe sararin sama zuwa ƙarin ƙayyadaddun tsarin da ke da takamaiman fasalin gine-gine.

'''Abubuwan Ado -''' Gine-ginen gargajiya na Igbo yakan haɗa abubuwa na ado, gami da zanen fenti a bango irin su uli, filayen ƙofa na katako, da ƙaƙƙarfan tsari akan sifofi. Waɗannan kayan ado na iya samun alama ko ma'anar addini. 

== Tufafin gargajiya ==
A al'adance, kayan ado na Ibo gabaɗaya sun ƙunshi ƙananan tufafi domin manufar sutura a lokacin ita ce ɓoye al'aura, ko da yake dattawan sun cika tufafi.  Yara kan kasance tsirara tun daga haihuwa har zuwa lokacin [[samartaka]] (lokacin da ake ganin suna da abin da za su boye) amma a wasu lokuta ana sanya kayan ado irin su dunƙule a kugu don dalilai na likita. Hakanan an yi amfani da fasahar jikin Uli don yi wa maza da mata ado a cikin nau'ikan layin da ke samar da alamu da siffofi a jiki.
[[Fayil:Little_world,_Aichi_prefecture_-_African_plaza_-_Hat_of_a_vassal_-_Ìgbo_people_in_Nigeria_-_Collected_in_2006.jpg|left|thumb|147x147px| Hulun gargajiyar Igbo da aka yi gaba ɗaya daga ulu .]]
Da mulkin mallaka da kuma tura al’adun Ibo suka koma Turawan yamma, tufafin da Turawa suka yi amfani da su kamar riga da wando sun dauki kayan gargajiya. 

=== Mata ===
Mata sun dauki jariransu a bayansu da ɗigon tufafi da ke ɗaure su biyu da kulli a ƙirjinta. Wannan dabarar daukar jarirai ta kasance kuma har yanzu kungiyoyin mutane da yawa a fadin Afirka, ciki har da Igbo. An sabunta wannan hanyar ta hanyar ɗaukar yara . A mafi yawan lokuta, matan Igbo ba sa rufe kirjinsu. Budurwa sukan sanya guntun lullubi mai lulluɓe a kugunsu tare da wasu kayan ado kamar sarƙaƙƙiya da ƙura.  Duka maza da mata sun sanya abin rufe fuska. 

=== Maza ===
Maza za su sa rigar gindi da aka nannade a kugunsu da tsakanin kafafunsu don a daure su a bayansu, irin tufafin da ya dace da zafin zafi da kuma ayyuka kamar noma.  Maza kuma za su iya ɗaure abin rufe fuska a kan rigar gindinsu. A shagulgulan al’umma kamar bukukuwan aure na gargajiya, maza suna ɗaure irin waɗannan kayayyaki kamar kwazazzabo, wanda ake ganin yana da tsada, kuma wannan yakan tafi tare da ‘Isiagu’ wanda ya shahara ga masu hannu da shuni da na gargajiya.

=== Tufafin gargajiya na zamani ===
[[Fayil:Igbo_Traditional_marriage.jpg|thumb| Tufafin Auren Gargajiya na Igbo]]
Tufafin gargajiya na Igbo na zamani gabaɗaya an yi shi ne, ga maza, na saman [[Isiagu]] wanda yayi kama da Dashiki na Afirka. Isiagu (ko ''Ishi agu'' ) yawanci ana yin su ne tare da kawunan zakuna da aka yi wa sutura, Hakanan yana iya zama a fili, (yawanci baki). Ana sawa da wando kuma ana iya sawa da ko dai hular masu rike da sarautar gargajiya (wata fez mai suna okpu agu ko agwu), ko kuma da hular al’adun kabilar Igbo (wacce ta yi kama da hular Bobble ). Ga mata, an sa rigar rigar hannu mai kumbura (wanda kayan turawa ke tasiri) tare da nannade guda biyu (yawanci kayan ''[[Hollandis]]'' na zamani) da gyale.

== Taken Mulki ==
[[Fayil:Igbo_ichi_marks.jpg|thumb| Wani dan kabilar Igbo mai alamar ''Ichi'', alamar daraja a matsayin Ozo ]]
An shigar da manyan ƙwararrun maza da mata a cikin umarninsu na daraja ga mutanen da ke da lakabi kamar Ndi Ozo ko Ndi Nze . Waɗannan mutane suna karɓar tambari don nuna girman su. Kasancewa memba yana keɓantacce sosai, kuma don cancantar mutum yana buƙatar a mutunta shi sosai kuma a fahimce shi a cikin al'umma.

== Koyarwa ==
Igbo na da wani nau’i na koyon sana’o’i na musamman wanda ko dai dan gida namiji ko kuma wani dan gari zai yi amfani da lokaci (yawanci a shekarun kuruciyarsu har zuwa girmansu) tare da wani dangi, lokacin da suke yi musu aiki. Bayan zaman da aka yi da iyali, shugaban gidan, wanda yawanci shi ne babban mutumin da ya shigo da almajiri cikin gidansa, zai kafa ( Igbo  &lt;/link&gt; ) mai koyo ta hanyar kafa masa sana'a ko ba da kudi ko kayan aikin da zai ci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 November 2018 |title=From Apprenticeship to Enterprise {{!}} Ike Chioke {{!}} TEDxOguiRoad |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XGLUk319DVE |website=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Turai|Turawa]] ne suka yi amfani da wannan al'ada, inda suka yi amfani da wannan al'ada a matsayin hanyar ciniki ga bayi . Olaudah Equiano, ko da yake an sace shi a gidansa, dan kabilar Igbo ne da aka tilastawa yin hidima ga dangin Afirka. Ya ce ya ji wani ɓangare na iyali, ba kamar daga baya ba, sa’ad da aka tura shi zuwa Arewacin Amirka kuma aka bautar da shi a Ƙasashen Mulki goma sha uku . 

Ana kiran tsarin koyan koyan Igbo  Imu Ahia ko Igba Boy a kasar Igbo wanda ya yi fice a tsakanin Igbo bayan [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasar Najeriya]] . A wani yunkuri na tsira da tsarin kudi fam 20 wanda [[Obafemi Awolowo]] ya gabatar na cewa a baiwa kowane dan kasar Biafra fam 20 kacal ba tare da la’akari da abin da yake da shi a banki ba kafin yakin da sauran kudaden da Najeriya ke rike da su. gwamnati.

Kasuwancin ƙanana ɗaya ne daga cikin hanyoyin da za a sake gina al'ummomin da aka lalata da kuma Noma, amma sai noma ya buƙaci lokacin da ba shi da sauƙi a wannan lokacin.

Ainihin, yawancin mutane sun shiga ciniki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nnadozie |first=Emmanuel |year=2002 |title=African Indigenous Entrepreneurship Determinants of Resurgence and Growth of Igbo Entrepreneurship During the Post-Biafra Period |journal=[[Journal of African Business]] |volume=3 |pages=49–80 |doi=10.1300/J156v03n01_04 |s2cid=153686734}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan samfurin Imu-Ahia/Igba Boy ya kasance mai sauƙi, yana aiki ta yadda masu kasuwanci za su ɗauki yara maza waɗanda za su iya zama dangi, ƴan uwa ko kuma waɗanda ba dangi ba daga yanki ɗaya, suna zaune a cikin su kuma su sa su koyi kasuwanci yayin da suke koyo. koyon yadda yake aiki da kuma sirrin kasuwanci. Bayan an kai lokacin da aka ware don horon, bayan shekaru 5-8, za a yi ɗan bikin yaye '''ɗan yaron Nwa''' (wanda ya koyi sana'ar). Za a kuma biya shi dunƙule kuɗi na ayyukansu na tsawon shekaru, kuma za a yi amfani da kuɗin don fara kasuwanci ga '''Nwa Boy''' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 June 2018 |title=The age-old sharing economies of Africa -- and why we should scale them {{!}} Robert Neuwirth |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SO7pX6ojJQ0 |website=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Osu caste tsarin ==
Osu rukuni ne na mutanen da kakanninsu suka sadaukar da kansu don yin hidima a wuraren tsafi da gidajen ibada ga gumakan Ibo, don haka an dauke su mallakin alloli. Dangantaka da wasu lokuta mu'amala da Osu sun kasance (kuma har yau, har yanzu) a yawancin lokuta, haramun ne.

Har wala yau ana kiransa ''Osu'' abin kunya ne da ke hana ci gaban mutane da salon rayuwa. 

== Kalanda (Iguafo Igbo) ==
A cikin kalandar gargajiya ta Igbo, mako guda ( Igbo  &lt;/link&gt; ) yana da kwanaki 4 ( Igbo  &lt;/link&gt; ) ( ''Eke'', ''Orie'', ''Shekara'', ''Nkwọ'' ), bakwai makonni yin wata daya ( Igbo  &lt;/link&gt; ), wata yana da kwanaki 28 kuma akwai watanni 13 a cikin shekara. A cikin watan da ya gabata, ana ƙara ƙarin rana.  Sunayen kwanakin sun samo asali ne daga tatsuniyar [[Masarautar Nri]] . An yi imani da cewa Eri, wanda ya kafa sararin samaniya na mulkin Nri, ya tafi tafiya don gano asirin lokaci. A cikin tafiyarsa ya yi sallama ya ƙidaya kwanaki huɗu da sunayen ruhohin da suke mulkinsu, don haka sunayen ruhohin ( ''eke'', ''orie'', ''afu'' da ''Nkwo'' ) suka zama kwanakin mako. 
 

=== Sunayen kwanakin kasuwa ===
Jarirai da aka haifa a wasu lokuta ana sawa sunan ranar mako da aka haife su. Wannan ba shine salon ba. Sunaye irin su ''Mgbeke'' ( [[Budurci|budurwa]] [haihuwa] a ranar Eke), Mgborie (budurwa [an haife shi] a ranar Orie) ana yawan samun su a tsakanin kabilar Igbo. Na maza, ana maye gurbin ''Mgbe'' da ''Nwa'' ko &quot;Okoro&quot; ( [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]] : Child [na]). Misalan wannan sune Solomon Okoronkwo da [[Nwankwo Kanu]], mashahuran ’yan kwallon kafa biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 2006 |title=Naming practice guide UK 2006 |url=http://www.fbiic.gov/public/2008/nov/Naming_practice_guide_UK_2006.pdf |access-date=2009-04-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibo abin rufe fuska da maski ==
Akwai nau'ikan masquerades guda biyu na asali, bayyane da ganuwa. Masallatan da ake gani ana nufin jama'a ne. Sau da yawa sun fi jin daɗi. Masks da aka yi amfani da su suna ba da sha'awar gani don siffofi da sifofinsu. A cikin waɗannan masallatai da ake gani, ana yin wasan [[Cin-zarafi|tsangwama]], kiɗa, raye-raye, da wakoki (Oyeneke 25).

Masallatai marasa ganuwa suna faruwa da dare. Sauti shine babban kayan aiki a gare su. Mai yin masarrafa yana amfani da muryarsa don yin kururuwa don a ji shi a cikin ƙauyen. Abubuwan rufe fuska da ake amfani da su galibi suna da zafi sosai kuma membobin al'umma ne kawai ke fahimtar fassarar su. Wadannan masallatai marasa ganuwa suna kira ga kauye mai shiru don sanya tsoro a cikin zukatan wadanda ba a fara shiga cikin al'ummarsu ba.

== Kola nut (Yaji) ==
[[Fayil:Kola_nut.jpg|alt=Kola nut|thumb| Kola goro]]
Kola goro ( Igbo  &lt;/link&gt; )  yana da matsayi na musamman a rayuwar al'adun kabilar Igbo. Ọji shine abu na farko da ake yiwa duk wani baƙo a gidan Igbo. Ana yi wa Ọji hidima kafin a fara wani muhimmin aiki, walau [[Aure|bikin aure]],  sasanta rikicin iyali ko shiga kowace irin yarjejeniya.  A al’adance ana karkasa Ọji gunduwa-gunduwa da hannu, kuma idan ’ya’yan Kola ta kasu kashi uku sai a shirya biki na musamman.

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Biyafara|Biafra]]

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Kabilu a Afrika]]
[[Rukuni:Al'adun Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Kogin Nilu</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355358811|Nile Delta]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Fayil:Nile_delta_landsat_false_color.jpg|thumb|Hoton tauraron dan adam na NASA na yankin Nilu Delta (wanda aka nuna da launin karya )]]
[[Fayil:Nile_River_Delta_at_Night.JPG|thumb|Deltan Nilu da daddare kamar yadda aka gani daga ISS a watan Oktoban 2010.]]
'''Kogin Nilu''' ( Arabic  , {{Transl|ar|Delta an-Nīl}} ko kuma kawai {{Lang|ar|الدلتا}}, {{Transl|ar|ad-Delta}} &lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:1px&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; shine [[delta]] da aka samar a [[Lower Egypt|Ƙasar Masar]] inda Kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] ya bazu kuma ya malala zuwa [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] .  Yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan deltas na duniya. Daga [[Alexandria]] a yamma zuwa [[Port Said]] a gabas; yana rufe {{Cvt|240|km|mi}} na bakin tekun Bahar Rum kuma yanki ne mai wadataccen [[noma]] .  Daga arewa zuwa kudu yankin delta yana da kusan {{Cvt|160|km|mi}} a tsawonsa. Delta ta fara daga [[Kairo|Alkahira]] . 

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
[[Fayil:Niledelta_33.svg|The Nile Delta, Northern Egypt]]

Daga arewa zuwa kudu, yankin delta yana da kusan {{Cvt|160|km|mi}} a tsawonsa. Daga yamma zuwa gabas, ya ƙunshi kusan {{Cvt|240|km|mi}} na bakin teku. Wani lokaci ana raba delta zuwa sassa, inda kogin Nilu ya rabu zuwa manyan rassa biyu, Damietta da [[Rosetta]],  suna kwarara zuwa Bahar Rum a biranen tashar jiragen ruwa masu suna iri ɗaya. A da, delta tana da rassa da yawa, amma an rasa waɗannan saboda shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa, lalata laka da kuma sauyi. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan rassa da ba a samu ba shine [[Wadi Tumilat]] . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
[[Fayil:Nile_River_and_delta_from_orbit.jpg|thumb|Kogin Nilu da Delta]]
[[Suez canal|Mashigin Suez]] yana gabashin delta kuma yana shiga [[tafkin Manzala]] na bakin teku a arewa maso gabashin delta. A arewa maso yamma akwai wasu tafkuna ko tafkuna uku na bakin teku: [[Tafkin Burullus]], [[Tafkin Idku]] da [[Tafkin Mariout|Tafkin Maritout]] .

Ana ɗaukar Kogin Nilu a matsayin wani yanki mai kama da &quot;arcuate&quot; delta (mai siffar baka), domin yana kama da alwatika ko fure idan aka gan shi daga sama. [[Aristotle]] ya yi hasashen cewa an gina yankin delta ne don amfanin gona saboda bushewar yankin Masar. 

A zamanin yau, gefunan waje na delta suna lalacewa, kuma wasu tafkuna na bakin teku sun ga ƙaruwar gishiri yayin da alaƙarsu da Tekun Bahar Rum ke ƙaruwa. Tunda delta ba ta sake samun wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki da laka a kowace shekara daga sama ba saboda gina [[Babban madatsar ruwa ta Aswan|Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan]], ƙasar da ke cikin ambaliyar ruwa ta yi ƙaranci, kuma ana amfani da takin zamani mai yawa yanzu. Ƙasa a cikin delta na iya kaiwa har zuwa {{Cvt|70|ft|m}} a cikin zurfin. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
[[Fayil:Nile_Delta_Surrounding.jpg|thumb|Tsoffin rassan kogin Nilu, suna nuna Wadi Tumilat, da tafkuna a gabashin Delta]]
Mutane sun rayu a yankin Nilu Delta tsawon dubban shekaru, kuma an yi noma sosai a cikinsa tsawon akalla shekaru dubu biyar da suka gabata. Delta babban yanki ne na Ƙasar Masar, kuma wurare da yawa na kayan tarihi suna cikin yankin da kewaye.  An gano kayayyakin tarihi na tsoffin wurare a bakin tekun delta. An gano [[Dutsen Rosetta|Dutse Rosetta]] a cikin delta a cikin 1799 a birnin Rosetta mai tashar jiragen ruwa (sigar mai kama da sunan [[Rosetta|Rashid]] ). A watan Yulin 2019 an sami ƙaramin haikalin Girka, ginshiƙan dutse na dā, jiragen ruwa masu ɗauke da taskoki, da tsabar tagulla daga zamanin Ptolemy II, waɗanda suka samo asali tun ƙarni na uku da na huɗu kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, a birnin Heracleion da ya nutse, wanda aka fi sani da Atlantis na Masar. Masu nutsewa na Masar da Turai ne suka gudanar da binciken, ƙarƙashin jagorancin masanin ilmin kayan tarihi na ƙarƙashin ruwa Franck Goddio . Sun kuma gano wani haikalin tarihi da ya lalace (babban haikalin birnin) a ƙarƙashin ruwa a bakin tekun arewa na Masar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 July 2019 |title=Mysterious temple discovered in the ruins of sunken ancient city |url=https://www.9news.com.au/world/ancient-egypt-news-underwater-archaeologist-discovery-treasures--subaquatic-temple-city-of-heracleion/265ba5c2-d31d-4e80-9487-d4475f86b8a3 |access-date=2019-08-17 |website=www.9news.com.au}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=History |first=Laura Geggel 2019-07-29T10:37:58Z |date=29 July 2019 |title=Divers Find Remains of Ancient Temple in Sunken Egyptian City |url=https://www.livescience.com/66045-underwater-ancient-egypt-city-temple.html |access-date=2019-08-17 |website=livescience.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Santos |first=Edwin |date=2019-07-28 |title=Archaeologists discover a sunken ancient settlement underwater |url=https://nosymedia.info/archaeologists-discover-a-sunken-ancient-settlement-underwater/1410/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817155916/https://nosymedia.info/archaeologists-discover-a-sunken-ancient-settlement-underwater/1410/ |archive-date=17 August 2019 |access-date=2019-08-17 |website=Nosy Media |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=EDT |first=Katherine Hignett On 7/23/19 at 11:06 AM |date=2019-07-23 |title=Ancient Egypt: Underwater archaeologists uncover destroyed temple in the sunken city of Heracleion |url=https://www.newsweek.com/ancient-egypt-underwater-cities-sunken-cities-temple-coins-jewelry-archaeology-1450695 |access-date=2019-08-17 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Janairun 2019, masana ilmin kayan tarihi karkashin jagorancin Mostafa Waziri da ke aiki a yankin Kom Al-Khelgan na yankin Nilu Delta sun gano kaburbura na Tsakiyar Zamani na Biyu da kuma binnewa daga zamanin Naqada II . Wurin binnewar ya ƙunshi ragowar dabbobi, layu da mayukan da aka sassaka daga faience, tukwane masu zagaye da oval tare da madauri, wukake masu duwatsu, tukwane da aka fashe da aka ƙone. Duk binnewar ta haɗa da kwanyar da kwarangwal a wurin lanƙwasa kuma ba a kiyaye su sosai ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 January 2019 |title=3,500-Year-Old Tombs Unearthed in Egypt's Nile Delta - Archaeology Magazine |url=https://archaeology.org/news/2019/01/24/190124-nile-delta-tombs/ |access-date=2020-09-11 |website=www.archaeology.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ancient tombs and prehistoric burials found in Nile Delta - Ancient Egypt - Heritage |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/9/40/322326/Heritage/Ancient-Egypt/Ancient-tombs-and-prehistoric-burials-found-in-Nil.aspx |access-date=2020-09-11 |website=Ahram Online |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tsoffin rassan kogin Nilu ===
[[Fayil:AncientEgyptJamesRennell01.jpg|alt=Ancient Nile delta.|thumb|Yankin Nilu Delta a lokacin Herodotus, a cewar James Rennell (1800)]]
Bayanan tarihi daga zamanin da (kamar na Ptolemy ) sun ruwaito cewa yankin delta yana da rassa bakwai ko rassan da aka raba, (daga gabas zuwa yamma): 

* [[Pelusium|Namijin Pelusiac]]
* [[Tanis|Tanitic]]
* [[Ƙaryace-ƙarya|Mendesian]]
* Phatnitic ko Phatmetic (daga baya Damietta )
* The [[Samannud|Sebennytic]]
* Bolbitine (daga baya [[Rosetta]] ) 
* Canopic (wanda kuma ake kira Herakleotic,  Agathodaemon {{Refn|e.g. in Ptolemy, ''Geography''.}} )

==== Jerin George na Cyprus ====
Uku na farko sun bushe tsawon ƙarni saboda shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa, [[Seltation|lalata zaftarewar ƙasa]] da kuma sauyi a yanayin da ake ciki, yayin da biyu na ƙarshe har yanzu suna nan. [[Ambaliyar kogin nilu|Delta tana ambaliyar ruwa kowace shekara]], amma wannan ya ƙare da gina [[Babban madatsar ruwa ta Aswan|madatsar ruwa ta Aswan]] .

== Yawan Jama'a ==
[[Fayil:Egypt_2010_population_density1.png|thumb|Yawan jama'a]]
Kimanin mutane miliyan 70 ne ke zaune a yankin Delta. A wajen manyan birane, yawan jama'a a yankin Delta ya kai matsakaicin {{Cvt|1,000|PD/sqkm}}   ko fiye. [[Kairo|Alkahira]] ita ce birni mafi girma a cikin delta. Sauran manyan biranen delta sun haɗa da Shubra El Kheima, [[Port Said]], El Mahalla El Kubra, Mansura, [[Tanta]], da [[Zagazig]] . 

== Namun daji ==
[[Fayil:Chlidonias_hybrida_3_(Marek_Szczepanek).jpg|thumb|Ƙwallon da aka yi wa wuƙa]]
A lokacin kaka, sassan Kogin Nilu ja ne da furannin lotus . Kogin Nilu na Ƙasa (Arewa) da Kogin Nilu na Sama (Kudu) suna da tsire-tsire da ke girma da yawa. Tsibirin Kogin Nilu na Sama shine lotus na Masar, kuma Tsibirin Kogin Nilu na Ƙasa shine Papyrus Sedge ( ''Cyperus papyrus'' ), kodayake ba shi da yawa kamar yadda yake a da, kuma yana zama da wuya a samu. 

Tsuntsayen ruwa da dama suna yin hunturunsu a yankin delta, ciki har da mafi yawan tarin ƙananan tsuntsayen ruwa da kuma terns masu ƙyalli a duniya. Sauran tsuntsayen da ke yin gidajensu a yankin delta sun haɗa da grey herons, Kentish plovers, sheburers, cormorants, egrets da [[Ibis|ibises]] . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Sauran dabbobin da ake samu a yankin delta sun haɗa da [[Kwaɗo|kwaɗi]], [[Afifiya|kunkuru]], [[kunkuru]], mongoose, da kuma na'urar lura da kogin Nilu . [[Yankin Nilu|Kadodin Nilu]] da dorinar ruwa, dabbobi biyu da suka yaɗu a yankin delta a zamanin da, ba a samun su a can yanzu. Kifin da ake samu a yankin delta sun haɗa da mullet mai launin toka da tafin ƙafa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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[[Fayil:Nile_delta_landsat_false_color.jpg|thumb|Hoton tauraron dan adam na NASA na yankin Nilu Delta (wanda aka nuna da launin karya )]]
[[Fayil:Nile_River_Delta_at_Night.JPG|thumb|Deltan Nilu da daddare kamar yadda aka gani daga ISS a watan Oktoban 2010.]]
'''Kogin Nilu''' ( Arabic  , {{Transl|ar|Delta an-Nīl}} ko kuma kawai {{Lang|ar|الدلتا}}, {{Transl|ar|ad-Delta}} &lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:1px&amp;quot;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; shine [[delta]] da aka samar a [[Lower Egypt|Ƙasar Masar]] inda Kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] ya bazu kuma ya malala zuwa [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] .  Yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan deltas na duniya. Daga [[Alexandria]] a yamma zuwa [[Port Said]] a gabas; yana rufe {{Cvt|240|km|mi}} na bakin tekun Bahar Rum kuma yanki ne mai wadataccen [[noma]] .  Daga arewa zuwa kudu yankin delta yana da kusan {{Cvt|160|km|mi}} a tsawonsa. Delta ta fara daga [[Kairo|Alkahira]] . 

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
[[Fayil:Niledelta_33.svg|The Nile Delta, Northern Egypt]]

Daga arewa zuwa kudu, yankin delta yana da kusan {{Cvt|160|km|mi}} a tsawonsa. Daga yamma zuwa gabas, ya ƙunshi kusan {{Cvt|240|km|mi}} na bakin teku. Wani lokaci ana raba delta zuwa sassa, inda kogin Nilu ya rabu zuwa manyan rassa biyu, Damietta da [[Rosetta]],  suna kwarara zuwa Bahar Rum a biranen tashar jiragen ruwa masu suna iri ɗaya. A da, delta tana da rassa da yawa, amma an rasa waɗannan saboda shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa, lalata laka da kuma sauyi. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan rassa da ba a samu ba shine [[Wadi Tumilat]] . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
[[Fayil:Nile_River_and_delta_from_orbit.jpg|thumb|Kogin Nilu da Delta]]
[[Suez canal|Mashigin Suez]] yana gabashin delta kuma yana shiga [[tafkin Manzala]] na bakin teku a arewa maso gabashin delta. A arewa maso yamma akwai wasu tafkuna ko tafkuna uku na bakin teku: [[Tafkin Burullus]], [[Tafkin Idku]] da [[Tafkin Mariout|Tafkin Maritout]] .

Ana ɗaukar Kogin Nilu a matsayin wani yanki mai kama da &quot;arcuate&quot; delta (mai siffar baka), domin yana kama da alwatika ko fure idan aka gan shi daga sama. [[Aristotle]] ya yi hasashen cewa an gina yankin delta ne don amfanin gona saboda bushewar yankin Masar. 

A zamanin yau, gefunan waje na delta suna lalacewa, kuma wasu tafkuna na bakin teku sun ga ƙaruwar gishiri yayin da alaƙarsu da Tekun Bahar Rum ke ƙaruwa. Tunda delta ba ta sake samun wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki da laka a kowace shekara daga sama ba saboda gina [[Babban madatsar ruwa ta Aswan|Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan]], ƙasar da ke cikin ambaliyar ruwa ta yi ƙaranci, kuma ana amfani da takin zamani mai yawa yanzu. Ƙasa a cikin delta na iya kaiwa har zuwa {{Cvt|70|ft|m}} a cikin zurfin. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
[[Fayil:Nile_Delta_Surrounding.jpg|thumb|Tsoffin rassan kogin Nilu, suna nuna Wadi Tumilat, da tafkuna a gabashin Delta]]
Mutane sun rayu a yankin Nilu Delta tsawon dubban shekaru, kuma an yi noma sosai a cikinsa tsawon akalla shekaru dubu biyar da suka gabata. Delta babban yanki ne na Ƙasar Masar, kuma wurare da yawa na kayan tarihi suna cikin yankin da kewaye.  An gano kayayyakin tarihi na tsoffin wurare a bakin tekun delta. An gano [[Dutsen Rosetta|Dutse Rosetta]] a cikin delta a cikin 1799 a birnin Rosetta mai tashar jiragen ruwa (sigar mai kama da sunan [[Rosetta|Rashid]] ). A watan Yulin 2019 an sami ƙaramin haikalin Girka, ginshiƙan dutse na dā, jiragen ruwa masu ɗauke da taskoki, da tsabar tagulla daga zamanin Ptolemy II, waɗanda suka samo asali tun ƙarni na uku da na huɗu kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, a birnin Heracleion da ya nutse, wanda aka fi sani da Atlantis na Masar. Masu nutsewa na Masar da Turai ne suka gudanar da binciken, ƙarƙashin jagorancin masanin ilmin kayan tarihi na ƙarƙashin ruwa Franck Goddio . Sun kuma gano wani haikalin tarihi da ya lalace (babban haikalin birnin) a ƙarƙashin ruwa a bakin tekun arewa na Masar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 July 2019 |title=Mysterious temple discovered in the ruins of sunken ancient city |url=https://www.9news.com.au/world/ancient-egypt-news-underwater-archaeologist-discovery-treasures--subaquatic-temple-city-of-heracleion/265ba5c2-d31d-4e80-9487-d4475f86b8a3 |access-date=2019-08-17 |website=www.9news.com.au}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=History |first=Laura Geggel 2019-07-29T10:37:58Z |date=29 July 2019 |title=Divers Find Remains of Ancient Temple in Sunken Egyptian City |url=https://www.livescience.com/66045-underwater-ancient-egypt-city-temple.html |access-date=2019-08-17 |website=livescience.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Santos |first=Edwin |date=2019-07-28 |title=Archaeologists discover a sunken ancient settlement underwater |url=https://nosymedia.info/archaeologists-discover-a-sunken-ancient-settlement-underwater/1410/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817155916/https://nosymedia.info/archaeologists-discover-a-sunken-ancient-settlement-underwater/1410/ |archive-date=17 August 2019 |access-date=2019-08-17 |website=Nosy Media |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=EDT |first=Katherine Hignett On 7/23/19 at 11:06 AM |date=2019-07-23 |title=Ancient Egypt: Underwater archaeologists uncover destroyed temple in the sunken city of Heracleion |url=https://www.newsweek.com/ancient-egypt-underwater-cities-sunken-cities-temple-coins-jewelry-archaeology-1450695 |access-date=2019-08-17 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Janairun 2019, masana ilmin kayan tarihi karkashin jagorancin Mostafa Waziri da ke aiki a yankin Kom Al-Khelgan na yankin Nilu Delta sun gano kaburbura na Tsakiyar Zamani na Biyu da kuma binnewa daga zamanin Naqada II . Wurin binnewar ya ƙunshi ragowar dabbobi, layu da mayukan da aka sassaka daga faience, tukwane masu zagaye da oval tare da madauri, wukake masu duwatsu, tukwane da aka fashe da aka ƙone. Duk binnewar ta haɗa da kwanyar da kwarangwal a wurin lanƙwasa kuma ba a kiyaye su sosai ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 January 2019 |title=3,500-Year-Old Tombs Unearthed in Egypt's Nile Delta - Archaeology Magazine |url=https://archaeology.org/news/2019/01/24/190124-nile-delta-tombs/ |access-date=2020-09-11 |website=www.archaeology.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ancient tombs and prehistoric burials found in Nile Delta - Ancient Egypt - Heritage |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/9/40/322326/Heritage/Ancient-Egypt/Ancient-tombs-and-prehistoric-burials-found-in-Nil.aspx |access-date=2020-09-11 |website=Ahram Online |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tsoffin rassan kogin Nilu ===
[[Fayil:AncientEgyptJamesRennell01.jpg|alt=Ancient Nile delta.|thumb|Yankin Nilu Delta a lokacin Herodotus, a cewar James Rennell (1800)]]
Bayanan tarihi daga zamanin da (kamar na Ptolemy ) sun ruwaito cewa yankin delta yana da rassa bakwai ko rassan da aka raba, (daga gabas zuwa yamma): 

* [[Pelusium|Namijin Pelusiac]]
* [[Tanis|Tanitic]]
* [[Ƙaryace-ƙarya|Mendesian]]
* Phatnitic ko Phatmetic (daga baya Damietta )
* The [[Samannud|Sebennytic]]
* Bolbitine (daga baya [[Rosetta]] ) 
* Canopic (wanda kuma ake kira Herakleotic,  Agathodaemon {{Refn|e.g. in Ptolemy, ''Geography''.}} )

==== Jerin George na Cyprus ====
Uku na farko sun bushe tsawon ƙarni saboda shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa, [[Seltation|lalata zaftarewar ƙasa]] da kuma sauyi a yanayin da ake ciki, yayin da biyu na ƙarshe har yanzu suna nan. [[Ambaliyar kogin nilu|Delta tana ambaliyar ruwa kowace shekara]], amma wannan ya ƙare da gina [[Babban madatsar ruwa ta Aswan|madatsar ruwa ta Aswan]] .

== Yawan Jama'a ==
[[Fayil:Egypt_2010_population_density1.png|thumb|Yawan jama'a]]
Kimanin mutane miliyan 70 ne ke zaune a yankin Delta. A wajen manyan birane, yawan jama'a a yankin Delta ya kai matsakaicin {{Cvt|1,000|PD/sqkm}}   ko fiye. [[Kairo|Alkahira]] ita ce birni mafi girma a cikin delta. Sauran manyan biranen delta sun haɗa da Shubra El Kheima, [[Port Said]], El Mahalla El Kubra, Mansura, [[Tanta]], da [[Zagazig]] . 

== Namun daji ==
[[Fayil:Chlidonias_hybrida_3_(Marek_Szczepanek).jpg|thumb|Ƙwallon da aka yi wa wuƙa]]
A lokacin kaka, sassan Kogin Nilu ja ne da furannin lotus . Kogin Nilu na Ƙasa (Arewa) da Kogin Nilu na Sama (Kudu) suna da tsire-tsire da ke girma da yawa. Tsibirin Kogin Nilu na Sama shine lotus na Masar, kuma Tsibirin Kogin Nilu na Ƙasa shine Papyrus Sedge ( ''Cyperus papyrus'' ), kodayake ba shi da yawa kamar yadda yake a da, kuma yana zama da wuya a samu. 

Tsuntsayen ruwa da dama suna yin hunturunsu a yankin delta, ciki har da mafi yawan tarin ƙananan tsuntsayen ruwa da kuma terns masu ƙyalli a duniya. Sauran tsuntsayen da ke yin gidajensu a yankin delta sun haɗa da grey herons, Kentish plovers, sheburers, cormorants, egrets da [[Ibis|ibises]] . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Sauran dabbobin da ake samu a yankin delta sun haɗa da [[Kwaɗo|kwaɗi]], [[Afifiya|kunkuru]], [[kunkuru]], mongoose, da kuma na'urar lura da kogin Nilu . [[Yankin Nilu|Kadodin Nilu]] da dorinar ruwa, dabbobi biyu da suka yaɗu a yankin delta a zamanin da, ba a samun su a can yanzu. Kifin da ake samu a yankin delta sun haɗa da mullet mai launin toka da tafin ƙafa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358043977|Nile Basin]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tafkin Nil''' wani yanki ne na [[Afirka]] wanda [[Nil|Kogin Nil]] da magudanan ruwa ke zubarwa.

Baya ga kasancewarsa ta biyu mafi girma [[Ruwan ruwa|a fannin magudanar ruwa]] a Afirka, Tafkin Nil shi ne mafi shahara a nahiyar. Ya mamaye kusan kashi 3.4 cikin ɗari na fadin magudanar ruwa.&amp;nbsp;km &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=نهر النيل |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2015/11/28/%d9%86%d9%87%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%84 |access-date=2026-05-16 |website=الجزيرة نت |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ko kuma kusan kashi 10% na yankin Afirka, wanda ke ratsa yankunan busassu kuma yana da yawan jama'a. Shirin Tafkin Nilu (NBI) ya kasance tun daga shekarar 1999, da nufin ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa wajen raba albarkatun da abin ya shafa. 

Yankin magudanar ruwa na kwarin ya ƙunshi [[Burundi]], [[Cadi|Chad]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Misra|Masar]], [[Eritrea]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Kenya]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], [[Sudan ta Kudu]], [[Sudan]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], da [[Uganda]] . Kwarin shine babban mai samar da ruwa mai tsafta, wutar lantarki, da kifi ga mazaunan waɗannan ƙasashe, yana tallafawa kusan mazauna miliyan 270, ko kashi 20% na yawan jama'ar Afirka. Kwarin yana tashi a tsaunuka kuma yana kwarara a yankuna masu bushewa sosai, musamman [[Sahara|Hamadar Sahara]] . 


Babban mai samar da ruwa ga kwarin shine Tafkin Victoria, wanda ke cikin Babban Kwarin Rift .  Kimanin mutane miliyan 238 ne ke zaune a cikin kwarin Nilu, miliyan 172 daga cikinsu suna zaune a yankunan [[Countryside|karkara]] . 

A yankin kudu maso yammacin yankin kwarin a Sudan ta Kudu kusa da magudanar ruwa tare da [[Kongo Basin|tafkin Congo,]] an yi wani babban [[Mai tafiya|pediplain]] guda ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;ZeitSouthSudan&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fölster |first=Horst |year=1964 |title=Morphogenese der südsudanischen Pediplane |journal=[[Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie]] |language=German |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=393–423}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsaunukan da ke sama da wannan pediplain suna ɗauke da ƙasa mai laterite, wani lokacin tare da pisolites ko ferricrete, kuma ragowar [[Fuskar Fuskar|tsohon saman]] ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;ZeitSouthSudan&quot; /&gt; Wasu daga cikin saman da suka dace da tsohon saman an samar da su ne ta hanyar [[Taimako mai juyawa|juyewar]] kwaruruka. &lt;ref name=&quot;ZeitSouthSudan&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Tafkin Nil''' wani yanki ne na [[Afirka]] wanda [[Nil|Kogin Nil]] da magudanan ruwa ke zubarwa.

Baya ga kasancewarsa ta biyu mafi girma [[Ruwan ruwa|a fannin magudanar ruwa]] a Afirka, Tafkin Nil shi ne mafi shahara a nahiyar. Ya mamaye kusan kashi 3.4 cikin ɗari na fadin magudanar ruwa.&amp;nbsp;km &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=نهر النيل |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2015/11/28/%d9%86%d9%87%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%84 |access-date=2026-05-16 |website=الجزيرة نت |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ko kuma kusan kashi 10% na yankin Afirka, wanda ke ratsa yankunan busassu kuma yana da yawan jama'a. Shirin Tafkin Nilu (NBI) ya kasance tun daga shekarar 1999, da nufin ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa wajen raba albarkatun da abin ya shafa. 

Yankin magudanar ruwa na kwarin ya ƙunshi [[Burundi]], [[Cadi|Chad]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Misra|Masar]], [[Eritrea]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Kenya]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], [[Sudan ta Kudu]], [[Sudan]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], da [[Uganda]] . Kwarin shine babban mai samar da ruwa mai tsafta, wutar lantarki, da kifi ga mazaunan waɗannan ƙasashe, yana tallafawa kusan mazauna miliyan 270, ko kashi 20% na yawan jama'ar Afirka. Kwarin yana tashi a tsaunuka kuma yana kwarara a yankuna masu bushewa sosai, musamman [[Sahara|Hamadar Sahara]] . 


Babban mai samar da ruwa ga kwarin shine Tafkin Victoria, wanda ke cikin Babban Kwarin Rift .  Kimanin mutane miliyan 238 ne ke zaune a cikin kwarin Nilu, miliyan 172 daga cikinsu suna zaune a yankunan [[Countryside|karkara]] . 

A yankin kudu maso yammacin yankin kwarin a Sudan ta Kudu kusa da magudanar ruwa tare da [[Kongo Basin|tafkin Congo,]] an yi wani babban [[Mai tafiya|pediplain]] guda ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;ZeitSouthSudan&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fölster |first=Horst |year=1964 |title=Morphogenese der südsudanischen Pediplane |journal=[[Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie]] |language=German |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=393–423}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsaunukan da ke sama da wannan pediplain suna ɗauke da ƙasa mai laterite, wani lokacin tare da pisolites ko ferricrete, kuma ragowar [[Fuskar Fuskar|tsohon saman]] ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;ZeitSouthSudan&quot; /&gt; Wasu daga cikin saman da suka dace da tsohon saman an samar da su ne ta hanyar [[Taimako mai juyawa|juyewar]] kwaruruka. &lt;ref name=&quot;ZeitSouthSudan&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355070952|Nile perch]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kogin Nilu''' ( '''''Lates niloticus''''' ), wanda kuma aka sani da '''snook na Afirka''', '''Goliath perch''', '''Nile lates''', '''African lates''', '''Goliath lates''', '''Victoria lates''', '''African barramundi''', '''Goliath barramundi''', '''Giant lates''' ko '''Victoria perch''', nau'in kifin ruwa ne mai ruwa a cikin dangin Latidae na tsarin Carangiformes . Ya bazu ko'ina cikin mafi yawan yankunan Afirka, yana da asali a [[Kogin Congo|Congo]], [[Nil|Nile]], [[Kogin Senegal|Senegal]], [[Neja (kogi)|Niger]] da [[Tabkin Chadi|Tafkin Chad]], [[Tafkin Volta|Volta]], [[Tafkin Turkana]], da sauran kwaruruka. Hakanan yana faruwa a cikin ruwan tafkin [[Tafkin Mariout|Maryut]] a [[Misra|Masar]] . Kogin Nilu kifi ne mai matuƙar mahimmanci a fannin tattalin arziki da tsaron abinci a Gabashin Afirka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chrétien |first=Emmanuelle |last2=Chapman |first2=Lauren J. |date=2016 |title=Tropical fish in a warming world: thermal tolerance of Nile perchLates niloticus(L.) in Lake Nabugabo, Uganda |journal=Conservation Physiology |volume=4 |issue=1 |doi=10.1093/conphys/cow062 |issn=2051-1434 |pmc=5156894 |pmid=27990290}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asalin sunan da aka siffanta shi da ''Labrus niloticus,'' a cikin wrasses na ruwa, ana kuma kiran nau'in da ''Centropomus niloticus'' . Sunaye da aka fi sani sun haɗa da snook na Afirka, Victoria perch (sunan kasuwanci mai ɓatarwa, domin nau'in ba asalin [[Tafkin Victoria]] ba ne, kodayake an gabatar da shi a can), da kuma sunaye da yawa na gida a cikin harsunan Afirka daban-daban, kamar sunan [[Yaren Luo|Luo]] ''mbuta'' ko ''mputa'' . A [[Tanzaniya]], ana kiransa ''sangara'', ''sankara'', ko ''chenku'' . A ƙasashen Afirka masu magana da Faransanci, ana kiransa ''capitaine'' . Sunansa a cikin [[harshen Hausa]] shine ''giwan ruwa'', ma'ana &quot;giwar ruwa&quot;.

== Bayani ==
''L. niloticus'' launin azurfa ne mai launin shuɗi. Yana da idanu masu duhu-baƙi, tare da zobe mai haske-rawaya. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan kifayen ruwa mai tsafta, tsawonsa ya kai kusan {{Convert|2|m}}, yana da nauyin har zuwa {{Convert|200|kg}} . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kaufman |first=Les |author-link=Les Kaufman |year=1992 |title=Catastrophic Change in Species-Rich Freshwater Ecosystems: The lessons of Lake Victoria |journal=[[BioScience]] |volume=42 |issue=11 |pages=846–858 |doi=10.2307/1312084 |jstor=1312084}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kifin da ya manyanta yawanci yana tsakanin {{Convert|1.21|–|1.37|m}}, kodayake ana kama kifaye da yawa kafin su iya girma da girma haka. 
[[File:Capitaine_Nile_Perch.jpg|alt=A juvenile Nile perch (''Lates niloticus''), postcard drawing by Mrs. Hopson, 1966, Lake Chad Research Station, Malamfatori, Nigeria|right|thumb]]
Manyan dabbobin ruwa na Nilu suna mamaye dukkan wuraren zama na tafki tare da isasshen iskar oxygen, yayin da ƙananan dabbobin ruwa ke iyakance ga muhalli mara zurfi ko kusa da bakin teku. Mafarauci mai tsananin kiwo wanda ke mamaye kewayensa, dabbobin ruwa na Nilu suna cin kifaye (gami da nau'in nasa), crustaceans, molluscs, da kwari ; ƙananan dabbobin kuma suna cin namun daji na zooplankton . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lates niloticus (Victoria perch) |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lates_niloticus/ |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; dabbobin ruwa na Nilu suna amfani da ilimin dabbobi a matsayin hanyar kare kansu daga sauran dabbobin ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Witte |first=Frans |date=2022 |title=Lates niloticus (Nile perch) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/77994 |journal=Cabi Compendium |volume=CABI Compendium |doi=10.1079/cabicompendium.77994 |access-date=2021-06-02 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nile perch (Lates niloticus) - Species Profile |url=https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=412 |access-date=2021-06-02 |website=nas.er.usgs.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nau'ikan mamaya ==
An gabatar da kogin perch zuwa wasu tafkuna da dama a Afirka, ciki har da Tafkin Victoria da [[Tafkin Nasser]] na wucin gadi. Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Nau'o'in Masu Yawa ta Ƙungiyar Kare Muhalli ta Duniya ta ɗauki ''L. niloticus'' a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan halittu 100 mafi muni a duniya. 

Jihar Queensland da ke Ostiraliya tana ɗaukar tara mai yawa ga duk wanda aka samu yana da wani yanki mai rai na kogin Nilu, tunda tana fafatawa kai tsaye da barramundi na asali, wanda yake kama da na asali kuma yana girma zuwa {{Convert|1.5|m}} tsayi, yayin da kogin Nilu ke girma zuwa {{Convert|2.0|m}} dogon lokaci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Society |first=National Geographic |title=Invasive Species |url=http://www.nationalgeographic.org/topics/resource-library-invasive-species/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130104828/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/topics/resource-library-invasive-species/ |archive-date=January 30, 2022 |access-date=2021-06-02 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nau'in yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a kasuwanci a matsayin kifin abinci. Haka kuma, kogin Nilu yana da farin jini ga masu kamun kifi na wasanni, domin yana kai hari ga masu kamun kifi na wucin gadi, kuma ana kiwonsa a fannin kiwon kamun kifi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Invasion Biology Introduced Species Summary Project - Columbia University |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/danoff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Lates_niloticus.htm |access-date=2021-06-02 |website=www.columbia.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gabatarwar Tafkin Victoria ===
[[Fayil:Lates_niloticus_2.jpg|thumb|Kogin Nilu zai iya girma zuwa {{Convert|2|m}} da kuma {{Convert|200|kg|lb}} . ]]
Gabatar da wannan nau'in a Tafkin Victoria yana ɗaya daga cikin misalan da aka fi ambata na mummunan tasirin da nau'in baƙo zai iya yi wa yanayin halittu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Impact of an Invasive Species |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/impact-invasive-species |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An gabatar da kogin Nilu a Tafkin Victoria da ke Gabashin Afirka a shekarun 1950, &lt;ref name=&quot;Pringle1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pringle |first=Robert M. |year=2005 |title=The origins of the Nile Perch in Lake Victoria |journal=BioScience |volume=55 |issue=9 |pages=780–787 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0780:TOOTNP]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=13720490 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Pringle2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pringle |first=Robert M. |date=2005 |title=The Nile Perch in Lake Victoria: local responses and adaptations |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages=510–538 |doi=10.3366/afr.2005.75.4.510 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=3556959 |s2cid=7566999}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma tun daga lokacin ake kamun kifi a fannin kasuwanci. A shekarar 2003, cinikin kogin Nilu ga Tarayyar Turai ya kai Yuro miliyan 169. Kamun kifi a yankin Uganda da Tanzania ya samar da ƙarin kuɗin shiga daga yawon buɗe ido.

Gabatar da shi ya kawo cikas ga muhalli kuma an danganta shi da haifar da ɓacewa ko kusan [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|bacewa]] na ɗaruruwan nau'ikan halittu na asali, tare da wasu yawan jama'a suna canzawa tare da kamun kifi na kasuwanci da ainihin dabbobin perch na Nilu. Da farko perch na Nilu yana cin cichlids na asali, amma tare da raguwar samuwar wannan abincin, yanzu yana cin ƙananan jatan lande da minnows .


Gabatar da kogin perch shima yana da ƙarin tasirin muhalli a bakin teku. Ana amfani da cichlids na asali a rana, amma saboda kogin perch yana da yawan mai (ya fi cichlids girma), ana buƙatar a sha taba don guje wa lalacewa. Wannan ya haifar da ƙaruwar buƙatar itacen wuta a yankin da ya riga ya yi fama da [[Gandun daji|sare dazuzzuka]], zaizayar ƙasa, da [[Kwararar Hamada|hamada]] .

Kyautar Academy Award - fim ɗin ''Darwin's Nightmare'' wanda Hubert Sauper ya zaɓa (wani fim da aka shirya daga Faransa-Austrian-Belgium, 2004) ya yi magana game da lalacewar da aka samu sakamakon shigar da kogin Nilu, gami da shigo da makamai da harsasai a cikin jiragen sama na kaya daga Turai, waɗanda daga nan ake amfani da su don fitar da kogin Nilu, wanda ke ƙara ta'azzara rikici da wahala a yankunan da ke kewaye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Socio-economic effects of the evolution of Nile perch fisheries in Lake Victoria: a review |url=http://www.fao.org/3/T0037E/T0037E09.htm |access-date=2021-06-02 |website=www.fao.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da cewa kifin yana da nasara wajen mamaye kifin, yana fuskantar barazana. Kasancewar shi nau'in tsuntsayen da suka fi yawa, barazanar da suka fi bayyana ga nau'in kifayen ita ce yawan kamun kifi da amfani da kayan kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba, da kuma hyacinths na ruwa masu mamaye kifin. Rage cin nama shi ma wani abu ne da ke haifar da hakan, domin yana rage girman kifin kuma yana sa shi ya zama mai saukin kamuwa da manyan masu farauta, kamar kada. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Fitarwa ==
An yi amfani da kogin Nilu wajen bauta wa Neith . &lt;ref name=&quot;Gautier&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gautier |first=Achilles |date=2005 |title=Animal Mummies and Remains from the Necropolis of Elkab (Upper Egypt) |url=https://revistas.uam.es/archaeofauna/article/view/7441 |journal=archaeofauna |volume=14 |pages=139-170 |access-date=25 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sakamakon haka, wani lokacin ana yi wa kogin Nilu mummization. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gautier&quot; /&gt; An tono tarin dubban koguna da aka yi wa kaciya a wani yanki da ke yammacin Esna inda akwai wani haikali a Neith. &lt;ref name=&quot;Baetens&quot; /&gt; An kuma sami koguna da aka yi wa kaciya a Gurob kusa da wani haikali a Neith, yayin da aka sake samun koguna da aka yi wa kaciya a [[Said, Egypt|Sais]] a cikin mahallin wani haikali a Neith. &lt;ref name=&quot;Baetens&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Baetens |first=Gert |date=2013 |title=The mummified fish of Esna: a case study in animal worship |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/retrieve/290822 |journal=Goettinger Miszellen: Beitraege zur aegyptologischen Diskussion |pages=17-23 |access-date=25 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Kogin tilapia - wani kifi mai kama da wanda aka sanya masa suna amma daban wanda ya fi ƙanƙanta kuma galibi yana cin abincin tsirrai.

== Bayanan kula ==

== Manazarta ==

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'''Kogin Nilu''' ( '''''Lates niloticus''''' ), wanda kuma aka sani da '''snook na Afirka''', '''Goliath perch''', '''Nile lates''', '''African lates''', '''Goliath lates''', '''Victoria lates''', '''African barramundi''', '''Goliath barramundi''', '''Giant lates''' ko '''Victoria perch''', nau'in kifin ruwa ne mai ruwa a cikin dangin Latidae na tsarin Carangiformes . Ya bazu ko'ina cikin mafi yawan yankunan Afirka, yana da asali a [[Kogin Congo|Congo]], [[Nil|Nile]], [[Kogin Senegal|Senegal]], [[Neja (kogi)|Niger]] da [[Tabkin Chadi|Tafkin Chad]], [[Tafkin Volta|Volta]], [[Tafkin Turkana]], da sauran kwaruruka. Hakanan yana faruwa a cikin ruwan tafkin [[Tafkin Mariout|Maryut]] a [[Misra|Masar]] . Kogin Nilu kifi ne mai matuƙar mahimmanci a fannin tattalin arziki da tsaron abinci a Gabashin Afirka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chrétien |first=Emmanuelle |last2=Chapman |first2=Lauren J. |date=2016 |title=Tropical fish in a warming world: thermal tolerance of Nile perchLates niloticus(L.) in Lake Nabugabo, Uganda |journal=Conservation Physiology |volume=4 |issue=1 |doi=10.1093/conphys/cow062 |issn=2051-1434 |pmc=5156894 |pmid=27990290}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asalin sunan da aka siffanta shi da ''Labrus niloticus,'' a cikin wrasses na ruwa, ana kuma kiran nau'in da ''Centropomus niloticus'' . Sunaye da aka fi sani sun haɗa da snook na Afirka, Victoria perch (sunan kasuwanci mai ɓatarwa, domin nau'in ba asalin [[Tafkin Victoria]] ba ne, kodayake an gabatar da shi a can), da kuma sunaye da yawa na gida a cikin harsunan Afirka daban-daban, kamar sunan [[Yaren Luo|Luo]] ''mbuta'' ko ''mputa'' . A [[Tanzaniya]], ana kiransa ''sangara'', ''sankara'', ko ''chenku'' . A ƙasashen Afirka masu magana da Faransanci, ana kiransa ''capitaine'' . Sunansa a cikin [[harshen Hausa]] shine ''giwan ruwa'', ma'ana &quot;giwar ruwa&quot;.

== Bayani ==
''L. niloticus'' launin azurfa ne mai launin shuɗi. Yana da idanu masu duhu-baƙi, tare da zobe mai haske-rawaya. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan kifayen ruwa mai tsafta, tsawonsa ya kai kusan {{Convert|2|m}}, yana da nauyin har zuwa {{Convert|200|kg}} . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kaufman |first=Les |author-link=Les Kaufman |year=1992 |title=Catastrophic Change in Species-Rich Freshwater Ecosystems: The lessons of Lake Victoria |journal=[[BioScience]] |volume=42 |issue=11 |pages=846–858 |doi=10.2307/1312084 |jstor=1312084}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kifin da ya manyanta yawanci yana tsakanin {{Convert|1.21|–|1.37|m}}, kodayake ana kama kifaye da yawa kafin su iya girma da girma haka. 
[[File:Capitaine_Nile_Perch.jpg|alt=A juvenile Nile perch (''Lates niloticus''), postcard drawing by Mrs. Hopson, 1966, Lake Chad Research Station, Malamfatori, Nigeria|right|thumb]]
Manyan dabbobin ruwa na Nilu suna mamaye dukkan wuraren zama na tafki tare da isasshen iskar oxygen, yayin da ƙananan dabbobin ruwa ke iyakance ga muhalli mara zurfi ko kusa da bakin teku. Mafarauci mai tsananin kiwo wanda ke mamaye kewayensa, dabbobin ruwa na Nilu suna cin kifaye (gami da nau'in nasa), crustaceans, molluscs, da kwari ; ƙananan dabbobin kuma suna cin namun daji na zooplankton . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lates niloticus (Victoria perch) |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lates_niloticus/ |website=[[Animal Diversity Web]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; dabbobin ruwa na Nilu suna amfani da ilimin dabbobi a matsayin hanyar kare kansu daga sauran dabbobin ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Witte |first=Frans |date=2022 |title=Lates niloticus (Nile perch) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/77994 |journal=Cabi Compendium |volume=CABI Compendium |doi=10.1079/cabicompendium.77994 |access-date=2021-06-02 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nile perch (Lates niloticus) - Species Profile |url=https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=412 |access-date=2021-06-02 |website=nas.er.usgs.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nau'ikan mamaya ==
An gabatar da kogin perch zuwa wasu tafkuna da dama a Afirka, ciki har da Tafkin Victoria da [[Tafkin Nasser]] na wucin gadi. Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Nau'o'in Masu Yawa ta Ƙungiyar Kare Muhalli ta Duniya ta ɗauki ''L. niloticus'' a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan halittu 100 mafi muni a duniya. 

Jihar Queensland da ke Ostiraliya tana ɗaukar tara mai yawa ga duk wanda aka samu yana da wani yanki mai rai na kogin Nilu, tunda tana fafatawa kai tsaye da barramundi na asali, wanda yake kama da na asali kuma yana girma zuwa {{Convert|1.5|m}} tsayi, yayin da kogin Nilu ke girma zuwa {{Convert|2.0|m}} dogon lokaci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Society |first=National Geographic |title=Invasive Species |url=http://www.nationalgeographic.org/topics/resource-library-invasive-species/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130104828/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/topics/resource-library-invasive-species/ |archive-date=January 30, 2022 |access-date=2021-06-02 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nau'in yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a kasuwanci a matsayin kifin abinci. Haka kuma, kogin Nilu yana da farin jini ga masu kamun kifi na wasanni, domin yana kai hari ga masu kamun kifi na wucin gadi, kuma ana kiwonsa a fannin kiwon kamun kifi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Invasion Biology Introduced Species Summary Project - Columbia University |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/danoff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Lates_niloticus.htm |access-date=2021-06-02 |website=www.columbia.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gabatarwar Tafkin Victoria ===
[[Fayil:Lates_niloticus_2.jpg|thumb|Kogin Nilu zai iya girma zuwa {{Convert|2|m}} da kuma {{Convert|200|kg|lb}} . ]]
Gabatar da wannan nau'in a Tafkin Victoria yana ɗaya daga cikin misalan da aka fi ambata na mummunan tasirin da nau'in baƙo zai iya yi wa yanayin halittu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Impact of an Invasive Species |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/impact-invasive-species |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An gabatar da kogin Nilu a Tafkin Victoria da ke Gabashin Afirka a shekarun 1950, &lt;ref name=&quot;Pringle1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pringle |first=Robert M. |year=2005 |title=The origins of the Nile Perch in Lake Victoria |journal=BioScience |volume=55 |issue=9 |pages=780–787 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0780:TOOTNP]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=13720490 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Pringle2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pringle |first=Robert M. |date=2005 |title=The Nile Perch in Lake Victoria: local responses and adaptations |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages=510–538 |doi=10.3366/afr.2005.75.4.510 |issn=0001-9720 |jstor=3556959 |s2cid=7566999}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma tun daga lokacin ake kamun kifi a fannin kasuwanci. A shekarar 2003, cinikin kogin Nilu ga Tarayyar Turai ya kai Yuro miliyan 169. Kamun kifi a yankin Uganda da Tanzania ya samar da ƙarin kuɗin shiga daga yawon buɗe ido.

Gabatar da shi ya kawo cikas ga muhalli kuma an danganta shi da haifar da ɓacewa ko kusan [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|bacewa]] na ɗaruruwan nau'ikan halittu na asali, tare da wasu yawan jama'a suna canzawa tare da kamun kifi na kasuwanci da ainihin dabbobin perch na Nilu. Da farko perch na Nilu yana cin cichlids na asali, amma tare da raguwar samuwar wannan abincin, yanzu yana cin ƙananan jatan lande da minnows .


Gabatar da kogin perch shima yana da ƙarin tasirin muhalli a bakin teku. Ana amfani da cichlids na asali a rana, amma saboda kogin perch yana da yawan mai (ya fi cichlids girma), ana buƙatar a sha taba don guje wa lalacewa. Wannan ya haifar da ƙaruwar buƙatar itacen wuta a yankin da ya riga ya yi fama da [[Gandun daji|sare dazuzzuka]], zaizayar ƙasa, da [[Kwararar Hamada|hamada]] .

Kyautar Academy Award - fim ɗin ''Darwin's Nightmare'' wanda Hubert Sauper ya zaɓa (wani fim da aka shirya daga Faransa-Austrian-Belgium, 2004) ya yi magana game da lalacewar da aka samu sakamakon shigar da kogin Nilu, gami da shigo da makamai da harsasai a cikin jiragen sama na kaya daga Turai, waɗanda daga nan ake amfani da su don fitar da kogin Nilu, wanda ke ƙara ta'azzara rikici da wahala a yankunan da ke kewaye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Socio-economic effects of the evolution of Nile perch fisheries in Lake Victoria: a review |url=http://www.fao.org/3/T0037E/T0037E09.htm |access-date=2021-06-02 |website=www.fao.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da cewa kifin yana da nasara wajen mamaye kifin, yana fuskantar barazana. Kasancewar shi nau'in tsuntsayen da suka fi yawa, barazanar da suka fi bayyana ga nau'in kifayen ita ce yawan kamun kifi da amfani da kayan kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba, da kuma hyacinths na ruwa masu mamaye kifin. Rage cin nama shi ma wani abu ne da ke haifar da hakan, domin yana rage girman kifin kuma yana sa shi ya zama mai saukin kamuwa da manyan masu farauta, kamar kada. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Fitarwa ==
An yi amfani da kogin Nilu wajen bauta wa Neith . &lt;ref name=&quot;Gautier&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gautier |first=Achilles |date=2005 |title=Animal Mummies and Remains from the Necropolis of Elkab (Upper Egypt) |url=https://revistas.uam.es/archaeofauna/article/view/7441 |journal=archaeofauna |volume=14 |pages=139-170 |access-date=25 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sakamakon haka, wani lokacin ana yi wa kogin Nilu mummization. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gautier&quot; /&gt; An tono tarin dubban koguna da aka yi wa kaciya a wani yanki da ke yammacin Esna inda akwai wani haikali a Neith. &lt;ref name=&quot;Baetens&quot; /&gt; An kuma sami koguna da aka yi wa kaciya a Gurob kusa da wani haikali a Neith, yayin da aka sake samun koguna da aka yi wa kaciya a [[Said, Egypt|Sais]] a cikin mahallin wani haikali a Neith. &lt;ref name=&quot;Baetens&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Baetens |first=Gert |date=2013 |title=The mummified fish of Esna: a case study in animal worship |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/retrieve/290822 |journal=Goettinger Miszellen: Beitraege zur aegyptologischen Diskussion |pages=17-23 |access-date=25 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Kogin tilapia - wani kifi mai kama da wanda aka sanya masa suna amma daban wanda ya fi ƙanƙanta kuma galibi yana cin abincin tsirrai.

== Bayanan kula ==

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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        <id>43323</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344646539|Abdulmalik Jauro Musa]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Abdulmalik Jauro Musa''' (ya mutu a ranar 24 ga Mayu 2024) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin 'yan tsiraru a majalisar dokokin jihar Adamawa wanda ke wakiltar mazabar [[Ganye]]. Ya mutu a ranar 24 ga Mayu 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Odili |first=Esther |date=2024-05-24 |title=Tragedy as Adamawa House of Assembly loses minority whip |url=https://www.legit.ng/nigeria/1594047-just-tragedy-influential-northern-lawmaker-dies-india/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |language=en |newspaper=[[Legit.ng]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Yola |first=Onimisi Alao |date=2024-05-24 |title=JUST IN: Adamawa Assembly loses minority whip |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/just-in-adamawa-assembly-loses-minority-whip/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ochetenwu |first=Jim |date=2024-05-24 |title=Adamawa House of Assembly loses member |url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/05/24/adamawa-house-of-assembly-loses-member/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; (((((May 2024) was a Nigerian politician. He served as a deputy minority whip at the [[:en:Adamawa_State_House_of_Assembly|Adamawa State House of assembly]] representing [[:en:Ganye|Ganye]] constituency. He died on 24 May

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]]</text>
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'''Abdulmalik Jauro Musa''' (ya mutu a ranar 24 ga Mayu 2024) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin 'yan tsiraru a majalisar dokokin jihar Adamawa wanda ke wakiltar mazabar [[Ganye]]. Ya mutu a ranar 24 ga Mayu 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Odili |first=Esther |date=2024-05-24 |title=Tragedy as Adamawa House of Assembly loses minority whip |url=https://www.legit.ng/nigeria/1594047-just-tragedy-influential-northern-lawmaker-dies-india/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |language=en |newspaper=[[Legit.ng]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Yola |first=Onimisi Alao |date=2024-05-24 |title=JUST IN: Adamawa Assembly loses minority whip |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/just-in-adamawa-assembly-loses-minority-whip/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ochetenwu |first=Jim |date=2024-05-24 |title=Adamawa House of Assembly loses member |url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/05/24/adamawa-house-of-assembly-loses-member/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]]</text>
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    <title>Musulunci Merili</title>
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      <comment>Nayi gyara</comment>
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Islam Merili (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 27 ga watan Yunin shekarar 1998) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ƙasar Aljeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|dan wasan tsakiya]] na [[USM Alger|USM Algiers]] a cikin Ligue Professionnelle 1 na [[Aljeriya|Algeria]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=USMA : Islam Merili s'engage pour deux saisons et demi |url=https://www.dzfoot.com/football-en-algerie/usma-islam-merili-sengage-pour-deux-saisons-et-demi-219339.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==

=== USM Algiers ===
A ranar 8 ga Fabrairun shekara ta 2022, Islam Merili ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu da rabi tare da [[USM Alger|USM Algiers]]. Ba tare da wani sadaukarwa ba, ƙungiyoyin da yawa sun sha'awarsa, musamman [[MC Alger|MC Algiers]], amma Merili ya zaɓi L'USMA bayan yarjejeniya tare da darektan wasanni Hocine Achiou. Magoya bayan Usmist ba su da ra'ayi game da sabon sabon sabon kuma suna sa ran ganin shi ya kafa duo mai kyau tare da Brahim Benzaza bayan ya yi wasa tare da [[ASO Chlef]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 February 2022 |title=USMA : Islam Merili s'engage pour deux saisons et demi |url=https://www.dzfoot.com/football-en-algerie/usma-islam-merili-sengage-pour-deux-saisons-et-demi-219339.html |access-date=9 February 2022 |website=dzfoot.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 February 2022 |title=USMA: Il a signé un contrat de 2 ans et demi : Merili, 1re recrue |url=https://www.competition.dz/actualites/89-ligue-1/81209-usma-il-a-signe-un-contrat-de-2-ans-et-demi-merili-1re-recrue.html |access-date=9 February 2022 |website=competition.dz |archive-date=8 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208232458/http://www.competition.dz/actualites/89-ligue-1/81209-usma-il-a-signe-un-contrat-de-2-ans-et-demi-merili-1re-recrue.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 9 ga Nuwambar shekara ta 2022, Minti kaɗan bayan ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbinsa, Merili ya zira kwallaye a kan Cape Town City, a matsayin burin farko a cikin launuka na USM Alger kuma ya cancanci matakin rukuni na CAF Confederation Cup .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 10, 2022 |title=CAF CC : Mission accomplie pour l'USM Alger |url=https://www.dzfoot.com/football-en-algerie/caf-cc-mission-accomplie-pour-lusm-alger-234321.html |access-date=January 8, 2024 |website=DZfoot}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 3 ga Yunin shekarar 2023, Merili ya lashe lambar yabo ta farko a cikin aikinsa na kwallon kafa ta hanyar lashe kofin Confederation na CAF na Shekara ta 2022-23 bayan ya doke Matasan Afirka na [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]].  &lt;ref name=&quot;usm-alger-lift-caf-cup-despite-home-loss-to-young-africans&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 3, 2023 |title=USM Alger Lift CAF Cup Despite Home Loss To Young Africans |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/usm-alger-lift-caf-cup-despite-home-loss-to-young-africans-2cdf88d4 |access-date=June 4, 2023 |website=barrons.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 3, 2023 |title=CAF CC : L'USMA REMPORTE LA COUPE! |url=https://www.dzfoot.com/football-en-algerie/caf-cc-lusma-remporte-la-coupe-243005.html |access-date=June 4, 2023 |website=dzfoot.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 16 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2023, Islam Merili ya sabunta kwantiraginsa na tsawon shekaru biyu har zuwa Shekara ta 2026 tare da wasu ƴan wasa tara.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 August 2023 |title=USM Alger: dix cadres prolongés d'un seul coup |url=https://www.lescore.dz/2023/08/usm-alger-belaid-benbot-et-alilet-prolonges/ |access-date=16 August 2023 |website=lescore.dz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 August 2023 |title=Football: USMA: Dix joueurs prolongés d'un coup |url=https://rivalite.dz/football-usma-dix-joueurs-prolonges-dun-coup/ |access-date=17 August 2023 |website=rivalite.dz}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 15 ga Satumba shekarar 2023, Merili ta lashe kofin Super Cup na CAF bayan ta ci Al Ahly, ita ce ta biyu a Afirka tare da [[USM Alger|USM Algiers]] a cikin watanni uku.&lt;ref name=&quot;lusma-remporte-la-supercoupe-de-la-caf-face-au-ahly&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 September 2023 |title=L’USMA remporte la Supercoupe de la CAF face au Ahly |url=https://mediafootdz.dz/lusma-remporte-la-supercoupe-de-la-caf-face-au-ahly/ |access-date=15 September 2023 |website=mediafootdz.dz}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙididdigar aiki ==

=== Ƙungiyar ===
{{Updated|5 January 2024}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/islam--merili/628029/ | title = Islam Merili | publisher = Soccerway }}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kungiyar
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Lokacin
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ƙungiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kofin
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Yankin nahiyar
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Sauran
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
|-
!Rarraba
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
!Aikace-aikacen
!Manufofin
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |[[ASO Chlef]]
|2016–17
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ligue 2
|2
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|2
|1
|-
|2017–18
|11
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|11
|0
|-
|2018–19
|29
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|29
|0
|-
|2019–20
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Lig 1
|9
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|9
|0
|-
|2020–21
|29
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|29
|2
|-
|2021–22
|9
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|9
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!89
!3
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!89
!3
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |[[USM Alger|USM Algiers]]
|2021–22
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Lig 1
|5
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|5
|0
|-
|2022–23
|19
|2
|1
|0
|12 [ƙasa-alpha 1]
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|32
|4
|-
|2023–24
|7
|1
|0
|0
|6 
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|13
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Jimillar
!31
!3
!1
!0
!18
!3
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!50
!6
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Cikakken aikinsa
!120
!6
!1
!0
!18
!3
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!139
!9
|}

== Daraja ==
'''USM Algiers'''

* Kofin Tarayyar CAF: 2022-23 &lt;ref name=&quot;usm-alger-lift-caf-cup-despite-home-loss-to-young-africans&quot;/&gt;
* [[African Super Cup|CAF Super Cup]]: 2023 &lt;ref name=&quot;lusma-remporte-la-supercoupe-de-la-caf-face-au-ahly&quot;/&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{Soccerway|islam--merili/628029}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]]</text>
      <sha1>qhiagt6wbotkfv4rh9p40b89jd355c6</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Linda Sibiya</title>
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        <username>Abdulrahman tahir shika</username>
        <id>24962</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nayi gyara</comment>
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{| class=&quot;infobox biography vcard&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Linda Sibiya&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ayyuka
| class=&quot;infobox-data role&quot; |DJ na rediyo, furodusa, ɗan kasuwa da mai watsa shirye-shirye
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Shekaru masu aiki&amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |1997-Yanzu
|}
'''Linda  Sibiya''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Up close and personal with Mr Magic |url=http://radiobiz.co.za/2013/01/22/up-close-personal-with-ukhozi-fms-mr-magic |access-date=22 June 2018 |website=RadioBiz.co.za |publisher=Radio Biz South Africa |archive-date=23 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623004904/http://radiobiz.co.za/2013/01/22/up-close-personal-with-ukhozi-fms-mr-magic/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ta yi ritaya furodusa ce kuma DJ ce ta rediyo DJ Afirka ta Kudu, ƴar kasuwa kuma mai shirya rediyo kuma mai shirya talabijin wanda aka fi sani da mai karɓar bakuncin Ukhozi FM. An haifi Sibiya kuma ta girma a EShowe, Arewacin KwaZulu-Natal. Ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a fim ɗin da ya lashe kyautar Uhlanga the Mark. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Linda Sibiya makes his very first movie |url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/entertainment/2012-05-23-linda-sibiya-makes-his-very-first-movie/ |access-date=2019-10-01 |website=SowetanLIVE |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==

* 2012 - ''[[Uhlanga the Mark|Uhlanga da Alamar]]''

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>drml43nl0nwmtcimilppx1u1an27p1k</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Seko Shamte</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Maman Muhammad</username>
        <id>45896</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>855984</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="7512" sha1="ckim6kvag4ft69mrdvhnmzghbgqvfwe" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Seko Shamte''' (an haife ta a 29 ga Oktoba 1981) ita ce mai shirya fina-finai na Kadar Tanzaniya, marubuciya kuma darakta. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;bnbconference.co.tz&quot;&gt;https://bnbconference.co.tz/profile/seko/ {{Dead link|date=March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Seko Shamte ta girma a [[Dar es Salaam]] amma ta shafe wasu shekarun farko a Amurka da Asiya. Iyayenta, Fulgence da Antonia Tingitana, mahaifin injiniya da mahaifiyarta, ƙwararren masaniyar ilimi ta ƙarfafa ci gaban ƙwarewarta ta rubuce-rubuce ta hanyar tura ta zuwa sansanonin rubuce-riji a lokacin hutun bazara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Forje |first=Ellinor |date=2017-01-11 |title=Madifon By Fashion: Seko Shamte |url=http://madifonbyfashion.blogspot.com/2017/01/seko-shamte.html |access-date=2018-03-08 |website=Madifon By Fashion}}&lt;/ref&gt; A makarantar sakandare ta Mzizima inda ta yi karatu ta samar da godiya ga tarihi da kiɗa. Ta buga violin kuma ita ce shugabar kulob din kiɗa.&lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;screenAfrica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 July 2016 |title=Seko Shamte - redefining Tanzanian Film |url=https://issuu.com/screenafrica/docs/scaf-june16_web_ff16306d1d07d6 |website=screenafrica, vol 28 – July 2016 |via=[[issuu]] |access-date=20 April 2025 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228135140/https://issuu.com/screenafrica/docs/scaf-june16_web_ff16306d1d07d6 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na baiwa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Zanaki, ta kasance mai ba da kyauta ga Rediyo Daya . A shekara 17 wannan wasan kwaikwayon ya ci gaba da ba ta damar shiga masana'antar kafofin watsa labarai, tare da nata shirin a Rediyon Gabashin Afirka.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (March 2018)&quot;&gt;failed verification&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bayan kammala karatun BSc a fannin kudi tare da ƙarami a kafofin watsa labarai a Kwalejin Marymount Manahattan a shekara ta 2005 ta tafi aiki a gidan talabijin na Gabashin Afirka a matsayin Shugaban Shirye-shiryen .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=#LeadingLadySpotlight: Seko Shamte, Producer, Filmmaker and Founder of Alkemist Media – Leading Ladies Africa |url=https://leadingladiesafrica.org/leadingladyspotlight-seko-shamte-producer-filmmaker-and-founder-of-alkemist-media/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;A lokacin da take aiki (2005-08) ta kula da kirkirar da watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin na ''Ze Comedy'', Jumma'a Night Live, 5 Live! da ''Nirvana''.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;bnbconference.co.tz&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; Ze Comedy shine mafi girman wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a gidan talabijin na Tanzania.&lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;screenAfrica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 July 2016 |title=Seko Shamte - redefining Tanzanian Film |url=https://issuu.com/screenafrica/docs/scaf-june16_web_ff16306d1d07d6 |website=screenafrica, vol 28 – July 2016 |via=[[issuu]] }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Seko Shamte ta fara kamfaninta na samarwa, Alkemist Media a cikin 2008 samar da shirye-shirye da fina-finai game da Tanzania da Afirka don rarraba duniya. Ga CNN's Inside Africa da Inside Story, waɗannan sun haɗa da labaru game da ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na NBA na Tanzania Hashim Thabeet da gudummawar da ya bayar ga al'ummarsa a Tanzania da ƙaurawar mazajen Maasai a Tanzania. Wannan ya biyo bayan jerin wasu sassan don CNN, cibiyoyin sadarwar ABC a Amurka da BBC a Burtaniya.

=== Mkwawa: Shujaa wa mashujaa ===
A shekara ta 2011, an saki fim dinta na farko, ''Mkwawa: Shujaa wa Mashujaa''  wanda ta haɓaka sama da shekaru goma sha shida. Wani malamin tarihi game da Cif Mkwawa kasancewa 'mai tsoro, kamar yadda yawancin shugabannin Afirka suke...' ya ba ta dakatarwa kuma tana son kalubalantar wannan zargi, ta bincika tarihin Cif Makwawa don kanta. Lokacin da labarin ya kasance a shirye, ta nemi asusun kafofin watsa labarai na Tanzania (TMF) kuma ta sami tallafin. An saki shirin ne a shekara ta 2011. 

=== Kungiyar Tanzania ===
Bayan ''Mkwawa'' ta tafi rubutawa, samarwa da kuma jagorantar The Team: Tanzania, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin game da rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi a Tanzania da kuma manufar canza ka'idodin jinsi na al'umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Team Tanzania {{!}} Common Ground Productions {{!}} Programmes {{!}} Search for Common Ground |url=http://www.sfcg.org/programmes/cgp/the-team-tanzania.html |access-date=2018-03-08 |website=www.sfcg.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Labarin ya biyo bayan 'yan mata biyu, Upendo da Sophia, da gwagwarmayarsu don ainihi. Jerin kashi goma sha uku ya kasance tare da haɗin gwiwar NGO Search for Common Ground kuma an watsa shi a gidan talabijin na Gabashin Afirka.  &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;oxford&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Seko Shamte – Oxford Africa Conference 2018 |url=http://www.oxfordafricaconference.com/speakers-2/seko-shamte/ |access-date=2018-03-08 |website=www.oxfordafricaconference.com |language=en |archive-date=2018-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308231557/http://www.oxfordafricaconference.com/speakers-2/seko-shamte/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya kallon jerin a Youtube.

=== Komawa Gida ===
A cikin 2015, an saki fim dinta na Home Coming a Dar es Salaam . Labarin bincike ne game da cin hanci da rashawa da kuma yadda yake ci gaba da kansa, tsara bayan tsara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Shadow and Act |title=Writer/Director Seko Shamte Has Something to Say About Tanzanian Cinema with Feature Thriller, 'Homecoming' - Blavity |url=https://blavity.com/entertainment/tanzania-writerdirector-seko-shamte-has-something-to-say-about-tanzanian-cinema-with-trailer-for-thriller-homecoming |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Blavity News &amp; Entertainment |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Home Coming ya sami karbuwa sosai daga masana'antar fina-finai ta Tanzania. An ci gaba da zabar fim din don nunawa a bikin fina-finai na Pan African a shekarar 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-01-07 |title=Seko Shamte: Shattering ceilings uplifts Bongo film to new heights |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/magazines/seko-shamte-shattering-ceilings-uplifts-bongo-film-to-new-heights--3674928 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shirin Seko na gaba an shirya shi ne shirin fim game da Julius Kambarage Nyerere, shugaban farko na Tanzania. &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;oxford&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Seko Shamte – Oxford Africa Conference 2018 |url=http://www.oxfordafricaconference.com/speakers-2/seko-shamte/ |access-date=2018-03-08 |website=www.oxfordafricaconference.com |language=en |archive-date=2018-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308231557/http://www.oxfordafricaconference.com/speakers-2/seko-shamte/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekarar
!Taken
!ROLE
!Bayani
|-
|2011
|''MKWAWA: Shujaa wa Mashujaa''
|Marubuci, Mai gabatarwa, Darakta
|Bayani na Bayani
|-
|2014
|''Kungiyar Tanzania''
|Marubuci, Mai gabatarwa, Darakta
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|-
|2015
|'''Jikoni da Marion''
|Mai gabatarwa, Darakta
|Hoton dafa abinci na talabijin
|-
|2015
|''Komawa Gida''
|Marubuci, Mai gabatarwa, Darakta
|Fim mai ban sha'awa
|-
|2018
|''Tsakanin dare''
|Marubuci, Mai gabatarwa, Darakta
|Gajeren fim
|-
|2023
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0rOQVhIF12g Sweta]
|Mai gabatar da Babban Jami'i
|Gajeren fim
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>ckim6kvag4ft69mrdvhnmzghbgqvfwe</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855987</id>
      <parentid>855984</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:49:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maman Muhammad</username>
        <id>45896</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>855987</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7512" sha1="p34shs2dlr9c0ff8vhtykz8f6eewx7a" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Seko Shamte''' (an haife ta a 29 ga Oktoba 1981) ita ce mai shirya fina-finai na Kasar Tanzaniya, marubuciya kuma darakta. &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;bnbconference.co.tz&quot;&gt;https://bnbconference.co.tz/profile/seko/ {{Dead link|date=March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Seko Shamte ta girma a [[Dar es Salaam]] amma ta shafe wasu shekarun farko a Amurka da Asiya. Iyayenta, Fulgence da Antonia Tingitana, mahaifin injiniya da mahaifiyarta, ƙwararren masaniyar ilimi ta ƙarfafa ci gaban ƙwarewarta ta rubuce-rubuce ta hanyar tura ta zuwa sansanonin rubuce-riji a lokacin hutun bazara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Forje |first=Ellinor |date=2017-01-11 |title=Madifon By Fashion: Seko Shamte |url=http://madifonbyfashion.blogspot.com/2017/01/seko-shamte.html |access-date=2018-03-08 |website=Madifon By Fashion}}&lt;/ref&gt; A makarantar sakandare ta Mzizima inda ta yi karatu ta samar da godiya ga tarihi da kiɗa. Ta buga violin kuma ita ce shugabar kulob din kiɗa.&lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;screenAfrica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 July 2016 |title=Seko Shamte - redefining Tanzanian Film |url=https://issuu.com/screenafrica/docs/scaf-june16_web_ff16306d1d07d6 |website=screenafrica, vol 28 – July 2016 |via=[[issuu]] |access-date=20 April 2025 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228135140/https://issuu.com/screenafrica/docs/scaf-june16_web_ff16306d1d07d6 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na baiwa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Zanaki, ta kasance mai ba da kyauta ga Rediyo Daya . A shekara 17 wannan wasan kwaikwayon ya ci gaba da ba ta damar shiga masana'antar kafofin watsa labarai, tare da nata shirin a Rediyon Gabashin Afirka.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (March 2018)&quot;&gt;failed verification&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Bayan kammala karatun BSc a fannin kudi tare da ƙarami a kafofin watsa labarai a Kwalejin Marymount Manahattan a shekara ta 2005 ta tafi aiki a gidan talabijin na Gabashin Afirka a matsayin Shugaban Shirye-shiryen .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=#LeadingLadySpotlight: Seko Shamte, Producer, Filmmaker and Founder of Alkemist Media – Leading Ladies Africa |url=https://leadingladiesafrica.org/leadingladyspotlight-seko-shamte-producer-filmmaker-and-founder-of-alkemist-media/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;A lokacin da take aiki (2005-08) ta kula da kirkirar da watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin na ''Ze Comedy'', Jumma'a Night Live, 5 Live! da ''Nirvana''.&lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;bnbconference.co.tz&quot; &lt;/ref&gt; Ze Comedy shine mafi girman wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a gidan talabijin na Tanzania.&lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;screenAfrica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 July 2016 |title=Seko Shamte - redefining Tanzanian Film |url=https://issuu.com/screenafrica/docs/scaf-june16_web_ff16306d1d07d6 |website=screenafrica, vol 28 – July 2016 |via=[[issuu]] }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Seko Shamte ta fara kamfaninta na samarwa, Alkemist Media a cikin 2008 samar da shirye-shirye da fina-finai game da Tanzania da Afirka don rarraba duniya. Ga CNN's Inside Africa da Inside Story, waɗannan sun haɗa da labaru game da ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na NBA na Tanzania Hashim Thabeet da gudummawar da ya bayar ga al'ummarsa a Tanzania da ƙaurawar mazajen Maasai a Tanzania. Wannan ya biyo bayan jerin wasu sassan don CNN, cibiyoyin sadarwar ABC a Amurka da BBC a Burtaniya.

=== Mkwawa: Shujaa wa mashujaa ===
A shekara ta 2011, an saki fim dinta na farko, ''Mkwawa: Shujaa wa Mashujaa''  wanda ta haɓaka sama da shekaru goma sha shida. Wani malamin tarihi game da Cif Mkwawa kasancewa 'mai tsoro, kamar yadda yawancin shugabannin Afirka suke...' ya ba ta dakatarwa kuma tana son kalubalantar wannan zargi, ta bincika tarihin Cif Makwawa don kanta. Lokacin da labarin ya kasance a shirye, ta nemi asusun kafofin watsa labarai na Tanzania (TMF) kuma ta sami tallafin. An saki shirin ne a shekara ta 2011. 

=== Kungiyar Tanzania ===
Bayan ''Mkwawa'' ta tafi rubutawa, samarwa da kuma jagorantar The Team: Tanzania, jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin game da rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi a Tanzania da kuma manufar canza ka'idodin jinsi na al'umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Team Tanzania {{!}} Common Ground Productions {{!}} Programmes {{!}} Search for Common Ground |url=http://www.sfcg.org/programmes/cgp/the-team-tanzania.html |access-date=2018-03-08 |website=www.sfcg.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Labarin ya biyo bayan 'yan mata biyu, Upendo da Sophia, da gwagwarmayarsu don ainihi. Jerin kashi goma sha uku ya kasance tare da haɗin gwiwar NGO Search for Common Ground kuma an watsa shi a gidan talabijin na Gabashin Afirka.  &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;oxford&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Seko Shamte – Oxford Africa Conference 2018 |url=http://www.oxfordafricaconference.com/speakers-2/seko-shamte/ |access-date=2018-03-08 |website=www.oxfordafricaconference.com |language=en |archive-date=2018-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308231557/http://www.oxfordafricaconference.com/speakers-2/seko-shamte/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya kallon jerin a Youtube.

=== Komawa Gida ===
A cikin 2015, an saki fim dinta na Home Coming a Dar es Salaam . Labarin bincike ne game da cin hanci da rashawa da kuma yadda yake ci gaba da kansa, tsara bayan tsara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Shadow and Act |title=Writer/Director Seko Shamte Has Something to Say About Tanzanian Cinema with Feature Thriller, 'Homecoming' - Blavity |url=https://blavity.com/entertainment/tanzania-writerdirector-seko-shamte-has-something-to-say-about-tanzanian-cinema-with-trailer-for-thriller-homecoming |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Blavity News &amp; Entertainment |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Home Coming ya sami karbuwa sosai daga masana'antar fina-finai ta Tanzania. An ci gaba da zabar fim din don nunawa a bikin fina-finai na Pan African a shekarar 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-01-07 |title=Seko Shamte: Shattering ceilings uplifts Bongo film to new heights |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/magazines/seko-shamte-shattering-ceilings-uplifts-bongo-film-to-new-heights--3674928 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shirin Seko na gaba an shirya shi ne shirin fim game da Julius Kambarage Nyerere, shugaban farko na Tanzania. &lt;ref&gt;name=&quot;oxford&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Seko Shamte – Oxford Africa Conference 2018 |url=http://www.oxfordafricaconference.com/speakers-2/seko-shamte/ |access-date=2018-03-08 |website=www.oxfordafricaconference.com |language=en |archive-date=2018-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308231557/http://www.oxfordafricaconference.com/speakers-2/seko-shamte/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hotunan fina-finai ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekarar
!Taken
!ROLE
!Bayani
|-
|2011
|''MKWAWA: Shujaa wa Mashujaa''
|Marubuci, Mai gabatarwa, Darakta
|Bayani na Bayani
|-
|2014
|''Kungiyar Tanzania''
|Marubuci, Mai gabatarwa, Darakta
|Shirye-shiryen talabijin
|-
|2015
|'''Jikoni da Marion''
|Mai gabatarwa, Darakta
|Hoton dafa abinci na talabijin
|-
|2015
|''Komawa Gida''
|Marubuci, Mai gabatarwa, Darakta
|Fim mai ban sha'awa
|-
|2018
|''Tsakanin dare''
|Marubuci, Mai gabatarwa, Darakta
|Gajeren fim
|-
|2023
|[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0rOQVhIF12g Sweta]
|Mai gabatar da Babban Jami'i
|Gajeren fim
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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    <title>Claude Nelson-Williams</title>
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'''Thomas Claudius Nelson-Williams''', MBBS (30 Mayu 1927 - 10 Afrilu 1989), wanda aka fi sani da '''Claude Nelson-Williams''' likita ne na Saliyo, ɗan siyasa, kuma shugaban jama'a wanda ya taka rawa a siyasar [[Saliyo]] tsakanin shekarun 1960 zuwa 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;WhoWho&quot;&gt;&quot;Nelson-Williams, Dr Claude,&quot; Africa's Who Who, (Africa Journal Limited, 1991), p. 1253.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JRC&quot;&gt;John R. Cartwright, ''Politics in Sierra Leone 1947-1967,'' (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1970), pp. 105n, 108, 112, 117, 139, 143-144, 175, 177, 189, 193-194, 223, 232, 253.&lt;/ref&gt;

An haife shi a cikin dangin kwararru wanda ke aiki a siyasar mulkin mallaka a Saliyo, Nelson-Williams yana daga cikin masu sana'a na farko na mulkin mallaka don shiga cikin siyasar Saliyo kuma yana aiki a cikin siyasar SLPP da kuma Majalisar Birnin Freetown. Tare da wasu masu sana'a Irinsu Gershon Collier da Raymond Sarif Easmon, ya kasance daga cikin ƙaramin rukuni na masu sana'ar Creole da ke aiki a fagen siyasa daga shekarun 1960.&lt;ref name=&quot;SLCOE92&quot;&gt;Sierra Leone Calendar of Events 1992|https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a81a408ed915d74e62335b2/Annual_Review_and_Calendar_of_Events_1992.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;


Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Majalisar Dokokin Birnin Freetown kuma ya tsaya takarar Majalisar a akalla sau uku. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin darekta na Bankin Saliyo a shekarun 1960.  

Kisan shi da aka yi a farkon 1989 ya yi kamari a yammacin Afirka kuma ya haifar da tashin hankali a Saliyo, musamman a cikin al'ummar Creole da kuma abokan aikinsa na sana'a da siyasa. 

== Bayanan baya da farkon rayuwa ==
[[Fayil:St._George's_Cathedral_Freetown.jpg|left|thumb| St. George's Cathedral, Freetown]]
An haifi Claude Nelson-Williams a ranar 30 ga Mayu 1927 a titin 37 Percival Street, [[Freetown|Freetown, Saliyo]] .  An yi masa rajista a lokacin haihuwa tare da cikakken sunan &quot;Thomas Claudius Nelson-Williams.&quot; Duk da haka, tun yana ƙarami, an san shi da sunan &quot;Claude Nelson-Williams&quot; kuma a hukumance a matsayin &quot;Thomas Claude Nelson-Williams.&quot;

Shi ne na biyu cikin yara biyar da aka haifa wa Thomas Edward Nelson-Williams (1894-1960), barrister, da Malphina Dorothea Nelson-Williams, née Jenkins-Johnston (1904-1989), malami kuma ma'aikacin jinya. Duk da cewa dangin daga baya sun yi hijira zuwa [[Najeriya]] a 1939, duk ’yan uwansa hudu an haife su ne a Freetown kuma uku sun cancanta a matsayin kwararru wato lauyoyi da kuma aikin koyarwa. Iyalin sun zauna a Murray Town a kan gidan iyali da ake kira &quot;Dorolene&quot; wanda shine inda Claude Nelson-Williams da 'yan uwansa suka girma a lokacin ƙuruciyarsu a Saliyo. Iyayensa 'yan kabilar Creole ne, zuriyar 'yantattu kuma wadanda a da suka bautar da 'yan asalin Afirka kuma sun fito ne daga fitattun iyalai na Freetown da suka tsunduma cikin siyasar mulkin mallaka.  Thomas Edward Nelson-Williams ɗan Methodist ne na Wesleyan kuma yana da alaƙa da Cocin Wesley, Freetown. An haifi Malphina Nelson-Williams a cikin dangin Anglican kuma tana da alaƙa da St George's Cathedral a Freetown .

Thomas Edward Nelson-Williams lauya ne wanda ya yi karatu kuma ya cancanci zama [[Barrister|lauya]] a [[Birtaniya|Biritaniya]] . Ya kasance zamani na ƙwararrun ƙwararrun Saliyo da 'yan siyasa ciki har da Claude Emile Wright, Ernest Samuel Beoku-betts da Salako Benka-Coker . Aboki ne na kud da kud na Claude Emile Wright da Salako Benka-Coker dukansu sun bambanta kansu a Saliyo Bar. Thomas Nelson-Williams ya yi aiki a matsayin kansila na birni a Majalisar Birni ta Freetown kuma daga baya aka zabe shi a matsayin Memba mara hukuma a Majalisar Dokoki ta mulkin mallaka .    Thomas Edward Nelson-Williams shi ma fitaccen mason 'yanci ne, wanda ya kasance muhimmin abin shagala a tsakanin mazan Creole, ko da yake dansa Claude Nelson-Williams bai shiga aikin sana'a ba.

Malphina Nelson-Williams malama ce da ta koyar a makarantu da yawa a Freetown . Daga baya ta cancanci zama ma'aikaciyar jinya mai rijista a Ingila kuma ta kasance mai himma tare da [[Women in Sierra Leone|ƙungiyoyin mata a Saliyo]] tare da sauran shugabannin siyasa na Creole kamar Constance Agatha Cummings-John.&lt;ref&gt;Murray Last, (Ed.) Paul Richards, (Ed.), Christopher Fyfe, (Ed.), ''Sierra Leone, 1787-1987: Two Centuries of Intellectual Life,'' (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1987), 449, 455.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
[[Fayil:Front_view_of_igbobi_college.jpg|thumb| Yin Karatu a Igbobi College]]
[[Fayil:Durham_Castle_Gatehouse_(geograph_2907552).jpg|thumb| Durham Castle Gatehouse]]
Nelson-Williams ya yi karatu a Makarantar Firamare ta Bathurst Street sannan daga baya a Makarantar Cocin Samariya da Makarantar Model ta Gwamnati a [[Freetown|Freetown, Saliyo]] .  Makarantar Cocin Samariya tana da alaƙa da Cocin Samariya wanda ƴan Afirka masu 'yanci suka kafa. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya ce ke tafiyar da Makarantar Model ta Gwamnati. A Saliyo ‘yan mulkin mallaka, makarantun coci-coci ne suka fi ba da ilimi a matakin firamare baya ga makarantun gwamnati. Makarantun addini galibi Anglican ne ko Methodist amma kuma sun haɗa da makarantun da Countess of Huntingdon Connection ta samar. Waɗannan makarantun sun sami halartar ƙananan ƴan Creole da ke zaune a tsohuwar Mallaka ta Saliyo .

Lokacin da danginsa suka yi hijira zuwa [[Najeriya]] a 1939 inda mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya kuma alkali, Nelson-Williams ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Igbobi da ke [[Lagos (birni)|Legas, Najeriya]] .  Kwalejin Igbobi wata fitacciyar makaranta ce da ta ja hankalin fitattun 'yan aji na Yarabawa na Legas. Nelson-Williams ya halarci wannan makaranta tare da babban yayansa, Horatio James Edward Nelson-Williams (1925-1955), wanda daga baya ya ci gaba da karatun shari'a a Kwalejin Brasenose a [[Jami'ar Oxford]] kuma ya cancanta a matsayin barrister. Sauran ’yan’uwansa uku kuma za su yi karatu a Saliyo ko Biritaniya don neman ilimi mai zurfi.

=== Karatun likitanci ===
Bayan kammala karatunsa a Kwalejin Igbobi, ya wuce Jami'ar Durham da ke Ingila a shekarar 1948, inda ya kammala digirin MBBS a fannin likitanci, inda ya kammala karatunsa a 1955 a matsayin memba na Kwalejin King, wacce ita ce kwalejin likitanci a Jami'ar Durham wadda a karshe ta kafa Jami'ar Newcastle .   Digiri na MBBS ya kasance digiri na shekaru shida na likita wanda ya ba wa ɗalibai cancantar kammala zama a gida a likitanci.

Jami'ar Durham tana da doguwar dangantaka da Saliyo ta hanyar alaƙa da Kwalejin Fourah Bay a 1876. Abubuwan da aka tanada na wannan tsari ya bai wa 'yan Saliyo damar kammala karatun digiri na Jami'ar Durham a Kwalejin Fourah Bay. Thomas Edward Nelson-Williams, mahaifin Nelson-Williams, ya kammala digirinsa na farko a Kwalejin Fourah Bay. Wasu fitattun 'yan kasar Saliyo da dama da suka hada da Sir Milton Margai, Firayim Minista na farko na Saliyo, Robert Wellesley-Cole, dan Afirka ta Yamma na farko da ya cancanta a matsayin likitan tiyata a Royal College of Surgeons da ke Ingila, da Raymond Sarif Easmon likitan likitanci kuma kwararren marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, sun kammala karatunsu na likitanci a Jami'ar Durham wadda ke da alaka da Kwalejin Fourah Bay0 .

== Aikin likita ==
[[Fayil:Queen_Elizabeth_Hospital_from_Queen_Elizabeth_Avenue_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2977169.jpg|thumb| Asibitin Sarauniya Elizabeth]]
Bayan karatunsa a Jami'ar Durham, Nelson-Williams ya shiga gidansa a asibitin Queen Elizabeth da ke Gateshead inda ya kasance babban jami'in gida kuma jami'in kula da wadanda suka jikkata. A wannan lokacin ne aka jera shi a cikin Likitan Likitoci da suka cancanci yin aikin likita. 

Bayan zaman gidansa a Asibitin Sarauniya Elizabeth, Nelson-Williams ya koma [[Freetown|Freetown, Saliyo]] inda ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in lafiya a Asibitin Kolejin Fourah Bay .   

Daga baya ya shiga aikin sirri a matsayin likita a 33 Pultney Street, Freetown inda ya rike masu rike da kamfanoni da kamfanoni da yawa ciki har da Kamfanin United Africa da Bankin Kasuwancin Saliyo .

Nelson-Williams ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kungiyar likitocin Saliyo tsakanin 1958 da 1959.  Ƙungiyar Likitoci ɗaya ce daga cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru da yawa kamar ƙungiyar lauyoyin Saliyo waɗanda ƙwararru suka kafa a Saliyo.

== Rayuwar siyasa da aiki ==
[[Fayil:Sierra_Leone_House_of_Parliament_(1430592766).jpg|thumb| Majalisar Saliyo]]
Nelson-Williams da ƙaramin ɗan'uwansa, John Arnold Nelson-Wiliams (1932-2008), sun kasance masu aiki a siyasar Saliyo. An zabi John a Majalisar dokokin Saliyo kuma ya rike mukamin ministoci a matsayin Ministan Bayanai da watsa shirye-shirye. Kodayake ba a taba zabar Claude a majalisa ba kuma ba ta rike mukamin ministoci ba, idan aka kwatanta da ƙananan ƙwararrun ƙwararrun Creole da ke da hannu a siyasar mulkin mallaka, yana da tasiri sosai a siyasar Saliyo a cikin shekarun 1960 kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa da tasirin siyasa daga wannan lokacin zuwa gaba.&lt;ref&gt;''The Medical Directory: London, Provinces, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, Abroad, Navy, Army &amp; Air Force,'' Volume 123, Part 2, (London: J. &amp; A. Churchill, Limited, 1967), p. 1758.&lt;/ref&gt;

Shigar da ’yan’uwan Nelson-William a cikin siyasa wani ɓangare ne na dogon al’adar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun Creole suna shiga siyasa. Yawancin 'yan siyasa na Creole da masu sharhi kan siyasa irin su Albert Whiggs Easmon, Emmanuel Cummings, [[Herbert Bankole-Bright]], Ernest Beoku-Betts, da Eustace Henry Taylor Cummings sun kasance ƙwararrun ƙwararrun likitoci da shari'a waɗanda suka yi karatu a [[Birtaniya|Biritaniya]] . Wannan jiga-jigan siyasa na Creole sun mamaye cibiyoyi kamar Majalisar Birni ta Freetown da Majalisar Dokoki ta mulkin mallaka .

Iyalan Nelson-Williams da Jenkins-Johnston suma suna da al'adar taka rawa a siyasar mulkin mallaka na Saliyo wato a majalisar birnin Freetown da kuma majalisar dokokin mulkin mallaka . Thomas Edward Nelson-Williams, mahaifin ’yan’uwan Nelson-William, ya yi aiki a matsayin kansila a Majalisar Garin Freetown kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a Majalisar Dokoki. James Jenkins Johnston, mahaifin Malphina Nelson-Williams, shi ma ya yi aiki a matsayin kansila a Majalisar Garin Freetown, kuma ƙanin Malphina, James Jenkins-Johnston ya yi aiki a Majalisar Freetown shi ma. James Blyden Jenkins-Johnston, ɗan'uwan 'yan'uwan Nelson-Williams, ya kasance mai ba da shawara na gari ko kuma mai ba da shawara na shari'a ga majalisar birnin Freetown kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Birnin Freetown tsakanin 1983 zuwa 1989.

=== Memba na SLPP kuma memba na PNP ===
[[File:ClaudeNelson-Williams_Chairman.jpeg|thumb| Claude Nelson-Williams a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Gudanarwa na FCC]]
Siyasa na zamanin mulkin mallaka da kuma lokacin mulkin mallaka na gaba sun kasance suna da rikice-rikice tsakanin mazaunan mulkin mallaka ya Saliyo da mutanen Saliyo.[1] Kodayake Creoles da Okus ne ke zaune a mulkin mallaka kuma Protectorate sun ƙunshi kabilun da yawa ciki har da Mende, Temne, da Limba, ilimi ya fi mayar da hankali kan rarrabuwar siyasa tsakanin Creoles da mazaunan Protectorate na Saliyo gaba ɗaya.[1] Koyaya, duk da matsayi mai rikitarwa na siyasa tsakanin ɓangarorin al'ummar Creole da kabilun da ke cikin ƙauyuka, ƙananan Creoles kamar Claude Nelson-Williams da John Nelson Williams, ba tare da yin sulhu da matsayinsu a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙwararrun ƙwararrun Creole ba, sun nemi shiga cikin siyasa ta ƙasa daga wani bangare mai haɗa kai fiye da na wasu tsofaffin takwarorinsu na Creole.

Matasa masu ilimi da masu sana'a na Creole irin su Raymond Sarif Easmon, Thomas Decker, Nuhu Arthur Cox-George, tare da 'yan'uwan Nelson-Williams, ko da yake wani ɓangare na Creole babba da na tsakiya, sun shiga tare da wasu ƙungiyoyin siyasa daga matsayi daban-daban fiye da tsofaffin 'yan siyasa na Creole irin su [[Herbert Bankole-Bright]] da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu irin su Settles Union .  

Ko da yake da farko yana da alaƙa da UPP sannan kuma jam'iyyar Saliyo Peoples Party ko SLPP Party, Claude Nelson-Williams, ya kasance memba na jam'iyyar People's National Party ko PNP a ƙarshen shekarun 1950 da 1960. Claude Nelson-Williams yayi aiki a Majalisar Zartarwa ta PNP tare da babban abokinsa, Gershon Collier . PNP wani tsattsauran ra'ayi ne na jam'iyyar SLPP wanda ya ƙunshi ƴan matasa matasa ciki har da ƙaramin ƙarni na Creoles waɗanda ke da alaƙa da Sir Albert Margai, lauya wanda ƙani ne ga Sir Milton Margai . Duk da haka, daga baya PNP ta hade cikin SLPP kuma Claude Nelson-Williams kuma ya koma SLPP. 

=== Shugaban Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Majalisar Garin Freetown (FCC) (1964) ===
Bayan murabus din magajin gari da majalisar birnin Freetown a cikin 1964, an nada Claude Nelson-Williams ya zama Shugaban Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Majalisar Garin Freetown a 1964. Ya yi aiki a wannan matsayi har sai da aka zaba Siaka Stevens a matsayin magajin garin Freetown.

=== Yin takarar kujerar majalisa ===
Nelson-Williams ya yi takara bai yi nasara ba a matsayin ɗan takara mai zaman kansa na Majalisar Saliyo a 1962, ya tsaya a matsayin mai riƙe da tutar jam’iyyar SLPP a 1967, kuma ya yi takara a 1985. Ya tsaya takarar zama dan majalisa na Wilberforce, gundumar Saliyo a 1962 kuma ya sha kaye a zaben a hannun Cyril Rogers-Wright, lauyan Creole, wanda shine mai rike da tutar SLPP . Daga nan sai ya tsaya takara a matsayin dan takarar jam’iyyar SLPP a zaben 1967 inda aka rika yada labarin cewa jam’iyyar SLPP ta fadi zabe.

Kusan shekaru ashirin bayan haka a 1985, Nelson-Williams ya tsaya takarar dan majalisa a mazabar Freetown West III da ’yan takara da suka hada da Franklyn Ernest David Cline-Thomas, wani ma’aikacin gwamnati kuma dan kasuwa Creole mai ritaya wanda aka fi sani da 'Teddy' ko 'FED Cline-Thomas', Mohamed Sallu Thomas, Oku tsohon ma'aikacin gwamnati, da Harmamac Kamara dan takarar Kamara, kuma p.  {{Rp|193–194}}

== Nasarorin da kuma ganewa ==
An nada Claude Nelson-Williams a matsayin darekta na Bankin Saliyo a 1964 kuma ya yi aiki a wannan aikin har zuwa 1967 lokacin da ya yi murabus daga mukamin darekta.  

Ya yi aiki a matsayin jagoranci a cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru da na nishaɗi ciki har da shugaban ƙungiyar likitocin Saliyo da kuma shugaban ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Saliyo. 

=== Sha'awar kasuwanci ===
Nelson-Williams kuma yana da sha'awar kasuwanci da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da hannun jari a Kamfanin Marble Tile Construction Limited da Ma Cherie Limited. Ya kuma kasance mai hannun jari kuma manajan darakta na kamfanin Sabanoh Pharmaceuticals Limited a shekarun 1970s.

Ta hanyar yunƙurin kasuwancinsa, Nelson-Williams ya ba da gudummawa da yawa ga al'amuran jama'a. A matsayinsa na manajan darakta na kamfanin Sabanoh Pharmaceutical Limited, ya ba da gudummawar magunguna da dama don fadada asibitin Maforki da ke Port Loko a shekarun 1970. A matsayinsa na mai hannun jari na Kamfanin Marble Tile Construction Company Limited, ya ba da gudummawa ga Asusun OAU wanda zai ba da gudummawar shirye-shiryen Saliyo don karbar bakuncin taron kungiyar hadin kan Afirka a 1980.&lt;ref&gt;''Sierra Leone: 12 Years of Economic Achievement and Political Consolidation Under the APC and Dr. Siaka Stevens, 1968-1980,'' (Sierra Leone: Office of the President, 1980), 276, 552.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Daga baya rayuwa ==
Nelson-Williams ya kasance ɗan Wesleyan Methodist na rayuwa kuma memba ne na Wesley Methodist Church a Lamina Sankoh Street (tsohon titin Trelawney), wanda shine cocin dangin dangin mahaifinsa.

A cikin shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, a waje da aikin likitancinsa da sha'awar kasuwanci, Nelson-Williams ya shafe lokaci a cikin ƙungiyar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun abokai masu ra'ayi a Brookfields Hotel.

== Harkar siyasa da bayar da shawarwarin zamantakewa a cikin shekarun baya ==

Ko da yake Nelson-Williams ya ci gaba da sha'awar zaɓen majalisar dokoki, shi ma yana da rawar da ya taka a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan zamantakewa a ƙarshen shekarun rayuwarsa.  Ya kasance mai sukar gwamnatin Siaka Stevens da Joseph Saidu Momoh a cikin 1970s da 1980s.

Mummunan cin hanci da rashawa da tashe-tashen hankula da gwamnati ta amince da su, wanda ke nuni da hukuncin kisa na Mohamed Sorie Forna da kuma kisan Samuel Lansana Bangura, wanda ake zargin gwamnatin Saliyo ta amince da shi, ya fuskanci kakkausar suka daga mutanen Saliyo irin su Nelson-Williams da Raymond Sarif Easmon.  Gwamnatin Siaka Stevens ta daure Easmon na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin 1970s kuma a ƙarshe dangi da abokai sun gamsu da su daina sukar gwamnatin Siaka Stevens. Nelson-Williams zai ci gaba da sukar cin hanci da rashawa da tashe-tashen hankula daga jihar kuma wasu rahotanni a lokacin mutuwarsa sun bayyana cewa gwamnatin Saliyo ta yi taka-tsan-tsan da sukar sa.

== Bayan haka ==
Bayan shari'ar kisan da aka yi wa Nelson-Williams, an yanke wa Alhadi hukuncin kisa a shekarar 1992 tare da wasu na'urori hudu na kisan.  Daga nan ne aka shirya zartar da hukuncin kisa kan Alhadi bayan samunsa da laifin kashe Nelson-Williams, amma aka yi masa sassauci kuma gwamnati ta mayar da hukuncin daurin rai da rai.  Daga bisani dakarun wanzar da zaman lafiya suka kashe Alhadi a shekarar 1997 a lokacin yakin basasar Saliyo.

Bayan hidimar jana'izar a Cocin Methodist na Wesley a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 1989, an binne Nelson-Williams a makabartar King Tom da ke yammacin karshen Freetown.  Ya rasu ya bar iyalansa da suka hada da kannensa guda uku.

== Gado ==
Masana tarihi da siyasar Saliyo sun ba da misali da 'yan siyasar Saliyo da ƙwararru irin su Claude Nelson-Williams, Berthan Macaulay, Raymond Sarif Easmon, John Karefa-Smart, Mohamed Sorie Forna, Ibrahim Bash Taqi, da Gershon Collier a matsayin wani ɓangare na farkon waɗanda suka biyo bayan mulkin mallaka da shugabannin al'umma waɗanda suka fito da haƙƙin 'yan siyasa na Saliyo.  tashin hankali da gwamnati ta amince da shi, da cin hanci da rashawa.

A matsayin wani ɓangare na 'yan tsiraru na Creole, 'yan Saliyo irin su Claude Nelson-Williams da ɗan'uwansa, John, Berthan Macaulay, da Raymond Sarif Easmon sun kasance wani ɓangare na 'yan siyasar Creole masu tsattsauran ra'ayi wanda, sabanin yanayin sannu-sannu na raguwar tasirin Creole a cikin siyasa, sun taka rawar gani da tasiri a cikin yanayin siyasar Saliyo.  Wadannan matasa 'yan kasar Saliyo sun haɗu da nasarar sana'a tare da jagorancin jama'a da siyasa, kuma a cikin jam'iyya daya sun biya rayukansu ko kuma an daure su a kurkuku.

[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1989]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1927]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Abdullahi Mamudu</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345079162|Abdullahi Mamudu]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Abdullahi Mamudu''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 1965), ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ke wakiltar Majalisa ta [[Agaie]] / [[Lapai]] a [[Neja|Jihar Nijar]] a Majalisar Wakilai . Shi memba ne na All Progressives Congress (APC).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/abdullahi-mamudu-0 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Assembly {{!}} Federal Republic of Nigeria |url=https://nass.gov.ng/mps/single/238 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=nass.gov.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Legislator Details - ConsTrack Track and Report on Governement Funded Projects in Nigeria |url=https://www.constrack.ng/legislator_details?id=257 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=www.constrack.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Akpan |first=Samuel |date=2023-11-07 |title=Reps panel chair to lawmakers: It’s our duty to position army to tackle insecurity |url=https://www.thecable.ng/reps-panel-chair-to-lawmakers-its-our-duty-to-position-army-to-tackle-insecurity/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[TheCable]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ShineYourEye |url=https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/mamudu-abdullahi |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=www.shineyoureye.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;(((((('''Abdullahi Mamudu''' (born June 26, 1965), is a Nigerian politician representing the [[:en:Agaie|Agaie]]/[[:en:Lapai|Lapai]] Federal Constituency in [[:en:Niger_State|Niger State]] in the House of Representatives. He is a

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'''Abdullahi Mamudu''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 1965), ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ke wakiltar Majalisa ta [[Agaie]] / [[Lapai]] a [[Neja|Jihar Nijar]] a Majalisar Wakilai . Shi memba ne na All Progressives Congress (APC).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/abdullahi-mamudu-0 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Assembly {{!}} Federal Republic of Nigeria |url=https://nass.gov.ng/mps/single/238 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=nass.gov.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Legislator Details - ConsTrack Track and Report on Governement Funded Projects in Nigeria |url=https://www.constrack.ng/legislator_details?id=257 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=www.constrack.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Akpan |first=Samuel |date=2023-11-07 |title=Reps panel chair to lawmakers: It’s our duty to position army to tackle insecurity |url=https://www.thecable.ng/reps-panel-chair-to-lawmakers-its-our-duty-to-position-army-to-tackle-insecurity/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[TheCable]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ShineYourEye |url=https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/mamudu-abdullahi |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=www.shineyoureye.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345776327|Abdul One Mohammed]]&quot;</comment>
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Abdul-One Mohammed &lt;ref&gt;&quot;One&quot; was inserted into Abdul Mohammed's name by the army to distinguish him from the many others by the same name (Abdullahi). &quot;Abdul One Mohammed&quot; is used in all official reports. Some sources incorrectly use the name &quot;Abdul Wan Mohammed&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;ya kasance gwamnan soja na [[Borno|Jihar Borno]], [[Najeriya]], kuma daga baya ya kasance shugaban rundunar kiyaye zaman lafiya a [[Laberiya]] da [[Saliyo|Siriliyon]].

Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] ya nada Colonel Abdul One Mohammed gwamnan soja na [[Borno|Jihar Borno]] daga Disamba 1987 zuwa Disamba 1989. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria States |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528072649/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |archive-date=28 May 2010 |access-date=2010-05-11 |publisher=WorldStatesmen}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1997 an tura Abdul One Mohammed zuwa [[Kungiyar sa ido kan tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin Afrika|Kungiyar Kula da Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Afirka]] (ECOMOG) a matsayin Mataimakin Kwamandan ECOMOG da Shugaban Ma'aikata, yana jagorantar aiki a [[Laberiya]] da [[Saliyo]].((((((GeneraGeneral Ibrahim Babangida appointed Colonel Abdul One Mohammed military governor of Borno State from December 1987 to December 1989.[1] In 1997 Abdul One Mohammed was posted to the Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) as Deputy ECOMOG commander and Chief of Staff, heading operation in Liberia and Sierra Leone. 

== Siriliyon ==
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1997 Abdul Mohammed ya musanta cewa jiragen yaki na ECOMOG sun keta yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta a wani abin da ya faru inda mayakan suka shiga tsakani a kan jiragen ruwa da ke kokarin karya takunkumin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a kan junta a [[Saliyo]]. Ya ce &quot;An harbe jirginmu don haka muka mayar da wuta&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 November 1997 |title=Sierra Leone News |url=http://www.sierra-leone.org/Archives/slnews1197.html |access-date=2010-05-11 |website=The Sierra Leone Web}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1998 sojojin ECOMOG sun kaddamar da wani hari don sake samun iko da Freetown, babban birnin Saliyo. Abdul One Mohammed ya ce dakarunsa suna kusa da tsakiyar [[Freetown|Birnin Freetown]] kuma za su ci gaba da ci gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 February 1998 |title=IRIN-WA Update 142 of Events in West Africa: SIERRA LEONE: ECOMOG launches all-out offensive on Freetown |url=http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/irinw142.html |access-date=2010-05-11 |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 1998 Abdul One Mohammed ya ce kayan kasuwanci da na jin kai za su iya shiga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Freetown kuma filin jirgin sama ma ya buɗe. Harkokin makamai sun kasance suna aiki.&lt;sup aa=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;./Bo,_Sierra_Leone&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot;&gt;Bo=&quot;#mwt17&quot; class=&quot;mw-ref reference&quot; data-cx=&quot;{}&quot; data-mw=&quot;{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-5&quot;,&quot;html&quot;:&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=\&quot;mw:Transclusion\&quot; data-mw=\&quot;{&amp;amp;quot;name&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;templatestyles&amp;amp;quot;,&amp;amp;quot;attrs&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;src&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;body&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;extsrc&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;parts&amp;amp;quot;:[{&amp;amp;quot;template&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;target&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;cite web\\n &amp;amp;quot;,&amp;amp;quot;href&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;./Template:Cite_web&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;params&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;url&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/irinw152.html&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;publisher&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;title&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;IRIN-WA Update 152 of Events in West Africa: ECOMOG opens Sierra Leone's ports&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;date&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;24 February 1998&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;accessdate&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;2010-05-11&amp;amp;quot;}},&amp;amp;quot;i&amp;amp;quot;:0}}]}\&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=\&quot;true\&quot; id=\&quot;mwhA\&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;cite about=\&quot;#mwt15\&quot; class=\&quot;citation web cs1\&quot; id=\&quot;mwhQ\&quot; data-ve-ignore=\&quot;\&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;external text\&quot; href=\&quot;http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/irinw152.html\&quot; id=\&quot;mwhg\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow\&quot;&gt;\&quot;IRIN-WA Update 152 of Events in West Africa: ECOMOG opens Sierra Leone's ports\&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;cx-link\&quot; data-linkid=\&quot;138\&quot; href=\&quot;./The_New_Humanitarian\&quot; id=\&quot;mwhw\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:WikiLink\&quot; title=\&quot;The New Humanitarian\&quot;&gt;IRIN&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. 24 February 1998&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=\&quot;reference-accessdate\&quot; id=\&quot;mwiA\&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=\&quot;nowrap\&quot; id=\&quot;mwiQ\&quot;&gt;2010-05-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;}}&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-5&quot; rel=&quot;dc:references&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Extension/ref&quot;&gt;[./Abdul_One_Mohammed#cite_note-5 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt;Ya ce nan da nan ya shirya tura sojoji don samun iko mafi kyau a cikin yankin kuma yana sa ran duk hanyoyi a yankin Bo za a sake buɗe su nan ba da daɗewa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 February 1998 |title=IRIN-WA Update 154 of Events in West Africa: Fighters leave Bo in ruins |url=http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/irinw154.html |access-date=2010-05-11 |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 1998 Ɗaya daga cikin Mohammed ya ce dakarunsa sun ƙaura daga Kenema kuma sun karɓi Bo daga 'yan tawaye na RUF bayan gwagwarmaya mai tsanani. Rukunin ECOMOG sun rike manyan mukamai a cikin birni, tare da goyon bayan 'yan bindiga na Kamajor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 February 1998 |title=Sierra Leone News |url=http://www.sierra-leone.org/Archives/slnews0298.html |access-date=2010-05-11 |website=The Sierra Leone Web}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'Yan Liberiya sun gudanar da fareti ga masu kiyaye zaman lafiya na ECOMOG a watan Janairun 1998, wadanda za su bar kasar a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu. Abdul One Mohammed ya yi kira ga 'yan Liberiya da su &quot;sanya hannu tare kuma su karfafa zaman lafiya da muka hada&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24–26 January 1998 |title=IRIN-WA Update 131 of Events in West Africa: LIBERIA: Liberians say farewell to ECOMOG |url=http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/irinw131.html |access-date=2010-05-11 |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A farkon wannan watan, ya nuna damuwa cewa yanayin zai iya haifar da sabunta rikici a Laberiya, gami da &quot;sake shiga sojoji da aka gano tare da yakin shekaru bakwai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 February 1998 |title=Liberia: Information on whether the warring factions have been disarmed, whether peacekeepers are still active in the country, and, if so, whether they are encountering any resistance |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,QUERYRESPONSE,LBR,,3ae6aba07c,0.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012152721/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country%2C%2C%2CQUERYRESPONSE%2CLBR%2C%2C3ae6aba07c%2C0.html |archive-date=12 October 2012 |access-date=2010-05-11 |publisher=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yulin 1998 Abdul One Mohammed ya ce ya yi nadama cewa ba a sake horar da jami'an tsaro na Laberiya ba a ƙarshen yakin basasa. Ya kuma ce ECOMOG ta kasa kafa wata al'umma ba tare da bindiga ba a Laberiya saboda &quot;tsoffin shugabannin yaƙi&quot; sun gaya wa mayakan su su ajiye makaman su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 July 1998 |title=IRIN-WA Update 263 of Events in West Africa: LIBERIA: ECOMOG general regrets no army reform |url=http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/irinw263.html |access-date=2010-05-11 |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Agustan 1998 ya musanta zargin da Shugaba Charles Taylor na Laberiya ya yi cewa ECOMOG na shirin aika da karin sojoji don lalata gwamnatin Laberiya. Ya ce wannan abin ba'a ne tun lokacin da ECOMOG ke ƙoƙarin dawo da zaman lafiya tun 1990, kuma Najeriya kadai ta kashe miliyoyin daloli don wannan dalili.

== Abubuwan da suka faru daga baya ==
An maye gurbin Abdul One Mohammed a matsayin Babban Ma'aikacin ECOMOG a watan Yulin 1998 da Brigadier-Janar G. Kwabe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 July 1998 |title=IRIN-WA Update 262 of Events in West Africa: ECOMOG appoints new chief-of-staff |url=http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/irinw262.html |access-date=2010-05-11 |website=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin sauraron Kotun Musamman kan Sierre Leone a shekara ta 2004, wani shaida ya ce Hinga Norman, tsohon ministan cikin gida na Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Saliyo (SLPP) kuma shugaban Sojojin Tsaro ya ce ya karbi makamai da harsashi daga Abdul One Mohammed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sara Kandell |date=19 November 2004 |title=Special Court Monitoring Program Update #13 Trial Chamber I - CDF Trial |url=http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~changmin/SL-Reports/013.pdf |access-date=2010-05-11 |publisher=UC Berkeley War Crimes Study Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2006 Abdul One Mohammed bai iya bayyana a shari'ar Hinga Norman ba tun lokacin da yake karbar kulawa ta likita a Jamus kuma yana da rashin lafiya sosai don tafiya zuwa Freetown.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gibril Koroma |date=15 September 2006 |title=Special Court: Hinga Norman Defence Ends |url=http://www.thepatrioticvanguard.com/article.php3?id_article=772 |access-date=2010-05-11 |website=Partiotic Vanguard}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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| name             = Abdul One Mohammed
| honorific_prefix = [[Major General]]
| image            = Major General Abdoul One Mohammed .jpg
| image_size       = 
| caption          = 
| office1          = Governor of [[Borno State]], [[Nigeria]]
| term_start1      = December 1987
| term_end1        = December 1989
| predecessor1     = [[Abdulmumini Aminu]]
| successor1       = [[Mohammed Maina]]
| birth_date       = 25th February, 1945
| birth_place      = Akuyam, Bauchi.
| death_date       = January 25th 2008
| death_place      = Plateau, Nigeria
| allegiance       = {{flag|Nigeria}}
| branch           = {{army|Nigeria}}&lt;br /&gt;[[ECOMOG]]
| rank             = [[File:Nigeria-Army-OF-7.svg|20px]] [[Major General]]
| battles          = [[Sierra Leone Civil War]]
}}

Abdul-One Mohammed &lt;ref&gt;&quot;One&quot; was inserted into Abdul Mohammed's name by the army to distinguish him from the many others by the same name (Abdullahi). &quot;Abdul One Mohammed&quot; is used in all official reports. Some sources incorrectly use the name &quot;Abdul Wan Mohammed&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;ya kasance gwamnan soja na [[Borno|Jihar Borno]], [[Najeriya]], kuma daga baya ya kasance shugaban rundunar kiyaye zaman lafiya a [[Laberiya]] da [[Saliyo|Siriliyon]].

Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] ya nada Colonel Abdul One Mohammed gwamnan soja na [[Borno|Jihar Borno]] daga Disamba 1987 zuwa Disamba 1989. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria States |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528072649/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |archive-date=28 May 2010 |access-date=2010-05-11 |publisher=WorldStatesmen}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1997 an tura Abdul One Mohammed zuwa [[Kungiyar sa ido kan tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin Afrika|Kungiyar Kula da Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Afirka]] (ECOMOG) a matsayin Mataimakin Kwamandan ECOMOG da Shugaban Ma'aikata, yana jagorantar aiki a [[Laberiya]] da Sierra Leone. 

== Siriliyon ==
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1997 Abdul Mohammed ya musanta cewa jiragen yaki na ECOMOG sun keta yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta a wani abin da ya faru inda mayakan suka shiga tsakani a kan jiragen ruwa da ke kokarin karya takunkumin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a kan junta a [[Saliyo]]. Ya ce &quot;An harbe jirginmu don haka muka mayar da wuta&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 November 1997 |title=Sierra Leone News |url=http://www.sierra-leone.org/Archives/slnews1197.html |access-date=2010-05-11 |website=The Sierra Leone Web}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1998 sojojin ECOMOG sun kaddamar da wani hari don sake samun iko da Freetown, babban birnin Saliyo. Abdul One Mohammed ya ce dakarunsa suna kusa da tsakiyar [[Freetown|Birnin Freetown]] kuma za su ci gaba da ci gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 February 1998 |title=IRIN-WA Update 142 of Events in West Africa: SIERRA LEONE: ECOMOG launches all-out offensive on Freetown |url=http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/irinw142.html |access-date=2010-05-11 |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 1998 Abdul One Mohammed ya ce kayan kasuwanci da na jin kai za su iya shiga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Freetown kuma filin jirgin sama ma ya buɗe. Harkokin makamai sun kasance suna aiki.&lt;sup aa=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;./Bo,_Sierra_Leone&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot;&gt;Bo=&quot;#mwt17&quot; class=&quot;mw-ref reference&quot; data-cx=&quot;{}&quot; data-mw=&quot;{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;mw-reference-text-cite_note-5&quot;,&quot;html&quot;:&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=\&quot;mw:Transclusion\&quot; data-mw=\&quot;{&amp;amp;quot;name&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;templatestyles&amp;amp;quot;,&amp;amp;quot;attrs&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;src&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;body&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;extsrc&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;parts&amp;amp;quot;:[{&amp;amp;quot;template&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;target&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;cite web\\n &amp;amp;quot;,&amp;amp;quot;href&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;./Template:Cite_web&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;params&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;url&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/irinw152.html&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;publisher&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;title&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;IRIN-WA Update 152 of Events in West Africa: ECOMOG opens Sierra Leone's ports&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;date&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;24 February 1998&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;accessdate&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;2010-05-11&amp;amp;quot;}},&amp;amp;quot;i&amp;amp;quot;:0}}]}\&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=\&quot;true\&quot; id=\&quot;mwhA\&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;cite about=\&quot;#mwt15\&quot; class=\&quot;citation web cs1\&quot; id=\&quot;mwhQ\&quot; data-ve-ignore=\&quot;\&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;external text\&quot; href=\&quot;http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/irinw152.html\&quot; id=\&quot;mwhg\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow\&quot;&gt;\&quot;IRIN-WA Update 152 of Events in West Africa: ECOMOG opens Sierra Leone's ports\&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;cx-link\&quot; data-linkid=\&quot;138\&quot; href=\&quot;./The_New_Humanitarian\&quot; id=\&quot;mwhw\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:WikiLink\&quot; title=\&quot;The New Humanitarian\&quot;&gt;IRIN&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. 24 February 1998&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span class=\&quot;reference-accessdate\&quot; id=\&quot;mwiA\&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=\&quot;nowrap\&quot; id=\&quot;mwiQ\&quot;&gt;2010-05-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;}}&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-5&quot; rel=&quot;dc:references&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Extension/ref&quot;&gt;[./Abdul_One_Mohammed#cite_note-5 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt;Ya ce nan da nan ya shirya tura sojoji don samun iko mafi kyau a cikin yankin kuma yana sa ran duk hanyoyi a yankin Bo za a sake buɗe su nan ba da daɗewa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 February 1998 |title=IRIN-WA Update 154 of Events in West Africa: Fighters leave Bo in ruins |url=http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/irinw154.html |access-date=2010-05-11 |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 1998 Ɗaya daga cikin Mohammed ya ce dakarunsa sun ƙaura daga Kenema kuma sun karɓi Bo daga 'yan tawaye na RUF bayan gwagwarmaya mai tsanani. Rukunin ECOMOG sun rike manyan mukamai a cikin birni, tare da goyon bayan 'yan bindiga na Kamajor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 February 1998 |title=Sierra Leone News |url=http://www.sierra-leone.org/Archives/slnews0298.html |access-date=2010-05-11 |website=The Sierra Leone Web}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'Yan Liberiya sun gudanar da fareti ga masu kiyaye zaman lafiya na ECOMOG a watan Janairun 1998, wadanda za su bar kasar a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu. Abdul One Mohammed ya yi kira ga 'yan Liberiya da su &quot;sanya hannu tare kuma su karfafa zaman lafiya da muka hada&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24–26 January 1998 |title=IRIN-WA Update 131 of Events in West Africa: LIBERIA: Liberians say farewell to ECOMOG |url=http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/irinw131.html |access-date=2010-05-11 |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A farkon wannan watan, ya nuna damuwa cewa yanayin zai iya haifar da sabunta rikici a Laberiya, gami da &quot;sake shiga sojoji da aka gano tare da yakin shekaru bakwai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 February 1998 |title=Liberia: Information on whether the warring factions have been disarmed, whether peacekeepers are still active in the country, and, if so, whether they are encountering any resistance |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,QUERYRESPONSE,LBR,,3ae6aba07c,0.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012152721/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country%2C%2C%2CQUERYRESPONSE%2CLBR%2C%2C3ae6aba07c%2C0.html |archive-date=12 October 2012 |access-date=2010-05-11 |publisher=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yulin 1998 Abdul One Mohammed ya ce ya yi nadama cewa ba a sake horar da jami'an tsaro na Laberiya ba a ƙarshen yakin basasa. Ya kuma ce ECOMOG ta kasa kafa wata al'umma ba tare da bindiga ba a Laberiya saboda &quot;tsoffin shugabannin yaƙi&quot; sun gaya wa mayakan su su ajiye makaman su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 July 1998 |title=IRIN-WA Update 263 of Events in West Africa: LIBERIA: ECOMOG general regrets no army reform |url=http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/irinw263.html |access-date=2010-05-11 |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Agustan 1998 ya musanta zargin da Shugaba Charles Taylor na Laberiya ya yi cewa ECOMOG na shirin aika da karin sojoji don lalata gwamnatin Laberiya. Ya ce wannan abin ba'a ne tun lokacin da ECOMOG ke ƙoƙarin dawo da zaman lafiya tun 1990, kuma Najeriya kadai ta kashe miliyoyin daloli don wannan dalili.

== Abubuwan da suka faru daga baya ==
An maye gurbin Abdul One Mohammed a matsayin Babban Ma'aikacin ECOMOG a watan Yulin 1998 da Brigadier-Janar G. Kwabe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 July 1998 |title=IRIN-WA Update 262 of Events in West Africa: ECOMOG appoints new chief-of-staff |url=http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/irinw262.html |access-date=2010-05-11 |website=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin sauraron Kotun Musamman kan Sierre Leone a shekara ta 2004, wani shaida ya ce Hinga Norman, tsohon ministan cikin gida na Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Saliyo (SLPP) kuma shugaban Sojojin Tsaro ya ce ya karbi makamai da harsashi daga Abdul One Mohammed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sara Kandell |date=19 November 2004 |title=Special Court Monitoring Program Update #13 Trial Chamber I - CDF Trial |url=http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~changmin/SL-Reports/013.pdf |access-date=2010-05-11 |publisher=UC Berkeley War Crimes Study Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2006 Abdul One Mohammed bai iya bayyana a shari'ar Hinga Norman ba tun lokacin da yake karbar kulawa ta likita a Jamus kuma yana da rashin lafiya sosai don tafiya zuwa Freetown.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gibril Koroma |date=15 September 2006 |title=Special Court: Hinga Norman Defence Ends |url=http://www.thepatrioticvanguard.com/article.php3?id_article=772 |access-date=2010-05-11 |website=Partiotic Vanguard}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>855365</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-12T14:41:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
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      <text bytes="7434" sha1="tj7l3fyc55frealpb0f8vvqax70cw6z" xml:space="preserve"> {{Infobox person
| name             = Abdul One Mohammed
| honorific_prefix = [[Major General]]
| image            = Major General Abdoul One Mohammed .jpg
| image_size       = 
| caption          = 
| office1          = Governor of [[Borno State]], [[Nigeria]]
| term_start1      = December 1987
| term_end1        = December 1989
| predecessor1     = [[Abdulmumini Aminu]]
| successor1       = [[Mohammed Maina]]
| birth_date       = 25th February, 1945
| birth_place      = Akuyam, Bauchi.
| death_date       = January 25th 2008
| death_place      = Plateau, Nigeria
| allegiance       = {{flag|Nigeria}}
| branch           = {{army|Nigeria}}&lt;br /&gt;[[ECOMOG]]
| rank             = [[File:Nigeria-Army-OF-7.svg|20px]] [[Major General]]
| battles          = [[Sierra Leone Civil War]]
}}

Abdul-One Mohammed &lt;ref&gt;&quot;One&quot; was inserted into Abdul Mohammed's name by the army to distinguish him from the many others by the same name (Abdullahi). &quot;Abdul One Mohammed&quot; is used in all official reports. Some sources incorrectly use the name &quot;Abdul Wan Mohammed&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;ya kasance gwamnan soja na [[Borno|Jihar Borno]], [[Najeriya]], kuma daga baya ya kasance shugaban rundunar kiyaye zaman lafiya a [[Laberiya]] da [[Saliyo|Siriliyon]].

Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] ya nada Colonel Abdul One Mohammed gwamnan soja na [[Borno|Jihar Borno]] daga Disamba 1987 zuwa Disamba 1989. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigeria States |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528072649/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |archive-date=28 May 2010 |access-date=2010-05-11 |publisher=WorldStatesmen}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1997 an tura Abdul One Mohammed zuwa [[Kungiyar sa ido kan tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin Afrika|Kungiyar Kula da Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Afirka]] (ECOMOG) a matsayin Mataimakin Kwamandan ECOMOG da Shugaban Ma'aikata, yana jagorantar aiki a [[Laberiya]] da Sierra Leone. 

== Siriliyon ==
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1997 Abdul Mohammed ya musanta cewa jiragen yaki na ECOMOG sun keta yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta a wani abin da ya faru inda mayakan suka shiga tsakani a kan jiragen ruwa da ke kokarin karya takunkumin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a kan junta a [[Saliyo]]. Ya ce &quot;An harbe jirginmu don haka muka mayar da wuta&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 November 1997 |title=Sierra Leone News |url=http://www.sierra-leone.org/Archives/slnews1197.html |access-date=2010-05-11 |website=The Sierra Leone Web}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1998 sojojin ECOMOG sun kaddamar da wani hari don sake samun iko da Freetown, babban birnin Saliyo. Abdul One Mohammed ya ce dakarunsa suna kusa da tsakiyar [[Freetown|Birnin Freetown]] kuma za su ci gaba da ci gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 February 1998 |title=IRIN-WA Update 142 of Events in West Africa: SIERRA LEONE: ECOMOG launches all-out offensive on Freetown |url=http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/irinw142.html |access-date=2010-05-11 |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 1998 Abdul One Mohammed ya ce kayan kasuwanci da na jin kai za su iya shiga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Freetown kuma filin jirgin sama ma ya buɗe. Harkokin makamai sun kasance suna aiki.&lt;/ref&gt;|url=http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/irinw154.html |access-date=2010-05-11 |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 1998 Ɗaya daga cikin Mohammed ya ce dakarunsa sun ƙaura daga Kenema kuma sun karɓi Bo daga 'yan tawaye na RUF bayan gwagwarmaya mai tsanani. Rukunin ECOMOG sun rike manyan mukamai a cikin birni, tare da goyon bayan 'yan bindiga na Kamajor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 February 1998 |title=Sierra Leone News |url=http://www.sierra-leone.org/Archives/slnews0298.html |access-date=2010-05-11 |website=The Sierra Leone Web}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'Yan Liberiya sun gudanar da fareti ga masu kiyaye zaman lafiya na ECOMOG a watan Janairun 1998, wadanda za su bar kasar a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu. Abdul One Mohammed ya yi kira ga 'yan Liberiya da su &quot;sanya hannu tare kuma su karfafa zaman lafiya da muka hada&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24–26 January 1998 |title=IRIN-WA Update 131 of Events in West Africa: LIBERIA: Liberians say farewell to ECOMOG |url=http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/irinw131.html |access-date=2010-05-11 |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A farkon wannan watan, ya nuna damuwa cewa yanayin zai iya haifar da sabunta rikici a Laberiya, gami da &quot;sake shiga sojoji da aka gano tare da yakin shekaru bakwai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 February 1998 |title=Liberia: Information on whether the warring factions have been disarmed, whether peacekeepers are still active in the country, and, if so, whether they are encountering any resistance |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,QUERYRESPONSE,LBR,,3ae6aba07c,0.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012152721/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country%2C%2C%2CQUERYRESPONSE%2CLBR%2C%2C3ae6aba07c%2C0.html |archive-date=12 October 2012 |access-date=2010-05-11 |publisher=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Yulin 1998 Abdul One Mohammed ya ce ya yi nadama cewa ba a sake horar da jami'an tsaro na Laberiya ba a ƙarshen yakin basasa. Ya kuma ce ECOMOG ta kasa kafa wata al'umma ba tare da bindiga ba a Laberiya saboda &quot;tsoffin shugabannin yaƙi&quot; sun gaya wa mayakan su su ajiye makaman su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 July 1998 |title=IRIN-WA Update 263 of Events in West Africa: LIBERIA: ECOMOG general regrets no army reform |url=http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/irinw263.html |access-date=2010-05-11 |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Agustan 1998 ya musanta zargin da Shugaba Charles Taylor na Laberiya ya yi cewa ECOMOG na shirin aika da karin sojoji don lalata gwamnatin Laberiya. Ya ce wannan abin ba'a ne tun lokacin da ECOMOG ke ƙoƙarin dawo da zaman lafiya tun 1990, kuma Najeriya kadai ta kashe miliyoyin daloli don wannan dalili.

== Abubuwan da suka faru daga baya ==
An maye gurbin Abdul One Mohammed a matsayin Babban Ma'aikacin ECOMOG a watan Yulin 1998 da Brigadier-Janar G. Kwabe . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 July 1998 |title=IRIN-WA Update 262 of Events in West Africa: ECOMOG appoints new chief-of-staff |url=http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/irinw262.html |access-date=2010-05-11 |website=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin sauraron Kotun Musamman kan Sierre Leone a shekara ta 2004, wani shaida ya ce Hinga Norman, tsohon ministan cikin gida na Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Saliyo (SLPP) kuma shugaban Sojojin Tsaro ya ce ya karbi makamai da harsashi daga Abdul One Mohammed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sara Kandell |date=19 November 2004 |title=Special Court Monitoring Program Update #13 Trial Chamber I - CDF Trial |url=http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~changmin/SL-Reports/013.pdf |access-date=2010-05-11 |publisher=UC Berkeley War Crimes Study Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2006 Abdul One Mohammed bai iya bayyana a shari'ar Hinga Norman ba tun lokacin da yake karbar kulawa ta likita a Jamus kuma yana da rashin lafiya sosai don tafiya zuwa Freetown.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gibril Koroma |date=15 September 2006 |title=Special Court: Hinga Norman Defence Ends |url=http://www.thepatrioticvanguard.com/article.php3?id_article=772 |access-date=2010-05-11 |website=Partiotic Vanguard}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kamilo Beach</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Rukkyah</username>
        <id>23418</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1311686792|Kamilo Beach]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kamilo Beach''' (literally, ''the twisting'' or ''swirling currents''&lt;ref name=&quot;Clark-1985-69&quot;&gt;Clark, John R. K. (1985), ''Beaches of the Big Island'', University of Hawaii Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8248-0976-8}}
{{ISBN|0-8248-0976-9}}, p. 69&lt;/ref&gt; in [[Harshen Hawaiian|Hawaiian]]), is a beach located on the southeast coast of the island of Hawaii.  It is known for its accumulation of plastic [[Rushewar ruwa|marine debris]] from the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.

== Tarihi ==
A zamanin d ̄ a, Kamilo Beach wani wuri ne inda 'Yan asalin Hawaii za su je neman manyan katako mai tsayi waɗanda suka yi tafiya a bakin teku daga Arewa maso Yammacin Pacific, waɗanda suka yi amfani da su don gina Jiragen ruwa. Har ila yau, wuri ne inda waɗanda suka ɓace a teku za su iya wankewa a bakin teku.

== Bayyanawa ==
Kamilo Beach yana da kimanin mita 1,500 (460  tsawo, kuma yana kan iyakar kudu maso gabashin Gundumar Ka'ū a tsibirin Hawaii, a daidaitattun 18°58′13′′N 155°35′59′′W / 18.97028°N 155.59972°W / 18.77028; -155.59972. Babu hanyoyin da aka shimfiɗa zuwa rairayin bakin teku.

Wannan rairayin bakin teku, wanda ke kan ƙananan dutsen dutse, rairayin rairayin kan guguwa ne. An kafa shi ne ta hanyar ajiyar yashi mai yawa da iska ta hura.

A wurin Kamilo, raƙuman ruwa sun yanke babban rami, suna haifar da wurare daban-daban na dutse, tafkuna, da tashoshi. Yawancin waɗannan suna fallasawa a lokacin low tide, kuma suna cike da ruwa a lokacin high tide.

Yankin baya a Ka[[Natsika|Milo]] ya ƙunshi irin waɗannan ciyayi kamar naupaka, milo, da ironwood.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clark-1985-69&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Yankin rairayin bakin teku yanki ne na tarawa don sharar filastik. Ana tilasta tarkace zuwa bakin rairayin bakin teku ta hanyar iskar kasuwanci ta yau da kullun da kuma haɗuwa da raƙuman teku. Rushewar ta kasance a kan kunkuntar, siffar fararen yashi, wanda aka kafa tare da iyakar cikin gida na wannan yanki.

Kayan da aka tara wanda ya rufe Kamilo Beach da kuma kusa da kilomita 2.8 (4.5 km) na bakin teku ya ƙunshi kashi 90% na filastik. Kodayake wasu daga cikin abubuwan da suka hada da sharar gida ne, yawancin su da nauyin suna da alaƙa da kamun Kifi kamar taru, igiya, cones da aka yi amfani da su don kama kifi, masu nisa da aka yi da su a aikin noma, buoys, crates, da kwando. Yawancin tarkace an yi su ne daga filastik, ko dai pre-production nurdles ko pellets da aka kirkira daga manyan filastik abubuwa da ke rushewa cikin ƙananan ɓangarori.&amp;nbsp;

A cikin 2020, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Hawaii ta sanya rairayin bakin teku a matsayin wanda ya lalace bisa ga [[Gurbacewar Robobi|gurɓataccen filastik]], wanda shine karo na farko da za a lissafa duk wani ruwan Hawaiian a matsayin wanda ke da rauni ta wannan hanyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Honore |first=Marcel |date=July 17, 2020 |title=EPA Forces State Health Officials To Address Plastic Pollution On Hawaii Beaches |url=https://www.civilbeat.org/beat/epa-forces-state-health-officials-to-address-plastic-pollution-on-hawaii-beaches/?ct=t(RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN) |access-date=21 July 2020 |website=Honolulu Civil Beat}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasirin muhalli ==
Dabbobin daji a yankin sun sha wahala sosai saboda sharar gida da na bakin teku. rushewa kamun kifi, kamar tarkon kamun kiɗa da layi da aka watsar, [[nutsewa]], maƙurewa, da tarkon tsuntsaye da Dabbobi masu shayarwa. Wasu nau'ikan filastik da masu jefa kuri'a, kamar su bisphenol A, bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, da polystyrene, [[wiktionary:leach|leach]] carcinogenic ko [[Abubuwan sunadarai|sunadarai]] masu guba lokacin da suka lalace. Sauran suna shan guba kamar DDT da polychlorinated biphenyls daga kewayenta. Wadannan gubobi dabbobi ne ke sha su lokacin da aka cinye su.

== Kokarin tsaftacewa ==
An gudanar da kokarin tsaftacewa da yawa a Kamilo Beach a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Kafin waɗannan ƙoƙarin, tarkace ya kasance 8 zuwa 10 feet (2.4 zuwa 3.0  tsawo a wasu wurare. Yawancin kokarin tsaftace tarkace na ruwa daga Kamilo Beach sun jagoranci ne daga Asusun Kula da namun daji na Hawai'i da masu sa kai na [[Tsabtace bakin teku]], duk da haka wasu kungiyoyi, ciki har da Imi Pono No Ka 'Aina, Hawaii Rainbow Gatherings, &quot;CITO&quot; geocachers, Sierra Club Hawaii da kuma Kamfen na Kula da Muhalli na Hawai 'i sun taimaka wajen abubuwan da suka faru a wasu lokuta. A shekara ta 2003, Asusun Kula da namun daji na Hawai'i ya shirya masu sa kai 100 kuma ya cire sama da tan 50 (ton 45 na mita) na tarkon kamun kifi da sauran tarkace na ruwa daga rairayin bakin teku. 

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2007, masu sa kai na Kamfen na Kula da Muhalli na Hawai'i sun cire fiye da miliyan 4 na filastik daga Kamilo Beach.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1311686792|Kamilo Beach]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Fayil:Kamilo_Beach,_Hawaii,_DSCN0114.jpg|thumb|Kamilo Beach]]
'''Kamilo Beach''' (literally, ''the twisting'' or ''swirling currents''&lt;ref name=&quot;Clark-1985-69&quot;&gt;Clark, John R. K. (1985), ''Beaches of the Big Island'', University of Hawaii Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8248-0976-8}}
{{ISBN|0-8248-0976-9}}, p. 69&lt;/ref&gt; in [[Harshen Hawaiian|Hawaiian]]), is a beach located on the southeast coast of the island of Hawaii.  It is known for its accumulation of plastic [[Rushewar ruwa|marine debris]] from the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.

== Tarihi ==
A zamanin d ̄ a, Kamilo Beach wani wuri ne inda 'Yan asalin Hawaii za su je neman manyan katako mai tsayi waɗanda suka yi tafiya a bakin teku daga Arewa maso Yammacin Pacific, waɗanda suka yi amfani da su don gina Jiragen ruwa. Har ila yau, wuri ne inda waɗanda suka ɓace a teku za su iya wankewa a bakin teku.

== Bayyanawa ==
[[Fayil:HIMap-doton-Naalehu.PNG|thumb|Yanayin Kamilo Beach a tsibirin Hawaii]]
Kamilo Beach yana da kimanin mita 1,500 (460  tsawo, kuma yana kan iyakar kudu maso gabashin Gundumar Ka'ū a tsibirin Hawaii, a daidaitattun 18°58′13′′N 155°35′59′′W / 18.97028°N 155.59972°W / 18.77028; -155.59972. Babu hanyoyin da aka shimfiɗa zuwa rairayin bakin teku.

Wannan rairayin bakin teku, wanda ke kan ƙananan dutsen dutse, rairayin rairayin kan guguwa ne. An kafa shi ne ta hanyar ajiyar yashi mai yawa da iska ta hura.

A wurin Kamilo, raƙuman ruwa sun yanke babban rami, suna haifar da wurare daban-daban na dutse, tafkuna, da tashoshi. Yawancin waɗannan suna fallasawa a lokacin low tide, kuma suna cike da ruwa a lokacin high tide.

Yankin baya a Ka[[Natsika|Milo]] ya ƙunshi irin waɗannan ciyayi kamar naupaka, milo, da ironwood.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clark-1985-69&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Yankin rairayin bakin teku yanki ne na tarawa don sharar filastik. Ana tilasta tarkace zuwa bakin rairayin bakin teku ta hanyar iskar kasuwanci ta yau da kullun da kuma haɗuwa da raƙuman teku. Rushewar ta kasance a kan kunkuntar, siffar fararen yashi, wanda aka kafa tare da iyakar cikin gida na wannan yanki.

Kayan da aka tara wanda ya rufe Kamilo Beach da kuma kusa da kilomita 2.8 (4.5 km) na bakin teku ya ƙunshi kashi 90% na filastik. Kodayake wasu daga cikin abubuwan da suka hada da sharar gida ne, yawancin su da nauyin suna da alaƙa da kamun Kifi kamar taru, igiya, cones da aka yi amfani da su don kama kifi, masu nisa da aka yi da su a aikin noma, buoys, crates, da kwando. Yawancin tarkace an yi su ne daga filastik, ko dai pre-production nurdles ko pellets da aka kirkira daga manyan filastik abubuwa da ke rushewa cikin ƙananan ɓangarori.&amp;nbsp;

A cikin 2020, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Hawaii ta sanya rairayin bakin teku a matsayin wanda ya lalace bisa ga [[Gurbacewar Robobi|gurɓataccen filastik]], wanda shine karo na farko da za a lissafa duk wani ruwan Hawaiian a matsayin wanda ke da rauni ta wannan hanyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Honore |first=Marcel |date=July 17, 2020 |title=EPA Forces State Health Officials To Address Plastic Pollution On Hawaii Beaches |url=https://www.civilbeat.org/beat/epa-forces-state-health-officials-to-address-plastic-pollution-on-hawaii-beaches/?ct=t(RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN) |access-date=21 July 2020 |website=Honolulu Civil Beat}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasirin muhalli ==
Dabbobin daji a yankin sun sha wahala sosai saboda sharar gida da na bakin teku. rushewa kamun kifi, kamar tarkon kamun kiɗa da layi da aka watsar, [[nutsewa]], maƙurewa, da tarkon tsuntsaye da Dabbobi masu shayarwa. Wasu nau'ikan filastik da masu jefa kuri'a, kamar su bisphenol A, bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, da polystyrene, [[wiktionary:leach|leach]] carcinogenic ko [[Abubuwan sunadarai|sunadarai]] masu guba lokacin da suka lalace. Sauran suna shan guba kamar DDT da polychlorinated biphenyls daga kewayenta. Wadannan gubobi dabbobi ne ke sha su lokacin da aka cinye su.

== Kokarin tsaftacewa ==
An gudanar da kokarin tsaftacewa da yawa a Kamilo Beach a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Kafin waɗannan ƙoƙarin, tarkace ya kasance 8 zuwa 10 feet (2.4 zuwa 3.0  tsawo a wasu wurare. Yawancin kokarin tsaftace tarkace na ruwa daga Kamilo Beach sun jagoranci ne daga Asusun Kula da namun daji na Hawai'i da masu sa kai na [[Tsabtace bakin teku]], duk da haka wasu kungiyoyi, ciki har da Imi Pono No Ka 'Aina, Hawaii Rainbow Gatherings, &quot;CITO&quot; geocachers, Sierra Club Hawaii da kuma Kamfen na Kula da Muhalli na Hawai 'i sun taimaka wajen abubuwan da suka faru a wasu lokuta. A shekara ta 2003, Asusun Kula da namun daji na Hawai'i ya shirya masu sa kai 100 kuma ya cire sama da tan 50 (ton 45 na mita) na tarkon kamun kifi da sauran tarkace na ruwa daga rairayin bakin teku. 

A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2007, masu sa kai na Kamfen na Kula da Muhalli na Hawai'i sun cire fiye da miliyan 4 na filastik daga Kamilo Beach.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rashin jin daɗi</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357111922|Dracunculiasis]]&quot;</comment>
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Dracunculiasis, wanda kuma ake kira cutar Guinea-worm, kamuwa ne da cuta ta Guinea worm (''Dracunculus medinensis).'' Mutum ya kamu da cutar ta hanyar ruwan sha da aka gurɓata da tsutsotsi na Guinea-worm waɗanda ke zaune a cikin copepods (wani nau'in karamin crustacean). Stomach acid yana narkewa da copepod kuma ya saki tsutsotsi na Guinea, wanda ke shiga cikin hanyar narkewa kuma ya tsere cikin jiki. Kimanin shekara guda bayan haka, tsutsa mai girma yana ƙaura zuwa wurin fita - yawanci ƙananan kafa - kuma yana haifar da ƙuƙwalwa mai zafi sosai a fata. A ƙarshe, ƙuƙwalwar ta fashe, ta haifar da rauni mai raɗaɗi wanda tsutsotsi ke fitowa a hankali a cikin makonni da yawa. Raunin ya kasance mai raɗaɗi a duk lokacin da tsutsotsi ya fito, yana kashe mutumin da ya shafa na makonni uku zuwa goma da tsutsotsi ke ɗauka ya fito. Mace tsutsotsi tana saki tsutsotsi lokacin da mai masaukin ya nutse raunin cikin ruwa a ƙoƙarin sauƙaƙa zafi, don haka ci gaba da sake zagayowar rayuwa.{{Spaced en dash}}{{Spaced en dash}}

hagu [[magani]] don magance ko hana dracunculiasis. Maimakon haka, babban abin da ke tattare da magani shine a hankali a rufe tsutsotsi mai tasowa a kusa da ƙaramin sanda ko gaze don ƙarfafawa da hanzarta fita. Kowace rana, wasu 'yan centimeters na tsutsotsi suna fitowa, kuma ana juya sandar don ci gaba da tashin hankali. Tashin hankali da yawa zai iya karyawa da kashe tsutsotsi a cikin raunin, yana haifar da ciwo mai tsanani da [[kumburi]]. Dracunculiasis cuta ce ta matsanancin talauci, tana faruwa a wuraren da ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsabta. Kokarin rigakafi yana kan tace ruwan sha don cire copepods da kuma kamfen na ilimi na jama'a don hana mutane shanye gaɓoɓin da abin ya shafa a cikin hanyoyin ruwa mai sha, saboda wannan aikin yana ba da damar tsutsotsi su yada tsutsarsu.

Bayanan da suka dace da dracunculiasis sun bayyana a cikin takardun da suka tsira daga likitoci zamanin Girka da Roma. A cikin ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20, an yadu da dracunculiasis a duk faɗin Afirka da Asiya ta Kudu, yana shafar mutane miliyan 48 a kowace shekara. Kokarin kawar da cutar dracunculiasis ya fara ne a cikin shekarun 1980 bayan nasarar kawar da Kwando a shekarar 1977. A shekara ta 1995, kusan kowace ƙasa da ke fama da cutar dracunculiasis ta kafa shirin kawar da ƙasa. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, shari'o'in da suka faru sun ragu da sauri, sun faɗi ƙasa da 100,000 a kowace shekara a cikin 1997, ƙasa da 10,000 a cikin 2007, ƙasa da 1,000 a cikin 2012, ƙasa da 100 a cikin 2015, kuma zuwa kawai 10 a cikin 2025. Tun daga shekara ta 1986, kasashe 16 da suka kasance masu fama da cutar a baya sun kawar da cutar dracunculiasis, inda suka bar cutar ta farko a kasashe masu tasowa guda uku na Afirka ta tsakiya - Chadi, Habasha da Sudan&quot; id=&quot;mwPA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;South Sudan&quot;&gt;Sudan ta Kudu. Ƙarin ƙasashe uku sun kasance za a tabbatar da su ba tare da yaduwar cututtukan cututtukani ba waɗanda ba su da rahoton kamuwa da cutar tun ƙarshen 2023: Angola, Mali, da Sudan. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan, Sudan, an riga an tabbatar da shi amma har yanzu ba a tabbatar da shi ba tare da watsawa ba. Bugu da ƙari, kodayake Kamaru ta sami takardar shaidar kyauta daga watsawa ta ciki tun 2007, ta fuskanci shari'o'i uku tun daga 2019 tare da iyakarta da Chadi. D. medinensis  kuma na iya kamuwa da karnuka, Cats, da baboons, kodayake lokuta da ba na mutane ba suma suna fadowa saboda kokarin kawar da su. Sauran nau'in Dracunculus suna haifar da dracunculiasis a cikin Dabbobi masu rarrafe a duk duniya da kuma dabbobi masu shayarwa a Amurka.  –

A cikin 2020, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta sanya 2027 a matsayin ranar da aka yi niyya don kawar da dracunculiasis. Idan shirin kawarwa ya yi nasara, ana sa ran dracunculiasis ya zama cutar mutum ta biyu da za a kawar, bayan kyanda.

== Dalilin da ya sa ==
[[Fayil:Dracunculiasis_life_cycle_CDC.jpg|alt=See &quot;Cause&quot; section for description of the worm's life cycle|thumb|Tsarin rayuwa na ''Dracunculus medinensis'']]
Dracunculiasis ya samo asali ne daga kamuwa da cuta tare da ''{{Convert|4|cm|in}}'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;CDC-FAQ&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 August 2023 |title=Guinea worm disease frequently asked questions |url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/guineaworm/gen_info/faqs.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528075545/https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/guineaworm/gen_info/faqs.html |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=8 August 2022 |publisher=US [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''''''D. medinensis&amp;nbsp;''&amp;nbsp;''&amp;nbsp;'' larvae suna zaune a ciki ƙananan crustaceans na ruwa da ake kira copepods. Mutane yawanci suna kamuwa da cuta lokacin da suka ci copepods ba da gangan ba yayin shan ruwa. A wasu lokuta, kifaye ko kwari suna cinye copepods masu kamuwa da cuta, wanda mutane ko wasu dabbobi ke cinyewa, suna wucewa tare da larvae na D. medinensis.{{Sfn|Hopkins|Weiss|Torres-Velez|Sapp|2022}} A lokacin narkewa copepods suna mutuwa, suna saki larvae na D. medinensis. Magungunan suna fita daga hanyar narkewa ta hanyar shiga da hanji, suna neman mafaka  ko sararin samaniya (bayan gabobin kusa da bayan ciki). &lt;ref name=&quot;CDC-Life&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 May 2018 |title=Dracunculiasis – DPDx |url=https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/dracunculiasis/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123062300/https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/dracunculiasis/index.html |archive-date=23 January 2023 |access-date=27 April 2024 |publisher=US [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin watanni biyu zuwa uku masu zuwa tsutsotsi suna girma zuwa tsutsa namiji da mace. Maza ya kasance karami a 4  in) tsawo da {{Convert|0.4|mm|in}}  in) fadi; mace tana da girma, sau da yawa sama da {{Convert|100|cm|in}}  in) tsawon da {{Convert|1.5|mm|in}}  in) fadi.{{Sfn|Despommier|Griffin|Gwadz|Hotez|2019}} Da zarar tsutsotsi sun kai girman su a cikin jikin mutum, sai su yi jima'i kuma namiji ya mutu.{{Sfn|Spector|Gibson|2016}} A cikin watanni masu zuwa, mace tana ƙaura zuwa ƙwayoyin haɗin kai ko tare da ƙasusuwa, kuma tana ci gaba da haɓaka tare da tayin ta.{{Sfn|Spector|Gibson|2016}}

Kimanin shekara guda bayan kamuwa da cuta ta farko, mace mai ciki tana ƙaura zuwa fata, yawanci a cikin ƙafar ko ƙafar mai masaukin, tana samar da ulcer, kuma tana fitowa. Lokacin da raunin ya taɓa ruwa mai laushi, mace tana fitar da wani abu mai launin fari wanda ke dauke da daruruwan dubban tsutsotsi cikin ruwa.{{Sfn|Spector|Gibson|2016}}{{Sfn|Hotez|2013}} A cikin kwanaki masu zuwa yayin da mace ta fito daga raunin, tana iya ci gaba da fitar da tsutsotsi cikin ruwan da ke kewaye.{{Sfn|Hotez|2013}} Copepods suna cinye tsutsotsi, kuma bayan makonni biyu zuwa uku na ci gaba, suna sake kamuwa da cuta ga mutane.{{Sfn|Despommier|Griffin|Gwadz|Hotez|2019}}

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
[[Fayil:Dracunculus_medinensis_(Guinea_worm)_removal_(MIS_67-1563-1),_National_Museum_of_Health_and_Medicine_(4951692786).jpg|alt=Small blister on the top of a person's foot|thumb|Blister a ƙafafun mutumin da ke fama da dracunculiasis]]
Alamun farko na dracunculiasis suna faruwa a kusa da shekara guda bayan kamuwa da cuta, yayin da tsutsotsi mai girma ke shirin barin jikin mutumin da ya kamu da cuta.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC-FAQ&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 August 2023 |title=Guinea worm disease frequently asked questions |url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/guineaworm/gen_info/faqs.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528075545/https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/guineaworm/gen_info/faqs.html |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=8 August 2022 |publisher=US [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da tsutsotsi ke ƙaura zuwa wurin fita - yawanci ƙananan kafa - wasu mutane suna da halayen rashin lafiyan, [[amai]] da hunturu, [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]], dizziness, nausea, vomiting, da [[Gudawa/Zawo|zawo]].{{Sfn|Spector|Gibson|2016}} Bayan ya kai inda yake, tsutsotsi ya samar da ruwa mai cike da ruwa a ƙarƙashin fata.{{Sfn|Despommier|Griffin|Gwadz|Hotez|2019}} Fiye da kwanaki 1-3, ƙuƙwalwar ta girma, ta fara haifar da ciwo mai tsanani, kuma a ƙarshe ta fashe, ta bar ƙaramin rauni.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC-FAQ&quot; /&gt; Raunin ya kasance mai zafi sosai yayin da tsutsotsi ke fitowa a hankali a cikin makonni da yawa zuwa watanni.{{Sfn|Hotez|2013}}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

Idan mutumin da ya kamu da cutar ya nutse raunin cikin ruwa, tsutsotsi yana fitar da fararen abu, yana sakin tsutsotsi a cikin ruwa.{{Sfn|Despommier|Griffin|Gwadz|Hotez|2019}} A cikin dogon lokaci lokacin da tsutsotsi ke fitowa, ƙwayoyin cuta masu buɗewa sau da yawa suna kamuwa da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta, wanda ke haifar da ja da kumburi, abscesses, ko, a lokuta masu tsanani, [[gangrene]], [[sepsis]], ko tetanus.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC-Dis&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 February 2022 |title=Guinea worm – disease |url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/guineaworm/disease.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822025707/https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/guineaworm/disease.html |archive-date=22 August 2022 |access-date=8 August 2022 |publisher=US [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Sfn|Despommier|Griffin|Gwadz|Hotez|2019}} Lokacin da kamuwa da cuta ta biyu ta kasance kusa da haɗin gwiwa (yawanci idon kafa), lalacewar haɗin gwiwa na iya haifar da tsananin ƙarfi, arthritis, ko kwangila.  {{Sfn|Despommier|Griffin|Gwadz|Hotez|2019}}{{Sfn|Hotez|2013}}

Mutanen da suka kamu da cutar galibi suna dauke da tsutsotsi da yawa - a matsakaita tsutsotsi 1.8 ga kowane mutum (watau, rarraba tsutsotsi 9 ga kowane mutum 5 da ya kamu da cutar),  amma kusan 40 - wanda zai fito daga bangarori daban-daban a lokaci guda. {{Sfn|Greenaway|2004}}{{Sfn|Spector|Gibson|2016}} Kashi casa'in cikin dari na tsutsotsi suna fitowa daga kafafu ko ƙafafu. Koyaya, tsutsotsi na iya fitowa daga ko'ina a jikin mutum.{{Sfn|Spector|Gibson|2016}}&amp;nbsp;{{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}{{Spaces}}&amp;nbsp;

== Gwaje-gwaje ==
Ana gano cutar ta hanyar binciken gani - ƙananan fararen tsutsotsi da ke fitowa daga ƙuƙwalwar na musamman ne ga wannan cuta.[1] Matattu tsutsotsi wani lokacin suna yin calcify kuma ana iya ganinsu a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar X-ray. [1] [1] Marasa lafiya galibi suna ba da rahoton tarihin shan ruwan da aka gurbata daga tushe.[2] Abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan sun inganta farkon kuma ba a mamaye su ba na Dracunculus medinensis ta amfani da hanyoyi biyu. Hanyar farko ta haɗa da dabarun polymerase chain reaction (PCR), musamman yarjejeniyar qPCR, da ke da niyya ga kwayar halitta ta mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) na tsutsotsi na Guinea.[3] Hanyar ta biyu tana amfani da gwaje-gwaje na rigakafi, inda aka haɓaka gwaje-gaje na gano antigen ko gwaje-gwagwarmayar serological don gane takamaiman alamun da ke da alaƙa da kwayar cutar. Wannan gwajin na iya gano cututtukan prepatent har zuwa watanni shida kafin tsutsotsi su bayyana, suna mai da shi kusan mahimmanci.[4] 

== Rigakafi ==
[[Fayil:Preventing_Guinea_worm_disease_in_Chad_(34173755220).jpg|alt=See caption|thumb|Yara a Chadi suna riƙe da matattarar matattarar da aka yi amfani da ita don hana kamuwa da cutar ''D. medinensis&amp;nbsp;'']]
Babu allurar rigakafi ga dracunculiasis, kuma da zarar an kamu da ''''D. medinensis&amp;nbsp;''&amp;nbsp;'' babu wata hanyar hana cutar daga gudanar da cikakken tafiyarta.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHOfactsheet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 January 2025 |title=Dracunculiasis (Guinea-worm disease) |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dracunculiasis-(guinea-worm-disease) |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |language=en |quote=The Democratic Republic of the Congo, once endemic in 1950s, received certification in December 2022. ... Five countries – Angola, Chad, Ethiopia, Mali, and South Sudan – remain endemic, while Sudan is currently in the pre-certification stage and Cameroon a certified country is experiencing a cross-border transmission at its extreme-northern border with Chad.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sakamakon haka, kokarin rage nauyin dracunculiasis yana mai da hankali kan katse sake zagayowar haifuwa na D. medinensis ta hanyar samar da ruwa. Babban abin da ke tattare da kokarin kawarwa shine inganta ruwan sha. Filters na nylon, zane mai kyau, ko ƙwayoyin tace na musamman duk suna iya cire copepods daga ruwan sha, kawar da haɗarin watsawa.{{Sfn|Spector|Gibson|2016}}{{Sfn|Despommier|Griffin|Gwadz|Hotez|2019}} Hakanan ana iya kula da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa tare da mahaɗin larvicide temephos, wanda ke kashe copepods, kuma ana iya kula leken gurbata ta hanyar tafasa.{{Sfn|Spector|Gibson|2016}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases |url=https://www.who.int/teams/control-of-neglected-tropical-diseases/dracunculiasis/chemical-control-of-copepods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207182436/https://www.who.int/teams/control-of-neglected-tropical-diseases/dracunculiasis/chemical-control-of-copepods |archive-date=7 December 2023 |access-date=6 December 2023 |website=[[World Health Organization]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inda ya yiwu, ana maye gurbin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai sha da rijiyoyi masu zurfi waɗanda zasu iya zama tushen ruwa mai tsabta.{{Sfn|Spector|Gibson|2016}} Kamfen ɗin ilimi na jama'a yana sanar da mutane a yankunan da abin ya shafa yadda cutar ke yaduwa kuma yana ƙarfafa waɗanda ke fama da cutar su guji tsoro raunukan su a cikin ruwa da ake amfani da su don sha.{{Sfn|Spector|Gibson|2016}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rikicin Cikin Gida da Ƙungiyar Taimako ga Wadanda aka azabtar</title>
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'''Rukunin Tashin hankali da Taimako ga Wadanda aka azabtar''' (DOVSU) wani bangare ne a cikin Ofishin 'yan sanda na [[Ghana]]. Tana da ikon kula da batutuwan [[Tashin hankali na gida|Cin zarafin gida]] ga mata da yara. DOVSU tana da manufa don hanawa, kamawa da gurfanar da masu laifin tashin hankali na gida da cin zarafin yara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Be bold to report any form of abuse – DOVVSU |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Be-bold-to-report-any-form-of-abuse-DOVVSU-381608 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526123058/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Be-bold-to-report-any-form-of-abuse-DOVVSU-381608 |archive-date=2019-05-26 |access-date=2019-05-26 |website=www.ghanaweb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rukunin yana ba da tallafi da kariya ga wadanda ke fama da [[Abuse|cin zarafi]] gida ta hanyar yin hulɗa da ayyukan tare da Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jama'a, Ƙungiyar Mata ta Duniya da Hukumar Taimako ta Shari'a. DOVSU tana taimaka wa wadanda aka yi wa [[Sexual abuse|cin zarafin jima'i]], cin zarafin jiki, [[Fraud|zamba]] da [[Neglect|sakaci]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008-07-19 |title=Domestic Violence and Victim Support Unit (DOVVSU) and Domestic Violence Legislation in Ghana |url=https://womensphere.wordpress.com/2008/07/19/domestic-violence-and-victim-support-unit-dovvsu-and-domestic-violence-legislation-in-ghana/ |access-date=2019-05-26 |website=womensphere}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-02-23 |title=The law and gender-based violence |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/317627/the-law-and-gender-based-violence.html |access-date=2019-05-26 |website=Modern Ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt; DOVSU ta ba da umarni, ''Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Ghana na 1992, Dokar Kula da 'Yan Sanda, Dokar Laifuka da sauran Laifuka, Dokar 29/60, Dokar Yara, Dokar 560 /98, Dokar Shari'ar Yara, Dokar 653/2003, Dokar Rikicin Cikin Gida ta Ghana (Dokar 732) 2007.''

== Ƙungiya ==
DOVVSU a baya an gabatar da Mata da Matasa (WAJU) a watan Oktoba 1998 a matsayin na musamman don magance tashin hankali ga masu rauni. An sanya sabon suna ga Sashin Tashin Lafiya da Tashin Tashin Taron Gida a cikin shekara ta 2005, ya ƙunshi ma'aikatan 'yan sanda tare da ofisoshi a duk manyan biranen yanki da tebur a yawancin gundumomi a Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} Ghana: Domestic Violence Victim Support Unit (DOVVISU), formerly the Women and Juvenile Unit (WAJU), established by the Ghanaian police and whether it provides protection to women in Ghana (March 2006) |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/45f147367.html |access-date=2019-05-26 |website=Refworld}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Markus 4</title>
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! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; |Markus 4
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-subheader&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;float: left;&quot;&gt;← [[Mark 3|Babi na 3]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;float: right;&quot;&gt;[[Mark 5|Babi na 5]] →&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:CodexGigas_515_Mark.jpg|frameless]]&lt;div class=&quot;infobox-caption&quot;&gt;Rubutun [[Latin]] na Markus 1:5-5:8 a cikin [[Codex Gigas]] (karni na 13) &lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Littafin
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Gospel of Mark|Linjilar Markus]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Sashe
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Gospel|Linjila]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Sashe na Littafi Mai Tsarki na Kirista
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[New Testament|Sabon Alkawari]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Umurni a cikin ɓangaren Kirista
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |2
|}
{{Databox}}


'''Markus 4''' shine babi na huɗu na Linjilar Markus a [[Sabon Alkawari]] na Littafi Mai-Tsarki na [[Kiristanci|Kirista]]. Yana ba da misali na Mai shuka, tare da bayaninsa, da kuma misali na Mustard Seed. Dukkanin wadannan misalai suna daidai da [[Matiyu]] da Luka, amma wannan babi kuma yana da misali na musamman ga Markus, Sanyen da ke Girma a Asirce. Babi ya ƙare da Yesu ya kwantar da guguwar.

== Rubutun ==
An rubuta rubutun asali a cikin Koine Greek. Wannan babi ya kasu kashi 41 aya.

=== Shaidu na rubutu ===
Wasu rubuce-rubucen farko da ke dauke da rubutun wannan babi sune:

* Codex Vaticanus (AD 325-350; cikakke) 
* Codex Sinaiticus (AD 330-360; cikakke) 
* Codex Bezae ({{Circa}} AD 400; cikakke) 
* Codex Washingtonianus ({{Circa}} AD 400; cikakke) 
* Codex Alexandrinus (AD 400-440; cikakke) 
* Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus ({{Circa}} AD 450; cikakke) 

[[Isa|Yesu]] ya sake tafiya (duba Markus 3:7-9) zuwa tafkin (Teku na Galili). Ya fara koyarwa a bakin teku ko &quot;a bakin teku&quot;,  sannan ya zauna a cikin jirgin ruwa, kuma ya yi magana da &quot;babban taron&quot; ({{Bibleverse||Mark|4:1|NKJV}}). The Pulpit Commentary ya lura cewa &quot;ma'anar [[Greek language|Girkanci]], bisa ga karatun da aka fi amincewa da ita, ita ce πλεῖστος, ''pleistos'', superlative na πολīς, ''polus'', kuma ya kamata a fassara shi 'babban' taron jama'a. Gidan da ƙaramin farfajiyar ba su isa ga taron da suka zo wurinsa ba. &quot;  Daga can rubutun ya nuna cewa &quot;ya yi magana da abubuwa da yawa a cikin alƙalai&quot;; daga da yawa, [[Heinrich August Wilhelm Meyer|Heinrich Meyer]] ya yi jayayya cewa Mark ya gabatar da &quot;zaɓi&quot;.

=== Mai shukawa ===
Misali na farko da Markus ya danganta shi ne Misali na mai shuka, tare da Yesu watakila yana magana game da kansa a matsayin mai shuka ko manomi,  kuma iri a matsayin maganarsa. Johann Bengel yana nufin Kristi a matsayin mai shuka, tare da wasu waɗanda ke shelar bishara,  amma Jamieson, Fausset da Brown sun lura cewa tambayar, &quot;wannan ne mai shuka?&quot; ba a amsa ta a nan ba, &quot;saboda idan 'kalmar Allah' ta zama iri, kowane mai watsa wannan iri mai daraja dole ne a ɗauka a matsayin mai tsiro&quot;.

Yawancin iri ba su da lissafi amma &quot;[wasu] iri sun faɗi a ƙasa mai kyau. Ya fito, ya girma kuma ya samar da amfanin gona, ya ninka talatin, sittin, ko ma sau ɗari. &quot; ([http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=48&amp;chapter=4&amp;version=31 4:8]) almajiran ba su fahimci dalilin da ya sa yake koyarwa a cikin almaras ko ma menene ma'anar almaras. Daga baya, bayan taron jama'a sun tafi kuma Yesu ya gaya musu &quot;An ba ku asirin mulkin Allah. Amma ga waɗanda ke waje duk abin da aka faɗi a cikin misalai don haka, 'suna iya gani amma ba sa fahimta, kuma ba sa jin amma ba sa fahimtar; in ba haka ba za su iya juyawa kuma a gafarta musu!'&quot; (4:11-12), tare da Yesu ya ambaton Ishaya 6:9-10. Kiristoci na Farko sun yi amfani da wannan nassi daga Ishaya &quot;... don bayyana rashin amsa mai kyau ga Yesu da mabiyansa daga 'yan uwan su Yahudawa&quot; (Miller 21). Ya tsawata wa goma sha biyu da &quot;waɗanda ke kewaye da shi&quot;, a cikin fassarori da yawa,  bisa ga rubutun Helenanci da Syriac,  amma &quot;waɗansu goma sha biyu waɗanda ke tare da shi&quot; a cikin Vulgate,  saboda rashin fahimtarsa, kuma ya bayyana ma'anarsa, kuma waɗanda suka yarda da maganarsa, watau koyarwarsa, su ne waɗanda za su samar da babban &quot;amfanin gona&quot;.

Wannan misali kuma an samo shi a cikin Luka 8:4-15 da Matiyu 13:1-23, kuma ya samar da Saying 9 na Linjilar Toma.

=== Hasken wuta a tsaye ===
[[Fayil:Weigel lamp on a stand and the growing seed (34142623).jpg|thumb|misali na &quot;fitila a kan tsaye&quot;, tare da misali na Girman Iri, a cikin Markus 4]]
Yesu ya yi magana game da fitila a kan wani wuri, cewa mutum bai ɓoye shi ba, amma ya bar shi ya haskaka (Markus 4:21). Ya ce, &quot;Gama duk abin da aka ɓoye ana nufin a bayyana shi, kuma duk abin da ya ɓoye ana nufi da a fitar da shi a buɗe. Idan wani yana da kunnuwa don jin, bari ya ji,&quot; (4:22-23) jumla ta ƙarshe, yin hukunci daga duk matani da ke akwai, magana da Yesu ya fi so. Wannan kuma yana cikin Luka [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=49&amp;chapter=11&amp;version=31 11:33] kuma watakila a cikin Matiyu 10:26-27. &quot;'Ka yi la'akari da abin da kuka ji,' ya ci gaba. 'Tare da ma'auni da kuka yi amfani da shi, za a a auna shi a gare ku - har ma da ƙari. Duk wanda ba shi da shi, ko da abin da yake da shi za a karbe shi daga gare shi.'&quot; (4:24-25) Malaman Masana sun fassara waɗannan ayoyin kamar haka: &quot;...Ma'auni za ku yi amfani da za a yi amfani da ku, kuma wasu. A zahiri, ga waɗanda suke da su, za a ba su da yawa, kuma daga waɗanda ba su, kuma daga waɗansu ba su da su da suka ba su, duk abin da suke da Luka 8:15ble, a karɓa, a karɓi Algoramarka da Markus 4:19, Matus da Markus 41. Markus 4:24 kuma ya faru a cikin Matiyu 7:2 da Luka 6:38.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gaurav Singh Chouhan</title>
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'''Gaurav Singh Chouhan''' sananne ne a [[Indiya]], [[marubuci]] kuma mai ƙarfafa gwiwa. An haife shi a [[Delhi]], asalinsa kuma daga Mainpuri a jihar [[Uttar Pradesh]].[[BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY]] Ya taɓa yin aiki a fim da talabijin.&lt;ref&gt;https://hindi.news18.com/news/lifestyle/gaurav-singh-chouhan-diary-to-success-indian-actor-public-figure-9540308.html&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayinsa na mutum sananne, yana rubuce-rubuce kan batutuwan zamantakewa da fitattun mutane, tare da ƙarfafa matasa da ƙwararru ta hanyar jawabai masu ƙarfafa gwiwa. Hakanan shi ne marubucin littafin A Journey Through Broken Dreams (2025).&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.co.in/books?id=maVkEQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=inauthor:%22Gaurav+Singh+Chouhan%22&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false&lt;/ref&gt;

== Farkon rayuwa da ilimi ==
An haifi Gaurav Singh Chouhan a Delhi, Indiya, a cikin iyali na matsakaicin matsayi wanda ke daraja ilimi da al’adun gargajiya. Ya kammala karatunsa na farko a [[Delhi]], inda ya fara nuna sha’awa a fannin adabi, rubuce-rubuce, da fasahar wasan kwaikwayo.

Daga baya ya shiga [[Jami’ar Chaudhary Charan Singh]], Meerut, domin yin karatun B.A. LL.B. (digiri a fannin shari’a). Hada karatun shari’a da sha’awarsa ta rubuce-rubuce da jawabai masu ƙarfafa gwiwa ya taimaka wajen gina aikinsa mai fannoni da dama.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.co.in/books?id=AOFTEQAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=inauthor:%22Gaurav+Singh+Chouhan%22&amp;hl=en&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_search&amp;sa=X&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false&lt;/ref&gt;

== Falsafar Rayuwa ==
Chouhan yana jaddada muhimmancin juriya, gaskiya, da iya daidaitawa da yanayi. Yana ɗaukar cewa ƙimomi (values) su ne ya kamata su zama hanyar jagora ga mutum a cikin rayuwa da aiki.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Zunubi na Yezebeli</title>
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Sins of Jezebel fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na [[Amurka]] na 1953 wanda Sigmund Neufeld ya samar kuma Reginald Le Borg ya jagoranta. Tauraruwar Paulette Goddard a matsayin Jezebel, sarauniyar Littafi Mai-Tsarki ta arewacin Masarautar Isra'ila a cikin karni na 9 BC. An harbe fim din a cikin Ansco Color don nunawa.

== Makirci ==
A cikin karni na 9 KZ Isra'ila, annabi Iliya ya shawarci Sarki Ahab kada ya auri Yezebel, yarima mai bauta wa Finikiya. Ahab ya aika da Yezebel, duk da haka, kuma ya umarci Yehu, kyaftin dinsa, ya raka ta cikin aminci zuwa Jezreel. Da zarar Yehu ya sadu da Yezebel, nan da nan sai ya janyo hankalinta kuma ta rikita shi da Ahab. Jezebel a ƙarshe ya isa Jezreel kuma Ahab ya gaishe shi wanda, ya yi mamakin kyakkyawa, ya ba ta ɗaki har sai sun yi aure. A daren aurenta, Jezebel ya guje wa Ahab kuma ya bi Yehu, wanda ta yaudare shi.

Jezebel ta kafa bautar Ba'al, gunkinta, a Isra'ila kuma ta gina haikalin. Jehovah's, Allahn Isra'ilawa, ya kawo fari a kan Isra'ila saboda bautar gumaka kuma ya aika da annabinsa Iliya don ya tsawata wa mutane. Iliya ya yi addu'a ga Jehovah kuma fari ya ƙare.

== Masu ba da labari ==
 

== Fitarwa ==
Paulette Goddard ta sanya hannu a fim din a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 1953.  An jefa Margia Dean a matsayin Deborah a ranar 11 ga Mayu. Fim din ya fara harbi a ranar 13 ga Mayu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dean Draws 'Sins' Role&quot; /&gt; An harbe al'amuran ciki a KTTV Studios  kuma an harbe al-amuran waje a Corriganville Ranch .&lt;ref name=&quot;Sins of Jezebel (1953) - Original Print Information&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sins of Jezebel (1953) - Original Print Information |url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/90292/sins-of-jezebel#film-details |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522162051/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/90292/Sins-of-Jezebel/#film-details |archive-date=May 22, 2013 |access-date=30 September 2013 |website=Turner Classic Movies}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Saki ==

=== Karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci ===
''Zunubi na Yezebeli'' sun sami ra'ayoyi masu ban sha'awa daga masu sukar. The News and Eastern Townships Advocate ya bayyana fim din a matsayin &quot;mai ban sha'awa Robert L. Lippert, Jr. samarwa a cikin kyawawan sabon Ansco Color. &quot;  ''Toledo Blade'' ya kuma yaba da fim din launi, amma ya yi tambaya game da ƙananan kasafin kudin fim din ta hanyar rubutu, &quot;sha'awar tana da ƙarfi, amma tsabar ba ta da ƙarfi. &quot;

Game da fim din, The News and Eastern Townships Advocate sun yaba da &quot;aikin da ya dace&quot; na Goddard yayin da aka &quot;sanya&quot; ta a matsayin Jezebel,  kuma The ''Toledo Blade'' ya yaba da &quot;mai kyau aiki&quot; na John Hoyt a matsayin Iliya. 

Mai bita &quot;H. H. T.&quot; a The New York Times ya yi la'akari da cewa wannan fassarar &quot;marasa fahimta&quot; na labarin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Jezebel &quot;ya zo kusa da yin la'akari le tushen nassi mara kyau. &quot; Fim din ya gabatar da Paulette Goddard a cikin &quot;Minsky-parfumed showcase&quot; inda &quot;Hussy na Littafi Mai-Littafi&quot; ya nuna cewa &quot;har yanzu za ta iya yin amfani da mafi kyau&quot;. Mai-Talla ya kammala cewa &quot;ba yadda Le Borglah ya dace ba, Ansco Color da shi ba kuma yana nuna cewa&quot;[and]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Binciken baya ==
 
Masanin tarihin fina-finai Wheeler W. Dixon ya ba da rahoton cewa duk da tasirin allo &quot;har yanzu yana da arha kuma yana da ban sha'awa wanda ba shi da wani bambanci na gaske. &quot;  A cewar Dixon, an tsara fim din don samun kuɗi a kan shahararren Paulette Goddard a lokacin. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dixon, 1992 p. 33&quot; /&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin fina-finai na wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi

== Bayani ==
{{Reflist}}

== Manazarta ==

* Dixon, Wheeler Winston. 1992. ''Fim din Reginald LeBorg: Tattaunawa, Rubuce-rubuce, da Filmography .'' Masu shirya fina-finai No. 31 The Scarecrow Press, Metuchen, New Jersey. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-8108-2550-3|&lt;bdi&gt;0-8108-2550-3&lt;/bdi&gt;]]{{ISBN|0-8108-2550-3}}&amp;nbsp;

== Haɗin waje ==

* {{IMDb title}}
*  
* Sins of Jezebela cikinAFI Katalog na fina-finai 
* Sins of JezebelaTumatir da ya lalace
{{Reginald Le Borg}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Stevie Wishart</title>
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'''Stevie Wishart''' Mawaƙi ne, mai ba da labari, kuma mai yin wasan kwaikwayo a kan hurdy-gurdy da violin. Yafi shiga cikin kiɗa na zamani, ta kuma yi aiki a cikin kiɗa ta farko kuma ta shirya kuma ta rubuta cikakkun ayyukan Saint Hildegard na Bingen, da kuma yin kiɗa daga repertoire na troubadours na zamani, trouvères da Cantigas de Santa Maria, tare da ƙungiyar Sinfonye.

Ayyukan Wishart sun bambanta da yadda ta jaddada kan bincika ikon kiɗa na musamman don bayyana ra'ayoyi, ya wuce wasu nau'ikan sadarwa. Tana kirkirar kiɗa don mahallin da yawa. Misalan sun haɗa da shirye-shiryen Michèle Noiret (Théâtre National de Bruxelles) da Wayne McGregor; babban aikin mawaƙa don kwamishinan Proms tare da BBC Singers &amp; Sinfonye; da kuma mai zanen Philippe Starck.
[[Fayil:Stevie Wishart, February 2015.jpg|thumb|stevie wishart a  shekaran 2015]]
Wishart ta yi kuma ta buga waƙoƙinta a manyan wuraren da suka hada da Sarauniya Elizabeth Hall da Royal Festival Hall a [[Landan|London]], Sydney Opera House, St. Peter's Basilica da rikodin Decca Records, Hyperion da Glossa records, da Splitrec, da kuma nata da sauran alamun indie. Haɗin gwiwar ya haɗa da waƙoƙi don Ensemble Variances, ƙungiyar zamani da Thierry Pécou ya jagoranta, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;Stevie Wishart&quot; |url=https://www.thehermesexperiment.com/?composer=stevie-wishart |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=The Hermes Experiment}}&lt;/ref&gt; mawaki na [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] Alice Oswald, da Tom Kemp's Chamber Domaine. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kemp |first=Thomas |title=Thomas Kemp {{!}} About {{!}} Ensemble |url=https://thomaskemp.eu/about/ensemble/ |access-date=2025-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Damuwa da muhalli shine faɗaɗa halitta na kirkirar Wishart.[undefined] Ita memba ce ta cibiyar sadarwa ta fasaha / kimiyya Fo.am kuma memba ne na kafa cibiyar sadarwa mai suna Ecotones Network. Abubuwan da ta tsara sau da yawa suna amfani da sautunan nau'in da ke cikin haɗari a matsayin jigogi, musamman a cikin ayyukan orchestral, ɗakin da murya na baya-bayan nan.

Wishart ta yi karatu a Cambridge,  [[Jami'ar Oxford|Oxford]], da kuma Makarantar Kiɗa ta Guildhall, tana nazarin abun da ke ciki da kiɗa na lantarki a Jami'ar York tare da Trevor Wishart da Richard Orten . Daga nan sai ta yi karatun kiɗa tare da John Cage da David Tudor. Daga baya ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo na Machine for Making Sense tare da Chris Mann, Rik Rue, Amanda Stewart da Jim Denley . 

== Ayyukan da aka zaɓa ==

* &quot;Last Dance&quot; a Baroque Tango - BBC Proms, Royal Albert Hall, London, wanda Dunedin Consort ya yi (farko na duniya) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;Stevie Wishart&quot; |url=https://www.thehermesexperiment.com/?composer=stevie-wishart |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=The Hermes Experiment}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Voicing the Dawn&quot; - an ba da umarni ga Ex Cathedra, gabatarwa na farko don muryoyin solo - Hereford Cathedral, gabatira don sigar don cikakken mawaƙa - Birmingham Cathedral.&amp;nbsp;
* ''A cikin Fugue Music'' - sauti-waƙoƙi don - A Light's Travelogue by Els van Riel .
* ''Daga cikin Mists'' - don harpsichord da piano. 3 ga watan Agusta 2017. Waƙar murya don harpsichord da piano wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar hazo na Kogin Dart. Farko na duniya da Joanna Macgregor - piano, Jane Chapman - harpsichord a Dartington International Summer School.
* Tafiye tsakanin birane a cikin sauti - Eurostar - soprano, clarinet &amp; bass clarinet, garaya, bass biyu. Kamfanin Hermes Ensemble ne ya ba da izini, ya fara St John's Smith Square, London.
* Rough with the Smooth - Concerto don bass biyu a cikin nau'in concerto grosso - Don ƙungiyar mawaƙa, garaya, theorbo, da harpsichord. Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment ne ya ba da izini. 2015. An fara shi a cikin Sarauniya Elizabeth Hall, London, Mayu 2015.
* The Seasons - Cantata - don ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta SATB. 2013/2014. Ipswich Choral Society ce ta ba da izini. Farko Snape Maltings, Aldeburgh, 2014. Tare da godiya ta musamman ga Maureen Fell.
* Canti del Paradiso - don muryoyi 3 na sama, ƙaramin garaya, da hurdy-gurdy. 2012. An ba da izini don La Fede di Dante - il canto xxiv del paradiso, a Chiesa del Gesu, Roma a gaban Kadanal Ravasi Shugaban Pontificio Consiglio della Cultura na Vatican, Roma (kuma kai tsaye ga RAI TV).
* ''Daga Wannan Duniya'' - don SATB Choir . BBC Radio 3 ce ta ba da izini ga BBC Singers, an fara shi a BBC Proms a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta 2011 a Cadogan Hall, wanda BBC Singers da Sinfonye suka yi. An watsa shi a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta 2011. Kowane motsi za a iya yi daban.
* ''Iced'' - don ƙungiyar mawaƙa, theremin, da sauti na kwamfuta, canjin sauti, da watsa sauti da yawa, 2004. An ba da izini ta Ensemble Musiques Nouvelles, Belgium da Art Zoyd, Transfrontalier de Productions et de Créations Musicales, Valenciennes &amp; Brussels 2004-2005.

== Gidaje da wasan kwaikwayo ==

=== Ayyukan da ke gudana ===
Soundscape da wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwa (23 Yuni) don Julian Perry's &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;Stevie Wishart&quot; |url=https://www.thehermesexperiment.com/?composer=stevie-wishart |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=The Hermes Experiment}}&lt;/ref&gt; Foliate Bosses don Bikin Aldeburgh na 2025, 24 ga Mayu zuwa 29 ga Yuni, 2 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;Stevie Wishart&quot; |url=https://www.thehermesexperiment.com/?composer=stevie-wishart |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=The Hermes Experiment}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rubuce-rubucen da aka zaɓa ==

* Gaskiya (2024) 
* Rashin aiki (2024) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;Stevie Wishart&quot; |url=https://www.thehermesexperiment.com/?composer=stevie-wishart |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=The Hermes Experiment}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Improvisation ===

* ''Matashi.''
* Dokar Mahimmanci ta zama Abinda Kai - ta ƙungiyar Machine for Making Sense: Jim Denley, Rik Rue, Amanda Stewart, da Stevie Wishart.
* The Compass, Log and Lead - wanda Stevie Wishart, Fred Frith da Carla Kihlstedt suka hada kuma suka yi.{{Spaced en dash}}
* Aquatic, waƙa 2, a matsayin baƙo tare da jazz trio The Necks .

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Abla Khairy</title>
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'''Abla Khairy''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1961) 'yar wasan ruwa ce ta Masar. A lokacin da take yar shekaru 13, ta zama mafi ƙanƙanta da ta taɓa yin iyo da ta ƙetare Channel Channel lokacin da ta mai iyo daga Ingila zuwa Faransa a watan Agusta a shekarar 1974. Matashi mafi ƙanƙanta a baya shine [[Leonore Modell]] . Lokacin Abla ta kasance sa'o'i 12 da minti 30, wanda kuma ya doke alamar Modell da sa'o-i uku. Ta sake maimaita ƙetare sau biyu. &lt;ref&gt;[https://longswims.com/p/abla-adel-khairy/ Abla Adel Khairy]{{Dead link|date=August 2025|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mahaifiyar Abla Inas Hakky Khairy ita ma mai iyo ce kuma ta yi ƙoƙari ta kasa a fadin tashar a lokacin ƙuruciyarta. Abla ta sami lambar yabo ta Jamhuriyar Wasanni, aji na farko daga Shugaba [[Anwar Sadat]] bayan nasarar da ta samu.

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]]


==manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Yankin Yankin Yammacin Eyre</title>
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Jaridar '''''Eyre Peninsula Tribune''''' jarida ce ta mako-mako da ake bugawa a Cleve, Kudancin Ostiraliya, wacce aka kafa a ƙarshen shekarar 1910 kuma aka buga ta daga Maris shekara ta 1911 zuwa Afrilu 9, 2020. Daga 1911 zuwa 1950 an yi mata lakabi da '''''Eyre's Peninsula Tribune''''', wanda ke nuna lokacin da ake kiran yankunan Kudancin Ostiraliya da amfani da abubuwan mallaka (misali &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwDw&quot;&gt;Yorke's Peninsula Advertiser&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ). Daga baya aka sayar da ita ga Rural Press, mallakar Fairfax Media a da, amma yanzu kamfanin watsa labarai na [[Ostiraliya (nahiya)|Ostiraliya]] ne ke siyar da ita a matsayin Australian Community Media.

== Tarihi ==
An kafa '''''jaridar Eyre's Peninsula Tribune''''' a watan Disamba na shekarar 1910, inda aka fitar da fitowar farko a ranar 10 ga Maris 1911.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Us {{!}} Eyre Peninsula Tribune |url=https://www.eyretribune.com.au/about-us/ |access-date=2018-02-25 |website=www.eyretribune.com.au |language=en |archive-date=2018-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320012535/https://www.eyretribune.com.au/about-us/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Charles Wallace ne ya kafa jaridar a Cowell, kuma bayan rasuwarsa a shekarar 1912 George Wallace ne ke kula da ita, kuma a shekarar 1920 aka sayar da ita ga ER Main. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Eyre's Peninsula Tribune |url=http://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?c=2724 |access-date=2018-02-25 |website=www.samemory.sa.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1941, a lokacin rabon kayan yaƙi, ta maye gurbin '''''Kimba Dispatch''''' (2 ga Satumba 1927 - 9 ga Mayu 1941), wanda Main ta kafa a matsayin reshe.  A ranar Alhamis 15 ga Mayu 1941, an ƙara wani ƙaramin rubutu ( ''wanda aka haɗa da Kimba &quot;Dispatch.&quot;'' ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eyre's Peninsula Tribune (Cowell, SA : 1910 - 1950) - 15 May 1941 - p1 |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/page/23689145 |access-date=2018-02-25 |website=Trove |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma a watan Janairu 1951, an sauƙaƙe taken zuwa '''''Eyre Peninsula Tribune''''' .

Bayan rasuwar Main a shekarar 1959, jaridar Port Lincoln Times ta karɓe Tribune, wacce ita ma ta mallaki Areas Express (1959-1960), inda ta haɗa su biyun a ƙarƙashin taken Tribune . [1] A shekarar 1963, RC Braund na Port Lincoln Times ya karɓi ragamar jaridar, kuma a shekarar 1982 Northern Newspapers Pty Ltd ta karɓe ta (ta lashe kyautar Ampol Award don mafi kyawun jaridar ƙasa a Ostiraliya, tare da rarrabawa ƙasa da 5,000 a wannan shekarar).[1] A shekarar 1991, Rural Press da ke New South Wales ta zama mallakarta, wadda a da take ɓangare na Fairfax Media.[1]

== Rarrabawa ==
Yaɗuwar ta sun haɗa da Cleve, Arno Bay, Butler, Cowell, Darke Peak, Elbow Hill, Kimba, Koppoio, Lock, Midgee, Port Neil, Rudall, Tumby Bay, Ungarra, Verrar, Wharminda, Yallunda Flat, kuma ita ce jarida mafi tsufa da ake bugawa a yankin Eyre Peninsula. 

== Tsarin dijital ==
Laburaren Ƙasa na Australiya yana ɗauke da hotuna da nau'ikan rubutu na jaridar daga 1911 zuwa 1950, ana iya samun su ta amfani da Trove, sabis na dawo da jaridu ta yanar gizo, ƙarƙashin rubutun ''Eyre's Peninsula Tribune''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Us {{!}} Eyre Peninsula Tribune |url=https://www.eyretribune.com.au/about-us/ |access-date=2018-02-25 |website=www.eyretribune.com.au |language=en |archive-date=2018-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320012535/https://www.eyretribune.com.au/about-us/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Juha Sipilä</title>
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      <comment>Nayi gyara</comment>
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[[Fayil:Juha_Sipilä_2015.JPG|right|thumb|Sipilä a cikin Vaasa, 2015]]
[[Fayil:Juha Sipilä 2015-03-21.JPG|thumb|'''Juha Petri Sipilä''']]
'''Juha Petri Sipilä''' (pronunciation: [ˈjuhɑ ˈpetri ˈsipilæ]; an haife shi 25 Afrilu 1961) tsohon ɗan siyasan Finland ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin [[Firayim Minista na Finland]] daga 2015 zuwa 2019. Wani sabon dan siyasa ne, yana da nasarori a harkokin kasuwanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kearney |first=Seamus |date=19 April 2015 |title=Opposition leader Juha Sipila wins elections in Finland |url=https://www.euronews.com/2015/04/19/opposition-leader-juha-sipila-wins-elections-in-finland |access-date=17 July 2020 |website=euronews |archive-date=20 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220222055/http://www.euronews.com/2015/04/19/opposition-leader-juha-sipila-wins-elections-in-finland |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyar Center Party daga 2012 zuwa 2019. Bayan ya jagoranci jam'iyyar Cibiyar zuwa nasara a Babban zaben 2015, Sipilä ya kafa hadin gwiwa na tsakiya kuma Majalisar dokokin Finland ta nada shi Firayim Minista a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2015. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 May 2015 |title=MPs vote Sipilä in as prime minister- result not unanimous |url=http://yle.fi/uutiset/mps_vote_sipila_in_as_prime_minister__result_not_unanimous/8025742 |publisher=YLE News}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 8 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2019, Sipilä ya bayyana niyyarsa ta yi murabus a matsayin Firayim Minista, yana mai ambaton matsaloli wajen sake fasalin Tsarin kiwon lafiya na Finland. Shugaba Sauli Niinistö ya nemi ya ci gaba da gwamnati mai kulawa har sai an nada sabon hadin gwiwar gwamnati a ranar 6 ga Yuni 2019 kuma [[Antti Rinne]] ya gaje shi.{{IPA|fi|ˈjuhɑ ˈpetri ˈsipilæ}}{{IPA|fi|ˈjuhɑ ˈpetri ˈsipilæ}}{{IPA|fi|ˈjuhɑ ˈpetri ˈsipilæ}}Finnish_IPA&quot; id=&quot;mwEw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:PageProp/Category&quot;/&gt;

== Ilimi da aikin soja ==
Sipilä ta kammala karatu daga Puolanka Luquio (makarantar sakandare ta Finland), ta kammala jarrabawar karatun tare da manyan maki a shekarar 1980. &lt;ref name=&quot;Koskinen1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mika Koskinen |date=March 31, 2015 |title=Näin Juha Sipilä on muuttunut – katso lukio-, hää- ja lapsuuskuvat |url=http://www.iltasanomat.fi/vaalit2015/art-1427799759029.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403035604/http://www.iltasanomat.fi/vaalit2015/art-1427799759029.html |archive-date=April 3, 2015 |access-date=August 4, 2015 |website=Iltasanomat}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1986 Sipilä ya sami Digiri na biyu a kimiyya (fasaha)  daga Jami'ar Oulu .

Sipilä tana da matsayin kyaftin a cikin ajiyar Sojojin Tsaro na Finland.

== Kasuwanci ==


Sipilä ya kasance manajan darektan Solitra a 1992 kuma ya zama babban mai shi a 1994. Sipilä ya sayar da Solitra ga American ADC Telecommunications a cikin 1996, ya zama mai miliyoyin kudi daga kudaden da aka samu. Kasuwancin ADC Mersum Oy an sake siyar da shi ga Remec a shekara ta 2001.

A shekara ta 1996, kudin shiga na Sipilä ya kasance mafi girma a Finland. A cewar ''Ilta-Sanomat'' ya kasance a cikin Kwamitin Daraktoci na kamfanoni 120. 

=== Shirin Chempolis ===
Juha Sipilä ta kasance mai mallakar wani ɓangare a kamfanin farawa na Chempolis . Dangane da Shirin MOT (YLE) a cikin 2012, Chempolis ya sami Yuro miliyan 10 a cikin kudaden jama'a sama da shekaru 15 tare da ƙarin kudade daga Asusun Innovation na Finnish SITRA da kamfanin hada-hadar kudi na Finnvera. A cewar YLE TV News a cikin 2017, mafi yawan kamfanin makamashi na jihar Fortum ya ceci Chempolis daga fatarar kuɗi ta hanyar saka hannun jari na Yuro miliyan 6 a cikin kamfanin a watan Oktoba 2016. Bayan haka, yaran Sipilä sun mallaki 5% na kamfanin kuma Fortum 34%. Sipilä ta kasance a cikin iko da kamfanonin mallakar jihar ciki har da Fortum tun ƙarshen 2015. Firayim Ministocin Finland ba su da iko da kamfanonin gwamnati a baya.

Firayim Minista Juha Sipilä ya yi kira ga Chempolis a Indiya a shekarar 2016. Chempolis ta fitar da sanarwar manema labarai game da hadin gwiwar ta tare da Numaligarh Refinery na Indiya don gina wani biorefinery a Arewa maso Gabashin Indiya (Assam) don samar da bioethanol bayan tarurruka tsakanin Firayim Minista Narendra Modi, Ministan Kudi na Indiya Arun Jaitley da Firayim Ministan Finland Juha Sipilä a ranar 12-14 ga Fabrairu 2016.[1]

== Siyasa ==
Yayinda yake dalibi, Sipilä ya yi aiki na ɗan gajeren lokaci a Cibiyar Matasa ta Finland, amma in ba haka ba ba shi da ƙwarewa a siyasar jam'iyya kafin a zabe shi a majalisar dokokin Finland a 2011 tare da kuri'u 5,543 na kansa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Miska Rantanen 2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Miska Rantanen |date=2012 |title=PROFILE: Juha Sipilä |url=http://www.hs.fi/english/print/1329104294448 |access-date=28 June 2012 |publisher=Helsingin Sanomat}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2012, Sipilä ya sanar da takararsa don matsayin shugaban a taron jam'iyyar na lokacin rani. A ranar 9 ga Yuni, 2012, majalisar jam'iyyar ta zabe shi shugaban. Ya doke Tuomo Puumala a zagaye na biyu da kuri'un wakilai 1251 zuwa 872. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kearney |first=Seamus |date=19 April 2015 |title=Opposition leader Juha Sipila wins elections in Finland |url=https://www.euronews.com/2015/04/19/opposition-leader-juha-sipila-wins-elections-in-finland |access-date=17 July 2020 |website=euronews |archive-date=20 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220222055/http://www.euronews.com/2015/04/19/opposition-leader-juha-sipila-wins-elections-in-finland |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sipilä ya jagoranci jam'iyyarsa zuwa nasara a zaben 2015, inda Jam'iyyar Tsakiya ta sami kujeru 14 idan aka kwatanta da zaben da ya gabata. Tare da kuri'u 30,758 na kansa shi ne dan takara mafi mashahuri a zaben.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 May 2015 |title=MPs vote Sipilä in as prime minister- result not unanimous |url=http://yle.fi/uutiset/mps_vote_sipila_in_as_prime_minister__result_not_unanimous/8025742 |publisher=YLE News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan zaben, an ba shi aikin kafa hadin gwiwar gwamnati; kuma a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar Center Party, ya fara tattaunawa da Jam'iyyar Finns Party da National Coalition Party kuma ya kafa hadin gwiwa na jam'iyyun uku.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Schaart |first1=Eline |date=8 March 2019 |title=Finland's government collapses over failed health care reform - PM Juha Sipilä resigns. |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/finlands-government-collapses-over-failed-health-care-reform/ |access-date=8 March 2019 |publisher=Politico SPRL |agency=Politico}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ofisoshin ==

* Ma'aikatar Sipilä

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Edgar Adrian</title>
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'''Edgar Douglas Adrian, Baron na 1st Adrian''' OM FRS (30 Nuwamba 1889 - 4 Agusta 1977)   ƙwararren masanin kimiyyar lantarki ne na Ingila kuma ya sami kyautar Nobel ta 1932 don Ilimin Halittar Jiki, ya lashe tare da Sir Charles Sherrington saboda aikin da ke kan aikin jijiyoyi. Ya bayar da shaidar gwaji don dokar jijiyoyi gaba ɗaya ko babu. &lt;ref name=&quot;frs&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hodgkin |first=Alan |author-link=Alan Lloyd Hodgkin |year=1979 |title=Edgar Douglas Adrian, Baron Adrian of Cambridge. 30 November 1889 – 4 August 1977 |journal=[[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] |volume=25 |pages=1–73 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1979.0002 |pmid=11615790 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
An haifi Adrian a Hampstead, Landan, ƙaramin ɗa ga Alfred Douglas Adrian, mai ba da shawara kan harkokin shari'a ga Hukumar Kananan Hukumomi, da kuma Flora Lavinia Barton. 

Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Westminster kuma ya yi karatun Kimiyyar Halitta a Kwalejin Trinity, Cambridge, inda ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1911. A shekarar 1913 aka zaɓe shi zuwa ƙungiyar ɗalibai ta Kwalejin Trinity saboda bincikensa kan dokar jijiyoyi &quot;kowane ko babu&quot;.
[[Fayil:E.D. Adrian, UCL 1955-56. Wellcome L0026807.jpg|thumb|'''Edgar Douglas Adrian, Baron na 1st Adrian''']]
Bayan kammala karatun digirin likitanci (MB BCh) a shekarar 1915, ya yi aikin asibiti a Asibitin St Bartholomew da ke Landan a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]], inda ya yi wa sojoji masu fama da lalacewar jijiyoyi da matsalolin jijiyoyi kamar su bugun zuciya. Adrian ya koma Cambridge a matsayin malami yana samun digirin digirgir (MD) a shekarar 1919 kuma a shekarar 1925 ya fara bincike kan gabobin ji na ɗan adam ta hanyar amfani da na'urar lantarki.

=== Sana'a ===
Ci gaba da binciken da ya yi a baya kan Keith Lucas, ya yi amfani da na'urar auna karfin jini da bututun hasken cathode-ray don fadada siginar da tsarin jijiyoyi ke samarwa kuma ya sami damar yin rikodin fitar da wutar lantarki na zaruruwan jijiyoyi guda daya a karkashin motsin jiki. (Da alama ya yi amfani da kwadi a gwaje-gwajensa &lt;ref&gt;GRO Register of Births: DEC 1889 1a 650 HAMPSTEAD – Edgar Douglas Adrian&lt;/ref&gt; ) Wani bincike da Adrian ya yi ba zato ba tsammani a shekarar 1928 ya tabbatar da kasancewar wutar lantarki a cikin ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi. Adrian ya ce,&lt;blockquote&gt;Na shirya na'urorin lantarki a kan jijiyar ido ta kwadi dangane da wasu gwaje-gwaje a kan retina. Ɗakin ya kusa duhu kuma na yi mamakin jin sautuka masu maimaitawa a cikin lasifikar da aka haɗa da na'urar ƙara sauti, hayaniyar da ke nuna cewa ana gudanar da ayyuka da yawa na sha'awa. Sai da na kwatanta hayaniyar da motsin kaina a kusa da ɗakin ne na fahimci cewa ina cikin fagen hangen idon kwadi kuma yana nuna abin da nake yi.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Wani muhimmin sakamako, wanda aka buga a shekarar 1928, ya bayyana cewa motsin fata a ƙarƙashin motsa jiki akai-akai yana da ƙarfi da farko amma a hankali yana raguwa akan lokaci, yayin da motsin ji da ke wucewa ta jijiyoyi daga wurin taɓawa suna da ƙarfi akai-akai, duk da haka suna raguwa akai-akai akan lokaci, kuma jin daɗin da ke cikin kwakwalwa yana raguwa sakamakon haka.

Da ya faɗaɗa waɗannan sakamakon zuwa ga nazarin abubuwan da ke haifar da ciwo ta hanyar ƙarfafa tsarin jijiyoyi, ya yi bincike game da karɓar irin waɗannan sigina a cikin kwakwalwa da kuma rarraba sararin samaniya na sassan jijiyoyi na kwakwalwa a cikin dabbobi daban-daban. Waɗannan sakamakon sun haifar da ra'ayin taswirar ji, wanda ake kira homunculus, a cikin tsarin somatosensory.

Daga baya, Adrian ya yi amfani da electroencephalogram don nazarin aikin lantarki na [[Ƙwaƙwalwar dan Adam|kwakwalwa a cikin mutane]] . Aikinsa kan rashin daidaituwar yanayin Berger ya buɗe hanya don bincike na gaba game da [[Farfaɗiya|farfadiya]] da sauran cututtukan kwakwalwa. Ya shafe kashi na ƙarshe na aikinsa na bincike yana binciken olfaction .

Mukaman da ya riƙe a lokacin aikinsa sun haɗa da Farfesa Foulerton 1929–1937; Farfesa a fannin ilimin halittar jiki a Jami'ar Cambridge 1937–1951; Shugaban Royal Society 1950–1955; Jagora a Kwalejin Trinity, Cambridge, 1951–1965; shugaban Royal Society of Medicine 1960–1962; Shugaban Jami'ar Cambridge 1967–1975; Shugaban Jami'ar Leicester 1957–1971. An zaɓe Adrian a matsayin memba na girmamawa na ƙasashen waje na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka da Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka a 1938. &lt;ref name=&quot;AAAS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A |url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf |access-date=6 April 2011 |publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;GRO Register of Births: DEC 1889 1a 650 HAMPSTEAD – Edgar Douglas Adrian&lt;/ref&gt; An zaɓe shi a matsayin memba na Ƙasashen Duniya na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa ta Amurka a 1941. &lt;ref&gt;GRO Register of Deaths: SEP 1977 9 0656 CAMBRIDGE – Edgar Douglas Adrian, DoB = 30 November 1889&lt;/ref&gt; A 1946 ya zama memba na ƙasashen waje na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Royal Netherlands . &lt;ref&gt;GRO Register of Births: DEC 1889 1a 650 HAMPSTEAD – Edgar Douglas Adrian&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 1942 aka ba shi lambar yabo ta girmamawa, kuma a shekarar 1955 aka ƙirƙiri lambar yabo ta Sabuwar Shekara Baron Adrian na Cambridge a Gundumar Cambridge. &lt;ref&gt;GRO Register of Births: DEC 1889 1a 650 HAMPSTEAD – Edgar Douglas Adrian&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 Dec 2021 |title=Lord Adrian recognised with Blue Plaque in Cambridge |url=https://www.physoc.org/news_article/lord-adrian-recognised-with-blue-plaque-in-cambridge/ |access-date=25 August 2024 |website=The Physiological Society}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iyali ==
A ranar 14 ga Yuni, 1923 Edgar Adrian ya auri Hester Agnes Pinsent, wacce 'yar Ellen Pinsent ce kuma 'yar'uwar David Pinsent . Tare suka haifi 'ya'ya uku, da farko mace ɗaya sannan tagwaye:

* Anne Pinsent Adrian, wacce ta auri masanin ilimin halittar jiki Richard Keynes, wanda jikan [[Charles Darwin|Charles Darwin ne]] . Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya huɗu.
** Adrian Keynes (1946–1974)
** Randal Keynes (*1948)
** Roger Keynes (*1951)
** Simon Keynes (*1952)
* Richard Adrian, Baron Adrian na 2 (1927–1995)
** Ma'auratan ba su da 'ya'ya.
* Jennet Adrian (an haife shi a shekarar 1927), wadda ta auri Peter Watson Campbell
** Ba a san ƙarin bayani game da iyali ba.  &lt;ref&gt;GRO Register of Deaths: SEP 1977 9 0656 CAMBRIDGE – Edgar Douglas Adrian, DoB = 30 November 1889&lt;/ref&gt;

== Littattafan tarihi ==

* ''Tushen Abin Mamaki'' (1928)
* ''Tsarin Ayyukan Jin Daɗi'' (1932)
* ''Abubuwan da ke Kayyade Halayyar Dan Adam'' (1937)

== Hannu ==
{{Infobox COA wide|image=Adrian Achievement.png|escutcheon=Vert three estoiles Argent on a chief Argent a lion passant Sable.|crest=The astronomical sign of Mercury Or between two roses Gules barbed and seeded Proper.|supporters=On either side a lion Sable semee of pentacles Or.|motto=Non Tempere Credere&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Burke's Peerage |date=1959}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin shugabannin ƙungiyar Sarauta

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Duwatsun Chyulu</title>
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'''Tuddan Chyulu''' wani yanki ne na tsaunuka a gundumar Makueni da ke kudu maso gabashin Kenya. Yana da fadin murabba'in murabba'i {{Cvt|100|km}} - doguwar [[Filin dutsen wuta|filin aman wuta]] a wani dogon yanki na arewa maso yamma zuwa kudu maso gabas. Mafi girman kololuwar sa shine {{Cvt|2,188|m}} mai tsayi. 

Kogon Leviathan ( Wanda kuma aka sani da kogon Kisula) a wurin shakatawa na ƙasa na Chyulu Hills yana da kusan {{Cvt|11|km}} tsayi, ɗaya daga cikin mafi tsayin kogo a Afirka. Wurin shakatawa na ƙasa wani ɓangare ne na yankin kiyaye Tsavo wanda ya ƙunshi Wurin shakatawa na Tsavo na Yamma, Wurin shakatawa na Tsavo na Gabas da kuma Dajin Kibwezi.

Babban ƙofar wurin shakatawar tana cikin Kibwezi a gundumar Makueni.

Tuddan Chyulu sun tsaya tsayin daka a kan [[Ngong Hills|tsaunukan Ngong]] a cikin fim ɗin [[Daga Afirka (fim)|''Out of Africa'']].

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Tuddan Chyulu suna da nisan mil {{Cvt|150|km}} gabashin [[Babban kwarin Rift, Kenya|Rift na Kenya]] . Tuddai sun ƙunshi ɗaruruwan ƙananan kwarara da mazurari. Dutsen aman wuta a yankin ya fara ne kimanin 1.4&amp;nbsp;shekaru miliyan da suka gabata a arewacin tsaunukan, kuma bayan lokaci, dutsen mai aman wuta ya yaɗu zuwa kudu maso gabas. Har yanzu ana ɗaukar waɗannan duwatsun aman wuta a matsayin masu aiki, tun lokacin da fashewarsu ta ƙarshe guda biyu (Shaitani da Chainu) ta faru a shekarar 1856.  A cikin tsaunukan akwai ''Kogon Leviathan'', ɗaya daga cikin bututun lawa mafi tsayi a duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;lp&quot;&gt;Tom Parkinson, Matt Phillips, Will Gourlay: [https://books.google.com/books?id=TTf0Aki6AUQC&amp;dq=%22chyulu+hills%22&amp;pg=PA140 ''Kenya''] Lonely Planet, 2006.{{ISBN|1-74059-743-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Garin Kibwezi yana da lamba {{Cvt|30|km}} arewa maso gabas na tsaunukan Chyulu. 

Tuddan Chyulu ba su da koguna na dindindin, amma ruwan sama a kan tuddai yana ciyar da kogunan [[Kogin Tsavo|Tsavo]] da Galana da kuma Mzima Springs a filayen da ke kewaye. 

Tuddan Chyulu sun raba filayen Tsavo da [[Gidan shakatawa na Amboseli|Amboseli]] . Yankin yana da mazaunan [[Mutanen Maasai|Maasai]] da Kamba . &lt;ref&gt;Godfrey Mwakikagile (2007): [https://books.google.com/books?id=lsqjN-t6mP4C&amp;pg=PA117 ''Kenya – Identity of a Nation''] {{ISBN|0-9802587-9-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin Halittu ==
Ƙananan tsaunukan sun ƙunshi ciyawa da daji, yayin da sama da {{Cvt|1800|m}} yana da rinjaye a cikin dajin tsaunukan . Dajin ya ƙunshi ''[[Neoboutonia macrocalyx]]'', 'ya'yan itacen ƙwallon ƙafa, ceri na Afirka, ''Strombosia scheffleri'', ''Cassipourea malosana'', [[Olea capensis|black ironwood]], da African holly . Wasu sassan da ke keɓancewa suna da rinjaye a cikin itacen murjani na Abyssinian . Ƙananan sassan dajin suna da rinjaye a cikin ko dai juniper na Afirka ko ''[[Commiphora baluensis]]'' . 

Dabbobin da ke cikin tsaunuka sun haɗa da karkanda baƙi na gabas, &lt;ref name=&quot;save&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chyulu Hills Rhino Programme |url=http://www.savetherhino.org/eTargetSRINM/site/594/default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814033928/http://www.savetherhino.org/eTargetSRINM/site/594/default.aspx |archive-date=14 August 2009 |access-date=17 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ɓauna|Baffan Cape]], bushbucks, elands, [[Giwan daji na Afirka|giwaye]], aladu masu ciyawa, raƙuman ruwa na Masai, damisa, zakuna, reedbucks na dutse, steinbok, wildebeest da zebras na Grant . Ana samun cheetahs a filayen tuddai na Chyulu. Macizai daban-daban suna zaune a tsaunuka, kamar black mamba, puff adder da rock python . &lt;ref name=&quot;lp&quot;&gt;Tom Parkinson, Matt Phillips, Will Gourlay: [https://books.google.com/books?id=TTf0Aki6AUQC&amp;dq=%22chyulu+hills%22&amp;pg=PA140 ''Kenya''] Lonely Planet, 2006. {{ISBN|1-74059-743-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-74059-743-5|&lt;bdi&gt;1-74059-743-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Akwai nau'ikan tsuntsaye daban-daban a kan tsaunuka, tare da wasu nau'ikan tsuntsayen da suka shahara . Nau'ikan tsuntsayen sun haɗa da: Shelley's francolin, farin-starred robin, orange ground thrush, cinnamon bracken warbler, Ayres's hawk-eagle, African crowned eagle, martial eagle, da Abbott's starling . 

Akwai haƙar daji da ake nomawa a tsaunuka, waɗanda mutanen yankin ke girbewa. Akwai kuma wasu noman haƙar a kusa da tsaunuka. Ana kiran haƙar daga tsaunin Chyulu ''da Chuylu'', sabanin ''Miraa'', wanda ake nomawa a gundumar Meru . &lt;ref&gt;Godfrey Mwakikagile (2007): [https://books.google.com/books?id=lsqjN-t6mP4C&amp;pg=PA117 ''Kenya – Identity of a Nation''] {{ISBN|0-9802587-9-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kiyayewa ==
Wurin shakatawa na ƙasa na Chyulu Hills ya ƙunshi gefen gabas na tsaunukan kuma [[Kenya Wildlife Service|Hukumar Kula da Namun Daji ta Kenya]] ce ke kula da shi.  An kafa wurin shakatawar a shekarar 1983. Ya zama ci gaba a arewa maso yamma na [[Tsavo West National Park|Tsavo National Park]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;lp2&quot;&gt;Tom Parkinson, Matt Phillips, Will Gourlay: [https://books.google.com/books?id=TTf0Aki6AUQC&amp;dq=%22chyulu+hills%22&amp;pg=PA140 ''Kenya''] Lonely Planet, 2006. {{ISBN|1-74059-743-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gefen yammacin tsaunukan yana ƙarƙashin kulawar Namun Daji na Yammacin Chyulu mallakar rukunin kiwon [[Mutanen Maasai|Maasai]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;kws2&quot; /&gt;

Barazana da ka iya tasowa ga yanayin halittu sun haɗa da farautar dabbobi, yawan kiwo da makiyayan Maasai ke yi, da kuma ƙarancin ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;save&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chyulu Hills Rhino Programme |url=http://www.savetherhino.org/eTargetSRINM/site/594/default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814033928/http://www.savetherhino.org/eTargetSRINM/site/594/default.aspx |archive-date=14 August 2009 |access-date=17 August 2009}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090814033928/http://www.savetherhino.org/eTargetSRINM/site/594/default.aspx &quot;Chyulu Hills Rhino Programme&quot;]. Archived from [http://www.savetherhino.org/eTargetSRINM/site/594/default.aspx the original] on 14 August 2009&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;17 August&lt;/span&gt; 2009&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Aikin Carbon na Chyulu Hills wani aikin carbon na gandun daji ne (REDD+) a cikin yanayin Chyulu Hills, wanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin 2017 tare da abokan hulɗa ciki har da [[Maasai Wilderness Conservation Trust]] da [[Conservation International Kenya]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;CIChyuluProject&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chyulu Hills Carbon Project |url=https://www.conservation.org/projects/chyulu-hills-carbon-project |website=Conservation International}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;CIKenyaPlaces&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kenya |url=https://www.conservation.org/places/kenya |website=Conservation International}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="6723" sha1="asnp8sohulsah2gqzrky7hmwt6s45hc" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Tuddan Chyulu''' wani yanki ne na tsaunuka a gundumar Makueni da ke kudu maso gabashin Kenya. Yana da fadin murabba'in murabba'i {{Cvt|100|km}} - doguwar [[Filin dutsen wuta|filin aman wuta]] a wani dogon yanki na arewa maso yamma zuwa kudu maso gabas. Mafi girman kololuwar sa shine {{Cvt|2,188|m}} mai tsayi. 

Kogon Leviathan ( Wanda kuma aka sani da kogon Kisula) a wurin shakatawa na ƙasa na Chyulu Hills yana da kusan {{Cvt|11|km}} tsayi, ɗaya daga cikin mafi tsayin kogo a Afirka. Wurin shakatawa na ƙasa wani ɓangare ne na yankin kiyaye Tsavo wanda ya ƙunshi Wurin shakatawa na Tsavo na Yamma, Wurin shakatawa na Tsavo na Gabas da kuma Dajin Kibwezi.

Babban ƙofar wurin shakatawar tana cikin Kibwezi a gundumar Makueni.

Tuddan Chyulu sun tsaya tsayin daka a kan [[Ngong Hills|tsaunukan Ngong]] a cikin fim ɗin [[Daga Afirka (fim)|''Out of Africa'']].

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Tuddan Chyulu suna da nisan mil {{Cvt|150|km}} gabashin [[Babban kwarin Rift, Kenya|Rift na Kenya]] . Tuddai sun ƙunshi ɗaruruwan ƙananan kwarara da mazurari. Dutsen aman wuta a yankin ya fara ne kimanin 1.4&amp;nbsp;shekaru miliyan da suka gabata a arewacin tsaunukan, kuma bayan lokaci, dutsen mai aman wuta ya yaɗu zuwa kudu maso gabas. Har yanzu ana ɗaukar waɗannan duwatsun aman wuta a matsayin masu aiki, tun lokacin da fashewarsu ta ƙarshe guda biyu (Shaitani da Chainu) ta faru a shekarar 1856.  A cikin tsaunukan akwai ''Kogon Leviathan'', ɗaya daga cikin bututun lawa mafi tsayi a duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;lp&quot;&gt;Tom Parkinson, Matt Phillips, Will Gourlay: [https://books.google.com/books?id=TTf0Aki6AUQC&amp;dq=%22chyulu+hills%22&amp;pg=PA140 ''Kenya''] Lonely Planet, 2006.{{ISBN|1-74059-743-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Garin Kibwezi yana da lamba {{Cvt|30|km}} arewa maso gabas na tsaunukan Chyulu. 

Tuddan Chyulu ba su da koguna na dindindin, amma ruwan sama a kan tuddai yana ciyar da kogunan [[Kogin Tsavo|Tsavo]] da Galana da kuma Mzima Springs a filayen da ke kewaye. 

Tuddan Chyulu sun raba filayen Tsavo da [[Gidan shakatawa na Amboseli|Amboseli]] . Yankin yana da mazaunan [[Mutanen Maasai|Maasai]] da Kamba . &lt;ref&gt;Godfrey Mwakikagile (2007): [https://books.google.com/books?id=lsqjN-t6mP4C&amp;pg=PA117 ''Kenya – Identity of a Nation''] {{ISBN|0-9802587-9-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin Halittu ==
Ƙananan tsaunukan sun ƙunshi ciyawa da daji, yayin da sama da {{Cvt|1800|m}} yana da rinjaye a cikin dajin tsaunukan . Dajin ya ƙunshi ''[[Neoboutonia macrocalyx]]'', 'ya'yan itacen ƙwallon ƙafa, ceri na Afirka, ''Strombosia scheffleri'', ''Cassipourea malosana'', [[Olea capensis|black ironwood]], da African holly . Wasu sassan da ke keɓancewa suna da rinjaye a cikin itacen murjani na Abyssinian . Ƙananan sassan dajin suna da rinjaye a cikin ko dai juniper na Afirka ko ''[[Commiphora baluensis]]'' . 

Dabbobin da ke cikin tsaunukan sun haɗa da karkanda baƙi na gabas, &lt;ref name=&quot;save&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chyulu Hills Rhino Programme |url=http://www.savetherhino.org/eTargetSRINM/site/594/default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814033928/http://www.savetherhino.org/eTargetSRINM/site/594/default.aspx |archive-date=14 August 2009 |access-date=17 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ɓauna|Baffan Cape]], bushbucks, elands, [[Giwan daji na Afirka|giwaye]], aladu masu ciyawa, raƙuman ruwa na Masai, damisa, zakuna, reedbucks na dutse, steinbok, wildebeest da zebras na Grant . Ana samun cheetahs a filayen tuddai na Chyulu. Macizai daban-daban suna zaune a tsaunuka, kamar black mamba, puff adder da rock python . &lt;ref name=&quot;lp&quot;&gt;Tom Parkinson, Matt Phillips, Will Gourlay: [https://books.google.com/books?id=TTf0Aki6AUQC&amp;dq=%22chyulu+hills%22&amp;pg=PA140 ''Kenya''] Lonely Planet, 2006. {{ISBN|1-74059-743-5}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-74059-743-5|&lt;bdi&gt;1-74059-743-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Akwai nau'ikan tsuntsaye daban-daban a kan tsaunukan, tare da wasu nau'ikan tsuntsayen da suka shahara . Nau'ikan tsuntsayen sun haɗa da: Shelley's francolin, farin-starred robin, orange ground thrush, cinnamon bracken warbler, Ayres's hawk-eagle, African crowned eagle, martial eagle, da Abbott's starling . 

Akwai haƙar daji da ake nomawa a tsaunukan, waɗanda mutanen yankin ke girbewa. Akwai kuma wasu noman haƙar a kusa da tsaunukan. Ana kiran haƙar daga tsaunin Chyulu ''da Chuylu'', sabanin ''Miraa'', wanda ake nomawa a gundumar Meru . &lt;ref&gt;Godfrey Mwakikagile (2007): [https://books.google.com/books?id=lsqjN-t6mP4C&amp;pg=PA117 ''Kenya – Identity of a Nation''] {{ISBN|0-9802587-9-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kiyayewa ==
Wurin shakatawa na ƙasa na Chyulu Hills ya ƙunshi gefen gabas na tsaunukan kuma [[Kenya Wildlife Service|Hukumar Kula da Namun Daji ta Kenya]] ce ke kula da shi.  An kafa wurin shakatawar a shekarar 1983. Ya zama ci gaba a arewa maso yamma na [[Tsavo West National Park|Tsavo National Park]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;lp2&quot;&gt;Tom Parkinson, Matt Phillips, Will Gourlay: [https://books.google.com/books?id=TTf0Aki6AUQC&amp;dq=%22chyulu+hills%22&amp;pg=PA140 ''Kenya''] Lonely Planet, 2006. {{ISBN|1-74059-743-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gefen yammacin tsaunukan yana ƙarƙashin kulawar Namun Daji na Yammacin Chyulu mallakar rukunin kiwon [[Mutanen Maasai|Maasai]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;kws2&quot; /&gt;

Barazana da ka iya tasowa ga yanayin halittu sun haɗa da farautar dabbobi, yawan kiwo da makiyayan Maasai ke yi, da kuma ƙarancin ruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;save&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chyulu Hills Rhino Programme |url=http://www.savetherhino.org/eTargetSRINM/site/594/default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814033928/http://www.savetherhino.org/eTargetSRINM/site/594/default.aspx |archive-date=14 August 2009 |access-date=17 August 2009}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090814033928/http://www.savetherhino.org/eTargetSRINM/site/594/default.aspx &quot;Chyulu Hills Rhino Programme&quot;]. Archived from [http://www.savetherhino.org/eTargetSRINM/site/594/default.aspx the original] on 14 August 2009&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;17 August&lt;/span&gt; 2009&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Aikin Carbon na Chyulu Hills wani aikin carbon na gandun daji ne (REDD+) a cikin yanayin Chyulu Hills, wanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin 2017 tare da abokan hulɗa ciki har da [[Maasai Wilderness Conservation Trust]] da [[Conservation International Kenya]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;CIChyuluProject&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chyulu Hills Carbon Project |url=https://www.conservation.org/projects/chyulu-hills-carbon-project |website=Conservation International}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;CIKenyaPlaces&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kenya |url=https://www.conservation.org/places/kenya |website=Conservation International}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Mark Vaile</title>
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      <comment>Nayi gyara nasaka photo</comment>
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'''Mark Anthony James Vaile''' AO (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 1956) tsohon dan siyasar [[Australiya (Perth)|Australiya]] ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin Firayim Minista na 12 na Ostiraliya kuma shugaban Jam'iyyar National Party of Australia daga 2005 zuwa 2007, a cikin shekarun karshe na Gwamnatin Howard. Vaile a halin yanzu ba babban darakta ne na kamfanoni da yawa da aka jera.

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Vaile a Sydney kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sayar da kayan gona da kayan aiki da tashar da wakilin ƙasa kafin ya shiga siyasa. Ya kasance memba na Babban Majalisar Birnin Taree 1985-93, ciki har da shekaru uku a matsayin mataimakin magajin gari.

== Ayyukan majalisa ==
[[Fayil:Mark Vaile.jpg|thumb|'''Mark Anthony James Vaile''' AO]]
Vaile ya kasance memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Australiya tsakanin Maris 1993 da Yuli 2008, yana wakiltar Sashen Lyne a New South Wales. A yunkurinsa na farko don kujerar, a zaben 1993, Vaile ya jagoranci 'yan Liberals da kuri'u 233 kawai a ƙidaya ta uku, duk da tarihin kujerar a matsayin sansanin kasa. Kungiyar kwadago ta dauki babban jagora na farko wanda ta rike mafi yawan dare, amma Vaile ya ci nasara bayan da ra'ayoyin Liberal suka gudana da yawa a gare shi. Koyaya, da kuri'u 120 suka tafi wata hanya, 'yan Liberals za su ɗauki wurin zama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 February 2024 |title=2008 Lyne By-election - ABC Elections (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |url=http://www.abc.net.au/elections/federal/2008/lyne/ |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vaile ya sami damar komawa wurin zama zuwa matsayinsa na gargajiya a matsayin wurin zama mai aminci na kasa a cikin 1996, kuma zai ci gaba da riƙe wurin zama ba tare da matsala ba daga nan gaba.

Ya kasance Mataimakin Whip na Jam'iyyar Kasa 1994-96 da Whip na jam'iyyar National 1996-97. A shekara ta 1997 an nada shi Ministan Sufuri da Ci gaban Yankin, kuma a shekarar 1998 ya zama Ministan Noma, Kifi da gandun daji. A watan Yulin 1999, bayan murabus din Tim Fischer da zaben John Anderson a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar National Party, an zabe shi Mataimakin Shugaban jam'iyyar kuma ya zama Ministan Kasuwanci. Lokacin da John Anderson ya yi murabus a shekara ta 2005, an zabi Vaile a matsayin Shugaba ba tare da hamayya ba. A ranar 6 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2005 aka rantsar da shi a matsayin Mataimakin Firayim Minista.[1]

== Karramawa ==
A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2001, an ba Vaile lambar yabo ta Centenary don &quot;hidima a matsayin Ministan Kasuwanci&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 February 2024 |title=2008 Lyne By-election - ABC Elections (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |url=http://www.abc.net.au/elections/federal/2008/lyne/ |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2012 an nada shi Jami'in Order of Australia don aiki mai ban sha'awa ga Majalisar Dokokin Australia, ta hanyar tallafawa yankunan karkara da yankuna, don neman cinikayya da damar saka hannun jari na duniya, da kuma 'yan ƙasa na yankin Taree.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 June 2012 |title=Officer (AO) in the General Division of the Order of Australia – The Queen's Birthday 2012 Honours Lists |url=http://www.gg.gov.au/res/file/2012/honours/qb2012/Media%20Notes%20AO%20(final).pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617004657/http://www.gg.gov.au/res/file/2012/honours/qb2012/Media%20Notes%20AO%20%28final%29.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2012 |publisher=[[Official Secretary to the Governor-General of Australia]] |page=[http://www.gg.gov.au/res/file/2012/honours/qb2012/Media%20Notes%20AO%20(final).pdf#page=41 41]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gerald Midgley</title>
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        <username>Abdulrahman tahir shika</username>
        <id>24962</id>
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      <comment>Nayi gyara</comment>
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'''Gerald Robert Midgley''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1960) masanin ka'idar tsari ne na [[Birtaniya]], farfesa a fannin tunani kan tsarin, darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Tsarin a [[Jami'ar Hull]], kuma tsohon shugaban ƙasa (2013-2014) na Ƙungiyar Kimiyyar Tsarin Ƙasashen Duniya. An san shi da aikinsa kan &quot; Shiga Tsakanin Tsarin;&quot;   wanda ya bayyana a matsayin &quot;aiki mai ma'ana da wakili ke yi don ƙirƙirar canji ''dangane da tunani kan iyakoki'' .&quot; 

== Rayuwa da aiki ==
Midgley ya sami digirin BA daga Jami'ar London, da kuma digirin M.Phil, sannan a shekarar 1992 ya sami digirin PhD daga Jami'ar City da ke Landan tare da takardar digirin digirgir, mai taken. ''Haɗin kai da Al'umma.''  

Daga 1997 zuwa 2003, Midgley ya kasance Daraktan Cibiyar Nazarin Tsarin a [[Jami'ar Hull]]. A shekarar 2003, ya tafi Ostiraliya don zama farfesa mai taimako a Jami'ar [[Queensland]], kuma babban shugaban kimiyya a Cibiyar Kimiyya da Bincike ta Muhalli a New Zealand. A shekarar 2004, ya kuma zama farfesa mai taimako a Jami'ar Victoria ta Wellington, sannan a shekarar 2007, farfesa mai taimako a Jami'ar Canterbury . Tun daga shekarar 2010, a Ingila, shi ne Farfesa na tunani kan tsarin kuma kuma darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Tsarin a Jami'ar Hull. &lt;ref name=&quot;GM 2012&quot;&gt;[http://www.shiftn.com/news/detail/interview_with_systems_thinker_gerald_midgley Interview with systems thinker Gerald Midgley]{{Dead link|date=September 2025}}, at ''shiftn.com.'' March 5, 2012. Accessed 18.05.2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

Abubuwan da Midgley ke sha'awa a fannin bincike sun shafi fannoni na falsafa, hanyoyin aiki da kuma aiki, musamman a alaƙar da ke tsakanin waɗannan ukun. Tare da [[Mike Jackson (systems scientist)|Michael Jackson]], [[Robert L. Flood]] da [[Werner Ulrich|Werner Ulrich,]] ya kafa [[Critical systems thinking|tunanin tsarin Critical systems]], kuma tare da Ulrich ya haɓaka ka'idar [[Boundary critique|sharhin iyaka]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;GM 20122&quot;&gt;[http://www.shiftn.com/news/detail/interview_with_systems_thinker_gerald_midgley Interview with systems thinker Gerald Midgley]{{Dead link|date=September 2025}}, at ''shiftn.com.'' March 5, 2012. Accessed 18.05.2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]]

==manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Asa Akira</title>
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        <username>Umulkairi Rabe Nalado</username>
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'''Asa Akira''' (an haife ta 1984 or 1985  ) ' yar wasan fina-finan batsa ce ta Amurka, marubuciya kuma daraktan fina-finai na manya. Akira ta fito a fina-finan manya 689 tun daga watan Yunin shekarar 2023. A shekarar 2013, ta zama 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta uku aAsiya (bayan Asia Carrera da Stephanie Swift) da ta lashe kyautar AVN Female Performer of the Year . Akira ta dauki nauyin bikin farko da na biyu na [[Pornhub|bikin Pornhub]] .  An shigar da ita cikin AVN Hall of Fame, XRCO Hall of Fame, Urban X Hall of Fame, da Brazzers Hall of Fame.

== Rayuwar farko ==
'Yar asalin birnin New York ce,   &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Rutter 2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rutter |first=Jared |date=June 24, 2008 |title=Vouyer Media Ships Asa Akira Release |url=https://avn.com/news/video/vouyer-media-ships-asa-akira-release-91248 |access-date=October 2, 2025 |website=[[AVN (magazine)|AVN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akira ta girma a cikin dangin matsakaicin aji kuma ta halarci makarantu masu zaman kansu a New York da Japan.  Ta zauna a Tokyo na tsawon shekaru huɗu kafin ta koma Amurka a lokacin ƙuruciyarta.  &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (October 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar tabbatarwa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Asa shine ainihin sunanta na farko, wanda ke nufin &quot;safiya&quot; a cikin Jafananci. An ɗauko sunan mahaifiyarta na ƙwararru daga fim ɗin anime ''na Akira'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Paulie K. |date=October 3, 2013 |title=Catching the Fever of Asa Akira |url=http://www.xtrememagazine.com/2013/10/strip-club-feature-asa-akira/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003131133/http://www.xtrememagazine.com/2013/10/strip-club-feature-asa-akira/ |archive-date=October 3, 2014 |website=Xtreme |type=interview}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==

=== Aikin batsa ===
Akira ta fara aiki a matsayin mai iko tun tana 'yar shekara 19. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wilcox |first=Adam |date=May 9, 2012 |title=XXX Wasteland Exclusive Interview: Asa Akira |url=http://xxxwasteland.wordpress.com/2012/05/09/xxx-wasteland-exclusive-interview-asa-akira/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713025826/http://xxxwasteland.wordpress.com/2012/05/09/xxx-wasteland-exclusive-interview-asa-akira/ |archive-date=July 13, 2012 |website=XXX Wasteland}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin mai rawa a Hustler Club da ke New York. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Dan |date=March 16, 2012 |title=XBIZ TV: 'Insatiable' Asa Akira Goes From Dominatrix to Performer of the Year |url=http://www.xbiz.com/news/145736 |access-date=July 28, 2013 |website=XBIZ}}&lt;/ref&gt; A tsakanin 2006–2007 ta kasance mai yawan shiga shirin rediyo ''na Bubba da Love Sponge'' kuma an san ta da &quot;Show Whore&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rutter 2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rutter |first=Jared |date=June 24, 2008 |title=Vouyer Media Ships Asa Akira Release |url=https://avn.com/news/video/vouyer-media-ships-asa-akira-release-91248 |access-date=October 2, 2025 |website=[[AVN (magazine)|AVN]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRutter2008&quot;&gt;Rutter, Jared (June 24, 2008). [https://avn.com/news/video/vouyer-media-ships-asa-akira-release-91248 &quot;Vouyer Media Ships Asa Akira Release&quot;]. ''[[AVN (magazine)|AVN]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 2,&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Fim ɗinta na farko tsakanin maza da mata yana tare da Travis Knight don Gina Lynn Productions, bayan ta riga ta yi wasanni da dama tsakanin mata da maza, galibi tare da Lynn. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rutter 2008&quot; /&gt; Daga nan ta sanya hannu kan kwangila da Vouyer Media kafin ta zama mai zaman kanta watanni shida bayan haka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Paulie K. |date=July 14, 2010 |title=Asa Akira Strips Down |url=http://www.xtrememagazine.com/2010/07/asa-akira-strips-down-2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009090008/http://www.xtrememagazine.com/2010/07/asa-akira-strips-down-2/ |archive-date=October 9, 2013 |website=Xtreme |type=interview}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akira ta sami kyaututtuka da dama saboda rawar da ta taka a fim ɗin David Aaron Clark na 2009, ''Pure'', inda ta taka rawar mai yin magana ta waya a gidan yari wanda ke da alaƙa da mijinta shugabar mata. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rutter 2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rutter |first=Jared |date=September 29, 2009 |title=Prime Evil Unveils David Aaron Clark's Pure |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/Prime-Evil-Unveils-David-Aaron-Clark-s-i-Pure-i-361378.html |access-date=June 8, 2010 |website=AVN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akira ta haɗu ta ɗauki nauyin bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na AVN karo na 30 tare da jarumar batsa Jesse Jane da kuma ɗan wasan barkwanci April Macie . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 19, 2013 |title=Asa Akira Proud To Be Nominated Porn Industry's 'Performer Of The Year' (NSFW) |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/19/asa-akira_n_2471858.html |access-date=July 27, 2013 |website=[[The Huffington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta lashe kyautar AVN Female Performer of the Year a wannan daren.  Ita ce kuma mutum mafi kyau da aka ba kyautar a lokacin bikin. 

A shekarar 2013, ta fara bayar da umarni tare da ''fim ɗin Gangbanged 6'' na Elegant Angel . 

A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 2013, Akira ta sanar da cewa ta sanya hannu kan kwangila ta musamman da Wicked Pictures .  Fim ɗinta na farko a matsayin mai yin kwangila ga kamfanin shine ''Asa Is Wicked'' . 

=== Bayyanar manyan kafofin watsa labarai ===
A watan Janairun 2014, an nuna Akira, Dana DeArmond, Chanel Preston, da Jessie Andrews a cikin wani labarin mujallar ''Cosmopolitan'' mai taken &quot;Taurarin Batsa 4 akan Yadda Suke Kasancewa Cikin Koshin Lafiya.&quot;  An yi wahayi zuwa ga labarin ne daga sharhin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Gabrielle Union game da shirin Conan O'Brien game da ƙoƙarin bin tsarin motsa jiki na taurarin batsa da ta gani a dakin motsa jikinta. 

A shekarar 2014, Akira ta fito a matsayin bako a kashi na 1 na kakar wasa ta 3 na shirin Eric Andre Show . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A shekarar 2017, Akira ta bayyana kanta a kashi na farko na kakar wasa ta sha shida ta Family Guy a wani fim mai suna Simintin kujera tare da Peter Griffin . Daga baya Akira ta lura cewa, abin mamaki, wannan shine karo na farko da ta fara fitowa a matsayin mai jefa ƙuri'a. Wannan shirin ya nuna barkwanci da mutane ke yi wa Peter &quot;wacece yarinyar da ke kan kujera&quot; kuma Peter ya ba da amsa mai gamsarwa cewa yana da tabbacin cewa kowane mai tambaya ya riga ya san ko wacece ita. A kashi na takwas na kakar wasa ta ashirin bayan an kori Peter daga aikinsa, ya yi ƙoƙarin share tarihin bincikensa, amma ya makara sosai yayin da mutumin IT na kamfanin ya lura cewa Peter yana &quot;dukkan&quot; game da Akira.

=== Sauran kafofin watsa labarai ===
A shekarar 2011, ''Complex'' ta sanya Akira a matsayi na huɗu a jerin &quot;Manyan Taurarin Batsa 100 Mafi Zafi a Yanzu&quot;  kuma a matsayi na shida a jerin &quot;Manyan Taurarin Batsa 50 Mafi Zafi a Asiya a Duk Lokaci&quot;.  ''LA Weekly'' ta sanya ta uku a jerin &quot;Manyan Taurarin Batsa 10 Masu Kirkirar Kirkirar da Za Su Iya Zama Sasha Grey Na Gaba&quot; a shekarar 2013.  An kuma sanya ta a jerin CNBC na shekara-shekara &quot;The Dirty Dozen&quot;, inda shafin ya sanya tauraro mafi shahara da nasara a masana'antar manya a shekarar 2012, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Morris |first=Chris |date=January 18, 2012 |title=The Dirty Dozen 2012: Porn's Most Popular Stars |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2012/01/18/The-Dirty-Dozen-2012:-Porns-Most-Popular-Stars.html |access-date=September 12, 2013 |publisher=[[CNBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2013, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Morris |first=Chris |date=January 14, 2013 |title=The Dirty Dozen 2013 – Porn's Most Popular Stars |url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/100352810/page/9 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004214000/http://www.cnbc.com/id/100352810/page/9 |archive-date=October 4, 2013 |publisher=[[CNBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2014, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Morris |first=Chris |date=January 13, 2014 |title=The Dirty Dozen 2014 |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/10/the-dirty-dozen-2013.html |access-date=January 13, 2014 |publisher=[[CNBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; da 2015. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Morris |first=Chris |date=January 16, 2015 |title=The Dirty Dozen: Porn's biggest stars |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/01/13/the-dirty-dozen-porns-biggest-stars.html |website=CNBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2013, Akira da mai zane David Choe sun fara wani shiri mai dauke da shirye-shirye na mintuna 90 mai suna ''DVDASA'' .  An yi shi ne ga matasa masu sauraro, tare da manufarsa ta taimaka wa matasa wajen magance matsalolinsu da suka shafi jima'i, aiki, dangantaka, da sauransu.

A watan Yunin 2014, Akira ta fito a wani bidiyo na YouTube tare da mai shirya bidiyo Caspar Lee . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=- YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8mfFW-WlV8A |website=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akira ta rubuta wani littafi mai suna ''Insatiable: Porn — A Love Story'' wanda Grove Press ta fitar a watan Mayu na 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Dan |date=January 17, 2014 |title=Asa Akira's Memoir 'Insatiable: Porn—A Love Story' Coming in May |url=http://www.xbiz.com/news/173671 |access-date=February 12, 2014 |website=[[XBIZ]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yuli na 2015, ta sanya hannu kan kwangila da Cleis Press don buga littafinta na biyu, mai suna ''Dirty Thirty: A Memoir'', tarin kasidu, wanda aka fitar a kaka na 2016.  

A ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 2015, The Hundreds ta fara fitar da shirye-shirye don wani shiri mai suna ''Hobbies with Asa Akira'', wanda ke nuna Akira tana gwada ayyuka daban-daban kamar zane-zane, dambe, taxidermy, da sassaka kankara . 

Akira ita ce mai masaukin baki a shirin ''The Sex Factor'',  {{Rp|137}}wani wasan kwaikwayo na gaskiya ta yanar gizo na 2016 inda maza takwas da mata takwas suka fafata kan dala 1&amp;nbsp;kyautar miliyan. 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Akira ta bayyana cewa tana sha'awar maza da &quot;'yan mata masu kama da maza&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Akira 2010&quot; /&gt; Ba ta son a kira ta da bisexual, tana mai cewa tana karkata ga rashin son mace, amma har yanzu ba ta da tabbas . &lt;ref name=&quot;Akira 2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Akira |first=Asa |date=December 22, 2010 |title=Ashlynn Brooke {{!}} I Like Girls That Look Like Boys |url=http://www.xcritic.com/blogs/blog.php?blogID=2412 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224112831/https://xcritic.com/blogs/blog.php?blogID=2412 |archive-date=December 24, 2010 |website=XCritic.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta taɓa yin aure da tsohuwar jarumar batsa Rocco Reed . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ayala |first=Nelson |date=September 20, 2012 |title=Asa Akira Has Got Rocco Reed Pegged in 'Strap On Desires' |url=http://www.xbiz.com/news/154189 |access-date=July 19, 2015 |website=[[XBIZ]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma auri jarumar batsa kuma darakta Toni Ribas,  kuma ta bayyana cewa ban da aikin da suke yi a kan allo, dangantakarsu ta kasance mai aure ɗaya .  &lt;ref name=&quot;Clark-Flory 2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Clark-Flory |first=Tracy |date=May 3, 2014 |title=&quot;I'm in love with being on display&quot;: Adult film star Asa Akira on her insatiable love of porn |url=https://www.salon.com/2014/05/04/im_in_love_with_being_on_display_adult_film_star_asa_akira_on_her_insatiable_love_of_porn/ |access-date=September 8, 2014 |website=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |type=interview}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akira ta bayyana kanta a matsayin [[Feminism|mai ra'ayin mata]] .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Akira |first=Asa |date=September 3, 2014 |title=Asa Akira: Just Because I Do Porn Doesn't Mean I'm Not A Feminist |url=http://www.playboy.com/articles/a-feminist-that-does-porn |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150718005256/http://www.playboy.com/articles/a-feminist-that-does-porn |archive-date=July 18, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka ==
{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width: 25em; text-align: left; font-size: 90%; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
|+&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt&quot;&gt;'''Jerin kyaututtukan da Asa Akira ya samu'''&lt;/span&gt; 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; |
{| class=&quot;collapsible collapsed&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #D9E8FF; text-align: center;&quot; | Kyaututtuka
|-
|- style=&quot;background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Kyauta'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#cec; text-size:0.9em; width:50px;&quot; | '''Nasara'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
; Kyaututtukan AVN 
|{{Won|21}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
; Kyaututtukan NightMoves 
|{{Won|5}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
; [[Pornhub|Kyaututtukan Pornhub]] 
|{{Won|3}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
; Kyaututtukan Urban X 
|{{Won|4}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
; Kyaututtukan XBIZ 
|{{Won|3}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
; Kyaututtukan XRCO 
|{{Won|5}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
; Wasu 
|{{Won|7}}
|}
|- style=&quot;background:#d9e8ff;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
; '''Jimlar adadin nasarori''' 
|-|{{Won|'''Totals'''}}|{{Won|'''48'''}}
|- style=&quot;background:#d9e8ff;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;font-size: smaller; text-align:center;&quot; | [[List of awards received by Asa Akira#References|Nassoshi]]
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Year
!Ceremony
!Category
!Work
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |'''2011'''
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |AVN Award
|Best All-Girl Three-Way Sex Scene &lt;small&gt;(with Alexis Texas &amp; Kristina Rose)&lt;/small&gt;
|''Buttwoman vs. Slutwoman''
|-
|Best Anal Sex Scene &lt;small&gt;(with Manuel Ferrara)&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''Asa Akira Is Insatiable''
|-
|Best Double Penetration Sex Scene &lt;small&gt;(with Toni Ribas &amp; Erik Everhard)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|Best Three-Way Sex Scene (G/B/B) &lt;small&gt;(with Prince Yahshua &amp; Jon Jon)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Urban X Award
|Best Couple Sex Scene &lt;small&gt;(with Mr. Pete)&lt;/small&gt;
|''Vajazzled''
|-
|Porn Star of the Year
| {{N/a}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |'''2012'''
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |AVN Award
|Best Solo Sex Scene
|''Superstar Showdown 2: Asa Akira vs. Kristina Rose''
|-
|Best Anal Sex Scene &lt;small&gt;(with Nacho Vidal)&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |''Asa Akira Is Insatiable 2''
|-
|Best Double-Penetration Scene &lt;small&gt;(with Mick Blue &amp; Toni Ribas)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|Best Group Sex Scene &lt;small&gt;(with Erik Everhard, Toni Ribas, Danny Mountain, Jon Jon, Broc Adams, Ramón Nomar, &amp; John Strong)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|Best Tease Performance
|-
|Best Three-Way Sex Scene, Boy/Boy/Girl &lt;small&gt;(with Mick Blue &amp; Toni Ribas)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |NightMoves Award
|Best Gonzo/All Sex Release (Fan's Choice)&lt;ref name=&quot;Mayer 2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mayer |first=Chad |date=October 9, 2012 |title=Nightmoves Announces 2012 Award Winners |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/154968/nightmoves-announces-2012-award-winners |website=XBIZ}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Best Ass (Editor's Choice)&lt;ref name=&quot;Mayer 2012&quot; /&gt;
|rowspan=5 {{N/a}}
|-
|XBIZ Award
|Female Performer of the Year
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |XRCO Award
|Female Performer of the Year
|-
|Superslut
|-
|AEBN VOD Award
|Performer of The Year
|-
|Galaxy Award
|Best Personal Website (North America)
|AsaAkira.com
|-
| rowspan=&quot;12&quot; |'''2013'''
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Sex Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Street |first=Sharan |date=October 10, 2013 |title=Winners Announced at Inaugural Sex Awards in Hollywood AVN |url=https://avn.com/news/video/winners-announced-at-inaugural-sex-awards-in-hollywood-134307 |website=AVN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Porn Star of the Year
|rowspan=2 {{N/a}}
|-
|Porn's Perfect Girl/Girl Screen Couple &lt;small&gt;(with Jessica Drake)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|Adult Movie of the Year
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |''Asa Akira Is Insatiable 3''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |AVN Award
|Best Double-Penetration Sex Scene &lt;small&gt;(with Ramón Nomar &amp; Mick Blue)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|Best Group Sex Scene &lt;small&gt;(with Erik Everhard, Ramón Nomar, &amp; Mick Blue)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|Best Three-Way Sex Scene (Girl/Girl/Boy) &lt;small&gt;(with Brooklyn Lee &amp; James Deen)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|Best POV Sex Scene &lt;small&gt;(with Jules Jordan)&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Asa Akira to the Limit''
|-
|Best Star Showcase
|-
|Female Performer of the Year
|rowspan=4 {{N/a}}
|-
|XRCO Award
|Female Performer of the Year
|-
|NightMoves Award
|Best Ethnic Performer (Fan's Choice)
|-
|Galaxy Award
|Best Female Performer (America)
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |'''2014'''
|AVN Award
|Best Porn Star Website &lt;small&gt;(tied with [[Joanna Angel|JoannaAngel.com]])&lt;/small&gt;
|AsaAkira.com
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |NightMoves Award
|Best Body (Editor's Choice)&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnson 2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Bob |date=October 13, 2014 |title=NightMoves Awards Winners Announced |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/186246/nightmoves-awards-winners-announced |website=XBIZ}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{N/a}}
|-
|Best All-Girl Release (Editor's Choice)&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnson 2014&quot; /&gt;
|''Alexis &amp; Asa''
|-
|'''2015'''
|XRCO Award
|Mainstream Adult Media Favorite
|{{N/a}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |'''2017'''
|AVN Award
|Best Solo/Tease Performance
|''Asa Goes To Hell''
|-
|XBIZ Award
|Best Supporting Actress
|''DNA''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Urban X Award
|Social Media Star of the Year
|rowspan=3 {{N/a}}
|-
|Hall of Fame
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''2018'''
|AVN Award
|Mainstream Star of the Year
|-
|XBIZ Award
|Best Actress – Couples-Themed Release
|''The Blonde Dahlia''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |'''2019'''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |AVN Award
|Mainstream Venture of the Year
|rowspan=7 {{N/a}}
|-
|Hall of Fame
|-
|[[Pornhub|Pornhub Award]]
|Best Fan Club
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''2020'''
|XRCO Award
|Hall of Fame
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Pornhub Award
|Favorite MILF
|-
|'''2022'''
|Favorite Social Media Personality
|-
|'''2023'''
|Brazzers
|Hall of Fame
|}

== Littattafai ==

*  
*  
* {{Cite book|last=Asa Akira}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-13T10:45:57Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Umulkairi Rabe Nalado</username>
        <id>45777</id>
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      <text bytes="17630" sha1="pm10e9n6tkda19hocxof295d1opf1no" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}

'''Asa Akira''' (an haife ta 1984 or 1985  ) ' yar wasan fina-finan batsa ce ta Amurka, marubuciya kuma daraktan fina-finai na manya. Akira ta fito a fina-finan manya 689 tun daga watan Yunin shekarar 2023. A shekarar 2013, ta zama 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta uku aAsiya (bayan Asia Carrera da Stephanie Swift) da ta lashe kyautar AVN Female Performer of the Year . Akira ta dauki nauyin bikin farko da na biyu na [[Pornhub|bikin Pornhub]] .  An shigar da ita cikin AVN Hall of Fame, XRCO Hall of Fame, Urban X Hall of Fame, da Brazzers Hall of Fame.

== Rayuwar farko ==
'Yar asalin birnin New York ce,   &lt;ref&gt; name=&quot;Rutter 2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rutter |first=Jared |date=June 24, 2008 |title=Vouyer Media Ships Asa Akira Release |url=https://avn.com/news/video/vouyer-media-ships-asa-akira-release-91248 |access-date=October 2, 2025 |website=[[AVN (magazine)|AVN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akira ta girma a cikin dangin matsakaicin aji kuma ta halarci makarantu masu zaman kansu a New York da Japan.  Ta zauna a Tokyo na tsawon shekaru huɗu kafin ta koma Amurka a lokacin ƙuruciyarta.  &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (October 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar tabbatarwa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Asa shine ainihin sunanta na farko, wanda ke nufin &quot;safiya&quot; a cikin Jafananci. An kuma ɗauko sunan mahaifiyarta na ƙwararru daga fim ɗin anime ''na Akira'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Paulie K. |date=October 3, 2013 |title=Catching the Fever of Asa Akira |url=http://www.xtrememagazine.com/2013/10/strip-club-feature-asa-akira/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003131133/http://www.xtrememagazine.com/2013/10/strip-club-feature-asa-akira/ |archive-date=October 3, 2014 |website=Xtreme |type=interview}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==

=== Aikin batsa ===
Akira ta fara aiki a matsayin mai iko tun tana 'yar shekara 19. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Wilcox |first=Adam |date=May 9, 2012 |title=XXX Wasteland Exclusive Interview: Asa Akira |url=http://xxxwasteland.wordpress.com/2012/05/09/xxx-wasteland-exclusive-interview-asa-akira/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713025826/http://xxxwasteland.wordpress.com/2012/05/09/xxx-wasteland-exclusive-interview-asa-akira/ |archive-date=July 13, 2012 |website=XXX Wasteland}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin mai rawa a Hustler Club da ke New York. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Dan |date=March 16, 2012 |title=XBIZ TV: 'Insatiable' Asa Akira Goes From Dominatrix to Performer of the Year |url=http://www.xbiz.com/news/145736 |access-date=July 28, 2013 |website=XBIZ}}&lt;/ref&gt; A tsakanin 2006–2007 ta kasance mai yawan shiga shirin rediyo ''na Bubba da Love Sponge'' kuma an san ta da &quot;Show Whore&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rutter 2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rutter |first=Jared |date=June 24, 2008 |title=Vouyer Media Ships Asa Akira Release |url=https://avn.com/news/video/vouyer-media-ships-asa-akira-release-91248 |access-date=October 2, 2025 |website=[[AVN (magazine)|AVN]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRutter2008&quot;&gt;Rutter, Jared (June 24, 2008). [https://avn.com/news/video/vouyer-media-ships-asa-akira-release-91248 &quot;Vouyer Media Ships Asa Akira Release&quot;]. ''[[AVN (magazine)|AVN]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 2,&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Fim ɗinta na farko tsakanin maza da mata yana tare da Travis Knight don Gina Lynn Productions, bayan ta riga ta yi wasanni da dama tsakanin mata da maza, galibi tare da Lynn. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rutter 2008&quot; /&gt; Daga nan ta sanya hannu kan kwangila da Vouyer Media kafin ta zama mai zaman kanta watanni shida bayan haka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Paulie K. |date=July 14, 2010 |title=Asa Akira Strips Down |url=http://www.xtrememagazine.com/2010/07/asa-akira-strips-down-2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009090008/http://www.xtrememagazine.com/2010/07/asa-akira-strips-down-2/ |archive-date=October 9, 2013 |website=Xtreme |type=interview}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akira ta sami kyaututtuka da dama saboda rawar da ta taka a fim ɗin David Aaron Clark na 2009, ''Pure'', inda ta taka rawar mai yin magana ta waya a gidan yari wanda ke da alaƙa da mijinta shugabar mata. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rutter 2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rutter |first=Jared |date=September 29, 2009 |title=Prime Evil Unveils David Aaron Clark's Pure |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/Prime-Evil-Unveils-David-Aaron-Clark-s-i-Pure-i-361378.html |access-date=June 8, 2010 |website=AVN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akira ta haɗu ta ɗauki nauyin bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na AVN karo na 30 tare da jarumar batsa Jesse Jane da kuma ɗan wasan barkwanci April Macie . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 19, 2013 |title=Asa Akira Proud To Be Nominated Porn Industry's 'Performer Of The Year' (NSFW) |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/19/asa-akira_n_2471858.html |access-date=July 27, 2013 |website=[[The Huffington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta lashe kyautar AVN Female Performer of the Year a wannan daren.  Ita ce kuma mutum mafi kyau da aka ba kyautar a lokacin bikin. 

A shekarar 2013, ta fara bayar da umarni tare da ''fim ɗin Gangbanged 6'' na Elegant Angel . 

A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 2013, Akira ta sanar da cewa ta sanya hannu kan kwangila ta musamman da Wicked Pictures .  Fim ɗinta na farko a matsayin mai yin kwangila ga kamfanin shine ''Asa Is Wicked'' . 

=== Bayyanar manyan kafofin watsa labarai ===
A watan Janairun 2014, an nuna Akira, Dana DeArmond, Chanel Preston, da Jessie Andrews a cikin wani labarin mujallar ''Cosmopolitan'' mai taken &quot;Taurarin Batsa 4 akan Yadda Suke Kasancewa Cikin Koshin Lafiya.&quot;  An yi wahayi zuwa ga labarin ne daga sharhin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Gabrielle Union game da shirin Conan O'Brien game da ƙoƙarin bin tsarin motsa jiki na taurarin batsa da ta gani a dakin motsa jikinta. 

A shekarar 2014, Akira ta fito a matsayin bako a kashi na 1 na kakar wasa ta 3 na shirin Eric Andre Show . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A shekarar 2017, Akira ta bayyana kanta a kashi na farko na kakar wasa ta sha shida ta Family Guy a wani fim mai suna Simintin kujera tare da Peter Griffin . Daga baya Akira ta lura cewa, abin mamaki, wannan shine karo na farko da ta fara fitowa a matsayin mai jefa ƙuri'a. Wannan shirin ya nuna barkwanci da mutane ke yi wa Peter &quot;wacece yarinyar da ke kan kujera&quot; kuma Peter ya ba da amsa mai gamsarwa cewa yana da tabbacin cewa kowane mai tambaya ya riga ya san ko wacece ita. A kashi na takwas na kakar wasa ta ashirin bayan an kori Peter daga aikinsa, ya yi ƙoƙarin share tarihin bincikensa, amma ya makara sosai yayin da mutumin IT na kamfanin ya lura cewa Peter yana &quot;dukkan&quot; game da Akira.

=== Sauran kafofin watsa labarai ===
A shekarar 2011, ''Complex'' ta sanya Akira a matsayi na huɗu a jerin &quot;Manyan Taurarin Batsa 100 Mafi Zafi a Yanzu&quot;  kuma a matsayi na shida a jerin &quot;Manyan Taurarin Batsa 50 Mafi Zafi a Asiya a Duk Lokaci&quot;.  ''LA Weekly'' ta sanya ta uku a jerin &quot;Manyan Taurarin Batsa 10 Masu Kirkirar Kirkirar da Za Su Iya Zama Sasha Grey Na Gaba&quot; a shekarar 2013.  An kuma sanya ta a jerin CNBC na shekara-shekara &quot;The Dirty Dozen&quot;, inda shafin ya sanya tauraro mafi shahara da nasara a masana'antar manya a shekarar 2012, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Morris |first=Chris |date=January 18, 2012 |title=The Dirty Dozen 2012: Porn's Most Popular Stars |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2012/01/18/The-Dirty-Dozen-2012:-Porns-Most-Popular-Stars.html |access-date=September 12, 2013 |publisher=[[CNBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2013, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Morris |first=Chris |date=January 14, 2013 |title=The Dirty Dozen 2013 – Porn's Most Popular Stars |url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/100352810/page/9 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004214000/http://www.cnbc.com/id/100352810/page/9 |archive-date=October 4, 2013 |publisher=[[CNBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2014, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Morris |first=Chris |date=January 13, 2014 |title=The Dirty Dozen 2014 |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/10/the-dirty-dozen-2013.html |access-date=January 13, 2014 |publisher=[[CNBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; da 2015. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Morris |first=Chris |date=January 16, 2015 |title=The Dirty Dozen: Porn's biggest stars |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/01/13/the-dirty-dozen-porns-biggest-stars.html |website=CNBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2013, Akira da mai zane David Choe sun fara wani shiri mai dauke da shirye-shirye na mintuna 90 mai suna ''DVDASA'' .  An yi shi ne ga matasa masu sauraro, tare da manufarsa ta taimaka wa matasa wajen magance matsalolinsu da suka shafi jima'i, aiki, dangantaka, da sauransu.

A watan Yunin 2014, Akira ta fito a wani bidiyo na YouTube tare da mai shirya bidiyo Caspar Lee . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=- YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8mfFW-WlV8A |website=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akira ta rubuta wani littafi mai suna ''Insatiable: Porn — A Love Story'' wanda Grove Press ta fitar a watan Mayu na 2014. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Dan |date=January 17, 2014 |title=Asa Akira's Memoir 'Insatiable: Porn—A Love Story' Coming in May |url=http://www.xbiz.com/news/173671 |access-date=February 12, 2014 |website=[[XBIZ]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yuli na 2015, ta sanya hannu kan kwangila da Cleis Press don buga littafinta na biyu, mai suna ''Dirty Thirty: A Memoir'', tarin kasidu, wanda aka fitar a kaka na 2016.  

A ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 2015, The Hundreds ta fara fitar da shirye-shirye don wani shiri mai suna ''Hobbies with Asa Akira'', wanda ke nuna Akira tana gwada ayyuka daban-daban kamar zane-zane, dambe, taxidermy, da sassaka kankara . 

Akira ita ce mai masaukin baki a shirin ''The Sex Factor'',  {{Rp|137}}wani wasan kwaikwayo na gaskiya ta yanar gizo na 2016 inda maza takwas da mata takwas suka fafata kan dala 1&amp;nbsp;kyautar miliyan. 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Akira ta bayyana cewa tana sha'awar maza da &quot;'yan mata masu kama da maza&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Akira 2010&quot; /&gt; Ba ta son a kira ta da bisexual, tana mai cewa tana karkata ga rashin son mace, amma har yanzu ba ta da tabbas . &lt;ref name=&quot;Akira 2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Akira |first=Asa |date=December 22, 2010 |title=Ashlynn Brooke {{!}} I Like Girls That Look Like Boys |url=http://www.xcritic.com/blogs/blog.php?blogID=2412 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224112831/https://xcritic.com/blogs/blog.php?blogID=2412 |archive-date=December 24, 2010 |website=XCritic.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta taɓa yin aure da tsohuwar jarumar batsa Rocco Reed . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ayala |first=Nelson |date=September 20, 2012 |title=Asa Akira Has Got Rocco Reed Pegged in 'Strap On Desires' |url=http://www.xbiz.com/news/154189 |access-date=July 19, 2015 |website=[[XBIZ]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma auri jarumar batsa kuma darakta Toni Ribas,  kuma ta bayyana cewa ban da aikin da suke yi a kan allo, dangantakarsu ta kasance mai aure ɗaya .  &lt;ref name=&quot;Clark-Flory 2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Clark-Flory |first=Tracy |date=May 3, 2014 |title=&quot;I'm in love with being on display&quot;: Adult film star Asa Akira on her insatiable love of porn |url=https://www.salon.com/2014/05/04/im_in_love_with_being_on_display_adult_film_star_asa_akira_on_her_insatiable_love_of_porn/ |access-date=September 8, 2014 |website=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |type=interview}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akira ta bayyana kanta a matsayin [[Feminism|mai ra'ayin mata]] .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Akira |first=Asa |date=September 3, 2014 |title=Asa Akira: Just Because I Do Porn Doesn't Mean I'm Not A Feminist |url=http://www.playboy.com/articles/a-feminist-that-does-porn |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150718005256/http://www.playboy.com/articles/a-feminist-that-does-porn |archive-date=July 18, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka ==
{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;width: 25em; text-align: left; font-size: 90%; vertical-align: middle;&quot;
|+&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt&quot;&gt;'''Jerin kyaututtukan da Asa Akira ya samu'''&lt;/span&gt; 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; |
{| class=&quot;collapsible collapsed&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #D9E8FF; text-align: center;&quot; | Kyaututtuka
|-
|- style=&quot;background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''Kyauta'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#cec; text-size:0.9em; width:50px;&quot; | '''Nasara'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
; Kyaututtukan AVN 
|{{Won|21}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
; Kyaututtukan NightMoves 
|{{Won|5}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
; [[Pornhub|Kyaututtukan Pornhub]] 
|{{Won|3}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
; Kyaututtukan Urban X 
|{{Won|4}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
; Kyaututtukan XBIZ 
|{{Won|3}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
; Kyaututtukan XRCO 
|{{Won|5}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
; Wasu 
|{{Won|7}}
|}
|- style=&quot;background:#d9e8ff;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |
; '''Jimlar adadin nasarori''' 
|-|{{Won|'''Totals'''}}|{{Won|'''48'''}}
|- style=&quot;background:#d9e8ff;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;font-size: smaller; text-align:center;&quot; | [[List of awards received by Asa Akira#References|Nassoshi]]
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Year
!Ceremony
!Category
!Work
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |'''2011'''
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |AVN Award
|Best All-Girl Three-Way Sex Scene &lt;small&gt;(with Alexis Texas &amp; Kristina Rose)&lt;/small&gt;
|''Buttwoman vs. Slutwoman''
|-
|Best Anal Sex Scene &lt;small&gt;(with Manuel Ferrara)&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |''Asa Akira Is Insatiable''
|-
|Best Double Penetration Sex Scene &lt;small&gt;(with Toni Ribas &amp; Erik Everhard)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|Best Three-Way Sex Scene (G/B/B) &lt;small&gt;(with Prince Yahshua &amp; Jon Jon)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Urban X Award
|Best Couple Sex Scene &lt;small&gt;(with Mr. Pete)&lt;/small&gt;
|''Vajazzled''
|-
|Porn Star of the Year
| {{N/a}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |'''2012'''
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |AVN Award
|Best Solo Sex Scene
|''Superstar Showdown 2: Asa Akira vs. Kristina Rose''
|-
|Best Anal Sex Scene &lt;small&gt;(with Nacho Vidal)&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |''Asa Akira Is Insatiable 2''
|-
|Best Double-Penetration Scene &lt;small&gt;(with Mick Blue &amp; Toni Ribas)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|Best Group Sex Scene &lt;small&gt;(with Erik Everhard, Toni Ribas, Danny Mountain, Jon Jon, Broc Adams, Ramón Nomar, &amp; John Strong)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|Best Tease Performance
|-
|Best Three-Way Sex Scene, Boy/Boy/Girl &lt;small&gt;(with Mick Blue &amp; Toni Ribas)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |NightMoves Award
|Best Gonzo/All Sex Release (Fan's Choice)&lt;ref name=&quot;Mayer 2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mayer |first=Chad |date=October 9, 2012 |title=Nightmoves Announces 2012 Award Winners |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/154968/nightmoves-announces-2012-award-winners |website=XBIZ}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Best Ass (Editor's Choice)&lt;ref name=&quot;Mayer 2012&quot; /&gt;
|rowspan=5 {{N/a}}
|-
|XBIZ Award
|Female Performer of the Year
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |XRCO Award
|Female Performer of the Year
|-
|Superslut
|-
|AEBN VOD Award
|Performer of The Year
|-
|Galaxy Award
|Best Personal Website (North America)
|AsaAkira.com
|-
| rowspan=&quot;12&quot; |'''2013'''
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Sex Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Street |first=Sharan |date=October 10, 2013 |title=Winners Announced at Inaugural Sex Awards in Hollywood AVN |url=https://avn.com/news/video/winners-announced-at-inaugural-sex-awards-in-hollywood-134307 |website=AVN}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Porn Star of the Year
|rowspan=2 {{N/a}}
|-
|Porn's Perfect Girl/Girl Screen Couple &lt;small&gt;(with Jessica Drake)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|Adult Movie of the Year
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |''Asa Akira Is Insatiable 3''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |AVN Award
|Best Double-Penetration Sex Scene &lt;small&gt;(with Ramón Nomar &amp; Mick Blue)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|Best Group Sex Scene &lt;small&gt;(with Erik Everhard, Ramón Nomar, &amp; Mick Blue)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|Best Three-Way Sex Scene (Girl/Girl/Boy) &lt;small&gt;(with Brooklyn Lee &amp; James Deen)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|Best POV Sex Scene &lt;small&gt;(with Jules Jordan)&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Asa Akira to the Limit''
|-
|Best Star Showcase
|-
|Female Performer of the Year
|rowspan=4 {{N/a}}
|-
|XRCO Award
|Female Performer of the Year
|-
|NightMoves Award
|Best Ethnic Performer (Fan's Choice)
|-
|Galaxy Award
|Best Female Performer (America)
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |'''2014'''
|AVN Award
|Best Porn Star Website &lt;small&gt;(tied with [[Joanna Angel|JoannaAngel.com]])&lt;/small&gt;
|AsaAkira.com
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |NightMoves Award
|Best Body (Editor's Choice)&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnson 2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Bob |date=October 13, 2014 |title=NightMoves Awards Winners Announced |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/186246/nightmoves-awards-winners-announced |website=XBIZ}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{N/a}}
|-
|Best All-Girl Release (Editor's Choice)&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnson 2014&quot; /&gt;
|''Alexis &amp; Asa''
|-
|'''2015'''
|XRCO Award
|Mainstream Adult Media Favorite
|{{N/a}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |'''2017'''
|AVN Award
|Best Solo/Tease Performance
|''Asa Goes To Hell''
|-
|XBIZ Award
|Best Supporting Actress
|''DNA''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Urban X Award
|Social Media Star of the Year
|rowspan=3 {{N/a}}
|-
|Hall of Fame
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''2018'''
|AVN Award
|Mainstream Star of the Year
|-
|XBIZ Award
|Best Actress – Couples-Themed Release
|''The Blonde Dahlia''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |'''2019'''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |AVN Award
|Mainstream Venture of the Year
|rowspan=7 {{N/a}}
|-
|Hall of Fame
|-
|[[Pornhub|Pornhub Award]]
|Best Fan Club
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''2020'''
|XRCO Award
|Hall of Fame
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Pornhub Award
|Favorite MILF
|-
|'''2022'''
|Favorite Social Media Personality
|-
|'''2023'''
|Brazzers
|Hall of Fame
|}

== Littattafai ==

*  
*  
* {{Cite book|last=Asa Akira}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>pm10e9n6tkda19hocxof295d1opf1no</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rahila Hardeman</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>141679</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855706</id>
      <parentid>817376</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:16:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdulrahman tahir shika</username>
        <id>24962</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nayi gyara</comment>
      <origin>855706</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18712" sha1="po67yh4u025jypbreatbht1tby31wey" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
 

'''Rachel Renee Hardeman''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1979/1980 &lt;ref name=&quot;stat-12jan2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=McFarling |first=Usha Lee |date=January 12, 2024 |title=As she drives research on structural racism in health care, Rachel Hardeman faces a painful reckoning |url=https://www.statnews.com/2024/01/12/rachel-hardeman-links-structural-racism-health-disparities/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725215642/https://www.statnews.com/2024/01/12/rachel-hardeman-links-structural-racism-health-disparities/ |archive-date=July 25, 2024 |access-date=July 25, 2024 |website=[[Stat (website)|STAT]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;) malamar ilimin kiwon lafiyar jama'a ce 'yar [[Amurka]] wanda ta kasance mataimakin farfesa na Sashen Manufofin Kiwon Lafiya da Gudanarwa a Jami'ar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Minnesota. Binciken da ta yi ya yi la'akari da yadda wariyar launin fata ke tasiri ga sakamakon kiwon lafiya, musamman ga lafiyar iyaye mata Afirkawan Amurka.

== Rayuwar farko ==
Hardeman 'yar asalin Minneapolis ce.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-01-28 |title=Better beginnings |url=http://legacy.umn.edu/stories/better-beginnings |access-date=2020-07-03 |website=legacy.umn.edu |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402125651/https://legacy.umn.edu/stories/better-beginnings |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Matar kawunta, Sharon Sayles Belton, ita ce bakar fata ta farko kuma mace ta farko da ta zama magajin garin birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;stat-12jan2024&quot;/&gt; Mahaifiyarta, Sharri Belton Hardeman, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai shari'a a Shari'ar Derek Chauvin saboda kisan George Floyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;stat-12jan2024&quot; /&gt;

Tun tana matashiya, Hardeman ta shafe lokaci tare da kakarta Ernestine Belton, mai fafutukar kare hakkin al'umma wacce ke fama da cutar koda kuma tana buƙatar dialysis akai-akai. Ganin wahalar Belton ya yi tasiri ga ra'ayin Hardeman game da daidaito a fannin kiwon lafiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;stat-12jan2024&quot;/&gt;

A shekarar 1998, Hardeman ta yi rajista a Jami'ar Xavier ta Louisiana, inda ta fara karatun [[Kimiyya|ilmin sunadarai]] da Sifaniyanci. Bayan kammala karatun ta ta koma ELAM (Makarantar Magunguna ta Latin Amurka) Cuba da ke [[Havana]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;iaa-14mar2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tracee Ellis Ross |author-link=Tracee Ellis Ross |date=March 14, 2023 |title=&quot;Injustice in Health&quot; with Dr. Rachel Hardeman |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tsu129qDTn0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725223544/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tsu129qDTn0 |archive-date=July 25, 2024 |access-date=July 25, 2024 |website=I Am America |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Cuba ne ta fara fuskantar wani tsari na kiwon lafiya mai mayar da hankali kan marasa lafiya, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan rigakafi da alaƙar da ke tsakanin marasa lafiya da likitoci.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Hardeman ta koma Jami'ar Minnesota don karatun digiri na biyu,  inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Lafiyar Jama'a a fannin Gudanar da Harkokin Lafiyar Jama'a da Manufofi kafin ta kammala digiri na uku a fannin Bincike da Manufofi a fannin Ayyukan Lafiya tare da mai da hankali kan ilimin zamantakewa na lafiya da rashin lafiya da lafiyar jama'a.  Binciken digiri na uku da ta yi ya yi la'akari da alaƙar launin fata, jinsi da kuma matsayin tattalin arziki a fannin ilimin likitanci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rachel Hardeman, Ph.D., M.P.H. {{!}} AcademyHealth |url=https://www.academyhealth.org/about/people/rachel-hardeman-phd-mph |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715201018/https://academyhealth.org/about/people/rachel-hardeman-phd-mph |archive-date=2024-07-15 |access-date=2020-07-03 |website=www.academyhealth.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike da aiki ==
Hardeman ta yi nazarin abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin lafiya a cikin al'umma, tana amfani da ka'idar haɗin gwiwa don fahimtar bambancin lafiya sosai. Bincikenta ya nuna cewa a [[Minnesota]], mata 'yan Afirka-Amurkawa sun ninka yiwuwar mutuwa sau biyu fiye da mata fararen fata a lokacin haihuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Plain |first=Charlie |date=2016-09-22 |title=Hardeman Leads New Project Addressing Racial Inequalities in Birth Outcomes - School of Public Health - University of Minnesota |url=https://www.sph.umn.edu/news/hardeman-leads-new-project-addressing-racial-inequalities-birth-outcomes/ |access-date=2020-07-03 |website=School of Public Health |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 August 2019 |title=Racism is a health risk for black mothers and babies |url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2019/08/21/maternitydisparities |access-date=2020-07-03 |website=MPR News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken bai yi daidai ba kuma Hardeman ya yi satar bayanai daga wata mace baƙar fata kuma an tilasta masa yin murabus daga Jami'ar Minnesota.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Richert |first=Catharine |last2=Sepic |first2=Matt |date=2025-04-15 |title=Influential U of M public health professor resigns amid plagiarism allegations |url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2025/04/15/u-of-m-public-health-professor-rachel-hardeman-resigns-amid-plagiarism-allegations |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=MPR News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hardeman ta yi imanin cewa doulas, masu horar da haihuwa ba tare da likita ba, na iya inganta sakamakon lafiya na uwaye baƙar fata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; A cikin 2016 Hardeman ta ƙaddamar da wani shiri wanda ya duba rashin daidaiton launin fata a sakamakon haihuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; A matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin, Hardeman ta yi nazarin mafi kyawun aiki a Cibiyar Haihuwa ta Al'umma ta Baƙar fata mallakar Roots.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; [[Rebecca Polston]] ce ta kafa Roots, ungozoma 'yan Afirka-Amurkawa ɗaya tilo a Minnesota, kuma tana ba da kulawa ta al'adu ga al'ummomin Baƙar fata-Amurkawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Baya ga aiki don tallafawa iyaye mata 'yan Afirka-Amurka, Hardeman ta yi aiki don gyara makarantun likitanci don tabbatar da cewa an horar da ɗaliban su don samar da kulawa mai kyau ga dukkan marasa lafiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-01-01 |title=How Minnesota Universities are Accelerating Change in Health Care Education |url=https://tcbmag.com/how-minnesota-universities-are-accelerating-change-in-health-care-education/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725053715/https://tcbmag.com/how-minnesota-universities-are-accelerating-change-in-health-care-education/ |archive-date=2024-07-25 |access-date=2020-07-03 |website=Twin Cities Business |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tare da aiki tare da likita kuma masanin zamantakewa [[Brooke Cunningham]], Hardeman ya ƙirƙiro sabon manhajar makarantun likitanci wanda ke neman rage bambancin lafiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Hardeman tana da hannu a binciken likitanci, ilimi da manufofi. Ta fara damuwa cewa canje-canjen da aka yi wa Take X da gwamnatin Trump ta gabatar za su yi mummunan sakamako ga al'ummomin da aka ware, &quot;Wannan batu ne na adalci ga haihuwa da daidaito a lafiya. Hana marasa lafiya waɗanda ba su da galihu, matasa da kuma tsirarun kabilu [da] kabilu damar samun ayyukan kiwon lafiya na haihuwa rashin adalci ne kuma aikin tashin hankali ne,&quot;

A lokacin [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|annobar COVID-19,]] Hardeman ta yi bincike kan tasirin [[Koronavirus 2019|cutar coronavirus]] ga al'ummomin launin fata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=COVID-19 Webinar Series Session 18 – Health Inequities: Addressing the Disease Burden in Black, Indigenous, and People of Color Communities – Alliance for Health Policy |url=http://www.allhealthpolicy.org/covid-19-webinar-series-session-18-health-inequities-addressing-the-disease-burden-in-black-indigenous-and-people-of-color-communities-3/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607054927/https://www.allhealthpolicy.org/covid-19-webinar-series-session-18-health-inequities-addressing-the-disease-burden-in-black-indigenous-and-people-of-color-communities-3/ |archive-date=2023-06-07 |access-date=2020-07-03 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi imanin cewa tasirin cutar coronavirus akan ƙananan kabilu yana fallasa abin da ya faru game da kiwon lafiya [[Tarayyar Amurka|na Amurka]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-04 |title=Doctors Can't Treat COVID-19 Effectively Without Recognizing The Social Justice Aspects Of Health |url=https://www.latinousa.org/2020/06/04/covid19doctors/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424033523/https://www.latinousa.org/2020/06/04/covid19doctors/ |archive-date=2024-04-24 |access-date=2020-07-03 |website=Latino USA |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; tana jayayya cewa zai iya samar da dama &quot;don gina sabon tsari,&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tanne |first=Janice Hopkins |date=2020-06-18 |title=Ending US health inequalities needs multiple approaches, panel says |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/369/bmj.m2459 |url-status=live |journal=BMJ |language=en |volume=369 |doi=10.1136/bmj.m2459 |issn=1756-1833 |pmid=32554390 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424035024/https://www.bmj.com/content/369/bmj.m2459 |archive-date=2024-04-24 |access-date=2020-07-03 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dangane da kisan George Floyd, Hardeman da Rhea Boyd sun kira tashin hankalin 'yan sanda da wariyar launin fata a matsayin rikicin lafiyar jama'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=katieo |date=2020-06-11 |title='Stolen Breaths,' an NEJM commentary on the death of George Floyd and the health of Black Americans |url=https://twin-cities.umn.edu/news-events/stolen-breaths-nejm-commentary-death-george-floyd-and-health-black-americans |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902082119/https://twin-cities.umn.edu/news-events/stolen-breaths-nejm-commentary-death-george-floyd-and-health-black-americans |archive-date=2020-09-02 |access-date=2020-07-03 |website=University Relations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tare suka rubuta &quot;Zaɓin da ke gaban tsarin kiwon lafiya yanzu shine a nuna, ba a faɗi ba, cewa Rayuwar Baƙar fata Tana da Muhimmanci&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Ta yi jayayya cewa gano masu hulɗa da mutane, wanda mutane da yawa ke ɗauka a matsayin masu mahimmanci don rage yawan mace-macen cutar coronavirus, zai yi wahala a cikin al'ummomin da ba su yarda da cibiyoyi ba, musamman yayin da suka mayar da martani ga [[Rikicin 'yan sanda|zaluncin 'yan sanda]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Herman |first=Bob |date=6 June 2020 |title=How racism threatens the response to the coronavirus pandemic |url=https://www.axios.com/racism-coronavirus-response-a24a9d17-889c-4b37-9d80-2ae1cb9c8085.html |access-date=2020-07-03 |website=Axios |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hardeman ta ce yayin da kafofin watsa labarun suka fallasa [[Rikicin 'yan sanda|zaluncin 'yan sanda]] kuma suka ba da kayan aiki don shiryawa, &quot;Samun damar tunawa da waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru akai-akai yana da matuƙar illa ga lafiyar kwakwalwa da jin daɗin motsin rai.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2021, Hardeman ta kafa Cibiyar Bincike Kan Wariyar Launin Fata don Lafiya (CARHE, wanda aka fi sani da &quot;kulawa&quot;) da kyautar agaji ta dala miliyan 5 daga Blue Cross da Blue Shield na Minnesota ga Makarantar Lafiyar Jama'a ta Jami'ar Minnesota . &lt;ref name=&quot;iaphs-carhe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Karbeah |first=J'Mag |title=Meet the new Center for Antiracism Research for Health Equity |url=https://iaphs.org/meet-the-new-center-for-antiracism-research-for-health-equity/ |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726204850/https://iaphs.org/meet-the-new-center-for-antiracism-research-for-health-equity/ |archive-date=July 26, 2024 |access-date=July 26, 2024 |website=[[Interdisciplinary Association for Population Health Science]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manufar kafa CARHE ita ce (1) haɓaka bincike kan wariyar Launin Fata, (2) haɓaka sahihan hulɗar al'umma, (3) haɓaka ilimi da horo, (4) canza labarin launin fata da wariyar launin fata, da kuma (5) zama abin dogaro. A ranar 15 ga Mayu, 2025, bayan tafiyar Hardeman, Jami'ar ta sanar da rufe CARHE tun daga ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2025. 

A shekarar 2024, mujallar Time Magazine ta nada Hardeman a matsayin daya daga cikin mutane 100 mafi tasiri a shekarar 2024. 

Hardeman ta yi murabus daga muƙaminta a Jami'ar Minnesota a shekarar 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;mprnews.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-04-15 |title=Influential U of M public health professor resigns amid plagiarism allegations |url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2025/04/15/u-of-m-public-health-professor-rachel-hardeman-resigns-amid-plagiarism-allegations |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417032154/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2025/04/15/u-of-m-public-health-professor-rachel-hardeman-resigns-amid-plagiarism-allegations |archive-date=2025-04-17 |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=MPR News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malamai biyu sun zargi Hardeman da satar aikinsu, na uku kuma ya zargi Hardeman da cin zarafi. A shekarar 2023, Hardeman ta rubuta wa ɗaya daga cikin masu zarginta &quot;Na yi lalata da ita&quot; kuma ta bayyana cewa ba ta yi niyyar satar aikinta ba, sai ta manta da shi. Hardeman ta kira zarge-zargen &quot;ƙarya ne gaba ɗaya&quot; kuma ta ce kuskure ne na rashin danganta aikin abokin aikinta yadda ya kamata.&lt;ref name=&quot;mprnews.org&quot; /&gt; Duk da cewa Jami'ar Minnesota ta fara bincike kan zarge-zargen kuma ta gano cewa &quot;kuskure ne na gaskiya&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;mprnews.org&quot; /&gt; tun daga lokacin ake zarginta da yin ba daidai ba wajen gudanar da bincikenta na rahotanni uku na satar aikin da Hardeman ya yi kuma ba ta bayar da rahoton binciken ga NIH daidai ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 April 2025 |title=U of M accused of mishandling plagiarism allegations against influential professor |url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2025/04/28/university-minnesota-rachel-hardeman-plagiarism-allegations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514010154/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2025/04/28/university-minnesota-rachel-hardeman-plagiarism-allegations |archive-date=14 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Hardeman yana auren Eduardo Medina, likita.&lt;ref name=&quot;stat-12jan2024&quot;/&gt; Suna da 'ya mace, Leila.&lt;ref name=&quot;stat-12jan2024&quot; /&gt; 

== Lambobin yabo da girmamawa ==

* Rubutun Blog na Harkokin Lafiya na 2015 da Aka Fi Karantawa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |year=2016 |title=Post On Trends To Watch Leads The ''Health Affairs'' Blog Top-Ten List For 2015 {{!}} Health Affairs |url=https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/forefront.20160119.052730/full/ |language=en |doi=10.1377/forefront.20160119.052730 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Labarin Ƙwarewa ta Ƙungiyar Likitocin Cikin Gida ta Amurka ta 2016 John A. Benson Jr., MD&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Professionalism Article Prize |url=https://www.abimfoundation.org/what-we-do/medical-professionalism/professionalism-article-prize |access-date=2020-07-03 |website=ABIM Foundation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Takardar Bincike ta Ƙungiyar Ilimin Likitanci a Turai ta 2016 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=An International Association For Medical Education - AMEE |url=https://amee.org/awards-prizes/research-paper-awards |access-date=2020-07-03 |website=amee.org |archive-date=2022-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523134131/https://amee.org/awards-prizes/research-paper-awards |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Josie R. Johnson ta Jami'ar Minnesota ta 2019, Kyautar Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Adalci na Jama'a&lt;ref name=&quot;sph-13nov2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Plain |first=Charlie |date=November 13, 2019 |title=Hardeman honored with U's human rights and social justice award |url=https://www.sph.umn.edu/news/hardeman-honored-with-us-human-rights-and-social-justice-award/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725154313/https://www.sph.umn.edu/news/hardeman-honored-with-us-human-rights-and-social-justice-award/ |archive-date=July 25, 2024 |access-date=July 25, 2024 |website=[[University of Minnesota School of Public Health]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Binciken Lafiyar Jama'a ta ASSPH ta 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Social justice journalism |url=https://www.aspph.org/teach-research/awards/aspph-public-health-research-award/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628161620/https://www.aspph.org/teach-research/awards/aspph-public-health-research-award/ |archive-date=2020-06-28 |access-date=2020-07-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kyautar Alice S. Hersh ta Shugaban Kasa Mai Fitowa ta 2020 daga AcademyHealth&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 June 2020 |title=Social justice journalism |url=https://www.sph.umn.edu/news/hardeman-receives-academyhealths-emerging-leader-award/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2024 ''[[Time (magazine)|TIME:]]'' Mutane 100 Mafi Tasiri a 2024  

== Littattafai da aka zaɓa ==

* {{Cite journal |last=Phelan |first=Sean M. |last2=Dovidio |first2=John F. |last3=Puhl |first3=Rebecca M. |last4=Burgess |first4=Diana J. |last5=Nelson |first5=David B. |last6=Yeazel |first6=Mark W. |last7=Hardeman |first7=Rachel |last8=Perry |first8=Sylvia |last9=Ryn |first9=Michelle van |date=2014 |title=Implicit and explicit weight bias in a national sample of 4,732 medical students: The medical student CHANGES study |journal=Obesity |language=en |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=1201–1208 |doi=10.1002/oby.20687 |issn=1930-739X |pmc=3968216 |pmid=24375989}}
* {{Cite journal |last=van Ryn |first=Michelle |last2=Hardeman |first2=Rachel |last3=Phelan |first3=Sean M. |last4=PhD |first4=Diana J. Burgess |last5=Dovidio |first5=John F. |author-link5=John Dovidio |last6=Herrin |first6=Jeph |last7=Burke |first7=Sara E. |last8=Nelson |first8=David B. |last9=Perry |first9=Sylvia |last10=Yeazel |first10=Mark |last11=Przedworski |first11=Julia M. |date=2015-12-01 |title=Medical School Experiences Associated with Change in Implicit Racial Bias Among 3547 Students: A Medical Student CHANGES Study Report |journal=Journal of General Internal Medicine |language=en |volume=30 |issue=12 |pages=1748–1756 |doi=10.1007/s11606-015-3447-7 |issn=1525-1497 |pmc=4636581 |pmid=26129779}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Hardeman |first=Rachel R. |last2=Medina |first2=Eduardo M. |last3=Kozhimannil |first3=Katy B. |author-link3=Katy Kozhimannil |date=2016 |title=Structural Racism and Supporting Black Lives — The Role of Health Professionals |url= |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=375 |issue=22 |pages=2113–2115 |doi=10.1056/NEJMp1609535 |issn=0028-4793 |pmc=5588700 |pmid=27732126}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kozhimannil |first=Katy Backes |last2=Hassan |first2=Asha |last3=Hardeman |first3=Rachel R. |date=September 7, 2022 |title=Abortion Access as a Racial Justice Issue |url=https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp2209737 |journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=387 |issue=17 |pages=1537–1539 |doi=10.1056/NEJMp2209737 |pmid=36069823}}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>po67yh4u025jypbreatbht1tby31wey</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gülnar Hatun</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Abdulrahman tahir shika</username>
        <id>24962</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nayi gyara</comment>
      <origin>855693</origin>
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'''Gülnar Hatun''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Büyük Ece''', kimanin 731-769) mace ce 'yar asalin [[Turkiyya]]. (Hatun a zahiri lakabi ne da ke nufin &quot;mace&quot;.) Ba a san komai game da ita ba.

== Rayuwa ==
An haife ta a shekara ta 731 ga Yahşi da matarsa Duru. A cewar wani rahoto da ba a samu ba, iyalan sun fito ne daga wani reshe na dangin Göktürk. Iyalinta suna ƙauyen Dörtkuyu kusa da Merv, wanda yanzu yake a Turkmenistan. Merv tana ƙarƙashin mulkin Umayyad kuma Turkawa a Merv suna yaƙi da tilasta wa mutane yin wa'azi. Janar Nasr ibn Sayyar, shugaban Umayyad, ya kashe kakannin Gülnar da saurayinta Yirbağı a lokacin mulkin Khalifa Marwan na Biyu. Duk da cewa Abbasid ya maye gurbin Umayyad da Umayyad a shekara ta 750, a farkon shekarun mulkin Abbasid, manufofin Abbasid ba su bambanta da na Umayyad ba. Bayan an kashe Yırbağı shi ma, Gülnar tare da wata babbar ƙungiyar 'yan adawa ta tsere zuwa Al-'Awasim, wani yanki mai tsaro tsakanin Daular Abbasid da Byzantine, wanda yanzu yake a kudancin Turkiyya. A al Awasim, Gülnar ta fara yaƙi da Abbasids kuma a shekara ta 769 aka kashe ta a lokacin wani rikici a kusa da Gülek Pass (Ƙofofin Cilician na zamanin da).

== Gado ==
A shekarar 1950, an sake wa garin Hanaypazar na Turkmen da ke Lardin Mersin suna Gülnar . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Local Historian Ramazan Sarıtaş's book |url=http://www.gulaygazetesi.com/FileUpload/bs640577/File/3_k%C2%A6-tap_son_hal%C2%A6-_numarali.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052538/http://www.gulaygazetesi.com/FileUpload/bs640577/File/3_k%C2%A6-tap_son_hal%C2%A6-_numarali.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2015-10-13 |language=tr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yanzu Gülnar cibiya ce ta gunduma. A cewar wani ra'ayi, garin (wanda yanzu yake makwabtaka da Gülnar) an kuma sanya wa Büyükeceli suna bayan Gülnar Hatun (wanda kuma aka sani da Büyük Ece). 

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>6y8s3xuwwd2wowhixgut4djxq6ld8w7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Stratonice na Makidoniya</title>
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    <id>144349</id>
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      <id>855666</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Abdulrahman tahir shika</username>
        <id>24962</id>
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      <comment>Nayi gyara</comment>
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'''Stratonice''' ( Greek  , ''Stratoníkē'' ; ya rayu a ƙarni na 3 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS) na ƙasar [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Macedonia]] 'yar Stratonice ce ta Siriya kuma ta sarkin Seleucid Antiochus I Soter (281 &amp;#x2013; 261 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa). Ta auri Demetrius II (239 &amp;#x2013; 229 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa), sarkin [[Daular Macedoniya|Macedonia]].{{R|eus_164}}

== Tarihin rayuwa ==
Stratonice ta haifi Demetrius II 'yar da ake kira Apama. [1] Ba a san lokacin aurensu ba; amma ta bayyana cewa ta kasance a Makidoniya har zuwa kimanin 239 BC, lokacin da ta bar Demetrius cikin ƙyama, saboda aurensa na biyu ga Phthia, 'yar Olympias, kuma ta yi ritaya zuwa [[Siriya]]. A nan ta yi amfani da ɗan'uwanta Seleucus II Callinicus (246-225 BC) don rama zagi da aka ba ta ta ta hanyar ayyana yaƙi da sarkin Makidoniya. A cewar wani labarin, tana fatan ta sa Seleucus da kansa ya aure ta; amma wannan masarautar ta shagala da dawo da Babila da manyan larduna na daular. Yayinda yake aiki, Stratonice ya yi amfani da rashin sa don tayar da tawaye a kansa a Antakiya; amma an kore ta cikin sauƙi daga wannan birni a dawowar Seleucus, kuma ta nemi mafaka a Seleucia, inda aka kewaye ta, aka kama ta, kuma aka kashe ta.[1]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tsaftar ruwa da yanda ake sakin sa a senegal</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>152576</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855411</id>
      <parentid>841116</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T15:54:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirjat</username>
        <id>20447</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Albarkatun ruwa */</comment>
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      <text bytes="10945" sha1="pd3tbazekn2lseow1jx2cnpw02ci6tz" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Senegal''' yana da alaƙa da babban matakin samun ruwa idan aka kwatanta da yawancin ƙasashen kudu da hamadar Sahara. Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu (PPP) ya fara aiki a [[Senegal]] tun daga shekarar 1996, tare da [[Senegalaise des Eaux]] (SDE, wani reshe na [[:fr:Groupe SAUR|Saur International]] ) abokin hulɗa mai zaman kansa. SDE ba ta da tsarin ruwa, amma tana kula da shi bisa yarjejeniyar shekaru 10 daga gwamnatin Senegal. Tsakanin 1996 da 2014, tallace-tallacen ruwa sun ninka zuwa mita cubic miliyan 131 a kowace shekara; adadin haɗin gidaje ya ƙaru da kashi 165 cikin ɗari, zuwa sama da 638,000. A cewar Bankin Duniya, &quot;Ana ɗaukar lamarin Senegal a matsayin misali na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara&quot;.  Kamfanin tsaftar muhalli na ƙasa shine ke kula da najasa, tsaftace ruwan shara da magudanar ruwan sama, wanda aka yi wa kamfanin tsaftar muhalli na ƙasa na [[Tunisiya]] kuma ya keɓance a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na Afirka.

== Samun dama ==
A shekarar 2015, kashi 75 cikin 100 na al'ummar Senegal sun sami damar samun akalla tushen ruwa guda ɗaya, kuma kashi 48 cikin 100 sun sami damar samun tsaftar muhalli. Akwai babban bambanci tsakanin samar da ruwa a birane (kashi 91 cikin 100 na samun ruwa) da yankunan karkara (kashi 63 cikin 100).  Yawan samun tsaftar muhalli ya kuma bambanta sosai tsakanin yankunan birane da karkara, inda kashi 66 cikin 100 na al'ummar birane ke da hanyar samun tsaftar muhalli, kuma kashi 35 cikin 100 na al'ummar karkara ke da hanyar samun ruwa. A yankunan birane, kashi 75 cikin 100 na al'ummar suna da hanyar samun ruwa a gidajensu ko kuma a gidajensu, kuma kashi 17 cikin 100 sun dogara ne da wuraren samar da ruwa da [[Famfon titi mai tsayi|bututun ruwa]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/en/watquery.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217095912/http://www.wssinfo.org/en/watquery.html |archive-date=2008-12-17 |access-date=2008-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kashi 19 cikin 100 na al'ummar biranen ƙasar suna da hanyar samun ruwa ta magudanar ruwa, kuma kashi 60 cikin 100 suna da hanyar samun ruwa ta hanyar amfani da tankunan feshi ko kuma ingantattun bayan gida na gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

Tushe: Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na Kula da Ruwa da Tsafta na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] da [[UNICEF]]

Babban tushen waɗannan alkaluma shine binciken Senegal, wani ɓangare na [[World Health Survey|Binciken Lafiya na Duniya]] na WHO na 2003. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation: Water Senegal |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/country/SEN_wat.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213140320/http://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/country/SEN_wat.pdf |archive-date=2009-02-13 |access-date=2008-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adadin samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa a yankunan birane (kashi 92) ya ɗan yi ƙasa da adadin da kamfanin samar da ruwa na SDE ya ruwaito kuma Bankin Duniya ya ambato (kashi 98). &lt;ref name=&quot;IDA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Bank Group - International Development, Poverty, &amp; Sustainability |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/home |website=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sabis ==
[[Samar da Ruwa|Samar da ruwa]] a [[Dakar]] da sauran biranen Senegal yana ci gaba da gudana. A shekarar 1994, an samar da sabis na tsawon matsakaicin sa'o'i 16 a kowace rana. Ganin karuwar buƙata daga sabbin masu amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa da kuma ƙuntatawa kan albarkatun ruwa, kamfanin mai zaman kansa ya fara rarraba katsewar samar da ruwa daidai wa daida a tsakanin unguwannin Dakar.  An ƙara matsakaicin sa'o'in samar da ruwa a kowace rana zuwa 19 a shekarar 2001, kuma an samu ci gaba da samar da ruwa a shekarar 2006;  an samu nasarar hakan ne ta hanyar faɗaɗa bututun ruwa daga Lac de Guiers a shekarar 1999. A shekarar 2004, kashi 97.7 cikin ɗari na samfuran ruwa sun yi daidai da ƙa'idodin ruwa na ƙwayoyin cuta (sama da kashi 96 cikin ɗari a shekarar 1996). &lt;ref name=&quot;BIDE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Error - System Unavailable |url=https://message.worldbank.org/isp_error_page.htm |website=message.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Albarkatun Ruwa ==
[[File:River gambia Niokolokoba National Park.gif|thumb|alt=Aerial photo of a large, muddy river flowing past forests|upright=1.1|Kogin Gambia a cikin gidan shakatawa na kasar Senegal wato Niokolo-Koba National Park]]
[[File:SaloumULM.JPG|Kogin Saloum a tsakiyar Senegal|thumb|alt=Aerial photo of a river flowing through a desert with some vegetation|upright=0.9]]

Yanayin da na ƙasar Senegal na zafi ne (tropical climate), tare da bayyanannun lokutan rani da na damina. Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na birnin Dakar kusan {{convert|600|mm}} yana sauka ne tsakanin watannin Yuni da Oktoba. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya fito ne daga {{convert|270|mm}} kowace shekara a arewa zuwa {{convert|1793|mm}} kowace shekara a kudanci. Yanayin zafi na cikin ƙasa ya fi na gabar teku yawa.

Mafi girman albarkatun ruwa a ƙasar shine Kogin Senegal (Senegal River) da ke arewa, wanda ƙasar ke rabawa tare da Mauritania, Mali, da Guinea. Matsakaicin kwararar ruwansa ya kai lita biliyan 37 cubic meters kowace shekara. Tafkin Guiers (Lac de Guiers) wani muhimmin ma'ajiyar ruwa ne a saman gabar kogin Senegal, tare da adadin ruwa kusan miliyan 500 cubic meters. Shi ne babban tushen ruwa mai daɗi ga birnin Dakar, mai nisan daruruwan kilomita zuwa kudu maso yamma, ta hanyar bututun ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Kodayake ruwan Kogin Senegal yana da yawa, ruwa a mafi yawan sauran sassan ƙasar yana da ƙaranci. Sauran manyan sassan ruwa na sama sun haɗa da Kogin Casamance, Kogin Gambia, Kogin Saloum, Kogin Geba, Kogin Falémé da kuma lagun na Tamna kusa da Thiès.

Senegal tana da kusan lita biliyan uku cubic meters na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa mai sabuntawa, ban da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wanda ke haɗuwa da ruwan sama. Jimillar ruwan da aka ɗibo a shekarar 1987 ya kai biliyan 1.4 cubic meters, inda kashi 92 cikin ɗari na aikin gona ne, kashi uku cikin ɗari na masana'antu, sannan kashi biyar cikin ɗari na amfanin gida.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20040716162928/http://www.earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/Wat_cou_686.pdf World Resources Institute: Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems Senegal], 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'ajiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun haɗa da aquifers masu zurfin har zuwa {{convert|20|m}} a Casamance da kuma zurfin {{convert|40|-|60|m}} a Kaolack da Tamba, da kuma crop-outs{{clarify|date=July 2024|reason=What are crop-outs?}} kusa da Dakar da Thiès. Sun kuma haɗa da aquifers a zurfin {{convert|200|-|400|m}}. An kiyasta adadin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a kan biliyan bakwai cubic meters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/h2oeaudistribuee.htm |title=SDE: D'où vient l'eau distribuée by la SDE |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081110131936/http://www.sde.sn/h2oeaudistribuee.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawan amfani da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa fiye da kima (overexploitation) babbar matsala ce a sassan Senegal. Mont Rolland, mai nisan {{convert|70|km}} daga Dakar, an san shi da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na ma'adinai; a halin yanzu mazauna ƙauyen suna buƙatar yin hako mai zurfin har {{convert|80|m}} don hako ruwa. Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na ƙauyen ya ragu sosai saboda yawan hako da kamfanin ruwan ma'adinai ya yi, wanda a halin yanzu yake a rufe. Kusan kashi 80 cikin ɗari na masu aikin lambu na Senegal suna kusa da Mont Rolland.&lt;ref&gt;[http://ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=17216 IPS: Development-Senegal: Water Shortages Hit Women the Most], April 2003&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana wadatar da birnin Dakar ne da farko da ruwan da aka ɗibo daga fossil aquifers waɗanda ka iya kasancewa an yi amfani da su fiye da kima kuma sun gurɓata da ruwan gishiri. Ana kawo sassan ruwa daga masana'antar tace ruwa ta Ngnith da ke kan tafkin Guiers ta hanyar wani bututun mai rarraba ruwa wanda aka ƙara ƙarfin sa a shekarar 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot; /&gt; Saboda ƙaruwar buƙata da kuma buƙatar rufe rijiyoyin burtsatse da suka gurɓata, dole ne a kawo ruwan sama daga Kogin Senegal, mai nisan kusan {{convert|240|km}}, wanda ke buƙatar tsadar kuɗi na saka hannun jari don faɗaɗa bututun da ke akwai. Ana saurin ran ƙarin ruwan Kogin Senegal zai ƙaru daga 0.5 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s zuwa kusan 6.0 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s a shekarar 2030. Waɗannan buƙatun suna cikin haƙƙoƙin ruwa na ƙasar Senegal ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyoyin da ta ƙulla da ƙasashe maƙwabta. Sai dai, irin wannan babban adadin ruwa zai sami gagarumin tasiri ga muhalli a kan Tafkin Guiers da kuma yankin gabar Kogin Senegal. Kwararar ruwa mai ranci na gaba a Kogin Senegal yana da wuyar hango shi saboda canjin yanayi da rashin tabbas game da madatsar ruwa ta Manantali Dam.&lt;ref name=&quot;LTWSP&quot;&gt;[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2001/03/08/000094946_01021705482844/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf World Bank - Project Appraisal Document: Long-Term Water Supply Project], 2001, p. 4-6&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafi yawan ruwan datti na birnin Dakar ana zubar da shi ne, ba tare da an tace shi ba, zuwa cikin Tekun Atlantic.&lt;ref name=&quot;ONAS&quot;&gt;[http://www.onas.sn/onas.htm ONAS]&lt;/ref&gt; Masana'antar tace ruwan datti ta Cambérène, mafi girma a Senegal, tana tace kusan kashi 15 cikin ɗari na ruwan datti da ake samarwa a Dakar. Tun daga shekarar 2007, kamfanin SAUR na ƙasar Faransa ke gudanar da aikin tashar kuma ya faɗaɗa ta. Ana sake amfani da wasu sassan ruwan datti da aka tace.&lt;ref&gt;SAUR:[http://www.saur.com/index.php/international/senegal Sénégal:Station d'épuration de Cambérène (Dakar)], retrieved on May 27, 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Zuwa shekarar 2007, an sake amfani da ruwa don filin wasan golf kuma an tsara amfani da shi don shayar da bishiyoyi, korayen wurare da lambunan kayan lambu bayan an yi masa tace na mataki na uku (tertiary treatment).&lt;ref&gt;Agence de Presse Sénégalaise:[http://www.aps.sn/spip.php?article29057 Les eaux épurées de la stationde Cambérène, ''alternative'' pour économiser l'eau potable, selon Issa Mbaye Samb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722075751/http://www.aps.sn/spip.php?article29057 |date=2011-07-22 }}, 22 March 2007, retrieved on 27 May 2911&lt;/ref&gt;


== Kayan Aiki (Infrastructure) ==
[[File: Sg-map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=Map of Senegal|Manyan birane a Senegal]]
A shekarar 2005, hukumar ONAS ta gudanar da hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa mai tsawon {{convert|773|km|adj=on}}, tashoshin famfo na ruwan datti 57 da masana'antun tace ruwan datti guda bakwai, kuma tana da mambobi 70,931 a Dakar, Saint-Louis, Rufisque, Louga, Thiès, Saly da Kaolack. Hakanan ta gudanar da magudanun ruwan sama na {{convert|113|km}} da tashoshin famfo na ruwan sama guda bakwai a Dakar da wasu garuruwa guda huɗu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ONAS&quot; /&gt;

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'''Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Senegal''' yana da alaƙa da babban matakin samun ruwa idan aka kwatanta da yawancin ƙasashen kudu da hamadar Sahara. Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu (PPP) ya fara aiki a [[Senegal]] tun daga shekarar 1996, tare da [[Senegalaise des Eaux]] (SDE, wani reshe na [[:fr:Groupe SAUR|Saur International]] ) abokin hulɗa mai zaman kansa. SDE ba ta da tsarin ruwa, amma tana kula da shi bisa yarjejeniyar shekaru 10 daga gwamnatin Senegal. Tsakanin 1996 da 2014, tallace-tallacen ruwa sun ninka zuwa mita cubic miliyan 131 a kowace shekara; adadin haɗin gidaje ya ƙaru da kashi 165 cikin ɗari, zuwa sama da 638,000. A cewar Bankin Duniya, &quot;Ana ɗaukar lamarin Senegal a matsayin misali na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara&quot;.  Kamfanin tsaftar muhalli na ƙasa shine ke kula da najasa, tsaftace ruwan shara da magudanar ruwan sama, wanda aka yi wa kamfanin tsaftar muhalli na ƙasa na [[Tunisiya]] kuma ya keɓance a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na Afirka.

== Samun dama ==
A shekarar 2015, kashi 75 cikin 100 na al'ummar Senegal sun sami damar samun akalla tushen ruwa guda ɗaya, kuma kashi 48 cikin 100 sun sami damar samun tsaftar muhalli. Akwai babban bambanci tsakanin samar da ruwa a birane (kashi 91 cikin 100 na samun ruwa) da yankunan karkara (kashi 63 cikin 100).  Yawan samun tsaftar muhalli ya kuma bambanta sosai tsakanin yankunan birane da karkara, inda kashi 66 cikin 100 na al'ummar birane ke da hanyar samun tsaftar muhalli, kuma kashi 35 cikin 100 na al'ummar karkara ke da hanyar samun ruwa. A yankunan birane, kashi 75 cikin 100 na al'ummar suna da hanyar samun ruwa a gidajensu ko kuma a gidajensu, kuma kashi 17 cikin 100 sun dogara ne da wuraren samar da ruwa da [[Famfon titi mai tsayi|bututun ruwa]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/en/watquery.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217095912/http://www.wssinfo.org/en/watquery.html |archive-date=2008-12-17 |access-date=2008-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kashi 19 cikin 100 na al'ummar biranen ƙasar suna da hanyar samun ruwa ta magudanar ruwa, kuma kashi 60 cikin 100 suna da hanyar samun ruwa ta hanyar amfani da tankunan feshi ko kuma ingantattun bayan gida na gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

Tushe: Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na Kula da Ruwa da Tsafta na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] da [[UNICEF]]

Babban tushen waɗannan alkaluma shine binciken Senegal, wani ɓangare na [[World Health Survey|Binciken Lafiya na Duniya]] na WHO na 2003. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation: Water Senegal |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/country/SEN_wat.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213140320/http://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/country/SEN_wat.pdf |archive-date=2009-02-13 |access-date=2008-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adadin samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa a yankunan birane (kashi 92) ya ɗan yi ƙasa da adadin da kamfanin samar da ruwa na SDE ya ruwaito kuma Bankin Duniya ya ambato (kashi 98). &lt;ref name=&quot;IDA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Bank Group - International Development, Poverty, &amp; Sustainability |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/home |website=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sabis ==
[[Samar da Ruwa|Samar da ruwa]] a [[Dakar]] da sauran biranen Senegal yana ci gaba da gudana. A shekarar 1994, an samar da sabis na tsawon matsakaicin sa'o'i 16 a kowace rana. Ganin karuwar buƙata daga sabbin masu amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa da kuma ƙuntatawa kan albarkatun ruwa, kamfanin mai zaman kansa ya fara rarraba katsewar samar da ruwa daidai wa daida a tsakanin unguwannin Dakar.  An ƙara matsakaicin sa'o'in samar da ruwa a kowace rana zuwa 19 a shekarar 2001, kuma an samu ci gaba da samar da ruwa a shekarar 2006;  an samu nasarar hakan ne ta hanyar faɗaɗa bututun ruwa daga Lac de Guiers a shekarar 1999. A shekarar 2004, kashi 97.7 cikin ɗari na samfuran ruwa sun yi daidai da ƙa'idodin ruwa na ƙwayoyin cuta (sama da kashi 96 cikin ɗari a shekarar 1996). &lt;ref name=&quot;BIDE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Error - System Unavailable |url=https://message.worldbank.org/isp_error_page.htm |website=message.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Albarkatun Ruwa ==
[[File:River gambia Niokolokoba National Park.gif|thumb|alt=Aerial photo of a large, muddy river flowing past forests|upright=1.1|Kogin Gambia a cikin gidan shakatawa na kasar Senegal wato Niokolo-Koba National Park]]
[[File:SaloumULM.JPG|Kogin Saloum a tsakiyar Senegal|thumb|alt=Aerial photo of a river flowing through a desert with some vegetation|upright=0.9]]

Yanayin da na ƙasar Senegal na zafi ne (tropical climate), tare da bayyanannun lokutan rani da na damina. Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na birnin Dakar kusan {{convert|600|mm}} yana sauka ne tsakanin watannin Yuni da Oktoba. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya fito ne daga {{convert|270|mm}} kowace shekara a arewa zuwa {{convert|1793|mm}} kowace shekara a kudanci. Yanayin zafi na cikin ƙasa ya fi na gabar teku yawa.

Mafi girman albarkatun ruwa a ƙasar shine Kogin Senegal (Senegal River) da ke arewa, wanda ƙasar ke rabawa tare da Mauritania, Mali, da Guinea. Matsakaicin kwararar ruwansa ya kai lita biliyan 37 cubic meters kowace shekara. Tafkin Guiers (Lac de Guiers) wani muhimmin ma'ajiyar ruwa ne a saman gabar kogin Senegal, tare da adadin ruwa kusan miliyan 500 cubic meters. Shi ne babban tushen ruwa mai daɗi ga birnin Dakar, mai nisan daruruwan kilomita zuwa kudu maso yamma, ta hanyar bututun ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Kodayake ruwan Kogin Senegal yana da yawa, ruwa a mafi yawan sauran sassan ƙasar yana da ƙaranci. Sauran manyan sassan ruwa na sama sun haɗa da Kogin Casamance, Kogin Gambia, Kogin Saloum, Kogin Geba, Kogin Falémé da kuma lagun na Tamna kusa da Thiès.

Senegal tana da kusan lita biliyan uku cubic meters na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa mai sabuntawa, ban da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wanda ke haɗuwa da ruwan sama. Jimillar ruwan da aka ɗibo a shekarar 1987 ya kai biliyan 1.4 cubic meters, inda kashi 92 cikin ɗari na aikin gona ne, kashi uku cikin ɗari na masana'antu, sannan kashi biyar cikin ɗari na amfanin gida.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20040716162928/http://www.earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/Wat_cou_686.pdf World Resources Institute: Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems Senegal], 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'ajiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun haɗa da aquifers masu zurfin har zuwa {{convert|20|m}} a Casamance da kuma zurfin {{convert|40|-|60|m}} a Kaolack da Tamba, da kuma crop-outs{{clarify|date=July 2024|reason=What are crop-outs?}} kusa da Dakar da Thiès. Sun kuma haɗa da aquifers a zurfin {{convert|200|-|400|m}}. An kiyasta adadin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a kan biliyan bakwai cubic meters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/h2oeaudistribuee.htm |title=SDE: D'où vient l'eau distribuée by la SDE |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081110131936/http://www.sde.sn/h2oeaudistribuee.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawan amfani da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa fiye da kima (overexploitation) babbar matsala ce a sassan Senegal. Mont Rolland, mai nisan {{convert|70|km}} daga Dakar, an san shi da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na ma'adinai; a halin yanzu mazauna ƙauyen suna buƙatar yin hako mai zurfin har {{convert|80|m}} don hako ruwa. Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na ƙauyen ya ragu sosai saboda yawan hako da kamfanin ruwan ma'adinai ya yi, wanda a halin yanzu yake a rufe. Kusan kashi 80 cikin ɗari na masu aikin lambu na Senegal suna kusa da Mont Rolland.&lt;ref&gt;[http://ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=17216 IPS: Development-Senegal: Water Shortages Hit Women the Most], April 2003&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana wadatar da birnin Dakar ne da farko da ruwan da aka ɗibo daga fossil aquifers waɗanda ka iya kasancewa an yi amfani da su fiye da kima kuma sun gurɓata da ruwan gishiri. Ana kawo sassan ruwa daga masana'antar tace ruwa ta Ngnith da ke kan tafkin Guiers ta hanyar wani bututun mai rarraba ruwa wanda aka ƙara ƙarfin sa a shekarar 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot; /&gt; Saboda ƙaruwar buƙata da kuma buƙatar rufe rijiyoyin burtsatse da suka gurɓata, dole ne a kawo ruwan sama daga Kogin Senegal, mai nisan kusan {{convert|240|km}}, wanda ke buƙatar tsadar kuɗi na saka hannun jari don faɗaɗa bututun da ke akwai. Ana saurin ran ƙarin ruwan Kogin Senegal zai ƙaru daga 0.5 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s zuwa kusan 6.0 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s a shekarar 2030. Waɗannan buƙatun suna cikin haƙƙoƙin ruwa na ƙasar Senegal ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyoyin da ta ƙulla da ƙasashe maƙwabta. Sai dai, irin wannan babban adadin ruwa zai sami gagarumin tasiri ga muhalli a kan Tafkin Guiers da kuma yankin gabar Kogin Senegal. Kwararar ruwa mai ranci na gaba a Kogin Senegal yana da wuyar hango shi saboda canjin yanayi da rashin tabbas game da madatsar ruwa ta Manantali Dam.&lt;ref name=&quot;LTWSP&quot;&gt;[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2001/03/08/000094946_01021705482844/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf World Bank - Project Appraisal Document: Long-Term Water Supply Project], 2001, p. 4-6&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafi yawan ruwan datti na birnin Dakar ana zubar da shi ne, ba tare da an tace shi ba, zuwa cikin Tekun Atlantic.&lt;ref name=&quot;ONAS&quot;&gt;[http://www.onas.sn/onas.htm ONAS]&lt;/ref&gt; Masana'antar tace ruwan datti ta Cambérène, mafi girma a Senegal, tana tace kusan kashi 15 cikin ɗari na ruwan datti da ake samarwa a Dakar. Tun daga shekarar 2007, kamfanin SAUR na ƙasar Faransa ke gudanar da aikin tashar kuma ya faɗaɗa ta. Ana sake amfani da wasu sassan ruwan datti da aka tace.&lt;ref&gt;SAUR:[http://www.saur.com/index.php/international/senegal Sénégal:Station d'épuration de Cambérène (Dakar)], retrieved on May 27, 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Zuwa shekarar 2007, an sake amfani da ruwa don filin wasan golf kuma an tsara amfani da shi don shayar da bishiyoyi, korayen wurare da lambunan kayan lambu bayan an yi masa tace na mataki na uku (tertiary treatment).&lt;ref&gt;Agence de Presse Sénégalaise:[http://www.aps.sn/spip.php?article29057 Les eaux épurées de la stationde Cambérène, ''alternative'' pour économiser l'eau potable, selon Issa Mbaye Samb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722075751/http://www.aps.sn/spip.php?article29057 |date=2011-07-22 }}, 22 March 2007, retrieved on 27 May 2911&lt;/ref&gt;


== Kayan Aiki (Infrastructure) ==
[[File: Sg-map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=Map of Senegal|Manyan birane a Senegal]]
A shekarar 2005, hukumar ONAS ta gudanar da hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa mai tsawon {{convert|773|km|adj=on}}, tashoshin famfo na ruwan datti 57 da masana'antun tace ruwan datti guda bakwai, kuma tana da mambobi 70,931 a Dakar, Saint-Louis, Rufisque, Louga, Thiès, Saly da Kaolack. Hakanan ta gudanar da magudanun ruwan sama na {{convert|113|km}} da tashoshin famfo na ruwan sama guda bakwai a Dakar da wasu garuruwa guda huɗu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ONAS&quot; /&gt;

== Nauyi (Responsibility) ==

=== Manufofi (Policy) ===

Ma'aikatar Tsarin Birane, Gidaje, Ruwan Cikin Gari, Tsaftar Muhalli da Lafiyar Jama'a (Ministère de l'Urbanisme, de l'Habitat, de l'Hydraulique urbaine, de l'Hygiène publique et de l'Assainissement) ita ce ke tsara manufofi na wadatar da ruwan sha da tsabtace muhalli a birane. Ita kuma Ma'aikatar Ruwan Karkara da Hanyoyin Ruwa na Ƙasa (Ministère de l'Hydraulique rurale et du Réseau hydrographique national) tana kula da samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara. Waɗannan ayyukan a baya sun kasance ne a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona.

=== Samar da Ayyuka ===

Nauyin samar da ruwa a birane yana tsakanin kamfanin ruwa na ƙasar Senegal (Société Nationale des Eaux du Senegal, SONES), wanda kamfani ne na gwamnati, da kuma kamfanin Sénégalaise des Eaux (SDE), wanda kamfani ne mai zaman kansa. Kamfanin ruwa na Faransa wato SAUR ne ya fara mallakar kashi 51 cikin ɗari na hannun jari a SDE, sauran kashi 49 kuma an raba su ne tsakanin gwamnatin Senegal (kashi biyar), mutanen Senegal (kashi 39) da ma'aikatan kamfanin (kashi biyar). A shekarar 2011, ba a lissafa SAUR a matsayin mai hannun jari a rukunin yanar gizon SDE ba. Hannun jarin na su yana ƙarƙashin kamfanin Finagestion ne na Afirka ta Yamma, wanda mafi yawan mallakarsa ke hannun babban kamfanin saka hannun jari mai zaman kansa (private equity) na Emerging Capital Partners wanda ke da mazauni a Amurka kuma ya fi mayar da hankali kan Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;Senegalaise des Eaux:[http://www.sde.sn/entpresentation.htm Senegalaise des Eaux:L'entreprise] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005234221/http://www.sde.sn/entpresentation.htm |date=2011-10-05 }}, retrieved on May 27, 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar Tsaftar Muhalli ta Ƙasa ta Senegal (Office National de l'Assainissement du Sénégal - ONAS) ita ce ke kula da tsabtace muhalli.

A yankunan karkara, ƙungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa da aka sani da Associations d'usagers de forages ruraux (ASUFOR) sune ke kula da tsarin ruwan da ake samu daga rijiyoyin burtsatse (tube wells). Senegal tana tilasta musu sanya hannu kan kwangilar kulawa tare da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don tabbatar da dorewar tsarin, kuma suna iya mika aikin tafiyar da tsarinsu ga wasu ɓangororrin na daban.


== Sabbin Hanyoyi (Approaches) ==

Sabuwar hanyar da aka gabatar a fannin ruwa na Senegal ta haɗa da kwangilar hayar filaye na ƙasa baki ɗaya, haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da al'umma don samar da famfunan ruwa na jama'a (standpipes) a Dakar, da kuma amfani da ƙananan kamfanoni don kula da tsarin ruwa na karkara da ƙananan garuruwa tare da tallafin ƙananan rance (micro-credits).

=== Hayar samar da ruwa a birane ===
Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun hanyoyin da suka yi nasara wajen samar da ruwa a Senegal ita ce yarjejeniyar hayar da aka sanya wa hannu a shekarar 1996. A cewar gwamnatin Senegal, adadin abokan ciniki na kamfanin Sénégalaise des eaux (SDE) ya ƙaru daga 241,671 a shekarar 1996 zuwa 638,629 a shekarar 2014. Daga cikin sabbin hanyoyin haɗin ruwa kusan 400,000, guda 206,000 sun amfani mafi rukunin matalautan jama'a ne, musamman a kewayen birnin Dakar.&lt;ref name=WL&gt;{{cite journal|last1=N.N.|title=Remodelling Access|journal=Water Leader|date=July 2015|volume=3|issue=1|page=12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank), gwamnati ta isa ga matalauta ta hanyar kafa asusun ƙasa don tallafawa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Manufar ita ce inganta ayyuka ga matalauta a kan farashi mafi ƙanƙanta. Haɗin ruwa na jin daɗin jama'a (social connections) kyauta ne, yayin da aka caji kuɗin haɗawa ga gidaje masu wadata. SDE da Kamfanin Amfanin Ruwa na Ƙasar Senegal (SONES) sun yi aiki ta hanyar wata babbar ƙungiyar NGO don gano buƙatun haɗin ruwa na jin daɗin jama'a, kuma kamfani mai zaman kansa ya kafa tsarin biyan kuɗi na kwamfuta na zamani; wannan ya sauƙaƙa biyan kuɗi ga abokan ciniki na gida. An gudanar da ladan ma'aikacin ne bisa adadin ruwan da aka samar da kuma sayar da shi, wanda hakan ya ba da kwarin gwiwa don yi wa abokan ciniki da dama hidima da kuma rage asarar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;IDA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/home|title=World Bank Group - International Development, Poverty, &amp; Sustainability|website=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani bincike da Cibiyar Tattalin Arziƙi na Ƙasashe Masu Tasowa ta Boston (BIDE) ta gudanar a shekarar 2006 ya kiyasta gagarumar fa'ida ta yarjejeniyar hayar a kan dalar Amurka miliyan $457. Abokan ciniki sun sami ingantacciyar hanyar samun ruwa mai yawa da kuma kulawar gwamnati, sannan ƙananan fa'idodi (dala miliyan $6) sun tafi ga masu mallakar kamfanin ruwa. Masu ba da rance na ƙasashen waje sun yi asarar dala miliyan $14 sannan ma'aikata sun yi asarar dala miliyan $10 saboda rashi ko raguwar ayyukan yi da ƙananan ƙarin albashi da alawus-alawus.&lt;ref name=&quot;BIDE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://message.worldbank.org/isp_error_page.htm|title=Error - System Unavailable|website=message.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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'''Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Senegal''' yana da alaƙa da babban matakin samun ruwa idan aka kwatanta da yawancin ƙasashen kudu da hamadar Sahara. Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu (PPP) ya fara aiki a [[Senegal]] tun daga shekarar 1996, tare da [[Senegalaise des Eaux]] (SDE, wani reshe na [[:fr:Groupe SAUR|Saur International]] ) abokin hulɗa mai zaman kansa. SDE ba ta da tsarin ruwa, amma tana kula da shi bisa yarjejeniyar shekaru 10 daga gwamnatin Senegal. Tsakanin 1996 da 2014, tallace-tallacen ruwa sun ninka zuwa mita cubic miliyan 131 a kowace shekara; adadin haɗin gidaje ya ƙaru da kashi 165 cikin ɗari, zuwa sama da 638,000. A cewar Bankin Duniya, &quot;Ana ɗaukar lamarin Senegal a matsayin misali na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara&quot;.  Kamfanin tsaftar muhalli na ƙasa shine ke kula da najasa, tsaftace ruwan shara da magudanar ruwan sama, wanda aka yi wa kamfanin tsaftar muhalli na ƙasa na [[Tunisiya]] kuma ya keɓance a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na Afirka.

== Samun dama ==
A shekarar 2015, kashi 75 cikin 100 na al'ummar Senegal sun sami damar samun akalla tushen ruwa guda ɗaya, kuma kashi 48 cikin 100 sun sami damar samun tsaftar muhalli. Akwai babban bambanci tsakanin samar da ruwa a birane (kashi 91 cikin 100 na samun ruwa) da yankunan karkara (kashi 63 cikin 100).  Yawan samun tsaftar muhalli ya kuma bambanta sosai tsakanin yankunan birane da karkara, inda kashi 66 cikin 100 na al'ummar birane ke da hanyar samun tsaftar muhalli, kuma kashi 35 cikin 100 na al'ummar karkara ke da hanyar samun ruwa. A yankunan birane, kashi 75 cikin 100 na al'ummar suna da hanyar samun ruwa a gidajensu ko kuma a gidajensu, kuma kashi 17 cikin 100 sun dogara ne da wuraren samar da ruwa da [[Famfon titi mai tsayi|bututun ruwa]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/en/watquery.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217095912/http://www.wssinfo.org/en/watquery.html |archive-date=2008-12-17 |access-date=2008-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kashi 19 cikin 100 na al'ummar biranen ƙasar suna da hanyar samun ruwa ta magudanar ruwa, kuma kashi 60 cikin 100 suna da hanyar samun ruwa ta hanyar amfani da tankunan feshi ko kuma ingantattun bayan gida na gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

Tushe: Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na Kula da Ruwa da Tsafta na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] da [[UNICEF]]

Babban tushen waɗannan alkaluma shine binciken Senegal, wani ɓangare na [[World Health Survey|Binciken Lafiya na Duniya]] na WHO na 2003. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation: Water Senegal |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/country/SEN_wat.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213140320/http://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/country/SEN_wat.pdf |archive-date=2009-02-13 |access-date=2008-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adadin samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa a yankunan birane (kashi 92) ya ɗan yi ƙasa da adadin da kamfanin samar da ruwa na SDE ya ruwaito kuma Bankin Duniya ya ambato (kashi 98). &lt;ref name=&quot;IDA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Bank Group - International Development, Poverty, &amp; Sustainability |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/home |website=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sabis ==
[[Samar da Ruwa|Samar da ruwa]] a [[Dakar]] da sauran biranen Senegal yana ci gaba da gudana. A shekarar 1994, an samar da sabis na tsawon matsakaicin sa'o'i 16 a kowace rana. Ganin karuwar buƙata daga sabbin masu amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa da kuma ƙuntatawa kan albarkatun ruwa, kamfanin mai zaman kansa ya fara rarraba katsewar samar da ruwa daidai wa daida a tsakanin unguwannin Dakar.  An ƙara matsakaicin sa'o'in samar da ruwa a kowace rana zuwa 19 a shekarar 2001, kuma an samu ci gaba da samar da ruwa a shekarar 2006;  an samu nasarar hakan ne ta hanyar faɗaɗa bututun ruwa daga Lac de Guiers a shekarar 1999. A shekarar 2004, kashi 97.7 cikin ɗari na samfuran ruwa sun yi daidai da ƙa'idodin ruwa na ƙwayoyin cuta (sama da kashi 96 cikin ɗari a shekarar 1996). &lt;ref name=&quot;BIDE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Error - System Unavailable |url=https://message.worldbank.org/isp_error_page.htm |website=message.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Albarkatun Ruwa ==
[[File:River gambia Niokolokoba National Park.gif|thumb|alt=Aerial photo of a large, muddy river flowing past forests|upright=1.1|Kogin Gambia a cikin gidan shakatawa na kasar Senegal wato Niokolo-Koba National Park]]
[[File:SaloumULM.JPG|Kogin Saloum a tsakiyar Senegal|thumb|alt=Aerial photo of a river flowing through a desert with some vegetation|upright=0.9]]

Yanayin da na ƙasar Senegal na zafi ne (tropical climate), tare da bayyanannun lokutan rani da na damina. Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na birnin Dakar kusan {{convert|600|mm}} yana sauka ne tsakanin watannin Yuni da Oktoba. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya fito ne daga {{convert|270|mm}} kowace shekara a arewa zuwa {{convert|1793|mm}} kowace shekara a kudanci. Yanayin zafi na cikin ƙasa ya fi na gabar teku yawa.

Mafi girman albarkatun ruwa a ƙasar shine Kogin Senegal (Senegal River) da ke arewa, wanda ƙasar ke rabawa tare da Mauritania, Mali, da Guinea. Matsakaicin kwararar ruwansa ya kai lita biliyan 37 cubic meters kowace shekara. Tafkin Guiers (Lac de Guiers) wani muhimmin ma'ajiyar ruwa ne a saman gabar kogin Senegal, tare da adadin ruwa kusan miliyan 500 cubic meters. Shi ne babban tushen ruwa mai daɗi ga birnin Dakar, mai nisan daruruwan kilomita zuwa kudu maso yamma, ta hanyar bututun ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Kodayake ruwan Kogin Senegal yana da yawa, ruwa a mafi yawan sauran sassan ƙasar yana da ƙaranci. Sauran manyan sassan ruwa na sama sun haɗa da Kogin Casamance, Kogin Gambia, Kogin Saloum, Kogin Geba, Kogin Falémé da kuma lagun na Tamna kusa da Thiès.

Senegal tana da kusan lita biliyan uku cubic meters na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa mai sabuntawa, ban da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wanda ke haɗuwa da ruwan sama. Jimillar ruwan da aka ɗibo a shekarar 1987 ya kai biliyan 1.4 cubic meters, inda kashi 92 cikin ɗari na aikin gona ne, kashi uku cikin ɗari na masana'antu, sannan kashi biyar cikin ɗari na amfanin gida.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20040716162928/http://www.earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/Wat_cou_686.pdf World Resources Institute: Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems Senegal], 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'ajiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun haɗa da aquifers masu zurfin har zuwa {{convert|20|m}} a Casamance da kuma zurfin {{convert|40|-|60|m}} a Kaolack da Tamba, da kuma crop-outs{{clarify|date=July 2024|reason=What are crop-outs?}} kusa da Dakar da Thiès. Sun kuma haɗa da aquifers a zurfin {{convert|200|-|400|m}}. An kiyasta adadin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a kan biliyan bakwai cubic meters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/h2oeaudistribuee.htm |title=SDE: D'où vient l'eau distribuée by la SDE |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081110131936/http://www.sde.sn/h2oeaudistribuee.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawan amfani da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa fiye da kima (overexploitation) babbar matsala ce a sassan Senegal. Mont Rolland, mai nisan {{convert|70|km}} daga Dakar, an san shi da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na ma'adinai; a halin yanzu mazauna ƙauyen suna buƙatar yin hako mai zurfin har {{convert|80|m}} don hako ruwa. Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na ƙauyen ya ragu sosai saboda yawan hako da kamfanin ruwan ma'adinai ya yi, wanda a halin yanzu yake a rufe. Kusan kashi 80 cikin ɗari na masu aikin lambu na Senegal suna kusa da Mont Rolland.&lt;ref&gt;[http://ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=17216 IPS: Development-Senegal: Water Shortages Hit Women the Most], April 2003&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana wadatar da birnin Dakar ne da farko da ruwan da aka ɗibo daga fossil aquifers waɗanda ka iya kasancewa an yi amfani da su fiye da kima kuma sun gurɓata da ruwan gishiri. Ana kawo sassan ruwa daga masana'antar tace ruwa ta Ngnith da ke kan tafkin Guiers ta hanyar wani bututun mai rarraba ruwa wanda aka ƙara ƙarfin sa a shekarar 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot; /&gt; Saboda ƙaruwar buƙata da kuma buƙatar rufe rijiyoyin burtsatse da suka gurɓata, dole ne a kawo ruwan sama daga Kogin Senegal, mai nisan kusan {{convert|240|km}}, wanda ke buƙatar tsadar kuɗi na saka hannun jari don faɗaɗa bututun da ke akwai. Ana saurin ran ƙarin ruwan Kogin Senegal zai ƙaru daga 0.5 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s zuwa kusan 6.0 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s a shekarar 2030. Waɗannan buƙatun suna cikin haƙƙoƙin ruwa na ƙasar Senegal ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyoyin da ta ƙulla da ƙasashe maƙwabta. Sai dai, irin wannan babban adadin ruwa zai sami gagarumin tasiri ga muhalli a kan Tafkin Guiers da kuma yankin gabar Kogin Senegal. Kwararar ruwa mai ranci na gaba a Kogin Senegal yana da wuyar hango shi saboda canjin yanayi da rashin tabbas game da madatsar ruwa ta Manantali Dam.&lt;ref name=&quot;LTWSP&quot;&gt;[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2001/03/08/000094946_01021705482844/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf World Bank - Project Appraisal Document: Long-Term Water Supply Project], 2001, p. 4-6&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafi yawan ruwan datti na birnin Dakar ana zubar da shi ne, ba tare da an tace shi ba, zuwa cikin Tekun Atlantic.&lt;ref name=&quot;ONAS&quot;&gt;[http://www.onas.sn/onas.htm ONAS]&lt;/ref&gt; Masana'antar tace ruwan datti ta Cambérène, mafi girma a Senegal, tana tace kusan kashi 15 cikin ɗari na ruwan datti da ake samarwa a Dakar. Tun daga shekarar 2007, kamfanin SAUR na ƙasar Faransa ke gudanar da aikin tashar kuma ya faɗaɗa ta. Ana sake amfani da wasu sassan ruwan datti da aka tace.&lt;ref&gt;SAUR:[http://www.saur.com/index.php/international/senegal Sénégal:Station d'épuration de Cambérène (Dakar)], retrieved on May 27, 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Zuwa shekarar 2007, an sake amfani da ruwa don filin wasan golf kuma an tsara amfani da shi don shayar da bishiyoyi, korayen wurare da lambunan kayan lambu bayan an yi masa tace na mataki na uku (tertiary treatment).&lt;ref&gt;Agence de Presse Sénégalaise:[http://www.aps.sn/spip.php?article29057 Les eaux épurées de la stationde Cambérène, ''alternative'' pour économiser l'eau potable, selon Issa Mbaye Samb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722075751/http://www.aps.sn/spip.php?article29057 |date=2011-07-22 }}, 22 March 2007, retrieved on 27 May 2911&lt;/ref&gt;


== Kayan Aiki (Infrastructure) ==
[[File: Sg-map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=Map of Senegal|Manyan birane a Senegal]]
A shekarar 2005, hukumar ONAS ta gudanar da hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa mai tsawon {{convert|773|km|adj=on}}, tashoshin famfo na ruwan datti 57 da masana'antun tace ruwan datti guda bakwai, kuma tana da mambobi 70,931 a Dakar, Saint-Louis, Rufisque, Louga, Thiès, Saly da Kaolack. Hakanan ta gudanar da magudanun ruwan sama na {{convert|113|km}} da tashoshin famfo na ruwan sama guda bakwai a Dakar da wasu garuruwa guda huɗu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ONAS&quot; /&gt;

== Nauyi (Responsibility) ==

=== Manufofi (Policy) ===

Ma'aikatar Tsarin Birane, Gidaje, Ruwan Cikin Gari, Tsaftar Muhalli da Lafiyar Jama'a (Ministère de l'Urbanisme, de l'Habitat, de l'Hydraulique urbaine, de l'Hygiène publique et de l'Assainissement) ita ce ke tsara manufofi na wadatar da ruwan sha da tsabtace muhalli a birane. Ita kuma Ma'aikatar Ruwan Karkara da Hanyoyin Ruwa na Ƙasa (Ministère de l'Hydraulique rurale et du Réseau hydrographique national) tana kula da samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara. Waɗannan ayyukan a baya sun kasance ne a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona.

=== Samar da Ayyuka ===

Nauyin samar da ruwa a birane yana tsakanin kamfanin ruwa na ƙasar Senegal (Société Nationale des Eaux du Senegal, SONES), wanda kamfani ne na gwamnati, da kuma kamfanin Sénégalaise des Eaux (SDE), wanda kamfani ne mai zaman kansa. Kamfanin ruwa na Faransa wato SAUR ne ya fara mallakar kashi 51 cikin ɗari na hannun jari a SDE, sauran kashi 49 kuma an raba su ne tsakanin gwamnatin Senegal (kashi biyar), mutanen Senegal (kashi 39) da ma'aikatan kamfanin (kashi biyar). A shekarar 2011, ba a lissafa SAUR a matsayin mai hannun jari a rukunin yanar gizon SDE ba. Hannun jarin na su yana ƙarƙashin kamfanin Finagestion ne na Afirka ta Yamma, wanda mafi yawan mallakarsa ke hannun babban kamfanin saka hannun jari mai zaman kansa (private equity) na Emerging Capital Partners wanda ke da mazauni a Amurka kuma ya fi mayar da hankali kan Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;Senegalaise des Eaux:[http://www.sde.sn/entpresentation.htm Senegalaise des Eaux:L'entreprise] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005234221/http://www.sde.sn/entpresentation.htm |date=2011-10-05 }}, retrieved on May 27, 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar Tsaftar Muhalli ta Ƙasa ta Senegal (Office National de l'Assainissement du Sénégal - ONAS) ita ce ke kula da tsabtace muhalli.

A yankunan karkara, ƙungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa da aka sani da Associations d'usagers de forages ruraux (ASUFOR) sune ke kula da tsarin ruwan da ake samu daga rijiyoyin burtsatse (tube wells). Senegal tana tilasta musu sanya hannu kan kwangilar kulawa tare da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don tabbatar da dorewar tsarin, kuma suna iya mika aikin tafiyar da tsarinsu ga wasu ɓangororrin na daban.


== Sabbin Hanyoyi (Approaches) ==

Sabuwar hanyar da aka gabatar a fannin ruwa na Senegal ta haɗa da kwangilar hayar filaye na ƙasa baki ɗaya, haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da al'umma don samar da famfunan ruwa na jama'a (standpipes) a Dakar, da kuma amfani da ƙananan kamfanoni don kula da tsarin ruwa na karkara da ƙananan garuruwa tare da tallafin ƙananan rance (micro-credits).

=== Hayar samar da ruwa a birane ===
Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun hanyoyin da suka yi nasara wajen samar da ruwa a Senegal ita ce yarjejeniyar hayar da aka sanya wa hannu a shekarar 1996. A cewar gwamnatin Senegal, adadin abokan ciniki na kamfanin Sénégalaise des eaux (SDE) ya ƙaru daga 241,671 a shekarar 1996 zuwa 638,629 a shekarar 2014. Daga cikin sabbin hanyoyin haɗin ruwa kusan 400,000, guda 206,000 sun amfani mafi rukunin matalautan jama'a ne, musamman a kewayen birnin Dakar.&lt;ref name=WL&gt;{{cite journal|last1=N.N.|title=Remodelling Access|journal=Water Leader|date=July 2015|volume=3|issue=1|page=12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank), gwamnati ta isa ga matalauta ta hanyar kafa asusun ƙasa don tallafawa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Manufar ita ce inganta ayyuka ga matalauta a kan farashi mafi ƙanƙanta. Haɗin ruwa na jin daɗin jama'a (social connections) kyauta ne, yayin da aka caji kuɗin haɗawa ga gidaje masu wadata. SDE da Kamfanin Amfanin Ruwa na Ƙasar Senegal (SONES) sun yi aiki ta hanyar wata babbar ƙungiyar NGO don gano buƙatun haɗin ruwa na jin daɗin jama'a, kuma kamfani mai zaman kansa ya kafa tsarin biyan kuɗi na kwamfuta na zamani; wannan ya sauƙaƙa biyan kuɗi ga abokan ciniki na gida. An gudanar da ladan ma'aikacin ne bisa adadin ruwan da aka samar da kuma sayar da shi, wanda hakan ya ba da kwarin gwiwa don yi wa abokan ciniki da dama hidima da kuma rage asarar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;IDA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/home|title=World Bank Group - International Development, Poverty, &amp; Sustainability|website=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani bincike da Cibiyar Tattalin Arziƙi na Ƙasashe Masu Tasowa ta Boston (BIDE) ta gudanar a shekarar 2006 ya kiyasta gagarumar fa'ida ta yarjejeniyar hayar a kan dalar Amurka miliyan $457. Abokan ciniki sun sami ingantacciyar hanyar samun ruwa mai yawa da kuma kulawar gwamnati, sannan ƙananan fa'idodi (dala miliyan $6) sun tafi ga masu mallakar kamfanin ruwa. Masu ba da rance na ƙasashen waje sun yi asarar dala miliyan $14 sannan ma'aikata sun yi asarar dala miliyan $10 saboda rashi ko raguwar ayyukan yi da ƙananan ƙarin albashi da alawus-alawus.&lt;ref name=&quot;BIDE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://message.worldbank.org/isp_error_page.htm|title=Error - System Unavailable|website=message.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An zaɓi kamfani mai zaman kansa ne ta hanyar gasa a cikin tsari na matakai biyu. Masu neman takara guda huɗu, waɗanda duk na Faransa ne, sun shiga matakin farko: Générale des Eaux (yanzu Vivendi Environnement), Lyonnaise des Eaux (yanzu SUEZ), Société d'Aménagement Urbain et Rural (SAUR), da kuma CISE (wanda daga baya aka haɗiye shi da SAUR). Masu neman takara da suka cancanta sun gabatar da shawara, wanda aka tantance a wani taro. An nemi SAUR ta yi takara, kodayake kamfanin ya ba SONEES shawarwari tun shekarar 1980. Babban Bankin Duniya ya nuna rashin amincewarsa da cire su daga takarar, amma an umarci SONEES da ta kammala duk kwangiloli, ta yanke duk wata alaƙa, kuma kada ta ba SAUR damar shiga aikinsu watanni huɗu kafin bayar da takarar. An gayyaci dukkan masu neman takara huɗu da su gabatar da ingantattun shawarwari na fasaha da na kuɗi; an cire Lyonnaise des Eaux saboda rashin bin ƙa'idodi. An kuma cire tayin daga Générale des Eaux, tunda sun ƙi amincewa da wasu buƙatun kwangila. Sauran masu neman takara biyu, CISE da SAUR, an gayyace su don gabatar da tayin mataki na biyu. A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 1995, aka sanar da SAUR a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara bisa farashi. Tayin kamfanin ya kasance farashin samar da ruwa na 236 F.CFA a kowace cubic meter, wanda shine kashi 62 cikin ɗari na matsakaicin farashin haraji a wancan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot; /&gt;

A cewar masu sukar lamari kamar ƙungiyar NGO ta yanki Aide Transparence da ke da mazauni a Dakar, adadin haɗin ruwa ya ƙaru ne kawai daga 203,902 a shekarar 1996 zuwa 264,161 a shekarar 2002. Wannan ya saɓa da alkaluman SDE na shekarar 2002 na haɗin ruwa guda 338,398.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/chifclientele.htm |title=SDE: Evolution du nombre de clients |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031195843/http://www.sde.sn/chifclientele.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rahoton na Aide Transparence ya ambaci korafin abokan ciniki game da rashin kyawun ingancin ruwa, ƙaruwar amfani da ruwan kwalba na ma'adinai a Senegal, da katsewar ruwan famfo na kwana ɗaya ko fiye da haka.

=== Haɗin gwiwar al'umma ga famfunan ruwa a Dakar ===

Wata hanyar kuma ita ce haɗin gwiwar al'umma tare da SONES, SDE, da kuma ƙungiyar NGO ta ƙasa da ƙasa mai rassa a cikin gida (Enda Tiers-Monde) don zaɓar wuraren da za a kafa famfunan ruwa na jama'a (standpipes), gina su da kuma tafiyar da su. Wannan haɗin gwiwar yana sanya famfunan ruwa masu mita ga gidaje matalauta waɗanda a baya suke amfani da gurbataccen ruwan rijiya. Shirin yana biyan buƙatun ne na mutane maimakon dogaro da tsarin samarwa na bangare guda kawai. Al'umma suna da hannu a cikin tsare-tsare, gini, da kulawa, wanda hakan ke haifar da mallakar tsarin da ƙarfi da kusan kashi 100 cikin ɗari na dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa. Gidaje suna biyan ma'aikacin famfo, wanda shi kuma yake biyan kuɗin ruwan ga hukumar. Al'umma ce ke zaɓar ma'aikacin (ko ƙungiyar ma'aikata masu juyawa) waɗanda za su iya yi wa al'umma aiki ko, wani lokacin, don kansu don samun kason kuɗi. Akwai nau'ikan tsarin famfon ruwa guda biyu; SONES ce ke ɗaukar nauyin kuɗin kayan aiki a ɗayan tsarin, ENDA kuma tana ɗaukar nauyin kayan aiki na ɗayan tsarin. Tsari na ƙarshe, wanda aka sani da shirin &quot;Eau Populaire&quot;, ya fara ne a shekarar 1995. Tsarin SONES ya kafa kusan famfunan ruwa 250, tsarin ENDA kuma kusan 130. A shekarar 2001, an kiyasta cewa mutane 200,000 sun sami damar samun ruwa mai tsafta tare da aikin Eau Populaire, kuma hakan ya haifar da raguwa mai yawa na cututtukan da ke haifar da ruwa a cikin yara. Har ila yau, aikin ya samar da daruruwan ayyuka (ma'aikatan famfo waɗanda ke karɓar CFA 30,000 zuwa 80,000 kowace wata) kuma yana ba da kuɗi ga sauran ayyukan gida tare da kuɗin shiga na famfon ruwan.&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.bpd-waterandsanitation.org/web/w/www_57_en.aspx Building Partnerships for Development (BPD) in Water and Sanitation: Dakar, Senegal - Upgrade and expansion of local water networks] &lt;/ref&gt;

=== Samar da ruwa a karkara ===

A yankunan karkara, gwamnati ta fara tallafawa gabatar da tsarin gudanarwa mai dorewa ga hanyoyin ruwan bututu ta amfani da rijiyoyin burtsatse a shekarar 1999 tare da aikin gwaji na REGEFOR a tsakiyar Senegal. Aikin ya haɗa da amfani da mita da ƙayyade farashi na volumetric pricing, kwangilar kulawa tare da kamfanoni masu zaman her kansu, da kuma tallafin ƙananan rance (microcredit support).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.irc.nl/redir/content/download/23603/268759/file/3._Prsentation_REGEFOR_Hane.ppt Pape Mohamed Dia, Ousmane Hane: L'expérience REGEFOR Sénégal]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Atelier Régional Microfinances et mécanismes novateurs pour l'atteinte des OMD dans le secteur de l'Eau et de l'Assainissement en Afrique au Sud du Sahara, Dakar, le 12 décembre 2005&lt;/ref&gt; Aikin gwaji na farko ya shafi rijiyoyin burtsatse guda 80. A shekarar 2009, an tsara tsara yarjejeniya da kamfani mai zaman kansa don kula da rijiyoyin burtsatse guda 621 a tsakiyar Senegal. Zuwa watan Janairun shekarar 2010, ana sa ran dukkan rijiyoyin burtsatse 1,400 na ƙasar za su kasance ƙarƙashin kwangilar kulawa ta kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSP&quot; /&gt;

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'''Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Senegal''' yana da alaƙa da babban matakin samun ruwa idan aka kwatanta da yawancin ƙasashen kudu da hamadar Sahara. Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu (PPP) ya fara aiki a [[Senegal]] tun daga shekarar 1996, tare da [[Senegalaise des Eaux]] (SDE, wani reshe na [[:fr:Groupe SAUR|Saur International]] ) abokin hulɗa mai zaman kansa. SDE ba ta da tsarin ruwa, amma tana kula da shi bisa yarjejeniyar shekaru 10 daga gwamnatin Senegal. Tsakanin 1996 da 2014, tallace-tallacen ruwa sun ninka zuwa mita cubic miliyan 131 a kowace shekara; adadin haɗin gidaje ya ƙaru da kashi 165 cikin ɗari, zuwa sama da 638,000. A cewar Bankin Duniya, &quot;Ana ɗaukar lamarin Senegal a matsayin misali na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara&quot;.  Kamfanin tsaftar muhalli na ƙasa shine ke kula da najasa, tsaftace ruwan shara da magudanar ruwan sama, wanda aka yi wa kamfanin tsaftar muhalli na ƙasa na [[Tunisiya]] kuma ya keɓance a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na Afirka.

== Samun dama ==
A shekarar 2015, kashi 75 cikin 100 na al'ummar Senegal sun sami damar samun akalla tushen ruwa guda ɗaya, kuma kashi 48 cikin 100 sun sami damar samun tsaftar muhalli. Akwai babban bambanci tsakanin samar da ruwa a birane (kashi 91 cikin 100 na samun ruwa) da yankunan karkara (kashi 63 cikin 100).  Yawan samun tsaftar muhalli ya kuma bambanta sosai tsakanin yankunan birane da karkara, inda kashi 66 cikin 100 na al'ummar birane ke da hanyar samun tsaftar muhalli, kuma kashi 35 cikin 100 na al'ummar karkara ke da hanyar samun ruwa. A yankunan birane, kashi 75 cikin 100 na al'ummar suna da hanyar samun ruwa a gidajensu ko kuma a gidajensu, kuma kashi 17 cikin 100 sun dogara ne da wuraren samar da ruwa da [[Famfon titi mai tsayi|bututun ruwa]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/en/watquery.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217095912/http://www.wssinfo.org/en/watquery.html |archive-date=2008-12-17 |access-date=2008-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kashi 19 cikin 100 na al'ummar biranen ƙasar suna da hanyar samun ruwa ta magudanar ruwa, kuma kashi 60 cikin 100 suna da hanyar samun ruwa ta hanyar amfani da tankunan feshi ko kuma ingantattun bayan gida na gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

Tushe: Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na Kula da Ruwa da Tsafta na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] da [[UNICEF]]

Babban tushen waɗannan alkaluma shine binciken Senegal, wani ɓangare na [[World Health Survey|Binciken Lafiya na Duniya]] na WHO na 2003. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation: Water Senegal |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/country/SEN_wat.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213140320/http://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/country/SEN_wat.pdf |archive-date=2009-02-13 |access-date=2008-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adadin samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa a yankunan birane (kashi 92) ya ɗan yi ƙasa da adadin da kamfanin samar da ruwa na SDE ya ruwaito kuma Bankin Duniya ya ambato (kashi 98). &lt;ref name=&quot;IDA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Bank Group - International Development, Poverty, &amp; Sustainability |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/home |website=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sabis ==
[[Samar da Ruwa|Samar da ruwa]] a [[Dakar]] da sauran biranen Senegal yana ci gaba da gudana. A shekarar 1994, an samar da sabis na tsawon matsakaicin sa'o'i 16 a kowace rana. Ganin karuwar buƙata daga sabbin masu amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa da kuma ƙuntatawa kan albarkatun ruwa, kamfanin mai zaman kansa ya fara rarraba katsewar samar da ruwa daidai wa daida a tsakanin unguwannin Dakar.  An ƙara matsakaicin sa'o'in samar da ruwa a kowace rana zuwa 19 a shekarar 2001, kuma an samu ci gaba da samar da ruwa a shekarar 2006;  an samu nasarar hakan ne ta hanyar faɗaɗa bututun ruwa daga Lac de Guiers a shekarar 1999. A shekarar 2004, kashi 97.7 cikin ɗari na samfuran ruwa sun yi daidai da ƙa'idodin ruwa na ƙwayoyin cuta (sama da kashi 96 cikin ɗari a shekarar 1996). &lt;ref name=&quot;BIDE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Error - System Unavailable |url=https://message.worldbank.org/isp_error_page.htm |website=message.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Albarkatun Ruwa ==
[[File:River gambia Niokolokoba National Park.gif|thumb|alt=Aerial photo of a large, muddy river flowing past forests|upright=1.1|Kogin Gambia a cikin gidan shakatawa na kasar Senegal wato Niokolo-Koba National Park]]
[[File:SaloumULM.JPG|Kogin Saloum a tsakiyar Senegal|thumb|alt=Aerial photo of a river flowing through a desert with some vegetation|upright=0.9]]

Yanayin da na ƙasar Senegal na zafi ne (tropical climate), tare da bayyanannun lokutan rani da na damina. Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na birnin Dakar kusan {{convert|600|mm}} yana sauka ne tsakanin watannin Yuni da Oktoba. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya fito ne daga {{convert|270|mm}} kowace shekara a arewa zuwa {{convert|1793|mm}} kowace shekara a kudanci. Yanayin zafi na cikin ƙasa ya fi na gabar teku yawa.

Mafi girman albarkatun ruwa a ƙasar shine Kogin Senegal (Senegal River) da ke arewa, wanda ƙasar ke rabawa tare da Mauritania, Mali, da Guinea. Matsakaicin kwararar ruwansa ya kai lita biliyan 37 cubic meters kowace shekara. Tafkin Guiers (Lac de Guiers) wani muhimmin ma'ajiyar ruwa ne a saman gabar kogin Senegal, tare da adadin ruwa kusan miliyan 500 cubic meters. Shi ne babban tushen ruwa mai daɗi ga birnin Dakar, mai nisan daruruwan kilomita zuwa kudu maso yamma, ta hanyar bututun ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Kodayake ruwan Kogin Senegal yana da yawa, ruwa a mafi yawan sauran sassan ƙasar yana da ƙaranci. Sauran manyan sassan ruwa na sama sun haɗa da Kogin Casamance, Kogin Gambia, Kogin Saloum, Kogin Geba, Kogin Falémé da kuma lagun na Tamna kusa da Thiès.

Senegal tana da kusan lita biliyan uku cubic meters na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa mai sabuntawa, ban da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wanda ke haɗuwa da ruwan sama. Jimillar ruwan da aka ɗibo a shekarar 1987 ya kai biliyan 1.4 cubic meters, inda kashi 92 cikin ɗari na aikin gona ne, kashi uku cikin ɗari na masana'antu, sannan kashi biyar cikin ɗari na amfanin gida.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20040716162928/http://www.earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/Wat_cou_686.pdf World Resources Institute: Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems Senegal], 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'ajiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun haɗa da aquifers masu zurfin har zuwa {{convert|20|m}} a Casamance da kuma zurfin {{convert|40|-|60|m}} a Kaolack da Tamba, da kuma crop-outs{{clarify|date=July 2024|reason=What are crop-outs?}} kusa da Dakar da Thiès. Sun kuma haɗa da aquifers a zurfin {{convert|200|-|400|m}}. An kiyasta adadin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a kan biliyan bakwai cubic meters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/h2oeaudistribuee.htm |title=SDE: D'où vient l'eau distribuée by la SDE |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081110131936/http://www.sde.sn/h2oeaudistribuee.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawan amfani da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa fiye da kima (overexploitation) babbar matsala ce a sassan Senegal. Mont Rolland, mai nisan {{convert|70|km}} daga Dakar, an san shi da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na ma'adinai; a halin yanzu mazauna ƙauyen suna buƙatar yin hako mai zurfin har {{convert|80|m}} don hako ruwa. Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na ƙauyen ya ragu sosai saboda yawan hako da kamfanin ruwan ma'adinai ya yi, wanda a halin yanzu yake a rufe. Kusan kashi 80 cikin ɗari na masu aikin lambu na Senegal suna kusa da Mont Rolland.&lt;ref&gt;[http://ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=17216 IPS: Development-Senegal: Water Shortages Hit Women the Most], April 2003&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana wadatar da birnin Dakar ne da farko da ruwan da aka ɗibo daga fossil aquifers waɗanda ka iya kasancewa an yi amfani da su fiye da kima kuma sun gurɓata da ruwan gishiri. Ana kawo sassan ruwa daga masana'antar tace ruwa ta Ngnith da ke kan tafkin Guiers ta hanyar wani bututun mai rarraba ruwa wanda aka ƙara ƙarfin sa a shekarar 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot; /&gt; Saboda ƙaruwar buƙata da kuma buƙatar rufe rijiyoyin burtsatse da suka gurɓata, dole ne a kawo ruwan sama daga Kogin Senegal, mai nisan kusan {{convert|240|km}}, wanda ke buƙatar tsadar kuɗi na saka hannun jari don faɗaɗa bututun da ke akwai. Ana saurin ran ƙarin ruwan Kogin Senegal zai ƙaru daga 0.5 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s zuwa kusan 6.0 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s a shekarar 2030. Waɗannan buƙatun suna cikin haƙƙoƙin ruwa na ƙasar Senegal ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyoyin da ta ƙulla da ƙasashe maƙwabta. Sai dai, irin wannan babban adadin ruwa zai sami gagarumin tasiri ga muhalli a kan Tafkin Guiers da kuma yankin gabar Kogin Senegal. Kwararar ruwa mai ranci na gaba a Kogin Senegal yana da wuyar hango shi saboda canjin yanayi da rashin tabbas game da madatsar ruwa ta Manantali Dam.&lt;ref name=&quot;LTWSP&quot;&gt;[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2001/03/08/000094946_01021705482844/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf World Bank - Project Appraisal Document: Long-Term Water Supply Project], 2001, p. 4-6&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafi yawan ruwan datti na birnin Dakar ana zubar da shi ne, ba tare da an tace shi ba, zuwa cikin Tekun Atlantic.&lt;ref name=&quot;ONAS&quot;&gt;[http://www.onas.sn/onas.htm ONAS]&lt;/ref&gt; Masana'antar tace ruwan datti ta Cambérène, mafi girma a Senegal, tana tace kusan kashi 15 cikin ɗari na ruwan datti da ake samarwa a Dakar. Tun daga shekarar 2007, kamfanin SAUR na ƙasar Faransa ke gudanar da aikin tashar kuma ya faɗaɗa ta. Ana sake amfani da wasu sassan ruwan datti da aka tace.&lt;ref&gt;SAUR:[http://www.saur.com/index.php/international/senegal Sénégal:Station d'épuration de Cambérène (Dakar)], retrieved on May 27, 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Zuwa shekarar 2007, an sake amfani da ruwa don filin wasan golf kuma an tsara amfani da shi don shayar da bishiyoyi, korayen wurare da lambunan kayan lambu bayan an yi masa tace na mataki na uku (tertiary treatment).&lt;ref&gt;Agence de Presse Sénégalaise:[http://www.aps.sn/spip.php?article29057 Les eaux épurées de la stationde Cambérène, ''alternative'' pour économiser l'eau potable, selon Issa Mbaye Samb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722075751/http://www.aps.sn/spip.php?article29057 |date=2011-07-22 }}, 22 March 2007, retrieved on 27 May 2911&lt;/ref&gt;


== Kayan Aiki (Infrastructure) ==
[[File: Sg-map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=Map of Senegal|Manyan birane a Senegal]]
A shekarar 2005, hukumar ONAS ta gudanar da hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa mai tsawon {{convert|773|km|adj=on}}, tashoshin famfo na ruwan datti 57 da masana'antun tace ruwan datti guda bakwai, kuma tana da mambobi 70,931 a Dakar, Saint-Louis, Rufisque, Louga, Thiès, Saly da Kaolack. Hakanan ta gudanar da magudanun ruwan sama na {{convert|113|km}} da tashoshin famfo na ruwan sama guda bakwai a Dakar da wasu garuruwa guda huɗu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ONAS&quot; /&gt;

== Nauyi (Responsibility) ==

=== Manufofi (Policy) ===

Ma'aikatar Tsarin Birane, Gidaje, Ruwan Cikin Gari, Tsaftar Muhalli da Lafiyar Jama'a (Ministère de l'Urbanisme, de l'Habitat, de l'Hydraulique urbaine, de l'Hygiène publique et de l'Assainissement) ita ce ke tsara manufofi na wadatar da ruwan sha da tsabtace muhalli a birane. Ita kuma Ma'aikatar Ruwan Karkara da Hanyoyin Ruwa na Ƙasa (Ministère de l'Hydraulique rurale et du Réseau hydrographique national) tana kula da samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara. Waɗannan ayyukan a baya sun kasance ne a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona.

=== Samar da Ayyuka ===

Nauyin samar da ruwa a birane yana tsakanin kamfanin ruwa na ƙasar Senegal (Société Nationale des Eaux du Senegal, SONES), wanda kamfani ne na gwamnati, da kuma kamfanin Sénégalaise des Eaux (SDE), wanda kamfani ne mai zaman kansa. Kamfanin ruwa na Faransa wato SAUR ne ya fara mallakar kashi 51 cikin ɗari na hannun jari a SDE, sauran kashi 49 kuma an raba su ne tsakanin gwamnatin Senegal (kashi biyar), mutanen Senegal (kashi 39) da ma'aikatan kamfanin (kashi biyar). A shekarar 2011, ba a lissafa SAUR a matsayin mai hannun jari a rukunin yanar gizon SDE ba. Hannun jarin na su yana ƙarƙashin kamfanin Finagestion ne na Afirka ta Yamma, wanda mafi yawan mallakarsa ke hannun babban kamfanin saka hannun jari mai zaman kansa (private equity) na Emerging Capital Partners wanda ke da mazauni a Amurka kuma ya fi mayar da hankali kan Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;Senegalaise des Eaux:[http://www.sde.sn/entpresentation.htm Senegalaise des Eaux:L'entreprise] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005234221/http://www.sde.sn/entpresentation.htm |date=2011-10-05 }}, retrieved on May 27, 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar Tsaftar Muhalli ta Ƙasa ta Senegal (Office National de l'Assainissement du Sénégal - ONAS) ita ce ke kula da tsabtace muhalli.

A yankunan karkara, ƙungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa da aka sani da Associations d'usagers de forages ruraux (ASUFOR) sune ke kula da tsarin ruwan da ake samu daga rijiyoyin burtsatse (tube wells). Senegal tana tilasta musu sanya hannu kan kwangilar kulawa tare da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don tabbatar da dorewar tsarin, kuma suna iya mika aikin tafiyar da tsarinsu ga wasu ɓangororrin na daban.


== Sabbin Hanyoyi (Approaches) ==

Sabuwar hanyar da aka gabatar a fannin ruwa na Senegal ta haɗa da kwangilar hayar filaye na ƙasa baki ɗaya, haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da al'umma don samar da famfunan ruwa na jama'a (standpipes) a Dakar, da kuma amfani da ƙananan kamfanoni don kula da tsarin ruwa na karkara da ƙananan garuruwa tare da tallafin ƙananan rance (micro-credits).

=== Hayar samar da ruwa a birane ===
Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun hanyoyin da suka yi nasara wajen samar da ruwa a Senegal ita ce yarjejeniyar hayar da aka sanya wa hannu a shekarar 1996. A cewar gwamnatin Senegal, adadin abokan ciniki na kamfanin Sénégalaise des eaux (SDE) ya ƙaru daga 241,671 a shekarar 1996 zuwa 638,629 a shekarar 2014. Daga cikin sabbin hanyoyin haɗin ruwa kusan 400,000, guda 206,000 sun amfani mafi rukunin matalautan jama'a ne, musamman a kewayen birnin Dakar.&lt;ref name=WL&gt;{{cite journal|last1=N.N.|title=Remodelling Access|journal=Water Leader|date=July 2015|volume=3|issue=1|page=12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank), gwamnati ta isa ga matalauta ta hanyar kafa asusun ƙasa don tallafawa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Manufar ita ce inganta ayyuka ga matalauta a kan farashi mafi ƙanƙanta. Haɗin ruwa na jin daɗin jama'a (social connections) kyauta ne, yayin da aka caji kuɗin haɗawa ga gidaje masu wadata. SDE da Kamfanin Amfanin Ruwa na Ƙasar Senegal (SONES) sun yi aiki ta hanyar wata babbar ƙungiyar NGO don gano buƙatun haɗin ruwa na jin daɗin jama'a, kuma kamfani mai zaman kansa ya kafa tsarin biyan kuɗi na kwamfuta na zamani; wannan ya sauƙaƙa biyan kuɗi ga abokan ciniki na gida. An gudanar da ladan ma'aikacin ne bisa adadin ruwan da aka samar da kuma sayar da shi, wanda hakan ya ba da kwarin gwiwa don yi wa abokan ciniki da dama hidima da kuma rage asarar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;IDA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/home|title=World Bank Group - International Development, Poverty, &amp; Sustainability|website=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani bincike da Cibiyar Tattalin Arziƙi na Ƙasashe Masu Tasowa ta Boston (BIDE) ta gudanar a shekarar 2006 ya kiyasta gagarumar fa'ida ta yarjejeniyar hayar a kan dalar Amurka miliyan $457. Abokan ciniki sun sami ingantacciyar hanyar samun ruwa mai yawa da kuma kulawar gwamnati, sannan ƙananan fa'idodi (dala miliyan $6) sun tafi ga masu mallakar kamfanin ruwa. Masu ba da rance na ƙasashen waje sun yi asarar dala miliyan $14 sannan ma'aikata sun yi asarar dala miliyan $10 saboda rashi ko raguwar ayyukan yi da ƙananan ƙarin albashi da alawus-alawus.&lt;ref name=&quot;BIDE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://message.worldbank.org/isp_error_page.htm|title=Error - System Unavailable|website=message.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An zaɓi kamfani mai zaman kansa ne ta hanyar gasa a cikin tsari na matakai biyu. Masu neman takara guda huɗu, waɗanda duk na Faransa ne, sun shiga matakin farko: Générale des Eaux (yanzu Vivendi Environnement), Lyonnaise des Eaux (yanzu SUEZ), Société d'Aménagement Urbain et Rural (SAUR), da kuma CISE (wanda daga baya aka haɗiye shi da SAUR). Masu neman takara da suka cancanta sun gabatar da shawara, wanda aka tantance a wani taro. An nemi SAUR ta yi takara, kodayake kamfanin ya ba SONEES shawarwari tun shekarar 1980. Babban Bankin Duniya ya nuna rashin amincewarsa da cire su daga takarar, amma an umarci SONEES da ta kammala duk kwangiloli, ta yanke duk wata alaƙa, kuma kada ta ba SAUR damar shiga aikinsu watanni huɗu kafin bayar da takarar. An gayyaci dukkan masu neman takara huɗu da su gabatar da ingantattun shawarwari na fasaha da na kuɗi; an cire Lyonnaise des Eaux saboda rashin bin ƙa'idodi. An kuma cire tayin daga Générale des Eaux, tunda sun ƙi amincewa da wasu buƙatun kwangila. Sauran masu neman takara biyu, CISE da SAUR, an gayyace su don gabatar da tayin mataki na biyu. A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 1995, aka sanar da SAUR a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara bisa farashi. Tayin kamfanin ya kasance farashin samar da ruwa na 236 F.CFA a kowace cubic meter, wanda shine kashi 62 cikin ɗari na matsakaicin farashin haraji a wancan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot; /&gt;

A cewar masu sukar lamari kamar ƙungiyar NGO ta yanki Aide Transparence da ke da mazauni a Dakar, adadin haɗin ruwa ya ƙaru ne kawai daga 203,902 a shekarar 1996 zuwa 264,161 a shekarar 2002. Wannan ya saɓa da alkaluman SDE na shekarar 2002 na haɗin ruwa guda 338,398.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/chifclientele.htm |title=SDE: Evolution du nombre de clients |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031195843/http://www.sde.sn/chifclientele.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rahoton na Aide Transparence ya ambaci korafin abokan ciniki game da rashin kyawun ingancin ruwa, ƙaruwar amfani da ruwan kwalba na ma'adinai a Senegal, da katsewar ruwan famfo na kwana ɗaya ko fiye da haka.

=== Haɗin gwiwar al'umma ga famfunan ruwa a Dakar ===

Wata hanyar kuma ita ce haɗin gwiwar al'umma tare da SONES, SDE, da kuma ƙungiyar NGO ta ƙasa da ƙasa mai rassa a cikin gida (Enda Tiers-Monde) don zaɓar wuraren da za a kafa famfunan ruwa na jama'a (standpipes), gina su da kuma tafiyar da su. Wannan haɗin gwiwar yana sanya famfunan ruwa masu mita ga gidaje matalauta waɗanda a baya suke amfani da gurbataccen ruwan rijiya. Shirin yana biyan buƙatun ne na mutane maimakon dogaro da tsarin samarwa na bangare guda kawai. Al'umma suna da hannu a cikin tsare-tsare, gini, da kulawa, wanda hakan ke haifar da mallakar tsarin da ƙarfi da kusan kashi 100 cikin ɗari na dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa. Gidaje suna biyan ma'aikacin famfo, wanda shi kuma yake biyan kuɗin ruwan ga hukumar. Al'umma ce ke zaɓar ma'aikacin (ko ƙungiyar ma'aikata masu juyawa) waɗanda za su iya yi wa al'umma aiki ko, wani lokacin, don kansu don samun kason kuɗi. Akwai nau'ikan tsarin famfon ruwa guda biyu; SONES ce ke ɗaukar nauyin kuɗin kayan aiki a ɗayan tsarin, ENDA kuma tana ɗaukar nauyin kayan aiki na ɗayan tsarin. Tsari na ƙarshe, wanda aka sani da shirin &quot;Eau Populaire&quot;, ya fara ne a shekarar 1995. Tsarin SONES ya kafa kusan famfunan ruwa 250, tsarin ENDA kuma kusan 130. A shekarar 2001, an kiyasta cewa mutane 200,000 sun sami damar samun ruwa mai tsafta tare da aikin Eau Populaire, kuma hakan ya haifar da raguwa mai yawa na cututtukan da ke haifar da ruwa a cikin yara. Har ila yau, aikin ya samar da daruruwan ayyuka (ma'aikatan famfo waɗanda ke karɓar CFA 30,000 zuwa 80,000 kowace wata) kuma yana ba da kuɗi ga sauran ayyukan gida tare da kuɗin shiga na famfon ruwan.&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.bpd-waterandsanitation.org/web/w/www_57_en.aspx Building Partnerships for Development (BPD) in Water and Sanitation: Dakar, Senegal - Upgrade and expansion of local water networks] &lt;/ref&gt;

=== Samar da ruwa a karkara ===

A yankunan karkara, gwamnati ta fara tallafawa gabatar da tsarin gudanarwa mai dorewa ga hanyoyin ruwan bututu ta amfani da rijiyoyin burtsatse a shekarar 1999 tare da aikin gwaji na REGEFOR a tsakiyar Senegal. Aikin ya haɗa da amfani da mita da ƙayyade farashi na volumetric pricing, kwangilar kulawa tare da kamfanoni masu zaman her kansu, da kuma tallafin ƙananan rance (microcredit support).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.irc.nl/redir/content/download/23603/268759/file/3._Prsentation_REGEFOR_Hane.ppt Pape Mohamed Dia, Ousmane Hane: L'expérience REGEFOR Sénégal]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Atelier Régional Microfinances et mécanismes novateurs pour l'atteinte des OMD dans le secteur de l'Eau et de l'Assainissement en Afrique au Sud du Sahara, Dakar, le 12 décembre 2005&lt;/ref&gt; Aikin gwaji na farko ya shafi rijiyoyin burtsatse guda 80. A shekarar 2009, an tsara tsara yarjejeniya da kamfani mai zaman kansa don kula da rijiyoyin burtsatse guda 621 a tsakiyar Senegal. Zuwa watan Janairun shekarar 2010, ana sa ran dukkan rijiyoyin burtsatse 1,400 na ƙasar za su kasance ƙarƙashin kwangilar kulawa ta kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSP&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi da ci gaban baya-bayan nan ==

=== Haɗin gwiwar farko tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu (1960–1971) ===

1960–1971: Kamfanin Compagnie Générale des Eaux du Sénégal, wani kamfani na ƙarƙashin Compagnie Générale des Eaux ta ƙasar Faransa, ya kula da samar da ruwa a biranen Senegal ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar hayar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/securbaine.htm |title=Sénégalaise Des Eaux:Secteur de l'hydraulique urbaine |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081110131000/http://www.sde.sn/securbaine.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gudanarwar gwamnati (1971–tsakiyar shekarun 1990) ===

1971: Ƙarƙashin Shugaba Léopold Senghor, mai fafutukar ra'ayin gurguzu na Afirka (African socialism), Senegal ta mayar da kamfanin ruwanta ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati da sunan Société Nationale d'Exploitation des Eaux du Sénégal (SONEES). A yankunan karkara, ana samar da ruwa kyauta ba tare da caji ba.

1983: Ƙarƙashin Shugaba Abdou Diouf (1981-2000), SONEES ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar amfani (concession contract) da gwamnati. A yankunan karkara, an gabatar da harajin ruwa (water tariffs) tare da ƙayyadaddun kuɗi ga kowane gida.

1994: Gwamnati ta fara wani tsari na tsawon shekara guda na tsara gyare-gyare a fannin, gami da gudanar da bita-bita da neman shawarwari daga Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank) da kuma duba gyare-gyaren da aka yi a sauran ƙasashe.

=== Haɗin gwiwar biyu tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu (tun tsakiyar shekarun 1990) ===

1995: Gwamnati ta yanke shawarar mika aikin samar da ruwa a birane ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar hayar.

1996: An rushe SONEES, kuma aka kafa sabbin kamfanoni guda uku: Société Nationale des Eaux du Sénégal (SONES, kamfanin kadarori na jiha), Sénégalaise des Eaux (SDE, kamfani mai zaman kansa mai gudanarwa), da kuma Office National de l'Assainissement du Sénégal (ONAS, kamfanin tsaftar muhalli na gwamnati). SONES ce ta mallaki kadarorin kuma ita ce ke da alhakin saka hannun jari a kayan aiki da kuma daidaita ayyukan SDE. SDE kuma tana da alhakin gudanarwa, kulawa ta yau da kullum, wasu bincike na saka hannun jari don faɗaɗa tsarin, da kuma tura takardun kuɗi da karɓar kuɗaɗe.

1998: SONES da SDE sun sake tattaunawa kan wasu maƙasudai da ba za su iya biyu ba a cikin kwangilar ba tare da an kai ga sasantawa na shari'a ko ƙarar juna ba.

1998: An kafa hukumar Conseil Supérieur de l'Eau, wadda Firayim Minista ke jagoranta, don tsara manufofi na gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da samar da ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pepam.gouv.sn/ressource.php?rubr=ress&amp;id=6&amp;type=docs&amp;cat=1&amp;lang=fr Décret portant création d'un Conseil supérieur de l'eau]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

1999: An fara aikin gwaji na REGEFOR a tsakiyar Senegal tare da tallafin Hukumar Raya Ƙasa ta Faransa (AFD) don samar da sabbin ƙa'idodin gudanarwa da suka ginu a kan janyewar jihar domin fifita masu amfani da ruwa da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu: amfani da mita, ƙayyade farashi na volumetric pricing, kwararrun manajoji da ma'aikatan fasaha, da kuma bayyananniyar alaƙa tsakanin rukunonin da abin ya shafa.&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.afd.fr/jahia/Jahia/site/afd/lang/en/pid/1296 Agence Française de Développement: Senegal: Regefor—Reforming mechanical drilling] &lt;/ref&gt;

2000: An sami canjin gwamnati bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da shugaban 'yan adawa Abdoulaye Wade ya lashe.

2001: Wasiƙa ta biyu ta manufofin ci gaba da ingancin Aikin Samar da Ruwa na Dogon Lokaci da Babban Bankin Duniya ke tallafawa. Manufofin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ba su fuskanci manyan canje-canje ba.

2002: Kamfanin Sénégalaise Des Eaux ya sami takardar shaida ta ƙa'idar ISO 9001 (fasalin 2000) daga ƙungiyar tabbatar da inganci ta Faransa wato AFAQ. SDE shi ne kamfani na farko na Senegal da ya sami takardar shaidar ISO kuma kamfani na farko na Afirka da aka ba takardar shaida ta ƙa'idar ISO 9001 bisa tsarin gudanarwa na gamsar da abokan ciniki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/entiso.htm |title=Sénégalaise Des Eaux:La certification ISO 9001 Version 2000 |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919165727/http://www.sde.sn/entiso.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

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'''Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Senegal''' yana da alaƙa da babban matakin samun ruwa idan aka kwatanta da yawancin ƙasashen kudu da hamadar Sahara. Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu (PPP) ya fara aiki a [[Senegal]] tun daga shekarar 1996, tare da [[Senegalaise des Eaux]] (SDE, wani reshe na [[:fr:Groupe SAUR|Saur International]] ) abokin hulɗa mai zaman kansa. SDE ba ta da tsarin ruwa, amma tana kula da shi bisa yarjejeniyar shekaru 10 daga gwamnatin Senegal. Tsakanin 1996 da 2014, tallace-tallacen ruwa sun ninka zuwa mita cubic miliyan 131 a kowace shekara; adadin haɗin gidaje ya ƙaru da kashi 165 cikin ɗari, zuwa sama da 638,000. A cewar Bankin Duniya, &quot;Ana ɗaukar lamarin Senegal a matsayin misali na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara&quot;.  Kamfanin tsaftar muhalli na ƙasa shine ke kula da najasa, tsaftace ruwan shara da magudanar ruwan sama, wanda aka yi wa kamfanin tsaftar muhalli na ƙasa na [[Tunisiya]] kuma ya keɓance a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na Afirka.

== Samun dama ==
A shekarar 2015, kashi 75 cikin 100 na al'ummar Senegal sun sami damar samun akalla tushen ruwa guda ɗaya, kuma kashi 48 cikin 100 sun sami damar samun tsaftar muhalli. Akwai babban bambanci tsakanin samar da ruwa a birane (kashi 91 cikin 100 na samun ruwa) da yankunan karkara (kashi 63 cikin 100).  Yawan samun tsaftar muhalli ya kuma bambanta sosai tsakanin yankunan birane da karkara, inda kashi 66 cikin 100 na al'ummar birane ke da hanyar samun tsaftar muhalli, kuma kashi 35 cikin 100 na al'ummar karkara ke da hanyar samun ruwa. A yankunan birane, kashi 75 cikin 100 na al'ummar suna da hanyar samun ruwa a gidajensu ko kuma a gidajensu, kuma kashi 17 cikin 100 sun dogara ne da wuraren samar da ruwa da [[Famfon titi mai tsayi|bututun ruwa]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/en/watquery.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217095912/http://www.wssinfo.org/en/watquery.html |archive-date=2008-12-17 |access-date=2008-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kashi 19 cikin 100 na al'ummar biranen ƙasar suna da hanyar samun ruwa ta magudanar ruwa, kuma kashi 60 cikin 100 suna da hanyar samun ruwa ta hanyar amfani da tankunan feshi ko kuma ingantattun bayan gida na gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

Tushe: Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na Kula da Ruwa da Tsafta na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] da [[UNICEF]]

Babban tushen waɗannan alkaluma shine binciken Senegal, wani ɓangare na [[World Health Survey|Binciken Lafiya na Duniya]] na WHO na 2003. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation: Water Senegal |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/country/SEN_wat.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213140320/http://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/country/SEN_wat.pdf |archive-date=2009-02-13 |access-date=2008-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adadin samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa a yankunan birane (kashi 92) ya ɗan yi ƙasa da adadin da kamfanin samar da ruwa na SDE ya ruwaito kuma Bankin Duniya ya ambato (kashi 98). &lt;ref name=&quot;IDA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Bank Group - International Development, Poverty, &amp; Sustainability |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/home |website=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sabis ==
[[Samar da Ruwa|Samar da ruwa]] a [[Dakar]] da sauran biranen Senegal yana ci gaba da gudana. A shekarar 1994, an samar da sabis na tsawon matsakaicin sa'o'i 16 a kowace rana. Ganin karuwar buƙata daga sabbin masu amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa da kuma ƙuntatawa kan albarkatun ruwa, kamfanin mai zaman kansa ya fara rarraba katsewar samar da ruwa daidai wa daida a tsakanin unguwannin Dakar.  An ƙara matsakaicin sa'o'in samar da ruwa a kowace rana zuwa 19 a shekarar 2001, kuma an samu ci gaba da samar da ruwa a shekarar 2006;  an samu nasarar hakan ne ta hanyar faɗaɗa bututun ruwa daga Lac de Guiers a shekarar 1999. A shekarar 2004, kashi 97.7 cikin ɗari na samfuran ruwa sun yi daidai da ƙa'idodin ruwa na ƙwayoyin cuta (sama da kashi 96 cikin ɗari a shekarar 1996). &lt;ref name=&quot;BIDE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Error - System Unavailable |url=https://message.worldbank.org/isp_error_page.htm |website=message.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Albarkatun Ruwa ==
[[File:River gambia Niokolokoba National Park.gif|thumb|alt=Aerial photo of a large, muddy river flowing past forests|upright=1.1|Kogin Gambia a cikin gidan shakatawa na kasar Senegal wato Niokolo-Koba National Park]]
[[File:SaloumULM.JPG|Kogin Saloum a tsakiyar Senegal|thumb|alt=Aerial photo of a river flowing through a desert with some vegetation|upright=0.9]]

Yanayin da na ƙasar Senegal na zafi ne (tropical climate), tare da bayyanannun lokutan rani da na damina. Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na birnin Dakar kusan {{convert|600|mm}} yana sauka ne tsakanin watannin Yuni da Oktoba. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya fito ne daga {{convert|270|mm}} kowace shekara a arewa zuwa {{convert|1793|mm}} kowace shekara a kudanci. Yanayin zafi na cikin ƙasa ya fi na gabar teku yawa.

Mafi girman albarkatun ruwa a ƙasar shine Kogin Senegal (Senegal River) da ke arewa, wanda ƙasar ke rabawa tare da Mauritania, Mali, da Guinea. Matsakaicin kwararar ruwansa ya kai lita biliyan 37 cubic meters kowace shekara. Tafkin Guiers (Lac de Guiers) wani muhimmin ma'ajiyar ruwa ne a saman gabar kogin Senegal, tare da adadin ruwa kusan miliyan 500 cubic meters. Shi ne babban tushen ruwa mai daɗi ga birnin Dakar, mai nisan daruruwan kilomita zuwa kudu maso yamma, ta hanyar bututun ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Kodayake ruwan Kogin Senegal yana da yawa, ruwa a mafi yawan sauran sassan ƙasar yana da ƙaranci. Sauran manyan sassan ruwa na sama sun haɗa da Kogin Casamance, Kogin Gambia, Kogin Saloum, Kogin Geba, Kogin Falémé da kuma lagun na Tamna kusa da Thiès.

Senegal tana da kusan lita biliyan uku cubic meters na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa mai sabuntawa, ban da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wanda ke haɗuwa da ruwan sama. Jimillar ruwan da aka ɗibo a shekarar 1987 ya kai biliyan 1.4 cubic meters, inda kashi 92 cikin ɗari na aikin gona ne, kashi uku cikin ɗari na masana'antu, sannan kashi biyar cikin ɗari na amfanin gida.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20040716162928/http://www.earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/Wat_cou_686.pdf World Resources Institute: Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems Senegal], 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'ajiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun haɗa da aquifers masu zurfin har zuwa {{convert|20|m}} a Casamance da kuma zurfin {{convert|40|-|60|m}} a Kaolack da Tamba, da kuma crop-outs{{clarify|date=July 2024|reason=What are crop-outs?}} kusa da Dakar da Thiès. Sun kuma haɗa da aquifers a zurfin {{convert|200|-|400|m}}. An kiyasta adadin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a kan biliyan bakwai cubic meters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/h2oeaudistribuee.htm |title=SDE: D'où vient l'eau distribuée by la SDE |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081110131936/http://www.sde.sn/h2oeaudistribuee.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawan amfani da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa fiye da kima (overexploitation) babbar matsala ce a sassan Senegal. Mont Rolland, mai nisan {{convert|70|km}} daga Dakar, an san shi da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na ma'adinai; a halin yanzu mazauna ƙauyen suna buƙatar yin hako mai zurfin har {{convert|80|m}} don hako ruwa. Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na ƙauyen ya ragu sosai saboda yawan hako da kamfanin ruwan ma'adinai ya yi, wanda a halin yanzu yake a rufe. Kusan kashi 80 cikin ɗari na masu aikin lambu na Senegal suna kusa da Mont Rolland.&lt;ref&gt;[http://ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=17216 IPS: Development-Senegal: Water Shortages Hit Women the Most], April 2003&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana wadatar da birnin Dakar ne da farko da ruwan da aka ɗibo daga fossil aquifers waɗanda ka iya kasancewa an yi amfani da su fiye da kima kuma sun gurɓata da ruwan gishiri. Ana kawo sassan ruwa daga masana'antar tace ruwa ta Ngnith da ke kan tafkin Guiers ta hanyar wani bututun mai rarraba ruwa wanda aka ƙara ƙarfin sa a shekarar 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot; /&gt; Saboda ƙaruwar buƙata da kuma buƙatar rufe rijiyoyin burtsatse da suka gurɓata, dole ne a kawo ruwan sama daga Kogin Senegal, mai nisan kusan {{convert|240|km}}, wanda ke buƙatar tsadar kuɗi na saka hannun jari don faɗaɗa bututun da ke akwai. Ana saurin ran ƙarin ruwan Kogin Senegal zai ƙaru daga 0.5 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s zuwa kusan 6.0 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s a shekarar 2030. Waɗannan buƙatun suna cikin haƙƙoƙin ruwa na ƙasar Senegal ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyoyin da ta ƙulla da ƙasashe maƙwabta. Sai dai, irin wannan babban adadin ruwa zai sami gagarumin tasiri ga muhalli a kan Tafkin Guiers da kuma yankin gabar Kogin Senegal. Kwararar ruwa mai ranci na gaba a Kogin Senegal yana da wuyar hango shi saboda canjin yanayi da rashin tabbas game da madatsar ruwa ta Manantali Dam.&lt;ref name=&quot;LTWSP&quot;&gt;[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2001/03/08/000094946_01021705482844/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf World Bank - Project Appraisal Document: Long-Term Water Supply Project], 2001, p. 4-6&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafi yawan ruwan datti na birnin Dakar ana zubar da shi ne, ba tare da an tace shi ba, zuwa cikin Tekun Atlantic.&lt;ref name=&quot;ONAS&quot;&gt;[http://www.onas.sn/onas.htm ONAS]&lt;/ref&gt; Masana'antar tace ruwan datti ta Cambérène, mafi girma a Senegal, tana tace kusan kashi 15 cikin ɗari na ruwan datti da ake samarwa a Dakar. Tun daga shekarar 2007, kamfanin SAUR na ƙasar Faransa ke gudanar da aikin tashar kuma ya faɗaɗa ta. Ana sake amfani da wasu sassan ruwan datti da aka tace.&lt;ref&gt;SAUR:[http://www.saur.com/index.php/international/senegal Sénégal:Station d'épuration de Cambérène (Dakar)], retrieved on May 27, 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Zuwa shekarar 2007, an sake amfani da ruwa don filin wasan golf kuma an tsara amfani da shi don shayar da bishiyoyi, korayen wurare da lambunan kayan lambu bayan an yi masa tace na mataki na uku (tertiary treatment).&lt;ref&gt;Agence de Presse Sénégalaise:[http://www.aps.sn/spip.php?article29057 Les eaux épurées de la stationde Cambérène, ''alternative'' pour économiser l'eau potable, selon Issa Mbaye Samb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722075751/http://www.aps.sn/spip.php?article29057 |date=2011-07-22 }}, 22 March 2007, retrieved on 27 May 2911&lt;/ref&gt;


== Kayan Aiki (Infrastructure) ==
[[File: Sg-map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=Map of Senegal|Manyan birane a Senegal]]
A shekarar 2005, hukumar ONAS ta gudanar da hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa mai tsawon {{convert|773|km|adj=on}}, tashoshin famfo na ruwan datti 57 da masana'antun tace ruwan datti guda bakwai, kuma tana da mambobi 70,931 a Dakar, Saint-Louis, Rufisque, Louga, Thiès, Saly da Kaolack. Hakanan ta gudanar da magudanun ruwan sama na {{convert|113|km}} da tashoshin famfo na ruwan sama guda bakwai a Dakar da wasu garuruwa guda huɗu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ONAS&quot; /&gt;

== Nauyi (Responsibility) ==

=== Manufofi (Policy) ===

Ma'aikatar Tsarin Birane, Gidaje, Ruwan Cikin Gari, Tsaftar Muhalli da Lafiyar Jama'a (Ministère de l'Urbanisme, de l'Habitat, de l'Hydraulique urbaine, de l'Hygiène publique et de l'Assainissement) ita ce ke tsara manufofi na wadatar da ruwan sha da tsabtace muhalli a birane. Ita kuma Ma'aikatar Ruwan Karkara da Hanyoyin Ruwa na Ƙasa (Ministère de l'Hydraulique rurale et du Réseau hydrographique national) tana kula da samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara. Waɗannan ayyukan a baya sun kasance ne a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona.

=== Samar da Ayyuka ===

Nauyin samar da ruwa a birane yana tsakanin kamfanin ruwa na ƙasar Senegal (Société Nationale des Eaux du Senegal, SONES), wanda kamfani ne na gwamnati, da kuma kamfanin Sénégalaise des Eaux (SDE), wanda kamfani ne mai zaman kansa. Kamfanin ruwa na Faransa wato SAUR ne ya fara mallakar kashi 51 cikin ɗari na hannun jari a SDE, sauran kashi 49 kuma an raba su ne tsakanin gwamnatin Senegal (kashi biyar), mutanen Senegal (kashi 39) da ma'aikatan kamfanin (kashi biyar). A shekarar 2011, ba a lissafa SAUR a matsayin mai hannun jari a rukunin yanar gizon SDE ba. Hannun jarin na su yana ƙarƙashin kamfanin Finagestion ne na Afirka ta Yamma, wanda mafi yawan mallakarsa ke hannun babban kamfanin saka hannun jari mai zaman kansa (private equity) na Emerging Capital Partners wanda ke da mazauni a Amurka kuma ya fi mayar da hankali kan Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;Senegalaise des Eaux:[http://www.sde.sn/entpresentation.htm Senegalaise des Eaux:L'entreprise] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005234221/http://www.sde.sn/entpresentation.htm |date=2011-10-05 }}, retrieved on May 27, 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar Tsaftar Muhalli ta Ƙasa ta Senegal (Office National de l'Assainissement du Sénégal - ONAS) ita ce ke kula da tsabtace muhalli.

A yankunan karkara, ƙungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa da aka sani da Associations d'usagers de forages ruraux (ASUFOR) sune ke kula da tsarin ruwan da ake samu daga rijiyoyin burtsatse (tube wells). Senegal tana tilasta musu sanya hannu kan kwangilar kulawa tare da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don tabbatar da dorewar tsarin, kuma suna iya mika aikin tafiyar da tsarinsu ga wasu ɓangororrin na daban.


== Sabbin Hanyoyi (Approaches) ==

Sabuwar hanyar da aka gabatar a fannin ruwa na Senegal ta haɗa da kwangilar hayar filaye na ƙasa baki ɗaya, haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da al'umma don samar da famfunan ruwa na jama'a (standpipes) a Dakar, da kuma amfani da ƙananan kamfanoni don kula da tsarin ruwa na karkara da ƙananan garuruwa tare da tallafin ƙananan rance (micro-credits).

=== Hayar samar da ruwa a birane ===
Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun hanyoyin da suka yi nasara wajen samar da ruwa a Senegal ita ce yarjejeniyar hayar da aka sanya wa hannu a shekarar 1996. A cewar gwamnatin Senegal, adadin abokan ciniki na kamfanin Sénégalaise des eaux (SDE) ya ƙaru daga 241,671 a shekarar 1996 zuwa 638,629 a shekarar 2014. Daga cikin sabbin hanyoyin haɗin ruwa kusan 400,000, guda 206,000 sun amfani mafi rukunin matalautan jama'a ne, musamman a kewayen birnin Dakar.&lt;ref name=WL&gt;{{cite journal|last1=N.N.|title=Remodelling Access|journal=Water Leader|date=July 2015|volume=3|issue=1|page=12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank), gwamnati ta isa ga matalauta ta hanyar kafa asusun ƙasa don tallafawa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Manufar ita ce inganta ayyuka ga matalauta a kan farashi mafi ƙanƙanta. Haɗin ruwa na jin daɗin jama'a (social connections) kyauta ne, yayin da aka caji kuɗin haɗawa ga gidaje masu wadata. SDE da Kamfanin Amfanin Ruwa na Ƙasar Senegal (SONES) sun yi aiki ta hanyar wata babbar ƙungiyar NGO don gano buƙatun haɗin ruwa na jin daɗin jama'a, kuma kamfani mai zaman kansa ya kafa tsarin biyan kuɗi na kwamfuta na zamani; wannan ya sauƙaƙa biyan kuɗi ga abokan ciniki na gida. An gudanar da ladan ma'aikacin ne bisa adadin ruwan da aka samar da kuma sayar da shi, wanda hakan ya ba da kwarin gwiwa don yi wa abokan ciniki da dama hidima da kuma rage asarar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;IDA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/home|title=World Bank Group - International Development, Poverty, &amp; Sustainability|website=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani bincike da Cibiyar Tattalin Arziƙi na Ƙasashe Masu Tasowa ta Boston (BIDE) ta gudanar a shekarar 2006 ya kiyasta gagarumar fa'ida ta yarjejeniyar hayar a kan dalar Amurka miliyan $457. Abokan ciniki sun sami ingantacciyar hanyar samun ruwa mai yawa da kuma kulawar gwamnati, sannan ƙananan fa'idodi (dala miliyan $6) sun tafi ga masu mallakar kamfanin ruwa. Masu ba da rance na ƙasashen waje sun yi asarar dala miliyan $14 sannan ma'aikata sun yi asarar dala miliyan $10 saboda rashi ko raguwar ayyukan yi da ƙananan ƙarin albashi da alawus-alawus.&lt;ref name=&quot;BIDE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://message.worldbank.org/isp_error_page.htm|title=Error - System Unavailable|website=message.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An zaɓi kamfani mai zaman kansa ne ta hanyar gasa a cikin tsari na matakai biyu. Masu neman takara guda huɗu, waɗanda duk na Faransa ne, sun shiga matakin farko: Générale des Eaux (yanzu Vivendi Environnement), Lyonnaise des Eaux (yanzu SUEZ), Société d'Aménagement Urbain et Rural (SAUR), da kuma CISE (wanda daga baya aka haɗiye shi da SAUR). Masu neman takara da suka cancanta sun gabatar da shawara, wanda aka tantance a wani taro. An nemi SAUR ta yi takara, kodayake kamfanin ya ba SONEES shawarwari tun shekarar 1980. Babban Bankin Duniya ya nuna rashin amincewarsa da cire su daga takarar, amma an umarci SONEES da ta kammala duk kwangiloli, ta yanke duk wata alaƙa, kuma kada ta ba SAUR damar shiga aikinsu watanni huɗu kafin bayar da takarar. An gayyaci dukkan masu neman takara huɗu da su gabatar da ingantattun shawarwari na fasaha da na kuɗi; an cire Lyonnaise des Eaux saboda rashin bin ƙa'idodi. An kuma cire tayin daga Générale des Eaux, tunda sun ƙi amincewa da wasu buƙatun kwangila. Sauran masu neman takara biyu, CISE da SAUR, an gayyace su don gabatar da tayin mataki na biyu. A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 1995, aka sanar da SAUR a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara bisa farashi. Tayin kamfanin ya kasance farashin samar da ruwa na 236 F.CFA a kowace cubic meter, wanda shine kashi 62 cikin ɗari na matsakaicin farashin haraji a wancan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot; /&gt;

A cewar masu sukar lamari kamar ƙungiyar NGO ta yanki Aide Transparence da ke da mazauni a Dakar, adadin haɗin ruwa ya ƙaru ne kawai daga 203,902 a shekarar 1996 zuwa 264,161 a shekarar 2002. Wannan ya saɓa da alkaluman SDE na shekarar 2002 na haɗin ruwa guda 338,398.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/chifclientele.htm |title=SDE: Evolution du nombre de clients |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031195843/http://www.sde.sn/chifclientele.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rahoton na Aide Transparence ya ambaci korafin abokan ciniki game da rashin kyawun ingancin ruwa, ƙaruwar amfani da ruwan kwalba na ma'adinai a Senegal, da katsewar ruwan famfo na kwana ɗaya ko fiye da haka.

=== Haɗin gwiwar al'umma ga famfunan ruwa a Dakar ===

Wata hanyar kuma ita ce haɗin gwiwar al'umma tare da SONES, SDE, da kuma ƙungiyar NGO ta ƙasa da ƙasa mai rassa a cikin gida (Enda Tiers-Monde) don zaɓar wuraren da za a kafa famfunan ruwa na jama'a (standpipes), gina su da kuma tafiyar da su. Wannan haɗin gwiwar yana sanya famfunan ruwa masu mita ga gidaje matalauta waɗanda a baya suke amfani da gurbataccen ruwan rijiya. Shirin yana biyan buƙatun ne na mutane maimakon dogaro da tsarin samarwa na bangare guda kawai. Al'umma suna da hannu a cikin tsare-tsare, gini, da kulawa, wanda hakan ke haifar da mallakar tsarin da ƙarfi da kusan kashi 100 cikin ɗari na dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa. Gidaje suna biyan ma'aikacin famfo, wanda shi kuma yake biyan kuɗin ruwan ga hukumar. Al'umma ce ke zaɓar ma'aikacin (ko ƙungiyar ma'aikata masu juyawa) waɗanda za su iya yi wa al'umma aiki ko, wani lokacin, don kansu don samun kason kuɗi. Akwai nau'ikan tsarin famfon ruwa guda biyu; SONES ce ke ɗaukar nauyin kuɗin kayan aiki a ɗayan tsarin, ENDA kuma tana ɗaukar nauyin kayan aiki na ɗayan tsarin. Tsari na ƙarshe, wanda aka sani da shirin &quot;Eau Populaire&quot;, ya fara ne a shekarar 1995. Tsarin SONES ya kafa kusan famfunan ruwa 250, tsarin ENDA kuma kusan 130. A shekarar 2001, an kiyasta cewa mutane 200,000 sun sami damar samun ruwa mai tsafta tare da aikin Eau Populaire, kuma hakan ya haifar da raguwa mai yawa na cututtukan da ke haifar da ruwa a cikin yara. Har ila yau, aikin ya samar da daruruwan ayyuka (ma'aikatan famfo waɗanda ke karɓar CFA 30,000 zuwa 80,000 kowace wata) kuma yana ba da kuɗi ga sauran ayyukan gida tare da kuɗin shiga na famfon ruwan.&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.bpd-waterandsanitation.org/web/w/www_57_en.aspx Building Partnerships for Development (BPD) in Water and Sanitation: Dakar, Senegal - Upgrade and expansion of local water networks] &lt;/ref&gt;

=== Samar da ruwa a karkara ===

A yankunan karkara, gwamnati ta fara tallafawa gabatar da tsarin gudanarwa mai dorewa ga hanyoyin ruwan bututu ta amfani da rijiyoyin burtsatse a shekarar 1999 tare da aikin gwaji na REGEFOR a tsakiyar Senegal. Aikin ya haɗa da amfani da mita da ƙayyade farashi na volumetric pricing, kwangilar kulawa tare da kamfanoni masu zaman her kansu, da kuma tallafin ƙananan rance (microcredit support).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.irc.nl/redir/content/download/23603/268759/file/3._Prsentation_REGEFOR_Hane.ppt Pape Mohamed Dia, Ousmane Hane: L'expérience REGEFOR Sénégal]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Atelier Régional Microfinances et mécanismes novateurs pour l'atteinte des OMD dans le secteur de l'Eau et de l'Assainissement en Afrique au Sud du Sahara, Dakar, le 12 décembre 2005&lt;/ref&gt; Aikin gwaji na farko ya shafi rijiyoyin burtsatse guda 80. A shekarar 2009, an tsara tsara yarjejeniya da kamfani mai zaman kansa don kula da rijiyoyin burtsatse guda 621 a tsakiyar Senegal. Zuwa watan Janairun shekarar 2010, ana sa ran dukkan rijiyoyin burtsatse 1,400 na ƙasar za su kasance ƙarƙashin kwangilar kulawa ta kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSP&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi da ci gaban baya-bayan nan ==

=== Haɗin gwiwar farko tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu (1960–1971) ===

1960–1971: Kamfanin Compagnie Générale des Eaux du Sénégal, wani kamfani na ƙarƙashin Compagnie Générale des Eaux ta ƙasar Faransa, ya kula da samar da ruwa a biranen Senegal ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar hayar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/securbaine.htm |title=Sénégalaise Des Eaux:Secteur de l'hydraulique urbaine |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081110131000/http://www.sde.sn/securbaine.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gudanarwar gwamnati (1971–tsakiyar shekarun 1990) ===

1971: Ƙarƙashin Shugaba Léopold Senghor, mai fafutukar ra'ayin gurguzu na Afirka (African socialism), Senegal ta mayar da kamfanin ruwanta ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati da sunan Société Nationale d'Exploitation des Eaux du Sénégal (SONEES). A yankunan karkara, ana samar da ruwa kyauta ba tare da caji ba.

1983: Ƙarƙashin Shugaba Abdou Diouf (1981-2000), SONEES ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar amfani (concession contract) da gwamnati. A yankunan karkara, an gabatar da harajin ruwa (water tariffs) tare da ƙayyadaddun kuɗi ga kowane gida.

1994: Gwamnati ta fara wani tsari na tsawon shekara guda na tsara gyare-gyare a fannin, gami da gudanar da bita-bita da neman shawarwari daga Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank) da kuma duba gyare-gyaren da aka yi a sauran ƙasashe.

=== Haɗin gwiwar biyu tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu (tun tsakiyar shekarun 1990) ===

1995: Gwamnati ta yanke shawarar mika aikin samar da ruwa a birane ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar hayar.

1996: An rushe SONEES, kuma aka kafa sabbin kamfanoni guda uku: Société Nationale des Eaux du Sénégal (SONES, kamfanin kadarori na jiha), Sénégalaise des Eaux (SDE, kamfani mai zaman kansa mai gudanarwa), da kuma Office National de l'Assainissement du Sénégal (ONAS, kamfanin tsaftar muhalli na gwamnati). SONES ce ta mallaki kadarorin kuma ita ce ke da alhakin saka hannun jari a kayan aiki da kuma daidaita ayyukan SDE. SDE kuma tana da alhakin gudanarwa, kulawa ta yau da kullum, wasu bincike na saka hannun jari don faɗaɗa tsarin, da kuma tura takardun kuɗi da karɓar kuɗaɗe.

1998: SONES da SDE sun sake tattaunawa kan wasu maƙasudai da ba za su iya biyu ba a cikin kwangilar ba tare da an kai ga sasantawa na shari'a ko ƙarar juna ba.

1998: An kafa hukumar Conseil Supérieur de l'Eau, wadda Firayim Minista ke jagoranta, don tsara manufofi na gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da samar da ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pepam.gouv.sn/ressource.php?rubr=ress&amp;id=6&amp;type=docs&amp;cat=1&amp;lang=fr Décret portant création d'un Conseil supérieur de l'eau]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

1999: An fara aikin gwaji na REGEFOR a tsakiyar Senegal tare da tallafin Hukumar Raya Ƙasa ta Faransa (AFD) don samar da sabbin ƙa'idodin gudanarwa da suka ginu a kan janyewar jihar domin fifita masu amfani da ruwa da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu: amfani da mita, ƙayyade farashi na volumetric pricing, kwararrun manajoji da ma'aikatan fasaha, da kuma bayyananniyar alaƙa tsakanin rukunonin da abin ya shafa.&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.afd.fr/jahia/Jahia/site/afd/lang/en/pid/1296 Agence Française de Développement: Senegal: Regefor—Reforming mechanical drilling] &lt;/ref&gt;

2000: An sami canjin gwamnati bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da shugaban 'yan adawa Abdoulaye Wade ya lashe.

2001: Wasiƙa ta biyu ta manufofin ci gaba da ingancin Aikin Samar da Ruwa na Dogon Lokaci da Babban Bankin Duniya ke tallafawa. Manufofin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ba su fuskanci manyan canje-canje ba.

2002: Kamfanin Sénégalaise Des Eaux ya sami takardar shaida ta ƙa'idar ISO 9001 (fasalin 2000) daga ƙungiyar tabbatar da inganci ta Faransa wato AFAQ. SDE shi ne kamfani na farko na Senegal da ya sami takardar shaidar ISO kuma kamfani na farko na Afirka da aka ba takardar shaida ta ƙa'idar ISO 9001 bisa tsarin gudanarwa na gamsar da abokan ciniki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/entiso.htm |title=Sénégalaise Des Eaux:La certification ISO 9001 Version 2000 |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919165727/http://www.sde.sn/entiso.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
2005: Wasiƙa ta uku ta manufofin ci gaba. An kafa Shirin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Ƙarni (Millennium Program - PEPAM).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pepam.gouv.sn/ressource.php?rubr=ress&amp;id=22&amp;type=docs&amp;cat=2&amp;lang=fr PEPAM: Arrêté de création du PEPAM]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A yankunan karkara, an kammala aikin gwaji na REGEFOR cikin nasara kuma an gabatar da tsarinsa a matakin ƙasa baki ɗaya.

2006: An tsawaita yarjejeniyar hayar da SDE na tsawon shekaru biyar. An sanya hannu kan kwangilar gudanar da aiki (performance contract) tare da SONES.

2008: Gwamnati ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar gudanar da aiki tare da ONAS.

2009: Gwamnati ta ba da umarnin gudanar da bincike don auna (daga cikin sauran batutuwa) ko ya kamata yarjejeniyar hayar ta koma zuwa kwangilar amfani (concession agreement) wadda ƙarƙashinta kamfani mai zaman kansa zai ɗauki nauyin wasu (ko duka) saka hannun jari.

2010/11: Kamfanin SAUR ya sayar da kasonsa na SDE ga kamfanin Finagestion na Afirka ta Yamma, wanda mafi yawan mallakarsa ke hannun babban kamfanin saka hannun jari mai zaman kansa na Emerging Capital Partners wanda ke da mazauni a Amurka kuma ya fi mayar da hankali kan Afirka.

2011: An tsawaita yarjejeniyar hayar da SDE na tsawon shekaru biyu.&lt;ref name=Eplus/&gt;

2012: An zaɓi Macky Sall a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, inda ya doke Abdoulaye Wade.

Satumba 2013: An katse samar da ruwa a birnin Dakar na tsawon makonni uku bayan fashewar wani babban bututun mai rarraba ruwa a gundumar Keur Momar Sarr.&lt;ref name=Eplus/&gt;

2014: An tsawaita yarjejeniyar hayar da SDE na tsawon shekaru biyar.&lt;ref name=Eplus&gt; {{cite web|title=L'État a signé avec la SDE pour 5 ans|url=http://www.enqueteplus.com/content/contrat-daffermage-pour-la-distribution-de-leau-l%C3%A9tat-sign%C3%A9-avec-la-sde-pour-5-ans|publisher=Enquête+|access-date=29 August 2015|date=4 January 2014}} &lt;/ref&gt;

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'''Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Senegal''' yana da alaƙa da babban matakin samun ruwa idan aka kwatanta da yawancin ƙasashen kudu da hamadar Sahara. Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu (PPP) ya fara aiki a [[Senegal]] tun daga shekarar 1996, tare da [[Senegalaise des Eaux]] (SDE, wani reshe na [[:fr:Groupe SAUR|Saur International]] ) abokin hulɗa mai zaman kansa. SDE ba ta da tsarin ruwa, amma tana kula da shi bisa yarjejeniyar shekaru 10 daga gwamnatin Senegal. Tsakanin 1996 da 2014, tallace-tallacen ruwa sun ninka zuwa mita cubic miliyan 131 a kowace shekara; adadin haɗin gidaje ya ƙaru da kashi 165 cikin ɗari, zuwa sama da 638,000. A cewar Bankin Duniya, &quot;Ana ɗaukar lamarin Senegal a matsayin misali na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara&quot;.  Kamfanin tsaftar muhalli na ƙasa shine ke kula da najasa, tsaftace ruwan shara da magudanar ruwan sama, wanda aka yi wa kamfanin tsaftar muhalli na ƙasa na [[Tunisiya]] kuma ya keɓance a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na Afirka.

== Samun dama ==
A shekarar 2015, kashi 75 cikin 100 na al'ummar Senegal sun sami damar samun akalla tushen ruwa guda ɗaya, kuma kashi 48 cikin 100 sun sami damar samun tsaftar muhalli. Akwai babban bambanci tsakanin samar da ruwa a birane (kashi 91 cikin 100 na samun ruwa) da yankunan karkara (kashi 63 cikin 100).  Yawan samun tsaftar muhalli ya kuma bambanta sosai tsakanin yankunan birane da karkara, inda kashi 66 cikin 100 na al'ummar birane ke da hanyar samun tsaftar muhalli, kuma kashi 35 cikin 100 na al'ummar karkara ke da hanyar samun ruwa. A yankunan birane, kashi 75 cikin 100 na al'ummar suna da hanyar samun ruwa a gidajensu ko kuma a gidajensu, kuma kashi 17 cikin 100 sun dogara ne da wuraren samar da ruwa da [[Famfon titi mai tsayi|bututun ruwa]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/en/watquery.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217095912/http://www.wssinfo.org/en/watquery.html |archive-date=2008-12-17 |access-date=2008-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kashi 19 cikin 100 na al'ummar biranen ƙasar suna da hanyar samun ruwa ta magudanar ruwa, kuma kashi 60 cikin 100 suna da hanyar samun ruwa ta hanyar amfani da tankunan feshi ko kuma ingantattun bayan gida na gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

Tushe: Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na Kula da Ruwa da Tsafta na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] da [[UNICEF]]

Babban tushen waɗannan alkaluma shine binciken Senegal, wani ɓangare na [[World Health Survey|Binciken Lafiya na Duniya]] na WHO na 2003. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation: Water Senegal |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/country/SEN_wat.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213140320/http://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/country/SEN_wat.pdf |archive-date=2009-02-13 |access-date=2008-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adadin samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa a yankunan birane (kashi 92) ya ɗan yi ƙasa da adadin da kamfanin samar da ruwa na SDE ya ruwaito kuma Bankin Duniya ya ambato (kashi 98). &lt;ref name=&quot;IDA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Bank Group - International Development, Poverty, &amp; Sustainability |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/home |website=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sabis ==
[[Samar da Ruwa|Samar da ruwa]] a [[Dakar]] da sauran biranen Senegal yana ci gaba da gudana. A shekarar 1994, an samar da sabis na tsawon matsakaicin sa'o'i 16 a kowace rana. Ganin karuwar buƙata daga sabbin masu amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa da kuma ƙuntatawa kan albarkatun ruwa, kamfanin mai zaman kansa ya fara rarraba katsewar samar da ruwa daidai wa daida a tsakanin unguwannin Dakar.  An ƙara matsakaicin sa'o'in samar da ruwa a kowace rana zuwa 19 a shekarar 2001, kuma an samu ci gaba da samar da ruwa a shekarar 2006;  an samu nasarar hakan ne ta hanyar faɗaɗa bututun ruwa daga Lac de Guiers a shekarar 1999. A shekarar 2004, kashi 97.7 cikin ɗari na samfuran ruwa sun yi daidai da ƙa'idodin ruwa na ƙwayoyin cuta (sama da kashi 96 cikin ɗari a shekarar 1996). &lt;ref name=&quot;BIDE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Error - System Unavailable |url=https://message.worldbank.org/isp_error_page.htm |website=message.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Albarkatun Ruwa ==
[[File:River gambia Niokolokoba National Park.gif|thumb|alt=Aerial photo of a large, muddy river flowing past forests|upright=1.1|Kogin Gambia a cikin gidan shakatawa na kasar Senegal wato Niokolo-Koba National Park]]
[[File:SaloumULM.JPG|Kogin Saloum a tsakiyar Senegal|thumb|alt=Aerial photo of a river flowing through a desert with some vegetation|upright=0.9]]

Yanayin da na ƙasar Senegal na zafi ne (tropical climate), tare da bayyanannun lokutan rani da na damina. Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na birnin Dakar kusan {{convert|600|mm}} yana sauka ne tsakanin watannin Yuni da Oktoba. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya fito ne daga {{convert|270|mm}} kowace shekara a arewa zuwa {{convert|1793|mm}} kowace shekara a kudanci. Yanayin zafi na cikin ƙasa ya fi na gabar teku yawa.

Mafi girman albarkatun ruwa a ƙasar shine Kogin Senegal (Senegal River) da ke arewa, wanda ƙasar ke rabawa tare da Mauritania, Mali, da Guinea. Matsakaicin kwararar ruwansa ya kai lita biliyan 37 cubic meters kowace shekara. Tafkin Guiers (Lac de Guiers) wani muhimmin ma'ajiyar ruwa ne a saman gabar kogin Senegal, tare da adadin ruwa kusan miliyan 500 cubic meters. Shi ne babban tushen ruwa mai daɗi ga birnin Dakar, mai nisan daruruwan kilomita zuwa kudu maso yamma, ta hanyar bututun ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Kodayake ruwan Kogin Senegal yana da yawa, ruwa a mafi yawan sauran sassan ƙasar yana da ƙaranci. Sauran manyan sassan ruwa na sama sun haɗa da Kogin Casamance, Kogin Gambia, Kogin Saloum, Kogin Geba, Kogin Falémé da kuma lagun na Tamna kusa da Thiès.

Senegal tana da kusan lita biliyan uku cubic meters na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa mai sabuntawa, ban da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wanda ke haɗuwa da ruwan sama. Jimillar ruwan da aka ɗibo a shekarar 1987 ya kai biliyan 1.4 cubic meters, inda kashi 92 cikin ɗari na aikin gona ne, kashi uku cikin ɗari na masana'antu, sannan kashi biyar cikin ɗari na amfanin gida.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20040716162928/http://www.earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/Wat_cou_686.pdf World Resources Institute: Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems Senegal], 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'ajiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun haɗa da aquifers masu zurfin har zuwa {{convert|20|m}} a Casamance da kuma zurfin {{convert|40|-|60|m}} a Kaolack da Tamba, da kuma crop-outs{{clarify|date=July 2024|reason=What are crop-outs?}} kusa da Dakar da Thiès. Sun kuma haɗa da aquifers a zurfin {{convert|200|-|400|m}}. An kiyasta adadin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a kan biliyan bakwai cubic meters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/h2oeaudistribuee.htm |title=SDE: D'où vient l'eau distribuée by la SDE |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081110131936/http://www.sde.sn/h2oeaudistribuee.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawan amfani da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa fiye da kima (overexploitation) babbar matsala ce a sassan Senegal. Mont Rolland, mai nisan {{convert|70|km}} daga Dakar, an san shi da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na ma'adinai; a halin yanzu mazauna ƙauyen suna buƙatar yin hako mai zurfin har {{convert|80|m}} don hako ruwa. Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na ƙauyen ya ragu sosai saboda yawan hako da kamfanin ruwan ma'adinai ya yi, wanda a halin yanzu yake a rufe. Kusan kashi 80 cikin ɗari na masu aikin lambu na Senegal suna kusa da Mont Rolland.&lt;ref&gt;[http://ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=17216 IPS: Development-Senegal: Water Shortages Hit Women the Most], April 2003&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana wadatar da birnin Dakar ne da farko da ruwan da aka ɗibo daga fossil aquifers waɗanda ka iya kasancewa an yi amfani da su fiye da kima kuma sun gurɓata da ruwan gishiri. Ana kawo sassan ruwa daga masana'antar tace ruwa ta Ngnith da ke kan tafkin Guiers ta hanyar wani bututun mai rarraba ruwa wanda aka ƙara ƙarfin sa a shekarar 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot; /&gt; Saboda ƙaruwar buƙata da kuma buƙatar rufe rijiyoyin burtsatse da suka gurɓata, dole ne a kawo ruwan sama daga Kogin Senegal, mai nisan kusan {{convert|240|km}}, wanda ke buƙatar tsadar kuɗi na saka hannun jari don faɗaɗa bututun da ke akwai. Ana saurin ran ƙarin ruwan Kogin Senegal zai ƙaru daga 0.5 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s zuwa kusan 6.0 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s a shekarar 2030. Waɗannan buƙatun suna cikin haƙƙoƙin ruwa na ƙasar Senegal ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyoyin da ta ƙulla da ƙasashe maƙwabta. Sai dai, irin wannan babban adadin ruwa zai sami gagarumin tasiri ga muhalli a kan Tafkin Guiers da kuma yankin gabar Kogin Senegal. Kwararar ruwa mai ranci na gaba a Kogin Senegal yana da wuyar hango shi saboda canjin yanayi da rashin tabbas game da madatsar ruwa ta Manantali Dam.&lt;ref name=&quot;LTWSP&quot;&gt;[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2001/03/08/000094946_01021705482844/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf World Bank - Project Appraisal Document: Long-Term Water Supply Project], 2001, p. 4-6&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafi yawan ruwan datti na birnin Dakar ana zubar da shi ne, ba tare da an tace shi ba, zuwa cikin Tekun Atlantic.&lt;ref name=&quot;ONAS&quot;&gt;[http://www.onas.sn/onas.htm ONAS]&lt;/ref&gt; Masana'antar tace ruwan datti ta Cambérène, mafi girma a Senegal, tana tace kusan kashi 15 cikin ɗari na ruwan datti da ake samarwa a Dakar. Tun daga shekarar 2007, kamfanin SAUR na ƙasar Faransa ke gudanar da aikin tashar kuma ya faɗaɗa ta. Ana sake amfani da wasu sassan ruwan datti da aka tace.&lt;ref&gt;SAUR:[http://www.saur.com/index.php/international/senegal Sénégal:Station d'épuration de Cambérène (Dakar)], retrieved on May 27, 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Zuwa shekarar 2007, an sake amfani da ruwa don filin wasan golf kuma an tsara amfani da shi don shayar da bishiyoyi, korayen wurare da lambunan kayan lambu bayan an yi masa tace na mataki na uku (tertiary treatment).&lt;ref&gt;Agence de Presse Sénégalaise:[http://www.aps.sn/spip.php?article29057 Les eaux épurées de la stationde Cambérène, ''alternative'' pour économiser l'eau potable, selon Issa Mbaye Samb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722075751/http://www.aps.sn/spip.php?article29057 |date=2011-07-22 }}, 22 March 2007, retrieved on 27 May 2911&lt;/ref&gt;


== Kayan Aiki (Infrastructure) ==
[[File: Sg-map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=Map of Senegal|Manyan birane a Senegal]]
A shekarar 2005, hukumar ONAS ta gudanar da hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa mai tsawon {{convert|773|km|adj=on}}, tashoshin famfo na ruwan datti 57 da masana'antun tace ruwan datti guda bakwai, kuma tana da mambobi 70,931 a Dakar, Saint-Louis, Rufisque, Louga, Thiès, Saly da Kaolack. Hakanan ta gudanar da magudanun ruwan sama na {{convert|113|km}} da tashoshin famfo na ruwan sama guda bakwai a Dakar da wasu garuruwa guda huɗu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ONAS&quot; /&gt;

== Nauyi (Responsibility) ==

=== Manufofi (Policy) ===

Ma'aikatar Tsarin Birane, Gidaje, Ruwan Cikin Gari, Tsaftar Muhalli da Lafiyar Jama'a (Ministère de l'Urbanisme, de l'Habitat, de l'Hydraulique urbaine, de l'Hygiène publique et de l'Assainissement) ita ce ke tsara manufofi na wadatar da ruwan sha da tsabtace muhalli a birane. Ita kuma Ma'aikatar Ruwan Karkara da Hanyoyin Ruwa na Ƙasa (Ministère de l'Hydraulique rurale et du Réseau hydrographique national) tana kula da samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara. Waɗannan ayyukan a baya sun kasance ne a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona.

=== Samar da Ayyuka ===

Nauyin samar da ruwa a birane yana tsakanin kamfanin ruwa na ƙasar Senegal (Société Nationale des Eaux du Senegal, SONES), wanda kamfani ne na gwamnati, da kuma kamfanin Sénégalaise des Eaux (SDE), wanda kamfani ne mai zaman kansa. Kamfanin ruwa na Faransa wato SAUR ne ya fara mallakar kashi 51 cikin ɗari na hannun jari a SDE, sauran kashi 49 kuma an raba su ne tsakanin gwamnatin Senegal (kashi biyar), mutanen Senegal (kashi 39) da ma'aikatan kamfanin (kashi biyar). A shekarar 2011, ba a lissafa SAUR a matsayin mai hannun jari a rukunin yanar gizon SDE ba. Hannun jarin na su yana ƙarƙashin kamfanin Finagestion ne na Afirka ta Yamma, wanda mafi yawan mallakarsa ke hannun babban kamfanin saka hannun jari mai zaman kansa (private equity) na Emerging Capital Partners wanda ke da mazauni a Amurka kuma ya fi mayar da hankali kan Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;Senegalaise des Eaux:[http://www.sde.sn/entpresentation.htm Senegalaise des Eaux:L'entreprise] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005234221/http://www.sde.sn/entpresentation.htm |date=2011-10-05 }}, retrieved on May 27, 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar Tsaftar Muhalli ta Ƙasa ta Senegal (Office National de l'Assainissement du Sénégal - ONAS) ita ce ke kula da tsabtace muhalli.

A yankunan karkara, ƙungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa da aka sani da Associations d'usagers de forages ruraux (ASUFOR) sune ke kula da tsarin ruwan da ake samu daga rijiyoyin burtsatse (tube wells). Senegal tana tilasta musu sanya hannu kan kwangilar kulawa tare da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don tabbatar da dorewar tsarin, kuma suna iya mika aikin tafiyar da tsarinsu ga wasu ɓangororrin na daban.


== Sabbin Hanyoyi (Approaches) ==

Sabuwar hanyar da aka gabatar a fannin ruwa na Senegal ta haɗa da kwangilar hayar filaye na ƙasa baki ɗaya, haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da al'umma don samar da famfunan ruwa na jama'a (standpipes) a Dakar, da kuma amfani da ƙananan kamfanoni don kula da tsarin ruwa na karkara da ƙananan garuruwa tare da tallafin ƙananan rance (micro-credits).

=== Hayar samar da ruwa a birane ===
Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun hanyoyin da suka yi nasara wajen samar da ruwa a Senegal ita ce yarjejeniyar hayar da aka sanya wa hannu a shekarar 1996. A cewar gwamnatin Senegal, adadin abokan ciniki na kamfanin Sénégalaise des eaux (SDE) ya ƙaru daga 241,671 a shekarar 1996 zuwa 638,629 a shekarar 2014. Daga cikin sabbin hanyoyin haɗin ruwa kusan 400,000, guda 206,000 sun amfani mafi rukunin matalautan jama'a ne, musamman a kewayen birnin Dakar.&lt;ref name=WL&gt;{{cite journal|last1=N.N.|title=Remodelling Access|journal=Water Leader|date=July 2015|volume=3|issue=1|page=12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank), gwamnati ta isa ga matalauta ta hanyar kafa asusun ƙasa don tallafawa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Manufar ita ce inganta ayyuka ga matalauta a kan farashi mafi ƙanƙanta. Haɗin ruwa na jin daɗin jama'a (social connections) kyauta ne, yayin da aka caji kuɗin haɗawa ga gidaje masu wadata. SDE da Kamfanin Amfanin Ruwa na Ƙasar Senegal (SONES) sun yi aiki ta hanyar wata babbar ƙungiyar NGO don gano buƙatun haɗin ruwa na jin daɗin jama'a, kuma kamfani mai zaman kansa ya kafa tsarin biyan kuɗi na kwamfuta na zamani; wannan ya sauƙaƙa biyan kuɗi ga abokan ciniki na gida. An gudanar da ladan ma'aikacin ne bisa adadin ruwan da aka samar da kuma sayar da shi, wanda hakan ya ba da kwarin gwiwa don yi wa abokan ciniki da dama hidima da kuma rage asarar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;IDA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/home|title=World Bank Group - International Development, Poverty, &amp; Sustainability|website=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani bincike da Cibiyar Tattalin Arziƙi na Ƙasashe Masu Tasowa ta Boston (BIDE) ta gudanar a shekarar 2006 ya kiyasta gagarumar fa'ida ta yarjejeniyar hayar a kan dalar Amurka miliyan $457. Abokan ciniki sun sami ingantacciyar hanyar samun ruwa mai yawa da kuma kulawar gwamnati, sannan ƙananan fa'idodi (dala miliyan $6) sun tafi ga masu mallakar kamfanin ruwa. Masu ba da rance na ƙasashen waje sun yi asarar dala miliyan $14 sannan ma'aikata sun yi asarar dala miliyan $10 saboda rashi ko raguwar ayyukan yi da ƙananan ƙarin albashi da alawus-alawus.&lt;ref name=&quot;BIDE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://message.worldbank.org/isp_error_page.htm|title=Error - System Unavailable|website=message.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An zaɓi kamfani mai zaman kansa ne ta hanyar gasa a cikin tsari na matakai biyu. Masu neman takara guda huɗu, waɗanda duk na Faransa ne, sun shiga matakin farko: Générale des Eaux (yanzu Vivendi Environnement), Lyonnaise des Eaux (yanzu SUEZ), Société d'Aménagement Urbain et Rural (SAUR), da kuma CISE (wanda daga baya aka haɗiye shi da SAUR). Masu neman takara da suka cancanta sun gabatar da shawara, wanda aka tantance a wani taro. An nemi SAUR ta yi takara, kodayake kamfanin ya ba SONEES shawarwari tun shekarar 1980. Babban Bankin Duniya ya nuna rashin amincewarsa da cire su daga takarar, amma an umarci SONEES da ta kammala duk kwangiloli, ta yanke duk wata alaƙa, kuma kada ta ba SAUR damar shiga aikinsu watanni huɗu kafin bayar da takarar. An gayyaci dukkan masu neman takara huɗu da su gabatar da ingantattun shawarwari na fasaha da na kuɗi; an cire Lyonnaise des Eaux saboda rashin bin ƙa'idodi. An kuma cire tayin daga Générale des Eaux, tunda sun ƙi amincewa da wasu buƙatun kwangila. Sauran masu neman takara biyu, CISE da SAUR, an gayyace su don gabatar da tayin mataki na biyu. A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 1995, aka sanar da SAUR a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara bisa farashi. Tayin kamfanin ya kasance farashin samar da ruwa na 236 F.CFA a kowace cubic meter, wanda shine kashi 62 cikin ɗari na matsakaicin farashin haraji a wancan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot; /&gt;

A cewar masu sukar lamari kamar ƙungiyar NGO ta yanki Aide Transparence da ke da mazauni a Dakar, adadin haɗin ruwa ya ƙaru ne kawai daga 203,902 a shekarar 1996 zuwa 264,161 a shekarar 2002. Wannan ya saɓa da alkaluman SDE na shekarar 2002 na haɗin ruwa guda 338,398.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/chifclientele.htm |title=SDE: Evolution du nombre de clients |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031195843/http://www.sde.sn/chifclientele.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rahoton na Aide Transparence ya ambaci korafin abokan ciniki game da rashin kyawun ingancin ruwa, ƙaruwar amfani da ruwan kwalba na ma'adinai a Senegal, da katsewar ruwan famfo na kwana ɗaya ko fiye da haka.

=== Haɗin gwiwar al'umma ga famfunan ruwa a Dakar ===

Wata hanyar kuma ita ce haɗin gwiwar al'umma tare da SONES, SDE, da kuma ƙungiyar NGO ta ƙasa da ƙasa mai rassa a cikin gida (Enda Tiers-Monde) don zaɓar wuraren da za a kafa famfunan ruwa na jama'a (standpipes), gina su da kuma tafiyar da su. Wannan haɗin gwiwar yana sanya famfunan ruwa masu mita ga gidaje matalauta waɗanda a baya suke amfani da gurbataccen ruwan rijiya. Shirin yana biyan buƙatun ne na mutane maimakon dogaro da tsarin samarwa na bangare guda kawai. Al'umma suna da hannu a cikin tsare-tsare, gini, da kulawa, wanda hakan ke haifar da mallakar tsarin da ƙarfi da kusan kashi 100 cikin ɗari na dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa. Gidaje suna biyan ma'aikacin famfo, wanda shi kuma yake biyan kuɗin ruwan ga hukumar. Al'umma ce ke zaɓar ma'aikacin (ko ƙungiyar ma'aikata masu juyawa) waɗanda za su iya yi wa al'umma aiki ko, wani lokacin, don kansu don samun kason kuɗi. Akwai nau'ikan tsarin famfon ruwa guda biyu; SONES ce ke ɗaukar nauyin kuɗin kayan aiki a ɗayan tsarin, ENDA kuma tana ɗaukar nauyin kayan aiki na ɗayan tsarin. Tsari na ƙarshe, wanda aka sani da shirin &quot;Eau Populaire&quot;, ya fara ne a shekarar 1995. Tsarin SONES ya kafa kusan famfunan ruwa 250, tsarin ENDA kuma kusan 130. A shekarar 2001, an kiyasta cewa mutane 200,000 sun sami damar samun ruwa mai tsafta tare da aikin Eau Populaire, kuma hakan ya haifar da raguwa mai yawa na cututtukan da ke haifar da ruwa a cikin yara. Har ila yau, aikin ya samar da daruruwan ayyuka (ma'aikatan famfo waɗanda ke karɓar CFA 30,000 zuwa 80,000 kowace wata) kuma yana ba da kuɗi ga sauran ayyukan gida tare da kuɗin shiga na famfon ruwan.&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.bpd-waterandsanitation.org/web/w/www_57_en.aspx Building Partnerships for Development (BPD) in Water and Sanitation: Dakar, Senegal - Upgrade and expansion of local water networks] &lt;/ref&gt;

=== Samar da ruwa a karkara ===

A yankunan karkara, gwamnati ta fara tallafawa gabatar da tsarin gudanarwa mai dorewa ga hanyoyin ruwan bututu ta amfani da rijiyoyin burtsatse a shekarar 1999 tare da aikin gwaji na REGEFOR a tsakiyar Senegal. Aikin ya haɗa da amfani da mita da ƙayyade farashi na volumetric pricing, kwangilar kulawa tare da kamfanoni masu zaman her kansu, da kuma tallafin ƙananan rance (microcredit support).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.irc.nl/redir/content/download/23603/268759/file/3._Prsentation_REGEFOR_Hane.ppt Pape Mohamed Dia, Ousmane Hane: L'expérience REGEFOR Sénégal]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Atelier Régional Microfinances et mécanismes novateurs pour l'atteinte des OMD dans le secteur de l'Eau et de l'Assainissement en Afrique au Sud du Sahara, Dakar, le 12 décembre 2005&lt;/ref&gt; Aikin gwaji na farko ya shafi rijiyoyin burtsatse guda 80. A shekarar 2009, an tsara tsara yarjejeniya da kamfani mai zaman kansa don kula da rijiyoyin burtsatse guda 621 a tsakiyar Senegal. Zuwa watan Janairun shekarar 2010, ana sa ran dukkan rijiyoyin burtsatse 1,400 na ƙasar za su kasance ƙarƙashin kwangilar kulawa ta kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSP&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi da ci gaban baya-bayan nan ==

=== Haɗin gwiwar farko tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu (1960–1971) ===

1960–1971: Kamfanin Compagnie Générale des Eaux du Sénégal, wani kamfani na ƙarƙashin Compagnie Générale des Eaux ta ƙasar Faransa, ya kula da samar da ruwa a biranen Senegal ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar hayar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/securbaine.htm |title=Sénégalaise Des Eaux:Secteur de l'hydraulique urbaine |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081110131000/http://www.sde.sn/securbaine.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gudanarwar gwamnati (1971–tsakiyar shekarun 1990) ===

1971: Ƙarƙashin Shugaba Léopold Senghor, mai fafutukar ra'ayin gurguzu na Afirka (African socialism), Senegal ta mayar da kamfanin ruwanta ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati da sunan Société Nationale d'Exploitation des Eaux du Sénégal (SONEES). A yankunan karkara, ana samar da ruwa kyauta ba tare da caji ba.

1983: Ƙarƙashin Shugaba Abdou Diouf (1981-2000), SONEES ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar amfani (concession contract) da gwamnati. A yankunan karkara, an gabatar da harajin ruwa (water tariffs) tare da ƙayyadaddun kuɗi ga kowane gida.

1994: Gwamnati ta fara wani tsari na tsawon shekara guda na tsara gyare-gyare a fannin, gami da gudanar da bita-bita da neman shawarwari daga Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank) da kuma duba gyare-gyaren da aka yi a sauran ƙasashe.

=== Haɗin gwiwar biyu tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu (tun tsakiyar shekarun 1990) ===

1995: Gwamnati ta yanke shawarar mika aikin samar da ruwa a birane ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar hayar.

1996: An rushe SONEES, kuma aka kafa sabbin kamfanoni guda uku: Société Nationale des Eaux du Sénégal (SONES, kamfanin kadarori na jiha), Sénégalaise des Eaux (SDE, kamfani mai zaman kansa mai gudanarwa), da kuma Office National de l'Assainissement du Sénégal (ONAS, kamfanin tsaftar muhalli na gwamnati). SONES ce ta mallaki kadarorin kuma ita ce ke da alhakin saka hannun jari a kayan aiki da kuma daidaita ayyukan SDE. SDE kuma tana da alhakin gudanarwa, kulawa ta yau da kullum, wasu bincike na saka hannun jari don faɗaɗa tsarin, da kuma tura takardun kuɗi da karɓar kuɗaɗe.

1998: SONES da SDE sun sake tattaunawa kan wasu maƙasudai da ba za su iya biyu ba a cikin kwangilar ba tare da an kai ga sasantawa na shari'a ko ƙarar juna ba.

1998: An kafa hukumar Conseil Supérieur de l'Eau, wadda Firayim Minista ke jagoranta, don tsara manufofi na gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da samar da ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pepam.gouv.sn/ressource.php?rubr=ress&amp;id=6&amp;type=docs&amp;cat=1&amp;lang=fr Décret portant création d'un Conseil supérieur de l'eau]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

1999: An fara aikin gwaji na REGEFOR a tsakiyar Senegal tare da tallafin Hukumar Raya Ƙasa ta Faransa (AFD) don samar da sabbin ƙa'idodin gudanarwa da suka ginu a kan janyewar jihar domin fifita masu amfani da ruwa da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu: amfani da mita, ƙayyade farashi na volumetric pricing, kwararrun manajoji da ma'aikatan fasaha, da kuma bayyananniyar alaƙa tsakanin rukunonin da abin ya shafa.&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.afd.fr/jahia/Jahia/site/afd/lang/en/pid/1296 Agence Française de Développement: Senegal: Regefor—Reforming mechanical drilling] &lt;/ref&gt;

2000: An sami canjin gwamnati bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da shugaban 'yan adawa Abdoulaye Wade ya lashe.

2001: Wasiƙa ta biyu ta manufofin ci gaba da ingancin Aikin Samar da Ruwa na Dogon Lokaci da Babban Bankin Duniya ke tallafawa. Manufofin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ba su fuskanci manyan canje-canje ba.

2002: Kamfanin Sénégalaise Des Eaux ya sami takardar shaida ta ƙa'idar ISO 9001 (fasalin 2000) daga ƙungiyar tabbatar da inganci ta Faransa wato AFAQ. SDE shi ne kamfani na farko na Senegal da ya sami takardar shaidar ISO kuma kamfani na farko na Afirka da aka ba takardar shaida ta ƙa'idar ISO 9001 bisa tsarin gudanarwa na gamsar da abokan ciniki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/entiso.htm |title=Sénégalaise Des Eaux:La certification ISO 9001 Version 2000 |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919165727/http://www.sde.sn/entiso.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
2005: Wasiƙa ta uku ta manufofin ci gaba. An kafa Shirin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Ƙarni (Millennium Program - PEPAM).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pepam.gouv.sn/ressource.php?rubr=ress&amp;id=22&amp;type=docs&amp;cat=2&amp;lang=fr PEPAM: Arrêté de création du PEPAM]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A yankunan karkara, an kammala aikin gwaji na REGEFOR cikin nasara kuma an gabatar da tsarinsa a matakin ƙasa baki ɗaya.

2006: An tsawaita yarjejeniyar hayar da SDE na tsawon shekaru biyar. An sanya hannu kan kwangilar gudanar da aiki (performance contract) tare da SONES.

2008: Gwamnati ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar gudanar da aiki tare da ONAS.

2009: Gwamnati ta ba da umarnin gudanar da bincike don auna (daga cikin sauran batutuwa) ko ya kamata yarjejeniyar hayar ta koma zuwa kwangilar amfani (concession agreement) wadda ƙarƙashinta kamfani mai zaman kansa zai ɗauki nauyin wasu (ko duka) saka hannun jari.

2010/11: Kamfanin SAUR ya sayar da kasonsa na SDE ga kamfanin Finagestion na Afirka ta Yamma, wanda mafi yawan mallakarsa ke hannun babban kamfanin saka hannun jari mai zaman kansa na Emerging Capital Partners wanda ke da mazauni a Amurka kuma ya fi mayar da hankali kan Afirka.

2011: An tsawaita yarjejeniyar hayar da SDE na tsawon shekaru biyu.&lt;ref name=Eplus/&gt;

2012: An zaɓi Macky Sall a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, inda ya doke Abdoulaye Wade.

Satumba 2013: An katse samar da ruwa a birnin Dakar na tsawon makonni uku bayan fashewar wani babban bututun mai rarraba ruwa a gundumar Keur Momar Sarr.&lt;ref name=Eplus/&gt;

2014: An tsawaita yarjejeniyar hayar da SDE na tsawon shekaru biyar.&lt;ref name=Eplus&gt; {{cite web|title=L'État a signé avec la SDE pour 5 ans|url=http://www.enqueteplus.com/content/contrat-daffermage-pour-la-distribution-de-leau-l%C3%A9tat-sign%C3%A9-avec-la-sde-pour-5-ans|publisher=Enquête+|access-date=29 August 2015|date=4 January 2014}} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Batutuwan kuɗi da inganci ==

Manufofin kuɗi na wannan fanni, waɗanda aka tsara a shekarar 1994, sun ginu ne kan waɗannan ka'idoji:
* Taimakon gwamnati guda ɗaya shi ne kudaden da masu bayar da tallafi suke bayarwa; babu wani tallafin gudanarwa da ake bayarwa a kai a kai.
* Ba za a samu ƙarin harajin ruwa mai wuce gona da iri ba; ƙarin harajin zai kasance a hankali ne, bisa tsarin kuɗi.
* Akwai harajin jin daɗin jama'a (na farko na haraji don amfanin da bai wuce m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; 10 a kowane wata ba) don tabbatar da cewa mutane za su iya biya. &lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot; /&gt;

=== Haraji da dawo da kuɗaɗe ===

SDE tana amfani da tsarin haraji mai ƙaruwa, wanda ya haɗa da rukuni uku:
* Harajin jin daɗin jama'a (social tariff) ga masu amfani da ruwa kaɗan waɗanda suke da haɗin ruwa a gida, waɗanda aka bayyana a matsayin waɗanda ke amfani da ƙasa da cubic meter 20 duk bayan kwanaki 60 (191 F.CFA/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a shekarar 2008).
* Haraji na yau da kullun (regular tariff) don amfani tsakanin cubic meter 20 da 40 (wanda a da yake tsakanin 20-100), 630 F.CFA/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a shekarar 2008.
* Haraji na &quot;korewa&quot; (dissuasive rate) don amfani sama da cubic meter 40 (wanda a da yake sama da 100), 789 F.CFA/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a shekarar 2008. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/h2otarif.htm |title=SDE: Le tariff de l'eau |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031195925/http://www.sde.sn/h2otarif.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A Dakar, ana sayar da ruwa a cikin bokiti a famfunan ruwa na jama'a. Masu kula da waɗannan famfunan kananan yan kasuwa ne da ke siyan ruwa daga kamfanin ruwan kuma su sake sayar da shi ga abokan ciniki. &lt;ref name=&quot;IRIN&quot; /&gt;

Kungiyar Public Citizen ta soki tsarin harajin Senegal saboda mafi matalauta (waɗanda suke dogara ga famfunan ruwa na jama'a) suna biyan haraji mafi tsada, &quot;wanda ya kai kashi 350 na harajin jin daɗin jama'a&quot;. Iyalai a yankunan masu karamin karfi na iya raba haɗin ruwa guda ɗaya, kuma su yi amfani da ruwa a farashin &quot;korewa&quot;. A cewar Public Citizen, iyalai mafi talauci ne suke tallafawa ruwan iyalai masu amfani da ruwa na yau da kullun waɗanda suka cancanci samun &quot;harajin jin daɗin jama'a&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.citizen.org/cmep/Water/cmep_Water/reports/senegal/|title=Public Citizen: Senegal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar wani binciken Babban Bankin Duniya, masu amfani da famfunan ruwa na jama'a suna biyan kuɗi mafi yawa don ruwa, amma gwamnati tana ganin su a matsayin mafita ta wucin gadi kuma tana da niyyar kaiwa ga dukkan matalauta ta hanyar haɗin ruwa na gida. Wannan manufar tana da &quot;babban aibi&quot;, duk da haka: sharuɗɗan da suke sa iyali ya cancanci samun tallafin kusan sun tabbatar da cewa ba matalauta ba ne. Shirye-shiryen haɗin ruwa na jin daɗin jama'a an tsara su ne don unguwanni masu kwanciyar hankali inda mazauna suka kafa tushe. Don samun haɗin ruwa na jin daɗin jama'a, mai nema dole ne ya mallaki takardar ƙasa kuma dole ne gidan ya kasance a kan ƙasar. Iyalin da zai iya biyan wannan, kuma zai iya gina gidan dindindin, ba ya cikin matalauta mafi talauci. &lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot; /&gt;

Ƙarin farashin ya takaita ne ga kashi uku a kowace shekara ƙarƙashin maƙasudan aiki (adadin hauhawar farashi), wanda hakan ke sa harajin ya kasance iri ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;IRIN&quot; /&gt; Matsakaicin harajin ruwa ya ƙaru daga 350 F.CFA/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a shekarar 1995 ($0.72/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a farashin musaya na 489 CFA/US$) zuwa 496 F.CFA/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (US$1.09/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a farashin musaya na 456 CFA/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) a shekarar 2007.

Kudin gudanarwa na samar da ruwa ana dawowa da su, wanda ba kasafai ake gani ba a kamfanonin ruwa a ƙasashen da ke ƙarƙashin hamadar Sahara. Lamuni na dogon lokaci ba tare da ruwa (interest-free) ba daga hukumomin kuɗi na ƙasashen duniya zuwa ga gwamnatin Senegal ana ba da su ga kamfanin mallakar kadarori kuma ana karɓar su daga masu amfani ta hanyar lissafin kuɗi na SDE.

Ana sanya ƙarin haraji na tsaftar muhalli na $0.05/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; daga SDE don ONAS ga abokan cinikin ruwa a duk biranen da ke da tsarin magudanan ruwa. Wannan ƙarin harajin ya kai kashi shida na lissafin ruwa ga iyalai da ke amfani da 50 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; na ruwa a kowane wata. Kuɗin shiga daga wannan ƙarin harajin bai isa ya tallafawa ayyukan ONAS da kula da hanyoyin magudanan ruwa ba. Cimma dorewar kuɗi don ONAS da kuma neman hanyoyin ware albarkatu don haɓaka da bunkasa tsaftar muhalli a wuraren zama ya ci gaba da kasancewa ƙalubale.

Ko da yake kananan hukumomi ba su da alhakin magudanan ruwa ko na ruwan sama, ana sa ran za su tura wani ɓangare na harajin kadarori ($500,000) zuwa ONAS ta hanyar asusun kayan aiki don kananan hukumomi don tallafawa aiki da kula da wuraren magudanan ruwa. Duk da haka, waɗannan albarkatun ba a samar da su ga ONAS ba.

Harajin da SDE ta karɓa ya kai kashi 98 cikin ɗari, a cewar majiyar Babban Bankin Duniya, wanda ya ƙaru daga ƙasa da kashi 80 cikin ɗari kafin aikin. &lt;ref name=&quot;IDA&quot; /&gt; A cewar SDE da wata majiyar ta Babban Bankin Duniya, adadin harajin da aka karɓa ya kai matsakaicin kashi 98 cikin ɗari daga 2001 zuwa 2006; ya kasance kashi 96 cikin ɗari a shekarar 1996. &lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/chifrecouvrement.htm |title=SDE: Taux de recouvrement global |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031195855/http://www.sde.sn/chifrecouvrement.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata majiyar, adadin karɓar kuɗin na 1996 ya kasance kashi 91 cikin ɗari. &lt;ref name=WL/&gt; 

A yankunan karkara, al'ummomi suna bayar da kashi 20 cikin ɗari na saka hannun jari na farko, kashi 80 kuma gwamnati ce ke ɗaukar nauyinsa. Kuɗin aiki, kulawa, da sauyawa ana dawowa da su ta hanyar kuɗin shiga.

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'''Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Senegal''' yana da alaƙa da babban matakin samun ruwa idan aka kwatanta da yawancin ƙasashen kudu da hamadar Sahara. Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu (PPP) ya fara aiki a [[Senegal]] tun daga shekarar 1996, tare da [[Senegalaise des Eaux]] (SDE, wani reshe na [[:fr:Groupe SAUR|Saur International]] ) abokin hulɗa mai zaman kansa. SDE ba ta da tsarin ruwa, amma tana kula da shi bisa yarjejeniyar shekaru 10 daga gwamnatin Senegal. Tsakanin 1996 da 2014, tallace-tallacen ruwa sun ninka zuwa mita cubic miliyan 131 a kowace shekara; adadin haɗin gidaje ya ƙaru da kashi 165 cikin ɗari, zuwa sama da 638,000. A cewar Bankin Duniya, &quot;Ana ɗaukar lamarin Senegal a matsayin misali na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara&quot;.  Kamfanin tsaftar muhalli na ƙasa shine ke kula da najasa, tsaftace ruwan shara da magudanar ruwan sama, wanda aka yi wa kamfanin tsaftar muhalli na ƙasa na [[Tunisiya]] kuma ya keɓance a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na Afirka.

== Samun dama ==
A shekarar 2015, kashi 75 cikin 100 na al'ummar Senegal sun sami damar samun akalla tushen ruwa guda ɗaya, kuma kashi 48 cikin 100 sun sami damar samun tsaftar muhalli. Akwai babban bambanci tsakanin samar da ruwa a birane (kashi 91 cikin 100 na samun ruwa) da yankunan karkara (kashi 63 cikin 100).  Yawan samun tsaftar muhalli ya kuma bambanta sosai tsakanin yankunan birane da karkara, inda kashi 66 cikin 100 na al'ummar birane ke da hanyar samun tsaftar muhalli, kuma kashi 35 cikin 100 na al'ummar karkara ke da hanyar samun ruwa. A yankunan birane, kashi 75 cikin 100 na al'ummar suna da hanyar samun ruwa a gidajensu ko kuma a gidajensu, kuma kashi 17 cikin 100 sun dogara ne da wuraren samar da ruwa da [[Famfon titi mai tsayi|bututun ruwa]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/en/watquery.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217095912/http://www.wssinfo.org/en/watquery.html |archive-date=2008-12-17 |access-date=2008-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kashi 19 cikin 100 na al'ummar biranen ƙasar suna da hanyar samun ruwa ta magudanar ruwa, kuma kashi 60 cikin 100 suna da hanyar samun ruwa ta hanyar amfani da tankunan feshi ko kuma ingantattun bayan gida na gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

Tushe: Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na Kula da Ruwa da Tsafta na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] da [[UNICEF]]

Babban tushen waɗannan alkaluma shine binciken Senegal, wani ɓangare na [[World Health Survey|Binciken Lafiya na Duniya]] na WHO na 2003. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation: Water Senegal |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/country/SEN_wat.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213140320/http://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/country/SEN_wat.pdf |archive-date=2009-02-13 |access-date=2008-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adadin samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa a yankunan birane (kashi 92) ya ɗan yi ƙasa da adadin da kamfanin samar da ruwa na SDE ya ruwaito kuma Bankin Duniya ya ambato (kashi 98). &lt;ref name=&quot;IDA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Bank Group - International Development, Poverty, &amp; Sustainability |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/home |website=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sabis ==
[[Samar da Ruwa|Samar da ruwa]] a [[Dakar]] da sauran biranen Senegal yana ci gaba da gudana. A shekarar 1994, an samar da sabis na tsawon matsakaicin sa'o'i 16 a kowace rana. Ganin karuwar buƙata daga sabbin masu amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa da kuma ƙuntatawa kan albarkatun ruwa, kamfanin mai zaman kansa ya fara rarraba katsewar samar da ruwa daidai wa daida a tsakanin unguwannin Dakar.  An ƙara matsakaicin sa'o'in samar da ruwa a kowace rana zuwa 19 a shekarar 2001, kuma an samu ci gaba da samar da ruwa a shekarar 2006;  an samu nasarar hakan ne ta hanyar faɗaɗa bututun ruwa daga Lac de Guiers a shekarar 1999. A shekarar 2004, kashi 97.7 cikin ɗari na samfuran ruwa sun yi daidai da ƙa'idodin ruwa na ƙwayoyin cuta (sama da kashi 96 cikin ɗari a shekarar 1996). &lt;ref name=&quot;BIDE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Error - System Unavailable |url=https://message.worldbank.org/isp_error_page.htm |website=message.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Albarkatun Ruwa ==
[[File:River gambia Niokolokoba National Park.gif|thumb|alt=Aerial photo of a large, muddy river flowing past forests|upright=1.1|Kogin Gambia a cikin gidan shakatawa na kasar Senegal wato Niokolo-Koba National Park]]
[[File:SaloumULM.JPG|Kogin Saloum a tsakiyar Senegal|thumb|alt=Aerial photo of a river flowing through a desert with some vegetation|upright=0.9]]

Yanayin da na ƙasar Senegal na zafi ne (tropical climate), tare da bayyanannun lokutan rani da na damina. Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na birnin Dakar kusan {{convert|600|mm}} yana sauka ne tsakanin watannin Yuni da Oktoba. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya fito ne daga {{convert|270|mm}} kowace shekara a arewa zuwa {{convert|1793|mm}} kowace shekara a kudanci. Yanayin zafi na cikin ƙasa ya fi na gabar teku yawa.

Mafi girman albarkatun ruwa a ƙasar shine Kogin Senegal (Senegal River) da ke arewa, wanda ƙasar ke rabawa tare da Mauritania, Mali, da Guinea. Matsakaicin kwararar ruwansa ya kai lita biliyan 37 cubic meters kowace shekara. Tafkin Guiers (Lac de Guiers) wani muhimmin ma'ajiyar ruwa ne a saman gabar kogin Senegal, tare da adadin ruwa kusan miliyan 500 cubic meters. Shi ne babban tushen ruwa mai daɗi ga birnin Dakar, mai nisan daruruwan kilomita zuwa kudu maso yamma, ta hanyar bututun ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Kodayake ruwan Kogin Senegal yana da yawa, ruwa a mafi yawan sauran sassan ƙasar yana da ƙaranci. Sauran manyan sassan ruwa na sama sun haɗa da Kogin Casamance, Kogin Gambia, Kogin Saloum, Kogin Geba, Kogin Falémé da kuma lagun na Tamna kusa da Thiès.

Senegal tana da kusan lita biliyan uku cubic meters na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa mai sabuntawa, ban da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wanda ke haɗuwa da ruwan sama. Jimillar ruwan da aka ɗibo a shekarar 1987 ya kai biliyan 1.4 cubic meters, inda kashi 92 cikin ɗari na aikin gona ne, kashi uku cikin ɗari na masana'antu, sannan kashi biyar cikin ɗari na amfanin gida.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20040716162928/http://www.earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/Wat_cou_686.pdf World Resources Institute: Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems Senegal], 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'ajiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun haɗa da aquifers masu zurfin har zuwa {{convert|20|m}} a Casamance da kuma zurfin {{convert|40|-|60|m}} a Kaolack da Tamba, da kuma crop-outs{{clarify|date=July 2024|reason=What are crop-outs?}} kusa da Dakar da Thiès. Sun kuma haɗa da aquifers a zurfin {{convert|200|-|400|m}}. An kiyasta adadin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a kan biliyan bakwai cubic meters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/h2oeaudistribuee.htm |title=SDE: D'où vient l'eau distribuée by la SDE |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081110131936/http://www.sde.sn/h2oeaudistribuee.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawan amfani da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa fiye da kima (overexploitation) babbar matsala ce a sassan Senegal. Mont Rolland, mai nisan {{convert|70|km}} daga Dakar, an san shi da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na ma'adinai; a halin yanzu mazauna ƙauyen suna buƙatar yin hako mai zurfin har {{convert|80|m}} don hako ruwa. Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na ƙauyen ya ragu sosai saboda yawan hako da kamfanin ruwan ma'adinai ya yi, wanda a halin yanzu yake a rufe. Kusan kashi 80 cikin ɗari na masu aikin lambu na Senegal suna kusa da Mont Rolland.&lt;ref&gt;[http://ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=17216 IPS: Development-Senegal: Water Shortages Hit Women the Most], April 2003&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana wadatar da birnin Dakar ne da farko da ruwan da aka ɗibo daga fossil aquifers waɗanda ka iya kasancewa an yi amfani da su fiye da kima kuma sun gurɓata da ruwan gishiri. Ana kawo sassan ruwa daga masana'antar tace ruwa ta Ngnith da ke kan tafkin Guiers ta hanyar wani bututun mai rarraba ruwa wanda aka ƙara ƙarfin sa a shekarar 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot; /&gt; Saboda ƙaruwar buƙata da kuma buƙatar rufe rijiyoyin burtsatse da suka gurɓata, dole ne a kawo ruwan sama daga Kogin Senegal, mai nisan kusan {{convert|240|km}}, wanda ke buƙatar tsadar kuɗi na saka hannun jari don faɗaɗa bututun da ke akwai. Ana saurin ran ƙarin ruwan Kogin Senegal zai ƙaru daga 0.5 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s zuwa kusan 6.0 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s a shekarar 2030. Waɗannan buƙatun suna cikin haƙƙoƙin ruwa na ƙasar Senegal ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyoyin da ta ƙulla da ƙasashe maƙwabta. Sai dai, irin wannan babban adadin ruwa zai sami gagarumin tasiri ga muhalli a kan Tafkin Guiers da kuma yankin gabar Kogin Senegal. Kwararar ruwa mai ranci na gaba a Kogin Senegal yana da wuyar hango shi saboda canjin yanayi da rashin tabbas game da madatsar ruwa ta Manantali Dam.&lt;ref name=&quot;LTWSP&quot;&gt;[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2001/03/08/000094946_01021705482844/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf World Bank - Project Appraisal Document: Long-Term Water Supply Project], 2001, p. 4-6&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafi yawan ruwan datti na birnin Dakar ana zubar da shi ne, ba tare da an tace shi ba, zuwa cikin Tekun Atlantic.&lt;ref name=&quot;ONAS&quot;&gt;[http://www.onas.sn/onas.htm ONAS]&lt;/ref&gt; Masana'antar tace ruwan datti ta Cambérène, mafi girma a Senegal, tana tace kusan kashi 15 cikin ɗari na ruwan datti da ake samarwa a Dakar. Tun daga shekarar 2007, kamfanin SAUR na ƙasar Faransa ke gudanar da aikin tashar kuma ya faɗaɗa ta. Ana sake amfani da wasu sassan ruwan datti da aka tace.&lt;ref&gt;SAUR:[http://www.saur.com/index.php/international/senegal Sénégal:Station d'épuration de Cambérène (Dakar)], retrieved on May 27, 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Zuwa shekarar 2007, an sake amfani da ruwa don filin wasan golf kuma an tsara amfani da shi don shayar da bishiyoyi, korayen wurare da lambunan kayan lambu bayan an yi masa tace na mataki na uku (tertiary treatment).&lt;ref&gt;Agence de Presse Sénégalaise:[http://www.aps.sn/spip.php?article29057 Les eaux épurées de la stationde Cambérène, ''alternative'' pour économiser l'eau potable, selon Issa Mbaye Samb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722075751/http://www.aps.sn/spip.php?article29057 |date=2011-07-22 }}, 22 March 2007, retrieved on 27 May 2911&lt;/ref&gt;


== Kayan Aiki (Infrastructure) ==
[[File: Sg-map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=Map of Senegal|Manyan birane a Senegal]]
A shekarar 2005, hukumar ONAS ta gudanar da hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa mai tsawon {{convert|773|km|adj=on}}, tashoshin famfo na ruwan datti 57 da masana'antun tace ruwan datti guda bakwai, kuma tana da mambobi 70,931 a Dakar, Saint-Louis, Rufisque, Louga, Thiès, Saly da Kaolack. Hakanan ta gudanar da magudanun ruwan sama na {{convert|113|km}} da tashoshin famfo na ruwan sama guda bakwai a Dakar da wasu garuruwa guda huɗu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ONAS&quot; /&gt;

== Nauyi (Responsibility) ==

=== Manufofi (Policy) ===

Ma'aikatar Tsarin Birane, Gidaje, Ruwan Cikin Gari, Tsaftar Muhalli da Lafiyar Jama'a (Ministère de l'Urbanisme, de l'Habitat, de l'Hydraulique urbaine, de l'Hygiène publique et de l'Assainissement) ita ce ke tsara manufofi na wadatar da ruwan sha da tsabtace muhalli a birane. Ita kuma Ma'aikatar Ruwan Karkara da Hanyoyin Ruwa na Ƙasa (Ministère de l'Hydraulique rurale et du Réseau hydrographique national) tana kula da samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara. Waɗannan ayyukan a baya sun kasance ne a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona.

=== Samar da Ayyuka ===

Nauyin samar da ruwa a birane yana tsakanin kamfanin ruwa na ƙasar Senegal (Société Nationale des Eaux du Senegal, SONES), wanda kamfani ne na gwamnati, da kuma kamfanin Sénégalaise des Eaux (SDE), wanda kamfani ne mai zaman kansa. Kamfanin ruwa na Faransa wato SAUR ne ya fara mallakar kashi 51 cikin ɗari na hannun jari a SDE, sauran kashi 49 kuma an raba su ne tsakanin gwamnatin Senegal (kashi biyar), mutanen Senegal (kashi 39) da ma'aikatan kamfanin (kashi biyar). A shekarar 2011, ba a lissafa SAUR a matsayin mai hannun jari a rukunin yanar gizon SDE ba. Hannun jarin na su yana ƙarƙashin kamfanin Finagestion ne na Afirka ta Yamma, wanda mafi yawan mallakarsa ke hannun babban kamfanin saka hannun jari mai zaman kansa (private equity) na Emerging Capital Partners wanda ke da mazauni a Amurka kuma ya fi mayar da hankali kan Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;Senegalaise des Eaux:[http://www.sde.sn/entpresentation.htm Senegalaise des Eaux:L'entreprise] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005234221/http://www.sde.sn/entpresentation.htm |date=2011-10-05 }}, retrieved on May 27, 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar Tsaftar Muhalli ta Ƙasa ta Senegal (Office National de l'Assainissement du Sénégal - ONAS) ita ce ke kula da tsabtace muhalli.

A yankunan karkara, ƙungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa da aka sani da Associations d'usagers de forages ruraux (ASUFOR) sune ke kula da tsarin ruwan da ake samu daga rijiyoyin burtsatse (tube wells). Senegal tana tilasta musu sanya hannu kan kwangilar kulawa tare da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don tabbatar da dorewar tsarin, kuma suna iya mika aikin tafiyar da tsarinsu ga wasu ɓangororrin na daban.


== Sabbin Hanyoyi (Approaches) ==

Sabuwar hanyar da aka gabatar a fannin ruwa na Senegal ta haɗa da kwangilar hayar filaye na ƙasa baki ɗaya, haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da al'umma don samar da famfunan ruwa na jama'a (standpipes) a Dakar, da kuma amfani da ƙananan kamfanoni don kula da tsarin ruwa na karkara da ƙananan garuruwa tare da tallafin ƙananan rance (micro-credits).

=== Hayar samar da ruwa a birane ===
Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun hanyoyin da suka yi nasara wajen samar da ruwa a Senegal ita ce yarjejeniyar hayar da aka sanya wa hannu a shekarar 1996. A cewar gwamnatin Senegal, adadin abokan ciniki na kamfanin Sénégalaise des eaux (SDE) ya ƙaru daga 241,671 a shekarar 1996 zuwa 638,629 a shekarar 2014. Daga cikin sabbin hanyoyin haɗin ruwa kusan 400,000, guda 206,000 sun amfani mafi rukunin matalautan jama'a ne, musamman a kewayen birnin Dakar.&lt;ref name=WL&gt;{{cite journal|last1=N.N.|title=Remodelling Access|journal=Water Leader|date=July 2015|volume=3|issue=1|page=12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank), gwamnati ta isa ga matalauta ta hanyar kafa asusun ƙasa don tallafawa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Manufar ita ce inganta ayyuka ga matalauta a kan farashi mafi ƙanƙanta. Haɗin ruwa na jin daɗin jama'a (social connections) kyauta ne, yayin da aka caji kuɗin haɗawa ga gidaje masu wadata. SDE da Kamfanin Amfanin Ruwa na Ƙasar Senegal (SONES) sun yi aiki ta hanyar wata babbar ƙungiyar NGO don gano buƙatun haɗin ruwa na jin daɗin jama'a, kuma kamfani mai zaman kansa ya kafa tsarin biyan kuɗi na kwamfuta na zamani; wannan ya sauƙaƙa biyan kuɗi ga abokan ciniki na gida. An gudanar da ladan ma'aikacin ne bisa adadin ruwan da aka samar da kuma sayar da shi, wanda hakan ya ba da kwarin gwiwa don yi wa abokan ciniki da dama hidima da kuma rage asarar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;IDA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/home|title=World Bank Group - International Development, Poverty, &amp; Sustainability|website=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani bincike da Cibiyar Tattalin Arziƙi na Ƙasashe Masu Tasowa ta Boston (BIDE) ta gudanar a shekarar 2006 ya kiyasta gagarumar fa'ida ta yarjejeniyar hayar a kan dalar Amurka miliyan $457. Abokan ciniki sun sami ingantacciyar hanyar samun ruwa mai yawa da kuma kulawar gwamnati, sannan ƙananan fa'idodi (dala miliyan $6) sun tafi ga masu mallakar kamfanin ruwa. Masu ba da rance na ƙasashen waje sun yi asarar dala miliyan $14 sannan ma'aikata sun yi asarar dala miliyan $10 saboda rashi ko raguwar ayyukan yi da ƙananan ƙarin albashi da alawus-alawus.&lt;ref name=&quot;BIDE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://message.worldbank.org/isp_error_page.htm|title=Error - System Unavailable|website=message.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An zaɓi kamfani mai zaman kansa ne ta hanyar gasa a cikin tsari na matakai biyu. Masu neman takara guda huɗu, waɗanda duk na Faransa ne, sun shiga matakin farko: Générale des Eaux (yanzu Vivendi Environnement), Lyonnaise des Eaux (yanzu SUEZ), Société d'Aménagement Urbain et Rural (SAUR), da kuma CISE (wanda daga baya aka haɗiye shi da SAUR). Masu neman takara da suka cancanta sun gabatar da shawara, wanda aka tantance a wani taro. An nemi SAUR ta yi takara, kodayake kamfanin ya ba SONEES shawarwari tun shekarar 1980. Babban Bankin Duniya ya nuna rashin amincewarsa da cire su daga takarar, amma an umarci SONEES da ta kammala duk kwangiloli, ta yanke duk wata alaƙa, kuma kada ta ba SAUR damar shiga aikinsu watanni huɗu kafin bayar da takarar. An gayyaci dukkan masu neman takara huɗu da su gabatar da ingantattun shawarwari na fasaha da na kuɗi; an cire Lyonnaise des Eaux saboda rashin bin ƙa'idodi. An kuma cire tayin daga Générale des Eaux, tunda sun ƙi amincewa da wasu buƙatun kwangila. Sauran masu neman takara biyu, CISE da SAUR, an gayyace su don gabatar da tayin mataki na biyu. A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 1995, aka sanar da SAUR a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara bisa farashi. Tayin kamfanin ya kasance farashin samar da ruwa na 236 F.CFA a kowace cubic meter, wanda shine kashi 62 cikin ɗari na matsakaicin farashin haraji a wancan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot; /&gt;

A cewar masu sukar lamari kamar ƙungiyar NGO ta yanki Aide Transparence da ke da mazauni a Dakar, adadin haɗin ruwa ya ƙaru ne kawai daga 203,902 a shekarar 1996 zuwa 264,161 a shekarar 2002. Wannan ya saɓa da alkaluman SDE na shekarar 2002 na haɗin ruwa guda 338,398.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/chifclientele.htm |title=SDE: Evolution du nombre de clients |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031195843/http://www.sde.sn/chifclientele.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rahoton na Aide Transparence ya ambaci korafin abokan ciniki game da rashin kyawun ingancin ruwa, ƙaruwar amfani da ruwan kwalba na ma'adinai a Senegal, da katsewar ruwan famfo na kwana ɗaya ko fiye da haka.

=== Haɗin gwiwar al'umma ga famfunan ruwa a Dakar ===

Wata hanyar kuma ita ce haɗin gwiwar al'umma tare da SONES, SDE, da kuma ƙungiyar NGO ta ƙasa da ƙasa mai rassa a cikin gida (Enda Tiers-Monde) don zaɓar wuraren da za a kafa famfunan ruwa na jama'a (standpipes), gina su da kuma tafiyar da su. Wannan haɗin gwiwar yana sanya famfunan ruwa masu mita ga gidaje matalauta waɗanda a baya suke amfani da gurbataccen ruwan rijiya. Shirin yana biyan buƙatun ne na mutane maimakon dogaro da tsarin samarwa na bangare guda kawai. Al'umma suna da hannu a cikin tsare-tsare, gini, da kulawa, wanda hakan ke haifar da mallakar tsarin da ƙarfi da kusan kashi 100 cikin ɗari na dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa. Gidaje suna biyan ma'aikacin famfo, wanda shi kuma yake biyan kuɗin ruwan ga hukumar. Al'umma ce ke zaɓar ma'aikacin (ko ƙungiyar ma'aikata masu juyawa) waɗanda za su iya yi wa al'umma aiki ko, wani lokacin, don kansu don samun kason kuɗi. Akwai nau'ikan tsarin famfon ruwa guda biyu; SONES ce ke ɗaukar nauyin kuɗin kayan aiki a ɗayan tsarin, ENDA kuma tana ɗaukar nauyin kayan aiki na ɗayan tsarin. Tsari na ƙarshe, wanda aka sani da shirin &quot;Eau Populaire&quot;, ya fara ne a shekarar 1995. Tsarin SONES ya kafa kusan famfunan ruwa 250, tsarin ENDA kuma kusan 130. A shekarar 2001, an kiyasta cewa mutane 200,000 sun sami damar samun ruwa mai tsafta tare da aikin Eau Populaire, kuma hakan ya haifar da raguwa mai yawa na cututtukan da ke haifar da ruwa a cikin yara. Har ila yau, aikin ya samar da daruruwan ayyuka (ma'aikatan famfo waɗanda ke karɓar CFA 30,000 zuwa 80,000 kowace wata) kuma yana ba da kuɗi ga sauran ayyukan gida tare da kuɗin shiga na famfon ruwan.&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.bpd-waterandsanitation.org/web/w/www_57_en.aspx Building Partnerships for Development (BPD) in Water and Sanitation: Dakar, Senegal - Upgrade and expansion of local water networks] &lt;/ref&gt;

=== Samar da ruwa a karkara ===

A yankunan karkara, gwamnati ta fara tallafawa gabatar da tsarin gudanarwa mai dorewa ga hanyoyin ruwan bututu ta amfani da rijiyoyin burtsatse a shekarar 1999 tare da aikin gwaji na REGEFOR a tsakiyar Senegal. Aikin ya haɗa da amfani da mita da ƙayyade farashi na volumetric pricing, kwangilar kulawa tare da kamfanoni masu zaman her kansu, da kuma tallafin ƙananan rance (microcredit support).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.irc.nl/redir/content/download/23603/268759/file/3._Prsentation_REGEFOR_Hane.ppt Pape Mohamed Dia, Ousmane Hane: L'expérience REGEFOR Sénégal]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Atelier Régional Microfinances et mécanismes novateurs pour l'atteinte des OMD dans le secteur de l'Eau et de l'Assainissement en Afrique au Sud du Sahara, Dakar, le 12 décembre 2005&lt;/ref&gt; Aikin gwaji na farko ya shafi rijiyoyin burtsatse guda 80. A shekarar 2009, an tsara tsara yarjejeniya da kamfani mai zaman kansa don kula da rijiyoyin burtsatse guda 621 a tsakiyar Senegal. Zuwa watan Janairun shekarar 2010, ana sa ran dukkan rijiyoyin burtsatse 1,400 na ƙasar za su kasance ƙarƙashin kwangilar kulawa ta kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSP&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi da ci gaban baya-bayan nan ==

=== Haɗin gwiwar farko tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu (1960–1971) ===

1960–1971: Kamfanin Compagnie Générale des Eaux du Sénégal, wani kamfani na ƙarƙashin Compagnie Générale des Eaux ta ƙasar Faransa, ya kula da samar da ruwa a biranen Senegal ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar hayar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/securbaine.htm |title=Sénégalaise Des Eaux:Secteur de l'hydraulique urbaine |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081110131000/http://www.sde.sn/securbaine.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gudanarwar gwamnati (1971–tsakiyar shekarun 1990) ===

1971: Ƙarƙashin Shugaba Léopold Senghor, mai fafutukar ra'ayin gurguzu na Afirka (African socialism), Senegal ta mayar da kamfanin ruwanta ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati da sunan Société Nationale d'Exploitation des Eaux du Sénégal (SONEES). A yankunan karkara, ana samar da ruwa kyauta ba tare da caji ba.

1983: Ƙarƙashin Shugaba Abdou Diouf (1981-2000), SONEES ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar amfani (concession contract) da gwamnati. A yankunan karkara, an gabatar da harajin ruwa (water tariffs) tare da ƙayyadaddun kuɗi ga kowane gida.

1994: Gwamnati ta fara wani tsari na tsawon shekara guda na tsara gyare-gyare a fannin, gami da gudanar da bita-bita da neman shawarwari daga Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank) da kuma duba gyare-gyaren da aka yi a sauran ƙasashe.

=== Haɗin gwiwar biyu tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu (tun tsakiyar shekarun 1990) ===

1995: Gwamnati ta yanke shawarar mika aikin samar da ruwa a birane ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar hayar.

1996: An rushe SONEES, kuma aka kafa sabbin kamfanoni guda uku: Société Nationale des Eaux du Sénégal (SONES, kamfanin kadarori na jiha), Sénégalaise des Eaux (SDE, kamfani mai zaman kansa mai gudanarwa), da kuma Office National de l'Assainissement du Sénégal (ONAS, kamfanin tsaftar muhalli na gwamnati). SONES ce ta mallaki kadarorin kuma ita ce ke da alhakin saka hannun jari a kayan aiki da kuma daidaita ayyukan SDE. SDE kuma tana da alhakin gudanarwa, kulawa ta yau da kullum, wasu bincike na saka hannun jari don faɗaɗa tsarin, da kuma tura takardun kuɗi da karɓar kuɗaɗe.

1998: SONES da SDE sun sake tattaunawa kan wasu maƙasudai da ba za su iya biyu ba a cikin kwangilar ba tare da an kai ga sasantawa na shari'a ko ƙarar juna ba.

1998: An kafa hukumar Conseil Supérieur de l'Eau, wadda Firayim Minista ke jagoranta, don tsara manufofi na gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da samar da ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pepam.gouv.sn/ressource.php?rubr=ress&amp;id=6&amp;type=docs&amp;cat=1&amp;lang=fr Décret portant création d'un Conseil supérieur de l'eau]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

1999: An fara aikin gwaji na REGEFOR a tsakiyar Senegal tare da tallafin Hukumar Raya Ƙasa ta Faransa (AFD) don samar da sabbin ƙa'idodin gudanarwa da suka ginu a kan janyewar jihar domin fifita masu amfani da ruwa da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu: amfani da mita, ƙayyade farashi na volumetric pricing, kwararrun manajoji da ma'aikatan fasaha, da kuma bayyananniyar alaƙa tsakanin rukunonin da abin ya shafa.&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.afd.fr/jahia/Jahia/site/afd/lang/en/pid/1296 Agence Française de Développement: Senegal: Regefor—Reforming mechanical drilling] &lt;/ref&gt;

2000: An sami canjin gwamnati bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da shugaban 'yan adawa Abdoulaye Wade ya lashe.

2001: Wasiƙa ta biyu ta manufofin ci gaba da ingancin Aikin Samar da Ruwa na Dogon Lokaci da Babban Bankin Duniya ke tallafawa. Manufofin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ba su fuskanci manyan canje-canje ba.

2002: Kamfanin Sénégalaise Des Eaux ya sami takardar shaida ta ƙa'idar ISO 9001 (fasalin 2000) daga ƙungiyar tabbatar da inganci ta Faransa wato AFAQ. SDE shi ne kamfani na farko na Senegal da ya sami takardar shaidar ISO kuma kamfani na farko na Afirka da aka ba takardar shaida ta ƙa'idar ISO 9001 bisa tsarin gudanarwa na gamsar da abokan ciniki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/entiso.htm |title=Sénégalaise Des Eaux:La certification ISO 9001 Version 2000 |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919165727/http://www.sde.sn/entiso.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
2005: Wasiƙa ta uku ta manufofin ci gaba. An kafa Shirin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Ƙarni (Millennium Program - PEPAM).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pepam.gouv.sn/ressource.php?rubr=ress&amp;id=22&amp;type=docs&amp;cat=2&amp;lang=fr PEPAM: Arrêté de création du PEPAM]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A yankunan karkara, an kammala aikin gwaji na REGEFOR cikin nasara kuma an gabatar da tsarinsa a matakin ƙasa baki ɗaya.

2006: An tsawaita yarjejeniyar hayar da SDE na tsawon shekaru biyar. An sanya hannu kan kwangilar gudanar da aiki (performance contract) tare da SONES.

2008: Gwamnati ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar gudanar da aiki tare da ONAS.

2009: Gwamnati ta ba da umarnin gudanar da bincike don auna (daga cikin sauran batutuwa) ko ya kamata yarjejeniyar hayar ta koma zuwa kwangilar amfani (concession agreement) wadda ƙarƙashinta kamfani mai zaman kansa zai ɗauki nauyin wasu (ko duka) saka hannun jari.

2010/11: Kamfanin SAUR ya sayar da kasonsa na SDE ga kamfanin Finagestion na Afirka ta Yamma, wanda mafi yawan mallakarsa ke hannun babban kamfanin saka hannun jari mai zaman kansa na Emerging Capital Partners wanda ke da mazauni a Amurka kuma ya fi mayar da hankali kan Afirka.

2011: An tsawaita yarjejeniyar hayar da SDE na tsawon shekaru biyu.&lt;ref name=Eplus/&gt;

2012: An zaɓi Macky Sall a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, inda ya doke Abdoulaye Wade.

Satumba 2013: An katse samar da ruwa a birnin Dakar na tsawon makonni uku bayan fashewar wani babban bututun mai rarraba ruwa a gundumar Keur Momar Sarr.&lt;ref name=Eplus/&gt;

2014: An tsawaita yarjejeniyar hayar da SDE na tsawon shekaru biyar.&lt;ref name=Eplus&gt; {{cite web|title=L'État a signé avec la SDE pour 5 ans|url=http://www.enqueteplus.com/content/contrat-daffermage-pour-la-distribution-de-leau-l%C3%A9tat-sign%C3%A9-avec-la-sde-pour-5-ans|publisher=Enquête+|access-date=29 August 2015|date=4 January 2014}} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Batutuwan kuɗi da inganci ==

Manufofin kuɗi na wannan fanni, waɗanda aka tsara a shekarar 1994, sun ginu ne kan waɗannan ka'idoji:
* Taimakon gwamnati guda ɗaya shi ne kudaden da masu bayar da tallafi suke bayarwa; babu wani tallafin gudanarwa da ake bayarwa a kai a kai.
* Ba za a samu ƙarin harajin ruwa mai wuce gona da iri ba; ƙarin harajin zai kasance a hankali ne, bisa tsarin kuɗi.
* Akwai harajin jin daɗin jama'a (na farko na haraji don amfanin da bai wuce m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; 10 a kowane wata ba) don tabbatar da cewa mutane za su iya biya. &lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot; /&gt;

=== Haraji da dawo da kuɗaɗe ===

SDE tana amfani da tsarin haraji mai ƙaruwa, wanda ya haɗa da rukuni uku:
* Harajin jin daɗin jama'a (social tariff) ga masu amfani da ruwa kaɗan waɗanda suke da haɗin ruwa a gida, waɗanda aka bayyana a matsayin waɗanda ke amfani da ƙasa da cubic meter 20 duk bayan kwanaki 60 (191 F.CFA/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a shekarar 2008).
* Haraji na yau da kullun (regular tariff) don amfani tsakanin cubic meter 20 da 40 (wanda a da yake tsakanin 20-100), 630 F.CFA/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a shekarar 2008.
* Haraji na &quot;korewa&quot; (dissuasive rate) don amfani sama da cubic meter 40 (wanda a da yake sama da 100), 789 F.CFA/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a shekarar 2008. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/h2otarif.htm |title=SDE: Le tariff de l'eau |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031195925/http://www.sde.sn/h2otarif.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A Dakar, ana sayar da ruwa a cikin bokiti a famfunan ruwa na jama'a. Masu kula da waɗannan famfunan kananan yan kasuwa ne da ke siyan ruwa daga kamfanin ruwan kuma su sake sayar da shi ga abokan ciniki. &lt;ref name=&quot;IRIN&quot; /&gt;

Kungiyar Public Citizen ta soki tsarin harajin Senegal saboda mafi matalauta (waɗanda suke dogara ga famfunan ruwa na jama'a) suna biyan haraji mafi tsada, &quot;wanda ya kai kashi 350 na harajin jin daɗin jama'a&quot;. Iyalai a yankunan masu karamin karfi na iya raba haɗin ruwa guda ɗaya, kuma su yi amfani da ruwa a farashin &quot;korewa&quot;. A cewar Public Citizen, iyalai mafi talauci ne suke tallafawa ruwan iyalai masu amfani da ruwa na yau da kullun waɗanda suka cancanci samun &quot;harajin jin daɗin jama'a&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.citizen.org/cmep/Water/cmep_Water/reports/senegal/|title=Public Citizen: Senegal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar wani binciken Babban Bankin Duniya, masu amfani da famfunan ruwa na jama'a suna biyan kuɗi mafi yawa don ruwa, amma gwamnati tana ganin su a matsayin mafita ta wucin gadi kuma tana da niyyar kaiwa ga dukkan matalauta ta hanyar haɗin ruwa na gida. Wannan manufar tana da &quot;babban aibi&quot;, duk da haka: sharuɗɗan da suke sa iyali ya cancanci samun tallafin kusan sun tabbatar da cewa ba matalauta ba ne. Shirye-shiryen haɗin ruwa na jin daɗin jama'a an tsara su ne don unguwanni masu kwanciyar hankali inda mazauna suka kafa tushe. Don samun haɗin ruwa na jin daɗin jama'a, mai nema dole ne ya mallaki takardar ƙasa kuma dole ne gidan ya kasance a kan ƙasar. Iyalin da zai iya biyan wannan, kuma zai iya gina gidan dindindin, ba ya cikin matalauta mafi talauci. &lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot; /&gt;

Ƙarin farashin ya takaita ne ga kashi uku a kowace shekara ƙarƙashin maƙasudan aiki (adadin hauhawar farashi), wanda hakan ke sa harajin ya kasance iri ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;IRIN&quot; /&gt; Matsakaicin harajin ruwa ya ƙaru daga 350 F.CFA/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a shekarar 1995 ($0.72/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a farashin musaya na 489 CFA/US$) zuwa 496 F.CFA/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (US$1.09/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a farashin musaya na 456 CFA/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) a shekarar 2007.

Kudin gudanarwa na samar da ruwa ana dawowa da su, wanda ba kasafai ake gani ba a kamfanonin ruwa a ƙasashen da ke ƙarƙashin hamadar Sahara. Lamuni na dogon lokaci ba tare da ruwa (interest-free) ba daga hukumomin kuɗi na ƙasashen duniya zuwa ga gwamnatin Senegal ana ba da su ga kamfanin mallakar kadarori kuma ana karɓar su daga masu amfani ta hanyar lissafin kuɗi na SDE.

Ana sanya ƙarin haraji na tsaftar muhalli na $0.05/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; daga SDE don ONAS ga abokan cinikin ruwa a duk biranen da ke da tsarin magudanan ruwa. Wannan ƙarin harajin ya kai kashi shida na lissafin ruwa ga iyalai da ke amfani da 50 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; na ruwa a kowane wata. Kuɗin shiga daga wannan ƙarin harajin bai isa ya tallafawa ayyukan ONAS da kula da hanyoyin magudanan ruwa ba. Cimma dorewar kuɗi don ONAS da kuma neman hanyoyin ware albarkatu don haɓaka da bunkasa tsaftar muhalli a wuraren zama ya ci gaba da kasancewa ƙalubale.

Ko da yake kananan hukumomi ba su da alhakin magudanan ruwa ko na ruwan sama, ana sa ran za su tura wani ɓangare na harajin kadarori ($500,000) zuwa ONAS ta hanyar asusun kayan aiki don kananan hukumomi don tallafawa aiki da kula da wuraren magudanan ruwa. Duk da haka, waɗannan albarkatun ba a samar da su ga ONAS ba.

Harajin da SDE ta karɓa ya kai kashi 98 cikin ɗari, a cewar majiyar Babban Bankin Duniya, wanda ya ƙaru daga ƙasa da kashi 80 cikin ɗari kafin aikin. &lt;ref name=&quot;IDA&quot; /&gt; A cewar SDE da wata majiyar ta Babban Bankin Duniya, adadin harajin da aka karɓa ya kai matsakaicin kashi 98 cikin ɗari daga 2001 zuwa 2006; ya kasance kashi 96 cikin ɗari a shekarar 1996. &lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/chifrecouvrement.htm |title=SDE: Taux de recouvrement global |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031195855/http://www.sde.sn/chifrecouvrement.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata majiyar, adadin karɓar kuɗin na 1996 ya kasance kashi 91 cikin ɗari. &lt;ref name=WL/&gt; 

A yankunan karkara, al'ummomi suna bayar da kashi 20 cikin ɗari na saka hannun jari na farko, kashi 80 kuma gwamnati ce ke ɗaukar nauyinsa. Kuɗin aiki, kulawa, da sauyawa ana dawowa da su ta hanyar kuɗin shiga.

=== Saka hannun jari da bayar da kuɗaɗe ===

Gwamnatin Senegal ta bayyana cewa kuɗaɗen da suka kai biliyan 260 F.CFA (kimanin dala miliyan 500 a shekarar 2008) an tattara su tsakanin 1996 da 2006 ta hanyar Projet Sectoriel Eau (PSE) da Projet Eau à Long Terme (PELT). &lt;ref name=&quot;Mbaye&quot; /&gt; A cewar wasu rahotannin, dala miliyan 300 aka saka a haɗin gwiwar ruwa na Senegal. &lt;ref name=&quot;IRIN&quot; /&gt; A cewar Babban Bankin Duniya, farashin Aikin Ruwa na Senegal (gami da tsaftar muhalli) ya kai dala miliyan 290; IDA ta bayar da dala miliyan 100 da wasu dala miliyan 125 don aikin sa ido na Long Term Water Sector Project. &lt;ref name=&quot;IDA&quot;/&gt; Kasafin kudin PEPAM na 2005-2015 ya kai biliyan 515 F.CFA (kimanin dala biliyan 1): biliyan 274 F.CFA don yankunan karkara da biliyan 241 F.CFA don yankunan birane.

Yawancin saka hannun jari a fannin ana tallafawa ne daga masu bayar da tallafi tare da lamuni ba tare da ruwa ba daga Hukumar Raya Ƙasa ta Duniya (International Development Association) ta Babban Bankin Duniya da Bankin Raya Afirka ko tallafi daga wasu masu bayar da tallafi, tare da ƙarin kuɗaɗen gwamnati. An saka hannun jari na dala miliyan 20 wanda kamfani mai zaman kansa ya ɗauki nauyinsa a cikin shekaru goma na farko na yarjejeniyar hayar. A shekarar 1996, Citibank da Compagnie Bancaire de l'Afrique Occidentale (CBAO) sun samar da layin bashi na dala miliyan 21.4 (biliyan 11 F.CFA) na tsawon shekaru shida don taimakawa kamfanin mallakar kadarori SONES da kwararar kuɗin shiga. &lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot;&gt;[http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/240095/Innovative%20Contracts,%20Sound%20Relationships%20Urban%20Water%20Sector%20Reform%20in%20Senegal.pdf Clarissa Brocklehurst and Jan G. Janssens: Innovative Contracts, Sound Relationships: Urban Water Sector Reform in Senegal, The World Bank Group: Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Board Discussion Paper Series, Paper No. 1, 2004]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Inganci ===

Asarar ruwa, mafi yawancinta ta hanyar ɗigo, ta ragu zuwa ƙasa da kashi 20 cikin ɗari a shekarar 2006 daga kashi 32 cikin ɗari a shekarar 1996. Ragewar yana nufin tanadin da ya kai bukatun ruwa na mutane 930,000. &lt;ref name=&quot;IDA&quot; /&gt; Yawan ma'aikata ya kai 2.3 a kowane ma'aikata 1,000 a shekarar 2014, wanda ya tashi daga 6.1 a shekarar 1996. &lt;ref name=WL/&gt;

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'''Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Senegal''' yana da alaƙa da babban matakin samun ruwa idan aka kwatanta da yawancin ƙasashen kudu da hamadar Sahara. Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu (PPP) ya fara aiki a [[Senegal]] tun daga shekarar 1996, tare da [[Senegalaise des Eaux]] (SDE, wani reshe na [[:fr:Groupe SAUR|Saur International]] ) abokin hulɗa mai zaman kansa. SDE ba ta da tsarin ruwa, amma tana kula da shi bisa yarjejeniyar shekaru 10 daga gwamnatin Senegal. Tsakanin 1996 da 2014, tallace-tallacen ruwa sun ninka zuwa mita cubic miliyan 131 a kowace shekara; adadin haɗin gidaje ya ƙaru da kashi 165 cikin ɗari, zuwa sama da 638,000. A cewar Bankin Duniya, &quot;Ana ɗaukar lamarin Senegal a matsayin misali na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara&quot;.  Kamfanin tsaftar muhalli na ƙasa shine ke kula da najasa, tsaftace ruwan shara da magudanar ruwan sama, wanda aka yi wa kamfanin tsaftar muhalli na ƙasa na [[Tunisiya]] kuma ya keɓance a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na Afirka.

== Samun dama ==
A shekarar 2015, kashi 75 cikin 100 na al'ummar Senegal sun sami damar samun akalla tushen ruwa guda ɗaya, kuma kashi 48 cikin 100 sun sami damar samun tsaftar muhalli. Akwai babban bambanci tsakanin samar da ruwa a birane (kashi 91 cikin 100 na samun ruwa) da yankunan karkara (kashi 63 cikin 100).  Yawan samun tsaftar muhalli ya kuma bambanta sosai tsakanin yankunan birane da karkara, inda kashi 66 cikin 100 na al'ummar birane ke da hanyar samun tsaftar muhalli, kuma kashi 35 cikin 100 na al'ummar karkara ke da hanyar samun ruwa. A yankunan birane, kashi 75 cikin 100 na al'ummar suna da hanyar samun ruwa a gidajensu ko kuma a gidajensu, kuma kashi 17 cikin 100 sun dogara ne da wuraren samar da ruwa da [[Famfon titi mai tsayi|bututun ruwa]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/en/watquery.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217095912/http://www.wssinfo.org/en/watquery.html |archive-date=2008-12-17 |access-date=2008-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kashi 19 cikin 100 na al'ummar biranen ƙasar suna da hanyar samun ruwa ta magudanar ruwa, kuma kashi 60 cikin 100 suna da hanyar samun ruwa ta hanyar amfani da tankunan feshi ko kuma ingantattun bayan gida na gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

Tushe: Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na Kula da Ruwa da Tsafta na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] da [[UNICEF]]

Babban tushen waɗannan alkaluma shine binciken Senegal, wani ɓangare na [[World Health Survey|Binciken Lafiya na Duniya]] na WHO na 2003. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation: Water Senegal |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/country/SEN_wat.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213140320/http://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/country/SEN_wat.pdf |archive-date=2009-02-13 |access-date=2008-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adadin samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa a yankunan birane (kashi 92) ya ɗan yi ƙasa da adadin da kamfanin samar da ruwa na SDE ya ruwaito kuma Bankin Duniya ya ambato (kashi 98). &lt;ref name=&quot;IDA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Bank Group - International Development, Poverty, &amp; Sustainability |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/home |website=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sabis ==
[[Samar da Ruwa|Samar da ruwa]] a [[Dakar]] da sauran biranen Senegal yana ci gaba da gudana. A shekarar 1994, an samar da sabis na tsawon matsakaicin sa'o'i 16 a kowace rana. Ganin karuwar buƙata daga sabbin masu amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa da kuma ƙuntatawa kan albarkatun ruwa, kamfanin mai zaman kansa ya fara rarraba katsewar samar da ruwa daidai wa daida a tsakanin unguwannin Dakar.  An ƙara matsakaicin sa'o'in samar da ruwa a kowace rana zuwa 19 a shekarar 2001, kuma an samu ci gaba da samar da ruwa a shekarar 2006;  an samu nasarar hakan ne ta hanyar faɗaɗa bututun ruwa daga Lac de Guiers a shekarar 1999. A shekarar 2004, kashi 97.7 cikin ɗari na samfuran ruwa sun yi daidai da ƙa'idodin ruwa na ƙwayoyin cuta (sama da kashi 96 cikin ɗari a shekarar 1996). &lt;ref name=&quot;BIDE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Error - System Unavailable |url=https://message.worldbank.org/isp_error_page.htm |website=message.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Albarkatun Ruwa ==
[[File:River gambia Niokolokoba National Park.gif|thumb|alt=Aerial photo of a large, muddy river flowing past forests|upright=1.1|Kogin Gambia a cikin gidan shakatawa na kasar Senegal wato Niokolo-Koba National Park]]
[[File:SaloumULM.JPG|Kogin Saloum a tsakiyar Senegal|thumb|alt=Aerial photo of a river flowing through a desert with some vegetation|upright=0.9]]

Yanayin da na ƙasar Senegal na zafi ne (tropical climate), tare da bayyanannun lokutan rani da na damina. Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na birnin Dakar kusan {{convert|600|mm}} yana sauka ne tsakanin watannin Yuni da Oktoba. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya fito ne daga {{convert|270|mm}} kowace shekara a arewa zuwa {{convert|1793|mm}} kowace shekara a kudanci. Yanayin zafi na cikin ƙasa ya fi na gabar teku yawa.

Mafi girman albarkatun ruwa a ƙasar shine Kogin Senegal (Senegal River) da ke arewa, wanda ƙasar ke rabawa tare da Mauritania, Mali, da Guinea. Matsakaicin kwararar ruwansa ya kai lita biliyan 37 cubic meters kowace shekara. Tafkin Guiers (Lac de Guiers) wani muhimmin ma'ajiyar ruwa ne a saman gabar kogin Senegal, tare da adadin ruwa kusan miliyan 500 cubic meters. Shi ne babban tushen ruwa mai daɗi ga birnin Dakar, mai nisan daruruwan kilomita zuwa kudu maso yamma, ta hanyar bututun ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Kodayake ruwan Kogin Senegal yana da yawa, ruwa a mafi yawan sauran sassan ƙasar yana da ƙaranci. Sauran manyan sassan ruwa na sama sun haɗa da Kogin Casamance, Kogin Gambia, Kogin Saloum, Kogin Geba, Kogin Falémé da kuma lagun na Tamna kusa da Thiès.

Senegal tana da kusan lita biliyan uku cubic meters na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa mai sabuntawa, ban da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wanda ke haɗuwa da ruwan sama. Jimillar ruwan da aka ɗibo a shekarar 1987 ya kai biliyan 1.4 cubic meters, inda kashi 92 cikin ɗari na aikin gona ne, kashi uku cikin ɗari na masana'antu, sannan kashi biyar cikin ɗari na amfanin gida.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20040716162928/http://www.earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/Wat_cou_686.pdf World Resources Institute: Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems Senegal], 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'ajiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun haɗa da aquifers masu zurfin har zuwa {{convert|20|m}} a Casamance da kuma zurfin {{convert|40|-|60|m}} a Kaolack da Tamba, da kuma crop-outs{{clarify|date=July 2024|reason=What are crop-outs?}} kusa da Dakar da Thiès. Sun kuma haɗa da aquifers a zurfin {{convert|200|-|400|m}}. An kiyasta adadin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a kan biliyan bakwai cubic meters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/h2oeaudistribuee.htm |title=SDE: D'où vient l'eau distribuée by la SDE |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081110131936/http://www.sde.sn/h2oeaudistribuee.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawan amfani da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa fiye da kima (overexploitation) babbar matsala ce a sassan Senegal. Mont Rolland, mai nisan {{convert|70|km}} daga Dakar, an san shi da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na ma'adinai; a halin yanzu mazauna ƙauyen suna buƙatar yin hako mai zurfin har {{convert|80|m}} don hako ruwa. Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na ƙauyen ya ragu sosai saboda yawan hako da kamfanin ruwan ma'adinai ya yi, wanda a halin yanzu yake a rufe. Kusan kashi 80 cikin ɗari na masu aikin lambu na Senegal suna kusa da Mont Rolland.&lt;ref&gt;[http://ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=17216 IPS: Development-Senegal: Water Shortages Hit Women the Most], April 2003&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana wadatar da birnin Dakar ne da farko da ruwan da aka ɗibo daga fossil aquifers waɗanda ka iya kasancewa an yi amfani da su fiye da kima kuma sun gurɓata da ruwan gishiri. Ana kawo sassan ruwa daga masana'antar tace ruwa ta Ngnith da ke kan tafkin Guiers ta hanyar wani bututun mai rarraba ruwa wanda aka ƙara ƙarfin sa a shekarar 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot; /&gt; Saboda ƙaruwar buƙata da kuma buƙatar rufe rijiyoyin burtsatse da suka gurɓata, dole ne a kawo ruwan sama daga Kogin Senegal, mai nisan kusan {{convert|240|km}}, wanda ke buƙatar tsadar kuɗi na saka hannun jari don faɗaɗa bututun da ke akwai. Ana saurin ran ƙarin ruwan Kogin Senegal zai ƙaru daga 0.5 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s zuwa kusan 6.0 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s a shekarar 2030. Waɗannan buƙatun suna cikin haƙƙoƙin ruwa na ƙasar Senegal ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyoyin da ta ƙulla da ƙasashe maƙwabta. Sai dai, irin wannan babban adadin ruwa zai sami gagarumin tasiri ga muhalli a kan Tafkin Guiers da kuma yankin gabar Kogin Senegal. Kwararar ruwa mai ranci na gaba a Kogin Senegal yana da wuyar hango shi saboda canjin yanayi da rashin tabbas game da madatsar ruwa ta Manantali Dam.&lt;ref name=&quot;LTWSP&quot;&gt;[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2001/03/08/000094946_01021705482844/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf World Bank - Project Appraisal Document: Long-Term Water Supply Project], 2001, p. 4-6&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafi yawan ruwan datti na birnin Dakar ana zubar da shi ne, ba tare da an tace shi ba, zuwa cikin Tekun Atlantic.&lt;ref name=&quot;ONAS&quot;&gt;[http://www.onas.sn/onas.htm ONAS]&lt;/ref&gt; Masana'antar tace ruwan datti ta Cambérène, mafi girma a Senegal, tana tace kusan kashi 15 cikin ɗari na ruwan datti da ake samarwa a Dakar. Tun daga shekarar 2007, kamfanin SAUR na ƙasar Faransa ke gudanar da aikin tashar kuma ya faɗaɗa ta. Ana sake amfani da wasu sassan ruwan datti da aka tace.&lt;ref&gt;SAUR:[http://www.saur.com/index.php/international/senegal Sénégal:Station d'épuration de Cambérène (Dakar)], retrieved on May 27, 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Zuwa shekarar 2007, an sake amfani da ruwa don filin wasan golf kuma an tsara amfani da shi don shayar da bishiyoyi, korayen wurare da lambunan kayan lambu bayan an yi masa tace na mataki na uku (tertiary treatment).&lt;ref&gt;Agence de Presse Sénégalaise:[http://www.aps.sn/spip.php?article29057 Les eaux épurées de la stationde Cambérène, ''alternative'' pour économiser l'eau potable, selon Issa Mbaye Samb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722075751/http://www.aps.sn/spip.php?article29057 |date=2011-07-22 }}, 22 March 2007, retrieved on 27 May 2911&lt;/ref&gt;


== Kayan Aiki (Infrastructure) ==
[[File: Sg-map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=Map of Senegal|Manyan birane a Senegal]]
A shekarar 2005, hukumar ONAS ta gudanar da hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa mai tsawon {{convert|773|km|adj=on}}, tashoshin famfo na ruwan datti 57 da masana'antun tace ruwan datti guda bakwai, kuma tana da mambobi 70,931 a Dakar, Saint-Louis, Rufisque, Louga, Thiès, Saly da Kaolack. Hakanan ta gudanar da magudanun ruwan sama na {{convert|113|km}} da tashoshin famfo na ruwan sama guda bakwai a Dakar da wasu garuruwa guda huɗu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ONAS&quot; /&gt;

== Nauyi (Responsibility) ==

=== Manufofi (Policy) ===

Ma'aikatar Tsarin Birane, Gidaje, Ruwan Cikin Gari, Tsaftar Muhalli da Lafiyar Jama'a (Ministère de l'Urbanisme, de l'Habitat, de l'Hydraulique urbaine, de l'Hygiène publique et de l'Assainissement) ita ce ke tsara manufofi na wadatar da ruwan sha da tsabtace muhalli a birane. Ita kuma Ma'aikatar Ruwan Karkara da Hanyoyin Ruwa na Ƙasa (Ministère de l'Hydraulique rurale et du Réseau hydrographique national) tana kula da samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara. Waɗannan ayyukan a baya sun kasance ne a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona.

=== Samar da Ayyuka ===

Nauyin samar da ruwa a birane yana tsakanin kamfanin ruwa na ƙasar Senegal (Société Nationale des Eaux du Senegal, SONES), wanda kamfani ne na gwamnati, da kuma kamfanin Sénégalaise des Eaux (SDE), wanda kamfani ne mai zaman kansa. Kamfanin ruwa na Faransa wato SAUR ne ya fara mallakar kashi 51 cikin ɗari na hannun jari a SDE, sauran kashi 49 kuma an raba su ne tsakanin gwamnatin Senegal (kashi biyar), mutanen Senegal (kashi 39) da ma'aikatan kamfanin (kashi biyar). A shekarar 2011, ba a lissafa SAUR a matsayin mai hannun jari a rukunin yanar gizon SDE ba. Hannun jarin na su yana ƙarƙashin kamfanin Finagestion ne na Afirka ta Yamma, wanda mafi yawan mallakarsa ke hannun babban kamfanin saka hannun jari mai zaman kansa (private equity) na Emerging Capital Partners wanda ke da mazauni a Amurka kuma ya fi mayar da hankali kan Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;Senegalaise des Eaux:[http://www.sde.sn/entpresentation.htm Senegalaise des Eaux:L'entreprise] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005234221/http://www.sde.sn/entpresentation.htm |date=2011-10-05 }}, retrieved on May 27, 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar Tsaftar Muhalli ta Ƙasa ta Senegal (Office National de l'Assainissement du Sénégal - ONAS) ita ce ke kula da tsabtace muhalli.

A yankunan karkara, ƙungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa da aka sani da Associations d'usagers de forages ruraux (ASUFOR) sune ke kula da tsarin ruwan da ake samu daga rijiyoyin burtsatse (tube wells). Senegal tana tilasta musu sanya hannu kan kwangilar kulawa tare da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don tabbatar da dorewar tsarin, kuma suna iya mika aikin tafiyar da tsarinsu ga wasu ɓangororrin na daban.


== Sabbin Hanyoyi (Approaches) ==

Sabuwar hanyar da aka gabatar a fannin ruwa na Senegal ta haɗa da kwangilar hayar filaye na ƙasa baki ɗaya, haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da al'umma don samar da famfunan ruwa na jama'a (standpipes) a Dakar, da kuma amfani da ƙananan kamfanoni don kula da tsarin ruwa na karkara da ƙananan garuruwa tare da tallafin ƙananan rance (micro-credits).

=== Hayar samar da ruwa a birane ===
Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun hanyoyin da suka yi nasara wajen samar da ruwa a Senegal ita ce yarjejeniyar hayar da aka sanya wa hannu a shekarar 1996. A cewar gwamnatin Senegal, adadin abokan ciniki na kamfanin Sénégalaise des eaux (SDE) ya ƙaru daga 241,671 a shekarar 1996 zuwa 638,629 a shekarar 2014. Daga cikin sabbin hanyoyin haɗin ruwa kusan 400,000, guda 206,000 sun amfani mafi rukunin matalautan jama'a ne, musamman a kewayen birnin Dakar.&lt;ref name=WL&gt;{{cite journal|last1=N.N.|title=Remodelling Access|journal=Water Leader|date=July 2015|volume=3|issue=1|page=12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank), gwamnati ta isa ga matalauta ta hanyar kafa asusun ƙasa don tallafawa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Manufar ita ce inganta ayyuka ga matalauta a kan farashi mafi ƙanƙanta. Haɗin ruwa na jin daɗin jama'a (social connections) kyauta ne, yayin da aka caji kuɗin haɗawa ga gidaje masu wadata. SDE da Kamfanin Amfanin Ruwa na Ƙasar Senegal (SONES) sun yi aiki ta hanyar wata babbar ƙungiyar NGO don gano buƙatun haɗin ruwa na jin daɗin jama'a, kuma kamfani mai zaman kansa ya kafa tsarin biyan kuɗi na kwamfuta na zamani; wannan ya sauƙaƙa biyan kuɗi ga abokan ciniki na gida. An gudanar da ladan ma'aikacin ne bisa adadin ruwan da aka samar da kuma sayar da shi, wanda hakan ya ba da kwarin gwiwa don yi wa abokan ciniki da dama hidima da kuma rage asarar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;IDA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/home|title=World Bank Group - International Development, Poverty, &amp; Sustainability|website=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani bincike da Cibiyar Tattalin Arziƙi na Ƙasashe Masu Tasowa ta Boston (BIDE) ta gudanar a shekarar 2006 ya kiyasta gagarumar fa'ida ta yarjejeniyar hayar a kan dalar Amurka miliyan $457. Abokan ciniki sun sami ingantacciyar hanyar samun ruwa mai yawa da kuma kulawar gwamnati, sannan ƙananan fa'idodi (dala miliyan $6) sun tafi ga masu mallakar kamfanin ruwa. Masu ba da rance na ƙasashen waje sun yi asarar dala miliyan $14 sannan ma'aikata sun yi asarar dala miliyan $10 saboda rashi ko raguwar ayyukan yi da ƙananan ƙarin albashi da alawus-alawus.&lt;ref name=&quot;BIDE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://message.worldbank.org/isp_error_page.htm|title=Error - System Unavailable|website=message.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An zaɓi kamfani mai zaman kansa ne ta hanyar gasa a cikin tsari na matakai biyu. Masu neman takara guda huɗu, waɗanda duk na Faransa ne, sun shiga matakin farko: Générale des Eaux (yanzu Vivendi Environnement), Lyonnaise des Eaux (yanzu SUEZ), Société d'Aménagement Urbain et Rural (SAUR), da kuma CISE (wanda daga baya aka haɗiye shi da SAUR). Masu neman takara da suka cancanta sun gabatar da shawara, wanda aka tantance a wani taro. An nemi SAUR ta yi takara, kodayake kamfanin ya ba SONEES shawarwari tun shekarar 1980. Babban Bankin Duniya ya nuna rashin amincewarsa da cire su daga takarar, amma an umarci SONEES da ta kammala duk kwangiloli, ta yanke duk wata alaƙa, kuma kada ta ba SAUR damar shiga aikinsu watanni huɗu kafin bayar da takarar. An gayyaci dukkan masu neman takara huɗu da su gabatar da ingantattun shawarwari na fasaha da na kuɗi; an cire Lyonnaise des Eaux saboda rashin bin ƙa'idodi. An kuma cire tayin daga Générale des Eaux, tunda sun ƙi amincewa da wasu buƙatun kwangila. Sauran masu neman takara biyu, CISE da SAUR, an gayyace su don gabatar da tayin mataki na biyu. A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 1995, aka sanar da SAUR a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara bisa farashi. Tayin kamfanin ya kasance farashin samar da ruwa na 236 F.CFA a kowace cubic meter, wanda shine kashi 62 cikin ɗari na matsakaicin farashin haraji a wancan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot; /&gt;

A cewar masu sukar lamari kamar ƙungiyar NGO ta yanki Aide Transparence da ke da mazauni a Dakar, adadin haɗin ruwa ya ƙaru ne kawai daga 203,902 a shekarar 1996 zuwa 264,161 a shekarar 2002. Wannan ya saɓa da alkaluman SDE na shekarar 2002 na haɗin ruwa guda 338,398.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/chifclientele.htm |title=SDE: Evolution du nombre de clients |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031195843/http://www.sde.sn/chifclientele.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rahoton na Aide Transparence ya ambaci korafin abokan ciniki game da rashin kyawun ingancin ruwa, ƙaruwar amfani da ruwan kwalba na ma'adinai a Senegal, da katsewar ruwan famfo na kwana ɗaya ko fiye da haka.

=== Haɗin gwiwar al'umma ga famfunan ruwa a Dakar ===

Wata hanyar kuma ita ce haɗin gwiwar al'umma tare da SONES, SDE, da kuma ƙungiyar NGO ta ƙasa da ƙasa mai rassa a cikin gida (Enda Tiers-Monde) don zaɓar wuraren da za a kafa famfunan ruwa na jama'a (standpipes), gina su da kuma tafiyar da su. Wannan haɗin gwiwar yana sanya famfunan ruwa masu mita ga gidaje matalauta waɗanda a baya suke amfani da gurbataccen ruwan rijiya. Shirin yana biyan buƙatun ne na mutane maimakon dogaro da tsarin samarwa na bangare guda kawai. Al'umma suna da hannu a cikin tsare-tsare, gini, da kulawa, wanda hakan ke haifar da mallakar tsarin da ƙarfi da kusan kashi 100 cikin ɗari na dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa. Gidaje suna biyan ma'aikacin famfo, wanda shi kuma yake biyan kuɗin ruwan ga hukumar. Al'umma ce ke zaɓar ma'aikacin (ko ƙungiyar ma'aikata masu juyawa) waɗanda za su iya yi wa al'umma aiki ko, wani lokacin, don kansu don samun kason kuɗi. Akwai nau'ikan tsarin famfon ruwa guda biyu; SONES ce ke ɗaukar nauyin kuɗin kayan aiki a ɗayan tsarin, ENDA kuma tana ɗaukar nauyin kayan aiki na ɗayan tsarin. Tsari na ƙarshe, wanda aka sani da shirin &quot;Eau Populaire&quot;, ya fara ne a shekarar 1995. Tsarin SONES ya kafa kusan famfunan ruwa 250, tsarin ENDA kuma kusan 130. A shekarar 2001, an kiyasta cewa mutane 200,000 sun sami damar samun ruwa mai tsafta tare da aikin Eau Populaire, kuma hakan ya haifar da raguwa mai yawa na cututtukan da ke haifar da ruwa a cikin yara. Har ila yau, aikin ya samar da daruruwan ayyuka (ma'aikatan famfo waɗanda ke karɓar CFA 30,000 zuwa 80,000 kowace wata) kuma yana ba da kuɗi ga sauran ayyukan gida tare da kuɗin shiga na famfon ruwan.&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.bpd-waterandsanitation.org/web/w/www_57_en.aspx Building Partnerships for Development (BPD) in Water and Sanitation: Dakar, Senegal - Upgrade and expansion of local water networks] &lt;/ref&gt;

=== Samar da ruwa a karkara ===

A yankunan karkara, gwamnati ta fara tallafawa gabatar da tsarin gudanarwa mai dorewa ga hanyoyin ruwan bututu ta amfani da rijiyoyin burtsatse a shekarar 1999 tare da aikin gwaji na REGEFOR a tsakiyar Senegal. Aikin ya haɗa da amfani da mita da ƙayyade farashi na volumetric pricing, kwangilar kulawa tare da kamfanoni masu zaman her kansu, da kuma tallafin ƙananan rance (microcredit support).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.irc.nl/redir/content/download/23603/268759/file/3._Prsentation_REGEFOR_Hane.ppt Pape Mohamed Dia, Ousmane Hane: L'expérience REGEFOR Sénégal]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Atelier Régional Microfinances et mécanismes novateurs pour l'atteinte des OMD dans le secteur de l'Eau et de l'Assainissement en Afrique au Sud du Sahara, Dakar, le 12 décembre 2005&lt;/ref&gt; Aikin gwaji na farko ya shafi rijiyoyin burtsatse guda 80. A shekarar 2009, an tsara tsara yarjejeniya da kamfani mai zaman kansa don kula da rijiyoyin burtsatse guda 621 a tsakiyar Senegal. Zuwa watan Janairun shekarar 2010, ana sa ran dukkan rijiyoyin burtsatse 1,400 na ƙasar za su kasance ƙarƙashin kwangilar kulawa ta kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSP&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi da ci gaban baya-bayan nan ==

=== Haɗin gwiwar farko tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu (1960–1971) ===

1960–1971: Kamfanin Compagnie Générale des Eaux du Sénégal, wani kamfani na ƙarƙashin Compagnie Générale des Eaux ta ƙasar Faransa, ya kula da samar da ruwa a biranen Senegal ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar hayar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/securbaine.htm |title=Sénégalaise Des Eaux:Secteur de l'hydraulique urbaine |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081110131000/http://www.sde.sn/securbaine.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gudanarwar gwamnati (1971–tsakiyar shekarun 1990) ===

1971: Ƙarƙashin Shugaba Léopold Senghor, mai fafutukar ra'ayin gurguzu na Afirka (African socialism), Senegal ta mayar da kamfanin ruwanta ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati da sunan Société Nationale d'Exploitation des Eaux du Sénégal (SONEES). A yankunan karkara, ana samar da ruwa kyauta ba tare da caji ba.

1983: Ƙarƙashin Shugaba Abdou Diouf (1981-2000), SONEES ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar amfani (concession contract) da gwamnati. A yankunan karkara, an gabatar da harajin ruwa (water tariffs) tare da ƙayyadaddun kuɗi ga kowane gida.

1994: Gwamnati ta fara wani tsari na tsawon shekara guda na tsara gyare-gyare a fannin, gami da gudanar da bita-bita da neman shawarwari daga Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank) da kuma duba gyare-gyaren da aka yi a sauran ƙasashe.

=== Haɗin gwiwar biyu tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu (tun tsakiyar shekarun 1990) ===

1995: Gwamnati ta yanke shawarar mika aikin samar da ruwa a birane ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar hayar.

1996: An rushe SONEES, kuma aka kafa sabbin kamfanoni guda uku: Société Nationale des Eaux du Sénégal (SONES, kamfanin kadarori na jiha), Sénégalaise des Eaux (SDE, kamfani mai zaman kansa mai gudanarwa), da kuma Office National de l'Assainissement du Sénégal (ONAS, kamfanin tsaftar muhalli na gwamnati). SONES ce ta mallaki kadarorin kuma ita ce ke da alhakin saka hannun jari a kayan aiki da kuma daidaita ayyukan SDE. SDE kuma tana da alhakin gudanarwa, kulawa ta yau da kullum, wasu bincike na saka hannun jari don faɗaɗa tsarin, da kuma tura takardun kuɗi da karɓar kuɗaɗe.

1998: SONES da SDE sun sake tattaunawa kan wasu maƙasudai da ba za su iya biyu ba a cikin kwangilar ba tare da an kai ga sasantawa na shari'a ko ƙarar juna ba.

1998: An kafa hukumar Conseil Supérieur de l'Eau, wadda Firayim Minista ke jagoranta, don tsara manufofi na gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da samar da ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pepam.gouv.sn/ressource.php?rubr=ress&amp;id=6&amp;type=docs&amp;cat=1&amp;lang=fr Décret portant création d'un Conseil supérieur de l'eau]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

1999: An fara aikin gwaji na REGEFOR a tsakiyar Senegal tare da tallafin Hukumar Raya Ƙasa ta Faransa (AFD) don samar da sabbin ƙa'idodin gudanarwa da suka ginu a kan janyewar jihar domin fifita masu amfani da ruwa da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu: amfani da mita, ƙayyade farashi na volumetric pricing, kwararrun manajoji da ma'aikatan fasaha, da kuma bayyananniyar alaƙa tsakanin rukunonin da abin ya shafa.&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.afd.fr/jahia/Jahia/site/afd/lang/en/pid/1296 Agence Française de Développement: Senegal: Regefor—Reforming mechanical drilling] &lt;/ref&gt;

2000: An sami canjin gwamnati bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da shugaban 'yan adawa Abdoulaye Wade ya lashe.

2001: Wasiƙa ta biyu ta manufofin ci gaba da ingancin Aikin Samar da Ruwa na Dogon Lokaci da Babban Bankin Duniya ke tallafawa. Manufofin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ba su fuskanci manyan canje-canje ba.

2002: Kamfanin Sénégalaise Des Eaux ya sami takardar shaida ta ƙa'idar ISO 9001 (fasalin 2000) daga ƙungiyar tabbatar da inganci ta Faransa wato AFAQ. SDE shi ne kamfani na farko na Senegal da ya sami takardar shaidar ISO kuma kamfani na farko na Afirka da aka ba takardar shaida ta ƙa'idar ISO 9001 bisa tsarin gudanarwa na gamsar da abokan ciniki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/entiso.htm |title=Sénégalaise Des Eaux:La certification ISO 9001 Version 2000 |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919165727/http://www.sde.sn/entiso.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
2005: Wasiƙa ta uku ta manufofin ci gaba. An kafa Shirin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Ƙarni (Millennium Program - PEPAM).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pepam.gouv.sn/ressource.php?rubr=ress&amp;id=22&amp;type=docs&amp;cat=2&amp;lang=fr PEPAM: Arrêté de création du PEPAM]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A yankunan karkara, an kammala aikin gwaji na REGEFOR cikin nasara kuma an gabatar da tsarinsa a matakin ƙasa baki ɗaya.

2006: An tsawaita yarjejeniyar hayar da SDE na tsawon shekaru biyar. An sanya hannu kan kwangilar gudanar da aiki (performance contract) tare da SONES.

2008: Gwamnati ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar gudanar da aiki tare da ONAS.

2009: Gwamnati ta ba da umarnin gudanar da bincike don auna (daga cikin sauran batutuwa) ko ya kamata yarjejeniyar hayar ta koma zuwa kwangilar amfani (concession agreement) wadda ƙarƙashinta kamfani mai zaman kansa zai ɗauki nauyin wasu (ko duka) saka hannun jari.

2010/11: Kamfanin SAUR ya sayar da kasonsa na SDE ga kamfanin Finagestion na Afirka ta Yamma, wanda mafi yawan mallakarsa ke hannun babban kamfanin saka hannun jari mai zaman kansa na Emerging Capital Partners wanda ke da mazauni a Amurka kuma ya fi mayar da hankali kan Afirka.

2011: An tsawaita yarjejeniyar hayar da SDE na tsawon shekaru biyu.&lt;ref name=Eplus/&gt;

2012: An zaɓi Macky Sall a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, inda ya doke Abdoulaye Wade.

Satumba 2013: An katse samar da ruwa a birnin Dakar na tsawon makonni uku bayan fashewar wani babban bututun mai rarraba ruwa a gundumar Keur Momar Sarr.&lt;ref name=Eplus/&gt;

2014: An tsawaita yarjejeniyar hayar da SDE na tsawon shekaru biyar.&lt;ref name=Eplus&gt; {{cite web|title=L'État a signé avec la SDE pour 5 ans|url=http://www.enqueteplus.com/content/contrat-daffermage-pour-la-distribution-de-leau-l%C3%A9tat-sign%C3%A9-avec-la-sde-pour-5-ans|publisher=Enquête+|access-date=29 August 2015|date=4 January 2014}} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Batutuwan kuɗi da inganci ==

Manufofin kuɗi na wannan fanni, waɗanda aka tsara a shekarar 1994, sun ginu ne kan waɗannan ka'idoji:
* Taimakon gwamnati guda ɗaya shi ne kudaden da masu bayar da tallafi suke bayarwa; babu wani tallafin gudanarwa da ake bayarwa a kai a kai.
* Ba za a samu ƙarin harajin ruwa mai wuce gona da iri ba; ƙarin harajin zai kasance a hankali ne, bisa tsarin kuɗi.
* Akwai harajin jin daɗin jama'a (na farko na haraji don amfanin da bai wuce m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; 10 a kowane wata ba) don tabbatar da cewa mutane za su iya biya. &lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot; /&gt;

=== Haraji da dawo da kuɗaɗe ===

SDE tana amfani da tsarin haraji mai ƙaruwa, wanda ya haɗa da rukuni uku:
* Harajin jin daɗin jama'a (social tariff) ga masu amfani da ruwa kaɗan waɗanda suke da haɗin ruwa a gida, waɗanda aka bayyana a matsayin waɗanda ke amfani da ƙasa da cubic meter 20 duk bayan kwanaki 60 (191 F.CFA/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a shekarar 2008).
* Haraji na yau da kullun (regular tariff) don amfani tsakanin cubic meter 20 da 40 (wanda a da yake tsakanin 20-100), 630 F.CFA/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a shekarar 2008.
* Haraji na &quot;korewa&quot; (dissuasive rate) don amfani sama da cubic meter 40 (wanda a da yake sama da 100), 789 F.CFA/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a shekarar 2008. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/h2otarif.htm |title=SDE: Le tariff de l'eau |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031195925/http://www.sde.sn/h2otarif.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A Dakar, ana sayar da ruwa a cikin bokiti a famfunan ruwa na jama'a. Masu kula da waɗannan famfunan kananan yan kasuwa ne da ke siyan ruwa daga kamfanin ruwan kuma su sake sayar da shi ga abokan ciniki. &lt;ref name=&quot;IRIN&quot; /&gt;

Kungiyar Public Citizen ta soki tsarin harajin Senegal saboda mafi matalauta (waɗanda suke dogara ga famfunan ruwa na jama'a) suna biyan haraji mafi tsada, &quot;wanda ya kai kashi 350 na harajin jin daɗin jama'a&quot;. Iyalai a yankunan masu karamin karfi na iya raba haɗin ruwa guda ɗaya, kuma su yi amfani da ruwa a farashin &quot;korewa&quot;. A cewar Public Citizen, iyalai mafi talauci ne suke tallafawa ruwan iyalai masu amfani da ruwa na yau da kullun waɗanda suka cancanci samun &quot;harajin jin daɗin jama'a&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.citizen.org/cmep/Water/cmep_Water/reports/senegal/|title=Public Citizen: Senegal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar wani binciken Babban Bankin Duniya, masu amfani da famfunan ruwa na jama'a suna biyan kuɗi mafi yawa don ruwa, amma gwamnati tana ganin su a matsayin mafita ta wucin gadi kuma tana da niyyar kaiwa ga dukkan matalauta ta hanyar haɗin ruwa na gida. Wannan manufar tana da &quot;babban aibi&quot;, duk da haka: sharuɗɗan da suke sa iyali ya cancanci samun tallafin kusan sun tabbatar da cewa ba matalauta ba ne. Shirye-shiryen haɗin ruwa na jin daɗin jama'a an tsara su ne don unguwanni masu kwanciyar hankali inda mazauna suka kafa tushe. Don samun haɗin ruwa na jin daɗin jama'a, mai nema dole ne ya mallaki takardar ƙasa kuma dole ne gidan ya kasance a kan ƙasar. Iyalin da zai iya biyan wannan, kuma zai iya gina gidan dindindin, ba ya cikin matalauta mafi talauci. &lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot; /&gt;

Ƙarin farashin ya takaita ne ga kashi uku a kowace shekara ƙarƙashin maƙasudan aiki (adadin hauhawar farashi), wanda hakan ke sa harajin ya kasance iri ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;IRIN&quot; /&gt; Matsakaicin harajin ruwa ya ƙaru daga 350 F.CFA/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a shekarar 1995 ($0.72/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a farashin musaya na 489 CFA/US$) zuwa 496 F.CFA/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (US$1.09/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a farashin musaya na 456 CFA/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) a shekarar 2007.

Kudin gudanarwa na samar da ruwa ana dawowa da su, wanda ba kasafai ake gani ba a kamfanonin ruwa a ƙasashen da ke ƙarƙashin hamadar Sahara. Lamuni na dogon lokaci ba tare da ruwa (interest-free) ba daga hukumomin kuɗi na ƙasashen duniya zuwa ga gwamnatin Senegal ana ba da su ga kamfanin mallakar kadarori kuma ana karɓar su daga masu amfani ta hanyar lissafin kuɗi na SDE.

Ana sanya ƙarin haraji na tsaftar muhalli na $0.05/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; daga SDE don ONAS ga abokan cinikin ruwa a duk biranen da ke da tsarin magudanan ruwa. Wannan ƙarin harajin ya kai kashi shida na lissafin ruwa ga iyalai da ke amfani da 50 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; na ruwa a kowane wata. Kuɗin shiga daga wannan ƙarin harajin bai isa ya tallafawa ayyukan ONAS da kula da hanyoyin magudanan ruwa ba. Cimma dorewar kuɗi don ONAS da kuma neman hanyoyin ware albarkatu don haɓaka da bunkasa tsaftar muhalli a wuraren zama ya ci gaba da kasancewa ƙalubale.

Ko da yake kananan hukumomi ba su da alhakin magudanan ruwa ko na ruwan sama, ana sa ran za su tura wani ɓangare na harajin kadarori ($500,000) zuwa ONAS ta hanyar asusun kayan aiki don kananan hukumomi don tallafawa aiki da kula da wuraren magudanan ruwa. Duk da haka, waɗannan albarkatun ba a samar da su ga ONAS ba.

Harajin da SDE ta karɓa ya kai kashi 98 cikin ɗari, a cewar majiyar Babban Bankin Duniya, wanda ya ƙaru daga ƙasa da kashi 80 cikin ɗari kafin aikin. &lt;ref name=&quot;IDA&quot; /&gt; A cewar SDE da wata majiyar ta Babban Bankin Duniya, adadin harajin da aka karɓa ya kai matsakaicin kashi 98 cikin ɗari daga 2001 zuwa 2006; ya kasance kashi 96 cikin ɗari a shekarar 1996. &lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/chifrecouvrement.htm |title=SDE: Taux de recouvrement global |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031195855/http://www.sde.sn/chifrecouvrement.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata majiyar, adadin karɓar kuɗin na 1996 ya kasance kashi 91 cikin ɗari. &lt;ref name=WL/&gt; 

A yankunan karkara, al'ummomi suna bayar da kashi 20 cikin ɗari na saka hannun jari na farko, kashi 80 kuma gwamnati ce ke ɗaukar nauyinsa. Kuɗin aiki, kulawa, da sauyawa ana dawowa da su ta hanyar kuɗin shiga.

=== Saka hannun jari da bayar da kuɗaɗe ===

Gwamnatin Senegal ta bayyana cewa kuɗaɗen da suka kai biliyan 260 F.CFA (kimanin dala miliyan 500 a shekarar 2008) an tattara su tsakanin 1996 da 2006 ta hanyar Projet Sectoriel Eau (PSE) da Projet Eau à Long Terme (PELT). &lt;ref name=&quot;Mbaye&quot; /&gt; A cewar wasu rahotannin, dala miliyan 300 aka saka a haɗin gwiwar ruwa na Senegal. &lt;ref name=&quot;IRIN&quot; /&gt; A cewar Babban Bankin Duniya, farashin Aikin Ruwa na Senegal (gami da tsaftar muhalli) ya kai dala miliyan 290; IDA ta bayar da dala miliyan 100 da wasu dala miliyan 125 don aikin sa ido na Long Term Water Sector Project. &lt;ref name=&quot;IDA&quot;/&gt; Kasafin kudin PEPAM na 2005-2015 ya kai biliyan 515 F.CFA (kimanin dala biliyan 1): biliyan 274 F.CFA don yankunan karkara da biliyan 241 F.CFA don yankunan birane.

Yawancin saka hannun jari a fannin ana tallafawa ne daga masu bayar da tallafi tare da lamuni ba tare da ruwa ba daga Hukumar Raya Ƙasa ta Duniya (International Development Association) ta Babban Bankin Duniya da Bankin Raya Afirka ko tallafi daga wasu masu bayar da tallafi, tare da ƙarin kuɗaɗen gwamnati. An saka hannun jari na dala miliyan 20 wanda kamfani mai zaman kansa ya ɗauki nauyinsa a cikin shekaru goma na farko na yarjejeniyar hayar. A shekarar 1996, Citibank da Compagnie Bancaire de l'Afrique Occidentale (CBAO) sun samar da layin bashi na dala miliyan 21.4 (biliyan 11 F.CFA) na tsawon shekaru shida don taimakawa kamfanin mallakar kadarori SONES da kwararar kuɗin shiga. &lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot;&gt;[http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/240095/Innovative%20Contracts,%20Sound%20Relationships%20Urban%20Water%20Sector%20Reform%20in%20Senegal.pdf Clarissa Brocklehurst and Jan G. Janssens: Innovative Contracts, Sound Relationships: Urban Water Sector Reform in Senegal, The World Bank Group: Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Board Discussion Paper Series, Paper No. 1, 2004]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Inganci ===

Asarar ruwa, mafi yawancinta ta hanyar ɗigo, ta ragu zuwa ƙasa da kashi 20 cikin ɗari a shekarar 2006 daga kashi 32 cikin ɗari a shekarar 1996. Ragewar yana nufin tanadin da ya kai bukatun ruwa na mutane 930,000. &lt;ref name=&quot;IDA&quot; /&gt; Yawan ma'aikata ya kai 2.3 a kowane ma'aikata 1,000 a shekarar 2014, wanda ya tashi daga 6.1 a shekarar 1996. &lt;ref name=WL/&gt;

== Haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Babban Bankin Duniya, Hukumar Raya Ƙasa ta Amurka (USAID), Bankin Raya Afirka, Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai, Hukumar Raya Ƙasa ta Faransa (AFD), Jamus, da Bankin Raya Afirka ta Yamma (BOAD) suna cikin manyan masu bayar da tallafi ga fannin ruwa na Senegal. A shekarar 1995, Babban Bankin Duniya ya ba da rancen kashi na IDA na dalar Amurka miliyan $100 ga gwamnatin Senegal don aiwatar da gyare-gyarenta.&lt;ref name=&quot;IDA&quot;/&gt; Sannan an biyo baya da aikin fannin ruwa na dogon lokaci na dalar Amurka miliyan $125 wanda ya fara a watan Yunin 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;IDA&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 2006, ya amince da aikin tallafi na dalar Amurka miliyan $7.7 (output-based aid) don tallafawa samun damar yin amfani da dabarun tsaftar muhalli a wuraren zama a Dakar, wanda ONAS, hukumar ayyukan jama'a ta AGETIP da wata ƙungiyar NGO suka aiwatar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports|title=Documents &amp; Reports - All Documents &amp;#124; The World Bank|website=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai (EIB) ya ba da lamuni guda biyu (Euro miliyan 15 a shekarar 1995 da Euro miliyan 16 a shekarar 2001) ga gwamnatin Senegal ƙarƙashin aikin samar da ruwa na dogon lokaci don ɗaukar nauyin ayyukan samar da ruwa a Dakar. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2007, EIB ta sanyawa hannu kan wasu yarjejeniyoyin kuɗi guda biyu na daban tare da SONES don tallafawa Tsarin Samar da Ruwan Sha da Magudanan Ruwa na Ƙarni na Senegal (PEPAM). Tallafin Asusun Raya Turai (EDF) na CFAF biliyan 5.7 (Euro miliyan 8.6) da rancen EIB na F.CFA biliyan 9.8 (Euro miliyan 15) sun cika shirin zuba jari na SONES na F.CFA biliyan 38 (Euro miliyan 58). Ƙarƙashin aikin, fiye da birane 60 (gami da Dakar) za su ci gajiyar tsare-tsaren gyarawa, haɓakawa da faɗaɗa hanyoyin samar da ruwan sha, wanda zai kai ga mutane fiye da 500,000 cikin shekaru huɗu. Ayyukan da aka tsara sun haɗa da kafa sabbin rijiyoyin burtsatse guda 25, gina masana'antar tace ruwa, faɗaɗa hanyoyin samar da ruwa da fiye da kilomita 500 da kuma kafa haɗin ruwa na tallafi guda 50,000 da famfunan ruwa na jama'a 360. Masu ba da kuɗaɗe guda huɗu sun daidaita hanyoyinsu na gudanarwa, tare da aiwatar da alkawuran da aka guda a Yarjejeniyar Paris (Paris Declaration) kan daidaita tallafin ci gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.eib.org/projects/press/2007/2007-122-euro-senegalese-cooperation---cfaf-15.5bn-eur-23.6m-for-improved-access-to-drinking-water.htm |title=European Investment Bank: CFAF 15.5bn (EUR 23.6m) for improved access to drinking water}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani rancen Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai na Euro miliyan 64.5, haɗe da tallafin Tarayyar Turai na Euro miliyan 5.55 ga Senegal, an bayar da shi a shekarar 2023. Kuɗaɗen za su samar da ruwan sha ga mazauna Saint-Louis da wasu al'ummomi guda biyu a tsakiya da kudancin Senegal: Kaolack da Kolda.&lt;ref name=&quot;European Investment Bank&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water infrastructure bring the 'comfort of a running tap' to 1 mln in Senegal |url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/water-infrastructure-senegal |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Magoum-2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magoum |first=Inès |date=2022-03-29 |title=SENEGAL: EU and EIB pledge €70m to improve access to drinking water |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/senegal-eu-and-eib-pledge-e70m-to-improve-access-to-drinking-water/ |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=Afrik 21 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;europa.eu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Senegal - Green Economy {{!}} Team Europe Initiative and Joint Programming tracker |url=https://europa.eu/capacity4dev/tei-jp-tracker/tei/senegal-green-economy |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=europa.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan aka kammala aikin, Saint-Louis za ta ci gajiyar sabuwar masana'antar tace ruwan sha, wuraren tana da ruwa (reservoirs), da kuma faɗaɗa hanyoyin rarraba ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;European Investment Bank&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Magoum-2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://heartlandsconservancy.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/task-6e-st-louis-region-water-infrastructure-report-final.pdf|title=Summary of Water Infrastructure in the St. Louis Region}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan yana daidai da Shirin Birane Masu Dorewa na Afirka (African Sustainable Cities Initiative).&lt;ref name=&quot;European Investment Bank&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Magoum-2022&quot; /&gt; Kudin Tarayyar Turai na Euro miliyan 5.55, wanda Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai ya tattara, zai taimaka wa kamfanin ruwa na Senegal wajen hanzarta samar da haɗin ruwan sha na tallafi guda 35,000 ga abokan ciniki 350,000 a faɗin ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;European Investment Bank&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Magoum-2022&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;europa.eu&quot;/&gt;

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'''Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Senegal''' yana da alaƙa da babban matakin samun ruwa idan aka kwatanta da yawancin ƙasashen kudu da hamadar Sahara. Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu (PPP) ya fara aiki a [[Senegal]] tun daga shekarar 1996, tare da [[Senegalaise des Eaux]] (SDE, wani reshe na [[:fr:Groupe SAUR|Saur International]] ) abokin hulɗa mai zaman kansa. SDE ba ta da tsarin ruwa, amma tana kula da shi bisa yarjejeniyar shekaru 10 daga gwamnatin Senegal. Tsakanin 1996 da 2014, tallace-tallacen ruwa sun ninka zuwa mita cubic miliyan 131 a kowace shekara; adadin haɗin gidaje ya ƙaru da kashi 165 cikin ɗari, zuwa sama da 638,000. A cewar Bankin Duniya, &quot;Ana ɗaukar lamarin Senegal a matsayin misali na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara&quot;.  Kamfanin tsaftar muhalli na ƙasa shine ke kula da najasa, tsaftace ruwan shara da magudanar ruwan sama, wanda aka yi wa kamfanin tsaftar muhalli na ƙasa na [[Tunisiya]] kuma ya keɓance a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na Afirka.

== Samun dama ==
A shekarar 2015, kashi 75 cikin 100 na al'ummar Senegal sun sami damar samun akalla tushen ruwa guda ɗaya, kuma kashi 48 cikin 100 sun sami damar samun tsaftar muhalli. Akwai babban bambanci tsakanin samar da ruwa a birane (kashi 91 cikin 100 na samun ruwa) da yankunan karkara (kashi 63 cikin 100).  Yawan samun tsaftar muhalli ya kuma bambanta sosai tsakanin yankunan birane da karkara, inda kashi 66 cikin 100 na al'ummar birane ke da hanyar samun tsaftar muhalli, kuma kashi 35 cikin 100 na al'ummar karkara ke da hanyar samun ruwa. A yankunan birane, kashi 75 cikin 100 na al'ummar suna da hanyar samun ruwa a gidajensu ko kuma a gidajensu, kuma kashi 17 cikin 100 sun dogara ne da wuraren samar da ruwa da [[Famfon titi mai tsayi|bututun ruwa]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/en/watquery.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217095912/http://www.wssinfo.org/en/watquery.html |archive-date=2008-12-17 |access-date=2008-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kashi 19 cikin 100 na al'ummar biranen ƙasar suna da hanyar samun ruwa ta magudanar ruwa, kuma kashi 60 cikin 100 suna da hanyar samun ruwa ta hanyar amfani da tankunan feshi ko kuma ingantattun bayan gida na gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

Tushe: Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na Kula da Ruwa da Tsafta na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] da [[UNICEF]]

Babban tushen waɗannan alkaluma shine binciken Senegal, wani ɓangare na [[World Health Survey|Binciken Lafiya na Duniya]] na WHO na 2003. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation: Water Senegal |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/country/SEN_wat.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213140320/http://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/country/SEN_wat.pdf |archive-date=2009-02-13 |access-date=2008-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adadin samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa a yankunan birane (kashi 92) ya ɗan yi ƙasa da adadin da kamfanin samar da ruwa na SDE ya ruwaito kuma Bankin Duniya ya ambato (kashi 98). &lt;ref name=&quot;IDA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Bank Group - International Development, Poverty, &amp; Sustainability |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/home |website=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sabis ==
[[Samar da Ruwa|Samar da ruwa]] a [[Dakar]] da sauran biranen Senegal yana ci gaba da gudana. A shekarar 1994, an samar da sabis na tsawon matsakaicin sa'o'i 16 a kowace rana. Ganin karuwar buƙata daga sabbin masu amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa da kuma ƙuntatawa kan albarkatun ruwa, kamfanin mai zaman kansa ya fara rarraba katsewar samar da ruwa daidai wa daida a tsakanin unguwannin Dakar.  An ƙara matsakaicin sa'o'in samar da ruwa a kowace rana zuwa 19 a shekarar 2001, kuma an samu ci gaba da samar da ruwa a shekarar 2006;  an samu nasarar hakan ne ta hanyar faɗaɗa bututun ruwa daga Lac de Guiers a shekarar 1999. A shekarar 2004, kashi 97.7 cikin ɗari na samfuran ruwa sun yi daidai da ƙa'idodin ruwa na ƙwayoyin cuta (sama da kashi 96 cikin ɗari a shekarar 1996). &lt;ref name=&quot;BIDE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Error - System Unavailable |url=https://message.worldbank.org/isp_error_page.htm |website=message.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Albarkatun Ruwa ==
[[File:River gambia Niokolokoba National Park.gif|thumb|alt=Aerial photo of a large, muddy river flowing past forests|upright=1.1|Kogin Gambia a cikin gidan shakatawa na kasar Senegal wato Niokolo-Koba National Park]]
[[File:SaloumULM.JPG|Kogin Saloum a tsakiyar Senegal|thumb|alt=Aerial photo of a river flowing through a desert with some vegetation|upright=0.9]]

Yanayin da na ƙasar Senegal na zafi ne (tropical climate), tare da bayyanannun lokutan rani da na damina. Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na birnin Dakar kusan {{convert|600|mm}} yana sauka ne tsakanin watannin Yuni da Oktoba. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya fito ne daga {{convert|270|mm}} kowace shekara a arewa zuwa {{convert|1793|mm}} kowace shekara a kudanci. Yanayin zafi na cikin ƙasa ya fi na gabar teku yawa.

Mafi girman albarkatun ruwa a ƙasar shine Kogin Senegal (Senegal River) da ke arewa, wanda ƙasar ke rabawa tare da Mauritania, Mali, da Guinea. Matsakaicin kwararar ruwansa ya kai lita biliyan 37 cubic meters kowace shekara. Tafkin Guiers (Lac de Guiers) wani muhimmin ma'ajiyar ruwa ne a saman gabar kogin Senegal, tare da adadin ruwa kusan miliyan 500 cubic meters. Shi ne babban tushen ruwa mai daɗi ga birnin Dakar, mai nisan daruruwan kilomita zuwa kudu maso yamma, ta hanyar bututun ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Kodayake ruwan Kogin Senegal yana da yawa, ruwa a mafi yawan sauran sassan ƙasar yana da ƙaranci. Sauran manyan sassan ruwa na sama sun haɗa da Kogin Casamance, Kogin Gambia, Kogin Saloum, Kogin Geba, Kogin Falémé da kuma lagun na Tamna kusa da Thiès.

Senegal tana da kusan lita biliyan uku cubic meters na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa mai sabuntawa, ban da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wanda ke haɗuwa da ruwan sama. Jimillar ruwan da aka ɗibo a shekarar 1987 ya kai biliyan 1.4 cubic meters, inda kashi 92 cikin ɗari na aikin gona ne, kashi uku cikin ɗari na masana'antu, sannan kashi biyar cikin ɗari na amfanin gida.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20040716162928/http://www.earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/Wat_cou_686.pdf World Resources Institute: Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems Senegal], 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'ajiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun haɗa da aquifers masu zurfin har zuwa {{convert|20|m}} a Casamance da kuma zurfin {{convert|40|-|60|m}} a Kaolack da Tamba, da kuma crop-outs{{clarify|date=July 2024|reason=What are crop-outs?}} kusa da Dakar da Thiès. Sun kuma haɗa da aquifers a zurfin {{convert|200|-|400|m}}. An kiyasta adadin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a kan biliyan bakwai cubic meters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/h2oeaudistribuee.htm |title=SDE: D'où vient l'eau distribuée by la SDE |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081110131936/http://www.sde.sn/h2oeaudistribuee.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawan amfani da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa fiye da kima (overexploitation) babbar matsala ce a sassan Senegal. Mont Rolland, mai nisan {{convert|70|km}} daga Dakar, an san shi da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na ma'adinai; a halin yanzu mazauna ƙauyen suna buƙatar yin hako mai zurfin har {{convert|80|m}} don hako ruwa. Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na ƙauyen ya ragu sosai saboda yawan hako da kamfanin ruwan ma'adinai ya yi, wanda a halin yanzu yake a rufe. Kusan kashi 80 cikin ɗari na masu aikin lambu na Senegal suna kusa da Mont Rolland.&lt;ref&gt;[http://ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=17216 IPS: Development-Senegal: Water Shortages Hit Women the Most], April 2003&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana wadatar da birnin Dakar ne da farko da ruwan da aka ɗibo daga fossil aquifers waɗanda ka iya kasancewa an yi amfani da su fiye da kima kuma sun gurɓata da ruwan gishiri. Ana kawo sassan ruwa daga masana'antar tace ruwa ta Ngnith da ke kan tafkin Guiers ta hanyar wani bututun mai rarraba ruwa wanda aka ƙara ƙarfin sa a shekarar 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot; /&gt; Saboda ƙaruwar buƙata da kuma buƙatar rufe rijiyoyin burtsatse da suka gurɓata, dole ne a kawo ruwan sama daga Kogin Senegal, mai nisan kusan {{convert|240|km}}, wanda ke buƙatar tsadar kuɗi na saka hannun jari don faɗaɗa bututun da ke akwai. Ana saurin ran ƙarin ruwan Kogin Senegal zai ƙaru daga 0.5 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s zuwa kusan 6.0 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s a shekarar 2030. Waɗannan buƙatun suna cikin haƙƙoƙin ruwa na ƙasar Senegal ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyoyin da ta ƙulla da ƙasashe maƙwabta. Sai dai, irin wannan babban adadin ruwa zai sami gagarumin tasiri ga muhalli a kan Tafkin Guiers da kuma yankin gabar Kogin Senegal. Kwararar ruwa mai ranci na gaba a Kogin Senegal yana da wuyar hango shi saboda canjin yanayi da rashin tabbas game da madatsar ruwa ta Manantali Dam.&lt;ref name=&quot;LTWSP&quot;&gt;[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2001/03/08/000094946_01021705482844/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf World Bank - Project Appraisal Document: Long-Term Water Supply Project], 2001, p. 4-6&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafi yawan ruwan datti na birnin Dakar ana zubar da shi ne, ba tare da an tace shi ba, zuwa cikin Tekun Atlantic.&lt;ref name=&quot;ONAS&quot;&gt;[http://www.onas.sn/onas.htm ONAS]&lt;/ref&gt; Masana'antar tace ruwan datti ta Cambérène, mafi girma a Senegal, tana tace kusan kashi 15 cikin ɗari na ruwan datti da ake samarwa a Dakar. Tun daga shekarar 2007, kamfanin SAUR na ƙasar Faransa ke gudanar da aikin tashar kuma ya faɗaɗa ta. Ana sake amfani da wasu sassan ruwan datti da aka tace.&lt;ref&gt;SAUR:[http://www.saur.com/index.php/international/senegal Sénégal:Station d'épuration de Cambérène (Dakar)], retrieved on May 27, 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Zuwa shekarar 2007, an sake amfani da ruwa don filin wasan golf kuma an tsara amfani da shi don shayar da bishiyoyi, korayen wurare da lambunan kayan lambu bayan an yi masa tace na mataki na uku (tertiary treatment).&lt;ref&gt;Agence de Presse Sénégalaise:[http://www.aps.sn/spip.php?article29057 Les eaux épurées de la stationde Cambérène, ''alternative'' pour économiser l'eau potable, selon Issa Mbaye Samb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722075751/http://www.aps.sn/spip.php?article29057 |date=2011-07-22 }}, 22 March 2007, retrieved on 27 May 2911&lt;/ref&gt;


== Kayan Aiki (Infrastructure) ==
[[File: Sg-map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=Map of Senegal|Manyan birane a Senegal]]
A shekarar 2005, hukumar ONAS ta gudanar da hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa mai tsawon {{convert|773|km|adj=on}}, tashoshin famfo na ruwan datti 57 da masana'antun tace ruwan datti guda bakwai, kuma tana da mambobi 70,931 a Dakar, Saint-Louis, Rufisque, Louga, Thiès, Saly da Kaolack. Hakanan ta gudanar da magudanun ruwan sama na {{convert|113|km}} da tashoshin famfo na ruwan sama guda bakwai a Dakar da wasu garuruwa guda huɗu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ONAS&quot; /&gt;

== Nauyi (Responsibility) ==

=== Manufofi (Policy) ===

Ma'aikatar Tsarin Birane, Gidaje, Ruwan Cikin Gari, Tsaftar Muhalli da Lafiyar Jama'a (Ministère de l'Urbanisme, de l'Habitat, de l'Hydraulique urbaine, de l'Hygiène publique et de l'Assainissement) ita ce ke tsara manufofi na wadatar da ruwan sha da tsabtace muhalli a birane. Ita kuma Ma'aikatar Ruwan Karkara da Hanyoyin Ruwa na Ƙasa (Ministère de l'Hydraulique rurale et du Réseau hydrographique national) tana kula da samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara. Waɗannan ayyukan a baya sun kasance ne a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona.

=== Samar da Ayyuka ===

Nauyin samar da ruwa a birane yana tsakanin kamfanin ruwa na ƙasar Senegal (Société Nationale des Eaux du Senegal, SONES), wanda kamfani ne na gwamnati, da kuma kamfanin Sénégalaise des Eaux (SDE), wanda kamfani ne mai zaman kansa. Kamfanin ruwa na Faransa wato SAUR ne ya fara mallakar kashi 51 cikin ɗari na hannun jari a SDE, sauran kashi 49 kuma an raba su ne tsakanin gwamnatin Senegal (kashi biyar), mutanen Senegal (kashi 39) da ma'aikatan kamfanin (kashi biyar). A shekarar 2011, ba a lissafa SAUR a matsayin mai hannun jari a rukunin yanar gizon SDE ba. Hannun jarin na su yana ƙarƙashin kamfanin Finagestion ne na Afirka ta Yamma, wanda mafi yawan mallakarsa ke hannun babban kamfanin saka hannun jari mai zaman kansa (private equity) na Emerging Capital Partners wanda ke da mazauni a Amurka kuma ya fi mayar da hankali kan Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;Senegalaise des Eaux:[http://www.sde.sn/entpresentation.htm Senegalaise des Eaux:L'entreprise] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005234221/http://www.sde.sn/entpresentation.htm |date=2011-10-05 }}, retrieved on May 27, 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar Tsaftar Muhalli ta Ƙasa ta Senegal (Office National de l'Assainissement du Sénégal - ONAS) ita ce ke kula da tsabtace muhalli.

A yankunan karkara, ƙungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa da aka sani da Associations d'usagers de forages ruraux (ASUFOR) sune ke kula da tsarin ruwan da ake samu daga rijiyoyin burtsatse (tube wells). Senegal tana tilasta musu sanya hannu kan kwangilar kulawa tare da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don tabbatar da dorewar tsarin, kuma suna iya mika aikin tafiyar da tsarinsu ga wasu ɓangororrin na daban.


== Sabbin Hanyoyi (Approaches) ==

Sabuwar hanyar da aka gabatar a fannin ruwa na Senegal ta haɗa da kwangilar hayar filaye na ƙasa baki ɗaya, haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da al'umma don samar da famfunan ruwa na jama'a (standpipes) a Dakar, da kuma amfani da ƙananan kamfanoni don kula da tsarin ruwa na karkara da ƙananan garuruwa tare da tallafin ƙananan rance (micro-credits).

=== Hayar samar da ruwa a birane ===
Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun hanyoyin da suka yi nasara wajen samar da ruwa a Senegal ita ce yarjejeniyar hayar da aka sanya wa hannu a shekarar 1996. A cewar gwamnatin Senegal, adadin abokan ciniki na kamfanin Sénégalaise des eaux (SDE) ya ƙaru daga 241,671 a shekarar 1996 zuwa 638,629 a shekarar 2014. Daga cikin sabbin hanyoyin haɗin ruwa kusan 400,000, guda 206,000 sun amfani mafi rukunin matalautan jama'a ne, musamman a kewayen birnin Dakar.&lt;ref name=WL&gt;{{cite journal|last1=N.N.|title=Remodelling Access|journal=Water Leader|date=July 2015|volume=3|issue=1|page=12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank), gwamnati ta isa ga matalauta ta hanyar kafa asusun ƙasa don tallafawa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Manufar ita ce inganta ayyuka ga matalauta a kan farashi mafi ƙanƙanta. Haɗin ruwa na jin daɗin jama'a (social connections) kyauta ne, yayin da aka caji kuɗin haɗawa ga gidaje masu wadata. SDE da Kamfanin Amfanin Ruwa na Ƙasar Senegal (SONES) sun yi aiki ta hanyar wata babbar ƙungiyar NGO don gano buƙatun haɗin ruwa na jin daɗin jama'a, kuma kamfani mai zaman kansa ya kafa tsarin biyan kuɗi na kwamfuta na zamani; wannan ya sauƙaƙa biyan kuɗi ga abokan ciniki na gida. An gudanar da ladan ma'aikacin ne bisa adadin ruwan da aka samar da kuma sayar da shi, wanda hakan ya ba da kwarin gwiwa don yi wa abokan ciniki da dama hidima da kuma rage asarar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;IDA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/home|title=World Bank Group - International Development, Poverty, &amp; Sustainability|website=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani bincike da Cibiyar Tattalin Arziƙi na Ƙasashe Masu Tasowa ta Boston (BIDE) ta gudanar a shekarar 2006 ya kiyasta gagarumar fa'ida ta yarjejeniyar hayar a kan dalar Amurka miliyan $457. Abokan ciniki sun sami ingantacciyar hanyar samun ruwa mai yawa da kuma kulawar gwamnati, sannan ƙananan fa'idodi (dala miliyan $6) sun tafi ga masu mallakar kamfanin ruwa. Masu ba da rance na ƙasashen waje sun yi asarar dala miliyan $14 sannan ma'aikata sun yi asarar dala miliyan $10 saboda rashi ko raguwar ayyukan yi da ƙananan ƙarin albashi da alawus-alawus.&lt;ref name=&quot;BIDE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://message.worldbank.org/isp_error_page.htm|title=Error - System Unavailable|website=message.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An zaɓi kamfani mai zaman kansa ne ta hanyar gasa a cikin tsari na matakai biyu. Masu neman takara guda huɗu, waɗanda duk na Faransa ne, sun shiga matakin farko: Générale des Eaux (yanzu Vivendi Environnement), Lyonnaise des Eaux (yanzu SUEZ), Société d'Aménagement Urbain et Rural (SAUR), da kuma CISE (wanda daga baya aka haɗiye shi da SAUR). Masu neman takara da suka cancanta sun gabatar da shawara, wanda aka tantance a wani taro. An nemi SAUR ta yi takara, kodayake kamfanin ya ba SONEES shawarwari tun shekarar 1980. Babban Bankin Duniya ya nuna rashin amincewarsa da cire su daga takarar, amma an umarci SONEES da ta kammala duk kwangiloli, ta yanke duk wata alaƙa, kuma kada ta ba SAUR damar shiga aikinsu watanni huɗu kafin bayar da takarar. An gayyaci dukkan masu neman takara huɗu da su gabatar da ingantattun shawarwari na fasaha da na kuɗi; an cire Lyonnaise des Eaux saboda rashin bin ƙa'idodi. An kuma cire tayin daga Générale des Eaux, tunda sun ƙi amincewa da wasu buƙatun kwangila. Sauran masu neman takara biyu, CISE da SAUR, an gayyace su don gabatar da tayin mataki na biyu. A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 1995, aka sanar da SAUR a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara bisa farashi. Tayin kamfanin ya kasance farashin samar da ruwa na 236 F.CFA a kowace cubic meter, wanda shine kashi 62 cikin ɗari na matsakaicin farashin haraji a wancan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot; /&gt;

A cewar masu sukar lamari kamar ƙungiyar NGO ta yanki Aide Transparence da ke da mazauni a Dakar, adadin haɗin ruwa ya ƙaru ne kawai daga 203,902 a shekarar 1996 zuwa 264,161 a shekarar 2002. Wannan ya saɓa da alkaluman SDE na shekarar 2002 na haɗin ruwa guda 338,398.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/chifclientele.htm |title=SDE: Evolution du nombre de clients |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031195843/http://www.sde.sn/chifclientele.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rahoton na Aide Transparence ya ambaci korafin abokan ciniki game da rashin kyawun ingancin ruwa, ƙaruwar amfani da ruwan kwalba na ma'adinai a Senegal, da katsewar ruwan famfo na kwana ɗaya ko fiye da haka.

=== Haɗin gwiwar al'umma ga famfunan ruwa a Dakar ===

Wata hanyar kuma ita ce haɗin gwiwar al'umma tare da SONES, SDE, da kuma ƙungiyar NGO ta ƙasa da ƙasa mai rassa a cikin gida (Enda Tiers-Monde) don zaɓar wuraren da za a kafa famfunan ruwa na jama'a (standpipes), gina su da kuma tafiyar da su. Wannan haɗin gwiwar yana sanya famfunan ruwa masu mita ga gidaje matalauta waɗanda a baya suke amfani da gurbataccen ruwan rijiya. Shirin yana biyan buƙatun ne na mutane maimakon dogaro da tsarin samarwa na bangare guda kawai. Al'umma suna da hannu a cikin tsare-tsare, gini, da kulawa, wanda hakan ke haifar da mallakar tsarin da ƙarfi da kusan kashi 100 cikin ɗari na dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa. Gidaje suna biyan ma'aikacin famfo, wanda shi kuma yake biyan kuɗin ruwan ga hukumar. Al'umma ce ke zaɓar ma'aikacin (ko ƙungiyar ma'aikata masu juyawa) waɗanda za su iya yi wa al'umma aiki ko, wani lokacin, don kansu don samun kason kuɗi. Akwai nau'ikan tsarin famfon ruwa guda biyu; SONES ce ke ɗaukar nauyin kuɗin kayan aiki a ɗayan tsarin, ENDA kuma tana ɗaukar nauyin kayan aiki na ɗayan tsarin. Tsari na ƙarshe, wanda aka sani da shirin &quot;Eau Populaire&quot;, ya fara ne a shekarar 1995. Tsarin SONES ya kafa kusan famfunan ruwa 250, tsarin ENDA kuma kusan 130. A shekarar 2001, an kiyasta cewa mutane 200,000 sun sami damar samun ruwa mai tsafta tare da aikin Eau Populaire, kuma hakan ya haifar da raguwa mai yawa na cututtukan da ke haifar da ruwa a cikin yara. Har ila yau, aikin ya samar da daruruwan ayyuka (ma'aikatan famfo waɗanda ke karɓar CFA 30,000 zuwa 80,000 kowace wata) kuma yana ba da kuɗi ga sauran ayyukan gida tare da kuɗin shiga na famfon ruwan.&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.bpd-waterandsanitation.org/web/w/www_57_en.aspx Building Partnerships for Development (BPD) in Water and Sanitation: Dakar, Senegal - Upgrade and expansion of local water networks] &lt;/ref&gt;

=== Samar da ruwa a karkara ===

A yankunan karkara, gwamnati ta fara tallafawa gabatar da tsarin gudanarwa mai dorewa ga hanyoyin ruwan bututu ta amfani da rijiyoyin burtsatse a shekarar 1999 tare da aikin gwaji na REGEFOR a tsakiyar Senegal. Aikin ya haɗa da amfani da mita da ƙayyade farashi na volumetric pricing, kwangilar kulawa tare da kamfanoni masu zaman her kansu, da kuma tallafin ƙananan rance (microcredit support).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.irc.nl/redir/content/download/23603/268759/file/3._Prsentation_REGEFOR_Hane.ppt Pape Mohamed Dia, Ousmane Hane: L'expérience REGEFOR Sénégal]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Atelier Régional Microfinances et mécanismes novateurs pour l'atteinte des OMD dans le secteur de l'Eau et de l'Assainissement en Afrique au Sud du Sahara, Dakar, le 12 décembre 2005&lt;/ref&gt; Aikin gwaji na farko ya shafi rijiyoyin burtsatse guda 80. A shekarar 2009, an tsara tsara yarjejeniya da kamfani mai zaman kansa don kula da rijiyoyin burtsatse guda 621 a tsakiyar Senegal. Zuwa watan Janairun shekarar 2010, ana sa ran dukkan rijiyoyin burtsatse 1,400 na ƙasar za su kasance ƙarƙashin kwangilar kulawa ta kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSP&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi da ci gaban baya-bayan nan ==

=== Haɗin gwiwar farko tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu (1960–1971) ===

1960–1971: Kamfanin Compagnie Générale des Eaux du Sénégal, wani kamfani na ƙarƙashin Compagnie Générale des Eaux ta ƙasar Faransa, ya kula da samar da ruwa a biranen Senegal ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar hayar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/securbaine.htm |title=Sénégalaise Des Eaux:Secteur de l'hydraulique urbaine |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081110131000/http://www.sde.sn/securbaine.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gudanarwar gwamnati (1971–tsakiyar shekarun 1990) ===

1971: Ƙarƙashin Shugaba Léopold Senghor, mai fafutukar ra'ayin gurguzu na Afirka (African socialism), Senegal ta mayar da kamfanin ruwanta ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati da sunan Société Nationale d'Exploitation des Eaux du Sénégal (SONEES). A yankunan karkara, ana samar da ruwa kyauta ba tare da caji ba.

1983: Ƙarƙashin Shugaba Abdou Diouf (1981-2000), SONEES ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar amfani (concession contract) da gwamnati. A yankunan karkara, an gabatar da harajin ruwa (water tariffs) tare da ƙayyadaddun kuɗi ga kowane gida.

1994: Gwamnati ta fara wani tsari na tsawon shekara guda na tsara gyare-gyare a fannin, gami da gudanar da bita-bita da neman shawarwari daga Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank) da kuma duba gyare-gyaren da aka yi a sauran ƙasashe.

=== Haɗin gwiwar biyu tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu (tun tsakiyar shekarun 1990) ===

1995: Gwamnati ta yanke shawarar mika aikin samar da ruwa a birane ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar hayar.

1996: An rushe SONEES, kuma aka kafa sabbin kamfanoni guda uku: Société Nationale des Eaux du Sénégal (SONES, kamfanin kadarori na jiha), Sénégalaise des Eaux (SDE, kamfani mai zaman kansa mai gudanarwa), da kuma Office National de l'Assainissement du Sénégal (ONAS, kamfanin tsaftar muhalli na gwamnati). SONES ce ta mallaki kadarorin kuma ita ce ke da alhakin saka hannun jari a kayan aiki da kuma daidaita ayyukan SDE. SDE kuma tana da alhakin gudanarwa, kulawa ta yau da kullum, wasu bincike na saka hannun jari don faɗaɗa tsarin, da kuma tura takardun kuɗi da karɓar kuɗaɗe.

1998: SONES da SDE sun sake tattaunawa kan wasu maƙasudai da ba za su iya biyu ba a cikin kwangilar ba tare da an kai ga sasantawa na shari'a ko ƙarar juna ba.

1998: An kafa hukumar Conseil Supérieur de l'Eau, wadda Firayim Minista ke jagoranta, don tsara manufofi na gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da samar da ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pepam.gouv.sn/ressource.php?rubr=ress&amp;id=6&amp;type=docs&amp;cat=1&amp;lang=fr Décret portant création d'un Conseil supérieur de l'eau]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

1999: An fara aikin gwaji na REGEFOR a tsakiyar Senegal tare da tallafin Hukumar Raya Ƙasa ta Faransa (AFD) don samar da sabbin ƙa'idodin gudanarwa da suka ginu a kan janyewar jihar domin fifita masu amfani da ruwa da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu: amfani da mita, ƙayyade farashi na volumetric pricing, kwararrun manajoji da ma'aikatan fasaha, da kuma bayyananniyar alaƙa tsakanin rukunonin da abin ya shafa.&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.afd.fr/jahia/Jahia/site/afd/lang/en/pid/1296 Agence Française de Développement: Senegal: Regefor—Reforming mechanical drilling] &lt;/ref&gt;

2000: An sami canjin gwamnati bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da shugaban 'yan adawa Abdoulaye Wade ya lashe.

2001: Wasiƙa ta biyu ta manufofin ci gaba da ingancin Aikin Samar da Ruwa na Dogon Lokaci da Babban Bankin Duniya ke tallafawa. Manufofin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ba su fuskanci manyan canje-canje ba.

2002: Kamfanin Sénégalaise Des Eaux ya sami takardar shaida ta ƙa'idar ISO 9001 (fasalin 2000) daga ƙungiyar tabbatar da inganci ta Faransa wato AFAQ. SDE shi ne kamfani na farko na Senegal da ya sami takardar shaidar ISO kuma kamfani na farko na Afirka da aka ba takardar shaida ta ƙa'idar ISO 9001 bisa tsarin gudanarwa na gamsar da abokan ciniki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/entiso.htm |title=Sénégalaise Des Eaux:La certification ISO 9001 Version 2000 |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919165727/http://www.sde.sn/entiso.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
2005: Wasiƙa ta uku ta manufofin ci gaba. An kafa Shirin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Ƙarni (Millennium Program - PEPAM).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pepam.gouv.sn/ressource.php?rubr=ress&amp;id=22&amp;type=docs&amp;cat=2&amp;lang=fr PEPAM: Arrêté de création du PEPAM]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A yankunan karkara, an kammala aikin gwaji na REGEFOR cikin nasara kuma an gabatar da tsarinsa a matakin ƙasa baki ɗaya.

2006: An tsawaita yarjejeniyar hayar da SDE na tsawon shekaru biyar. An sanya hannu kan kwangilar gudanar da aiki (performance contract) tare da SONES.

2008: Gwamnati ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar gudanar da aiki tare da ONAS.

2009: Gwamnati ta ba da umarnin gudanar da bincike don auna (daga cikin sauran batutuwa) ko ya kamata yarjejeniyar hayar ta koma zuwa kwangilar amfani (concession agreement) wadda ƙarƙashinta kamfani mai zaman kansa zai ɗauki nauyin wasu (ko duka) saka hannun jari.

2010/11: Kamfanin SAUR ya sayar da kasonsa na SDE ga kamfanin Finagestion na Afirka ta Yamma, wanda mafi yawan mallakarsa ke hannun babban kamfanin saka hannun jari mai zaman kansa na Emerging Capital Partners wanda ke da mazauni a Amurka kuma ya fi mayar da hankali kan Afirka.

2011: An tsawaita yarjejeniyar hayar da SDE na tsawon shekaru biyu.&lt;ref name=Eplus/&gt;

2012: An zaɓi Macky Sall a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, inda ya doke Abdoulaye Wade.

Satumba 2013: An katse samar da ruwa a birnin Dakar na tsawon makonni uku bayan fashewar wani babban bututun mai rarraba ruwa a gundumar Keur Momar Sarr.&lt;ref name=Eplus/&gt;

2014: An tsawaita yarjejeniyar hayar da SDE na tsawon shekaru biyar.&lt;ref name=Eplus&gt; {{cite web|title=L'État a signé avec la SDE pour 5 ans|url=http://www.enqueteplus.com/content/contrat-daffermage-pour-la-distribution-de-leau-l%C3%A9tat-sign%C3%A9-avec-la-sde-pour-5-ans|publisher=Enquête+|access-date=29 August 2015|date=4 January 2014}} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Batutuwan kuɗi da inganci ==

Manufofin kuɗi na wannan fanni, waɗanda aka tsara a shekarar 1994, sun ginu ne kan waɗannan ka'idoji:
* Taimakon gwamnati guda ɗaya shi ne kudaden da masu bayar da tallafi suke bayarwa; babu wani tallafin gudanarwa da ake bayarwa a kai a kai.
* Ba za a samu ƙarin harajin ruwa mai wuce gona da iri ba; ƙarin harajin zai kasance a hankali ne, bisa tsarin kuɗi.
* Akwai harajin jin daɗin jama'a (na farko na haraji don amfanin da bai wuce m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; 10 a kowane wata ba) don tabbatar da cewa mutane za su iya biya. &lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot; /&gt;

=== Haraji da dawo da kuɗaɗe ===

SDE tana amfani da tsarin haraji mai ƙaruwa, wanda ya haɗa da rukuni uku:
* Harajin jin daɗin jama'a (social tariff) ga masu amfani da ruwa kaɗan waɗanda suke da haɗin ruwa a gida, waɗanda aka bayyana a matsayin waɗanda ke amfani da ƙasa da cubic meter 20 duk bayan kwanaki 60 (191 F.CFA/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a shekarar 2008).
* Haraji na yau da kullun (regular tariff) don amfani tsakanin cubic meter 20 da 40 (wanda a da yake tsakanin 20-100), 630 F.CFA/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a shekarar 2008.
* Haraji na &quot;korewa&quot; (dissuasive rate) don amfani sama da cubic meter 40 (wanda a da yake sama da 100), 789 F.CFA/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a shekarar 2008. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/h2otarif.htm |title=SDE: Le tariff de l'eau |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031195925/http://www.sde.sn/h2otarif.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A Dakar, ana sayar da ruwa a cikin bokiti a famfunan ruwa na jama'a. Masu kula da waɗannan famfunan kananan yan kasuwa ne da ke siyan ruwa daga kamfanin ruwan kuma su sake sayar da shi ga abokan ciniki. &lt;ref name=&quot;IRIN&quot; /&gt;

Kungiyar Public Citizen ta soki tsarin harajin Senegal saboda mafi matalauta (waɗanda suke dogara ga famfunan ruwa na jama'a) suna biyan haraji mafi tsada, &quot;wanda ya kai kashi 350 na harajin jin daɗin jama'a&quot;. Iyalai a yankunan masu karamin karfi na iya raba haɗin ruwa guda ɗaya, kuma su yi amfani da ruwa a farashin &quot;korewa&quot;. A cewar Public Citizen, iyalai mafi talauci ne suke tallafawa ruwan iyalai masu amfani da ruwa na yau da kullun waɗanda suka cancanci samun &quot;harajin jin daɗin jama'a&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.citizen.org/cmep/Water/cmep_Water/reports/senegal/|title=Public Citizen: Senegal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar wani binciken Babban Bankin Duniya, masu amfani da famfunan ruwa na jama'a suna biyan kuɗi mafi yawa don ruwa, amma gwamnati tana ganin su a matsayin mafita ta wucin gadi kuma tana da niyyar kaiwa ga dukkan matalauta ta hanyar haɗin ruwa na gida. Wannan manufar tana da &quot;babban aibi&quot;, duk da haka: sharuɗɗan da suke sa iyali ya cancanci samun tallafin kusan sun tabbatar da cewa ba matalauta ba ne. Shirye-shiryen haɗin ruwa na jin daɗin jama'a an tsara su ne don unguwanni masu kwanciyar hankali inda mazauna suka kafa tushe. Don samun haɗin ruwa na jin daɗin jama'a, mai nema dole ne ya mallaki takardar ƙasa kuma dole ne gidan ya kasance a kan ƙasar. Iyalin da zai iya biyan wannan, kuma zai iya gina gidan dindindin, ba ya cikin matalauta mafi talauci. &lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot; /&gt;

Ƙarin farashin ya takaita ne ga kashi uku a kowace shekara ƙarƙashin maƙasudan aiki (adadin hauhawar farashi), wanda hakan ke sa harajin ya kasance iri ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;IRIN&quot; /&gt; Matsakaicin harajin ruwa ya ƙaru daga 350 F.CFA/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a shekarar 1995 ($0.72/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a farashin musaya na 489 CFA/US$) zuwa 496 F.CFA/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (US$1.09/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a farashin musaya na 456 CFA/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) a shekarar 2007.

Kudin gudanarwa na samar da ruwa ana dawowa da su, wanda ba kasafai ake gani ba a kamfanonin ruwa a ƙasashen da ke ƙarƙashin hamadar Sahara. Lamuni na dogon lokaci ba tare da ruwa (interest-free) ba daga hukumomin kuɗi na ƙasashen duniya zuwa ga gwamnatin Senegal ana ba da su ga kamfanin mallakar kadarori kuma ana karɓar su daga masu amfani ta hanyar lissafin kuɗi na SDE.

Ana sanya ƙarin haraji na tsaftar muhalli na $0.05/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; daga SDE don ONAS ga abokan cinikin ruwa a duk biranen da ke da tsarin magudanan ruwa. Wannan ƙarin harajin ya kai kashi shida na lissafin ruwa ga iyalai da ke amfani da 50 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; na ruwa a kowane wata. Kuɗin shiga daga wannan ƙarin harajin bai isa ya tallafawa ayyukan ONAS da kula da hanyoyin magudanan ruwa ba. Cimma dorewar kuɗi don ONAS da kuma neman hanyoyin ware albarkatu don haɓaka da bunkasa tsaftar muhalli a wuraren zama ya ci gaba da kasancewa ƙalubale.

Ko da yake kananan hukumomi ba su da alhakin magudanan ruwa ko na ruwan sama, ana sa ran za su tura wani ɓangare na harajin kadarori ($500,000) zuwa ONAS ta hanyar asusun kayan aiki don kananan hukumomi don tallafawa aiki da kula da wuraren magudanan ruwa. Duk da haka, waɗannan albarkatun ba a samar da su ga ONAS ba.

Harajin da SDE ta karɓa ya kai kashi 98 cikin ɗari, a cewar majiyar Babban Bankin Duniya, wanda ya ƙaru daga ƙasa da kashi 80 cikin ɗari kafin aikin. &lt;ref name=&quot;IDA&quot; /&gt; A cewar SDE da wata majiyar ta Babban Bankin Duniya, adadin harajin da aka karɓa ya kai matsakaicin kashi 98 cikin ɗari daga 2001 zuwa 2006; ya kasance kashi 96 cikin ɗari a shekarar 1996. &lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/chifrecouvrement.htm |title=SDE: Taux de recouvrement global |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031195855/http://www.sde.sn/chifrecouvrement.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata majiyar, adadin karɓar kuɗin na 1996 ya kasance kashi 91 cikin ɗari. &lt;ref name=WL/&gt; 

A yankunan karkara, al'ummomi suna bayar da kashi 20 cikin ɗari na saka hannun jari na farko, kashi 80 kuma gwamnati ce ke ɗaukar nauyinsa. Kuɗin aiki, kulawa, da sauyawa ana dawowa da su ta hanyar kuɗin shiga.

=== Saka hannun jari da bayar da kuɗaɗe ===

Gwamnatin Senegal ta bayyana cewa kuɗaɗen da suka kai biliyan 260 F.CFA (kimanin dala miliyan 500 a shekarar 2008) an tattara su tsakanin 1996 da 2006 ta hanyar Projet Sectoriel Eau (PSE) da Projet Eau à Long Terme (PELT). &lt;ref name=&quot;Mbaye&quot; /&gt; A cewar wasu rahotannin, dala miliyan 300 aka saka a haɗin gwiwar ruwa na Senegal. &lt;ref name=&quot;IRIN&quot; /&gt; A cewar Babban Bankin Duniya, farashin Aikin Ruwa na Senegal (gami da tsaftar muhalli) ya kai dala miliyan 290; IDA ta bayar da dala miliyan 100 da wasu dala miliyan 125 don aikin sa ido na Long Term Water Sector Project. &lt;ref name=&quot;IDA&quot;/&gt; Kasafin kudin PEPAM na 2005-2015 ya kai biliyan 515 F.CFA (kimanin dala biliyan 1): biliyan 274 F.CFA don yankunan karkara da biliyan 241 F.CFA don yankunan birane.

Yawancin saka hannun jari a fannin ana tallafawa ne daga masu bayar da tallafi tare da lamuni ba tare da ruwa ba daga Hukumar Raya Ƙasa ta Duniya (International Development Association) ta Babban Bankin Duniya da Bankin Raya Afirka ko tallafi daga wasu masu bayar da tallafi, tare da ƙarin kuɗaɗen gwamnati. An saka hannun jari na dala miliyan 20 wanda kamfani mai zaman kansa ya ɗauki nauyinsa a cikin shekaru goma na farko na yarjejeniyar hayar. A shekarar 1996, Citibank da Compagnie Bancaire de l'Afrique Occidentale (CBAO) sun samar da layin bashi na dala miliyan 21.4 (biliyan 11 F.CFA) na tsawon shekaru shida don taimakawa kamfanin mallakar kadarori SONES da kwararar kuɗin shiga. &lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot;&gt;[http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/240095/Innovative%20Contracts,%20Sound%20Relationships%20Urban%20Water%20Sector%20Reform%20in%20Senegal.pdf Clarissa Brocklehurst and Jan G. Janssens: Innovative Contracts, Sound Relationships: Urban Water Sector Reform in Senegal, The World Bank Group: Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Board Discussion Paper Series, Paper No. 1, 2004]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Inganci ===

Asarar ruwa, mafi yawancinta ta hanyar ɗigo, ta ragu zuwa ƙasa da kashi 20 cikin ɗari a shekarar 2006 daga kashi 32 cikin ɗari a shekarar 1996. Ragewar yana nufin tanadin da ya kai bukatun ruwa na mutane 930,000. &lt;ref name=&quot;IDA&quot; /&gt; Yawan ma'aikata ya kai 2.3 a kowane ma'aikata 1,000 a shekarar 2014, wanda ya tashi daga 6.1 a shekarar 1996. &lt;ref name=WL/&gt;

== Haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Babban Bankin Duniya, Hukumar Raya Ƙasa ta Amurka (USAID), Bankin Raya Afirka, Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai, Hukumar Raya Ƙasa ta Faransa (AFD), Jamus, da Bankin Raya Afirka ta Yamma (BOAD) suna cikin manyan masu bayar da tallafi ga fannin ruwa na Senegal. A shekarar 1995, Babban Bankin Duniya ya ba da rancen kashi na IDA na dalar Amurka miliyan $100 ga gwamnatin Senegal don aiwatar da gyare-gyarenta.&lt;ref name=&quot;IDA&quot;/&gt; Sannan an biyo baya da aikin fannin ruwa na dogon lokaci na dalar Amurka miliyan $125 wanda ya fara a watan Yunin 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;IDA&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 2006, ya amince da aikin tallafi na dalar Amurka miliyan $7.7 (output-based aid) don tallafawa samun damar yin amfani da dabarun tsaftar muhalli a wuraren zama a Dakar, wanda ONAS, hukumar ayyukan jama'a ta AGETIP da wata ƙungiyar NGO suka aiwatar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports|title=Documents &amp; Reports - All Documents &amp;#124; The World Bank|website=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai (EIB) ya ba da lamuni guda biyu (Euro miliyan 15 a shekarar 1995 da Euro miliyan 16 a shekarar 2001) ga gwamnatin Senegal ƙarƙashin aikin samar da ruwa na dogon lokaci don ɗaukar nauyin ayyukan samar da ruwa a Dakar. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2007, EIB ta sanyawa hannu kan wasu yarjejeniyoyin kuɗi guda biyu na daban tare da SONES don tallafawa Tsarin Samar da Ruwan Sha da Magudanan Ruwa na Ƙarni na Senegal (PEPAM). Tallafin Asusun Raya Turai (EDF) na CFAF biliyan 5.7 (Euro miliyan 8.6) da rancen EIB na F.CFA biliyan 9.8 (Euro miliyan 15) sun cika shirin zuba jari na SONES na F.CFA biliyan 38 (Euro miliyan 58). Ƙarƙashin aikin, fiye da birane 60 (gami da Dakar) za su ci gajiyar tsare-tsaren gyarawa, haɓakawa da faɗaɗa hanyoyin samar da ruwan sha, wanda zai kai ga mutane fiye da 500,000 cikin shekaru huɗu. Ayyukan da aka tsara sun haɗa da kafa sabbin rijiyoyin burtsatse guda 25, gina masana'antar tace ruwa, faɗaɗa hanyoyin samar da ruwa da fiye da kilomita 500 da kuma kafa haɗin ruwa na tallafi guda 50,000 da famfunan ruwa na jama'a 360. Masu ba da kuɗaɗe guda huɗu sun daidaita hanyoyinsu na gudanarwa, tare da aiwatar da alkawuran da aka guda a Yarjejeniyar Paris (Paris Declaration) kan daidaita tallafin ci gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.eib.org/projects/press/2007/2007-122-euro-senegalese-cooperation---cfaf-15.5bn-eur-23.6m-for-improved-access-to-drinking-water.htm |title=European Investment Bank: CFAF 15.5bn (EUR 23.6m) for improved access to drinking water}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani rancen Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai na Euro miliyan 64.5, haɗe da tallafin Tarayyar Turai na Euro miliyan 5.55 ga Senegal, an bayar da shi a shekarar 2023. Kuɗaɗen za su samar da ruwan sha ga mazauna Saint-Louis da wasu al'ummomi guda biyu a tsakiya da kudancin Senegal: Kaolack da Kolda.&lt;ref name=&quot;European Investment Bank&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water infrastructure bring the 'comfort of a running tap' to 1 mln in Senegal |url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/water-infrastructure-senegal |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Magoum-2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magoum |first=Inès |date=2022-03-29 |title=SENEGAL: EU and EIB pledge €70m to improve access to drinking water |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/senegal-eu-and-eib-pledge-e70m-to-improve-access-to-drinking-water/ |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=Afrik 21 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;europa.eu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Senegal - Green Economy {{!}} Team Europe Initiative and Joint Programming tracker |url=https://europa.eu/capacity4dev/tei-jp-tracker/tei/senegal-green-economy |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=europa.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan aka kammala aikin, Saint-Louis za ta ci gajiyar sabuwar masana'antar tace ruwan sha, wuraren tana da ruwa (reservoirs), da kuma faɗaɗa hanyoyin rarraba ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;European Investment Bank&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Magoum-2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://heartlandsconservancy.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/task-6e-st-louis-region-water-infrastructure-report-final.pdf|title=Summary of Water Infrastructure in the St. Louis Region}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan yana daidai da Shirin Birane Masu Dorewa na Afirka (African Sustainable Cities Initiative).&lt;ref name=&quot;European Investment Bank&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Magoum-2022&quot; /&gt; Kudin Tarayyar Turai na Euro miliyan 5.55, wanda Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai ya tattara, zai taimaka wa kamfanin ruwa na Senegal wajen hanzarta samar da haɗin ruwan sha na tallafi guda 35,000 ga abokan ciniki 350,000 a faɗin ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;European Investment Bank&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Magoum-2022&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;europa.eu&quot;/&gt;

==Manazarta==
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'''Samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a Senegal''' yana da alaƙa da babban matakin samun ruwa idan aka kwatanta da yawancin ƙasashen kudu da hamadar Sahara. Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu (PPP) ya fara aiki a [[Senegal]] tun daga shekarar 1996, tare da [[Senegalaise des Eaux]] (SDE, wani reshe na [[:fr:Groupe SAUR|Saur International]] ) abokin hulɗa mai zaman kansa. SDE ba ta da tsarin ruwa, amma tana kula da shi bisa yarjejeniyar shekaru 10 daga gwamnatin Senegal. Tsakanin 1996 da 2014, tallace-tallacen ruwa sun ninka zuwa mita cubic miliyan 131 a kowace shekara; adadin haɗin gidaje ya ƙaru da kashi 165 cikin ɗari, zuwa sama da 638,000. A cewar Bankin Duniya, &quot;Ana ɗaukar lamarin Senegal a matsayin misali na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara&quot;.  Kamfanin tsaftar muhalli na ƙasa shine ke kula da najasa, tsaftace ruwan shara da magudanar ruwan sama, wanda aka yi wa kamfanin tsaftar muhalli na ƙasa na [[Tunisiya]] kuma ya keɓance a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na Afirka.

== Samun dama ==
A shekarar 2015, kashi 75 cikin 100 na al'ummar Senegal sun sami damar samun akalla tushen ruwa guda ɗaya, kuma kashi 48 cikin 100 sun sami damar samun tsaftar muhalli. Akwai babban bambanci tsakanin samar da ruwa a birane (kashi 91 cikin 100 na samun ruwa) da yankunan karkara (kashi 63 cikin 100).  Yawan samun tsaftar muhalli ya kuma bambanta sosai tsakanin yankunan birane da karkara, inda kashi 66 cikin 100 na al'ummar birane ke da hanyar samun tsaftar muhalli, kuma kashi 35 cikin 100 na al'ummar karkara ke da hanyar samun ruwa. A yankunan birane, kashi 75 cikin 100 na al'ummar suna da hanyar samun ruwa a gidajensu ko kuma a gidajensu, kuma kashi 17 cikin 100 sun dogara ne da wuraren samar da ruwa da [[Famfon titi mai tsayi|bututun ruwa]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/en/watquery.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217095912/http://www.wssinfo.org/en/watquery.html |archive-date=2008-12-17 |access-date=2008-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kashi 19 cikin 100 na al'ummar biranen ƙasar suna da hanyar samun ruwa ta magudanar ruwa, kuma kashi 60 cikin 100 suna da hanyar samun ruwa ta hanyar amfani da tankunan feshi ko kuma ingantattun bayan gida na gida. &lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

Tushe: Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na Kula da Ruwa da Tsafta na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] da [[UNICEF]]

Babban tushen waɗannan alkaluma shine binciken Senegal, wani ɓangare na [[World Health Survey|Binciken Lafiya na Duniya]] na WHO na 2003. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Joint Monitoring Program for Water and Sanitation: Water Senegal |url=http://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/country/SEN_wat.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213140320/http://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/country/SEN_wat.pdf |archive-date=2009-02-13 |access-date=2008-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adadin samun ingantaccen tushen ruwa a yankunan birane (kashi 92) ya ɗan yi ƙasa da adadin da kamfanin samar da ruwa na SDE ya ruwaito kuma Bankin Duniya ya ambato (kashi 98). &lt;ref name=&quot;IDA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Bank Group - International Development, Poverty, &amp; Sustainability |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/home |website=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sabis ==
[[Samar da Ruwa|Samar da ruwa]] a [[Dakar]] da sauran biranen Senegal yana ci gaba da gudana. A shekarar 1994, an samar da sabis na tsawon matsakaicin sa'o'i 16 a kowace rana. Ganin karuwar buƙata daga sabbin masu amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa da kuma ƙuntatawa kan albarkatun ruwa, kamfanin mai zaman kansa ya fara rarraba katsewar samar da ruwa daidai wa daida a tsakanin unguwannin Dakar.  An ƙara matsakaicin sa'o'in samar da ruwa a kowace rana zuwa 19 a shekarar 2001, kuma an samu ci gaba da samar da ruwa a shekarar 2006;  an samu nasarar hakan ne ta hanyar faɗaɗa bututun ruwa daga Lac de Guiers a shekarar 1999. A shekarar 2004, kashi 97.7 cikin ɗari na samfuran ruwa sun yi daidai da ƙa'idodin ruwa na ƙwayoyin cuta (sama da kashi 96 cikin ɗari a shekarar 1996). &lt;ref name=&quot;BIDE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Error - System Unavailable |url=https://message.worldbank.org/isp_error_page.htm |website=message.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Albarkatun Ruwa ==
[[File:River gambia Niokolokoba National Park.gif|thumb|alt=Aerial photo of a large, muddy river flowing past forests|upright=1.1|Kogin Gambia a cikin gidan shakatawa na kasar Senegal wato Niokolo-Koba National Park]]
[[File:SaloumULM.JPG|Kogin Saloum a tsakiyar Senegal|thumb|alt=Aerial photo of a river flowing through a desert with some vegetation|upright=0.9]]

Yanayin da na ƙasar Senegal na zafi ne (tropical climate), tare da bayyanannun lokutan rani da na damina. Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na birnin Dakar kusan {{convert|600|mm}} yana sauka ne tsakanin watannin Yuni da Oktoba. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya fito ne daga {{convert|270|mm}} kowace shekara a arewa zuwa {{convert|1793|mm}} kowace shekara a kudanci. Yanayin zafi na cikin ƙasa ya fi na gabar teku yawa.

Mafi girman albarkatun ruwa a ƙasar shine Kogin Senegal (Senegal River) da ke arewa, wanda ƙasar ke rabawa tare da Mauritania, Mali, da Guinea. Matsakaicin kwararar ruwansa ya kai lita biliyan 37 cubic meters kowace shekara. Tafkin Guiers (Lac de Guiers) wani muhimmin ma'ajiyar ruwa ne a saman gabar kogin Senegal, tare da adadin ruwa kusan miliyan 500 cubic meters. Shi ne babban tushen ruwa mai daɗi ga birnin Dakar, mai nisan daruruwan kilomita zuwa kudu maso yamma, ta hanyar bututun ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Kodayake ruwan Kogin Senegal yana da yawa, ruwa a mafi yawan sauran sassan ƙasar yana da ƙaranci. Sauran manyan sassan ruwa na sama sun haɗa da Kogin Casamance, Kogin Gambia, Kogin Saloum, Kogin Geba, Kogin Falémé da kuma lagun na Tamna kusa da Thiès.

Senegal tana da kusan lita biliyan uku cubic meters na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa mai sabuntawa, ban da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa wanda ke haɗuwa da ruwan sama. Jimillar ruwan da aka ɗibo a shekarar 1987 ya kai biliyan 1.4 cubic meters, inda kashi 92 cikin ɗari na aikin gona ne, kashi uku cikin ɗari na masana'antu, sannan kashi biyar cikin ɗari na amfanin gida.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20040716162928/http://www.earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/Wat_cou_686.pdf World Resources Institute: Water Resources and Freshwater Ecosystems Senegal], 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'ajiyar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa sun haɗa da aquifers masu zurfin har zuwa {{convert|20|m}} a Casamance da kuma zurfin {{convert|40|-|60|m}} a Kaolack da Tamba, da kuma crop-outs{{clarify|date=July 2024|reason=What are crop-outs?}} kusa da Dakar da Thiès. Sun kuma haɗa da aquifers a zurfin {{convert|200|-|400|m}}. An kiyasta adadin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a kan biliyan bakwai cubic meters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/h2oeaudistribuee.htm |title=SDE: D'où vient l'eau distribuée by la SDE |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081110131936/http://www.sde.sn/h2oeaudistribuee.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawan amfani da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa fiye da kima (overexploitation) babbar matsala ce a sassan Senegal. Mont Rolland, mai nisan {{convert|70|km}} daga Dakar, an san shi da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na ma'adinai; a halin yanzu mazauna ƙauyen suna buƙatar yin hako mai zurfin har {{convert|80|m}} don hako ruwa. Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na ƙauyen ya ragu sosai saboda yawan hako da kamfanin ruwan ma'adinai ya yi, wanda a halin yanzu yake a rufe. Kusan kashi 80 cikin ɗari na masu aikin lambu na Senegal suna kusa da Mont Rolland.&lt;ref&gt;[http://ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=17216 IPS: Development-Senegal: Water Shortages Hit Women the Most], April 2003&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana wadatar da birnin Dakar ne da farko da ruwan da aka ɗibo daga fossil aquifers waɗanda ka iya kasancewa an yi amfani da su fiye da kima kuma sun gurɓata da ruwan gishiri. Ana kawo sassan ruwa daga masana'antar tace ruwa ta Ngnith da ke kan tafkin Guiers ta hanyar wani bututun mai rarraba ruwa wanda aka ƙara ƙarfin sa a shekarar 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot; /&gt; Saboda ƙaruwar buƙata da kuma buƙatar rufe rijiyoyin burtsatse da suka gurɓata, dole ne a kawo ruwan sama daga Kogin Senegal, mai nisan kusan {{convert|240|km}}, wanda ke buƙatar tsadar kuɗi na saka hannun jari don faɗaɗa bututun da ke akwai. Ana saurin ran ƙarin ruwan Kogin Senegal zai ƙaru daga 0.5 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s zuwa kusan 6.0 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s a shekarar 2030. Waɗannan buƙatun suna cikin haƙƙoƙin ruwa na ƙasar Senegal ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyoyin da ta ƙulla da ƙasashe maƙwabta. Sai dai, irin wannan babban adadin ruwa zai sami gagarumin tasiri ga muhalli a kan Tafkin Guiers da kuma yankin gabar Kogin Senegal. Kwararar ruwa mai ranci na gaba a Kogin Senegal yana da wuyar hango shi saboda canjin yanayi da rashin tabbas game da madatsar ruwa ta Manantali Dam.&lt;ref name=&quot;LTWSP&quot;&gt;[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2001/03/08/000094946_01021705482844/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf World Bank - Project Appraisal Document: Long-Term Water Supply Project], 2001, p. 4-6&lt;/ref&gt;

Mafi yawan ruwan datti na birnin Dakar ana zubar da shi ne, ba tare da an tace shi ba, zuwa cikin Tekun Atlantic.&lt;ref name=&quot;ONAS&quot;&gt;[http://www.onas.sn/onas.htm ONAS]&lt;/ref&gt; Masana'antar tace ruwan datti ta Cambérène, mafi girma a Senegal, tana tace kusan kashi 15 cikin ɗari na ruwan datti da ake samarwa a Dakar. Tun daga shekarar 2007, kamfanin SAUR na ƙasar Faransa ke gudanar da aikin tashar kuma ya faɗaɗa ta. Ana sake amfani da wasu sassan ruwan datti da aka tace.&lt;ref&gt;SAUR:[http://www.saur.com/index.php/international/senegal Sénégal:Station d'épuration de Cambérène (Dakar)], retrieved on May 27, 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Zuwa shekarar 2007, an sake amfani da ruwa don filin wasan golf kuma an tsara amfani da shi don shayar da bishiyoyi, korayen wurare da lambunan kayan lambu bayan an yi masa tace na mataki na uku (tertiary treatment).&lt;ref&gt;Agence de Presse Sénégalaise:[http://www.aps.sn/spip.php?article29057 Les eaux épurées de la stationde Cambérène, ''alternative'' pour économiser l'eau potable, selon Issa Mbaye Samb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722075751/http://www.aps.sn/spip.php?article29057 |date=2011-07-22 }}, 22 March 2007, retrieved on 27 May 2911&lt;/ref&gt;


== Kayan Aiki (Infrastructure) ==
[[File: Sg-map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=Map of Senegal|Manyan birane a Senegal]]
A shekarar 2005, hukumar ONAS ta gudanar da hanyar sadarwa ta magudanar ruwa mai tsawon {{convert|773|km|adj=on}}, tashoshin famfo na ruwan datti 57 da masana'antun tace ruwan datti guda bakwai, kuma tana da mambobi 70,931 a Dakar, Saint-Louis, Rufisque, Louga, Thiès, Saly da Kaolack. Hakanan ta gudanar da magudanun ruwan sama na {{convert|113|km}} da tashoshin famfo na ruwan sama guda bakwai a Dakar da wasu garuruwa guda huɗu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ONAS&quot; /&gt;

== Nauyi (Responsibility) ==

=== Manufofi (Policy) ===

Ma'aikatar Tsarin Birane, Gidaje, Ruwan Cikin Gari, Tsaftar Muhalli da Lafiyar Jama'a (Ministère de l'Urbanisme, de l'Habitat, de l'Hydraulique urbaine, de l'Hygiène publique et de l'Assainissement) ita ce ke tsara manufofi na wadatar da ruwan sha da tsabtace muhalli a birane. Ita kuma Ma'aikatar Ruwan Karkara da Hanyoyin Ruwa na Ƙasa (Ministère de l'Hydraulique rurale et du Réseau hydrographique national) tana kula da samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara. Waɗannan ayyukan a baya sun kasance ne a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona.

=== Samar da Ayyuka ===

Nauyin samar da ruwa a birane yana tsakanin kamfanin ruwa na ƙasar Senegal (Société Nationale des Eaux du Senegal, SONES), wanda kamfani ne na gwamnati, da kuma kamfanin Sénégalaise des Eaux (SDE), wanda kamfani ne mai zaman kansa. Kamfanin ruwa na Faransa wato SAUR ne ya fara mallakar kashi 51 cikin ɗari na hannun jari a SDE, sauran kashi 49 kuma an raba su ne tsakanin gwamnatin Senegal (kashi biyar), mutanen Senegal (kashi 39) da ma'aikatan kamfanin (kashi biyar). A shekarar 2011, ba a lissafa SAUR a matsayin mai hannun jari a rukunin yanar gizon SDE ba. Hannun jarin na su yana ƙarƙashin kamfanin Finagestion ne na Afirka ta Yamma, wanda mafi yawan mallakarsa ke hannun babban kamfanin saka hannun jari mai zaman kansa (private equity) na Emerging Capital Partners wanda ke da mazauni a Amurka kuma ya fi mayar da hankali kan Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;Senegalaise des Eaux:[http://www.sde.sn/entpresentation.htm Senegalaise des Eaux:L'entreprise] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005234221/http://www.sde.sn/entpresentation.htm |date=2011-10-05 }}, retrieved on May 27, 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar Tsaftar Muhalli ta Ƙasa ta Senegal (Office National de l'Assainissement du Sénégal - ONAS) ita ce ke kula da tsabtace muhalli.

A yankunan karkara, ƙungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa da aka sani da Associations d'usagers de forages ruraux (ASUFOR) sune ke kula da tsarin ruwan da ake samu daga rijiyoyin burtsatse (tube wells). Senegal tana tilasta musu sanya hannu kan kwangilar kulawa tare da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don tabbatar da dorewar tsarin, kuma suna iya mika aikin tafiyar da tsarinsu ga wasu ɓangororrin na daban.


== Sabbin Hanyoyi (Approaches) ==

Sabuwar hanyar da aka gabatar a fannin ruwa na Senegal ta haɗa da kwangilar hayar filaye na ƙasa baki ɗaya, haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da al'umma don samar da famfunan ruwa na jama'a (standpipes) a Dakar, da kuma amfani da ƙananan kamfanoni don kula da tsarin ruwa na karkara da ƙananan garuruwa tare da tallafin ƙananan rance (micro-credits).

=== Hayar samar da ruwa a birane ===
Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun hanyoyin da suka yi nasara wajen samar da ruwa a Senegal ita ce yarjejeniyar hayar da aka sanya wa hannu a shekarar 1996. A cewar gwamnatin Senegal, adadin abokan ciniki na kamfanin Sénégalaise des eaux (SDE) ya ƙaru daga 241,671 a shekarar 1996 zuwa 638,629 a shekarar 2014. Daga cikin sabbin hanyoyin haɗin ruwa kusan 400,000, guda 206,000 sun amfani mafi rukunin matalautan jama'a ne, musamman a kewayen birnin Dakar.&lt;ref name=WL&gt;{{cite journal|last1=N.N.|title=Remodelling Access|journal=Water Leader|date=July 2015|volume=3|issue=1|page=12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank), gwamnati ta isa ga matalauta ta hanyar kafa asusun ƙasa don tallafawa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Manufar ita ce inganta ayyuka ga matalauta a kan farashi mafi ƙanƙanta. Haɗin ruwa na jin daɗin jama'a (social connections) kyauta ne, yayin da aka caji kuɗin haɗawa ga gidaje masu wadata. SDE da Kamfanin Amfanin Ruwa na Ƙasar Senegal (SONES) sun yi aiki ta hanyar wata babbar ƙungiyar NGO don gano buƙatun haɗin ruwa na jin daɗin jama'a, kuma kamfani mai zaman kansa ya kafa tsarin biyan kuɗi na kwamfuta na zamani; wannan ya sauƙaƙa biyan kuɗi ga abokan ciniki na gida. An gudanar da ladan ma'aikacin ne bisa adadin ruwan da aka samar da kuma sayar da shi, wanda hakan ya ba da kwarin gwiwa don yi wa abokan ciniki da dama hidima da kuma rage asarar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;IDA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/home|title=World Bank Group - International Development, Poverty, &amp; Sustainability|website=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani bincike da Cibiyar Tattalin Arziƙi na Ƙasashe Masu Tasowa ta Boston (BIDE) ta gudanar a shekarar 2006 ya kiyasta gagarumar fa'ida ta yarjejeniyar hayar a kan dalar Amurka miliyan $457. Abokan ciniki sun sami ingantacciyar hanyar samun ruwa mai yawa da kuma kulawar gwamnati, sannan ƙananan fa'idodi (dala miliyan $6) sun tafi ga masu mallakar kamfanin ruwa. Masu ba da rance na ƙasashen waje sun yi asarar dala miliyan $14 sannan ma'aikata sun yi asarar dala miliyan $10 saboda rashi ko raguwar ayyukan yi da ƙananan ƙarin albashi da alawus-alawus.&lt;ref name=&quot;BIDE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://message.worldbank.org/isp_error_page.htm|title=Error - System Unavailable|website=message.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An zaɓi kamfani mai zaman kansa ne ta hanyar gasa a cikin tsari na matakai biyu. Masu neman takara guda huɗu, waɗanda duk na Faransa ne, sun shiga matakin farko: Générale des Eaux (yanzu Vivendi Environnement), Lyonnaise des Eaux (yanzu SUEZ), Société d'Aménagement Urbain et Rural (SAUR), da kuma CISE (wanda daga baya aka haɗiye shi da SAUR). Masu neman takara da suka cancanta sun gabatar da shawara, wanda aka tantance a wani taro. An nemi SAUR ta yi takara, kodayake kamfanin ya ba SONEES shawarwari tun shekarar 1980. Babban Bankin Duniya ya nuna rashin amincewarsa da cire su daga takarar, amma an umarci SONEES da ta kammala duk kwangiloli, ta yanke duk wata alaƙa, kuma kada ta ba SAUR damar shiga aikinsu watanni huɗu kafin bayar da takarar. An gayyaci dukkan masu neman takara huɗu da su gabatar da ingantattun shawarwari na fasaha da na kuɗi; an cire Lyonnaise des Eaux saboda rashin bin ƙa'idodi. An kuma cire tayin daga Générale des Eaux, tunda sun ƙi amincewa da wasu buƙatun kwangila. Sauran masu neman takara biyu, CISE da SAUR, an gayyace su don gabatar da tayin mataki na biyu. A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 1995, aka sanar da SAUR a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara bisa farashi. Tayin kamfanin ya kasance farashin samar da ruwa na 236 F.CFA a kowace cubic meter, wanda shine kashi 62 cikin ɗari na matsakaicin farashin haraji a wancan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot; /&gt;

A cewar masu sukar lamari kamar ƙungiyar NGO ta yanki Aide Transparence da ke da mazauni a Dakar, adadin haɗin ruwa ya ƙaru ne kawai daga 203,902 a shekarar 1996 zuwa 264,161 a shekarar 2002. Wannan ya saɓa da alkaluman SDE na shekarar 2002 na haɗin ruwa guda 338,398.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/chifclientele.htm |title=SDE: Evolution du nombre de clients |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031195843/http://www.sde.sn/chifclientele.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rahoton na Aide Transparence ya ambaci korafin abokan ciniki game da rashin kyawun ingancin ruwa, ƙaruwar amfani da ruwan kwalba na ma'adinai a Senegal, da katsewar ruwan famfo na kwana ɗaya ko fiye da haka.

=== Haɗin gwiwar al'umma ga famfunan ruwa a Dakar ===

Wata hanyar kuma ita ce haɗin gwiwar al'umma tare da SONES, SDE, da kuma ƙungiyar NGO ta ƙasa da ƙasa mai rassa a cikin gida (Enda Tiers-Monde) don zaɓar wuraren da za a kafa famfunan ruwa na jama'a (standpipes), gina su da kuma tafiyar da su. Wannan haɗin gwiwar yana sanya famfunan ruwa masu mita ga gidaje matalauta waɗanda a baya suke amfani da gurbataccen ruwan rijiya. Shirin yana biyan buƙatun ne na mutane maimakon dogaro da tsarin samarwa na bangare guda kawai. Al'umma suna da hannu a cikin tsare-tsare, gini, da kulawa, wanda hakan ke haifar da mallakar tsarin da ƙarfi da kusan kashi 100 cikin ɗari na dawo da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa. Gidaje suna biyan ma'aikacin famfo, wanda shi kuma yake biyan kuɗin ruwan ga hukumar. Al'umma ce ke zaɓar ma'aikacin (ko ƙungiyar ma'aikata masu juyawa) waɗanda za su iya yi wa al'umma aiki ko, wani lokacin, don kansu don samun kason kuɗi. Akwai nau'ikan tsarin famfon ruwa guda biyu; SONES ce ke ɗaukar nauyin kuɗin kayan aiki a ɗayan tsarin, ENDA kuma tana ɗaukar nauyin kayan aiki na ɗayan tsarin. Tsari na ƙarshe, wanda aka sani da shirin &quot;Eau Populaire&quot;, ya fara ne a shekarar 1995. Tsarin SONES ya kafa kusan famfunan ruwa 250, tsarin ENDA kuma kusan 130. A shekarar 2001, an kiyasta cewa mutane 200,000 sun sami damar samun ruwa mai tsafta tare da aikin Eau Populaire, kuma hakan ya haifar da raguwa mai yawa na cututtukan da ke haifar da ruwa a cikin yara. Har ila yau, aikin ya samar da daruruwan ayyuka (ma'aikatan famfo waɗanda ke karɓar CFA 30,000 zuwa 80,000 kowace wata) kuma yana ba da kuɗi ga sauran ayyukan gida tare da kuɗin shiga na famfon ruwan.&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.bpd-waterandsanitation.org/web/w/www_57_en.aspx Building Partnerships for Development (BPD) in Water and Sanitation: Dakar, Senegal - Upgrade and expansion of local water networks] &lt;/ref&gt;

=== Samar da ruwa a karkara ===

A yankunan karkara, gwamnati ta fara tallafawa gabatar da tsarin gudanarwa mai dorewa ga hanyoyin ruwan bututu ta amfani da rijiyoyin burtsatse a shekarar 1999 tare da aikin gwaji na REGEFOR a tsakiyar Senegal. Aikin ya haɗa da amfani da mita da ƙayyade farashi na volumetric pricing, kwangilar kulawa tare da kamfanoni masu zaman her kansu, da kuma tallafin ƙananan rance (microcredit support).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.irc.nl/redir/content/download/23603/268759/file/3._Prsentation_REGEFOR_Hane.ppt Pape Mohamed Dia, Ousmane Hane: L'expérience REGEFOR Sénégal]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Atelier Régional Microfinances et mécanismes novateurs pour l'atteinte des OMD dans le secteur de l'Eau et de l'Assainissement en Afrique au Sud du Sahara, Dakar, le 12 décembre 2005&lt;/ref&gt; Aikin gwaji na farko ya shafi rijiyoyin burtsatse guda 80. A shekarar 2009, an tsara tsara yarjejeniya da kamfani mai zaman kansa don kula da rijiyoyin burtsatse guda 621 a tsakiyar Senegal. Zuwa watan Janairun shekarar 2010, ana sa ran dukkan rijiyoyin burtsatse 1,400 na ƙasar za su kasance ƙarƙashin kwangilar kulawa ta kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSP&quot; /&gt;

== Tarihi da ci gaban baya-bayan nan ==

=== Haɗin gwiwar farko tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu (1960–1971) ===

1960–1971: Kamfanin Compagnie Générale des Eaux du Sénégal, wani kamfani na ƙarƙashin Compagnie Générale des Eaux ta ƙasar Faransa, ya kula da samar da ruwa a biranen Senegal ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar hayar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/securbaine.htm |title=Sénégalaise Des Eaux:Secteur de l'hydraulique urbaine |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081110131000/http://www.sde.sn/securbaine.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gudanarwar gwamnati (1971–tsakiyar shekarun 1990) ===

1971: Ƙarƙashin Shugaba Léopold Senghor, mai fafutukar ra'ayin gurguzu na Afirka (African socialism), Senegal ta mayar da kamfanin ruwanta ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati da sunan Société Nationale d'Exploitation des Eaux du Sénégal (SONEES). A yankunan karkara, ana samar da ruwa kyauta ba tare da caji ba.

1983: Ƙarƙashin Shugaba Abdou Diouf (1981-2000), SONEES ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar amfani (concession contract) da gwamnati. A yankunan karkara, an gabatar da harajin ruwa (water tariffs) tare da ƙayyadaddun kuɗi ga kowane gida.

1994: Gwamnati ta fara wani tsari na tsawon shekara guda na tsara gyare-gyare a fannin, gami da gudanar da bita-bita da neman shawarwari daga Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank) da kuma duba gyare-gyaren da aka yi a sauran ƙasashe.

=== Haɗin gwiwar biyu tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu (tun tsakiyar shekarun 1990) ===

1995: Gwamnati ta yanke shawarar mika aikin samar da ruwa a birane ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar hayar.

1996: An rushe SONEES, kuma aka kafa sabbin kamfanoni guda uku: Société Nationale des Eaux du Sénégal (SONES, kamfanin kadarori na jiha), Sénégalaise des Eaux (SDE, kamfani mai zaman kansa mai gudanarwa), da kuma Office National de l'Assainissement du Sénégal (ONAS, kamfanin tsaftar muhalli na gwamnati). SONES ce ta mallaki kadarorin kuma ita ce ke da alhakin saka hannun jari a kayan aiki da kuma daidaita ayyukan SDE. SDE kuma tana da alhakin gudanarwa, kulawa ta yau da kullum, wasu bincike na saka hannun jari don faɗaɗa tsarin, da kuma tura takardun kuɗi da karɓar kuɗaɗe.

1998: SONES da SDE sun sake tattaunawa kan wasu maƙasudai da ba za su iya biyu ba a cikin kwangilar ba tare da an kai ga sasantawa na shari'a ko ƙarar juna ba.

1998: An kafa hukumar Conseil Supérieur de l'Eau, wadda Firayim Minista ke jagoranta, don tsara manufofi na gudanar da albarkatun ruwa da samar da ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pepam.gouv.sn/ressource.php?rubr=ress&amp;id=6&amp;type=docs&amp;cat=1&amp;lang=fr Décret portant création d'un Conseil supérieur de l'eau]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

1999: An fara aikin gwaji na REGEFOR a tsakiyar Senegal tare da tallafin Hukumar Raya Ƙasa ta Faransa (AFD) don samar da sabbin ƙa'idodin gudanarwa da suka ginu a kan janyewar jihar domin fifita masu amfani da ruwa da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu: amfani da mita, ƙayyade farashi na volumetric pricing, kwararrun manajoji da ma'aikatan fasaha, da kuma bayyananniyar alaƙa tsakanin rukunonin da abin ya shafa.&lt;ref&gt; [http://www.afd.fr/jahia/Jahia/site/afd/lang/en/pid/1296 Agence Française de Développement: Senegal: Regefor—Reforming mechanical drilling] &lt;/ref&gt;

2000: An sami canjin gwamnati bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da shugaban 'yan adawa Abdoulaye Wade ya lashe.

2001: Wasiƙa ta biyu ta manufofin ci gaba da ingancin Aikin Samar da Ruwa na Dogon Lokaci da Babban Bankin Duniya ke tallafawa. Manufofin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ba su fuskanci manyan canje-canje ba.

2002: Kamfanin Sénégalaise Des Eaux ya sami takardar shaida ta ƙa'idar ISO 9001 (fasalin 2000) daga ƙungiyar tabbatar da inganci ta Faransa wato AFAQ. SDE shi ne kamfani na farko na Senegal da ya sami takardar shaidar ISO kuma kamfani na farko na Afirka da aka ba takardar shaida ta ƙa'idar ISO 9001 bisa tsarin gudanarwa na gamsar da abokan ciniki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/entiso.htm |title=Sénégalaise Des Eaux:La certification ISO 9001 Version 2000 |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919165727/http://www.sde.sn/entiso.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
2005: Wasiƙa ta uku ta manufofin ci gaba. An kafa Shirin Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Ƙarni (Millennium Program - PEPAM).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pepam.gouv.sn/ressource.php?rubr=ress&amp;id=22&amp;type=docs&amp;cat=2&amp;lang=fr PEPAM: Arrêté de création du PEPAM]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A yankunan karkara, an kammala aikin gwaji na REGEFOR cikin nasara kuma an gabatar da tsarinsa a matakin ƙasa baki ɗaya.

2006: An tsawaita yarjejeniyar hayar da SDE na tsawon shekaru biyar. An sanya hannu kan kwangilar gudanar da aiki (performance contract) tare da SONES.

2008: Gwamnati ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar gudanar da aiki tare da ONAS.

2009: Gwamnati ta ba da umarnin gudanar da bincike don auna (daga cikin sauran batutuwa) ko ya kamata yarjejeniyar hayar ta koma zuwa kwangilar amfani (concession agreement) wadda ƙarƙashinta kamfani mai zaman kansa zai ɗauki nauyin wasu (ko duka) saka hannun jari.

2010/11: Kamfanin SAUR ya sayar da kasonsa na SDE ga kamfanin Finagestion na Afirka ta Yamma, wanda mafi yawan mallakarsa ke hannun babban kamfanin saka hannun jari mai zaman kansa na Emerging Capital Partners wanda ke da mazauni a Amurka kuma ya fi mayar da hankali kan Afirka.

2011: An tsawaita yarjejeniyar hayar da SDE na tsawon shekaru biyu.&lt;ref name=Eplus/&gt;

2012: An zaɓi Macky Sall a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, inda ya doke Abdoulaye Wade.

Satumba 2013: An katse samar da ruwa a birnin Dakar na tsawon makonni uku bayan fashewar wani babban bututun mai rarraba ruwa a gundumar Keur Momar Sarr.&lt;ref name=Eplus/&gt;

2014: An tsawaita yarjejeniyar hayar da SDE na tsawon shekaru biyar.&lt;ref name=Eplus&gt; {{cite web|title=L'État a signé avec la SDE pour 5 ans|url=http://www.enqueteplus.com/content/contrat-daffermage-pour-la-distribution-de-leau-l%C3%A9tat-sign%C3%A9-avec-la-sde-pour-5-ans|publisher=Enquête+|access-date=29 August 2015|date=4 January 2014}} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Batutuwan kuɗi da inganci ==

Manufofin kuɗi na wannan fanni, waɗanda aka tsara a shekarar 1994, sun ginu ne kan waɗannan ka'idoji:
* Taimakon gwamnati guda ɗaya shi ne kudaden da masu bayar da tallafi suke bayarwa; babu wani tallafin gudanarwa da ake bayarwa a kai a kai.
* Ba za a samu ƙarin harajin ruwa mai wuce gona da iri ba; ƙarin harajin zai kasance a hankali ne, bisa tsarin kuɗi.
* Akwai harajin jin daɗin jama'a (na farko na haraji don amfanin da bai wuce m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; 10 a kowane wata ba) don tabbatar da cewa mutane za su iya biya. &lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot; /&gt;

=== Haraji da dawo da kuɗaɗe ===

SDE tana amfani da tsarin haraji mai ƙaruwa, wanda ya haɗa da rukuni uku:
* Harajin jin daɗin jama'a (social tariff) ga masu amfani da ruwa kaɗan waɗanda suke da haɗin ruwa a gida, waɗanda aka bayyana a matsayin waɗanda ke amfani da ƙasa da cubic meter 20 duk bayan kwanaki 60 (191 F.CFA/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a shekarar 2008).
* Haraji na yau da kullun (regular tariff) don amfani tsakanin cubic meter 20 da 40 (wanda a da yake tsakanin 20-100), 630 F.CFA/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a shekarar 2008.
* Haraji na &quot;korewa&quot; (dissuasive rate) don amfani sama da cubic meter 40 (wanda a da yake sama da 100), 789 F.CFA/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a shekarar 2008. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/h2otarif.htm |title=SDE: Le tariff de l'eau |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031195925/http://www.sde.sn/h2otarif.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A Dakar, ana sayar da ruwa a cikin bokiti a famfunan ruwa na jama'a. Masu kula da waɗannan famfunan kananan yan kasuwa ne da ke siyan ruwa daga kamfanin ruwan kuma su sake sayar da shi ga abokan ciniki. &lt;ref name=&quot;IRIN&quot; /&gt;

Kungiyar Public Citizen ta soki tsarin harajin Senegal saboda mafi matalauta (waɗanda suke dogara ga famfunan ruwa na jama'a) suna biyan haraji mafi tsada, &quot;wanda ya kai kashi 350 na harajin jin daɗin jama'a&quot;. Iyalai a yankunan masu karamin karfi na iya raba haɗin ruwa guda ɗaya, kuma su yi amfani da ruwa a farashin &quot;korewa&quot;. A cewar Public Citizen, iyalai mafi talauci ne suke tallafawa ruwan iyalai masu amfani da ruwa na yau da kullun waɗanda suka cancanci samun &quot;harajin jin daɗin jama'a&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.citizen.org/cmep/Water/cmep_Water/reports/senegal/|title=Public Citizen: Senegal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar wani binciken Babban Bankin Duniya, masu amfani da famfunan ruwa na jama'a suna biyan kuɗi mafi yawa don ruwa, amma gwamnati tana ganin su a matsayin mafita ta wucin gadi kuma tana da niyyar kaiwa ga dukkan matalauta ta hanyar haɗin ruwa na gida. Wannan manufar tana da &quot;babban aibi&quot;, duk da haka: sharuɗɗan da suke sa iyali ya cancanci samun tallafin kusan sun tabbatar da cewa ba matalauta ba ne. Shirye-shiryen haɗin ruwa na jin daɗin jama'a an tsara su ne don unguwanni masu kwanciyar hankali inda mazauna suka kafa tushe. Don samun haɗin ruwa na jin daɗin jama'a, mai nema dole ne ya mallaki takardar ƙasa kuma dole ne gidan ya kasance a kan ƙasar. Iyalin da zai iya biyan wannan, kuma zai iya gina gidan dindindin, ba ya cikin matalauta mafi talauci. &lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot; /&gt;

Ƙarin farashin ya takaita ne ga kashi uku a kowace shekara ƙarƙashin maƙasudan aiki (adadin hauhawar farashi), wanda hakan ke sa harajin ya kasance iri ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;IRIN&quot; /&gt; Matsakaicin harajin ruwa ya ƙaru daga 350 F.CFA/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a shekarar 1995 ($0.72/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a farashin musaya na 489 CFA/US$) zuwa 496 F.CFA/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (US$1.09/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; a farashin musaya na 456 CFA/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) a shekarar 2007.

Kudin gudanarwa na samar da ruwa ana dawowa da su, wanda ba kasafai ake gani ba a kamfanonin ruwa a ƙasashen da ke ƙarƙashin hamadar Sahara. Lamuni na dogon lokaci ba tare da ruwa (interest-free) ba daga hukumomin kuɗi na ƙasashen duniya zuwa ga gwamnatin Senegal ana ba da su ga kamfanin mallakar kadarori kuma ana karɓar su daga masu amfani ta hanyar lissafin kuɗi na SDE.

Ana sanya ƙarin haraji na tsaftar muhalli na $0.05/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; daga SDE don ONAS ga abokan cinikin ruwa a duk biranen da ke da tsarin magudanan ruwa. Wannan ƙarin harajin ya kai kashi shida na lissafin ruwa ga iyalai da ke amfani da 50 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; na ruwa a kowane wata. Kuɗin shiga daga wannan ƙarin harajin bai isa ya tallafawa ayyukan ONAS da kula da hanyoyin magudanan ruwa ba. Cimma dorewar kuɗi don ONAS da kuma neman hanyoyin ware albarkatu don haɓaka da bunkasa tsaftar muhalli a wuraren zama ya ci gaba da kasancewa ƙalubale.

Ko da yake kananan hukumomi ba su da alhakin magudanan ruwa ko na ruwan sama, ana sa ran za su tura wani ɓangare na harajin kadarori ($500,000) zuwa ONAS ta hanyar asusun kayan aiki don kananan hukumomi don tallafawa aiki da kula da wuraren magudanan ruwa. Duk da haka, waɗannan albarkatun ba a samar da su ga ONAS ba.

Harajin da SDE ta karɓa ya kai kashi 98 cikin ɗari, a cewar majiyar Babban Bankin Duniya, wanda ya ƙaru daga ƙasa da kashi 80 cikin ɗari kafin aikin. &lt;ref name=&quot;IDA&quot; /&gt; A cewar SDE da wata majiyar ta Babban Bankin Duniya, adadin harajin da aka karɓa ya kai matsakaicin kashi 98 cikin ɗari daga 2001 zuwa 2006; ya kasance kashi 96 cikin ɗari a shekarar 1996. &lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sde.sn/chifrecouvrement.htm |title=SDE: Taux de recouvrement global |access-date=2008-12-18 |archive-date=2008-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031195855/http://www.sde.sn/chifrecouvrement.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata majiyar, adadin karɓar kuɗin na 1996 ya kasance kashi 91 cikin ɗari. &lt;ref name=WL/&gt; 

A yankunan karkara, al'ummomi suna bayar da kashi 20 cikin ɗari na saka hannun jari na farko, kashi 80 kuma gwamnati ce ke ɗaukar nauyinsa. Kuɗin aiki, kulawa, da sauyawa ana dawowa da su ta hanyar kuɗin shiga.

=== Saka hannun jari da bayar da kuɗaɗe ===

Gwamnatin Senegal ta bayyana cewa kuɗaɗen da suka kai biliyan 260 F.CFA (kimanin dala miliyan 500 a shekarar 2008) an tattara su tsakanin 1996 da 2006 ta hanyar Projet Sectoriel Eau (PSE) da Projet Eau à Long Terme (PELT). &lt;ref name=&quot;Mbaye&quot; /&gt; A cewar wasu rahotannin, dala miliyan 300 aka saka a haɗin gwiwar ruwa na Senegal. &lt;ref name=&quot;IRIN&quot; /&gt; A cewar Babban Bankin Duniya, farashin Aikin Ruwa na Senegal (gami da tsaftar muhalli) ya kai dala miliyan 290; IDA ta bayar da dala miliyan 100 da wasu dala miliyan 125 don aikin sa ido na Long Term Water Sector Project. &lt;ref name=&quot;IDA&quot;/&gt; Kasafin kudin PEPAM na 2005-2015 ya kai biliyan 515 F.CFA (kimanin dala biliyan 1): biliyan 274 F.CFA don yankunan karkara da biliyan 241 F.CFA don yankunan birane.

Yawancin saka hannun jari a fannin ana tallafawa ne daga masu bayar da tallafi tare da lamuni ba tare da ruwa ba daga Hukumar Raya Ƙasa ta Duniya (International Development Association) ta Babban Bankin Duniya da Bankin Raya Afirka ko tallafi daga wasu masu bayar da tallafi, tare da ƙarin kuɗaɗen gwamnati. An saka hannun jari na dala miliyan 20 wanda kamfani mai zaman kansa ya ɗauki nauyinsa a cikin shekaru goma na farko na yarjejeniyar hayar. A shekarar 1996, Citibank da Compagnie Bancaire de l'Afrique Occidentale (CBAO) sun samar da layin bashi na dala miliyan 21.4 (biliyan 11 F.CFA) na tsawon shekaru shida don taimakawa kamfanin mallakar kadarori SONES da kwararar kuɗin shiga. &lt;ref name=&quot;WB&quot;&gt;[http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/240095/Innovative%20Contracts,%20Sound%20Relationships%20Urban%20Water%20Sector%20Reform%20in%20Senegal.pdf Clarissa Brocklehurst and Jan G. Janssens: Innovative Contracts, Sound Relationships: Urban Water Sector Reform in Senegal, The World Bank Group: Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Board Discussion Paper Series, Paper No. 1, 2004]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Inganci ===

Asarar ruwa, mafi yawancinta ta hanyar ɗigo, ta ragu zuwa ƙasa da kashi 20 cikin ɗari a shekarar 2006 daga kashi 32 cikin ɗari a shekarar 1996. Ragewar yana nufin tanadin da ya kai bukatun ruwa na mutane 930,000. &lt;ref name=&quot;IDA&quot; /&gt; Yawan ma'aikata ya kai 2.3 a kowane ma'aikata 1,000 a shekarar 2014, wanda ya tashi daga 6.1 a shekarar 1996. &lt;ref name=WL/&gt;

== Haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Babban Bankin Duniya, Hukumar Raya Ƙasa ta Amurka (USAID), Bankin Raya Afirka, Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai, Hukumar Raya Ƙasa ta Faransa (AFD), Jamus, da Bankin Raya Afirka ta Yamma (BOAD) suna cikin manyan masu bayar da tallafi ga fannin ruwa na Senegal. A shekarar 1995, Babban Bankin Duniya ya ba da rancen kashi na IDA na dalar Amurka miliyan $100 ga gwamnatin Senegal don aiwatar da gyare-gyarenta.&lt;ref name=&quot;IDA&quot;/&gt; Sannan an biyo baya da aikin fannin ruwa na dogon lokaci na dalar Amurka miliyan $125 wanda ya fara a watan Yunin 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;IDA&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 2006, ya amince da aikin tallafi na dalar Amurka miliyan $7.7 (output-based aid) don tallafawa samun damar yin amfani da dabarun tsaftar muhalli a wuraren zama a Dakar, wanda ONAS, hukumar ayyukan jama'a ta AGETIP da wata ƙungiyar NGO suka aiwatar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports|title=Documents &amp; Reports - All Documents &amp;#124; The World Bank|website=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai (EIB) ya ba da lamuni guda biyu (Euro miliyan 15 a shekarar 1995 da Euro miliyan 16 a shekarar 2001) ga gwamnatin Senegal ƙarƙashin aikin samar da ruwa na dogon lokaci don ɗaukar nauyin ayyukan samar da ruwa a Dakar. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2007, EIB ta sanyawa hannu kan wasu yarjejeniyoyin kuɗi guda biyu na daban tare da SONES don tallafawa Tsarin Samar da Ruwan Sha da Magudanan Ruwa na Ƙarni na Senegal (PEPAM). Tallafin Asusun Raya Turai (EDF) na CFAF biliyan 5.7 (Euro miliyan 8.6) da rancen EIB na F.CFA biliyan 9.8 (Euro miliyan 15) sun cika shirin zuba jari na SONES na F.CFA biliyan 38 (Euro miliyan 58). Ƙarƙashin aikin, fiye da birane 60 (gami da Dakar) za su ci gajiyar tsare-tsaren gyarawa, haɓakawa da faɗaɗa hanyoyin samar da ruwan sha, wanda zai kai ga mutane fiye da 500,000 cikin shekaru huɗu. Ayyukan da aka tsara sun haɗa da kafa sabbin rijiyoyin burtsatse guda 25, gina masana'antar tace ruwa, faɗaɗa hanyoyin samar da ruwa da fiye da kilomita 500 da kuma kafa haɗin ruwa na tallafi guda 50,000 da famfunan ruwa na jama'a 360. Masu ba da kuɗaɗe guda huɗu sun daidaita hanyoyinsu na gudanarwa, tare da aiwatar da alkawuran da aka guda a Yarjejeniyar Paris (Paris Declaration) kan daidaita tallafin ci gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.eib.org/projects/press/2007/2007-122-euro-senegalese-cooperation---cfaf-15.5bn-eur-23.6m-for-improved-access-to-drinking-water.htm |title=European Investment Bank: CFAF 15.5bn (EUR 23.6m) for improved access to drinking water}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani rancen Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai na Euro miliyan 64.5, haɗe da tallafin Tarayyar Turai na Euro miliyan 5.55 ga Senegal, an bayar da shi a shekarar 2023. Kuɗaɗen za su samar da ruwan sha ga mazauna Saint-Louis da wasu al'ummomi guda biyu a tsakiya da kudancin Senegal: Kaolack da Kolda.&lt;ref name=&quot;European Investment Bank&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water infrastructure bring the 'comfort of a running tap' to 1 mln in Senegal |url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/water-infrastructure-senegal |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Magoum-2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magoum |first=Inès |date=2022-03-29 |title=SENEGAL: EU and EIB pledge €70m to improve access to drinking water |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/senegal-eu-and-eib-pledge-e70m-to-improve-access-to-drinking-water/ |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=Afrik 21 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;europa.eu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Senegal - Green Economy {{!}} Team Europe Initiative and Joint Programming tracker |url=https://europa.eu/capacity4dev/tei-jp-tracker/tei/senegal-green-economy |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=europa.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan aka kammala aikin, Saint-Louis za ta ci gajiyar sabuwar masana'antar tace ruwan sha, wuraren tana da ruwa (reservoirs), da kuma faɗaɗa hanyoyin rarraba ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;European Investment Bank&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Magoum-2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://heartlandsconservancy.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/task-6e-st-louis-region-water-infrastructure-report-final.pdf|title=Summary of Water Infrastructure in the St. Louis Region}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan yana daidai da Shirin Birane Masu Dorewa na Afirka (African Sustainable Cities Initiative).&lt;ref name=&quot;European Investment Bank&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Magoum-2022&quot; /&gt; Kudin Tarayyar Turai na Euro miliyan 5.55, wanda Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai ya tattara, zai taimaka wa kamfanin ruwa na Senegal wajen hanzarta samar da haɗin ruwan sha na tallafi guda 35,000 ga abokan ciniki 350,000 a faɗin ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;European Investment Bank&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Magoum-2022&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;europa.eu&quot;/&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{reflist|2}}
== Ƙara mahaɗa ==
*[http://www.sones.sn/ Société Nationale des Eaux du Senegal]
*[http://www.sde.sn Sénégalaise des Eaux]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[http://www.pepam.gouv.sn/ensemble/index.php?rubr=vue Programme d'eau potable et assainissement pour le millénaire (PEPAM)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225235732/http://www.pepam.gouv.sn/ensemble/index.php?rubr=vue |date=2009-02-25 }}
*[http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] World Bank report with focus on Senegal.

==Ƙara karatu==
* Aymeric Blanc and Cédric Ghesquières: [http://www.afd.fr/webdav/site/afd/shared/PUBLICATIONS/RECHERCHE/Scientifiques/Documents-de-travail/024-document-travail.pdf Secteur de l'eau au Sénégal - Un partenariat équilibré entre acteurs publics et privés pour servir les plus démunis ?], Agence Française de Développement, Direction de la Stratégie, Département de la Recherche, Document de Travail n°24, 2006</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Siyasa ta ruwa a kan Kogin Nilu</title>
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      <comment>/* Afrilu 15, 1891 - Mataki na III na Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Italian */</comment>
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A matsayinta na wani tarin ruwa da ke ratsa iyakokin siyasa na duniya da dama, Kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] yana fuskantar takaddama da dama game da haƙƙin ruwa . A al'adance ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin kogin da ya fi tsayi a duniya wanda ke gudana {{Convert|6,700|km|mi}} ta hanyar ƙasashe goma a arewa maso gabashin [[Afirka]] - [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] (DRC), [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Sudan ta Kudu]], [[Sudan]] da [[Misra|Masar]] tare da yanayi daban-daban.

Dangane da yankin kogin Nilu, Sudan ce ke da mafi girman girman ( {{Convert|1,900,000|km2|mi2}}     ) yayin da, daga cikin manyan magudanan ruwa guda huɗu da ke ratsa kogin Nilu, uku sun fito ne daga Habasha - [[Blue Nile]], [[Kogin Sobat|Sobat]] da Atbara . Tarihin zamani na siyasa a cikin Kogin Nilu yana da matuƙar rikitarwa kuma yana da fa'idodi masu yawa ga ci gaban yanki da na duniya. 

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Tebur mai zuwa yana nuna  wadatar ruwa a kowace ƙasa a cikin kwarin Nilu, da kuma kimantawar masu bincike game da raguwar wadatar ruwa ga waɗannan ƙasashe, saboda karuwar yawan mutanen ƙasashe.


Sudan kuma tana da ƙarfin ruwa kuma ta ƙirƙiri madatsun ruwa guda huɗu a ƙarni na ƙarshe. Wannan ya haifar da ci gaban da ya zuwa yanzu ya kai {{Convert|18,000|km2|mi2}}     na ƙasar ban ruwa, wanda hakan ya sanya [[Sudan]] ta zama ta biyu mafi yawan amfani da kogin Nilu, bayan Masar. 

Duk da yake Masar ta dogara sosai da Kogin Nilu, akwai dalilai da zasu iya haifar da rikici game da rarraba ruwan Kogin Nulu. Misali, Masar tana da irin wannan tattalin arzikin da ke dogara da aikin gona. Bugu da ƙari, Masar ta riga ta dogara da shigo da ruwa mai kama da juna, dabarar da za ta iya haifar da ƙasar don ƙoƙarin rikice-rikicen ruwa na gaba. Kogin Habasha yana samar da kusan kashi 86 cikin 100 na ruwan Kogin Nilu. A cikin shekaru, jihohin da ke da hannu sun sanya yarjejeniyoyi da yarjejeniyoyi don a iya sarrafa rikici.

=== Misira da Kogin Nilu ===
Al'adun Masar sun ci gaba da amfani da gudanar da ruwa da aikin gona na kimanin shekaru 5,000 a kwarin Kogin Nilu. Masarawa sun yi aikin ban ruwa, wani nau'i na gudanar da ruwa wanda ya dace da tashi da faduwar Kogin Nilu. Tun a kusa da 3000 KZ, Masarawa sun gina bankunan yumɓu don samar da tafkunan ambaliyar ruwa na girma daban-daban waɗanda aka tsara ta hanyar shingen don ambaliyar ambaliyar a cikin kwandon inda za ta zauna har sai ƙasa ta cika, sannan aka zubar da ruwa, kuma an dasa amfanin gona. Wannan hanyar noma ba ta lalata ƙasa da abubuwan gina jiki ba ko kuma ta haifar da matsalolin salinization da hanyoyin noma na zamani ke fuskanta.

=== Yarjejeniyar da ta shafi amfani da ruwan Nilu ===

==== Afrilu 15, 1891 - Mataki na III na Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Italian ====
Mataki na III ya bayyana cewa &quot;gwamnatin Italiya ba ta gina a kan Kogin Atbara ba, saboda ban ruwa, duk wani aiki wanda zai iya canza kwararar sa cikin Kogin Nilu&quot;. Harshen da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin wannan labarin ya kasance mai wuyar fahimta don samar da haƙƙin mallaka ko haƙƙin amfani da ruwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

==== Mayu 15, 1902 – Mataki na III na Yarjejeniyar tsakanin Birtaniya da Habasha ====
Mataki na uku na yarjejeniyar tsakanin Birtaniya da Habasha ya zama ɗaya daga cikin yarjejeniyoyin da suka fi fuskantar ce-ce-ku-ce game da amfani da ruwan Kogin Nile. Manufar wannan yarjejeniya ita ce kafa iyaka tsakanin Habasha da Sudan. Ɗaya daga cikin matakan ta, mai lamba III, ya shafi amfani da ruwan Nile. Sigar Turanci, kamar yadda Birtaniya ta sake dubawa sannan daga baya Sudan ma ta duba, tana cewa: &quot;Mai Martaba Sarkin Sarakuna Menilik II, Sarkin Sarakunan Habasha, ya ɗauki alkawari ga Gwamnatin Mai Martaba Birtaniya cewa ba zai gina ba ko ba da izinin gina kowane irin aiki ba a kan Blue Nile, Tafkin Tana, ko Sobat, wanda zai dakatar da kwararar ruwansu sai fa idan an amince da Gwamnatin Mai Martaba Birtaniya da Gwamnatin Sudan.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Okidi|1994|p=324}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Tilahun|1979}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma, sigar yaren Amharic ta ba da ma'ana da fahimta ta daban ga Habasha&lt;ref&gt;Mesfin Abebe (address of Nov. 24, 1994), ''in The Nile – Source of Regional Cooperation or Conflict?'', 20 Water Int'l 32 (1995).&lt;/ref&gt; kuma &quot;wannan ƙasa ba ta taɓa amincewa da ita ba.&quot;

==== Mayu 9, 1906 – Mataki na III na Yarjejeniyar tsakanin Birtaniya da Kongo ====
Mataki na III na Yarjejeniyar tsakanin Birtaniya da Gwamnatin Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kongo ya bayyana cewa &quot;Gwamnatin mai zaman kanta ta Kongo ta ɗauki alkawarin ba za ta gina ba, ko ba da izinin gina kowane aiki a kan ko kusa da kogin Semliki ko Isango wanda zai rage yawan ruwan da ke shiga Tafkin Albert sai idan an amince da Gwamnatin Sudan&quot;.

==== Disamba 13, 1906 – Mataki na 4(a) na Yarjejeniyar Ɓangarori Ukku (Tripartite Treaty) ====
Mataki na 4(a) na Yarjejeniyar Ɓangarori Ukku (Birtaniya-Faransa-Italiya) ya bayyana cewa “Don yin aiki tare... don kiyayewa; ... muradun Birtaniya da Masar a fadin Kogin Nile, musamman game da tsara kwararar ruwan wannan kogi da rassan sa (tare da la'akari da muradun cikin gida) ba tare da nuna bambanci ga muradun Italiya ba&quot;. Wannan yarjejeniya, a zahiri, ta hana Habasha haƙƙinta na ikon mallaka kan amfani da ruwanta. Habasha ta yi watsi da yarjejeniyar domin ƙarfin sojanta da na siyasa bai isa ba don dawo da ikon yin amfani da ruwan Nile ba.

==== 1925 Musayar wasiku tsakanin Birtaniya da Italiya ====
Wasikun da suka shafi Tafkin Tana sun bayyana cewa: &quot;...Italiya ta amince da haƙƙin mallakar ruwa na farko na Masar da Sudan... kada su gina a kan madubin ruwan Blue Nile da White Nile (Sobat) da rassan su da magudanar ruwansu kowane irin aiki da zai iya canza kwararar su zuwa babban kogin.&quot; Habasha ta nuna rashin amincewarta da yarjejeniyar tare da sanar da ɓangarorin biyu ƙorafe-ƙorafenta:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;Zuwa ga gwamnatin Italiya: Gaskiyar cewa kun cimma yarjejeniya, da kuma gaskiyar cewa kun ga ya dace ku ba mu sanarwar haɗin gwiwa na wannan yarjejeniya, ya bayyana sarai cewa manufarku ita ce ku matsa mana lamba, kuma wannan a ra'ayinmu, nan take ya tayar da tambayar da ta gabata. Wannan tambaya da ke buƙatar binciken farko, dole ne a gabatar da ita a gaban Ƙungiyar Kasashen Duniya (League of Nations).&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;Zuwa ga gwamnatin Birtaniya: Tuni Gwamnatin Birtaniya ta fara shawarwari da Gwamnatin Habasha game da shawararta, kuma mun yi tsammanin cewa, ko an aiwatar da wannan shawara ko a'a, da an kammala shawarwarin da mu; ba za mu taɓa yin zargin cewa Gwamnatin Birtaniya za ta kulla yarjejeniya da wata Gwamnati game da Tafkinmu ba.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Lokacin da Ƙungiyar Kasashen Duniya (League of Nations) ta buƙaci bayani daga gwamnatocin Birtaniya da Italiya, sun musanta ƙalubalantar ikon mallakar Habasha a kan Tafkin Tana.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Tilahun|1979|p=90}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mayu 7, 1929 – Yarjejeniyar tsakanin Masar da Anglo-Egyptian Sudan ====
Wannan yarjejeniya ta haɗa da:
* Masar da Sudan za su yi amfani da mita cubic biliyan 48 da biliyan 4 na kwararar ruwan Nile a kowace shekara, bi da bi;
* Kwararar ruwan Nile a lokacin Janairu 20 zuwa Yuli 15 (lokacin rani) za a keɓe shi don Masar kawai;
* Masar tana da haƙƙin sanya idanu kan kwararar ruwan Nile a ƙasashen da ke saman kogi;
* Masar ta ɗauki haƙƙin gudanar da ayyukan da suka shafi kogin Nile ba tare da amincewar ƙasashen da ke saman kogi ba.
* Masar ta ɗauki haƙƙin nuna rashin amincewa (veto) ga kowane aikin gine-gine da zai yi tasiri ga muradunta mara kyau.

==== Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Nile ta Shekarar 1959 ==== 
Yarjejeniyar Don Cikakken Amfani da Ruwan Nile tsakanin Sudan da Masar ta kafa cikakken ikon sarrafa ruwan Nile. Wannan yarjejeniya ta haɗa da:
* An warware takaddamar da aka dade ana yi game da matsakaicin kwararar ruwan Nile na shekara-shekara, inda aka sanya adadin ya kai kusan mita cubic biliyan 84 kamar yadda aka auna a madatsar ruwa ta Aswan High Dam da ke Masar.</text>
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A matsayinta na wani tarin ruwa da ke ratsa iyakokin siyasa na duniya da dama, Kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] yana fuskantar takaddama da dama game da haƙƙin ruwa . A al'adance ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin kogin da ya fi tsayi a duniya wanda ke gudana {{Convert|6,700|km|mi}} ta hanyar ƙasashe goma a arewa maso gabashin [[Afirka]] - [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] (DRC), [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Sudan ta Kudu]], [[Sudan]] da [[Misra|Masar]] tare da yanayi daban-daban.

Dangane da yankin kogin Nilu, Sudan ce ke da mafi girman girman ( {{Convert|1,900,000|km2|mi2}}     ) yayin da, daga cikin manyan magudanan ruwa guda huɗu da ke ratsa kogin Nilu, uku sun fito ne daga Habasha - [[Blue Nile]], [[Kogin Sobat|Sobat]] da Atbara . Tarihin zamani na siyasa a cikin Kogin Nilu yana da matuƙar rikitarwa kuma yana da fa'idodi masu yawa ga ci gaban yanki da na duniya. 

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Tebur mai zuwa yana nuna  wadatar ruwa a kowace ƙasa a cikin kwarin Nilu, da kuma kimantawar masu bincike game da raguwar wadatar ruwa ga waɗannan ƙasashe, saboda karuwar yawan mutanen ƙasashe.


Sudan kuma tana da ƙarfin ruwa kuma ta ƙirƙiri madatsun ruwa guda huɗu a ƙarni na ƙarshe. Wannan ya haifar da ci gaban da ya zuwa yanzu ya kai {{Convert|18,000|km2|mi2}}     na ƙasar ban ruwa, wanda hakan ya sanya [[Sudan]] ta zama ta biyu mafi yawan amfani da kogin Nilu, bayan Masar. 

Duk da yake Masar ta dogara sosai da Kogin Nilu, akwai dalilai da zasu iya haifar da rikici game da rarraba ruwan Kogin Nulu. Misali, Masar tana da irin wannan tattalin arzikin da ke dogara da aikin gona. Bugu da ƙari, Masar ta riga ta dogara da shigo da ruwa mai kama da juna, dabarar da za ta iya haifar da ƙasar don ƙoƙarin rikice-rikicen ruwa na gaba. Kogin Habasha yana samar da kusan kashi 86 cikin 100 na ruwan Kogin Nilu. A cikin shekaru, jihohin da ke da hannu sun sanya yarjejeniyoyi da yarjejeniyoyi don a iya sarrafa rikici.

=== Misira da Kogin Nilu ===
Al'adun Masar sun ci gaba da amfani da gudanar da ruwa da aikin gona na kimanin shekaru 5,000 a kwarin Kogin Nilu. Masarawa sun yi aikin ban ruwa, wani nau'i na gudanar da ruwa wanda ya dace da tashi da faduwar Kogin Nilu. Tun a kusa da 3000 KZ, Masarawa sun gina bankunan yumɓu don samar da tafkunan ambaliyar ruwa na girma daban-daban waɗanda aka tsara ta hanyar shingen don ambaliyar ambaliyar a cikin kwandon inda za ta zauna har sai ƙasa ta cika, sannan aka zubar da ruwa, kuma an dasa amfanin gona. Wannan hanyar noma ba ta lalata ƙasa da abubuwan gina jiki ba ko kuma ta haifar da matsalolin salinization da hanyoyin noma na zamani ke fuskanta.

=== Yarjejeniyar da ta shafi amfani da ruwan Nilu ===

==== Afrilu 15, 1891 - Mataki na III na Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Italian ====
Mataki na III ya bayyana cewa &quot;gwamnatin Italiya ba ta gina a kan Kogin Atbara ba, saboda ban ruwa, duk wani aiki wanda zai iya canza kwararar sa cikin Kogin Nilu&quot;. Harshen da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin wannan labarin ya kasance mai wuyar fahimta don samar da haƙƙin mallaka ko haƙƙin amfani da ruwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

==== Mayu 15, 1902 – Mataki na III na Yarjejeniyar tsakanin Birtaniya da Habasha ====
Mataki na uku na yarjejeniyar tsakanin Birtaniya da Habasha ya zama ɗaya daga cikin yarjejeniyoyin da suka fi fuskantar ce-ce-ku-ce game da amfani da ruwan Kogin Nile. Manufar wannan yarjejeniya ita ce kafa iyaka tsakanin Habasha da Sudan. Ɗaya daga cikin matakan ta, mai lamba III, ya shafi amfani da ruwan Nile. Sigar Turanci, kamar yadda Birtaniya ta sake dubawa sannan daga baya Sudan ma ta duba, tana cewa: &quot;Mai Martaba Sarkin Sarakuna Menilik II, Sarkin Sarakunan Habasha, ya ɗauki alkawari ga Gwamnatin Mai Martaba Birtaniya cewa ba zai gina ba ko ba da izinin gina kowane irin aiki ba a kan Blue Nile, Tafkin Tana, ko Sobat, wanda zai dakatar da kwararar ruwansu sai fa idan an amince da Gwamnatin Mai Martaba Birtaniya da Gwamnatin Sudan.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Okidi|1994|p=324}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Tilahun|1979}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma, sigar yaren Amharic ta ba da ma'ana da fahimta ta daban ga Habasha&lt;ref&gt;Mesfin Abebe (address of Nov. 24, 1994), ''in The Nile – Source of Regional Cooperation or Conflict?'', 20 Water Int'l 32 (1995).&lt;/ref&gt; kuma &quot;wannan ƙasa ba ta taɓa amincewa da ita ba.&quot;

==== Mayu 9, 1906 – Mataki na III na Yarjejeniyar tsakanin Birtaniya da Kongo ====
Mataki na III na Yarjejeniyar tsakanin Birtaniya da Gwamnatin Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kongo ya bayyana cewa &quot;Gwamnatin mai zaman kanta ta Kongo ta ɗauki alkawarin ba za ta gina ba, ko ba da izinin gina kowane aiki a kan ko kusa da kogin Semliki ko Isango wanda zai rage yawan ruwan da ke shiga Tafkin Albert sai idan an amince da Gwamnatin Sudan&quot;.

==== Disamba 13, 1906 – Mataki na 4(a) na Yarjejeniyar Ɓangarori Ukku (Tripartite Treaty) ====
Mataki na 4(a) na Yarjejeniyar Ɓangarori Ukku (Birtaniya-Faransa-Italiya) ya bayyana cewa “Don yin aiki tare... don kiyayewa; ... muradun Birtaniya da Masar a fadin Kogin Nile, musamman game da tsara kwararar ruwan wannan kogi da rassan sa (tare da la'akari da muradun cikin gida) ba tare da nuna bambanci ga muradun Italiya ba&quot;. Wannan yarjejeniya, a zahiri, ta hana Habasha haƙƙinta na ikon mallaka kan amfani da ruwanta. Habasha ta yi watsi da yarjejeniyar domin ƙarfin sojanta da na siyasa bai isa ba don dawo da ikon yin amfani da ruwan Nile ba.

==== 1925 Musayar wasiku tsakanin Birtaniya da Italiya ====
Wasikun da suka shafi Tafkin Tana sun bayyana cewa: &quot;...Italiya ta amince da haƙƙin mallakar ruwa na farko na Masar da Sudan... kada su gina a kan madubin ruwan Blue Nile da White Nile (Sobat) da rassan su da magudanar ruwansu kowane irin aiki da zai iya canza kwararar su zuwa babban kogin.&quot; Habasha ta nuna rashin amincewarta da yarjejeniyar tare da sanar da ɓangarorin biyu ƙorafe-ƙorafenta:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;Zuwa ga gwamnatin Italiya: Gaskiyar cewa kun cimma yarjejeniya, da kuma gaskiyar cewa kun ga ya dace ku ba mu sanarwar haɗin gwiwa na wannan yarjejeniya, ya bayyana sarai cewa manufarku ita ce ku matsa mana lamba, kuma wannan a ra'ayinmu, nan take ya tayar da tambayar da ta gabata. Wannan tambaya da ke buƙatar binciken farko, dole ne a gabatar da ita a gaban Ƙungiyar Kasashen Duniya (League of Nations).&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;Zuwa ga gwamnatin Birtaniya: Tuni Gwamnatin Birtaniya ta fara shawarwari da Gwamnatin Habasha game da shawararta, kuma mun yi tsammanin cewa, ko an aiwatar da wannan shawara ko a'a, da an kammala shawarwarin da mu; ba za mu taɓa yin zargin cewa Gwamnatin Birtaniya za ta kulla yarjejeniya da wata Gwamnati game da Tafkinmu ba.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Lokacin da Ƙungiyar Kasashen Duniya (League of Nations) ta buƙaci bayani daga gwamnatocin Birtaniya da Italiya, sun musanta ƙalubalantar ikon mallakar Habasha a kan Tafkin Tana.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Tilahun|1979|p=90}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mayu 7, 1929 – Yarjejeniyar tsakanin Masar da Anglo-Egyptian Sudan ====
Wannan yarjejeniya ta haɗa da:
* Masar da Sudan za su yi amfani da mita cubic biliyan 48 da biliyan 4 na kwararar ruwan Nile a kowace shekara, bi da bi;
* Kwararar ruwan Nile a lokacin Janairu 20 zuwa Yuli 15 (lokacin rani) za a keɓe shi don Masar kawai;
* Masar tana da haƙƙin sanya idanu kan kwararar ruwan Nile a ƙasashen da ke saman kogi;
* Masar ta ɗauki haƙƙin gudanar da ayyukan da suka shafi kogin Nile ba tare da amincewar ƙasashen da ke saman kogi ba.
* Masar ta ɗauki haƙƙin nuna rashin amincewa (veto) ga kowane aikin gine-gine da zai yi tasiri ga muradunta mara kyau.

==== Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Nile ta Shekarar 1959 ==== 
Yarjejeniyar Don Cikakken Amfani da Ruwan Nile tsakanin Sudan da Masar ta kafa cikakken ikon sarrafa ruwan Nile. Wannan yarjejeniya ta haɗa da:
* An warware takaddamar da aka dade ana yi game da matsakaicin kwararar ruwan Nile na shekara-shekara, inda aka sanya adadin ya kai kusan mita cubic biliyan 84 kamar yadda aka auna a madatsar ruwa ta Aswan High Dam da ke Masar.
* Yarjejeniyar ta tanadi cewa za a raba dukkan matsakaicin kwararar ruwan Nile na shekara-shekara tsakanin Sudan da Masar, inda aka ware mita cubic biliyan 18.5 ga Sudan sannan mita cubic biliyan 55.5 ga Masar.
* An kiyasta asarar shekara-shekara daga tururi (evaporation) da sauran abubuwa da kusan mita cubic biliyan 10, inda aka cire wannan adadin daga jimillar abin da kogin Nile ke bayarwa kafin a raba wa Masar da Sudan rabo.
* Sudan, cikin haɗin gwiwa da Masar, ta amince da gudanar da ayyukan da ke da manufar ƙara kwararar ruwan Nile ta hanyar rage asarar tururi a fadin dausayin Sudd da ke kusa da White Nile a kudancin Sudan. Za a raba kuɗaɗen fito da fa'idojin waɗannan ayyukan daidai-wa-daidai. Duk wani ikirari na sauran ƙasashen da ke gefen kogin Nile game da ruwan kogin, Sudan da Masar za su magance shi cikin haɗin gwiwa.
* Idan aka amince da da'awar kuma za a raba ruwan Nile ga wata ƙasa ta daban da ke gefen kogin, adadin da aka amince a kai za a rage shi daidai gwargwado daga rabon da aka ba Sudan da Masar, bisa ga adadin da aka auna a Aswan.
* An ba Masar izinin gina madatsar ruwa ta Aswan High Dam, wadda ke da ikon adana dukkan kwararar ruwan Kogin Nile na shekara-shekara.
* An ba Sudan damar gina madatsar ruwa ta Roseries Dam a kan Blue Nile da kuma ci gaba da ƙarin ayyukan ban ruwa da na samar da wutar lantarki domin yin amfani da cikakken rabon ruwan Nile da aka ware mata.
* An tsara kafa Hukumar Haɗin Gwiwa ta Fasaha ta Kudindindin don sauƙaƙe haɗin gwiwar fasaha tsakanin ƙasashen biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=The Defects and Effects of Past Treaties and Agreements on the Nile River Waters: Whose Faults Were they | website=MediaETHIOPIA | date=1999 |last=Mekonnen|first=Kefyalew| url=http://www.ethiopians.com/abay/engin.html | access-date=2026-01-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC AND THE REPUBLIC OF SUDAN FOR THE FULL UTILIZATION OF THE NILE WATERS, SIGNED AT CAIRO, NOVEMBER 8, 1959 AND PROTOCOL CONCERNING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PERMANENT JOINT TECHNICAL COMMITTEE SIGNED AT CAIRO, JANUARY 17, 1960 | url=https://www.internationalwaterlaw.org/documents/regionaldocs/UAR_Sudan1959_and_Protocol1960.pdf | access-date=2026-01-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="14467" sha1="t04vh9t7xbnk6ec851xgkq9rlci5zt5" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
A matsayinta na wani tarin ruwa da ke ratsa iyakokin siyasa na duniya da dama, Kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] yana fuskantar takaddama da dama game da haƙƙin ruwa . A al'adance ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin kogin da ya fi tsayi a duniya wanda ke gudana {{Convert|6,700|km|mi}} ta hanyar ƙasashe goma a arewa maso gabashin [[Afirka]] - [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] (DRC), [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Sudan ta Kudu]], [[Sudan]] da [[Misra|Masar]] tare da yanayi daban-daban.

Dangane da yankin kogin Nilu, Sudan ce ke da mafi girman girman ( {{Convert|1,900,000|km2|mi2}}     ) yayin da, daga cikin manyan magudanan ruwa guda huɗu da ke ratsa kogin Nilu, uku sun fito ne daga Habasha - [[Blue Nile]], [[Kogin Sobat|Sobat]] da Atbara . Tarihin zamani na siyasa a cikin Kogin Nilu yana da matuƙar rikitarwa kuma yana da fa'idodi masu yawa ga ci gaban yanki da na duniya. 

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Tebur mai zuwa yana nuna  wadatar ruwa a kowace ƙasa a cikin kwarin Nilu, da kuma kimantawar masu bincike game da raguwar wadatar ruwa ga waɗannan ƙasashe, saboda karuwar yawan mutanen ƙasashe.


Sudan kuma tana da ƙarfin ruwa kuma ta ƙirƙiri madatsun ruwa guda huɗu a ƙarni na ƙarshe. Wannan ya haifar da ci gaban da ya zuwa yanzu ya kai {{Convert|18,000|km2|mi2}}     na ƙasar ban ruwa, wanda hakan ya sanya [[Sudan]] ta zama ta biyu mafi yawan amfani da kogin Nilu, bayan Masar. 

Duk da yake Masar ta dogara sosai da Kogin Nilu, akwai dalilai da zasu iya haifar da rikici game da rarraba ruwan Kogin Nulu. Misali, Masar tana da irin wannan tattalin arzikin da ke dogara da aikin gona. Bugu da ƙari, Masar ta riga ta dogara da shigo da ruwa mai kama da juna, dabarar da za ta iya haifar da ƙasar don ƙoƙarin rikice-rikicen ruwa na gaba. Kogin Habasha yana samar da kusan kashi 86 cikin 100 na ruwan Kogin Nilu. A cikin shekaru, jihohin da ke da hannu sun sanya yarjejeniyoyi da yarjejeniyoyi don a iya sarrafa rikici.

=== Misira da Kogin Nilu ===
Al'adun Masar sun ci gaba da amfani da gudanar da ruwa da aikin gona na kimanin shekaru 5,000 a kwarin Kogin Nilu. Masarawa sun yi aikin ban ruwa, wani nau'i na gudanar da ruwa wanda ya dace da tashi da faduwar Kogin Nilu. Tun a kusa da 3000 KZ, Masarawa sun gina bankunan yumɓu don samar da tafkunan ambaliyar ruwa na girma daban-daban waɗanda aka tsara ta hanyar shingen don ambaliyar ambaliyar a cikin kwandon inda za ta zauna har sai ƙasa ta cika, sannan aka zubar da ruwa, kuma an dasa amfanin gona. Wannan hanyar noma ba ta lalata ƙasa da abubuwan gina jiki ba ko kuma ta haifar da matsalolin salinization da hanyoyin noma na zamani ke fuskanta.

=== Yarjejeniyar da ta shafi amfani da ruwan Nilu ===

==== Afrilu 15, 1891 - Mataki na III na Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Italian ====
Mataki na III ya bayyana cewa &quot;gwamnatin Italiya ba ta gina a kan Kogin Atbara ba, saboda ban ruwa, duk wani aiki wanda zai iya canza kwararar sa cikin Kogin Nilu&quot;. Harshen da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin wannan labarin ya kasance mai wuyar fahimta don samar da haƙƙin mallaka ko haƙƙin amfani da ruwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

==== Mayu 15, 1902 – Mataki na III na Yarjejeniyar tsakanin Birtaniya da Habasha ====
Mataki na uku na yarjejeniyar tsakanin Birtaniya da Habasha ya zama ɗaya daga cikin yarjejeniyoyin da suka fi fuskantar ce-ce-ku-ce game da amfani da ruwan Kogin Nile. Manufar wannan yarjejeniya ita ce kafa iyaka tsakanin Habasha da Sudan. Ɗaya daga cikin matakan ta, mai lamba III, ya shafi amfani da ruwan Nile. Sigar Turanci, kamar yadda Birtaniya ta sake dubawa sannan daga baya Sudan ma ta duba, tana cewa: &quot;Mai Martaba Sarkin Sarakuna Menilik II, Sarkin Sarakunan Habasha, ya ɗauki alkawari ga Gwamnatin Mai Martaba Birtaniya cewa ba zai gina ba ko ba da izinin gina kowane irin aiki ba a kan Blue Nile, Tafkin Tana, ko Sobat, wanda zai dakatar da kwararar ruwansu sai fa idan an amince da Gwamnatin Mai Martaba Birtaniya da Gwamnatin Sudan.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Okidi|1994|p=324}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Tilahun|1979}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma, sigar yaren Amharic ta ba da ma'ana da fahimta ta daban ga Habasha&lt;ref&gt;Mesfin Abebe (address of Nov. 24, 1994), ''in The Nile – Source of Regional Cooperation or Conflict?'', 20 Water Int'l 32 (1995).&lt;/ref&gt; kuma &quot;wannan ƙasa ba ta taɓa amincewa da ita ba.&quot;

==== Mayu 9, 1906 – Mataki na III na Yarjejeniyar tsakanin Birtaniya da Kongo ====
Mataki na III na Yarjejeniyar tsakanin Birtaniya da Gwamnatin Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kongo ya bayyana cewa &quot;Gwamnatin mai zaman kanta ta Kongo ta ɗauki alkawarin ba za ta gina ba, ko ba da izinin gina kowane aiki a kan ko kusa da kogin Semliki ko Isango wanda zai rage yawan ruwan da ke shiga Tafkin Albert sai idan an amince da Gwamnatin Sudan&quot;.

==== Disamba 13, 1906 – Mataki na 4(a) na Yarjejeniyar Ɓangarori Ukku (Tripartite Treaty) ====
Mataki na 4(a) na Yarjejeniyar Ɓangarori Ukku (Birtaniya-Faransa-Italiya) ya bayyana cewa “Don yin aiki tare... don kiyayewa; ... muradun Birtaniya da Masar a fadin Kogin Nile, musamman game da tsara kwararar ruwan wannan kogi da rassan sa (tare da la'akari da muradun cikin gida) ba tare da nuna bambanci ga muradun Italiya ba&quot;. Wannan yarjejeniya, a zahiri, ta hana Habasha haƙƙinta na ikon mallaka kan amfani da ruwanta. Habasha ta yi watsi da yarjejeniyar domin ƙarfin sojanta da na siyasa bai isa ba don dawo da ikon yin amfani da ruwan Nile ba.

==== 1925 Musayar wasiku tsakanin Birtaniya da Italiya ====
Wasikun da suka shafi Tafkin Tana sun bayyana cewa: &quot;...Italiya ta amince da haƙƙin mallakar ruwa na farko na Masar da Sudan... kada su gina a kan madubin ruwan Blue Nile da White Nile (Sobat) da rassan su da magudanar ruwansu kowane irin aiki da zai iya canza kwararar su zuwa babban kogin.&quot; Habasha ta nuna rashin amincewarta da yarjejeniyar tare da sanar da ɓangarorin biyu ƙorafe-ƙorafenta:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;Zuwa ga gwamnatin Italiya: Gaskiyar cewa kun cimma yarjejeniya, da kuma gaskiyar cewa kun ga ya dace ku ba mu sanarwar haɗin gwiwa na wannan yarjejeniya, ya bayyana sarai cewa manufarku ita ce ku matsa mana lamba, kuma wannan a ra'ayinmu, nan take ya tayar da tambayar da ta gabata. Wannan tambaya da ke buƙatar binciken farko, dole ne a gabatar da ita a gaban Ƙungiyar Kasashen Duniya (League of Nations).&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;Zuwa ga gwamnatin Birtaniya: Tuni Gwamnatin Birtaniya ta fara shawarwari da Gwamnatin Habasha game da shawararta, kuma mun yi tsammanin cewa, ko an aiwatar da wannan shawara ko a'a, da an kammala shawarwarin da mu; ba za mu taɓa yin zargin cewa Gwamnatin Birtaniya za ta kulla yarjejeniya da wata Gwamnati game da Tafkinmu ba.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Lokacin da Ƙungiyar Kasashen Duniya (League of Nations) ta buƙaci bayani daga gwamnatocin Birtaniya da Italiya, sun musanta ƙalubalantar ikon mallakar Habasha a kan Tafkin Tana.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Tilahun|1979|p=90}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mayu 7, 1929 – Yarjejeniyar tsakanin Masar da Anglo-Egyptian Sudan ====
Wannan yarjejeniya ta haɗa da:
* Masar da Sudan za su yi amfani da mita cubic biliyan 48 da biliyan 4 na kwararar ruwan Nile a kowace shekara, bi da bi;
* Kwararar ruwan Nile a lokacin Janairu 20 zuwa Yuli 15 (lokacin rani) za a keɓe shi don Masar kawai;
* Masar tana da haƙƙin sanya idanu kan kwararar ruwan Nile a ƙasashen da ke saman kogi;
* Masar ta ɗauki haƙƙin gudanar da ayyukan da suka shafi kogin Nile ba tare da amincewar ƙasashen da ke saman kogi ba.
* Masar ta ɗauki haƙƙin nuna rashin amincewa (veto) ga kowane aikin gine-gine da zai yi tasiri ga muradunta mara kyau.

==== Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Nile ta Shekarar 1959 ==== 
Yarjejeniyar Don Cikakken Amfani da Ruwan Nile tsakanin Sudan da Masar ta kafa cikakken ikon sarrafa ruwan Nile. Wannan yarjejeniya ta haɗa da:
* An warware takaddamar da aka dade ana yi game da matsakaicin kwararar ruwan Nile na shekara-shekara, inda aka sanya adadin ya kai kusan mita cubic biliyan 84 kamar yadda aka auna a madatsar ruwa ta Aswan High Dam da ke Masar.
* Yarjejeniyar ta tanadi cewa za a raba dukkan matsakaicin kwararar ruwan Nile na shekara-shekara tsakanin Sudan da Masar, inda aka ware mita cubic biliyan 18.5 ga Sudan sannan mita cubic biliyan 55.5 ga Masar.
* An kiyasta asarar shekara-shekara daga tururi (evaporation) da sauran abubuwa da kusan mita cubic biliyan 10, inda aka cire wannan adadin daga jimillar abin da kogin Nile ke bayarwa kafin a raba wa Masar da Sudan rabo.
* Sudan, cikin haɗin gwiwa da Masar, ta amince da gudanar da ayyukan da ke da manufar ƙara kwararar ruwan Nile ta hanyar rage asarar tururi a fadin dausayin Sudd da ke kusa da White Nile a kudancin Sudan. Za a raba kuɗaɗen fito da fa'idojin waɗannan ayyukan daidai-wa-daidai. Duk wani ikirari na sauran ƙasashen da ke gefen kogin Nile game da ruwan kogin, Sudan da Masar za su magance shi cikin haɗin gwiwa.
* Idan aka amince da da'awar kuma za a raba ruwan Nile ga wata ƙasa ta daban da ke gefen kogin, adadin da aka amince a kai za a rage shi daidai gwargwado daga rabon da aka ba Sudan da Masar, bisa ga adadin da aka auna a Aswan.
* An ba Masar izinin gina madatsar ruwa ta Aswan High Dam, wadda ke da ikon adana dukkan kwararar ruwan Kogin Nile na shekara-shekara.
* An ba Sudan damar gina madatsar ruwa ta Roseries Dam a kan Blue Nile da kuma ci gaba da ƙarin ayyukan ban ruwa da na samar da wutar lantarki domin yin amfani da cikakken rabon ruwan Nile da aka ware mata.
* An tsara kafa Hukumar Haɗin Gwiwa ta Fasaha ta Kudindindin don sauƙaƙe haɗin gwiwar fasaha tsakanin ƙasashen biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=The Defects and Effects of Past Treaties and Agreements on the Nile River Waters: Whose Faults Were they | website=MediaETHIOPIA | date=1999 |last=Mekonnen|first=Kefyalew| url=http://www.ethiopians.com/abay/engin.html | access-date=2026-01-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC AND THE REPUBLIC OF SUDAN FOR THE FULL UTILIZATION OF THE NILE WATERS, SIGNED AT CAIRO, NOVEMBER 8, 1959 AND PROTOCOL CONCERNING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PERMANENT JOINT TECHNICAL COMMITTEE SIGNED AT CAIRO, JANUARY 17, 1960 | url=https://www.internationalwaterlaw.org/documents/regionaldocs/UAR_Sudan1959_and_Protocol1960.pdf | access-date=2026-01-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shirin Haɗin Gwiwar Kogin Nile (Nile Basin Initiative) ===
Shirin Haɗin Gwiwar Kogin Nile (NBI) wani kawance ne tsakanin ƙasashen da ke gefen kogin Nile wanda &quot;ke neman haɓaka kogin cikin yanayi na haɗin gwiwa, raba manyan fa'idodin zamantakewa da tarradar tattalin arziki, da kuma haɓaka zaman lafiya da tsaro a yankin&quot;. An ƙaddamar da shi a hukumance a cikin watan Fabrairu na shekarar 1999 ta hannun ministocin ruwa na ƙasashe tara da ke raba kogin – Masar, Sudan, Habasha, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzaniya, Burundi, Ruwanda da Jamhuriyar Dimokaraɗiyyar Kongo tare da Eriteriya a matsayin mai sa ido.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=A|first1=Haileslassie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4woyikQZoMcC&amp;pg=PA64|title=Institutional settings and livelihood strategies in the Blue Nile Basin: implications for upstream/downstream linkages|last2=Fitsum|first2=Hagos|last3=Everisto|first3=Mapedza|last4=W|first4=Sadoff, Claudia|last5=Bekele|first5=Awulachew, Seleshi|last6=S|first6=Gebreselassie|last7=D|first7=Peden|date=2009-02-05|publisher=IWMI|isbn=978-92-9090-700-8|pages=64|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tsarin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa ===

* 1966: Dokokin Helsinki kan Amfani da Ruwan Kogunan Ƙasa da Ƙasa – Waɗanda Ƙungiyar Dokokin Ƙasa da Ƙasa (International Law Association) ta amince da su a babban taron karo na 52 da aka gudanar a Helsinki a watan Agusta 1966, dokokin suna tsara amfani da ruwan magudanar ruwa na ƙasa da ƙasa sai dai idan an tanadi wani abu daban ta hanyar babban taro, yarjejeniya ko al'ada mai gauraye da doka tsakanin Ƙasashen da ke yankin magudanar ruwan.
* 1995: An sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Raba Magudanun Ruwa a yankin Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Kudancin Afirka (SADC) a Johannesburg, 28 Agusta 1995.&lt;ref&gt;FAO Corporate Document Repository. (1995) Protocol on shared watercourse systems in the Southern African development community (SADC) region signed at Johannesburg, 28 August 1995. http://www.fao.org/docrep/W7414B/w7414b0n.htm.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1997: Yarjejeniyar Dokokin Amfani da Magudanun Ruwa na Ƙasa da Ƙasa don Ayyukan da Ba na Tuƙin Jiragen Ruwa ba.

=== Tasirin yarjejeniyoyi da manufofi kan amfani da ruwan kogin Nile ===
A lokacin mulkin mallaka, Birtaniya ta ikoranci kogin Nile ta hanyar kasancewar sojojinta a Afirka. Tun bayan samun ƴancin kai na Sudan, Sudan ta sake yin shawarwari da Masar kan amfani da ruwan Nile. Yarjejeniyar shekarar 1959 tsakanin Sudan da Masar ta ware daukacin matsakaicin kwararar ruwan Nile na shekara-shekara don rabawa tsakanin Sudan da Masar akan mita cubic biliyan 18.5 da biliyan 55.5 bi da bi, amma ta yi watsi da haƙƙin ruwa na sauran ƙasashen Nile guda takwas. Habasha tana ba da gudummawar kashi 80% na jimillar kwararar ruwan Nile, amma ta yarjejeniyar 1959 ba ta da haƙƙin kowane albarkatunsa. Sai dai kuma, yarjejeniyar da ke tsakanin Masar da Sudan ba ta da tursasawa ga Habasha domin ba ta taɓa kasancewa ɓangare na yarjejeniyar ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=37. Agreement 57 between the Republic of the Sudan and the United Arab Republic for the full utilization of the Nile waters signed at Cairo, 8 November 195964|url=http://www.fao.org/3/w7414b/w7414b13.htm|access-date=2021-01-12|website=www.fao.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun farkon shekarun 1990, Habasha ta yi nasarar fuskantar turjiya daga Masar da Sudan game da ayyukan samar da ruwa a Habasha don ƙara yawan ban-ruwa da damar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Ashok Swain. (2002) SAIS Review. ''The Nile Basin Initiative: Too Many Cooks, Too Little Broth''. 22:2. pp. 293–308.&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga watan Mayun 2010, Habasha da sauran ƙasashen da ke saman kogi sun ƙaddamar da Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa ta Kogin Nile a wani yanki na tabbatar da daidaiton amfani tsakanin dukkan ƙasashen da ke gefen kogin Nile.&lt;ref&gt;Abadir M. Ibrahim, ''The Nile Basin Cooperative Framework Agreement: The Beginning of the End of Egyptian Hydro-Political Hegemony'', 18 Missouri Environmental Law and Policy Review 282 (2011). http://law.missouri.edu/melpr/recentpublications/Ibrahim.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306194832/http://law.missouri.edu/melpr/recentpublications/Ibrahim.pdf/ |date=2016-03-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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A matsayinta na wani tarin ruwa da ke ratsa iyakokin siyasa na duniya da dama, Kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] yana fuskantar takaddama da dama game da haƙƙin ruwa . A al'adance ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin kogin da ya fi tsayi a duniya wanda ke gudana {{Convert|6,700|km|mi}} ta hanyar ƙasashe goma a arewa maso gabashin [[Afirka]] - [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] (DRC), [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Sudan ta Kudu]], [[Sudan]] da [[Misra|Masar]] tare da yanayi daban-daban.

Dangane da yankin kogin Nilu, Sudan ce ke da mafi girman girman ( {{Convert|1,900,000|km2|mi2}}     ) yayin da, daga cikin manyan magudanan ruwa guda huɗu da ke ratsa kogin Nilu, uku sun fito ne daga Habasha - [[Blue Nile]], [[Kogin Sobat|Sobat]] da Atbara . Tarihin zamani na siyasa a cikin Kogin Nilu yana da matuƙar rikitarwa kuma yana da fa'idodi masu yawa ga ci gaban yanki da na duniya. 

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Tebur mai zuwa yana nuna  wadatar ruwa a kowace ƙasa a cikin kwarin Nilu, da kuma kimantawar masu bincike game da raguwar wadatar ruwa ga waɗannan ƙasashe, saboda karuwar yawan mutanen ƙasashe.


Sudan kuma tana da ƙarfin ruwa kuma ta ƙirƙiri madatsun ruwa guda huɗu a ƙarni na ƙarshe. Wannan ya haifar da ci gaban da ya zuwa yanzu ya kai {{Convert|18,000|km2|mi2}}     na ƙasar ban ruwa, wanda hakan ya sanya [[Sudan]] ta zama ta biyu mafi yawan amfani da kogin Nilu, bayan Masar. 

Duk da yake Masar ta dogara sosai da Kogin Nilu, akwai dalilai da zasu iya haifar da rikici game da rarraba ruwan Kogin Nulu. Misali, Masar tana da irin wannan tattalin arzikin da ke dogara da aikin gona. Bugu da ƙari, Masar ta riga ta dogara da shigo da ruwa mai kama da juna, dabarar da za ta iya haifar da ƙasar don ƙoƙarin rikice-rikicen ruwa na gaba. Kogin Habasha yana samar da kusan kashi 86 cikin 100 na ruwan Kogin Nilu. A cikin shekaru, jihohin da ke da hannu sun sanya yarjejeniyoyi da yarjejeniyoyi don a iya sarrafa rikici.

=== Misira da Kogin Nilu ===
Al'adun Masar sun ci gaba da amfani da gudanar da ruwa da aikin gona na kimanin shekaru 5,000 a kwarin Kogin Nilu. Masarawa sun yi aikin ban ruwa, wani nau'i na gudanar da ruwa wanda ya dace da tashi da faduwar Kogin Nilu. Tun a kusa da 3000 KZ, Masarawa sun gina bankunan yumɓu don samar da tafkunan ambaliyar ruwa na girma daban-daban waɗanda aka tsara ta hanyar shingen don ambaliyar ambaliyar a cikin kwandon inda za ta zauna har sai ƙasa ta cika, sannan aka zubar da ruwa, kuma an dasa amfanin gona. Wannan hanyar noma ba ta lalata ƙasa da abubuwan gina jiki ba ko kuma ta haifar da matsalolin salinization da hanyoyin noma na zamani ke fuskanta.

=== Yarjejeniyar da ta shafi amfani da ruwan Nilu ===

==== Afrilu 15, 1891 - Mataki na III na Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Italian ====
Mataki na III ya bayyana cewa &quot;gwamnatin Italiya ba ta gina a kan Kogin Atbara ba, saboda ban ruwa, duk wani aiki wanda zai iya canza kwararar sa cikin Kogin Nilu&quot;. Harshen da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin wannan labarin ya kasance mai wuyar fahimta don samar da haƙƙin mallaka ko haƙƙin amfani da ruwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

==== Mayu 15, 1902 – Mataki na III na Yarjejeniyar tsakanin Birtaniya da Habasha ====
Mataki na uku na yarjejeniyar tsakanin Birtaniya da Habasha ya zama ɗaya daga cikin yarjejeniyoyin da suka fi fuskantar ce-ce-ku-ce game da amfani da ruwan Kogin Nile. Manufar wannan yarjejeniya ita ce kafa iyaka tsakanin Habasha da Sudan. Ɗaya daga cikin matakan ta, mai lamba III, ya shafi amfani da ruwan Nile. Sigar Turanci, kamar yadda Birtaniya ta sake dubawa sannan daga baya Sudan ma ta duba, tana cewa: &quot;Mai Martaba Sarkin Sarakuna Menilik II, Sarkin Sarakunan Habasha, ya ɗauki alkawari ga Gwamnatin Mai Martaba Birtaniya cewa ba zai gina ba ko ba da izinin gina kowane irin aiki ba a kan Blue Nile, Tafkin Tana, ko Sobat, wanda zai dakatar da kwararar ruwansu sai fa idan an amince da Gwamnatin Mai Martaba Birtaniya da Gwamnatin Sudan.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Okidi|1994|p=324}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Tilahun|1979}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma, sigar yaren Amharic ta ba da ma'ana da fahimta ta daban ga Habasha&lt;ref&gt;Mesfin Abebe (address of Nov. 24, 1994), ''in The Nile – Source of Regional Cooperation or Conflict?'', 20 Water Int'l 32 (1995).&lt;/ref&gt; kuma &quot;wannan ƙasa ba ta taɓa amincewa da ita ba.&quot;

==== Mayu 9, 1906 – Mataki na III na Yarjejeniyar tsakanin Birtaniya da Kongo ====
Mataki na III na Yarjejeniyar tsakanin Birtaniya da Gwamnatin Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kongo ya bayyana cewa &quot;Gwamnatin mai zaman kanta ta Kongo ta ɗauki alkawarin ba za ta gina ba, ko ba da izinin gina kowane aiki a kan ko kusa da kogin Semliki ko Isango wanda zai rage yawan ruwan da ke shiga Tafkin Albert sai idan an amince da Gwamnatin Sudan&quot;.

==== Disamba 13, 1906 – Mataki na 4(a) na Yarjejeniyar Ɓangarori Ukku (Tripartite Treaty) ====
Mataki na 4(a) na Yarjejeniyar Ɓangarori Ukku (Birtaniya-Faransa-Italiya) ya bayyana cewa “Don yin aiki tare... don kiyayewa; ... muradun Birtaniya da Masar a fadin Kogin Nile, musamman game da tsara kwararar ruwan wannan kogi da rassan sa (tare da la'akari da muradun cikin gida) ba tare da nuna bambanci ga muradun Italiya ba&quot;. Wannan yarjejeniya, a zahiri, ta hana Habasha haƙƙinta na ikon mallaka kan amfani da ruwanta. Habasha ta yi watsi da yarjejeniyar domin ƙarfin sojanta da na siyasa bai isa ba don dawo da ikon yin amfani da ruwan Nile ba.

==== 1925 Musayar wasiku tsakanin Birtaniya da Italiya ====
Wasikun da suka shafi Tafkin Tana sun bayyana cewa: &quot;...Italiya ta amince da haƙƙin mallakar ruwa na farko na Masar da Sudan... kada su gina a kan madubin ruwan Blue Nile da White Nile (Sobat) da rassan su da magudanar ruwansu kowane irin aiki da zai iya canza kwararar su zuwa babban kogin.&quot; Habasha ta nuna rashin amincewarta da yarjejeniyar tare da sanar da ɓangarorin biyu ƙorafe-ƙorafenta:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;Zuwa ga gwamnatin Italiya: Gaskiyar cewa kun cimma yarjejeniya, da kuma gaskiyar cewa kun ga ya dace ku ba mu sanarwar haɗin gwiwa na wannan yarjejeniya, ya bayyana sarai cewa manufarku ita ce ku matsa mana lamba, kuma wannan a ra'ayinmu, nan take ya tayar da tambayar da ta gabata. Wannan tambaya da ke buƙatar binciken farko, dole ne a gabatar da ita a gaban Ƙungiyar Kasashen Duniya (League of Nations).&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;Zuwa ga gwamnatin Birtaniya: Tuni Gwamnatin Birtaniya ta fara shawarwari da Gwamnatin Habasha game da shawararta, kuma mun yi tsammanin cewa, ko an aiwatar da wannan shawara ko a'a, da an kammala shawarwarin da mu; ba za mu taɓa yin zargin cewa Gwamnatin Birtaniya za ta kulla yarjejeniya da wata Gwamnati game da Tafkinmu ba.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Lokacin da Ƙungiyar Kasashen Duniya (League of Nations) ta buƙaci bayani daga gwamnatocin Birtaniya da Italiya, sun musanta ƙalubalantar ikon mallakar Habasha a kan Tafkin Tana.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Tilahun|1979|p=90}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mayu 7, 1929 – Yarjejeniyar tsakanin Masar da Anglo-Egyptian Sudan ====
Wannan yarjejeniya ta haɗa da:
* Masar da Sudan za su yi amfani da mita cubic biliyan 48 da biliyan 4 na kwararar ruwan Nile a kowace shekara, bi da bi;
* Kwararar ruwan Nile a lokacin Janairu 20 zuwa Yuli 15 (lokacin rani) za a keɓe shi don Masar kawai;
* Masar tana da haƙƙin sanya idanu kan kwararar ruwan Nile a ƙasashen da ke saman kogi;
* Masar ta ɗauki haƙƙin gudanar da ayyukan da suka shafi kogin Nile ba tare da amincewar ƙasashen da ke saman kogi ba.
* Masar ta ɗauki haƙƙin nuna rashin amincewa (veto) ga kowane aikin gine-gine da zai yi tasiri ga muradunta mara kyau.

==== Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Nile ta Shekarar 1959 ==== 
Yarjejeniyar Don Cikakken Amfani da Ruwan Nile tsakanin Sudan da Masar ta kafa cikakken ikon sarrafa ruwan Nile. Wannan yarjejeniya ta haɗa da:
* An warware takaddamar da aka dade ana yi game da matsakaicin kwararar ruwan Nile na shekara-shekara, inda aka sanya adadin ya kai kusan mita cubic biliyan 84 kamar yadda aka auna a madatsar ruwa ta Aswan High Dam da ke Masar.
* Yarjejeniyar ta tanadi cewa za a raba dukkan matsakaicin kwararar ruwan Nile na shekara-shekara tsakanin Sudan da Masar, inda aka ware mita cubic biliyan 18.5 ga Sudan sannan mita cubic biliyan 55.5 ga Masar.
* An kiyasta asarar shekara-shekara daga tururi (evaporation) da sauran abubuwa da kusan mita cubic biliyan 10, inda aka cire wannan adadin daga jimillar abin da kogin Nile ke bayarwa kafin a raba wa Masar da Sudan rabo.
* Sudan, cikin haɗin gwiwa da Masar, ta amince da gudanar da ayyukan da ke da manufar ƙara kwararar ruwan Nile ta hanyar rage asarar tururi a fadin dausayin Sudd da ke kusa da White Nile a kudancin Sudan. Za a raba kuɗaɗen fito da fa'idojin waɗannan ayyukan daidai-wa-daidai. Duk wani ikirari na sauran ƙasashen da ke gefen kogin Nile game da ruwan kogin, Sudan da Masar za su magance shi cikin haɗin gwiwa.
* Idan aka amince da da'awar kuma za a raba ruwan Nile ga wata ƙasa ta daban da ke gefen kogin, adadin da aka amince a kai za a rage shi daidai gwargwado daga rabon da aka ba Sudan da Masar, bisa ga adadin da aka auna a Aswan.
* An ba Masar izinin gina madatsar ruwa ta Aswan High Dam, wadda ke da ikon adana dukkan kwararar ruwan Kogin Nile na shekara-shekara.
* An ba Sudan damar gina madatsar ruwa ta Roseries Dam a kan Blue Nile da kuma ci gaba da ƙarin ayyukan ban ruwa da na samar da wutar lantarki domin yin amfani da cikakken rabon ruwan Nile da aka ware mata.
* An tsara kafa Hukumar Haɗin Gwiwa ta Fasaha ta Kudindindin don sauƙaƙe haɗin gwiwar fasaha tsakanin ƙasashen biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=The Defects and Effects of Past Treaties and Agreements on the Nile River Waters: Whose Faults Were they | website=MediaETHIOPIA | date=1999 |last=Mekonnen|first=Kefyalew| url=http://www.ethiopians.com/abay/engin.html | access-date=2026-01-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC AND THE REPUBLIC OF SUDAN FOR THE FULL UTILIZATION OF THE NILE WATERS, SIGNED AT CAIRO, NOVEMBER 8, 1959 AND PROTOCOL CONCERNING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PERMANENT JOINT TECHNICAL COMMITTEE SIGNED AT CAIRO, JANUARY 17, 1960 | url=https://www.internationalwaterlaw.org/documents/regionaldocs/UAR_Sudan1959_and_Protocol1960.pdf | access-date=2026-01-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shirin Haɗin Gwiwar Kogin Nile (Nile Basin Initiative) ===
Shirin Haɗin Gwiwar Kogin Nile (NBI) wani kawance ne tsakanin ƙasashen da ke gefen kogin Nile wanda &quot;ke neman haɓaka kogin cikin yanayi na haɗin gwiwa, raba manyan fa'idodin zamantakewa da tarradar tattalin arziki, da kuma haɓaka zaman lafiya da tsaro a yankin&quot;. An ƙaddamar da shi a hukumance a cikin watan Fabrairu na shekarar 1999 ta hannun ministocin ruwa na ƙasashe tara da ke raba kogin – Masar, Sudan, Habasha, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzaniya, Burundi, Ruwanda da Jamhuriyar Dimokaraɗiyyar Kongo tare da Eriteriya a matsayin mai sa ido.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=A|first1=Haileslassie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4woyikQZoMcC&amp;pg=PA64|title=Institutional settings and livelihood strategies in the Blue Nile Basin: implications for upstream/downstream linkages|last2=Fitsum|first2=Hagos|last3=Everisto|first3=Mapedza|last4=W|first4=Sadoff, Claudia|last5=Bekele|first5=Awulachew, Seleshi|last6=S|first6=Gebreselassie|last7=D|first7=Peden|date=2009-02-05|publisher=IWMI|isbn=978-92-9090-700-8|pages=64|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tsarin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa ===

* 1966: Dokokin Helsinki kan Amfani da Ruwan Kogunan Ƙasa da Ƙasa – Waɗanda Ƙungiyar Dokokin Ƙasa da Ƙasa (International Law Association) ta amince da su a babban taron karo na 52 da aka gudanar a Helsinki a watan Agusta 1966, dokokin suna tsara amfani da ruwan magudanar ruwa na ƙasa da ƙasa sai dai idan an tanadi wani abu daban ta hanyar babban taro, yarjejeniya ko al'ada mai gauraye da doka tsakanin Ƙasashen da ke yankin magudanar ruwan.
* 1995: An sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Raba Magudanun Ruwa a yankin Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Kudancin Afirka (SADC) a Johannesburg, 28 Agusta 1995.&lt;ref&gt;FAO Corporate Document Repository. (1995) Protocol on shared watercourse systems in the Southern African development community (SADC) region signed at Johannesburg, 28 August 1995. http://www.fao.org/docrep/W7414B/w7414b0n.htm.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1997: Yarjejeniyar Dokokin Amfani da Magudanun Ruwa na Ƙasa da Ƙasa don Ayyukan da Ba na Tuƙin Jiragen Ruwa ba.

=== Tasirin yarjejeniyoyi da manufofi kan amfani da ruwan kogin Nile ===
A lokacin mulkin mallaka, Birtaniya ta ikoranci kogin Nile ta hanyar kasancewar sojojinta a Afirka. Tun bayan samun ƴancin kai na Sudan, Sudan ta sake yin shawarwari da Masar kan amfani da ruwan Nile. Yarjejeniyar shekarar 1959 tsakanin Sudan da Masar ta ware daukacin matsakaicin kwararar ruwan Nile na shekara-shekara don rabawa tsakanin Sudan da Masar akan mita cubic biliyan 18.5 da biliyan 55.5 bi da bi, amma ta yi watsi da haƙƙin ruwa na sauran ƙasashen Nile guda takwas. Habasha tana ba da gudummawar kashi 80% na jimillar kwararar ruwan Nile, amma ta yarjejeniyar 1959 ba ta da haƙƙin kowane albarkatunsa. Sai dai kuma, yarjejeniyar da ke tsakanin Masar da Sudan ba ta da tursasawa ga Habasha domin ba ta taɓa kasancewa ɓangare na yarjejeniyar ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=37. Agreement 57 between the Republic of the Sudan and the United Arab Republic for the full utilization of the Nile waters signed at Cairo, 8 November 195964|url=http://www.fao.org/3/w7414b/w7414b13.htm|access-date=2021-01-12|website=www.fao.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun farkon shekarun 1990, Habasha ta yi nasarar fuskantar turjiya daga Masar da Sudan game da ayyukan samar da ruwa a Habasha don ƙara yawan ban-ruwa da damar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Ashok Swain. (2002) SAIS Review. ''The Nile Basin Initiative: Too Many Cooks, Too Little Broth''. 22:2. pp. 293–308.&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga watan Mayun 2010, Habasha da sauran ƙasashen da ke saman kogi sun ƙaddamar da Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa ta Kogin Nile a wani yanki na tabbatar da daidaiton amfani tsakanin dukkan ƙasashen da ke gefen kogin Nile.&lt;ref&gt;Abadir M. Ibrahim, ''The Nile Basin Cooperative Framework Agreement: The Beginning of the End of Egyptian Hydro-Political Hegemony'', 18 Missouri Environmental Law and Policy Review 282 (2011). http://law.missouri.edu/melpr/recentpublications/Ibrahim.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306194832/http://law.missouri.edu/melpr/recentpublications/Ibrahim.pdf/ |date=2016-03-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Damammakin haɗin gwiwa a fadin Kogin Nile ===

Masar ta ci gaba da kasancewa babbar mai amfani da ruwan Nile. A cewar Swain da Fadel, rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da fama da fatara a sauran ƙasashen tara na gefen kogin ya iyakance ikon su na matsawa zuwa ga ci gaban zamantakewa da tarradar tattalin arziki na kogin Nile.&lt;ref&gt;A. Swain. (2002)SAIS Review. The Nile Basin Initiative: Too Many Cooks, Too Little Broth. 22:2. pp. 293–308.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;M. El Fadel. (2003)Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education: The Nile Basin: a Case Study in Surface Water Conflict Resolution. 32:7. pp. 107–117.&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar Lemma, babbar tambayar da ke gaban ƙasashen gefen kogin Nile ita ce: Shin Shirin Haɗin Gwiwar Kogin Nile (Nile Basin Initiative) zai taimaka musu wajen shawo kan rashin adalci da rashin daidaito na raba albarkatun ruwan Nile? &lt;ref&gt;S. Lemma. (2001) Cooperating on the Nile not a Zero-sum Game. UN Chronicle. 3. p. 65.&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="20232" sha1="inwhu2cu52glrpz1d9kxburh7bbfw8y" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
A matsayinta na wani tarin ruwa da ke ratsa iyakokin siyasa na duniya da dama, Kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] yana fuskantar takaddama da dama game da haƙƙin ruwa . A al'adance ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin kogin da ya fi tsayi a duniya wanda ke gudana {{Convert|6,700|km|mi}} ta hanyar ƙasashe goma a arewa maso gabashin [[Afirka]] - [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] (DRC), [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Sudan ta Kudu]], [[Sudan]] da [[Misra|Masar]] tare da yanayi daban-daban.

Dangane da yankin kogin Nilu, Sudan ce ke da mafi girman girman ( {{Convert|1,900,000|km2|mi2}}     ) yayin da, daga cikin manyan magudanan ruwa guda huɗu da ke ratsa kogin Nilu, uku sun fito ne daga Habasha - [[Blue Nile]], [[Kogin Sobat|Sobat]] da Atbara . Tarihin zamani na siyasa a cikin Kogin Nilu yana da matuƙar rikitarwa kuma yana da fa'idodi masu yawa ga ci gaban yanki da na duniya. 

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Tebur mai zuwa yana nuna  wadatar ruwa a kowace ƙasa a cikin kwarin Nilu, da kuma kimantawar masu bincike game da raguwar wadatar ruwa ga waɗannan ƙasashe, saboda karuwar yawan mutanen ƙasashe.


Sudan kuma tana da ƙarfin ruwa kuma ta ƙirƙiri madatsun ruwa guda huɗu a ƙarni na ƙarshe. Wannan ya haifar da ci gaban da ya zuwa yanzu ya kai {{Convert|18,000|km2|mi2}}     na ƙasar ban ruwa, wanda hakan ya sanya [[Sudan]] ta zama ta biyu mafi yawan amfani da kogin Nilu, bayan Masar. 

Duk da yake Masar ta dogara sosai da Kogin Nilu, akwai dalilai da zasu iya haifar da rikici game da rarraba ruwan Kogin Nulu. Misali, Masar tana da irin wannan tattalin arzikin da ke dogara da aikin gona. Bugu da ƙari, Masar ta riga ta dogara da shigo da ruwa mai kama da juna, dabarar da za ta iya haifar da ƙasar don ƙoƙarin rikice-rikicen ruwa na gaba. Kogin Habasha yana samar da kusan kashi 86 cikin 100 na ruwan Kogin Nilu. A cikin shekaru, jihohin da ke da hannu sun sanya yarjejeniyoyi da yarjejeniyoyi don a iya sarrafa rikici.

=== Misira da Kogin Nilu ===
Al'adun Masar sun ci gaba da amfani da gudanar da ruwa da aikin gona na kimanin shekaru 5,000 a kwarin Kogin Nilu. Masarawa sun yi aikin ban ruwa, wani nau'i na gudanar da ruwa wanda ya dace da tashi da faduwar Kogin Nilu. Tun a kusa da 3000 KZ, Masarawa sun gina bankunan yumɓu don samar da tafkunan ambaliyar ruwa na girma daban-daban waɗanda aka tsara ta hanyar shingen don ambaliyar ambaliyar a cikin kwandon inda za ta zauna har sai ƙasa ta cika, sannan aka zubar da ruwa, kuma an dasa amfanin gona. Wannan hanyar noma ba ta lalata ƙasa da abubuwan gina jiki ba ko kuma ta haifar da matsalolin salinization da hanyoyin noma na zamani ke fuskanta.

=== Yarjejeniyar da ta shafi amfani da ruwan Nilu ===

==== Afrilu 15, 1891 - Mataki na III na Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Italian ====
Mataki na III ya bayyana cewa &quot;gwamnatin Italiya ba ta gina a kan Kogin Atbara ba, saboda ban ruwa, duk wani aiki wanda zai iya canza kwararar sa cikin Kogin Nilu&quot;. Harshen da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin wannan labarin ya kasance mai wuyar fahimta don samar da haƙƙin mallaka ko haƙƙin amfani da ruwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

==== Mayu 15, 1902 – Mataki na III na Yarjejeniyar tsakanin Birtaniya da Habasha ====
Mataki na uku na yarjejeniyar tsakanin Birtaniya da Habasha ya zama ɗaya daga cikin yarjejeniyoyin da suka fi fuskantar ce-ce-ku-ce game da amfani da ruwan Kogin Nile. Manufar wannan yarjejeniya ita ce kafa iyaka tsakanin Habasha da Sudan. Ɗaya daga cikin matakan ta, mai lamba III, ya shafi amfani da ruwan Nile. Sigar Turanci, kamar yadda Birtaniya ta sake dubawa sannan daga baya Sudan ma ta duba, tana cewa: &quot;Mai Martaba Sarkin Sarakuna Menilik II, Sarkin Sarakunan Habasha, ya ɗauki alkawari ga Gwamnatin Mai Martaba Birtaniya cewa ba zai gina ba ko ba da izinin gina kowane irin aiki ba a kan Blue Nile, Tafkin Tana, ko Sobat, wanda zai dakatar da kwararar ruwansu sai fa idan an amince da Gwamnatin Mai Martaba Birtaniya da Gwamnatin Sudan.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Okidi|1994|p=324}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Tilahun|1979}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma, sigar yaren Amharic ta ba da ma'ana da fahimta ta daban ga Habasha&lt;ref&gt;Mesfin Abebe (address of Nov. 24, 1994), ''in The Nile – Source of Regional Cooperation or Conflict?'', 20 Water Int'l 32 (1995).&lt;/ref&gt; kuma &quot;wannan ƙasa ba ta taɓa amincewa da ita ba.&quot;

==== Mayu 9, 1906 – Mataki na III na Yarjejeniyar tsakanin Birtaniya da Kongo ====
Mataki na III na Yarjejeniyar tsakanin Birtaniya da Gwamnatin Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kongo ya bayyana cewa &quot;Gwamnatin mai zaman kanta ta Kongo ta ɗauki alkawarin ba za ta gina ba, ko ba da izinin gina kowane aiki a kan ko kusa da kogin Semliki ko Isango wanda zai rage yawan ruwan da ke shiga Tafkin Albert sai idan an amince da Gwamnatin Sudan&quot;.

==== Disamba 13, 1906 – Mataki na 4(a) na Yarjejeniyar Ɓangarori Ukku (Tripartite Treaty) ====
Mataki na 4(a) na Yarjejeniyar Ɓangarori Ukku (Birtaniya-Faransa-Italiya) ya bayyana cewa “Don yin aiki tare... don kiyayewa; ... muradun Birtaniya da Masar a fadin Kogin Nile, musamman game da tsara kwararar ruwan wannan kogi da rassan sa (tare da la'akari da muradun cikin gida) ba tare da nuna bambanci ga muradun Italiya ba&quot;. Wannan yarjejeniya, a zahiri, ta hana Habasha haƙƙinta na ikon mallaka kan amfani da ruwanta. Habasha ta yi watsi da yarjejeniyar domin ƙarfin sojanta da na siyasa bai isa ba don dawo da ikon yin amfani da ruwan Nile ba.

==== 1925 Musayar wasiku tsakanin Birtaniya da Italiya ====
Wasikun da suka shafi Tafkin Tana sun bayyana cewa: &quot;...Italiya ta amince da haƙƙin mallakar ruwa na farko na Masar da Sudan... kada su gina a kan madubin ruwan Blue Nile da White Nile (Sobat) da rassan su da magudanar ruwansu kowane irin aiki da zai iya canza kwararar su zuwa babban kogin.&quot; Habasha ta nuna rashin amincewarta da yarjejeniyar tare da sanar da ɓangarorin biyu ƙorafe-ƙorafenta:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;Zuwa ga gwamnatin Italiya: Gaskiyar cewa kun cimma yarjejeniya, da kuma gaskiyar cewa kun ga ya dace ku ba mu sanarwar haɗin gwiwa na wannan yarjejeniya, ya bayyana sarai cewa manufarku ita ce ku matsa mana lamba, kuma wannan a ra'ayinmu, nan take ya tayar da tambayar da ta gabata. Wannan tambaya da ke buƙatar binciken farko, dole ne a gabatar da ita a gaban Ƙungiyar Kasashen Duniya (League of Nations).&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;Zuwa ga gwamnatin Birtaniya: Tuni Gwamnatin Birtaniya ta fara shawarwari da Gwamnatin Habasha game da shawararta, kuma mun yi tsammanin cewa, ko an aiwatar da wannan shawara ko a'a, da an kammala shawarwarin da mu; ba za mu taɓa yin zargin cewa Gwamnatin Birtaniya za ta kulla yarjejeniya da wata Gwamnati game da Tafkinmu ba.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Lokacin da Ƙungiyar Kasashen Duniya (League of Nations) ta buƙaci bayani daga gwamnatocin Birtaniya da Italiya, sun musanta ƙalubalantar ikon mallakar Habasha a kan Tafkin Tana.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Tilahun|1979|p=90}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mayu 7, 1929 – Yarjejeniyar tsakanin Masar da Anglo-Egyptian Sudan ====
Wannan yarjejeniya ta haɗa da:
* Masar da Sudan za su yi amfani da mita cubic biliyan 48 da biliyan 4 na kwararar ruwan Nile a kowace shekara, bi da bi;
* Kwararar ruwan Nile a lokacin Janairu 20 zuwa Yuli 15 (lokacin rani) za a keɓe shi don Masar kawai;
* Masar tana da haƙƙin sanya idanu kan kwararar ruwan Nile a ƙasashen da ke saman kogi;
* Masar ta ɗauki haƙƙin gudanar da ayyukan da suka shafi kogin Nile ba tare da amincewar ƙasashen da ke saman kogi ba.
* Masar ta ɗauki haƙƙin nuna rashin amincewa (veto) ga kowane aikin gine-gine da zai yi tasiri ga muradunta mara kyau.

==== Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Nile ta Shekarar 1959 ==== 
Yarjejeniyar Don Cikakken Amfani da Ruwan Nile tsakanin Sudan da Masar ta kafa cikakken ikon sarrafa ruwan Nile. Wannan yarjejeniya ta haɗa da:
* An warware takaddamar da aka dade ana yi game da matsakaicin kwararar ruwan Nile na shekara-shekara, inda aka sanya adadin ya kai kusan mita cubic biliyan 84 kamar yadda aka auna a madatsar ruwa ta Aswan High Dam da ke Masar.
* Yarjejeniyar ta tanadi cewa za a raba dukkan matsakaicin kwararar ruwan Nile na shekara-shekara tsakanin Sudan da Masar, inda aka ware mita cubic biliyan 18.5 ga Sudan sannan mita cubic biliyan 55.5 ga Masar.
* An kiyasta asarar shekara-shekara daga tururi (evaporation) da sauran abubuwa da kusan mita cubic biliyan 10, inda aka cire wannan adadin daga jimillar abin da kogin Nile ke bayarwa kafin a raba wa Masar da Sudan rabo.
* Sudan, cikin haɗin gwiwa da Masar, ta amince da gudanar da ayyukan da ke da manufar ƙara kwararar ruwan Nile ta hanyar rage asarar tururi a fadin dausayin Sudd da ke kusa da White Nile a kudancin Sudan. Za a raba kuɗaɗen fito da fa'idojin waɗannan ayyukan daidai-wa-daidai. Duk wani ikirari na sauran ƙasashen da ke gefen kogin Nile game da ruwan kogin, Sudan da Masar za su magance shi cikin haɗin gwiwa.
* Idan aka amince da da'awar kuma za a raba ruwan Nile ga wata ƙasa ta daban da ke gefen kogin, adadin da aka amince a kai za a rage shi daidai gwargwado daga rabon da aka ba Sudan da Masar, bisa ga adadin da aka auna a Aswan.
* An ba Masar izinin gina madatsar ruwa ta Aswan High Dam, wadda ke da ikon adana dukkan kwararar ruwan Kogin Nile na shekara-shekara.
* An ba Sudan damar gina madatsar ruwa ta Roseries Dam a kan Blue Nile da kuma ci gaba da ƙarin ayyukan ban ruwa da na samar da wutar lantarki domin yin amfani da cikakken rabon ruwan Nile da aka ware mata.
* An tsara kafa Hukumar Haɗin Gwiwa ta Fasaha ta Kudindindin don sauƙaƙe haɗin gwiwar fasaha tsakanin ƙasashen biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=The Defects and Effects of Past Treaties and Agreements on the Nile River Waters: Whose Faults Were they | website=MediaETHIOPIA | date=1999 |last=Mekonnen|first=Kefyalew| url=http://www.ethiopians.com/abay/engin.html | access-date=2026-01-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC AND THE REPUBLIC OF SUDAN FOR THE FULL UTILIZATION OF THE NILE WATERS, SIGNED AT CAIRO, NOVEMBER 8, 1959 AND PROTOCOL CONCERNING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PERMANENT JOINT TECHNICAL COMMITTEE SIGNED AT CAIRO, JANUARY 17, 1960 | url=https://www.internationalwaterlaw.org/documents/regionaldocs/UAR_Sudan1959_and_Protocol1960.pdf | access-date=2026-01-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shirin Haɗin Gwiwar Kogin Nile (Nile Basin Initiative) ===
Shirin Haɗin Gwiwar Kogin Nile (NBI) wani kawance ne tsakanin ƙasashen da ke gefen kogin Nile wanda &quot;ke neman haɓaka kogin cikin yanayi na haɗin gwiwa, raba manyan fa'idodin zamantakewa da tarradar tattalin arziki, da kuma haɓaka zaman lafiya da tsaro a yankin&quot;. An ƙaddamar da shi a hukumance a cikin watan Fabrairu na shekarar 1999 ta hannun ministocin ruwa na ƙasashe tara da ke raba kogin – Masar, Sudan, Habasha, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzaniya, Burundi, Ruwanda da Jamhuriyar Dimokaraɗiyyar Kongo tare da Eriteriya a matsayin mai sa ido.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=A|first1=Haileslassie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4woyikQZoMcC&amp;pg=PA64|title=Institutional settings and livelihood strategies in the Blue Nile Basin: implications for upstream/downstream linkages|last2=Fitsum|first2=Hagos|last3=Everisto|first3=Mapedza|last4=W|first4=Sadoff, Claudia|last5=Bekele|first5=Awulachew, Seleshi|last6=S|first6=Gebreselassie|last7=D|first7=Peden|date=2009-02-05|publisher=IWMI|isbn=978-92-9090-700-8|pages=64|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tsarin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa ===

* 1966: Dokokin Helsinki kan Amfani da Ruwan Kogunan Ƙasa da Ƙasa – Waɗanda Ƙungiyar Dokokin Ƙasa da Ƙasa (International Law Association) ta amince da su a babban taron karo na 52 da aka gudanar a Helsinki a watan Agusta 1966, dokokin suna tsara amfani da ruwan magudanar ruwa na ƙasa da ƙasa sai dai idan an tanadi wani abu daban ta hanyar babban taro, yarjejeniya ko al'ada mai gauraye da doka tsakanin Ƙasashen da ke yankin magudanar ruwan.
* 1995: An sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Raba Magudanun Ruwa a yankin Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Kudancin Afirka (SADC) a Johannesburg, 28 Agusta 1995.&lt;ref&gt;FAO Corporate Document Repository. (1995) Protocol on shared watercourse systems in the Southern African development community (SADC) region signed at Johannesburg, 28 August 1995. http://www.fao.org/docrep/W7414B/w7414b0n.htm.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1997: Yarjejeniyar Dokokin Amfani da Magudanun Ruwa na Ƙasa da Ƙasa don Ayyukan da Ba na Tuƙin Jiragen Ruwa ba.

=== Tasirin yarjejeniyoyi da manufofi kan amfani da ruwan kogin Nile ===
A lokacin mulkin mallaka, Birtaniya ta ikoranci kogin Nile ta hanyar kasancewar sojojinta a Afirka. Tun bayan samun ƴancin kai na Sudan, Sudan ta sake yin shawarwari da Masar kan amfani da ruwan Nile. Yarjejeniyar shekarar 1959 tsakanin Sudan da Masar ta ware daukacin matsakaicin kwararar ruwan Nile na shekara-shekara don rabawa tsakanin Sudan da Masar akan mita cubic biliyan 18.5 da biliyan 55.5 bi da bi, amma ta yi watsi da haƙƙin ruwa na sauran ƙasashen Nile guda takwas. Habasha tana ba da gudummawar kashi 80% na jimillar kwararar ruwan Nile, amma ta yarjejeniyar 1959 ba ta da haƙƙin kowane albarkatunsa. Sai dai kuma, yarjejeniyar da ke tsakanin Masar da Sudan ba ta da tursasawa ga Habasha domin ba ta taɓa kasancewa ɓangare na yarjejeniyar ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=37. Agreement 57 between the Republic of the Sudan and the United Arab Republic for the full utilization of the Nile waters signed at Cairo, 8 November 195964|url=http://www.fao.org/3/w7414b/w7414b13.htm|access-date=2021-01-12|website=www.fao.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun farkon shekarun 1990, Habasha ta yi nasarar fuskantar turjiya daga Masar da Sudan game da ayyukan samar da ruwa a Habasha don ƙara yawan ban-ruwa da damar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Ashok Swain. (2002) SAIS Review. ''The Nile Basin Initiative: Too Many Cooks, Too Little Broth''. 22:2. pp. 293–308.&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga watan Mayun 2010, Habasha da sauran ƙasashen da ke saman kogi sun ƙaddamar da Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa ta Kogin Nile a wani yanki na tabbatar da daidaiton amfani tsakanin dukkan ƙasashen da ke gefen kogin Nile.&lt;ref&gt;Abadir M. Ibrahim, ''The Nile Basin Cooperative Framework Agreement: The Beginning of the End of Egyptian Hydro-Political Hegemony'', 18 Missouri Environmental Law and Policy Review 282 (2011). http://law.missouri.edu/melpr/recentpublications/Ibrahim.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306194832/http://law.missouri.edu/melpr/recentpublications/Ibrahim.pdf/ |date=2016-03-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Damammakin haɗin gwiwa a fadin Kogin Nile ===

Masar ta ci gaba da kasancewa babbar mai amfani da ruwan Nile. A cewar Swain da Fadel, rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da fama da fatara a sauran ƙasashen tara na gefen kogin ya iyakance ikon su na matsawa zuwa ga ci gaban zamantakewa da tarradar tattalin arziki na kogin Nile.&lt;ref&gt;A. Swain. (2002)SAIS Review. The Nile Basin Initiative: Too Many Cooks, Too Little Broth. 22:2. pp. 293–308.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;M. El Fadel. (2003)Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education: The Nile Basin: a Case Study in Surface Water Conflict Resolution. 32:7. pp. 107–117.&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar Lemma, babbar tambayar da ke gaban ƙasashen gefen kogin Nile ita ce: Shin Shirin Haɗin Gwiwar Kogin Nile (Nile Basin Initiative) zai taimaka musu wajen shawo kan rashin adalci da rashin daidaito na raba albarkatun ruwan Nile? &lt;ref&gt;S. Lemma. (2001) Cooperating on the Nile not a Zero-sum Game. UN Chronicle. 3. p. 65.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran batutuwa a fannin siyasar ruwa (Hydropolitics) ==

=== Gurbacewar Kogin Nile ===

Yayin da mafi yawancin ingancin ruwan kogin yake cikin mizanai masu kyau, akwai wasu muhimman wurare da matsalar ta fi shafa musu musamman a cikin magudanun ban-ruwa da na magudanar ruwan duka. Hanyoyin da ake samun gurbataccen ruwa sun haɗa da sharar gona, masana'antu, da sharar gida. Akwai masana'antu guda 36 da ke zuba gurbataccen sharaku kai-tsaye cikin kogin Nile, da kuma guda 41 da ke zuba nasu a cikin magudanun ban-ruwa. Irin waɗannan masana'antu sun haɗa da: sinadarai, lantarki, aikin injiniya, takin zamani, abinci, ƙarfe, ma'adinai, mai da sabulu, ɓangaren takarda, kayan kariya daga zafi (refractory), tufafi da katako. Akwai magudanun sharar gona sama da 90 da ke kwarara cikin kogin Nile waɗanda su kuma suka haɗa da ruwan guba na masana'antu.&lt;ref&gt;NBI, 2005.Nile Basin Initiative, 2005. Nile Basin National Water Quality Monitoring Baseline Study Report for Egypt&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan ya wuce ka'idojin Ƙungiyar Turai na gurbacewar kashi, kuma akwai yawaitar gishiri da shigar ruwan gishiri cikin yankin delta. Gurbacewar gishiri (Salinization) tana faruwa ne lokacin da aka sami taruwar gishiri a cikin ƙasa. Ƙasar ba za ta iya riƙe ruwa ba wanda hakan ke hana kowane abu girma. Shigar ruwan gishiri (Saline intrusion) kuma shi ne lokacin da ruwan gishiri ya mamaye ƙasa gaba ɗaya. Yankin arewa maso gabashin Nile Delta yana da yawan mace-mace na cutar daji ta baƙar ciki (pancreatic cancer) wanda aka yi amon cewa yana faruwa ne sakamakon babban mataki na karafa masu nauyi da magungunan kashe kwari na organchlorine da aka samu a cikin ƙasa da ruwa. Sanadiyyar shan taba shi ne aka fi sani da kawo cutar cadmium, kodayake an yi amon cewa a wannan yanki, samun cutar yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hulɗa da ƙarafa masu nauyi da magungunan kashe kwari da ake samu a cikin ƙasa da ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Soliman, A, et al. 2005. Environmental Contamination and Toxicology: Geographical Clustering of Pancreatic Cancers in the Northeast Nile Delta Region of Egypt:&lt;/ref&gt; 
An gano cutar basur ta jini/tsutsotsin ciki (Schistosomiasis—cutar da tsutsotsi masu juyawa ke kawo ta) a cikin magudanun ban-ruwa tare da benthic cyanobacteria da ke samar da shimfiɗa. [https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/bathing/srwe1-chap8.pdf]&lt;ref&gt;Khairy, A. 1998. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal: Water Contact Activities and Schistosomiasis Infection in menoufia, Nile Delta, Egypt: Volume 4, Issue 1 pp. 100-106&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Magudanun ruwan ban-ruwa ===

Aikin gona shi ne babban mai amfani da ruwa a Masar inda yake amfani da kusan kashi 85% na ruwan da ke akwai.&lt;ref&gt;Nile Basin Initiative, 2005. Nile Basin National Water Quality Monitoring Baseline Study Report for Egypt&lt;/ref&gt;
Ruwan magudanar ruwa daga gonaki yana ɗauke da abubuwan gurbatawa kamar ragowar magungunan kashe kwari, gurbatattun sinadarai masu guba da marasa guba, gishiri da ruwan guda na gida da aka tace da wanda ba a tace ba. A gabas – magudanun Delta – Faraskour, Serw da Hadous, samfuran ruwan suna ɗauke da babban mataki na tsutsotsi (hookworms) da sauran ƙwai na tsutsotsin ciki.&lt;ref&gt;Water Policy Program, 2002. Survey of Nile System Pollution Sources Report No. 64.&lt;/ref&gt;
A ƙauyukan da ruwan da ke akwai kawai shi ne na magudanun ban-ruwa, ana amfani da ruwan don ayyukan gida sannan a sake zubar da shi a cikin magudanun sharar ruwa.
A wasu yankunan, ƙarancin matakin ruwa ba ya isa ga hanyoyin ruwa, don haka manoma ke gina injunan taya na ba-shari'a don fitar da ruwa zuwa saman magudanun ruwan don su yi ban-ruwa a ƙasarsu. Rashin magudanun ruwa da kuma aiwatar da doka ta hannun jami'ai don magance waɗannan matsalolin suna taimakawa wajen gurbata ƙasa da ruwa. Mutanen ƙauyen da ke shan gurbataccen ruwa sun kamu da cututtukan ƙoda da hanta.&lt;ref&gt;Land Center for Human Rights, 2005. Water Problems in the Egyptian Countryside Between Corruption and Lack of Planning, Case Studies of Two Egyptian Villages, Land and Farmers Series, Issue No. 32&lt;/ref&gt;
Takin dabbobi, lissafin da aka hako daga magudanun ruwa da laka na takin zamani suna raruwa kuma abubuwan gurbatawa su ne babban tushen gurbacewa. Manoma suna amfani da sake amfani da ruwan magudanar ruwan gona ta hanyar shari'a da ta ba-shari'a. Rashin tsarin ban-ruwa mai kyau da rashin ilimi kan hanyoyin ban-ruwa masu inganci da noman amfanin gona suna taimakawa wajen lalacewar amfanin gona da gurbata magudanun ruwa. A yankunan da babu tsarin gudanarwa na yau da kullun don famfo ruwa na injunan dizal na kowane mutum, yawanci masu amfani da ke can ƙarshen layin ba sa samun isasshen ruwa don kula da amfanin gona.&lt;ref&gt;IPRID Secretariat, 2005. Rapid Assessment Study Towards Integrated Planning of Irrigation and Drainage in Egypt Final Report 2005&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-13T10:48:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirjat</username>
        <id>20447</id>
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      <comment>/* Magudanun ruwan ban-ruwa */</comment>
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      <text bytes="23553" sha1="lsxzjrph7skfzy5ezfkdq8jmn8olfqi" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
A matsayinta na wani tarin ruwa da ke ratsa iyakokin siyasa na duniya da dama, Kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] yana fuskantar takaddama da dama game da haƙƙin ruwa . A al'adance ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin kogin da ya fi tsayi a duniya wanda ke gudana {{Convert|6,700|km|mi}} ta hanyar ƙasashe goma a arewa maso gabashin [[Afirka]] - [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] (DRC), [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Sudan ta Kudu]], [[Sudan]] da [[Misra|Masar]] tare da yanayi daban-daban.

Dangane da yankin kogin Nilu, Sudan ce ke da mafi girman girman ( {{Convert|1,900,000|km2|mi2}}     ) yayin da, daga cikin manyan magudanan ruwa guda huɗu da ke ratsa kogin Nilu, uku sun fito ne daga Habasha - [[Blue Nile]], [[Kogin Sobat|Sobat]] da Atbara . Tarihin zamani na siyasa a cikin Kogin Nilu yana da matuƙar rikitarwa kuma yana da fa'idodi masu yawa ga ci gaban yanki da na duniya. 

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Tebur mai zuwa yana nuna  wadatar ruwa a kowace ƙasa a cikin kwarin Nilu, da kuma kimantawar masu bincike game da raguwar wadatar ruwa ga waɗannan ƙasashe, saboda karuwar yawan mutanen ƙasashe.


Sudan kuma tana da ƙarfin ruwa kuma ta ƙirƙiri madatsun ruwa guda huɗu a ƙarni na ƙarshe. Wannan ya haifar da ci gaban da ya zuwa yanzu ya kai {{Convert|18,000|km2|mi2}}     na ƙasar ban ruwa, wanda hakan ya sanya [[Sudan]] ta zama ta biyu mafi yawan amfani da kogin Nilu, bayan Masar. 

Duk da yake Masar ta dogara sosai da Kogin Nilu, akwai dalilai da zasu iya haifar da rikici game da rarraba ruwan Kogin Nulu. Misali, Masar tana da irin wannan tattalin arzikin da ke dogara da aikin gona. Bugu da ƙari, Masar ta riga ta dogara da shigo da ruwa mai kama da juna, dabarar da za ta iya haifar da ƙasar don ƙoƙarin rikice-rikicen ruwa na gaba. Kogin Habasha yana samar da kusan kashi 86 cikin 100 na ruwan Kogin Nilu. A cikin shekaru, jihohin da ke da hannu sun sanya yarjejeniyoyi da yarjejeniyoyi don a iya sarrafa rikici.

=== Misira da Kogin Nilu ===
Al'adun Masar sun ci gaba da amfani da gudanar da ruwa da aikin gona na kimanin shekaru 5,000 a kwarin Kogin Nilu. Masarawa sun yi aikin ban ruwa, wani nau'i na gudanar da ruwa wanda ya dace da tashi da faduwar Kogin Nilu. Tun a kusa da 3000 KZ, Masarawa sun gina bankunan yumɓu don samar da tafkunan ambaliyar ruwa na girma daban-daban waɗanda aka tsara ta hanyar shingen don ambaliyar ambaliyar a cikin kwandon inda za ta zauna har sai ƙasa ta cika, sannan aka zubar da ruwa, kuma an dasa amfanin gona. Wannan hanyar noma ba ta lalata ƙasa da abubuwan gina jiki ba ko kuma ta haifar da matsalolin salinization da hanyoyin noma na zamani ke fuskanta.

=== Yarjejeniyar da ta shafi amfani da ruwan Nilu ===

==== Afrilu 15, 1891 - Mataki na III na Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Italian ====
Mataki na III ya bayyana cewa &quot;gwamnatin Italiya ba ta gina a kan Kogin Atbara ba, saboda ban ruwa, duk wani aiki wanda zai iya canza kwararar sa cikin Kogin Nilu&quot;. Harshen da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin wannan labarin ya kasance mai wuyar fahimta don samar da haƙƙin mallaka ko haƙƙin amfani da ruwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

==== Mayu 15, 1902 – Mataki na III na Yarjejeniyar tsakanin Birtaniya da Habasha ====
Mataki na uku na yarjejeniyar tsakanin Birtaniya da Habasha ya zama ɗaya daga cikin yarjejeniyoyin da suka fi fuskantar ce-ce-ku-ce game da amfani da ruwan Kogin Nile. Manufar wannan yarjejeniya ita ce kafa iyaka tsakanin Habasha da Sudan. Ɗaya daga cikin matakan ta, mai lamba III, ya shafi amfani da ruwan Nile. Sigar Turanci, kamar yadda Birtaniya ta sake dubawa sannan daga baya Sudan ma ta duba, tana cewa: &quot;Mai Martaba Sarkin Sarakuna Menilik II, Sarkin Sarakunan Habasha, ya ɗauki alkawari ga Gwamnatin Mai Martaba Birtaniya cewa ba zai gina ba ko ba da izinin gina kowane irin aiki ba a kan Blue Nile, Tafkin Tana, ko Sobat, wanda zai dakatar da kwararar ruwansu sai fa idan an amince da Gwamnatin Mai Martaba Birtaniya da Gwamnatin Sudan.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Okidi|1994|p=324}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Tilahun|1979}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma, sigar yaren Amharic ta ba da ma'ana da fahimta ta daban ga Habasha&lt;ref&gt;Mesfin Abebe (address of Nov. 24, 1994), ''in The Nile – Source of Regional Cooperation or Conflict?'', 20 Water Int'l 32 (1995).&lt;/ref&gt; kuma &quot;wannan ƙasa ba ta taɓa amincewa da ita ba.&quot;

==== Mayu 9, 1906 – Mataki na III na Yarjejeniyar tsakanin Birtaniya da Kongo ====
Mataki na III na Yarjejeniyar tsakanin Birtaniya da Gwamnatin Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kongo ya bayyana cewa &quot;Gwamnatin mai zaman kanta ta Kongo ta ɗauki alkawarin ba za ta gina ba, ko ba da izinin gina kowane aiki a kan ko kusa da kogin Semliki ko Isango wanda zai rage yawan ruwan da ke shiga Tafkin Albert sai idan an amince da Gwamnatin Sudan&quot;.

==== Disamba 13, 1906 – Mataki na 4(a) na Yarjejeniyar Ɓangarori Ukku (Tripartite Treaty) ====
Mataki na 4(a) na Yarjejeniyar Ɓangarori Ukku (Birtaniya-Faransa-Italiya) ya bayyana cewa “Don yin aiki tare... don kiyayewa; ... muradun Birtaniya da Masar a fadin Kogin Nile, musamman game da tsara kwararar ruwan wannan kogi da rassan sa (tare da la'akari da muradun cikin gida) ba tare da nuna bambanci ga muradun Italiya ba&quot;. Wannan yarjejeniya, a zahiri, ta hana Habasha haƙƙinta na ikon mallaka kan amfani da ruwanta. Habasha ta yi watsi da yarjejeniyar domin ƙarfin sojanta da na siyasa bai isa ba don dawo da ikon yin amfani da ruwan Nile ba.

==== 1925 Musayar wasiku tsakanin Birtaniya da Italiya ====
Wasikun da suka shafi Tafkin Tana sun bayyana cewa: &quot;...Italiya ta amince da haƙƙin mallakar ruwa na farko na Masar da Sudan... kada su gina a kan madubin ruwan Blue Nile da White Nile (Sobat) da rassan su da magudanar ruwansu kowane irin aiki da zai iya canza kwararar su zuwa babban kogin.&quot; Habasha ta nuna rashin amincewarta da yarjejeniyar tare da sanar da ɓangarorin biyu ƙorafe-ƙorafenta:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;Zuwa ga gwamnatin Italiya: Gaskiyar cewa kun cimma yarjejeniya, da kuma gaskiyar cewa kun ga ya dace ku ba mu sanarwar haɗin gwiwa na wannan yarjejeniya, ya bayyana sarai cewa manufarku ita ce ku matsa mana lamba, kuma wannan a ra'ayinmu, nan take ya tayar da tambayar da ta gabata. Wannan tambaya da ke buƙatar binciken farko, dole ne a gabatar da ita a gaban Ƙungiyar Kasashen Duniya (League of Nations).&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;Zuwa ga gwamnatin Birtaniya: Tuni Gwamnatin Birtaniya ta fara shawarwari da Gwamnatin Habasha game da shawararta, kuma mun yi tsammanin cewa, ko an aiwatar da wannan shawara ko a'a, da an kammala shawarwarin da mu; ba za mu taɓa yin zargin cewa Gwamnatin Birtaniya za ta kulla yarjejeniya da wata Gwamnati game da Tafkinmu ba.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Lokacin da Ƙungiyar Kasashen Duniya (League of Nations) ta buƙaci bayani daga gwamnatocin Birtaniya da Italiya, sun musanta ƙalubalantar ikon mallakar Habasha a kan Tafkin Tana.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Tilahun|1979|p=90}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mayu 7, 1929 – Yarjejeniyar tsakanin Masar da Anglo-Egyptian Sudan ====
Wannan yarjejeniya ta haɗa da:
* Masar da Sudan za su yi amfani da mita cubic biliyan 48 da biliyan 4 na kwararar ruwan Nile a kowace shekara, bi da bi;
* Kwararar ruwan Nile a lokacin Janairu 20 zuwa Yuli 15 (lokacin rani) za a keɓe shi don Masar kawai;
* Masar tana da haƙƙin sanya idanu kan kwararar ruwan Nile a ƙasashen da ke saman kogi;
* Masar ta ɗauki haƙƙin gudanar da ayyukan da suka shafi kogin Nile ba tare da amincewar ƙasashen da ke saman kogi ba.
* Masar ta ɗauki haƙƙin nuna rashin amincewa (veto) ga kowane aikin gine-gine da zai yi tasiri ga muradunta mara kyau.

==== Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Nile ta Shekarar 1959 ==== 
Yarjejeniyar Don Cikakken Amfani da Ruwan Nile tsakanin Sudan da Masar ta kafa cikakken ikon sarrafa ruwan Nile. Wannan yarjejeniya ta haɗa da:
* An warware takaddamar da aka dade ana yi game da matsakaicin kwararar ruwan Nile na shekara-shekara, inda aka sanya adadin ya kai kusan mita cubic biliyan 84 kamar yadda aka auna a madatsar ruwa ta Aswan High Dam da ke Masar.
* Yarjejeniyar ta tanadi cewa za a raba dukkan matsakaicin kwararar ruwan Nile na shekara-shekara tsakanin Sudan da Masar, inda aka ware mita cubic biliyan 18.5 ga Sudan sannan mita cubic biliyan 55.5 ga Masar.
* An kiyasta asarar shekara-shekara daga tururi (evaporation) da sauran abubuwa da kusan mita cubic biliyan 10, inda aka cire wannan adadin daga jimillar abin da kogin Nile ke bayarwa kafin a raba wa Masar da Sudan rabo.
* Sudan, cikin haɗin gwiwa da Masar, ta amince da gudanar da ayyukan da ke da manufar ƙara kwararar ruwan Nile ta hanyar rage asarar tururi a fadin dausayin Sudd da ke kusa da White Nile a kudancin Sudan. Za a raba kuɗaɗen fito da fa'idojin waɗannan ayyukan daidai-wa-daidai. Duk wani ikirari na sauran ƙasashen da ke gefen kogin Nile game da ruwan kogin, Sudan da Masar za su magance shi cikin haɗin gwiwa.
* Idan aka amince da da'awar kuma za a raba ruwan Nile ga wata ƙasa ta daban da ke gefen kogin, adadin da aka amince a kai za a rage shi daidai gwargwado daga rabon da aka ba Sudan da Masar, bisa ga adadin da aka auna a Aswan.
* An ba Masar izinin gina madatsar ruwa ta Aswan High Dam, wadda ke da ikon adana dukkan kwararar ruwan Kogin Nile na shekara-shekara.
* An ba Sudan damar gina madatsar ruwa ta Roseries Dam a kan Blue Nile da kuma ci gaba da ƙarin ayyukan ban ruwa da na samar da wutar lantarki domin yin amfani da cikakken rabon ruwan Nile da aka ware mata.
* An tsara kafa Hukumar Haɗin Gwiwa ta Fasaha ta Kudindindin don sauƙaƙe haɗin gwiwar fasaha tsakanin ƙasashen biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=The Defects and Effects of Past Treaties and Agreements on the Nile River Waters: Whose Faults Were they | website=MediaETHIOPIA | date=1999 |last=Mekonnen|first=Kefyalew| url=http://www.ethiopians.com/abay/engin.html | access-date=2026-01-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC AND THE REPUBLIC OF SUDAN FOR THE FULL UTILIZATION OF THE NILE WATERS, SIGNED AT CAIRO, NOVEMBER 8, 1959 AND PROTOCOL CONCERNING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PERMANENT JOINT TECHNICAL COMMITTEE SIGNED AT CAIRO, JANUARY 17, 1960 | url=https://www.internationalwaterlaw.org/documents/regionaldocs/UAR_Sudan1959_and_Protocol1960.pdf | access-date=2026-01-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shirin Haɗin Gwiwar Kogin Nile (Nile Basin Initiative) ===
Shirin Haɗin Gwiwar Kogin Nile (NBI) wani kawance ne tsakanin ƙasashen da ke gefen kogin Nile wanda &quot;ke neman haɓaka kogin cikin yanayi na haɗin gwiwa, raba manyan fa'idodin zamantakewa da tarradar tattalin arziki, da kuma haɓaka zaman lafiya da tsaro a yankin&quot;. An ƙaddamar da shi a hukumance a cikin watan Fabrairu na shekarar 1999 ta hannun ministocin ruwa na ƙasashe tara da ke raba kogin – Masar, Sudan, Habasha, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzaniya, Burundi, Ruwanda da Jamhuriyar Dimokaraɗiyyar Kongo tare da Eriteriya a matsayin mai sa ido.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=A|first1=Haileslassie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4woyikQZoMcC&amp;pg=PA64|title=Institutional settings and livelihood strategies in the Blue Nile Basin: implications for upstream/downstream linkages|last2=Fitsum|first2=Hagos|last3=Everisto|first3=Mapedza|last4=W|first4=Sadoff, Claudia|last5=Bekele|first5=Awulachew, Seleshi|last6=S|first6=Gebreselassie|last7=D|first7=Peden|date=2009-02-05|publisher=IWMI|isbn=978-92-9090-700-8|pages=64|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tsarin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa ===

* 1966: Dokokin Helsinki kan Amfani da Ruwan Kogunan Ƙasa da Ƙasa – Waɗanda Ƙungiyar Dokokin Ƙasa da Ƙasa (International Law Association) ta amince da su a babban taron karo na 52 da aka gudanar a Helsinki a watan Agusta 1966, dokokin suna tsara amfani da ruwan magudanar ruwa na ƙasa da ƙasa sai dai idan an tanadi wani abu daban ta hanyar babban taro, yarjejeniya ko al'ada mai gauraye da doka tsakanin Ƙasashen da ke yankin magudanar ruwan.
* 1995: An sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Raba Magudanun Ruwa a yankin Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Kudancin Afirka (SADC) a Johannesburg, 28 Agusta 1995.&lt;ref&gt;FAO Corporate Document Repository. (1995) Protocol on shared watercourse systems in the Southern African development community (SADC) region signed at Johannesburg, 28 August 1995. http://www.fao.org/docrep/W7414B/w7414b0n.htm.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1997: Yarjejeniyar Dokokin Amfani da Magudanun Ruwa na Ƙasa da Ƙasa don Ayyukan da Ba na Tuƙin Jiragen Ruwa ba.

=== Tasirin yarjejeniyoyi da manufofi kan amfani da ruwan kogin Nile ===
A lokacin mulkin mallaka, Birtaniya ta ikoranci kogin Nile ta hanyar kasancewar sojojinta a Afirka. Tun bayan samun ƴancin kai na Sudan, Sudan ta sake yin shawarwari da Masar kan amfani da ruwan Nile. Yarjejeniyar shekarar 1959 tsakanin Sudan da Masar ta ware daukacin matsakaicin kwararar ruwan Nile na shekara-shekara don rabawa tsakanin Sudan da Masar akan mita cubic biliyan 18.5 da biliyan 55.5 bi da bi, amma ta yi watsi da haƙƙin ruwa na sauran ƙasashen Nile guda takwas. Habasha tana ba da gudummawar kashi 80% na jimillar kwararar ruwan Nile, amma ta yarjejeniyar 1959 ba ta da haƙƙin kowane albarkatunsa. Sai dai kuma, yarjejeniyar da ke tsakanin Masar da Sudan ba ta da tursasawa ga Habasha domin ba ta taɓa kasancewa ɓangare na yarjejeniyar ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=37. Agreement 57 between the Republic of the Sudan and the United Arab Republic for the full utilization of the Nile waters signed at Cairo, 8 November 195964|url=http://www.fao.org/3/w7414b/w7414b13.htm|access-date=2021-01-12|website=www.fao.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun farkon shekarun 1990, Habasha ta yi nasarar fuskantar turjiya daga Masar da Sudan game da ayyukan samar da ruwa a Habasha don ƙara yawan ban-ruwa da damar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Ashok Swain. (2002) SAIS Review. ''The Nile Basin Initiative: Too Many Cooks, Too Little Broth''. 22:2. pp. 293–308.&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga watan Mayun 2010, Habasha da sauran ƙasashen da ke saman kogi sun ƙaddamar da Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa ta Kogin Nile a wani yanki na tabbatar da daidaiton amfani tsakanin dukkan ƙasashen da ke gefen kogin Nile.&lt;ref&gt;Abadir M. Ibrahim, ''The Nile Basin Cooperative Framework Agreement: The Beginning of the End of Egyptian Hydro-Political Hegemony'', 18 Missouri Environmental Law and Policy Review 282 (2011). http://law.missouri.edu/melpr/recentpublications/Ibrahim.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306194832/http://law.missouri.edu/melpr/recentpublications/Ibrahim.pdf/ |date=2016-03-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Damammakin haɗin gwiwa a fadin Kogin Nile ===

Masar ta ci gaba da kasancewa babbar mai amfani da ruwan Nile. A cewar Swain da Fadel, rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da fama da fatara a sauran ƙasashen tara na gefen kogin ya iyakance ikon su na matsawa zuwa ga ci gaban zamantakewa da tarradar tattalin arziki na kogin Nile.&lt;ref&gt;A. Swain. (2002)SAIS Review. The Nile Basin Initiative: Too Many Cooks, Too Little Broth. 22:2. pp. 293–308.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;M. El Fadel. (2003)Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education: The Nile Basin: a Case Study in Surface Water Conflict Resolution. 32:7. pp. 107–117.&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar Lemma, babbar tambayar da ke gaban ƙasashen gefen kogin Nile ita ce: Shin Shirin Haɗin Gwiwar Kogin Nile (Nile Basin Initiative) zai taimaka musu wajen shawo kan rashin adalci da rashin daidaito na raba albarkatun ruwan Nile? &lt;ref&gt;S. Lemma. (2001) Cooperating on the Nile not a Zero-sum Game. UN Chronicle. 3. p. 65.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran batutuwa a fannin siyasar ruwa (Hydropolitics) ==

=== Gurbacewar Kogin Nile ===

Yayin da mafi yawancin ingancin ruwan kogin yake cikin mizanai masu kyau, akwai wasu muhimman wurare da matsalar ta fi shafa musu musamman a cikin magudanun ban-ruwa da na magudanar ruwan duka. Hanyoyin da ake samun gurbataccen ruwa sun haɗa da sharar gona, masana'antu, da sharar gida. Akwai masana'antu guda 36 da ke zuba gurbataccen sharaku kai-tsaye cikin kogin Nile, da kuma guda 41 da ke zuba nasu a cikin magudanun ban-ruwa. Irin waɗannan masana'antu sun haɗa da: sinadarai, lantarki, aikin injiniya, takin zamani, abinci, ƙarfe, ma'adinai, mai da sabulu, ɓangaren takarda, kayan kariya daga zafi (refractory), tufafi da katako. Akwai magudanun sharar gona sama da 90 da ke kwarara cikin kogin Nile waɗanda su kuma suka haɗa da ruwan guba na masana'antu.&lt;ref&gt;NBI, 2005.Nile Basin Initiative, 2005. Nile Basin National Water Quality Monitoring Baseline Study Report for Egypt&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan ya wuce ka'idojin Ƙungiyar Turai na gurbacewar kashi, kuma akwai yawaitar gishiri da shigar ruwan gishiri cikin yankin delta. Gurbacewar gishiri (Salinization) tana faruwa ne lokacin da aka sami taruwar gishiri a cikin ƙasa. Ƙasar ba za ta iya riƙe ruwa ba wanda hakan ke hana kowane abu girma. Shigar ruwan gishiri (Saline intrusion) kuma shi ne lokacin da ruwan gishiri ya mamaye ƙasa gaba ɗaya. Yankin arewa maso gabashin Nile Delta yana da yawan mace-mace na cutar daji ta baƙar ciki (pancreatic cancer) wanda aka yi amon cewa yana faruwa ne sakamakon babban mataki na karafa masu nauyi da magungunan kashe kwari na organchlorine da aka samu a cikin ƙasa da ruwa. Sanadiyyar shan taba shi ne aka fi sani da kawo cutar cadmium, kodayake an yi amon cewa a wannan yanki, samun cutar yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hulɗa da ƙarafa masu nauyi da magungunan kashe kwari da ake samu a cikin ƙasa da ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Soliman, A, et al. 2005. Environmental Contamination and Toxicology: Geographical Clustering of Pancreatic Cancers in the Northeast Nile Delta Region of Egypt:&lt;/ref&gt; 
An gano cutar basur ta jini/tsutsotsin ciki (Schistosomiasis—cutar da tsutsotsi masu juyawa ke kawo ta) a cikin magudanun ban-ruwa tare da benthic cyanobacteria da ke samar da shimfiɗa. [https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/bathing/srwe1-chap8.pdf]&lt;ref&gt;Khairy, A. 1998. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal: Water Contact Activities and Schistosomiasis Infection in menoufia, Nile Delta, Egypt: Volume 4, Issue 1 pp. 100-106&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Magudanun ruwan ban-ruwa ===

Aikin gona shi ne babban mai amfani da ruwa a Masar inda yake amfani da kusan kashi 85% na ruwan da ke akwai.&lt;ref&gt;Nile Basin Initiative, 2005. Nile Basin National Water Quality Monitoring Baseline Study Report for Egypt&lt;/ref&gt;
Ruwan magudanar ruwa daga gonaki yana ɗauke da abubuwan gurbatawa kamar ragowar magungunan kashe kwari, gurbatattun sinadarai masu guba da marasa guba, gishiri da ruwan guda na gida da aka tace da wanda ba a tace ba. A gabas – magudanun Delta – Faraskour, Serw da Hadous, samfuran ruwan suna ɗauke da babban mataki na tsutsotsi (hookworms) da sauran ƙwai na tsutsotsin ciki.&lt;ref&gt;Water Policy Program, 2002. Survey of Nile System Pollution Sources Report No. 64.&lt;/ref&gt;
A ƙauyukan da ruwan da ke akwai kawai shi ne na magudanun ban-ruwa, ana amfani da ruwan don ayyukan gida sannan a sake zubar da shi a cikin magudanun sharar ruwa.
A wasu yankunan, ƙarancin matakin ruwa ba ya isa ga hanyoyin ruwa, don haka manoma ke gina injunan taya na ba-shari'a don fitar da ruwa zuwa saman magudanun ruwan don su yi ban-ruwa a ƙasarsu. Rashin magudanun ruwa da kuma aiwatar da doka ta hannun jami'ai don magance waɗannan matsalolin suna taimakawa wajen gurbata ƙasa da ruwa. Mutanen ƙauyen da ke shan gurbataccen ruwa sun kamu da cututtukan ƙoda da hanta.&lt;ref&gt;Land Center for Human Rights, 2005. Water Problems in the Egyptian Countryside Between Corruption and Lack of Planning, Case Studies of Two Egyptian Villages, Land and Farmers Series, Issue No. 32&lt;/ref&gt;
Takin dabbobi, lissafin da aka hako daga magudanun ruwa da laka na takin zamani suna raruwa kuma abubuwan gurbatawa su ne babban tushen gurbacewa. Manoma suna amfani da sake amfani da ruwan magudanar ruwan gona ta hanyar shari'a da ta ba-shari'a. Rashin tsarin ban-ruwa mai kyau da rashin ilimi kan hanyoyin ban-ruwa masu inganci da noman amfanin gona suna taimakawa wajen lalacewar amfanin gona da gurbata magudanun ruwa. A yankunan da babu tsarin gudanarwa na yau da kullun don famfo ruwa na injunan dizal na kowane mutum, yawanci masu amfani da ke can ƙarshen layin ba sa samun isasshen ruwa don kula da amfanin gona.&lt;ref&gt;IPRID Secretariat, 2005. Rapid Assessment Study Towards Integrated Planning of Irrigation and Drainage in Egypt Final Report 2005&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gwamnati da manoma ===
Akwai hukumomi guda ashirin da biyar a ƙarƙashin ma'aikatu guda bakwai da ke da hannu wajen kula da ingancin ruwa, amma sadarwa da raba bayanai tsakanin hukumomin ba su ci gaba sosai ba.&lt;ref&gt;Water Policy Program, 2002. Survey of Nile System Pollution Sources Report No. 64.&lt;/ref&gt;
Ƙungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa (Water user associations), ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na manoma waɗanda ke tsara tsarin ban-ruwa na dukkan ƙasashen gona, suna kula da injunan dizal kuma suna magance rikici tsakanin manoma da sashen kula da ruwa. Sun kasance tun shekarar 1988 amma sun rasa tsari da kuma haɗa mata, waɗanda ake kallonsu a matsayin masu taimakawa wajen gurbata magudanun ban-ruwa tunda suna wanke tufafi, jita-jita da dabbobi a cikin magudanun ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;El Awady, N. 2005 Government-Imposed Non-Governmental Water Associations * A Solution or Just More Trouble? September 25, 2005 http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&amp;cid=1157962441126&amp;pagename=Zone-English-HealthScience%2FHSELayout {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217063022/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&amp;cid=1157962441126&amp;pagename=Zone-English-HealthScience%2FHSELayout |date=2011-02-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rashin tsari, cin hanci da rashawa a sassan gwamnati, yin watsi da ƙorafe-ƙorafe da rarraba ƙasashe marasa inganci ga talakawa, rashin isasshen ilimi kan hanyoyin tsaro da rashin kyawun ban-ruwa da kula da amfanin gona ga maza da mata, duka suna taimakawa wajen rashin ingancin ruwa. Kuɗi babban abu ne wajen inganta waɗannan fannoni, amma dangane da goge cin hanci da rashawa da inganta sadarwa tsakanin sassa daban-daban, ana iya kafa dokoki masu tsauri da aiwatar da su nan da nan. Ana ba da shawarar ƙara Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa (WUAs) da kafa hanyar sadarwa tsakaninsu da sassan gwamnati. Naɗa masu duba na fage don yankunan da aka keɓe don kula da WUAs da ilimantar da manoma kan hanyoyin ban-ruwa (kamar ban-ruwa na dige-dige (drip irrigation) wanda ke kai ruwa kai-tsaye zuwa yankin saiwa kuma yana iya rage amfani da ruwa da kashi 30 zuwa 60), rarraba ruwa mai inganci lokacin da ake noman amfanin gona, jujjuya amfanin gona (crop rotation) da kula da ƙasa. Masu duba na fage kuma suna iya sanya idanu kan matakan ruwa, duba kula da injunan famfo da bayar da rahoton tsarin magudanun ruwa.

Banka ta Duniya (World Bank) ta ba da kuɗin shirin magudanar ruwan gona a Masar tun shekarar 1970. Shirin yana samar da magudanun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa ga ƙasashen gona, waɗanda aka yi su da bututun roba da aka kera a masana'antu na gwamnati a kwarin Nile da Delta. Masu mallakar ƙasa suna biyan kuɗin girka magudanun ruwan a cikin tsarin biyan kuɗi na shekara-shekara na tsawon shekaru 20 ba tare da ruwa ba. Magudanar ruwa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta nuna inganta yanayin ƙasa da yawan amfanin gona. Ana buƙatar ilimantar da manoma kan amfani da magudanun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa don hana katsewar samar da ruwa ga dukkan gonakin da ke haɗe. Tunda ba a iya ganin magudanun ruwan a saman ƙasa, manomin da ya rufe magudanar ruwa don riƙe ƙarin ruwa a gonarsa yana hana ruwa isa ga masu amfani da ke bayansa.&lt;ref&gt;Knegt, J. 2000. Drainage in Developing Countries: A Review of Institutional Arrangements. Wageningen University The Netherlands&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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A matsayinta na wani tarin ruwa da ke ratsa iyakokin siyasa na duniya da dama, Kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] yana fuskantar takaddama da dama game da haƙƙin ruwa . A al'adance ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin kogin da ya fi tsayi a duniya wanda ke gudana {{Convert|6,700|km|mi}} ta hanyar ƙasashe goma a arewa maso gabashin [[Afirka]] - [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] (DRC), [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Sudan ta Kudu]], [[Sudan]] da [[Misra|Masar]] tare da yanayi daban-daban.

Dangane da yankin kogin Nilu, Sudan ce ke da mafi girman girman ( {{Convert|1,900,000|km2|mi2}}     ) yayin da, daga cikin manyan magudanan ruwa guda huɗu da ke ratsa kogin Nilu, uku sun fito ne daga Habasha - [[Blue Nile]], [[Kogin Sobat|Sobat]] da Atbara . Tarihin zamani na siyasa a cikin Kogin Nilu yana da matuƙar rikitarwa kuma yana da fa'idodi masu yawa ga ci gaban yanki da na duniya. 

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Tebur mai zuwa yana nuna  wadatar ruwa a kowace ƙasa a cikin kwarin Nilu, da kuma kimantawar masu bincike game da raguwar wadatar ruwa ga waɗannan ƙasashe, saboda karuwar yawan mutanen ƙasashe.


Sudan kuma tana da ƙarfin ruwa kuma ta ƙirƙiri madatsun ruwa guda huɗu a ƙarni na ƙarshe. Wannan ya haifar da ci gaban da ya zuwa yanzu ya kai {{Convert|18,000|km2|mi2}}     na ƙasar ban ruwa, wanda hakan ya sanya [[Sudan]] ta zama ta biyu mafi yawan amfani da kogin Nilu, bayan Masar. 

Duk da yake Masar ta dogara sosai da Kogin Nilu, akwai dalilai da zasu iya haifar da rikici game da rarraba ruwan Kogin Nulu. Misali, Masar tana da irin wannan tattalin arzikin da ke dogara da aikin gona. Bugu da ƙari, Masar ta riga ta dogara da shigo da ruwa mai kama da juna, dabarar da za ta iya haifar da ƙasar don ƙoƙarin rikice-rikicen ruwa na gaba. Kogin Habasha yana samar da kusan kashi 86 cikin 100 na ruwan Kogin Nilu. A cikin shekaru, jihohin da ke da hannu sun sanya yarjejeniyoyi da yarjejeniyoyi don a iya sarrafa rikici.

=== Misira da Kogin Nilu ===
Al'adun Masar sun ci gaba da amfani da gudanar da ruwa da aikin gona na kimanin shekaru 5,000 a kwarin Kogin Nilu. Masarawa sun yi aikin ban ruwa, wani nau'i na gudanar da ruwa wanda ya dace da tashi da faduwar Kogin Nilu. Tun a kusa da 3000 KZ, Masarawa sun gina bankunan yumɓu don samar da tafkunan ambaliyar ruwa na girma daban-daban waɗanda aka tsara ta hanyar shingen don ambaliyar ambaliyar a cikin kwandon inda za ta zauna har sai ƙasa ta cika, sannan aka zubar da ruwa, kuma an dasa amfanin gona. Wannan hanyar noma ba ta lalata ƙasa da abubuwan gina jiki ba ko kuma ta haifar da matsalolin salinization da hanyoyin noma na zamani ke fuskanta.

=== Yarjejeniyar da ta shafi amfani da ruwan Nilu ===

==== Afrilu 15, 1891 - Mataki na III na Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Italian ====
Mataki na III ya bayyana cewa &quot;gwamnatin Italiya ba ta gina a kan Kogin Atbara ba, saboda ban ruwa, duk wani aiki wanda zai iya canza kwararar sa cikin Kogin Nilu&quot;. Harshen da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin wannan labarin ya kasance mai wuyar fahimta don samar da haƙƙin mallaka ko haƙƙin amfani da ruwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]

==== Mayu 15, 1902 – Mataki na III na Yarjejeniyar tsakanin Birtaniya da Habasha ====
Mataki na uku na yarjejeniyar tsakanin Birtaniya da Habasha ya zama ɗaya daga cikin yarjejeniyoyin da suka fi fuskantar ce-ce-ku-ce game da amfani da ruwan Kogin Nile. Manufar wannan yarjejeniya ita ce kafa iyaka tsakanin Habasha da Sudan. Ɗaya daga cikin matakan ta, mai lamba III, ya shafi amfani da ruwan Nile. Sigar Turanci, kamar yadda Birtaniya ta sake dubawa sannan daga baya Sudan ma ta duba, tana cewa: &quot;Mai Martaba Sarkin Sarakuna Menilik II, Sarkin Sarakunan Habasha, ya ɗauki alkawari ga Gwamnatin Mai Martaba Birtaniya cewa ba zai gina ba ko ba da izinin gina kowane irin aiki ba a kan Blue Nile, Tafkin Tana, ko Sobat, wanda zai dakatar da kwararar ruwansu sai fa idan an amince da Gwamnatin Mai Martaba Birtaniya da Gwamnatin Sudan.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Okidi|1994|p=324}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Tilahun|1979}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sai dai kuma, sigar yaren Amharic ta ba da ma'ana da fahimta ta daban ga Habasha&lt;ref&gt;Mesfin Abebe (address of Nov. 24, 1994), ''in The Nile – Source of Regional Cooperation or Conflict?'', 20 Water Int'l 32 (1995).&lt;/ref&gt; kuma &quot;wannan ƙasa ba ta taɓa amincewa da ita ba.&quot;

==== Mayu 9, 1906 – Mataki na III na Yarjejeniyar tsakanin Birtaniya da Kongo ====
Mataki na III na Yarjejeniyar tsakanin Birtaniya da Gwamnatin Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kongo ya bayyana cewa &quot;Gwamnatin mai zaman kanta ta Kongo ta ɗauki alkawarin ba za ta gina ba, ko ba da izinin gina kowane aiki a kan ko kusa da kogin Semliki ko Isango wanda zai rage yawan ruwan da ke shiga Tafkin Albert sai idan an amince da Gwamnatin Sudan&quot;.

==== Disamba 13, 1906 – Mataki na 4(a) na Yarjejeniyar Ɓangarori Ukku (Tripartite Treaty) ====
Mataki na 4(a) na Yarjejeniyar Ɓangarori Ukku (Birtaniya-Faransa-Italiya) ya bayyana cewa “Don yin aiki tare... don kiyayewa; ... muradun Birtaniya da Masar a fadin Kogin Nile, musamman game da tsara kwararar ruwan wannan kogi da rassan sa (tare da la'akari da muradun cikin gida) ba tare da nuna bambanci ga muradun Italiya ba&quot;. Wannan yarjejeniya, a zahiri, ta hana Habasha haƙƙinta na ikon mallaka kan amfani da ruwanta. Habasha ta yi watsi da yarjejeniyar domin ƙarfin sojanta da na siyasa bai isa ba don dawo da ikon yin amfani da ruwan Nile ba.

==== 1925 Musayar wasiku tsakanin Birtaniya da Italiya ====
Wasikun da suka shafi Tafkin Tana sun bayyana cewa: &quot;...Italiya ta amince da haƙƙin mallakar ruwa na farko na Masar da Sudan... kada su gina a kan madubin ruwan Blue Nile da White Nile (Sobat) da rassan su da magudanar ruwansu kowane irin aiki da zai iya canza kwararar su zuwa babban kogin.&quot; Habasha ta nuna rashin amincewarta da yarjejeniyar tare da sanar da ɓangarorin biyu ƙorafe-ƙorafenta:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;Zuwa ga gwamnatin Italiya: Gaskiyar cewa kun cimma yarjejeniya, da kuma gaskiyar cewa kun ga ya dace ku ba mu sanarwar haɗin gwiwa na wannan yarjejeniya, ya bayyana sarai cewa manufarku ita ce ku matsa mana lamba, kuma wannan a ra'ayinmu, nan take ya tayar da tambayar da ta gabata. Wannan tambaya da ke buƙatar binciken farko, dole ne a gabatar da ita a gaban Ƙungiyar Kasashen Duniya (League of Nations).&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;Zuwa ga gwamnatin Birtaniya: Tuni Gwamnatin Birtaniya ta fara shawarwari da Gwamnatin Habasha game da shawararta, kuma mun yi tsammanin cewa, ko an aiwatar da wannan shawara ko a'a, da an kammala shawarwarin da mu; ba za mu taɓa yin zargin cewa Gwamnatin Birtaniya za ta kulla yarjejeniya da wata Gwamnati game da Tafkinmu ba.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Lokacin da Ƙungiyar Kasashen Duniya (League of Nations) ta buƙaci bayani daga gwamnatocin Birtaniya da Italiya, sun musanta ƙalubalantar ikon mallakar Habasha a kan Tafkin Tana.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Tilahun|1979|p=90}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mayu 7, 1929 – Yarjejeniyar tsakanin Masar da Anglo-Egyptian Sudan ====
Wannan yarjejeniya ta haɗa da:
* Masar da Sudan za su yi amfani da mita cubic biliyan 48 da biliyan 4 na kwararar ruwan Nile a kowace shekara, bi da bi;
* Kwararar ruwan Nile a lokacin Janairu 20 zuwa Yuli 15 (lokacin rani) za a keɓe shi don Masar kawai;
* Masar tana da haƙƙin sanya idanu kan kwararar ruwan Nile a ƙasashen da ke saman kogi;
* Masar ta ɗauki haƙƙin gudanar da ayyukan da suka shafi kogin Nile ba tare da amincewar ƙasashen da ke saman kogi ba.
* Masar ta ɗauki haƙƙin nuna rashin amincewa (veto) ga kowane aikin gine-gine da zai yi tasiri ga muradunta mara kyau.

==== Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Nile ta Shekarar 1959 ==== 
Yarjejeniyar Don Cikakken Amfani da Ruwan Nile tsakanin Sudan da Masar ta kafa cikakken ikon sarrafa ruwan Nile. Wannan yarjejeniya ta haɗa da:
* An warware takaddamar da aka dade ana yi game da matsakaicin kwararar ruwan Nile na shekara-shekara, inda aka sanya adadin ya kai kusan mita cubic biliyan 84 kamar yadda aka auna a madatsar ruwa ta Aswan High Dam da ke Masar.
* Yarjejeniyar ta tanadi cewa za a raba dukkan matsakaicin kwararar ruwan Nile na shekara-shekara tsakanin Sudan da Masar, inda aka ware mita cubic biliyan 18.5 ga Sudan sannan mita cubic biliyan 55.5 ga Masar.
* An kiyasta asarar shekara-shekara daga tururi (evaporation) da sauran abubuwa da kusan mita cubic biliyan 10, inda aka cire wannan adadin daga jimillar abin da kogin Nile ke bayarwa kafin a raba wa Masar da Sudan rabo.
* Sudan, cikin haɗin gwiwa da Masar, ta amince da gudanar da ayyukan da ke da manufar ƙara kwararar ruwan Nile ta hanyar rage asarar tururi a fadin dausayin Sudd da ke kusa da White Nile a kudancin Sudan. Za a raba kuɗaɗen fito da fa'idojin waɗannan ayyukan daidai-wa-daidai. Duk wani ikirari na sauran ƙasashen da ke gefen kogin Nile game da ruwan kogin, Sudan da Masar za su magance shi cikin haɗin gwiwa.
* Idan aka amince da da'awar kuma za a raba ruwan Nile ga wata ƙasa ta daban da ke gefen kogin, adadin da aka amince a kai za a rage shi daidai gwargwado daga rabon da aka ba Sudan da Masar, bisa ga adadin da aka auna a Aswan.
* An ba Masar izinin gina madatsar ruwa ta Aswan High Dam, wadda ke da ikon adana dukkan kwararar ruwan Kogin Nile na shekara-shekara.
* An ba Sudan damar gina madatsar ruwa ta Roseries Dam a kan Blue Nile da kuma ci gaba da ƙarin ayyukan ban ruwa da na samar da wutar lantarki domin yin amfani da cikakken rabon ruwan Nile da aka ware mata.
* An tsara kafa Hukumar Haɗin Gwiwa ta Fasaha ta Kudindindin don sauƙaƙe haɗin gwiwar fasaha tsakanin ƙasashen biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=The Defects and Effects of Past Treaties and Agreements on the Nile River Waters: Whose Faults Were they | website=MediaETHIOPIA | date=1999 |last=Mekonnen|first=Kefyalew| url=http://www.ethiopians.com/abay/engin.html | access-date=2026-01-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC AND THE REPUBLIC OF SUDAN FOR THE FULL UTILIZATION OF THE NILE WATERS, SIGNED AT CAIRO, NOVEMBER 8, 1959 AND PROTOCOL CONCERNING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PERMANENT JOINT TECHNICAL COMMITTEE SIGNED AT CAIRO, JANUARY 17, 1960 | url=https://www.internationalwaterlaw.org/documents/regionaldocs/UAR_Sudan1959_and_Protocol1960.pdf | access-date=2026-01-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shirin Haɗin Gwiwar Kogin Nile (Nile Basin Initiative) ===
Shirin Haɗin Gwiwar Kogin Nile (NBI) wani kawance ne tsakanin ƙasashen da ke gefen kogin Nile wanda &quot;ke neman haɓaka kogin cikin yanayi na haɗin gwiwa, raba manyan fa'idodin zamantakewa da tarradar tattalin arziki, da kuma haɓaka zaman lafiya da tsaro a yankin&quot;. An ƙaddamar da shi a hukumance a cikin watan Fabrairu na shekarar 1999 ta hannun ministocin ruwa na ƙasashe tara da ke raba kogin – Masar, Sudan, Habasha, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzaniya, Burundi, Ruwanda da Jamhuriyar Dimokaraɗiyyar Kongo tare da Eriteriya a matsayin mai sa ido.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=A|first1=Haileslassie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4woyikQZoMcC&amp;pg=PA64|title=Institutional settings and livelihood strategies in the Blue Nile Basin: implications for upstream/downstream linkages|last2=Fitsum|first2=Hagos|last3=Everisto|first3=Mapedza|last4=W|first4=Sadoff, Claudia|last5=Bekele|first5=Awulachew, Seleshi|last6=S|first6=Gebreselassie|last7=D|first7=Peden|date=2009-02-05|publisher=IWMI|isbn=978-92-9090-700-8|pages=64|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tsarin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa ===

* 1966: Dokokin Helsinki kan Amfani da Ruwan Kogunan Ƙasa da Ƙasa – Waɗanda Ƙungiyar Dokokin Ƙasa da Ƙasa (International Law Association) ta amince da su a babban taron karo na 52 da aka gudanar a Helsinki a watan Agusta 1966, dokokin suna tsara amfani da ruwan magudanar ruwa na ƙasa da ƙasa sai dai idan an tanadi wani abu daban ta hanyar babban taro, yarjejeniya ko al'ada mai gauraye da doka tsakanin Ƙasashen da ke yankin magudanar ruwan.
* 1995: An sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Raba Magudanun Ruwa a yankin Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Kudancin Afirka (SADC) a Johannesburg, 28 Agusta 1995.&lt;ref&gt;FAO Corporate Document Repository. (1995) Protocol on shared watercourse systems in the Southern African development community (SADC) region signed at Johannesburg, 28 August 1995. http://www.fao.org/docrep/W7414B/w7414b0n.htm.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1997: Yarjejeniyar Dokokin Amfani da Magudanun Ruwa na Ƙasa da Ƙasa don Ayyukan da Ba na Tuƙin Jiragen Ruwa ba.

=== Tasirin yarjejeniyoyi da manufofi kan amfani da ruwan kogin Nile ===
A lokacin mulkin mallaka, Birtaniya ta ikoranci kogin Nile ta hanyar kasancewar sojojinta a Afirka. Tun bayan samun ƴancin kai na Sudan, Sudan ta sake yin shawarwari da Masar kan amfani da ruwan Nile. Yarjejeniyar shekarar 1959 tsakanin Sudan da Masar ta ware daukacin matsakaicin kwararar ruwan Nile na shekara-shekara don rabawa tsakanin Sudan da Masar akan mita cubic biliyan 18.5 da biliyan 55.5 bi da bi, amma ta yi watsi da haƙƙin ruwa na sauran ƙasashen Nile guda takwas. Habasha tana ba da gudummawar kashi 80% na jimillar kwararar ruwan Nile, amma ta yarjejeniyar 1959 ba ta da haƙƙin kowane albarkatunsa. Sai dai kuma, yarjejeniyar da ke tsakanin Masar da Sudan ba ta da tursasawa ga Habasha domin ba ta taɓa kasancewa ɓangare na yarjejeniyar ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=37. Agreement 57 between the Republic of the Sudan and the United Arab Republic for the full utilization of the Nile waters signed at Cairo, 8 November 195964|url=http://www.fao.org/3/w7414b/w7414b13.htm|access-date=2021-01-12|website=www.fao.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun farkon shekarun 1990, Habasha ta yi nasarar fuskantar turjiya daga Masar da Sudan game da ayyukan samar da ruwa a Habasha don ƙara yawan ban-ruwa da damar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Ashok Swain. (2002) SAIS Review. ''The Nile Basin Initiative: Too Many Cooks, Too Little Broth''. 22:2. pp. 293–308.&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga watan Mayun 2010, Habasha da sauran ƙasashen da ke saman kogi sun ƙaddamar da Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa ta Kogin Nile a wani yanki na tabbatar da daidaiton amfani tsakanin dukkan ƙasashen da ke gefen kogin Nile.&lt;ref&gt;Abadir M. Ibrahim, ''The Nile Basin Cooperative Framework Agreement: The Beginning of the End of Egyptian Hydro-Political Hegemony'', 18 Missouri Environmental Law and Policy Review 282 (2011). http://law.missouri.edu/melpr/recentpublications/Ibrahim.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306194832/http://law.missouri.edu/melpr/recentpublications/Ibrahim.pdf/ |date=2016-03-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Damammakin haɗin gwiwa a fadin Kogin Nile ===

Masar ta ci gaba da kasancewa babbar mai amfani da ruwan Nile. A cewar Swain da Fadel, rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da fama da fatara a sauran ƙasashen tara na gefen kogin ya iyakance ikon su na matsawa zuwa ga ci gaban zamantakewa da tarradar tattalin arziki na kogin Nile.&lt;ref&gt;A. Swain. (2002)SAIS Review. The Nile Basin Initiative: Too Many Cooks, Too Little Broth. 22:2. pp. 293–308.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;M. El Fadel. (2003)Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education: The Nile Basin: a Case Study in Surface Water Conflict Resolution. 32:7. pp. 107–117.&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar Lemma, babbar tambayar da ke gaban ƙasashen gefen kogin Nile ita ce: Shin Shirin Haɗin Gwiwar Kogin Nile (Nile Basin Initiative) zai taimaka musu wajen shawo kan rashin adalci da rashin daidaito na raba albarkatun ruwan Nile? &lt;ref&gt;S. Lemma. (2001) Cooperating on the Nile not a Zero-sum Game. UN Chronicle. 3. p. 65.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran batutuwa a fannin siyasar ruwa (Hydropolitics) ==

=== Gurbacewar Kogin Nile ===

Yayin da mafi yawancin ingancin ruwan kogin yake cikin mizanai masu kyau, akwai wasu muhimman wurare da matsalar ta fi shafa musu musamman a cikin magudanun ban-ruwa da na magudanar ruwan duka. Hanyoyin da ake samun gurbataccen ruwa sun haɗa da sharar gona, masana'antu, da sharar gida. Akwai masana'antu guda 36 da ke zuba gurbataccen sharaku kai-tsaye cikin kogin Nile, da kuma guda 41 da ke zuba nasu a cikin magudanun ban-ruwa. Irin waɗannan masana'antu sun haɗa da: sinadarai, lantarki, aikin injiniya, takin zamani, abinci, ƙarfe, ma'adinai, mai da sabulu, ɓangaren takarda, kayan kariya daga zafi (refractory), tufafi da katako. Akwai magudanun sharar gona sama da 90 da ke kwarara cikin kogin Nile waɗanda su kuma suka haɗa da ruwan guba na masana'antu.&lt;ref&gt;NBI, 2005.Nile Basin Initiative, 2005. Nile Basin National Water Quality Monitoring Baseline Study Report for Egypt&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan ya wuce ka'idojin Ƙungiyar Turai na gurbacewar kashi, kuma akwai yawaitar gishiri da shigar ruwan gishiri cikin yankin delta. Gurbacewar gishiri (Salinization) tana faruwa ne lokacin da aka sami taruwar gishiri a cikin ƙasa. Ƙasar ba za ta iya riƙe ruwa ba wanda hakan ke hana kowane abu girma. Shigar ruwan gishiri (Saline intrusion) kuma shi ne lokacin da ruwan gishiri ya mamaye ƙasa gaba ɗaya. Yankin arewa maso gabashin Nile Delta yana da yawan mace-mace na cutar daji ta baƙar ciki (pancreatic cancer) wanda aka yi amon cewa yana faruwa ne sakamakon babban mataki na karafa masu nauyi da magungunan kashe kwari na organchlorine da aka samu a cikin ƙasa da ruwa. Sanadiyyar shan taba shi ne aka fi sani da kawo cutar cadmium, kodayake an yi amon cewa a wannan yanki, samun cutar yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hulɗa da ƙarafa masu nauyi da magungunan kashe kwari da ake samu a cikin ƙasa da ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;Soliman, A, et al. 2005. Environmental Contamination and Toxicology: Geographical Clustering of Pancreatic Cancers in the Northeast Nile Delta Region of Egypt:&lt;/ref&gt; 
An gano cutar basur ta jini/tsutsotsin ciki (Schistosomiasis—cutar da tsutsotsi masu juyawa ke kawo ta) a cikin magudanun ban-ruwa tare da benthic cyanobacteria da ke samar da shimfiɗa. [https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/bathing/srwe1-chap8.pdf]&lt;ref&gt;Khairy, A. 1998. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal: Water Contact Activities and Schistosomiasis Infection in menoufia, Nile Delta, Egypt: Volume 4, Issue 1 pp. 100-106&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Magudanun ruwan ban-ruwa ===

Aikin gona shi ne babban mai amfani da ruwa a Masar inda yake amfani da kusan kashi 85% na ruwan da ke akwai.&lt;ref&gt;Nile Basin Initiative, 2005. Nile Basin National Water Quality Monitoring Baseline Study Report for Egypt&lt;/ref&gt;
Ruwan magudanar ruwa daga gonaki yana ɗauke da abubuwan gurbatawa kamar ragowar magungunan kashe kwari, gurbatattun sinadarai masu guba da marasa guba, gishiri da ruwan guda na gida da aka tace da wanda ba a tace ba. A gabas – magudanun Delta – Faraskour, Serw da Hadous, samfuran ruwan suna ɗauke da babban mataki na tsutsotsi (hookworms) da sauran ƙwai na tsutsotsin ciki.&lt;ref&gt;Water Policy Program, 2002. Survey of Nile System Pollution Sources Report No. 64.&lt;/ref&gt;
A ƙauyukan da ruwan da ke akwai kawai shi ne na magudanun ban-ruwa, ana amfani da ruwan don ayyukan gida sannan a sake zubar da shi a cikin magudanun sharar ruwa.
A wasu yankunan, ƙarancin matakin ruwa ba ya isa ga hanyoyin ruwa, don haka manoma ke gina injunan taya na ba-shari'a don fitar da ruwa zuwa saman magudanun ruwan don su yi ban-ruwa a ƙasarsu. Rashin magudanun ruwa da kuma aiwatar da doka ta hannun jami'ai don magance waɗannan matsalolin suna taimakawa wajen gurbata ƙasa da ruwa. Mutanen ƙauyen da ke shan gurbataccen ruwa sun kamu da cututtukan ƙoda da hanta.&lt;ref&gt;Land Center for Human Rights, 2005. Water Problems in the Egyptian Countryside Between Corruption and Lack of Planning, Case Studies of Two Egyptian Villages, Land and Farmers Series, Issue No. 32&lt;/ref&gt;
Takin dabbobi, lissafin da aka hako daga magudanun ruwa da laka na takin zamani suna raruwa kuma abubuwan gurbatawa su ne babban tushen gurbacewa. Manoma suna amfani da sake amfani da ruwan magudanar ruwan gona ta hanyar shari'a da ta ba-shari'a. Rashin tsarin ban-ruwa mai kyau da rashin ilimi kan hanyoyin ban-ruwa masu inganci da noman amfanin gona suna taimakawa wajen lalacewar amfanin gona da gurbata magudanun ruwa. A yankunan da babu tsarin gudanarwa na yau da kullun don famfo ruwa na injunan dizal na kowane mutum, yawanci masu amfani da ke can ƙarshen layin ba sa samun isasshen ruwa don kula da amfanin gona.&lt;ref&gt;IPRID Secretariat, 2005. Rapid Assessment Study Towards Integrated Planning of Irrigation and Drainage in Egypt Final Report 2005&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gwamnati da manoma ===
Akwai hukumomi guda ashirin da biyar a ƙarƙashin ma'aikatu guda bakwai da ke da hannu wajen kula da ingancin ruwa, amma sadarwa da raba bayanai tsakanin hukumomin ba su ci gaba sosai ba.&lt;ref&gt;Water Policy Program, 2002. Survey of Nile System Pollution Sources Report No. 64.&lt;/ref&gt;
Ƙungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa (Water user associations), ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na manoma waɗanda ke tsara tsarin ban-ruwa na dukkan ƙasashen gona, suna kula da injunan dizal kuma suna magance rikici tsakanin manoma da sashen kula da ruwa. Sun kasance tun shekarar 1988 amma sun rasa tsari da kuma haɗa mata, waɗanda ake kallonsu a matsayin masu taimakawa wajen gurbata magudanun ban-ruwa tunda suna wanke tufafi, jita-jita da dabbobi a cikin magudanun ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;El Awady, N. 2005 Government-Imposed Non-Governmental Water Associations * A Solution or Just More Trouble? September 25, 2005 http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&amp;cid=1157962441126&amp;pagename=Zone-English-HealthScience%2FHSELayout {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217063022/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&amp;cid=1157962441126&amp;pagename=Zone-English-HealthScience%2FHSELayout |date=2011-02-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rashin tsari, cin hanci da rashawa a sassan gwamnati, yin watsi da ƙorafe-ƙorafe da rarraba ƙasashe marasa inganci ga talakawa, rashin isasshen ilimi kan hanyoyin tsaro da rashin kyawun ban-ruwa da kula da amfanin gona ga maza da mata, duka suna taimakawa wajen rashin ingancin ruwa. Kuɗi babban abu ne wajen inganta waɗannan fannoni, amma dangane da goge cin hanci da rashawa da inganta sadarwa tsakanin sassa daban-daban, ana iya kafa dokoki masu tsauri da aiwatar da su nan da nan. Ana ba da shawarar ƙara Ƙungiyoyin Masu Amfani da Ruwa (WUAs) da kafa hanyar sadarwa tsakaninsu da sassan gwamnati. Naɗa masu duba na fage don yankunan da aka keɓe don kula da WUAs da ilimantar da manoma kan hanyoyin ban-ruwa (kamar ban-ruwa na dige-dige (drip irrigation) wanda ke kai ruwa kai-tsaye zuwa yankin saiwa kuma yana iya rage amfani da ruwa da kashi 30 zuwa 60), rarraba ruwa mai inganci lokacin da ake noman amfanin gona, jujjuya amfanin gona (crop rotation) da kula da ƙasa. Masu duba na fage kuma suna iya sanya idanu kan matakan ruwa, duba kula da injunan famfo da bayar da rahoton tsarin magudanun ruwa.

Banka ta Duniya (World Bank) ta ba da kuɗin shirin magudanar ruwan gona a Masar tun shekarar 1970. Shirin yana samar da magudanun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa ga ƙasashen gona, waɗanda aka yi su da bututun roba da aka kera a masana'antu na gwamnati a kwarin Nile da Delta. Masu mallakar ƙasa suna biyan kuɗin girka magudanun ruwan a cikin tsarin biyan kuɗi na shekara-shekara na tsawon shekaru 20 ba tare da ruwa ba. Magudanar ruwa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta nuna inganta yanayin ƙasa da yawan amfanin gona. Ana buƙatar ilimantar da manoma kan amfani da magudanun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa don hana katsewar samar da ruwa ga dukkan gonakin da ke haɗe. Tunda ba a iya ganin magudanun ruwan a saman ƙasa, manomin da ya rufe magudanar ruwa don riƙe ƙarin ruwa a gonarsa yana hana ruwa isa ga masu amfani da ke bayansa.&lt;ref&gt;Knegt, J. 2000. Drainage in Developing Countries: A Review of Institutional Arrangements. Wageningen University The Netherlands&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Rushewar Derna dam</title>
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Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.[29][30]

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje[31]. Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.[2] Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.[32]

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.[33] Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya[34]. Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”, [35] tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.[29]

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna[36] da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a[37]. An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.[38] An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku[31]. A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.[39] Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.[38] An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.[40]

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300, [40] amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.[41] Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.[36] Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.[42][43] Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.[44]

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,[45] yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.[46] Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.[47] Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.[48] Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.[49]

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.[50] A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.[51]

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.[52]

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,[53] yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.[54] Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah[55]. Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, [56] yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.[57] Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna[23]. Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[60]

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.[61]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji[62]. A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.[63] Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma[64].

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

==manazarta==
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Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.[29][30]

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje[31]. Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.[2] Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.[32]

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.[33] Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya[34]. Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”, [35] tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.[29]

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna[36] da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a[37]. An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.[38] An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku[31]. A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.[39] Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.[38] An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.[40]

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300, [40] amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.[41] Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.[36] Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.[42][43] Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.[44]

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,[45] yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.[46] Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.[47] Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.[48] Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.[49]

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.[50] A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.[51]

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.[52]

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,[53] yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.[54] Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah[55]. Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, [56] yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.[57] Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna[23]. Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[60]

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.[61]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji[62]. A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.[63] Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma[64].

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.[79]

==manazarta==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="25811" sha1="lph0ions4hlwenf3j657477cf9kuu21" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje[31]. Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.[2] Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.[32]

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.[33] Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya[34]. Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”, [35] tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.[29]

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna[36] da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a[37]. An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.[38] An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku[31]. A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.[39] Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.[38] An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.[40]

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300, [40] amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.[41] Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.[36] Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.[42][43] Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.[44]

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,[45] yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.[46] Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.[47] Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.[48] Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.[49]

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.[50] A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.[51]

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.[52]

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,[53] yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.[54] Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah[55]. Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, [56] yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.[57] Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna[23]. Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[60]

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.[61]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji[62]. A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.[63] Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma[64].

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.[79]

==manazarta==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="26036" sha1="i386oj6pzxo1utecfgoyb9wb5c7tasq" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). &quot;'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje[31]. Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.[2] Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.[32]

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.[33] Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya[34]. Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”, [35] tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.[29]

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna[36] da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a[37]. An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.[38] An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku[31]. A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.[39] Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.[38] An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.[40]

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300, [40] amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.[41] Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.[36] Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.[42][43] Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.[44]

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,[45] yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.[46] Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.[47] Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.[48] Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.[49]

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.[50] A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.[51]

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.[52]

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,[53] yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.[54] Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah[55]. Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, [56] yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.[57] Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna[23]. Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[60]

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.[61]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji[62]. A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.[63] Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma[64].

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.[79]

==manazarta==
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Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). &quot;'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.[2] Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.[32]

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.[33] Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya[34]. Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”, [35] tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.[29]

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna[36] da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a[37]. An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.[38] An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku[31]. A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.[39] Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.[38] An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.[40]

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300, [40] amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.[41] Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.[36] Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.[42][43] Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.[44]

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,[45] yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.[46] Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.[47] Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.[48] Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.[49]

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.[50] A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.[51]

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.[52]

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,[53] yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.[54] Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah[55]. Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, [56] yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.[57] Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna[23]. Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[60]

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.[61]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji[62]. A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.[63] Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma[64].

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.[79]

==manazarta==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="26379" sha1="c0dmdd5mhd1nbebqqztqiedrw14ic6m" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). &quot;'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya?&quot;. Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.[32]

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.[33] Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya[34]. Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”, [35] tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.[29]

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna[36] da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a[37]. An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.[38] An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku[31]. A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.[39] Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.[38] An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.[40]

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300, [40] amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.[41] Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.[36] Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.[42][43] Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.[44]

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,[45] yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.[46] Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.[47] Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.[48] Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.[49]

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.[50] A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.[51]

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.[52]

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,[53] yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.[54] Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah[55]. Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, [56] yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.[57] Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna[23]. Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[60]

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.[61]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji[62]. A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.[63] Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma[64].

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.[79]

==manazarta==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). &quot;'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya?&quot;. Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds buried in mass graves as Libya reels from devastating flooding&quot;. Aljazeera. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.[33] Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya[34]. Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”, [35] tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.[29]

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna[36] da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a[37]. An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.[38] An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku[31]. A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.[39] Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.[38] An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.[40]

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300, [40] amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.[41] Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.[36] Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.[42][43] Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.[44]

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,[45] yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.[46] Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.[47] Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.[48] Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.[49]

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.[50] A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.[51]

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.[52]

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,[53] yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.[54] Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah[55]. Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, [56] yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.[57] Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna[23]. Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[60]

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.[61]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji[62]. A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.[63] Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma[64].

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.[79]

==manazarta==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="26710" sha1="s0y7ku4dnrfse7bh5j8zaljrpclpus2" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). &quot;'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya?&quot;. Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds buried in mass graves as Libya reels from devastating flooding&quot;. Aljazeera. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;CCTV shows cars swept away in Libya flooding&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya[34]. Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”, [35] tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.[29]

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna[36] da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a[37]. An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.[38] An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku[31]. A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.[39] Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.[38] An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.[40]

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300, [40] amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.[41] Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.[36] Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.[42][43] Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.[44]

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,[45] yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.[46] Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.[47] Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.[48] Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.[49]

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.[50] A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.[51]

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.[52]

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,[53] yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.[54] Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah[55]. Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, [56] yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.[57] Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna[23]. Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[60]

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.[61]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji[62]. A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.[63] Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma[64].

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.[79]

==manazarta==
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Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). &quot;'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya?&quot;. Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds buried in mass graves as Libya reels from devastating flooding&quot;. Aljazeera. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;CCTV shows cars swept away in Libya flooding&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Flooding in eastern Libya after weekend storm leaves 2,000 people feared dead&quot;. AP News. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”, [35] tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.[29]

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna[36] da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a[37]. An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.[38] An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku[31]. A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.[39] Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.[38] An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.[40]

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300, [40] amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.[41] Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.[36] Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.[42][43] Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.[44]

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,[45] yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.[46] Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.[47] Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.[48] Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.[49]

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.[50] A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.[51]

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.[52]

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,[53] yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.[54] Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah[55]. Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, [56] yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.[57] Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna[23]. Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[60]

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.[61]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji[62]. A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.[63] Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma[64].

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.[79]

==manazarta==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="27080" sha1="4sphtrazz8hqr5ctjb3elfczzjf4zn5" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). &quot;'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya?&quot;. Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds buried in mass graves as Libya reels from devastating flooding&quot;. Aljazeera. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;CCTV shows cars swept away in Libya flooding&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Flooding in eastern Libya after weekend storm leaves 2,000 people feared dead&quot;. AP News. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan floods: Derna city alone recovers 1,000 bodies – minister&quot;. BBC. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.[29]

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna[36] da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a[37]. An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.[38] An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku[31]. A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.[39] Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.[38] An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.[40]

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300, [40] amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.[41] Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.[36] Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.[42][43] Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.[44]

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,[45] yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.[46] Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.[47] Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.[48] Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.[49]

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.[50] A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.[51]

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.[52]

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,[53] yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.[54] Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah[55]. Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, [56] yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.[57] Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna[23]. Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[60]

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.[61]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji[62]. A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.[63] Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma[64].

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.[79]

==manazarta==
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Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). &quot;'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya?&quot;. Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds buried in mass graves as Libya reels from devastating flooding&quot;. Aljazeera. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;CCTV shows cars swept away in Libya flooding&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Flooding in eastern Libya after weekend storm leaves 2,000 people feared dead&quot;. AP News. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan floods: Derna city alone recovers 1,000 bodies – minister&quot;. BBC. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna[36] da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a[37]. An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.[38] An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku[31]. A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.[39] Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.[38] An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.[40]

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300, [40] amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.[41] Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.[36] Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.[42][43] Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.[44]

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,[45] yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.[46] Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.[47] Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.[48] Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.[49]

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.[50] A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.[51]

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.[52]

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,[53] yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.[54] Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah[55]. Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, [56] yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.[57] Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna[23]. Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[60]

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.[61]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji[62]. A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.[63] Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma[64].

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.[79]

==manazarta==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="27566" sha1="8oa1rxqwg8evhsc767lkf9t2o6pgzru" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). &quot;'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya?&quot;. Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds buried in mass graves as Libya reels from devastating flooding&quot;. Aljazeera. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;CCTV shows cars swept away in Libya flooding&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Flooding in eastern Libya after weekend storm leaves 2,000 people feared dead&quot;. AP News. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan floods: Derna city alone recovers 1,000 bodies – minister&quot;. BBC. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a[37]. An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.[38] An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku[31]. A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.[39] Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.[38] An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.[40]

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300, [40] amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.[41] Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.[36] Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.[42][43] Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.[44]

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,[45] yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.[46] Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.[47] Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.[48] Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.[49]

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.[50] A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.[51]

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.[52]

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,[53] yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.[54] Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah[55]. Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, [56] yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.[57] Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna[23]. Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[60]

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.[61]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji[62]. A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.[63] Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma[64].

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.[79]

==manazarta==
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Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). &quot;'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya?&quot;. Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds buried in mass graves as Libya reels from devastating flooding&quot;. Aljazeera. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;CCTV shows cars swept away in Libya flooding&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Flooding in eastern Libya after weekend storm leaves 2,000 people feared dead&quot;. AP News. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan floods: Derna city alone recovers 1,000 bodies – minister&quot;. BBC. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rescuers retrieve over 2,000 bodies in eastern Libya wrecked by devastating floods&quot;. AP News. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.[38] An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku[31]. A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.[39] Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.[38] An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.[40]

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300, [40] amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.[41] Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.[36] Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.[42][43] Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.[44]

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,[45] yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.[46] Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.[47] Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.[48] Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.[49]

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.[50] A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.[51]

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.[52]

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,[53] yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.[54] Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah[55]. Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, [56] yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.[57] Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna[23]. Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[60]

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.[61]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji[62]. A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.[63] Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma[64].

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.[79]

==manazarta==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="27939" sha1="s7npb3tidmifcjredpypumqt3ajtkhy" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). &quot;'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya?&quot;. Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds buried in mass graves as Libya reels from devastating flooding&quot;. Aljazeera. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;CCTV shows cars swept away in Libya flooding&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Flooding in eastern Libya after weekend storm leaves 2,000 people feared dead&quot;. AP News. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan floods: Derna city alone recovers 1,000 bodies – minister&quot;. BBC. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rescuers retrieve over 2,000 bodies in eastern Libya wrecked by devastating floods&quot;. AP News. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.[38] An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku.&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (15 September 2023). &quot;Libyan official rejects blame for flood disaster&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.[39] Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.[38] An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.[40]

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300, [40] amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.[41] Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.[36] Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.[42][43] Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.[44]

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,[45] yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.[46] Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.[47] Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.[48] Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.[49]

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.[50] A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.[51]

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.[52]

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,[53] yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.[54] Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah[55]. Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, [56] yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.[57] Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna[23]. Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[60]

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.[61]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji[62]. A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.[63] Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma[64].

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.[79]

==manazarta==
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Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). &quot;'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya?&quot;. Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds buried in mass graves as Libya reels from devastating flooding&quot;. Aljazeera. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;CCTV shows cars swept away in Libya flooding&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Flooding in eastern Libya after weekend storm leaves 2,000 people feared dead&quot;. AP News. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan floods: Derna city alone recovers 1,000 bodies – minister&quot;. BBC. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rescuers retrieve over 2,000 bodies in eastern Libya wrecked by devastating floods&quot;. AP News. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku.&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (15 September 2023). &quot;Libyan official rejects blame for flood disaster&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.[39] Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.[40]

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300, [40] amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.[41] Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.[36] Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.[42][43] Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.[44]

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,[45] yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.[46] Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.[47] Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.[48] Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.[49]

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.[50] A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.[51]

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.[52]

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,[53] yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.[54] Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah[55]. Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, [56] yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.[57] Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna[23]. Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[60]

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.[61]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji[62]. A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.[63] Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma[64].

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.[79]

==manazarta==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="28343" sha1="t5aflw4snvd85hn5jnmehr97ldtdgyy" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). &quot;'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya?&quot;. Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds buried in mass graves as Libya reels from devastating flooding&quot;. Aljazeera. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;CCTV shows cars swept away in Libya flooding&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Flooding in eastern Libya after weekend storm leaves 2,000 people feared dead&quot;. AP News. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan floods: Derna city alone recovers 1,000 bodies – minister&quot;. BBC. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rescuers retrieve over 2,000 bodies in eastern Libya wrecked by devastating floods&quot;. AP News. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku.&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (15 September 2023). &quot;Libyan official rejects blame for flood disaster&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Karadsheh, Jomana (15 September 2023). &quot;'Utter destruction:' Derna left like a war zone by Libya's catastrophic flooding&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.[40]

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300, [40] amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.[41] Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.[36] Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.[42][43] Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.[44]

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,[45] yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.[46] Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.[47] Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.[48] Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.[49]

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.[50] A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.[51]

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.[52]

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,[53] yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.[54] Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah[55]. Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, [56] yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.[57] Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna[23]. Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[60]

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.[61]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji[62]. A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.[63] Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma[64].

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.[79]

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Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). &quot;'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya?&quot;. Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds buried in mass graves as Libya reels from devastating flooding&quot;. Aljazeera. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;CCTV shows cars swept away in Libya flooding&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Flooding in eastern Libya after weekend storm leaves 2,000 people feared dead&quot;. AP News. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan floods: Derna city alone recovers 1,000 bodies – minister&quot;. BBC. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rescuers retrieve over 2,000 bodies in eastern Libya wrecked by devastating floods&quot;. AP News. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku.&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (15 September 2023). &quot;Libyan official rejects blame for flood disaster&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Karadsheh, Jomana (15 September 2023). &quot;'Utter destruction:' Derna left like a war zone by Libya's catastrophic flooding&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300, [40] amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.[41] Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.[36] Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.[42][43] Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.[44]

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,[45] yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.[46] Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.[47] Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.[48] Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.[49]

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.[50] A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.[51]

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.[52]

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,[53] yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.[54] Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah[55]. Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, [56] yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.[57] Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna[23]. Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[60]

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.[61]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji[62]. A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.[63] Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma[64].

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.[79]

==manazarta==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="28848" sha1="rjlyb8n60sb0rsdc7w1p72x3oq8bfnd" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). &quot;'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya?&quot;. Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds buried in mass graves as Libya reels from devastating flooding&quot;. Aljazeera. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;CCTV shows cars swept away in Libya flooding&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Flooding in eastern Libya after weekend storm leaves 2,000 people feared dead&quot;. AP News. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan floods: Derna city alone recovers 1,000 bodies – minister&quot;. BBC. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rescuers retrieve over 2,000 bodies in eastern Libya wrecked by devastating floods&quot;. AP News. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku.&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (15 September 2023). &quot;Libyan official rejects blame for flood disaster&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Karadsheh, Jomana (15 September 2023). &quot;'Utter destruction:' Derna left like a war zone by Libya's catastrophic flooding&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300,&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. ''Associated Press''. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.[41] Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.[36] Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.[42][43] Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.[44]

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,[45] yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.[46] Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.[47] Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.[48] Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.[49]

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.[50] A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.[51]

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.[52]

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,[53] yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.[54] Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah[55]. Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, [56] yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.[57] Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna[23]. Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[60]

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.[61]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji[62]. A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.[63] Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma[64].

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.[79]

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Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). &quot;'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya?&quot;. Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds buried in mass graves as Libya reels from devastating flooding&quot;. Aljazeera. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;CCTV shows cars swept away in Libya flooding&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Flooding in eastern Libya after weekend storm leaves 2,000 people feared dead&quot;. AP News. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan floods: Derna city alone recovers 1,000 bodies – minister&quot;. BBC. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rescuers retrieve over 2,000 bodies in eastern Libya wrecked by devastating floods&quot;. AP News. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku.&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (15 September 2023). &quot;Libyan official rejects blame for flood disaster&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Karadsheh, Jomana (15 September 2023). &quot;'Utter destruction:' Derna left like a war zone by Libya's catastrophic flooding&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300,&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. ''Associated Press''. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.&lt;ref&gt;McAlpin, Nick (17 September 2023). &quot;Libya floods: UN withdraws 11,300 Derna death toll&quot;. ''The New Arab''. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.[36] Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.[42][43] Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.[44]

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,[45] yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.[46] Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.[47] Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.[48] Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.[49]

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.[50] A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.[51]

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.[52]

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,[53] yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.[54] Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah[55]. Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, [56] yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.[57] Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna[23]. Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[60]

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.[61]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji[62]. A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.[63] Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma[64].

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.[79]

==manazarta==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="29325" sha1="dtc989fe5qgvgjau5pfecogr6idomts" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). &quot;'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya?&quot;. Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds buried in mass graves as Libya reels from devastating flooding&quot;. Aljazeera. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;CCTV shows cars swept away in Libya flooding&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Flooding in eastern Libya after weekend storm leaves 2,000 people feared dead&quot;. AP News. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan floods: Derna city alone recovers 1,000 bodies – minister&quot;. BBC. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rescuers retrieve over 2,000 bodies in eastern Libya wrecked by devastating floods&quot;. AP News. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku.&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (15 September 2023). &quot;Libyan official rejects blame for flood disaster&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Karadsheh, Jomana (15 September 2023). &quot;'Utter destruction:' Derna left like a war zone by Libya's catastrophic flooding&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300,&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. ''Associated Press''. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.&lt;ref&gt;McAlpin, Nick (17 September 2023). &quot;Libya floods: UN withdraws 11,300 Derna death toll&quot;. ''The New Arab''. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.[42][43] Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.[44]

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,[45] yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.[46] Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.[47] Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.[48] Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.[49]

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.[50] A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.[51]

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.[52]

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,[53] yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.[54] Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah[55]. Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, [56] yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.[57] Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna[23]. Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[60]

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.[61]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji[62]. A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.[63] Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma[64].

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.[79]

==manazarta==
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Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). &quot;'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya?&quot;. Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds buried in mass graves as Libya reels from devastating flooding&quot;. Aljazeera. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;CCTV shows cars swept away in Libya flooding&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Flooding in eastern Libya after weekend storm leaves 2,000 people feared dead&quot;. AP News. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan floods: Derna city alone recovers 1,000 bodies – minister&quot;. BBC. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rescuers retrieve over 2,000 bodies in eastern Libya wrecked by devastating floods&quot;. AP News. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku.&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (15 September 2023). &quot;Libyan official rejects blame for flood disaster&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Karadsheh, Jomana (15 September 2023). &quot;'Utter destruction:' Derna left like a war zone by Libya's catastrophic flooding&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300,&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. ''Associated Press''. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.&lt;ref&gt;McAlpin, Nick (17 September 2023). &quot;Libya floods: UN withdraws 11,300 Derna death toll&quot;. ''The New Arab''. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Warning over shortage of body bags as fears of disease rise in Derna&quot;. Sky News. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.[44]

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,[45] yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.[46] Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.[47] Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.[48] Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.[49]

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.[50] A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.[51]

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.[52]

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,[53] yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.[54] Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah[55]. Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, [56] yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.[57] Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna[23]. Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[60]

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.[61]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji[62]. A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.[63] Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma[64].

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.[79]

==manazarta==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="29679" sha1="p3slstw14l3e07rsvvr24n9ufm8xan3" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). &quot;'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya?&quot;. Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds buried in mass graves as Libya reels from devastating flooding&quot;. Aljazeera. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;CCTV shows cars swept away in Libya flooding&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Flooding in eastern Libya after weekend storm leaves 2,000 people feared dead&quot;. AP News. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan floods: Derna city alone recovers 1,000 bodies – minister&quot;. BBC. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rescuers retrieve over 2,000 bodies in eastern Libya wrecked by devastating floods&quot;. AP News. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku.&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (15 September 2023). &quot;Libyan official rejects blame for flood disaster&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Karadsheh, Jomana (15 September 2023). &quot;'Utter destruction:' Derna left like a war zone by Libya's catastrophic flooding&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300,&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. ''Associated Press''. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.&lt;ref&gt;McAlpin, Nick (17 September 2023). &quot;Libya floods: UN withdraws 11,300 Derna death toll&quot;. ''The New Arab''. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Warning over shortage of body bags as fears of disease rise in Derna&quot;. Sky News. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Death toll hits 11,300 in Libyan city destroyed by floods&quot;. NBC News. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.[44]

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,[45] yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.[46] Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.[47] Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.[48] Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.[49]

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.[50] A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.[51]

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.[52]

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,[53] yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.[54] Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah[55]. Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, [56] yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.[57] Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna[23]. Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[60]

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.[61]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji[62]. A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.[63] Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma[64].

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.[79]

==manazarta==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="29812" sha1="7rhv4ix7qvdmrfvglp52jpx0t78xe3d" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). &quot;'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya?&quot;. Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds buried in mass graves as Libya reels from devastating flooding&quot;. Aljazeera. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;CCTV shows cars swept away in Libya flooding&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Flooding in eastern Libya after weekend storm leaves 2,000 people feared dead&quot;. AP News. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan floods: Derna city alone recovers 1,000 bodies – minister&quot;. BBC. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rescuers retrieve over 2,000 bodies in eastern Libya wrecked by devastating floods&quot;. AP News. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku.&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (15 September 2023). &quot;Libyan official rejects blame for flood disaster&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Karadsheh, Jomana (15 September 2023). &quot;'Utter destruction:' Derna left like a war zone by Libya's catastrophic flooding&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300,&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. ''Associated Press''. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.&lt;ref&gt;McAlpin, Nick (17 September 2023). &quot;Libya floods: UN withdraws 11,300 Derna death toll&quot;. ''The New Arab''. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Warning over shortage of body bags as fears of disease rise in Derna&quot;. Sky News. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Death toll hits 11,300 in Libyan city destroyed by floods&quot;. NBC News. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A year on, rebuilding Libya's flood-hit Derna plagued by politics&quot;. Al-Monitor. 7 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,[45] yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.[46] Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.[47] Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.[48] Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.[49]

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.[50] A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.[51]

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.[52]

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,[53] yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.[54] Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah[55]. Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, [56] yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.[57] Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna[23]. Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[60]

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.[61]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji[62]. A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.[63] Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma[64].

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.[79]

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Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). &quot;'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya?&quot;. Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds buried in mass graves as Libya reels from devastating flooding&quot;. Aljazeera. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;CCTV shows cars swept away in Libya flooding&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Flooding in eastern Libya after weekend storm leaves 2,000 people feared dead&quot;. AP News. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan floods: Derna city alone recovers 1,000 bodies – minister&quot;. BBC. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rescuers retrieve over 2,000 bodies in eastern Libya wrecked by devastating floods&quot;. AP News. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku.&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (15 September 2023). &quot;Libyan official rejects blame for flood disaster&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Karadsheh, Jomana (15 September 2023). &quot;'Utter destruction:' Derna left like a war zone by Libya's catastrophic flooding&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300,&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. ''Associated Press''. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.&lt;ref&gt;McAlpin, Nick (17 September 2023). &quot;Libya floods: UN withdraws 11,300 Derna death toll&quot;. ''The New Arab''. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Warning over shortage of body bags as fears of disease rise in Derna&quot;. Sky News. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Death toll hits 11,300 in Libyan city destroyed by floods&quot;. NBC News. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A year on, rebuilding Libya's flood-hit Derna plagued by politics&quot;. Al-Monitor. 7 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (13 September 2023). &quot;Derna: Soundtrack of children's cries now engulfs Libyan city&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.[46] Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.[47] Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.[48] Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.[49]

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.[50] A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.[51]

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.[52]

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,[53] yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.[54] Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah[55]. Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, [56] yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.[57] Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna[23]. Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[60]

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.[61]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji[62]. A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.[63] Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma[64].

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.[79]

==manazarta==
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      <text bytes="30222" sha1="a4b12kwaegg0r6nzve36khyfmdwyrz0" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). &quot;'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya?&quot;. Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds buried in mass graves as Libya reels from devastating flooding&quot;. Aljazeera. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;CCTV shows cars swept away in Libya flooding&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Flooding in eastern Libya after weekend storm leaves 2,000 people feared dead&quot;. AP News. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan floods: Derna city alone recovers 1,000 bodies – minister&quot;. BBC. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rescuers retrieve over 2,000 bodies in eastern Libya wrecked by devastating floods&quot;. AP News. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku.&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (15 September 2023). &quot;Libyan official rejects blame for flood disaster&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Karadsheh, Jomana (15 September 2023). &quot;'Utter destruction:' Derna left like a war zone by Libya's catastrophic flooding&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300,&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. ''Associated Press''. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.&lt;ref&gt;McAlpin, Nick (17 September 2023). &quot;Libya floods: UN withdraws 11,300 Derna death toll&quot;. ''The New Arab''. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Warning over shortage of body bags as fears of disease rise in Derna&quot;. Sky News. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Death toll hits 11,300 in Libyan city destroyed by floods&quot;. NBC News. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A year on, rebuilding Libya's flood-hit Derna plagued by politics&quot;. Al-Monitor. 7 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (13 September 2023). &quot;Derna: Soundtrack of children's cries now engulfs Libyan city&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.&lt;ref&gt;Mogul, Rhea; Haq, Sana Noor (13 September 2023). &quot;Morgues overwhelmed in Libya as rescuers search for thousands missing after flood&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.[47] Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.[48] Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.[49]

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.[50] A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.[51]

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.[52]

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,[53] yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.[54] Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah[55]. Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, [56] yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.[57] Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna[23]. Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[60]

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.[61]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji[62]. A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.[63] Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma[64].

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.[79]

==manazarta==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="30393" sha1="pk3r239qm1vu8bjff9qh8e1yzgsaxes" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). &quot;'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya?&quot;. Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds buried in mass graves as Libya reels from devastating flooding&quot;. Aljazeera. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;CCTV shows cars swept away in Libya flooding&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Flooding in eastern Libya after weekend storm leaves 2,000 people feared dead&quot;. AP News. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan floods: Derna city alone recovers 1,000 bodies – minister&quot;. BBC. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rescuers retrieve over 2,000 bodies in eastern Libya wrecked by devastating floods&quot;. AP News. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku.&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (15 September 2023). &quot;Libyan official rejects blame for flood disaster&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Karadsheh, Jomana (15 September 2023). &quot;'Utter destruction:' Derna left like a war zone by Libya's catastrophic flooding&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300,&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. ''Associated Press''. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.&lt;ref&gt;McAlpin, Nick (17 September 2023). &quot;Libya floods: UN withdraws 11,300 Derna death toll&quot;. ''The New Arab''. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Warning over shortage of body bags as fears of disease rise in Derna&quot;. Sky News. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Death toll hits 11,300 in Libyan city destroyed by floods&quot;. NBC News. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A year on, rebuilding Libya's flood-hit Derna plagued by politics&quot;. Al-Monitor. 7 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (13 September 2023). &quot;Derna: Soundtrack of children's cries now engulfs Libyan city&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.&lt;ref&gt;Mogul, Rhea; Haq, Sana Noor (13 September 2023). &quot;Morgues overwhelmed in Libya as rescuers search for thousands missing after flood&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Global Aid Effort Intensifies For Flood-stricken Libya&quot;. Barron's. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.[48] Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.[49]

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.[50] A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.[51]

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.[52]

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,[53] yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.[54] Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah[55]. Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, [56] yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.[57] Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna[23]. Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[60]

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.[61]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji[62]. A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.[63] Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma[64].

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.[79]

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Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). &quot;'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya?&quot;. Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds buried in mass graves as Libya reels from devastating flooding&quot;. Aljazeera. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;CCTV shows cars swept away in Libya flooding&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Flooding in eastern Libya after weekend storm leaves 2,000 people feared dead&quot;. AP News. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan floods: Derna city alone recovers 1,000 bodies – minister&quot;. BBC. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rescuers retrieve over 2,000 bodies in eastern Libya wrecked by devastating floods&quot;. AP News. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku.&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (15 September 2023). &quot;Libyan official rejects blame for flood disaster&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Karadsheh, Jomana (15 September 2023). &quot;'Utter destruction:' Derna left like a war zone by Libya's catastrophic flooding&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300,&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. ''Associated Press''. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.&lt;ref&gt;McAlpin, Nick (17 September 2023). &quot;Libya floods: UN withdraws 11,300 Derna death toll&quot;. ''The New Arab''. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Warning over shortage of body bags as fears of disease rise in Derna&quot;. Sky News. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Death toll hits 11,300 in Libyan city destroyed by floods&quot;. NBC News. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A year on, rebuilding Libya's flood-hit Derna plagued by politics&quot;. Al-Monitor. 7 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (13 September 2023). &quot;Derna: Soundtrack of children's cries now engulfs Libyan city&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.&lt;ref&gt;Mogul, Rhea; Haq, Sana Noor (13 September 2023). &quot;Morgues overwhelmed in Libya as rescuers search for thousands missing after flood&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Global Aid Effort Intensifies For Flood-stricken Libya&quot;. Barron's. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya flood: Satellite images and aerial photographs show destruction&quot;. BBC. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.[49]

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.[50] A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.[51]

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.[52]

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,[53] yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.[54] Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah[55]. Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, [56] yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.[57] Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna[23]. Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[60]

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.[61]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji[62]. A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.[63] Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma[64].

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.[79]

==manazarta==
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      <text bytes="30737" sha1="7knj13f6227y132webumr2kypeap8y6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). &quot;'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya?&quot;. Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds buried in mass graves as Libya reels from devastating flooding&quot;. Aljazeera. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;CCTV shows cars swept away in Libya flooding&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Flooding in eastern Libya after weekend storm leaves 2,000 people feared dead&quot;. AP News. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan floods: Derna city alone recovers 1,000 bodies – minister&quot;. BBC. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rescuers retrieve over 2,000 bodies in eastern Libya wrecked by devastating floods&quot;. AP News. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku.&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (15 September 2023). &quot;Libyan official rejects blame for flood disaster&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Karadsheh, Jomana (15 September 2023). &quot;'Utter destruction:' Derna left like a war zone by Libya's catastrophic flooding&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300,&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. ''Associated Press''. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.&lt;ref&gt;McAlpin, Nick (17 September 2023). &quot;Libya floods: UN withdraws 11,300 Derna death toll&quot;. ''The New Arab''. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Warning over shortage of body bags as fears of disease rise in Derna&quot;. Sky News. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Death toll hits 11,300 in Libyan city destroyed by floods&quot;. NBC News. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A year on, rebuilding Libya's flood-hit Derna plagued by politics&quot;. Al-Monitor. 7 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (13 September 2023). &quot;Derna: Soundtrack of children's cries now engulfs Libyan city&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.&lt;ref&gt;Mogul, Rhea; Haq, Sana Noor (13 September 2023). &quot;Morgues overwhelmed in Libya as rescuers search for thousands missing after flood&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Global Aid Effort Intensifies For Flood-stricken Libya&quot;. Barron's. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya flood: Satellite images and aerial photographs show destruction&quot;. BBC. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya: Mission chief updates Security Council on flood disaster 'beyond imagination'&quot;. UN News. United Nations. 16 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.[50] A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.[51]

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.[52]

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,[53] yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.[54] Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah[55]. Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, [56] yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.[57] Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna[23]. Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[60]

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.[61]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji[62]. A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.[63] Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma[64].

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.[79]

==manazarta==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="30908" sha1="oawpmwfxhm3vr42fj6jgigmrjuzy77l" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). &quot;'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya?&quot;. Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds buried in mass graves as Libya reels from devastating flooding&quot;. Aljazeera. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;CCTV shows cars swept away in Libya flooding&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Flooding in eastern Libya after weekend storm leaves 2,000 people feared dead&quot;. AP News. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan floods: Derna city alone recovers 1,000 bodies – minister&quot;. BBC. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rescuers retrieve over 2,000 bodies in eastern Libya wrecked by devastating floods&quot;. AP News. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku.&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (15 September 2023). &quot;Libyan official rejects blame for flood disaster&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Karadsheh, Jomana (15 September 2023). &quot;'Utter destruction:' Derna left like a war zone by Libya's catastrophic flooding&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300,&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. ''Associated Press''. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.&lt;ref&gt;McAlpin, Nick (17 September 2023). &quot;Libya floods: UN withdraws 11,300 Derna death toll&quot;. ''The New Arab''. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Warning over shortage of body bags as fears of disease rise in Derna&quot;. Sky News. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Death toll hits 11,300 in Libyan city destroyed by floods&quot;. NBC News. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A year on, rebuilding Libya's flood-hit Derna plagued by politics&quot;. Al-Monitor. 7 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (13 September 2023). &quot;Derna: Soundtrack of children's cries now engulfs Libyan city&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.&lt;ref&gt;Mogul, Rhea; Haq, Sana Noor (13 September 2023). &quot;Morgues overwhelmed in Libya as rescuers search for thousands missing after flood&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Global Aid Effort Intensifies For Flood-stricken Libya&quot;. Barron's. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya flood: Satellite images and aerial photographs show destruction&quot;. BBC. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya: Mission chief updates Security Council on flood disaster 'beyond imagination'&quot;. UN News. United Nations. 16 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya flood: Derna mayor's house burnt down in protests&quot;. BBC News. 19 September 2023. Archived from the original on 19 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.[51]

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.[52]

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,[53] yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.[54] Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah[55]. Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, [56] yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.[57] Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna[23]. Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[60]

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.[61]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji[62]. A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.[63] Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma[64].

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.[79]

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Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). &quot;'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya?&quot;. Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds buried in mass graves as Libya reels from devastating flooding&quot;. Aljazeera. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;CCTV shows cars swept away in Libya flooding&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Flooding in eastern Libya after weekend storm leaves 2,000 people feared dead&quot;. AP News. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan floods: Derna city alone recovers 1,000 bodies – minister&quot;. BBC. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rescuers retrieve over 2,000 bodies in eastern Libya wrecked by devastating floods&quot;. AP News. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku.&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (15 September 2023). &quot;Libyan official rejects blame for flood disaster&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Karadsheh, Jomana (15 September 2023). &quot;'Utter destruction:' Derna left like a war zone by Libya's catastrophic flooding&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300,&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. ''Associated Press''. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.&lt;ref&gt;McAlpin, Nick (17 September 2023). &quot;Libya floods: UN withdraws 11,300 Derna death toll&quot;. ''The New Arab''. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Warning over shortage of body bags as fears of disease rise in Derna&quot;. Sky News. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Death toll hits 11,300 in Libyan city destroyed by floods&quot;. NBC News. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A year on, rebuilding Libya's flood-hit Derna plagued by politics&quot;. Al-Monitor. 7 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (13 September 2023). &quot;Derna: Soundtrack of children's cries now engulfs Libyan city&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.&lt;ref&gt;Mogul, Rhea; Haq, Sana Noor (13 September 2023). &quot;Morgues overwhelmed in Libya as rescuers search for thousands missing after flood&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Global Aid Effort Intensifies For Flood-stricken Libya&quot;. Barron's. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya flood: Satellite images and aerial photographs show destruction&quot;. BBC. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya: Mission chief updates Security Council on flood disaster 'beyond imagination'&quot;. UN News. United Nations. 16 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya flood: Derna mayor's house burnt down in protests&quot;. BBC News. 19 September 2023. Archived from the original on 19 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya says Derna mayor, other officials detained after flood&quot;. Reuters. 25 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.[52]

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,[53] yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.[54] Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah[55]. Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, [56] yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.[57] Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna[23]. Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[60]

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.[61]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji[62]. A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.[63] Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma[64].

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.[79]

==manazarta==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="31118" sha1="3jmcpxyjv6l8lmsjj5d78yggegeb8iq" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). &quot;'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya?&quot;. Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds buried in mass graves as Libya reels from devastating flooding&quot;. Aljazeera. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;CCTV shows cars swept away in Libya flooding&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Flooding in eastern Libya after weekend storm leaves 2,000 people feared dead&quot;. AP News. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan floods: Derna city alone recovers 1,000 bodies – minister&quot;. BBC. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rescuers retrieve over 2,000 bodies in eastern Libya wrecked by devastating floods&quot;. AP News. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku.&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (15 September 2023). &quot;Libyan official rejects blame for flood disaster&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Karadsheh, Jomana (15 September 2023). &quot;'Utter destruction:' Derna left like a war zone by Libya's catastrophic flooding&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300,&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. ''Associated Press''. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.&lt;ref&gt;McAlpin, Nick (17 September 2023). &quot;Libya floods: UN withdraws 11,300 Derna death toll&quot;. ''The New Arab''. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Warning over shortage of body bags as fears of disease rise in Derna&quot;. Sky News. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Death toll hits 11,300 in Libyan city destroyed by floods&quot;. NBC News. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A year on, rebuilding Libya's flood-hit Derna plagued by politics&quot;. Al-Monitor. 7 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (13 September 2023). &quot;Derna: Soundtrack of children's cries now engulfs Libyan city&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.&lt;ref&gt;Mogul, Rhea; Haq, Sana Noor (13 September 2023). &quot;Morgues overwhelmed in Libya as rescuers search for thousands missing after flood&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Global Aid Effort Intensifies For Flood-stricken Libya&quot;. Barron's. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya flood: Satellite images and aerial photographs show destruction&quot;. BBC. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya: Mission chief updates Security Council on flood disaster 'beyond imagination'&quot;. UN News. United Nations. 16 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya flood: Derna mayor's house burnt down in protests&quot;. BBC News. 19 September 2023. Archived from the original on 19 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya says Derna mayor, other officials detained after flood&quot;. Reuters. 25 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Derna floods: Libyan officials jailed over disaster&quot;. www.bbc.com. 28 July 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,[53] yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.[54] Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah[55]. Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, [56] yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.[57] Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna[23]. Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[60]

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.[61]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji[62]. A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.[63] Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma[64].

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.[79]

==manazarta==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="31877" sha1="esajtc07o0kjav4jahqw6corkaqonwj" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). &quot;'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya?&quot;. Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds buried in mass graves as Libya reels from devastating flooding&quot;. Aljazeera. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;CCTV shows cars swept away in Libya flooding&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Flooding in eastern Libya after weekend storm leaves 2,000 people feared dead&quot;. AP News. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan floods: Derna city alone recovers 1,000 bodies – minister&quot;. BBC. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rescuers retrieve over 2,000 bodies in eastern Libya wrecked by devastating floods&quot;. AP News. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku.&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (15 September 2023). &quot;Libyan official rejects blame for flood disaster&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Karadsheh, Jomana (15 September 2023). &quot;'Utter destruction:' Derna left like a war zone by Libya's catastrophic flooding&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300,&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. ''Associated Press''. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.&lt;ref&gt;McAlpin, Nick (17 September 2023). &quot;Libya floods: UN withdraws 11,300 Derna death toll&quot;. ''The New Arab''. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Warning over shortage of body bags as fears of disease rise in Derna&quot;. Sky News. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Death toll hits 11,300 in Libyan city destroyed by floods&quot;. NBC News. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A year on, rebuilding Libya's flood-hit Derna plagued by politics&quot;. Al-Monitor. 7 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (13 September 2023). &quot;Derna: Soundtrack of children's cries now engulfs Libyan city&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.&lt;ref&gt;Mogul, Rhea; Haq, Sana Noor (13 September 2023). &quot;Morgues overwhelmed in Libya as rescuers search for thousands missing after flood&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Global Aid Effort Intensifies For Flood-stricken Libya&quot;. Barron's. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya flood: Satellite images and aerial photographs show destruction&quot;. BBC. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya: Mission chief updates Security Council on flood disaster 'beyond imagination'&quot;. UN News. United Nations. 16 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya flood: Derna mayor's house burnt down in protests&quot;. BBC News. 19 September 2023. Archived from the original on 19 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya says Derna mayor, other officials detained after flood&quot;. Reuters. 25 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Derna floods: Libyan officials jailed over disaster&quot;. www.bbc.com. 28 July 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds feared dead after Mediterranean storm Daniel lashes Libya&quot;. Africanews. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan city buries 700 people killed in devastating floods as 10,000 are reported missing&quot;. Associated Press. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds feared dead, thousands missing after devastating floods hit Libya&quot;. France 24. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Entire neighbourhoods dragged into the sea&quot;. BBC. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.[57] Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna[23]. Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[60]

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.[61]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji[62]. A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.[63] Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma[64].

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.[79]

==manazarta==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="32077" sha1="m58z1e0ael30r2vayro4ymgu70hkboh" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). &quot;'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya?&quot;. Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds buried in mass graves as Libya reels from devastating flooding&quot;. Aljazeera. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;CCTV shows cars swept away in Libya flooding&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Flooding in eastern Libya after weekend storm leaves 2,000 people feared dead&quot;. AP News. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan floods: Derna city alone recovers 1,000 bodies – minister&quot;. BBC. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rescuers retrieve over 2,000 bodies in eastern Libya wrecked by devastating floods&quot;. AP News. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku.&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (15 September 2023). &quot;Libyan official rejects blame for flood disaster&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Karadsheh, Jomana (15 September 2023). &quot;'Utter destruction:' Derna left like a war zone by Libya's catastrophic flooding&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300,&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. ''Associated Press''. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.&lt;ref&gt;McAlpin, Nick (17 September 2023). &quot;Libya floods: UN withdraws 11,300 Derna death toll&quot;. ''The New Arab''. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Warning over shortage of body bags as fears of disease rise in Derna&quot;. Sky News. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Death toll hits 11,300 in Libyan city destroyed by floods&quot;. NBC News. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A year on, rebuilding Libya's flood-hit Derna plagued by politics&quot;. Al-Monitor. 7 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (13 September 2023). &quot;Derna: Soundtrack of children's cries now engulfs Libyan city&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.&lt;ref&gt;Mogul, Rhea; Haq, Sana Noor (13 September 2023). &quot;Morgues overwhelmed in Libya as rescuers search for thousands missing after flood&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Global Aid Effort Intensifies For Flood-stricken Libya&quot;. Barron's. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya flood: Satellite images and aerial photographs show destruction&quot;. BBC. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya: Mission chief updates Security Council on flood disaster 'beyond imagination'&quot;. UN News. United Nations. 16 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya flood: Derna mayor's house burnt down in protests&quot;. BBC News. 19 September 2023. Archived from the original on 19 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya says Derna mayor, other officials detained after flood&quot;. Reuters. 25 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Derna floods: Libyan officials jailed over disaster&quot;. www.bbc.com. 28 July 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds feared dead after Mediterranean storm Daniel lashes Libya&quot;. Africanews. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan city buries 700 people killed in devastating floods as 10,000 are reported missing&quot;. Associated Press. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds feared dead, thousands missing after devastating floods hit Libya&quot;. France 24. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Entire neighbourhoods dragged into the sea&quot;. BBC. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Level of destruction &quot;never seen before&quot;, death toll reaches 11,300&quot;. Africanews. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna[23]. Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[60]

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.[61]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji[62]. A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.[63] Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma[64].

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.[79]

==manazarta==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="32270" sha1="bqovokemff7q0w8niupputxbouyojci" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). &quot;'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya?&quot;. Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds buried in mass graves as Libya reels from devastating flooding&quot;. Aljazeera. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;CCTV shows cars swept away in Libya flooding&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Flooding in eastern Libya after weekend storm leaves 2,000 people feared dead&quot;. AP News. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan floods: Derna city alone recovers 1,000 bodies – minister&quot;. BBC. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rescuers retrieve over 2,000 bodies in eastern Libya wrecked by devastating floods&quot;. AP News. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku.&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (15 September 2023). &quot;Libyan official rejects blame for flood disaster&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Karadsheh, Jomana (15 September 2023). &quot;'Utter destruction:' Derna left like a war zone by Libya's catastrophic flooding&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300,&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. ''Associated Press''. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.&lt;ref&gt;McAlpin, Nick (17 September 2023). &quot;Libya floods: UN withdraws 11,300 Derna death toll&quot;. ''The New Arab''. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Warning over shortage of body bags as fears of disease rise in Derna&quot;. Sky News. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Death toll hits 11,300 in Libyan city destroyed by floods&quot;. NBC News. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A year on, rebuilding Libya's flood-hit Derna plagued by politics&quot;. Al-Monitor. 7 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (13 September 2023). &quot;Derna: Soundtrack of children's cries now engulfs Libyan city&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.&lt;ref&gt;Mogul, Rhea; Haq, Sana Noor (13 September 2023). &quot;Morgues overwhelmed in Libya as rescuers search for thousands missing after flood&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Global Aid Effort Intensifies For Flood-stricken Libya&quot;. Barron's. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya flood: Satellite images and aerial photographs show destruction&quot;. BBC. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya: Mission chief updates Security Council on flood disaster 'beyond imagination'&quot;. UN News. United Nations. 16 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya flood: Derna mayor's house burnt down in protests&quot;. BBC News. 19 September 2023. Archived from the original on 19 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya says Derna mayor, other officials detained after flood&quot;. Reuters. 25 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Derna floods: Libyan officials jailed over disaster&quot;. www.bbc.com. 28 July 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds feared dead after Mediterranean storm Daniel lashes Libya&quot;. Africanews. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan city buries 700 people killed in devastating floods as 10,000 are reported missing&quot;. Associated Press. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds feared dead, thousands missing after devastating floods hit Libya&quot;. France 24. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Entire neighbourhoods dragged into the sea&quot;. BBC. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Level of destruction &quot;never seen before&quot;, death toll reaches 11,300&quot;. Africanews. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;'Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse&quot;. Aljazeera. 16 September 2023. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[60]

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.[61]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji[62]. A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.[63] Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma[64].

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.[79]

==manazarta==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="32470" sha1="6u3e8zosk053lo2newa84w7mzsy3s6w" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). &quot;'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya?&quot;. Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds buried in mass graves as Libya reels from devastating flooding&quot;. Aljazeera. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;CCTV shows cars swept away in Libya flooding&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Flooding in eastern Libya after weekend storm leaves 2,000 people feared dead&quot;. AP News. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan floods: Derna city alone recovers 1,000 bodies – minister&quot;. BBC. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rescuers retrieve over 2,000 bodies in eastern Libya wrecked by devastating floods&quot;. AP News. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku.&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (15 September 2023). &quot;Libyan official rejects blame for flood disaster&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Karadsheh, Jomana (15 September 2023). &quot;'Utter destruction:' Derna left like a war zone by Libya's catastrophic flooding&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300,&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. ''Associated Press''. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.&lt;ref&gt;McAlpin, Nick (17 September 2023). &quot;Libya floods: UN withdraws 11,300 Derna death toll&quot;. ''The New Arab''. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Warning over shortage of body bags as fears of disease rise in Derna&quot;. Sky News. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Death toll hits 11,300 in Libyan city destroyed by floods&quot;. NBC News. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A year on, rebuilding Libya's flood-hit Derna plagued by politics&quot;. Al-Monitor. 7 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (13 September 2023). &quot;Derna: Soundtrack of children's cries now engulfs Libyan city&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.&lt;ref&gt;Mogul, Rhea; Haq, Sana Noor (13 September 2023). &quot;Morgues overwhelmed in Libya as rescuers search for thousands missing after flood&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Global Aid Effort Intensifies For Flood-stricken Libya&quot;. Barron's. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya flood: Satellite images and aerial photographs show destruction&quot;. BBC. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya: Mission chief updates Security Council on flood disaster 'beyond imagination'&quot;. UN News. United Nations. 16 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya flood: Derna mayor's house burnt down in protests&quot;. BBC News. 19 September 2023. Archived from the original on 19 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya says Derna mayor, other officials detained after flood&quot;. Reuters. 25 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Derna floods: Libyan officials jailed over disaster&quot;. www.bbc.com. 28 July 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds feared dead after Mediterranean storm Daniel lashes Libya&quot;. Africanews. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan city buries 700 people killed in devastating floods as 10,000 are reported missing&quot;. Associated Press. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds feared dead, thousands missing after devastating floods hit Libya&quot;. France 24. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Entire neighbourhoods dragged into the sea&quot;. BBC. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Level of destruction &quot;never seen before&quot;, death toll reaches 11,300&quot;. Africanews. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;'Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse&quot;. Aljazeera. 16 September 2023. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;For a divided Libya, disastrous floods have become a rallying cry for unity&quot;. Associated Press. 17 September 2023. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.[61]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji[62]. A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.[63] Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma[64].

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.[79]

==manazarta==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="32718" sha1="q2e0cbp2gibvilcnup2ngxpcln8t57p" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). &quot;'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya?&quot;. Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds buried in mass graves as Libya reels from devastating flooding&quot;. Aljazeera. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;CCTV shows cars swept away in Libya flooding&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Flooding in eastern Libya after weekend storm leaves 2,000 people feared dead&quot;. AP News. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan floods: Derna city alone recovers 1,000 bodies – minister&quot;. BBC. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rescuers retrieve over 2,000 bodies in eastern Libya wrecked by devastating floods&quot;. AP News. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku.&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (15 September 2023). &quot;Libyan official rejects blame for flood disaster&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Karadsheh, Jomana (15 September 2023). &quot;'Utter destruction:' Derna left like a war zone by Libya's catastrophic flooding&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300,&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. ''Associated Press''. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.&lt;ref&gt;McAlpin, Nick (17 September 2023). &quot;Libya floods: UN withdraws 11,300 Derna death toll&quot;. ''The New Arab''. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Warning over shortage of body bags as fears of disease rise in Derna&quot;. Sky News. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Death toll hits 11,300 in Libyan city destroyed by floods&quot;. NBC News. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A year on, rebuilding Libya's flood-hit Derna plagued by politics&quot;. Al-Monitor. 7 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (13 September 2023). &quot;Derna: Soundtrack of children's cries now engulfs Libyan city&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.&lt;ref&gt;Mogul, Rhea; Haq, Sana Noor (13 September 2023). &quot;Morgues overwhelmed in Libya as rescuers search for thousands missing after flood&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Global Aid Effort Intensifies For Flood-stricken Libya&quot;. Barron's. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya flood: Satellite images and aerial photographs show destruction&quot;. BBC. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya: Mission chief updates Security Council on flood disaster 'beyond imagination'&quot;. UN News. United Nations. 16 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya flood: Derna mayor's house burnt down in protests&quot;. BBC News. 19 September 2023. Archived from the original on 19 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya says Derna mayor, other officials detained after flood&quot;. Reuters. 25 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Derna floods: Libyan officials jailed over disaster&quot;. www.bbc.com. 28 July 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds feared dead after Mediterranean storm Daniel lashes Libya&quot;. Africanews. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan city buries 700 people killed in devastating floods as 10,000 are reported missing&quot;. Associated Press. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds feared dead, thousands missing after devastating floods hit Libya&quot;. France 24. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Entire neighbourhoods dragged into the sea&quot;. BBC. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Level of destruction &quot;never seen before&quot;, death toll reaches 11,300&quot;. Africanews. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;'Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse&quot;. Aljazeera. 16 September 2023. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;For a divided Libya, disastrous floods have become a rallying cry for unity&quot;. Associated Press. 17 September 2023. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.[61]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji[62]. A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.[63] Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma[64].

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.&lt;ref&gt;Klemm, Josh; Winkler, Isabella (17 September 2023). &quot;Opinion | Is the Disaster in Libya Coming Soon to an Aging Dam Near You?&quot;. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

==manazarta==
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      <text bytes="32942" sha1="hk1iggx7ltc516zs1n40vs9qf8covc6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). &quot;'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya?&quot;. Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds buried in mass graves as Libya reels from devastating flooding&quot;. Aljazeera. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;CCTV shows cars swept away in Libya flooding&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Flooding in eastern Libya after weekend storm leaves 2,000 people feared dead&quot;. AP News. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan floods: Derna city alone recovers 1,000 bodies – minister&quot;. BBC. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rescuers retrieve over 2,000 bodies in eastern Libya wrecked by devastating floods&quot;. AP News. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku.&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (15 September 2023). &quot;Libyan official rejects blame for flood disaster&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Karadsheh, Jomana (15 September 2023). &quot;'Utter destruction:' Derna left like a war zone by Libya's catastrophic flooding&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300,&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. ''Associated Press''. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.&lt;ref&gt;McAlpin, Nick (17 September 2023). &quot;Libya floods: UN withdraws 11,300 Derna death toll&quot;. ''The New Arab''. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Warning over shortage of body bags as fears of disease rise in Derna&quot;. Sky News. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Death toll hits 11,300 in Libyan city destroyed by floods&quot;. NBC News. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A year on, rebuilding Libya's flood-hit Derna plagued by politics&quot;. Al-Monitor. 7 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (13 September 2023). &quot;Derna: Soundtrack of children's cries now engulfs Libyan city&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.&lt;ref&gt;Mogul, Rhea; Haq, Sana Noor (13 September 2023). &quot;Morgues overwhelmed in Libya as rescuers search for thousands missing after flood&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Global Aid Effort Intensifies For Flood-stricken Libya&quot;. Barron's. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya flood: Satellite images and aerial photographs show destruction&quot;. BBC. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya: Mission chief updates Security Council on flood disaster 'beyond imagination'&quot;. UN News. United Nations. 16 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya flood: Derna mayor's house burnt down in protests&quot;. BBC News. 19 September 2023. Archived from the original on 19 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya says Derna mayor, other officials detained after flood&quot;. Reuters. 25 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Derna floods: Libyan officials jailed over disaster&quot;. www.bbc.com. 28 July 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds feared dead after Mediterranean storm Daniel lashes Libya&quot;. Africanews. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan city buries 700 people killed in devastating floods as 10,000 are reported missing&quot;. Associated Press. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds feared dead, thousands missing after devastating floods hit Libya&quot;. France 24. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Entire neighbourhoods dragged into the sea&quot;. BBC. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Level of destruction &quot;never seen before&quot;, death toll reaches 11,300&quot;. Africanews. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;'Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse&quot;. Aljazeera. 16 September 2023. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;For a divided Libya, disastrous floods have become a rallying cry for unity&quot;. Associated Press. 17 September 2023. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Whole families drowned in Libya's flood. Many didn't realize the danger until they heard dams burst&quot;. Associated Press. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji[62]. A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.[63] Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma[64].

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.&lt;ref&gt;Klemm, Josh; Winkler, Isabella (17 September 2023). &quot;Opinion | Is the Disaster in Libya Coming Soon to an Aging Dam Near You?&quot;. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

==manazarta==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="33100" sha1="83xkzru5syducmcj4ftmdj36vphmre2" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). &quot;'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya?&quot;. Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds buried in mass graves as Libya reels from devastating flooding&quot;. Aljazeera. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;CCTV shows cars swept away in Libya flooding&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Flooding in eastern Libya after weekend storm leaves 2,000 people feared dead&quot;. AP News. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan floods: Derna city alone recovers 1,000 bodies – minister&quot;. BBC. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rescuers retrieve over 2,000 bodies in eastern Libya wrecked by devastating floods&quot;. AP News. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku.&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (15 September 2023). &quot;Libyan official rejects blame for flood disaster&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Karadsheh, Jomana (15 September 2023). &quot;'Utter destruction:' Derna left like a war zone by Libya's catastrophic flooding&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300,&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. ''Associated Press''. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.&lt;ref&gt;McAlpin, Nick (17 September 2023). &quot;Libya floods: UN withdraws 11,300 Derna death toll&quot;. ''The New Arab''. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Warning over shortage of body bags as fears of disease rise in Derna&quot;. Sky News. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Death toll hits 11,300 in Libyan city destroyed by floods&quot;. NBC News. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A year on, rebuilding Libya's flood-hit Derna plagued by politics&quot;. Al-Monitor. 7 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (13 September 2023). &quot;Derna: Soundtrack of children's cries now engulfs Libyan city&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.&lt;ref&gt;Mogul, Rhea; Haq, Sana Noor (13 September 2023). &quot;Morgues overwhelmed in Libya as rescuers search for thousands missing after flood&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Global Aid Effort Intensifies For Flood-stricken Libya&quot;. Barron's. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya flood: Satellite images and aerial photographs show destruction&quot;. BBC. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya: Mission chief updates Security Council on flood disaster 'beyond imagination'&quot;. UN News. United Nations. 16 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya flood: Derna mayor's house burnt down in protests&quot;. BBC News. 19 September 2023. Archived from the original on 19 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya says Derna mayor, other officials detained after flood&quot;. Reuters. 25 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Derna floods: Libyan officials jailed over disaster&quot;. www.bbc.com. 28 July 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds feared dead after Mediterranean storm Daniel lashes Libya&quot;. Africanews. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan city buries 700 people killed in devastating floods as 10,000 are reported missing&quot;. Associated Press. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds feared dead, thousands missing after devastating floods hit Libya&quot;. France 24. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Entire neighbourhoods dragged into the sea&quot;. BBC. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Level of destruction &quot;never seen before&quot;, death toll reaches 11,300&quot;. Africanews. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;'Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse&quot;. Aljazeera. 16 September 2023. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;For a divided Libya, disastrous floods have become a rallying cry for unity&quot;. Associated Press. 17 September 2023. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Whole families drowned in Libya's flood. Many didn't realize the danger until they heard dams burst&quot;. Associated Press. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan rivals 'co-ordinating over flood relief'&quot;. BBC. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.[63] Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma[64].

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.&lt;ref&gt;Klemm, Josh; Winkler, Isabella (17 September 2023). &quot;Opinion | Is the Disaster in Libya Coming Soon to an Aging Dam Near You?&quot;. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

==manazarta==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="33293" sha1="kbaclohg6yfgzjcy9fknrdmuzgah3lk" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). &quot;'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya?&quot;. Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds buried in mass graves as Libya reels from devastating flooding&quot;. Aljazeera. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;CCTV shows cars swept away in Libya flooding&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Flooding in eastern Libya after weekend storm leaves 2,000 people feared dead&quot;. AP News. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan floods: Derna city alone recovers 1,000 bodies – minister&quot;. BBC. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rescuers retrieve over 2,000 bodies in eastern Libya wrecked by devastating floods&quot;. AP News. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku.&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (15 September 2023). &quot;Libyan official rejects blame for flood disaster&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Karadsheh, Jomana (15 September 2023). &quot;'Utter destruction:' Derna left like a war zone by Libya's catastrophic flooding&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300,&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. ''Associated Press''. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.&lt;ref&gt;McAlpin, Nick (17 September 2023). &quot;Libya floods: UN withdraws 11,300 Derna death toll&quot;. ''The New Arab''. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Warning over shortage of body bags as fears of disease rise in Derna&quot;. Sky News. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Death toll hits 11,300 in Libyan city destroyed by floods&quot;. NBC News. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A year on, rebuilding Libya's flood-hit Derna plagued by politics&quot;. Al-Monitor. 7 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (13 September 2023). &quot;Derna: Soundtrack of children's cries now engulfs Libyan city&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.&lt;ref&gt;Mogul, Rhea; Haq, Sana Noor (13 September 2023). &quot;Morgues overwhelmed in Libya as rescuers search for thousands missing after flood&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Global Aid Effort Intensifies For Flood-stricken Libya&quot;. Barron's. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya flood: Satellite images and aerial photographs show destruction&quot;. BBC. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya: Mission chief updates Security Council on flood disaster 'beyond imagination'&quot;. UN News. United Nations. 16 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya flood: Derna mayor's house burnt down in protests&quot;. BBC News. 19 September 2023. Archived from the original on 19 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya says Derna mayor, other officials detained after flood&quot;. Reuters. 25 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Derna floods: Libyan officials jailed over disaster&quot;. www.bbc.com. 28 July 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds feared dead after Mediterranean storm Daniel lashes Libya&quot;. Africanews. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan city buries 700 people killed in devastating floods as 10,000 are reported missing&quot;. Associated Press. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds feared dead, thousands missing after devastating floods hit Libya&quot;. France 24. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Entire neighbourhoods dragged into the sea&quot;. BBC. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Level of destruction &quot;never seen before&quot;, death toll reaches 11,300&quot;. Africanews. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;'Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse&quot;. Aljazeera. 16 September 2023. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;For a divided Libya, disastrous floods have become a rallying cry for unity&quot;. Associated Press. 17 September 2023. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Whole families drowned in Libya's flood. Many didn't realize the danger until they heard dams burst&quot;. Associated Press. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan rivals 'co-ordinating over flood relief'&quot;. BBC. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rival governments cooperate to aid Libya's flood victims as misery piles on&quot;. Aljazeera. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma[64].

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.&lt;ref&gt;Klemm, Josh; Winkler, Isabella (17 September 2023). &quot;Opinion | Is the Disaster in Libya Coming Soon to an Aging Dam Near You?&quot;. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

==manazarta==
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      <text bytes="33514" sha1="iyt1wgfnirn1zw3e1i5vc3mhte5iuol" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). &quot;'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya?&quot;. Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds buried in mass graves as Libya reels from devastating flooding&quot;. Aljazeera. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;CCTV shows cars swept away in Libya flooding&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Flooding in eastern Libya after weekend storm leaves 2,000 people feared dead&quot;. AP News. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan floods: Derna city alone recovers 1,000 bodies – minister&quot;. BBC. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rescuers retrieve over 2,000 bodies in eastern Libya wrecked by devastating floods&quot;. AP News. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku.&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (15 September 2023). &quot;Libyan official rejects blame for flood disaster&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Karadsheh, Jomana (15 September 2023). &quot;'Utter destruction:' Derna left like a war zone by Libya's catastrophic flooding&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300,&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. ''Associated Press''. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.&lt;ref&gt;McAlpin, Nick (17 September 2023). &quot;Libya floods: UN withdraws 11,300 Derna death toll&quot;. ''The New Arab''. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Warning over shortage of body bags as fears of disease rise in Derna&quot;. Sky News. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Death toll hits 11,300 in Libyan city destroyed by floods&quot;. NBC News. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A year on, rebuilding Libya's flood-hit Derna plagued by politics&quot;. Al-Monitor. 7 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (13 September 2023). &quot;Derna: Soundtrack of children's cries now engulfs Libyan city&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.&lt;ref&gt;Mogul, Rhea; Haq, Sana Noor (13 September 2023). &quot;Morgues overwhelmed in Libya as rescuers search for thousands missing after flood&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Global Aid Effort Intensifies For Flood-stricken Libya&quot;. Barron's. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya flood: Satellite images and aerial photographs show destruction&quot;. BBC. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya: Mission chief updates Security Council on flood disaster 'beyond imagination'&quot;. UN News. United Nations. 16 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya flood: Derna mayor's house burnt down in protests&quot;. BBC News. 19 September 2023. Archived from the original on 19 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya says Derna mayor, other officials detained after flood&quot;. Reuters. 25 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Derna floods: Libyan officials jailed over disaster&quot;. www.bbc.com. 28 July 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds feared dead after Mediterranean storm Daniel lashes Libya&quot;. Africanews. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan city buries 700 people killed in devastating floods as 10,000 are reported missing&quot;. Associated Press. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds feared dead, thousands missing after devastating floods hit Libya&quot;. France 24. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Entire neighbourhoods dragged into the sea&quot;. BBC. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Level of destruction &quot;never seen before&quot;, death toll reaches 11,300&quot;. Africanews. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;'Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse&quot;. Aljazeera. 16 September 2023. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;For a divided Libya, disastrous floods have become a rallying cry for unity&quot;. Associated Press. 17 September 2023. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Whole families drowned in Libya's flood. Many didn't realize the danger until they heard dams burst&quot;. Associated Press. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan rivals 'co-ordinating over flood relief'&quot;. BBC. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rival governments cooperate to aid Libya's flood victims as misery piles on&quot;. Aljazeera. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. Associated Press. 16 September 2023. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.[65]

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.&lt;ref&gt;Klemm, Josh; Winkler, Isabella (17 September 2023). &quot;Opinion | Is the Disaster in Libya Coming Soon to an Aging Dam Near You?&quot;. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

==manazarta==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="33735" sha1="2h7zw7ttfrmrvxn2mk8eplqro2atfd5" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Rushewar madatsar ruwan Derna [[Sin|China]] mummunar gazawar madatsun ruwa guda biyu a Derna, Libya, a daren 10-11 Satumba 2023, bayan Guguwar Daniyel . Rushewar madatsar ruwan Abu Mansour da madatsar ruwa ta Derna sun fitar da kimanin mita cubic miliyan {{Convert|30|e6m3|e6yd3}} (mita cubic miliyan 39) na ruwa, &lt;ref name=&quot;ajwhy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914105531/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/13/why-did-dernas-dams-break-when-storm-daniel-hit-libya |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa yayin da Wadi Derna ya mamaye bankunanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;ap&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=12 September 2023 |title=10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods |url=https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912202455/https://apnews.com/article/derna-libya-floods-storm-daniel-95379b164871d97fb74b1cd1bcb5640c |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=AP News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flash Floods In Derna |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912212740/https://www.barrons.com/news/libya-flash-floods-in-derna-5752f323 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |access-date=12 September 2023 |publisher=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta lalata birnin Derna. Mutuwar hukuma da mutanen da suka bace sun wuce 7,800 bisa ga kididdigar gwamnati,  duk da haka, ƙididdigar da ba a hukuma ba game da adadin wadanda suka mutu da wadanda suka bace sun fi girma.   &lt;ref name=&quot;April 17, 2024 update&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Libya Assistance Overview, April 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-assistance-overview-april-2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=USAID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 September 2023 |title=Libya: Flood update Flash Update No.7 (23 September 2023) (as of 4pm local time) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-update-flash-update-no7-23-september-2023-4pm-local-time-enar |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RWupdate1010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (As of 10 October 2023) [EN/AR] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-10-october-2023-enar |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OCHA_Report_231215&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title=Libya: Flood Response Humanitarian Update (as of 15 December 2023) - Libya {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/libya/libya-flood-response-humanitarian-update-15-december-2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan taron shine karo na biyu mafi muni a cikin tarihin madatsar ruwan, bayan gazawar madatsar ruwa ta Banqiao a shekarar 1975 a kasar Sin.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:مدينة_درنة_الليبية_.jpg|thumb|270x270px|Ra'ayi na Derna a watan Disamba na 2020, madatsar ruwa ta biyu tana bayyane a tsakiya-hagu.]]

=== Ginin madatsar ruwa ===
Kamfanin Yugoslav Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wadi Derna |url=https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224652/https://www.hidrotehnika.rs/en/libya/wadi-derna/ |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=hidrotehnika.rs |quote=Derna-Bou Mansur road 24 km long...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne ya gina madatsar ruwa da ta rushe a karkashin Gwamnatin Muammar Gaddafi a cikin shekarun 1970s don sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna: The Libyan city known for rebellion — and neglect |url=https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915224646/https://www.dw.com/en/derna-the-libyan-city-known-for-rebellion-and-neglect/a-66822261 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=dw.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ban ruwa da filayen noma da samar da ruwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa. &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana su a matsayin madatsar ruwa mai cike da yumɓu tare da tsawo na mita 75 (madatsar ruwa ta Mansur) da mita 45 (madatsarar ruwa ta Derna). &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt; Dam din Derna (ko Belad)  yana da damar ajiyar ruwa na cubic mita miliyan 1.5,  yayin da madatsar ruwan Mansour (ko Abu Mansour &lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot; /&gt;) a saman ruwa tana da damar cubic mita 22.5 miliyan. [3] &lt;ref name=&quot;apn&quot; /&gt;   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tara |first=Roopinder |date=21 September 2023 |title=A Dam Shame: Engineer's Warning Goes Unheeded and Eleven Thousand Die |url=https://www.engineering.com/a-dam-shame-engineers-warning-goes-unheeded-and-eleven-thousand-die/ |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=Engineering.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|In contradiction to these references (AP News, hindustantimes, and engineering.com), the graphics in File:ECDM 20230915 FL Libya.pdf and File:ECDM 20230913 FL Libya.pdf both specifically name Monsur as downstream from the Derna Dam; the France24 reference &quot;Libya’s deadly dam...&quot; (2023-09-13) and the hidrotehnika reference also have Mansour smaller and downstream (tho' the latter also describes the 'Derna-Bou Mansur road' as 24 km long, implicitly contradicting its table entries); consistently with the refs, at Maps.google.com the 'Wadi Abu Mansour Dam' is shown upstream, visibly larger, and the 'Al-Balad Dam' (described as a weir) downstream and smaller, and OpenStreetMap&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Way: Abou Mansour (1207192349) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1207192349#map=11/32.6594/22.5771 |website=OpenStreetMap |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en |date=20 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and MapCarta&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mansour dam |url=https://mapcarta.com/W1207192349 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=17 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; also show Abu Mansour some miles upstream; the 2024 report by Ashoor and Eladawy also states that the Bou Mansour dam was 15.6km up the wadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashoor_Eladawy&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ashoor |first1=Abdelwanees |last2=Eladawy |first2=Ahmed |title=Navigating catastrophe: Lessons from Derna amid intensified flash floods in the Anthropocene |journal=Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration |date=2024 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=1125–1140 |doi=10.1007/s41207-024-00566-4 |bibcode=2024EMJEI...9.1125A |quote=Bu Mansour Dam is located south of the city of Derna at a distance of 15.6 km when measuring the distance from the end of the stream |id={{doi-inline|10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858769/v1|Preprint}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

An gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin da madatsun ruwa ke zubar a Derna; dukansu suna aiki ta amfani da ƙirar 'Bell-mouth spillway'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Derna, Libya dam breaks and flood – Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Laboratory |url=https://hydraulics.engin.umich.edu/sample-page/derna-libya-dam-breaks-and-flood/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |website=hydraulics.engin.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Efn|A spillway is a waterway used to dispose of excess flood water from a reservoir after it has been filled to capacity. Spillways are provided for all dams and serve as dam safety valves. A spillway can be located within the dam's body, at the dam's end, or totally separate from the dam as an independent structure. It is critical to provide a sufficient capacity spillway. On the other hand, a spillway with insufficient capacity may cause dam overtopping, resulting in serious and permanent damage to the dam or the dam's failure. It is possible that the cause of failure is overtopping followed by scour. This happens when the spillway is too small (the inflow rate too large) for the spillway to pass the inflow downstream without the water level rising higher and overflowing the dam itself.}}

==== Wuraren da aka yi ====

* Abu Mansour Dam - 32°39′34′′N 22°34′38′′E / 32.6594°N 22.5772°E / 32. 6594; 22.5771 (Abu Mansour Dam) {{Coord|32.6594|N|22.5772|E}}
* Derna (ko Belad) Dam - 32°45′11′′N 22°37′53′′E / 32.75306°N 22.63139°E / 32. 75306; 22.63137 (Derna Dam) &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|11|N|22|37|53|E}}
* Derna City - 32°45′49′′N 22°38′10′′E / 32.76361°N 22.63611°E / 32.36361; 22.63611.&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coord|32|45|49|N|22|38|10|E}}

=== Yanayin siyasa ===
Girman bala'in a Derna an danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na sakaci yankin ta hanyar bin mulkin [[Muammar Gaddafi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;decade&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914060642/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-libya-s-deadly-dam-collapse-was-decades-in-the-making &quot;Libya's deadly dam collapse was decades in the making&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vulnerable&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pietromarchi |first=Virginia |date=2023-09-14 |title=Natural disaster or man-made, why was Libya so vulnerable to floods? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915002734/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/14/natural-disaster-or-man-made-why-was-libya-so-vulnerable-to-floods |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Aljazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chibelushi |first=Wedaeli |date=2023-09-13 |title=Libya turmoil made Derna flooding even more deadly |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914080840/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66797307 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=BBC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin shekarun 2010 birnin ya kasance fagen yaƙi, a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Libya, sa hannun NATO, da rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatocin adawa da aka kafa bayan hambarar da Gaddafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;turmoil&quot; /&gt; Bayan da aka hambarar da Gaddafi, birnin ya sauya hannun sau hudu.

=== Gargadi ===
An bayar da rahoton fashewa a cikin madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekara ta 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-17 |title=Aid arrives as Libya copes with flooding aftermath |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917070018/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230917-aid-arrives-as-libya-copes-with-flooding-aftermath |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mataimakin magajin garin Derna ya ce ba a kula da madatsar ruwan ba tun 2002 kuma ba a gina su don tsayayya da irin wannan ruwa mai yawa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Deputy mayor of Derna, Libya's flooded city, describes situation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913010339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/12/infrastructure-in-libyas-derna-not-built-to-withstand-storm-deputy-mayor |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wata hukumar binciken jihar, rashin kulawa ya faru duk da rabon da gwamnati ta bayar na fiye da Yuro miliyan 2 don wannan dalili a cikin 2012 da 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Libyan city buries thousands in mass graves after flood as mayor says death toll could triple |url=https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110039/https://apnews.com/article/libya-floods-derna-storm-daniel-mass-graves-21b1a195d261a642e12dac13f0d19431 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, wani kamfanin gine-gine na Turkiyya da ake kira Arsel Construction Company Limited ya yi iƙirarin cewa an yi kwangila don yin aikin gyara a madatsar ruwan kuma ya gina wani a cikin 2007, kuma ya bayyana a shafin yanar gizon cewa ya kammala wannan aikin a cikin 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;probe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title='Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916203730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/16/disaster-of-epic-proportions-libya-prosecutor-probes-deadly-dam-collapse |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=16 September 2023 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwanan nan a shekarar 2022, wani mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar]] da ke Bayda, Libya ya yi gargadi a cikin wata takarda cewa madatsun ruwa suna buƙatar kulawa ta gaggawa, yana nuna cewa akwai &quot;babban yiwuwar haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ashoor |first=Abdelwanees A. R |date=2022-07-26 &lt;!--|year=2022--&gt; |title= |script-title=ar: (SCS-CN) نموذج عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم املعلومات الجغر افية و تقدير |trans-title=Estimation of the surface runoff depth of Wadi Derna Basin by integrating the geographic information systems and Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) model |url=https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |url-status=live |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pure &amp; Applied Sciences |language=Arabic |publisher=[[Sebha University]] Press |publication-date=2022-11-27 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=90–100 |doi=10.51984/jopas.v21i2 |issn=2521-9200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915110914/https://sebhau.edu.ly/journal/jopas/article/view/2137 |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pielke Jr. |first=Roger A. |author-link=Roger A. Pielke Jr. |date=2023-09-13 |title=Trends in Flooding in Africa |url=https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916042410/https://rogerpielkejr.substack.com/p/trends-in-flooding-in-africa |archive-date=16 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Honest Broker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takardar ta kuma kira jami'ai da su yi gaggawa don gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan madatsun ruwa, suna mai cewa &quot; (a cikin) babban ambaliyar ruwa, sakamakon zai zama bala'i&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An san Wadi Derna da saurin ambaliyar ruwa, bayan da ya fuskanci manyan ambaliyar ambaliyar a 1942, 1959, 1968 da 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Rushewa ==
Kafin guguwar, an hana mazauna garin fita daga gidajensu bayan da hukumomi suka sanya dokar hana fita a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ebrahim, Nadeem (14 September 2023). &quot;'We knew ahead of time': A decade of turmoil left Libya unprepared for a catastrophic storm&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi imanin cewa madatsar ruwa ta Mansour, wacce take a mahadar kwarin koguna biyu, ita ce farkon da madatsun ruwa biyu suka ruguje.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan da aka saki ya yi gudun kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) zuwa tekun kuma ya mamaye dam din Derna (ko Belad), wanda tuni ya shiga cikin damuwa saboda karuwar ruwa a cikin tafki.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya?&quot;. Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Mazauna garin sun tuna da jin karar fashewar abubuwa masu karfi a lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fashe.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds buried in mass graves as Libya reels from devastating flooding&quot;. Aljazeera. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ruwa ya ratsa Derna tare da bidiyo da ke nuna yadda ambaliyar ta isa birnin jim kadan kafin 03:00 EET (UTC+2:00) ranar 11 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;CCTV shows cars swept away in Libya flooding&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Hotunan bidiyo da aka buga a shafukan sada zumunta sun nuna yadda motoci ke nutsewa cikin ambaliya.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Flooding in eastern Libya after weekend storm leaves 2,000 people feared dead&quot;. AP News. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Minista Osama Hamada ya bayyana cewa an kwashe unguwannin da ke zaune, yayin da ministan sufurin jiragen sama na Hamada Hisham Chkiouat ya ce Derna kamar ta afkawa &quot;tsunami&quot;. Ya kuma ce kashi 25% na birnin sun “bace”,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan floods: Derna city alone recovers 1,000 bodies – minister&quot;. BBC. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da manyan sassan birnin da aka ja su zuwa tekun Bahar Rum.&lt;ref&gt;Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). &quot;Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it – minister&quot;. BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Asibitoci a cikin birnin sun zama marasa aiki yayin da ma'aunin gawa suka cika, lamarin da ya sa aka ajiye gawarwakin a kan tituna&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma a babban dandalin birnin. An aika gawarwakin mutane sama da 300 zuwa dakin ajiyar gawa a Tobruk don shawo kan cunkoson jama’a.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rescuers retrieve over 2,000 bodies in eastern Libya wrecked by devastating floods&quot;. AP News. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An binne gawarwaki sama da 1,000 daga baya a cikin kaburbura.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&quot;Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead&quot;. Reuters. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; An aike da tawagogin sojojin ruwa domin kwato gawarwakin da ambaliyar ta yi awon gaba da su zuwa teku.&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (15 September 2023). &quot;Libyan official rejects blame for flood disaster&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya, an gano akalla gawarwaki 200 da aka wanke a nisan kilomita 20 daga Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Karadsheh, Jomana (15 September 2023). &quot;'Utter destruction:' Derna left like a war zone by Libya's catastrophic flooding&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu kuma an gano su fiye da kilomita 100 (mil 62) daga birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An ceto mutum daya bayan an same shi a nisan mil 11 daga gabar tekun Derna.&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lalacewa da raunuka ==
Ƙididdiga na farko na asarar rayuka daga bala'in ya bambanta sosai. Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ayyukan jin kai ya yi kiyasin mutuwar mutane 11,300,&lt;ref&gt;Magdy, Samy; Mourad, Yousef (16 September 2023). &quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. ''Associated Press''. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; amma daga baya ya janye wannan adadin.&lt;ref&gt;McAlpin, Nick (17 September 2023). &quot;Libya floods: UN withdraws 11,300 Derna death toll&quot;. ''The New Arab''. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Othman Abduljalil, ministan lafiya na gwamnatin Libya ta tabbatar da zaman lafiya a lokacin, ya ce mutane 6,000 ne suka bace a Derna kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). &quot;At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; Magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, ya shaida wa al-Arabiya cewa adadin mutanen da suka mutu a birnin na karshe zai iya kai daga 18,000 zuwa 20,000, kwatankwacin kashi biyar na mutanen birnin.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Warning over shortage of body bags as fears of disease rise in Derna&quot;. Sky News. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Death toll hits 11,300 in Libyan city destroyed by floods&quot;. NBC News. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Anas El Gomati mai rajin kare hakkin bil adama na kasar Libya ya fada a cikin wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2024 ta Al-Monitor cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu daga 14,000 zuwa 24,000 ya fi yiwuwa.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A year on, rebuilding Libya's flood-hit Derna plagued by politics&quot;. Al-Monitor. 7 September 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

Uku ne kawai daga cikin gundumomi goma na birnin suka tsira daga ambaliya,&lt;ref&gt;Murphy, Matt (13 September 2023). &quot;Derna: Soundtrack of children's cries now engulfs Libyan city&quot;. BBC. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da biyar daga cikin bakwai hanyoyin shiga Derna suka kasa shiga.&lt;ref&gt;Mogul, Rhea; Haq, Sana Noor (13 September 2023). &quot;Morgues overwhelmed in Libya as rescuers search for thousands missing after flood&quot;. CNN. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Rugujewar gadoji guda hudu da ke gefen Wadi Derna ya raba birnin gida biyu.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Global Aid Effort Intensifies For Flood-stricken Libya&quot;. Barron's. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ya nuna cewa sama da gine-gine 2,200 ne suka mamaye birnin.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya flood: Satellite images and aerial photographs show destruction&quot;. BBC. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Sama da mutane 40,000 ne aka ‘matsu’.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya: Mission chief updates Security Council on flood disaster 'beyond imagination'&quot;. UN News. United Nations. 16 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayan haka ==
Masu zanga-zangar sun yi kira da a kori jami'an gwamnatin gabashin Libya daga aiki saboda gazawar dam din da suka yi, ko kuma ba da umarnin kwashe su. A ranar 18 ga Satumba, an kona gidan magajin garin Derna, Abdulmenam al-Ghaithi.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya flood: Derna mayor's house burnt down in protests&quot;. BBC News. 19 September 2023. Archived from the original on 19 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 25 ga Satumba, an tsare al-Ghaithi da wasu jami'ai da dama saboda rashin kulawa da kuma zargin sakaci da suka biyo bayan rushewar dam.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya says Derna mayor, other officials detained after flood&quot;. Reuters. 25 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2024, jami'ai 12 da ke da alhakin sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kula da madatsun ruwa sun sami hukuncin dauri.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Derna floods: Libyan officials jailed over disaster&quot;. www.bbc.com. 28 July 2024. Retrieved 28 July 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Martani ==

=== Na gida ===
Majalisar shugaban kasar Libya da ke da hedkwata a Tripoli ta ayyana garuruwan Derna, Shahhat, da Bayda yankunan bala'i,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds feared dead after Mediterranean storm Daniel lashes Libya&quot;. Africanews. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da ma'aikatar lafiya ta Tripoli ta aike da wani jirgin sama dauke da tan 14 na kayan aikin likita, magunguna, jakunkuna, da ma'aikata zuwa Benghazi a ranar 12 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan city buries 700 people killed in devastating floods as 10,000 are reported missing&quot;. Associated Press. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Wakilai (HoR) mai hedkwata a birnin Benghazi mai iko da galibin yankunan da abin ya shafa ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki uku kamar yadda gwamnatin hadin kan kasa ta kasa da kasa (GNU) da ke da hedkwata a birnin Tripoli ta yi a karkashin jagorancin firaminista Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hundreds feared dead, thousands missing after devastating floods hit Libya&quot;. France 24. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Dbeibah ya yi alkawarin gudanar da bincike kan irin barnar da aka yi, da kuma ware dinari biliyan 2.5 na Libya kwatankwacin dalar Amurka miliyan 515 don taimakawa sake gina Derna da Benghazi, &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Entire neighbourhoods dragged into the sea&quot;. BBC. 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da majalisar wakilai ta bayyana kasafin kusan dala biliyan biyu don ayyukan agaji.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya floods: Level of destruction &quot;never seen before&quot;, death toll reaches 11,300&quot;. Africanews. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau Dbeibah ya sanar da kafa wani tsari na tantance kayan agaji na kasashen waje, yana mai cewa &quot;zasu karbi taimakon da ake ganin ya dace ne kawai.&quot; A ranar 15 ga Satumba, babban mai shigar da kara na Libya al-Sediq al-Sour ya sanar da cewa zai bude bincike kan bala'in da ya faru a Derna.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;'Disaster of epic proportions': Libya prosecutor probes deadly dam collapse&quot;. Aljazeera. 16 September 2023. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, talakawan Libya sun amsa kiraye-kirayen neman taimako a shafukan sada zumunta, tare da daidaikun mutane har zuwa Zawiya, a yankin da ke karkashin ikon GNU a yammacin Tripoli, suna ba da kai don zuwa Derna don taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;For a divided Libya, disastrous floods have become a rallying cry for unity&quot;. Associated Press. 17 September 2023. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

ayarin motocin agaji na farko sun isa Derna a karshen ranar 12 ga Satumba.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Whole families drowned in Libya's flood. Many didn't realize the danger until they heard dams burst&quot;. Associated Press. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 15 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta lura da cewa gwamnatocin da ke hamayya da juna sun kasance suna hada kai da juna dangane da ayyukan agaji.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libyan rivals 'co-ordinating over flood relief'&quot;. BBC. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 13 ga Satumba, tawagar ministocin GNU ta bar Tripoli don tantance barnar da aka yi a Derna. A lokaci guda kuma, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sojojin kasar Libya - wanda Khalifa Haftar ya umarta - sun hana 'yan jarida shiga cikin birnin da kuma kwace wayoyinsu.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rival governments cooperate to aid Libya's flood victims as misery piles on&quot;. Aljazeera. 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Haftar da kansa ya yi alkawarin ba sojojin da suka shiga ayyukan agajin karin girma.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Libya investigates dams' collapse after a devastating flood last weekend killed more than 11,000&quot;. Associated Press. 16 September 2023. Archived from the original on 16 September 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga Satumba, hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kwashe mutanen zuwa garin Tocra da ke yammacin Derna, bayan sun yi gargadin cewa wani dam da ke yankin na cikin hadarin rugujewa.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, Patrick; Cobiella, Kelly (13 September 2023). &quot;Bodies wash ashore in Libya as devastated city races to count its dead&quot;. NBC News. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an sake buɗe tashar jiragen ruwa na Derna zuwa tasoshin ruwa tare da daftarin da bai wuce mita 6.5 da ke isar da kayan agaji ba,[66] yayin da aka maido da wutar lantarki a yammacin birnin.[67] A wannan rana, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Libya ta sanar da cewa za a kwashe sauran mazauna garin Derna kuma a rufe birnin sai dai kungiyoyin neman agaji da ceto[68]. Hukumar yaki da cututtuka ta kasar Libya ta bayar da rahoton cewa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, akalla mutane 150 ne suka kamu da cutar gudawa a Derna bayan shan gurbataccen ruwa.[23]

=== Ƙasashen Duniya ===
Shugaban kasar Masar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ya bayyana cewa, zai tura sojojin kasar tare da hadin gwiwar sojojin gabashin Libya domin taimakawa wajen ayyukan agaji.[54] Ya kuma ayyana kwanaki uku na zaman makoki na kasa ga wadanda ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa da kuma wadanda girgizar kasar ta Moroko ta yi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba na shekarar 2023.[69] Tawagar soji karkashin jagorancin babban hafsan hafsoshin sojin kasar Osama Askar ta je gabashin Libya a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba domin ganawa da Khalifa Haftar. Tawagar ta hada da tawagogin ceto 25 da jiragen yaki uku dauke da kayayyakin jin kai.[70] An dawo da gawarwakin Masarawa 84 da aka kashe a Derna daga Tobruk aka binne su a ranar 13 ga Satumba.[71]

Bayan bukatar shugaban majalisar shugaban kasar Libya Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria ta aike da jiragen sama guda takwas na Ilyushin Il-76 dauke da kayan agaji wadanda suka hada da kayan abinci, kayan aikin likita, tufafi, da tantuna.[72][73]

A ranar 12 ga Satumba, Italiya ta kunna sassanta na kare lafiyar jama'a, tare da ministan harkokin waje Antonio Tajani ya bayyana cewa tawagar tantancewar tana kan hanyarsu.[74] Anne-Claire Legendre, mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Faransa, ta sanar da cewa, kasar a shirye take ta mayar da martani ga bukatun da gwamnatin kasar Libya ta gabatar.[75] Jami'in kula da harkokin waje na kungiyar ta EU Josep Borrell ya ce kungiyar na nan a shirye don kawo tallafi, yayin da shugabar hukumar Ursula von der Leyen ta nuna jajenta. Kasashe membobi Jamus, Romania da Finland daga baya sun aika da taimako. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da wani kaya mai kunshe da tan 40 na agaji zuwa kasar Libya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ware dalar Amurka miliyan 10 don agajin bala'i.[76]

Tunisiya, Jamus, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkiyya, da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun kuma yi alkawarin taimakon jin kai ga Libya.[29][36][75][77]

A cikin makonnin da suka biyo bayan bala'in, 'yan jarida daga sassa daban-daban na duniya sun ba da rahoton wahalar shiga cikin birnin, ana mayar da su a tashoshin jiragen sama ko kuma suna buƙatar izini don shiga. Hakazalika an hana yawancin ma'aikatan ceto[78].

Rashin gazawar dam ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da hadarin rushewar dam a duniya. An ba da kulawa ta musamman ga Dam din Mullaperiyar a Indiya, wanda ke cikin hadarin gazawa.&lt;ref&gt;Klemm, Josh; Winkler, Isabella (17 September 2023). &quot;Opinion | Is the Disaster in Libya Coming Soon to an Aging Dam Near You?&quot;. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Ruzizi</title>
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      <comment>/* Ruwa da wutar lantarki */</comment>
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'''Ruzizi''' (kuma wani lokacin ana rubuta '''Rusizi''', [[Faransanci]]; Rivière Ruzizi; Yaren mutanen Holland: ''Ruzizi Rivier'') kogi ne, mai tsawon kilomita 117 (73 , &lt;ref name=&quot;Paleolimnological&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Felton, Anna A. |last2=Russell |first2=James M. |last3=Cohen |first3=Andrew S. |last4=Baker |first4=Mark E. |last5=Chesley |first5=John T. |last6=Lezzar |first6=Kiram E. |last7=McGlue |first7=Michael M. |last8=Pigati |first8=Jeffrey S. |last9=Quade |first9=Jay |last10=Curt Stager |first10=J. |last11=Tiercelin |first11=Jean Jacques |year=2007 |title=Paleolimnological Evidence for the Onset and Termination of Glacial Aridity from Lake Tanganyika, Tropical East Africa |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=252 |issue=3–4 |page=405 |bibcode=2007PPP...252..405F |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.04.003}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ke gudana daga [[Tafkin kivu|Tafkin Kivu]] zuwa [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] a [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta Tsakiya]], yana saukowa daga kimanin mita 1,500 (4,900  zuwa kimanin mita 770 (2,530  sama da matakin teku a kan tsawonsa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Google maps&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Google Maps |url=https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=-3.364167,29.267778&amp;spn=0.1,0.1&amp;t=m&amp;q=-3.364167,29.267778 |access-date=14 January 2013 |publisher=Google Maps}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mafi girman gradients yana faruwa a kan kilomita 40 na farko (25 , inda aka gina madatsar ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, [[Ruzizi Plain]], bene na [[Kyautar Albertine|Yammacin Rift Valley]], yana da tuddai masu laushi, kuma kogin yana gudana cikin Tafkin Tanganyika ta hanyar [[Delta]], tare da ɗaya ko biyu ƙananan tashoshi da suka rabu daga babban tashar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google maps&quot; /&gt;

Ruzizi wani [[Kogin Congo|Kongo]] ne, wanda aka kafa kimanin shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata lokacin da dutsen wuta da ke da alaƙa da rifting na nahiyar ya haifar da Dutsen Virunga. Duwatsun sun toshe tsohuwar hanyar tafkin Kivu zuwa tafkin Nilu kuma a maimakon haka sun tilasta tafkin ya cika kudu zuwa Ruzizi da tafkin Congo.

== Hanyar da ake ciki ==
[[Fayil:Etreinte_des_Eaux,_Le_Lac_Tanganyika_et_la_Rivière_Rusizi.jpg|thumb|Kogin Ruzizi yana gudana cikin Tafkin Tanganyika]]
Tare da isa ga sama, kogin ya zama wani ɓangare na iyakar tsakanin [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] a gabas tare da [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] (DRC) a yamma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google maps&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Google Maps |url=https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=-3.364167,29.267778&amp;spn=0.1,0.1&amp;t=m&amp;q=-3.364167,29.267778 |access-date=14 January 2013 |publisher=Google Maps}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, ya zama wani ɓangare na iyaka tsakanin DRC da [[Burundi]], kuma mafi ƙanƙanta ya kasance gaba ɗaya a cikin Burundi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google maps&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mokoso |first=Jean De Dieu Mangambu |last2=Kavusa |first2=Kambale |last3=Sefu |first3=Aruna |last4=Milenge |first4=Ladislas Witanene |last5=Kiswele |first5=Prince Kaleme |date=31 March 2022 |title=Hippopotamus amphibius Linnaeus 1758 at Ruzizi River and Lake Tanganyika (Territory of Uvira, South Kivu, DR Congo): population census and conservation implications |url=https://m.elewa.org/Journals/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/3.Mokoso.pdf |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=Elewa.org/Journals |publisher=ELEWA |page=3 |issn=1997-5902}}&lt;/ref&gt; A yamma, tsaunukan Fizi Baraka sun hasumiya a kan kogi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Doyle |first=Mark |date=25 November 2004 |title=Retracing Che Guevara's Congo Footsteps |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4036605.stm |access-date=14 January 2013 |website=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bridge of Concord, gada mafi tsawo a Burundi, ta haye kogi kusa da baki. Masu biyan haraji na Kogin Ruzizi sun haɗa da Nyamagana, Muhira, Kaburantwa, Kagunuzi, [[Kogin Rubyiro|Rubyiro]] da [[Kogin Ruhwa|Ruhwa]], da sauransu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Acme Mapper (terrain) |url=http://mapper.acme.com/?ll=-3.364167,29.267778&amp;z=12&amp;t=R&amp;marker0=-3.364167,29.267778,Ruzizi%20River |access-date=14 January 2013 |publisher=Acme Labs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kogin Ruzizi, wanda ke gudana a kudu zuwa Tafkin Tanganyika, yana daga cikin ruwan da ke saman Kogin Kongo. Masu binciken Burtaniya na ƙarni na goma sha tara kamar Richard Francis Burton da John Hanning Speke, ba su da tabbas game da hanyar Ruzizi, sun yi tunanin cewa yana iya gudana daga arewa daga tafkin zuwa [[White Nile]]. Binciken da suka yi da kuma binciken da David Livingstone da Henry Morton Stanley suka yi ya tabbatar da cewa wannan ba haka ba ne. Ruzizi yana gudana cikin Tafkin Tanganyika, wanda ke gudana cikin Kogin Lukuga kimanin kilomita 120 (75  kudu da Ujiji. Kogin Lukuga yana gudana zuwa yamma zuwa [[Kogin Lualaba]], babban mai ba da gudummawa na Kongo.

== Ilimin ƙasa ==
Rifting, jinkirin janyewa daga farantin tectonic, ya samar da tsarin Rift na Gabashin Afirka da kuma tafkuna da tabkuna da yawa. Tsarin, a kan iyaka tsakanin African Plate (Nubian Plate) da Somali Plate, yana da rassa biyu, dukansu suna fuskantar arewa maso kudu. Rifting a reshen yamma, wanda ake kira Albertine Rift, ya fara tsakanin shekaru 25 zuwa 10 da suka gabata.&lt;ref name=&quot;Danley&quot; /&gt; Kogin Ruzizi yana tare da yammacin rift, wanda ya haɗa da, daga arewa zuwa kudu, tabkuna Albert, [[Tafkin George (Uganda)|George]], [[Tafkin Edward|Edward]], Kivu, Tanganyika, [[Tafkin Rukwa|Rukwa]], [[Tabkin Malawi|Malawi]], da sauransu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Danley&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Danley |first=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hawan da ke da alaƙa da rifting ya canza haɗin tsakanin jikin ruwa na yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Danley&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Danley |first=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kimanin shekaru 13,000 zuwa 9,000 da suka gabata, aikin dutsen wuta ya toshe tsohon hanyar Lake Kivu zuwa ruwa na Nilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Danley&quot; /&gt; Dutsen ya haifar da duwatsu, gami da [[Tsaunukan Virunga|Virungas]], wanda ya tashi tsakanin Tafkin Kivu da Tafkin Edward, zuwa arewa. Ruwa daga Tafkin Kivu an tilasta shi kudu zuwa Ruzizi . &lt;ref name=&quot;Danley&quot; /&gt; Wannan, bi da bi, ya ɗaga matakin Tafkin Tanganyika, wanda ya cika da Kogin Lukuga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Danley&quot; /&gt; Bambance-bambance a cikin hauhawa da yanayi sun sa Ruzizi da Lukuga su buɗe da rufe sau da yawa tun daga lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Danley&quot; /&gt;

== Ruwa da wutar lantarki ==
An gina tashar wutar lantarki ta Ruzizi I a tashar Ruzizi River daga Tafkin Kivu a shekarar 1958. An kara Ruzizi II Hydroelectric Power Station a shekarar 1989. &lt;ref name=&quot;water power&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=4 October 2011 |title=Sizing Up African Hydro |url=http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/storyprint.asp?sc=2060823 |journal=Water Power |access-date=14 January 2013}}{{Dead link|date=April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruzizi I da II suna aiki ne daga kamfani mai kasashe uku (Burundi, Rwanda da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo) mallakar Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Kasashen Great Lakes. Kungiyar tana shirin karin madatsun ruwa guda biyu, Ruzizi III da Ruzizi IV. &lt;ref name=&quot;water power&quot; /&gt;

Ruzizi I yana da ƙarfin samar da kimanin 30 megawatts (MW) kuma Ruzizi II game da 44 MW. Ruzizi III, wanda za a gina shi a ƙasa da sauran biyun, an yi hasashen yana da ƙarfin 145 MW lokacin da ya fara aiki a cikin kimanin 2027. A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin Ruzizi III, Ruzizi I da II za a sake gyara su. Idan a ƙarshe aka gina Ruzizi IV, za a sanya shi tsakanin Ruzizi II da Ruzizi III kuma ana sa ran zai yi aiki a sama da 200 MW. A ranar 16 ga watan Janairun 2020, Bankin Raya Afirka ya ware Yuro miliyan 8 don taimakon fasaha a kan aikin wutar lantarki na Ruzizi IV.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-01-16 |title=EAST AFRICA: AfDB grants €8 million for the Ruzizi IV hydropower project |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/east-africa-afdb-grants-e8-million-for-the-ruzizi-iv-hydropower-project/ |access-date=2020-01-16 |website=Afrik 21 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sa ran samar da MW 287 ga Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Rwanda da Burundi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Dabbobi da Tsirrai ==
Ana samun ciyawar reed a wuraren da kogin da rufin ruwansa ke gudana. A bakin kogin, fadadden swamps na iya kaiwa har zuwa kilomita 3. Jimillar yankin swamps a Burundi an kiyasta ya kai hekta 12,000, inda tsawon ciyawar ke kaiwa daga mita 2 zuwa 4, gwargwadon yadda ruwa ya mamaye wurin. Mazauna yankin suna amfani da ciyawar wajen yin rufin gidaje da sauran bukatun gida. A nesa da kogin, kwarin kogin ya fi zama filin ciyawa da shanu ke kiwo sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramsar&quot; /&gt;

An san wani kada mai cin mutane da aka fi sani da Gustave wanda ke yawo a bakin Kogin Ruzizi da arewacin gabar Tafkin Tanganyika. Gustave, wanda aka kiyasta tsawonsa ya kai mita 6 da nauyinsa kusan kilo 900, ana cewa ya kashe kuma ya ci mutane da dama.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=McRae|first=Michael|title=Gustave the Croc Surfaces to Strike Again|journal=National Geographic|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080805194947/http://adventure.nationalgeographic.com/2008/02/gustave-update/michael-mcrae-text|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 5, 2008|issue=February 2008|access-date=14 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin fim ɗin da aka yi masa (&quot;Capturing the Killer Croc&quot;), mai gabatarwa ya bayyana cewa a shekarun 1950, buffalo, elephants da warth suna rayuwa a filin; amma mutane sun kashe su gaba ɗaya. Babban dabba kaɗai da ya rage shi ne hippopotamus, wanda ke raba kogin cikin rashin jituwa da nile crocodiles.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Babban madatsar ruwa ta Aswan</title>
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      <comment>/* Ginawa da cikawa, 1960–1976 */</comment>
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Babban madatsar ruwa [[Aswan, Egypt|Aswan]], wanda galibi ake kira kawai madatsar ruwa ta Aswan, tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan madatsar jiragen ruwa a duniya, wanda aka gina tsakanin 1960 da 1970 a fadin [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] a Aswan, Misira. Gwamnatin Masar ce ta haɓaka aikin tare da taimakon [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] don inganta kula da ambaliyar ruwa, samar da ƙarin ajiyar ruwa don ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki. An ga madatsar ruwan a matsayin muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga shirye-shiryen Masana'antu na kasar. Kamar aiwatarwa da ta gabata, Babban Dam din ya yi tasiri sosai ga tattalin arziki da al'adun Masar.

Lokacin da aka kammala shi, shi ne madatsar ruwa mafi tsayi a duniya, wadda ta zarce madatsar ruwa ta Chatuge a Amurka.  An gina madatsar ruwa, wadda ta ƙirƙiri madatsar ruwa ta [[tafkin Nasser]], {{Cvt|7|km}} sama da madatsar ruwan Aswan Low, wanda aka kammala a shekarar 1902 kuma an riga an yi amfani da shi sosai.

Da yake an gina tsohon madatsar ruwa, [[Ambaliyar kogin nilu|ambaliyar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta kogin Nilu]] a ƙarshen bazara ta ci gaba da wucewa ba tare da wani cikas ba a kwarin daga magudanar ruwa [[Gabashin Afirka|ta Gabashin Afirka]] . Waɗannan ambaliyar ruwa suna kawo ruwa mai yawa tare da abubuwan gina jiki na halitta da ma'adanai waɗanda ke wadatar da [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]] mai kyau a gefen [[Filin Ambaliyar|ambaliyar ruwa]] da kuma yankin delta ; wannan hasashen ya sa kwarin Nilu ya zama wuri mai kyau don noma tun [[Tsohuwar Masar|zamanin da]] . Duk da haka, wannan ambaliyar ruwa ta halitta ta bambanta, domin shekarun ruwan sama masu yawa na iya lalata dukkan amfanin gona, yayin da shekarun ƙarancin ruwa na iya haifar da [[fari]] mai yawa da kuma yunwa . Duk waɗannan abubuwan biyu sun ci gaba da faruwa lokaci-lokaci.

== Tarihin gini ==
Yunkurin farko da aka rubuta na gina madatsar ruwa kusa da Aswan ya faru ne a ƙarni na 11, lokacin da [[Halifancin Fatimid|Khalifan Fatim]] Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ya kira babban masanin ilmin taurari na Larabawa kuma injiniya [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (wanda aka sani da ''Alhazen'' a Yamma) zuwa Masar don daidaita [[Ambaliyar kogin nilu|ambaliyar ruwa ta Kogin Nilu]], aikin da ke buƙatar yunƙurin gaggawa a madatsar ruwa ta Aswan.  Bayan aikinsa a fagen ya shawo kansa game da rashin amfani da wannan makircin,  kuma yana jin tsoron fushin Khalifa, ya yi kamar mahaukaci ne . An tsare shi a gidan yari tun daga 1011 har zuwa mutuwar al-Hakim a 1021, a lokacin ne ya rubuta ''littafinsa mai tasiri na Littattafan Haske'' . 

=== Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan, 1898–1902 ===
Turawan Birtaniya sun fara gina madatsar ruwa ta farko a fadin kogin Nilu a shekarar 1898. Ginin ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarar 1902 kuma an bude madatsar ruwa a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1902. Sir William Willcocks ne ya tsara aikin kuma ya kunshi fitattun injiniyoyi da dama, ciki har da Sir Benjamin Baker da Sir John Aird, wanda kamfaninsa, John Aird &amp;amp;amp; Co., shine babban dan kwangilar.  

Duk da cewa Dulles ya yi imanin cewa Nasser yana yin zamba ne kawai kuma Tarayyar Soviet ba za ta taimaki Nasser ba, ya yi kuskure: Tarayyar Soviet ta yi wa Nasser alƙawarin samun makamai da yawa don a biya shi da wuri na hatsi da audugar Masar. A ranar 27 ga Satumba, 1955, Nasser ya sanar da yarjejeniyar makamai, inda Czechoslovakia ta yi aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani don goyon bayan Tarayyar Soviet.  Maimakon kai hari ga Nasser saboda komawa ga Tarayyar Soviet, Dulles ya nemi inganta dangantaka da shi. A watan Disamba na 1955, Amurka da Burtaniya sun yi alkawarin dala 56 da dala 14&amp;nbsp;miliyan, bi da bi, don gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan. 
[[Fayil:Nasser_observing_Aswan_Dam_construction.jpg|left|thumb|[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] yana lura da aikin gina madatsar ruwa, 1963]]
Duk da cewa yarjejeniyar makamai ta Czech ta haifar da kwarin gwiwa ga Amurka ta zuba jari a Aswan, Birtaniya ta ambaci yarjejeniyar a matsayin dalilin soke alkawarinta na asusun madatsun ruwa. Dulles ya fusata sosai da amincewar da Nasser ya yi wa [[Sin|China]] a fannin diflomasiyya, wanda ya saba wa manufar Dulles ta takaita kwaminisanci. 

Wasu dalilai da dama sun taimaka wa Amurka ta yanke shawarar janye tayinta na samar da kudaden gina madatsar ruwa. Dulles ya yi imanin cewa Tarayyar Soviet ba za ta cika alkawarinta na tallafawa sojoji ba. Ya kuma fusata da rashin daidaiton Nasser da kuma yunkurin yin amfani da bangarorin biyu na [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cacar Baki]] . A lokacin, sauran kawayen Yammacin Turai a Gabas ta Tsakiya, ciki har da Turkiyya da Iraki, sun nuna rashin jin daɗin cewa ana ba wa Masar, ƙasa mai ci gaba da tsaka-tsaki, taimako mai yawa. 

A watan Yunin 1956, Tarayyar Soviet ta ba Nasser dala $1.12&amp;nbsp;biliyan a kashi 2% na ribar ginin madatsar ruwan. A ranar 19 ga Yuli, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta sanar da cewa tallafin kuɗi na Amurka ga Babban Madatsar ruwan &quot;ba zai yiwu ba a halin yanzu.&quot; 

A ranar 26 ga Yulin 1956, tare da yabo daga Masar, Nasser ya sanar da mayar da magudanar ruwa ta Suez ta ƙasa, wadda ta haɗa da diyya mai kyau ga tsoffin masu ita. Nasser ya tsara kuɗaɗen shiga da magudanar ruwa ke samu don taimakawa wajen samar da kuɗin gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa. Lokacin da Yaƙin Suez ya ɓarke, Birtaniya, Faransa, da Isra'ila sun kwace magudanar ruwa da Sinai. Amma matsin lamba daga Amurka da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]] da wasu wurare ya tilasta musu janyewa.

Duk da girmansa, aikin Aswan bai yi wa ma'aunin biyan bashin Masar illa ba. Kudaden Tarayyar Soviet guda uku sun rufe kusan dukkan buƙatun musayar kuɗi na ƙasashen waje na aikin, gami da kuɗin ayyukan fasaha, kayan aikin samar da wutar lantarki da na'urorin watsawa da aka shigo da su da kuma wasu kayan aikin da aka shigo da su don sake mallakar filaye. Masar ba ta fuskanci wani nauyi mai tsanani ba game da biyan bashin, yawancinsu an tsawaita su na tsawon shekaru 12 tare da riba mai ƙarancin kashi 2-1/2%. Biyan kuɗi ga [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] ya ƙunshi ƙaramin magudanar ruwa ne kawai a rabin farko na shekarun 1960, kuma ƙaruwar kuɗin fitar da kaya da aka samu daga amfanin gona da aka noma a sabbin filayen da aka sake kwato sun fi daidaita matsakaicin biyan bashin da aka biya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. A lokacin 1965-1970, waɗannan kuɗaɗen da aka samu daga fitarwa sun kai kimanin dala $126.&amp;nbsp;miliyan, idan aka kwatanta da biyan bashin dala $113&amp;nbsp;miliyan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM ECONOMIC IMPRACT OF THE ASWAN HIGH DAM |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP85T00875R001700020056-7.pdf |website=Cia Readingroom}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ginawa da cikawa, 1960–1976 ===
[[Fayil:High_Dam_Burg_Memorial_Wall,_Aswan,_Egypt,_Oct_2004.jpg|right|thumb|Babban rumfar tarihi ta tunawa da zumuncin Larabawa da Tarayyar Soviet. Wannan abin tunawa yana tunawa da kammala babban madatsar ruwa ta Aswan. Alamar Tarayyar Soviet tana hagu, kuma alamar Masar tana dama.]]
Sojojin Soviet sun kuma samar da masu fasaha da manyan injuna. Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev na Cibiyar Hydroproject da ke Moscow, &lt;ref name=&quot;Malyshev&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=MIL-OSI |date=January 16, 2024 |title=Legends of Russian science: Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev |url=https://foreignaffairs.co.nz/2024/01/16/mil-osi-russia-legends-of-russian-science-nikolai-aleksandrovich-malyshev/ |website=foreignaffairs.co.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt;  tare da wasu injiniyoyin Masar ne suka tsara babban [[Madatsar ruwa|madatsar]] ruwan dutse da yumbu. Injiniyoyin Masar da ma'aikata 25,000 ne suka ba da gudummawa wajen gina madatsar ruwan.
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]

Soviets sun kuma bayar da masu fasaha da manyan injuna. Wannan babban [[dam]] na dutse da laka an tsara shi ne daga Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev na cibiyar Moscow mai suna [[Hydroproject Institute]],&lt;ref name=Malyshev&gt;{{cite web|url=https://foreignaffairs.co.nz/2024/01/16/mil-osi-russia-legends-of-russian-science-nikolai-aleksandrovich-malyshev/|title=Legends of Russian science: Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev|author=MIL-OSI|date=January 16, 2024|work=foreignaffairs.co.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Smith&gt;{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Jean Edward|title=Eisenhower in War and Peace|date=2012|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|isbn=978-0679644293|page=694|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jO2gLXNNa2wC&amp;pg=PA694|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da wasu injiniyoyin Masar. Kimanin injiniyoyi da ma’aikata 25,000 na Masar sun taimaka wajen gina madatsun.

Asalin aikin an tsara shi ne ta injiniyoyin [[West Germany|Jamus ta Yamma]] da Faransa a farkon shekarun 1950, kuma an shirya a biya shi da kuɗin lamuni daga Yammacin duniya. Sai dai daga baya, Aswan High Dam ya zama babban aikin taimakon ƙasashen waje na USSR bayan Amurka, Birtaniya da [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] (IBRD) sun janye goyon bayansu a 1956.

Rancen Soviet na farko na dala miliyan 100 an bayar da shi a 1958 domin gina madatsun wucin gadi don karkatar da kogin Nilu. A 1960 an ƙara wani rance na dala miliyan 225 domin kammala dam da gina tashoshin wutar lantarki, sannan daga baya an ƙara kusan dala miliyan 100 don gyaran ƙasa. Jimillar kusan dala miliyan 425 ta rufe kawai kuɗin waje na aikin, ciki har da albashin injiniyoyin Soviet da ke kula da shigarwa da gwajin kayan aiki. Aikin ginin, wanda ya fara a 1960, kamfanonin Masar ne suka aiwatar da shi a ƙarƙashin kwangila da Hukumar High Dam, kuma Masar ta ɗauki dukkanin kuɗin cikin gida.

A bangaren Masar, aikin ya kasance ƙarƙashin jagorancin Osman Ahmed Osman na [[Arab Contractors (company)|Arab Contractors]]. Shi ya yi tayin da ya yi ƙasa da na abokin hamayyarsa da rabin farashi.

* 1960: An fara gini a ranar 9 ga Janairu
* 1964: An kammala matakin farko na gini, tafkin ya fara cikawa
* 1970: An kammala High Dam (as-Sad al-'Aali) a ranar 21 ga Yuli
* 1976: Tafkin ya kai cikakken ƙarfin sa
=== Gini da cika, 1960–1976 ===
[[Image:High Dam Burg Memorial Wall, Aswan, Egypt, Oct 2004.jpg|right|thumb|Gaban tsakiyar ginin tunawa da Abotar Larabawa da Tarayyar Soviet. Wannan abun tunawa an gina shi ne don bikin kammala Babbar Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan. Shashen hagu yana ɗauke da tambarin Tarayyar Soviet, yayin da shashen dama kuma yake ɗauke da tambarin ƙasar Masar.]]

Haka kuma Tarayyar Soviet ta samar da kwararrun masana da manyan injinan aiki. Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev na Cibiyar Hydroproject da ke Moscow ne ya tsara wannan katuwar madatsar ruwa ta dutse da yāka,&lt;ref name=Malyshev&gt;{{cite web|url=https://foreignaffairs.co.nz/2024/01/16/mil-osi-russia-legends-of-russian-science-nikolai-aleksandrovich-malyshev/|title=Legends of Russian science: Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev|author=MIL-OSI|date=January 16, 2024|work=foreignaffairs.co.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Smith&gt;{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Jean Edward|title=Eisenhower in War and Peace|date=2012|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|isbn=978-0679644293|page=694|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jO2gLXNNa2wC&amp;pg=PA694|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da taimakon wasu injiniyoyin ƙasar Masar. Injiniyoyi da ma'aikata 'yan ƙasar Masar guda 25,000 ne suka ba da gudummawa wajen ginin madatsun ruwan.

A da, injiniyoyin Jamus ta Yamma da na Faransa ne suka tsara aikin a farkon shekarun 1950, kuma an yi niyyar ba da kuɗaɗen aikin ta hanyar rance daga ƙasashen Yamma, sai dai Babbar Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan ta zama babban aikin taimako na ƙasashen waje mafi shahara na Tarayyar Soviet (USSR) bayan da Amurka, Burtaniya, da Bankin Duniya na Sake Gini da Ci gaba (IBRD) suka janye goyon bayansu a shekarar 1956. An ba da rancen farko na Soviet dalar amurka miliyan $100 a shekarar 1958 don biyan kuɗaɗen ginin madatsun ruwa na wucin gadi domin karkatar da kwararar kogin Nilu. An sake ba da ƙarin dalar amurka miliyan $225 a shekarar 1960 don kammala madatsar ruwan da gina wuraren samar da wutar lantarki, kuma bayan haka an samar da kusan dalar amurka miliyan $100 don farfaɗo da ƙasashe. Waɗannan lamuni na kusan dalar amurka miliyan $425 sun biya ne kawai kuɗaɗen musayar ƙasashen waje na aikin, gami da albashin injiniyoyin Soviet waɗanda suka lura da aikin kuma suka ɗauki alhakin girkawa da gwada kayan aikin na Soviet. Shirin ginin na gaske, wanda aka fara a shekarar 1960, kamfanonin ƙasar Masar ne suka yi shi a ƙarƙashin kwangila da Hukumar Babbar Madatsar Ruwa, kuma Masarawa ne suka ɗauki dukkan kuɗaɗen cikin gida. Shiga da Masar ta yi a cikin wannan harka ya ɗaukaka ƙarfi da mutuncin masana'antar gine-gine ta ƙasar sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A ɓangaren ƙasar Masar, kamfanin Arab Contractors na Osman Ahmed Osman ne ya jagoranci aikin. Matashin Osman ya ba da farashin kwangila wanda ya gaza na babban mai fafatawa da shi da rabi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909474,00.html |title=Osman the Efficient |access-date=2008-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030181444/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909474,00.html |archive-date=2010-10-30 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1960: An fara ginin a ranar 9 ga Janairu&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Robert O. |last=Collins |title=The Nile |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2002 |page=[https://archive.org/details/nile00robe/page/181 181] |isbn=0-300-09764-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/nile00robe|url-access=registration |quote=robert collins the nile. }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1964: An kammala matakin farko na ginin madatsar ruwan, kuma tafkin ya fara cika da ruwa
* 1970: An kammala Babbar Madatsar Ruwa, wato ''as-Sad al-'Aali'', a ranar 21 ga Yuli&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/thisday/jul21/aswan-dam-completed/?ar_a=1 | title=1970: Aswan Dam Completed | publisher=National Geographic Society | access-date=20 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820061908/http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/thisday/jul21/aswan-dam-completed/?ar_a=1 | archive-date=20 August 2014 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1976: Tafkin madatsar ruwan ya cika dakat da iyakar ƙarfinsa.
[[File:AswanHighDam111m1970ElectricalMechanicalAswanEgypt-01.gif|Zataccen Hoton Madatsar Ruwa]]

== Bayanin Ƙa’idoji ==
Aswan High Dam yana da tsawon {{convert|3830|m}}. Yana da faɗin {{cvt|980|m}} a ƙasan tushe, {{cvt|40|m}} a saman (crest), kuma tsayinsa ya kai {{cvt|111|m}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aswan High Dam {{!}} dam, Egypt|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aswan-High-Dam|access-date=2020-10-24|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Yana ƙunshe da kimanin {{convert|43,000,000|m3|cuyd}} na kayan gini. A mafi girman aiki, yana iya fitar da ruwa har {{convert|11000|m3/s}}. Haka kuma akwai hanyoyin gaggawa (emergency spillways) da za su iya fitar da ƙarin ruwa har {{convert|5000|m3/s}}.

Hakanan, tashar [[Toshka]] Canal tana haɗa tafkin da ake kira [[Lake Nasser]] zuwa kwarin Toshka. Tafkin Lake Nasser yana da tsawon {{cvt|500|km||abbr=}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-03-11|title=The spectacular failures and successes of massive dams|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-51459930|access-date=2020-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma faɗinsa a mafi girma ya kai {{cvt|35|km}}.

Yana da yawan ruwa har {{convert|132|km3|cuyd}}. Jimillar sararin tafkin ya kai {{convert|5250|km2}}.

{{wide image|Presa de Asuán, Egipto, 2022-04-01, DD 73-80 PAN.jpg|900|Hoton panorama na Aswan Dam yana kallon kudu}}

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Babban madatsar ruwa [[Aswan, Egypt|Aswan]], wanda galibi ake kira kawai madatsar ruwa ta Aswan, tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan madatsar jiragen ruwa a duniya, wanda aka gina tsakanin 1960 da 1970 a fadin [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] a Aswan, Misira. Gwamnatin Masar ce ta haɓaka aikin tare da taimakon [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] don inganta kula da ambaliyar ruwa, samar da ƙarin ajiyar ruwa don ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki. An ga madatsar ruwan a matsayin muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga shirye-shiryen Masana'antu na kasar. Kamar aiwatarwa da ta gabata, Babban Dam din ya yi tasiri sosai ga tattalin arziki da al'adun Masar.

Lokacin da aka kammala shi, shi ne madatsar ruwa mafi tsayi a duniya, wadda ta zarce madatsar ruwa ta Chatuge a Amurka.  An gina madatsar ruwa, wadda ta ƙirƙiri madatsar ruwa ta [[tafkin Nasser]], {{Cvt|7|km}} sama da madatsar ruwan Aswan Low, wanda aka kammala a shekarar 1902 kuma an riga an yi amfani da shi sosai.

Da yake an gina tsohon madatsar ruwa, [[Ambaliyar kogin nilu|ambaliyar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta kogin Nilu]] a ƙarshen bazara ta ci gaba da wucewa ba tare da wani cikas ba a kwarin daga magudanar ruwa [[Gabashin Afirka|ta Gabashin Afirka]] . Waɗannan ambaliyar ruwa suna kawo ruwa mai yawa tare da abubuwan gina jiki na halitta da ma'adanai waɗanda ke wadatar da [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]] mai kyau a gefen [[Filin Ambaliyar|ambaliyar ruwa]] da kuma yankin delta ; wannan hasashen ya sa kwarin Nilu ya zama wuri mai kyau don noma tun [[Tsohuwar Masar|zamanin da]] . Duk da haka, wannan ambaliyar ruwa ta halitta ta bambanta, domin shekarun ruwan sama masu yawa na iya lalata dukkan amfanin gona, yayin da shekarun ƙarancin ruwa na iya haifar da [[fari]] mai yawa da kuma yunwa . Duk waɗannan abubuwan biyu sun ci gaba da faruwa lokaci-lokaci.

== Tarihin gini ==
Yunkurin farko da aka rubuta na gina madatsar ruwa kusa da Aswan ya faru ne a ƙarni na 11, lokacin da [[Halifancin Fatimid|Khalifan Fatim]] Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ya kira babban masanin ilmin taurari na Larabawa kuma injiniya [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (wanda aka sani da ''Alhazen'' a Yamma) zuwa Masar don daidaita [[Ambaliyar kogin nilu|ambaliyar ruwa ta Kogin Nilu]], aikin da ke buƙatar yunƙurin gaggawa a madatsar ruwa ta Aswan.  Bayan aikinsa a fagen ya shawo kansa game da rashin amfani da wannan makircin,  kuma yana jin tsoron fushin Khalifa, ya yi kamar mahaukaci ne . An tsare shi a gidan yari tun daga 1011 har zuwa mutuwar al-Hakim a 1021, a lokacin ne ya rubuta ''littafinsa mai tasiri na Littattafan Haske'' . 

=== Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan, 1898–1902 ===
Turawan Birtaniya sun fara gina madatsar ruwa ta farko a fadin kogin Nilu a shekarar 1898. Ginin ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarar 1902 kuma an bude madatsar ruwa a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1902. Sir William Willcocks ne ya tsara aikin kuma ya kunshi fitattun injiniyoyi da dama, ciki har da Sir Benjamin Baker da Sir John Aird, wanda kamfaninsa, John Aird &amp;amp;amp; Co., shine babban dan kwangilar.  

Duk da cewa Dulles ya yi imanin cewa Nasser yana yin zamba ne kawai kuma Tarayyar Soviet ba za ta taimaki Nasser ba, ya yi kuskure: Tarayyar Soviet ta yi wa Nasser alƙawarin samun makamai da yawa don a biya shi da wuri na hatsi da audugar Masar. A ranar 27 ga Satumba, 1955, Nasser ya sanar da yarjejeniyar makamai, inda Czechoslovakia ta yi aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani don goyon bayan Tarayyar Soviet.  Maimakon kai hari ga Nasser saboda komawa ga Tarayyar Soviet, Dulles ya nemi inganta dangantaka da shi. A watan Disamba na 1955, Amurka da Burtaniya sun yi alkawarin dala 56 da dala 14&amp;nbsp;miliyan, bi da bi, don gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan. 
[[Fayil:Nasser_observing_Aswan_Dam_construction.jpg|left|thumb|[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] yana lura da aikin gina madatsar ruwa, 1963]]
Duk da cewa yarjejeniyar makamai ta Czech ta haifar da kwarin gwiwa ga Amurka ta zuba jari a Aswan, Birtaniya ta ambaci yarjejeniyar a matsayin dalilin soke alkawarinta na asusun madatsun ruwa. Dulles ya fusata sosai da amincewar da Nasser ya yi wa [[Sin|China]] a fannin diflomasiyya, wanda ya saba wa manufar Dulles ta takaita kwaminisanci. 

Wasu dalilai da dama sun taimaka wa Amurka ta yanke shawarar janye tayinta na samar da kudaden gina madatsar ruwa. Dulles ya yi imanin cewa Tarayyar Soviet ba za ta cika alkawarinta na tallafawa sojoji ba. Ya kuma fusata da rashin daidaiton Nasser da kuma yunkurin yin amfani da bangarorin biyu na [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cacar Baki]] . A lokacin, sauran kawayen Yammacin Turai a Gabas ta Tsakiya, ciki har da Turkiyya da Iraki, sun nuna rashin jin daɗin cewa ana ba wa Masar, ƙasa mai ci gaba da tsaka-tsaki, taimako mai yawa. 

A watan Yunin 1956, Tarayyar Soviet ta ba Nasser dala $1.12&amp;nbsp;biliyan a kashi 2% na ribar ginin madatsar ruwan. A ranar 19 ga Yuli, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta sanar da cewa tallafin kuɗi na Amurka ga Babban Madatsar ruwan &quot;ba zai yiwu ba a halin yanzu.&quot; 

A ranar 26 ga Yulin 1956, tare da yabo daga Masar, Nasser ya sanar da mayar da magudanar ruwa ta Suez ta ƙasa, wadda ta haɗa da diyya mai kyau ga tsoffin masu ita. Nasser ya tsara kuɗaɗen shiga da magudanar ruwa ke samu don taimakawa wajen samar da kuɗin gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa. Lokacin da Yaƙin Suez ya ɓarke, Birtaniya, Faransa, da Isra'ila sun kwace magudanar ruwa da Sinai. Amma matsin lamba daga Amurka da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]] da wasu wurare ya tilasta musu janyewa.

Duk da girmansa, aikin Aswan bai yi wa ma'aunin biyan bashin Masar illa ba. Kudaden Tarayyar Soviet guda uku sun rufe kusan dukkan buƙatun musayar kuɗi na ƙasashen waje na aikin, gami da kuɗin ayyukan fasaha, kayan aikin samar da wutar lantarki da na'urorin watsawa da aka shigo da su da kuma wasu kayan aikin da aka shigo da su don sake mallakar filaye. Masar ba ta fuskanci wani nauyi mai tsanani ba game da biyan bashin, yawancinsu an tsawaita su na tsawon shekaru 12 tare da riba mai ƙarancin kashi 2-1/2%. Biyan kuɗi ga [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] ya ƙunshi ƙaramin magudanar ruwa ne kawai a rabin farko na shekarun 1960, kuma ƙaruwar kuɗin fitar da kaya da aka samu daga amfanin gona da aka noma a sabbin filayen da aka sake kwato sun fi daidaita matsakaicin biyan bashin da aka biya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. A lokacin 1965-1970, waɗannan kuɗaɗen da aka samu daga fitarwa sun kai kimanin dala $126.&amp;nbsp;miliyan, idan aka kwatanta da biyan bashin dala $113&amp;nbsp;miliyan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM ECONOMIC IMPRACT OF THE ASWAN HIGH DAM |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP85T00875R001700020056-7.pdf |website=Cia Readingroom}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gini da cika, 1960–1976 ===
[[Image:High Dam Burg Memorial Wall, Aswan, Egypt, Oct 2004.jpg|right|thumb|Gaban tsakiyar ginin tunawa da Abotar Larabawa da Tarayyar Soviet. Wannan abun tunawa an gina shi ne don bikin kammala Babbar Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan. Shashen hagu yana ɗauke da tambarin Tarayyar Soviet, yayin da shashen dama kuma yake ɗauke da tambarin ƙasar Masar.]]

Haka kuma Tarayyar Soviet ta samar da kwararrun masana da manyan injinan aiki. Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev na Cibiyar Hydroproject da ke Moscow ne ya tsara wannan katuwar madatsar ruwa ta dutse da yāka,&lt;ref name=Malyshev&gt;{{cite web|url=https://foreignaffairs.co.nz/2024/01/16/mil-osi-russia-legends-of-russian-science-nikolai-aleksandrovich-malyshev/|title=Legends of Russian science: Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev|author=MIL-OSI|date=January 16, 2024|work=foreignaffairs.co.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Smith&gt;{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Jean Edward|title=Eisenhower in War and Peace|date=2012|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|isbn=978-0679644293|page=694|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jO2gLXNNa2wC&amp;pg=PA694|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da taimakon wasu injiniyoyin ƙasar Masar. Injiniyoyi da ma'aikata 'yan ƙasar Masar guda 25,000 ne suka ba da gudummawa wajen ginin madatsun ruwan.

A da, injiniyoyin Jamus ta Yamma da na Faransa ne suka tsara aikin a farkon shekarun 1950, kuma an yi niyyar ba da kuɗaɗen aikin ta hanyar rance daga ƙasashen Yamma, sai dai Babbar Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan ta zama babban aikin taimako na ƙasashen waje mafi shahara na Tarayyar Soviet (USSR) bayan da Amurka, Burtaniya, da Bankin Duniya na Sake Gini da Ci gaba (IBRD) suka janye goyon bayansu a shekarar 1956. An ba da rancen farko na Soviet dalar amurka miliyan $100 a shekarar 1958 don biyan kuɗaɗen ginin madatsun ruwa na wucin gadi domin karkatar da kwararar kogin Nilu. An sake ba da ƙarin dalar amurka miliyan $225 a shekarar 1960 don kammala madatsar ruwan da gina wuraren samar da wutar lantarki, kuma bayan haka an samar da kusan dalar amurka miliyan $100 don farfaɗo da ƙasashe. Waɗannan lamuni na kusan dalar amurka miliyan $425 sun biya ne kawai kuɗaɗen musayar ƙasashen waje na aikin, gami da albashin injiniyoyin Soviet waɗanda suka lura da aikin kuma suka ɗauki alhakin girkawa da gwada kayan aikin na Soviet. Shirin ginin na gaske, wanda aka fara a shekarar 1960, kamfanonin ƙasar Masar ne suka yi shi a ƙarƙashin kwangila da Hukumar Babbar Madatsar Ruwa, kuma Masarawa ne suka ɗauki dukkan kuɗaɗen cikin gida. Shiga da Masar ta yi a cikin wannan harka ya ɗaukaka ƙarfi da mutuncin masana'antar gine-gine ta ƙasar sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A ɓangaren ƙasar Masar, kamfanin Arab Contractors na Osman Ahmed Osman ne ya jagoranci aikin. Matashin Osman ya ba da farashin kwangila wanda ya gaza na babban mai fafatawa da shi da rabi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909474,00.html |title=Osman the Efficient |access-date=2008-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030181444/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909474,00.html |archive-date=2010-10-30 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1960: An fara ginin a ranar 9 ga Janairu&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Robert O. |last=Collins |title=The Nile |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2002 |page=[https://archive.org/details/nile00robe/page/181 181] |isbn=0-300-09764-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/nile00robe|url-access=registration |quote=robert collins the nile. }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1964: An kammala matakin farko na ginin madatsar ruwan, kuma tafkin ya fara cika da ruwa
* 1970: An kammala Babbar Madatsar Ruwa, wato ''as-Sad al-'Aali'', a ranar 21 ga Yuli&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/thisday/jul21/aswan-dam-completed/?ar_a=1 | title=1970: Aswan Dam Completed | publisher=National Geographic Society | access-date=20 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820061908/http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/thisday/jul21/aswan-dam-completed/?ar_a=1 | archive-date=20 August 2014 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1976: Tafkin madatsar ruwan ya cika dakat da iyakar ƙarfinsa.
[[File:AswanHighDam111m1970ElectricalMechanicalAswanEgypt-01.gif|Zataccen Hoton Madatsar Ruwa]]

== Bayanin Ƙa’idoji ==
Aswan High Dam yana da tsawon {{convert|3830|m}}. Yana da faɗin {{cvt|980|m}} a ƙasan tushe, {{cvt|40|m}} a saman (crest), kuma tsayinsa ya kai {{cvt|111|m}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aswan High Dam {{!}} dam, Egypt|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aswan-High-Dam|access-date=2020-10-24|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Yana ƙunshe da kimanin {{convert|43,000,000|m3|cuyd}} na kayan gini. A mafi girman aiki, yana iya fitar da ruwa har {{convert|11000|m3/s}}. Haka kuma akwai hanyoyin gaggawa (emergency spillways) da za su iya fitar da ƙarin ruwa har {{convert|5000|m3/s}}.

Hakanan, tashar [[Toshka]] Canal tana haɗa tafkin da ake kira [[Lake Nasser]] zuwa kwarin Toshka. Tafkin Lake Nasser yana da tsawon {{cvt|500|km||abbr=}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-03-11|title=The spectacular failures and successes of massive dams|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-51459930|access-date=2020-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma faɗinsa a mafi girma ya kai {{cvt|35|km}}.

Yana da yawan ruwa har {{convert|132|km3|cuyd}}. Jimillar sararin tafkin ya kai {{convert|5250|km2}}.

{{wide image|Presa de Asuán, Egipto, 2022-04-01, DD 73-80 PAN.jpg|900|Hoton panorama na Aswan Dam yana kallon kudu}}

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Babban madatsar ruwa [[Aswan, Egypt|Aswan]], wanda galibi ake kira kawai madatsar ruwa ta Aswan, tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan madatsar jiragen ruwa a duniya, wanda aka gina tsakanin 1960 da 1970 a fadin [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] a Aswan, Misira. Gwamnatin Masar ce ta haɓaka aikin tare da taimakon [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] don inganta kula da ambaliyar ruwa, samar da ƙarin ajiyar ruwa don ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki. An ga madatsar ruwan a matsayin muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga shirye-shiryen Masana'antu na kasar. Kamar aiwatarwa da ta gabata, Babban Dam din ya yi tasiri sosai ga tattalin arziki da al'adun Masar.

Lokacin da aka kammala shi, shi ne madatsar ruwa mafi tsayi a duniya, wadda ta zarce madatsar ruwa ta Chatuge a Amurka.  An gina madatsar ruwa, wadda ta ƙirƙiri madatsar ruwa ta [[tafkin Nasser]], {{Cvt|7|km}} sama da madatsar ruwan Aswan Low, wanda aka kammala a shekarar 1902 kuma an riga an yi amfani da shi sosai.

Da yake an gina tsohon madatsar ruwa, [[Ambaliyar kogin nilu|ambaliyar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta kogin Nilu]] a ƙarshen bazara ta ci gaba da wucewa ba tare da wani cikas ba a kwarin daga magudanar ruwa [[Gabashin Afirka|ta Gabashin Afirka]] . Waɗannan ambaliyar ruwa suna kawo ruwa mai yawa tare da abubuwan gina jiki na halitta da ma'adanai waɗanda ke wadatar da [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]] mai kyau a gefen [[Filin Ambaliyar|ambaliyar ruwa]] da kuma yankin delta ; wannan hasashen ya sa kwarin Nilu ya zama wuri mai kyau don noma tun [[Tsohuwar Masar|zamanin da]] . Duk da haka, wannan ambaliyar ruwa ta halitta ta bambanta, domin shekarun ruwan sama masu yawa na iya lalata dukkan amfanin gona, yayin da shekarun ƙarancin ruwa na iya haifar da [[fari]] mai yawa da kuma yunwa . Duk waɗannan abubuwan biyu sun ci gaba da faruwa lokaci-lokaci.

== Tarihin gini ==
Yunkurin farko da aka rubuta na gina madatsar ruwa kusa da Aswan ya faru ne a ƙarni na 11, lokacin da [[Halifancin Fatimid|Khalifan Fatim]] Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ya kira babban masanin ilmin taurari na Larabawa kuma injiniya [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (wanda aka sani da ''Alhazen'' a Yamma) zuwa Masar don daidaita [[Ambaliyar kogin nilu|ambaliyar ruwa ta Kogin Nilu]], aikin da ke buƙatar yunƙurin gaggawa a madatsar ruwa ta Aswan.  Bayan aikinsa a fagen ya shawo kansa game da rashin amfani da wannan makircin,  kuma yana jin tsoron fushin Khalifa, ya yi kamar mahaukaci ne . An tsare shi a gidan yari tun daga 1011 har zuwa mutuwar al-Hakim a 1021, a lokacin ne ya rubuta ''littafinsa mai tasiri na Littattafan Haske'' . 

=== Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan, 1898–1902 ===
Turawan Birtaniya sun fara gina madatsar ruwa ta farko a fadin kogin Nilu a shekarar 1898. Ginin ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarar 1902 kuma an bude madatsar ruwa a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1902. Sir William Willcocks ne ya tsara aikin kuma ya kunshi fitattun injiniyoyi da dama, ciki har da Sir Benjamin Baker da Sir John Aird, wanda kamfaninsa, John Aird &amp;amp;amp; Co., shine babban dan kwangilar.  

Duk da cewa Dulles ya yi imanin cewa Nasser yana yin zamba ne kawai kuma Tarayyar Soviet ba za ta taimaki Nasser ba, ya yi kuskure: Tarayyar Soviet ta yi wa Nasser alƙawarin samun makamai da yawa don a biya shi da wuri na hatsi da audugar Masar. A ranar 27 ga Satumba, 1955, Nasser ya sanar da yarjejeniyar makamai, inda Czechoslovakia ta yi aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani don goyon bayan Tarayyar Soviet.  Maimakon kai hari ga Nasser saboda komawa ga Tarayyar Soviet, Dulles ya nemi inganta dangantaka da shi. A watan Disamba na 1955, Amurka da Burtaniya sun yi alkawarin dala 56 da dala 14&amp;nbsp;miliyan, bi da bi, don gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan. 
[[Fayil:Nasser_observing_Aswan_Dam_construction.jpg|left|thumb|[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] yana lura da aikin gina madatsar ruwa, 1963]]
Duk da cewa yarjejeniyar makamai ta Czech ta haifar da kwarin gwiwa ga Amurka ta zuba jari a Aswan, Birtaniya ta ambaci yarjejeniyar a matsayin dalilin soke alkawarinta na asusun madatsun ruwa. Dulles ya fusata sosai da amincewar da Nasser ya yi wa [[Sin|China]] a fannin diflomasiyya, wanda ya saba wa manufar Dulles ta takaita kwaminisanci. 

Wasu dalilai da dama sun taimaka wa Amurka ta yanke shawarar janye tayinta na samar da kudaden gina madatsar ruwa. Dulles ya yi imanin cewa Tarayyar Soviet ba za ta cika alkawarinta na tallafawa sojoji ba. Ya kuma fusata da rashin daidaiton Nasser da kuma yunkurin yin amfani da bangarorin biyu na [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cacar Baki]] . A lokacin, sauran kawayen Yammacin Turai a Gabas ta Tsakiya, ciki har da Turkiyya da Iraki, sun nuna rashin jin daɗin cewa ana ba wa Masar, ƙasa mai ci gaba da tsaka-tsaki, taimako mai yawa. 

A watan Yunin 1956, Tarayyar Soviet ta ba Nasser dala $1.12&amp;nbsp;biliyan a kashi 2% na ribar ginin madatsar ruwan. A ranar 19 ga Yuli, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta sanar da cewa tallafin kuɗi na Amurka ga Babban Madatsar ruwan &quot;ba zai yiwu ba a halin yanzu.&quot; 

A ranar 26 ga Yulin 1956, tare da yabo daga Masar, Nasser ya sanar da mayar da magudanar ruwa ta Suez ta ƙasa, wadda ta haɗa da diyya mai kyau ga tsoffin masu ita. Nasser ya tsara kuɗaɗen shiga da magudanar ruwa ke samu don taimakawa wajen samar da kuɗin gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa. Lokacin da Yaƙin Suez ya ɓarke, Birtaniya, Faransa, da Isra'ila sun kwace magudanar ruwa da Sinai. Amma matsin lamba daga Amurka da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]] da wasu wurare ya tilasta musu janyewa.

Duk da girmansa, aikin Aswan bai yi wa ma'aunin biyan bashin Masar illa ba. Kudaden Tarayyar Soviet guda uku sun rufe kusan dukkan buƙatun musayar kuɗi na ƙasashen waje na aikin, gami da kuɗin ayyukan fasaha, kayan aikin samar da wutar lantarki da na'urorin watsawa da aka shigo da su da kuma wasu kayan aikin da aka shigo da su don sake mallakar filaye. Masar ba ta fuskanci wani nauyi mai tsanani ba game da biyan bashin, yawancinsu an tsawaita su na tsawon shekaru 12 tare da riba mai ƙarancin kashi 2-1/2%. Biyan kuɗi ga [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] ya ƙunshi ƙaramin magudanar ruwa ne kawai a rabin farko na shekarun 1960, kuma ƙaruwar kuɗin fitar da kaya da aka samu daga amfanin gona da aka noma a sabbin filayen da aka sake kwato sun fi daidaita matsakaicin biyan bashin da aka biya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. A lokacin 1965-1970, waɗannan kuɗaɗen da aka samu daga fitarwa sun kai kimanin dala $126.&amp;nbsp;miliyan, idan aka kwatanta da biyan bashin dala $113&amp;nbsp;miliyan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM ECONOMIC IMPRACT OF THE ASWAN HIGH DAM |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP85T00875R001700020056-7.pdf |website=Cia Readingroom}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gini da cika, 1960–1976 ===
[[Image:High Dam Burg Memorial Wall, Aswan, Egypt, Oct 2004.jpg|right|thumb|Gaban tsakiyar ginin tunawa da Abotar Larabawa da Tarayyar Soviet. Wannan abun tunawa an gina shi ne don bikin kammala Babbar Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan. Shashen hagu yana ɗauke da tambarin Tarayyar Soviet, yayin da shashen dama kuma yake ɗauke da tambarin ƙasar Masar.]]

Haka kuma Tarayyar Soviet ta samar da kwararrun masana da manyan injinan aiki. Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev na Cibiyar Hydroproject da ke Moscow ne ya tsara wannan katuwar madatsar ruwa ta dutse da yāka,&lt;ref name=Malyshev&gt;{{cite web|url=https://foreignaffairs.co.nz/2024/01/16/mil-osi-russia-legends-of-russian-science-nikolai-aleksandrovich-malyshev/|title=Legends of Russian science: Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev|author=MIL-OSI|date=January 16, 2024|work=foreignaffairs.co.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Smith&gt;{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Jean Edward|title=Eisenhower in War and Peace|date=2012|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|isbn=978-0679644293|page=694|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jO2gLXNNa2wC&amp;pg=PA694|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da taimakon wasu injiniyoyin ƙasar Masar. Injiniyoyi da ma'aikata 'yan ƙasar Masar guda 25,000 ne suka ba da gudummawa wajen ginin madatsun ruwan.

A da, injiniyoyin Jamus ta Yamma da na Faransa ne suka tsara aikin a farkon shekarun 1950, kuma an yi niyyar ba da kuɗaɗen aikin ta hanyar rance daga ƙasashen Yamma, sai dai Babbar Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan ta zama babban aikin taimako na ƙasashen waje mafi shahara na Tarayyar Soviet (USSR) bayan da Amurka, Burtaniya, da Bankin Duniya na Sake Gini da Ci gaba (IBRD) suka janye goyon bayansu a shekarar 1956. An ba da rancen farko na Soviet dalar amurka miliyan $100 a shekarar 1958 don biyan kuɗaɗen ginin madatsun ruwa na wucin gadi domin karkatar da kwararar kogin Nilu. An sake ba da ƙarin dalar amurka miliyan $225 a shekarar 1960 don kammala madatsar ruwan da gina wuraren samar da wutar lantarki, kuma bayan haka an samar da kusan dalar amurka miliyan $100 don farfaɗo da ƙasashe. Waɗannan lamuni na kusan dalar amurka miliyan $425 sun biya ne kawai kuɗaɗen musayar ƙasashen waje na aikin, gami da albashin injiniyoyin Soviet waɗanda suka lura da aikin kuma suka ɗauki alhakin girkawa da gwada kayan aikin na Soviet. Shirin ginin na gaske, wanda aka fara a shekarar 1960, kamfanonin ƙasar Masar ne suka yi shi a ƙarƙashin kwangila da Hukumar Babbar Madatsar Ruwa, kuma Masarawa ne suka ɗauki dukkan kuɗaɗen cikin gida. Shiga da Masar ta yi a cikin wannan harka ya ɗaukaka ƙarfi da mutuncin masana'antar gine-gine ta ƙasar sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A ɓangaren ƙasar Masar, kamfanin Arab Contractors na Osman Ahmed Osman ne ya jagoranci aikin. Matashin Osman ya ba da farashin kwangila wanda ya gaza na babban mai fafatawa da shi da rabi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909474,00.html |title=Osman the Efficient |access-date=2008-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030181444/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909474,00.html |archive-date=2010-10-30 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1960: An fara ginin a ranar 9 ga Janairu&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Robert O. |last=Collins |title=The Nile |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2002 |page=[https://archive.org/details/nile00robe/page/181 181] |isbn=0-300-09764-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/nile00robe|url-access=registration |quote=robert collins the nile. }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1964: An kammala matakin farko na ginin madatsar ruwan, kuma tafkin ya fara cika da ruwa
* 1970: An kammala Babbar Madatsar Ruwa, wato ''as-Sad al-'Aali'', a ranar 21 ga Yuli&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/thisday/jul21/aswan-dam-completed/?ar_a=1 | title=1970: Aswan Dam Completed | publisher=National Geographic Society | access-date=20 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820061908/http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/thisday/jul21/aswan-dam-completed/?ar_a=1 | archive-date=20 August 2014 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1976: Tafkin madatsar ruwan ya cika dakat da iyakar ƙarfinsa.
[[File:AswanHighDam111m1970ElectricalMechanicalAswanEgypt-01.gif|Zataccen Hoton Madatsar Ruwa]]

== Bayanin Ƙa’idoji ==
Aswan High Dam yana da tsawon {{convert|3830|m}}. Yana da faɗin {{cvt|980|m}} a ƙasan tushe, {{cvt|40|m}} a saman (crest), kuma tsayinsa ya kai {{cvt|111|m}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aswan High Dam {{!}} dam, Egypt|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aswan-High-Dam|access-date=2020-10-24|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Yana ƙunshe da kimanin {{convert|43,000,000|m3|cuyd}} na kayan gini. A mafi girman aiki, yana iya fitar da ruwa har {{convert|11000|m3/s}}. Haka kuma akwai hanyoyin gaggawa (emergency spillways) da za su iya fitar da ƙarin ruwa har {{convert|5000|m3/s}}.

Hakanan, tashar [[Toshka]] Canal tana haɗa tafkin da ake kira [[Lake Nasser]] zuwa kwarin Toshka. Tafkin Lake Nasser yana da tsawon {{cvt|500|km||abbr=}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-03-11|title=The spectacular failures and successes of massive dams|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-51459930|access-date=2020-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma faɗinsa a mafi girma ya kai {{cvt|35|km}}.

Yana da yawan ruwa har {{convert|132|km3|cuyd}}. Jimillar sararin tafkin ya kai {{convert|5250|km2}}.

{{wide image|Presa de Asuán, Egipto, 2022-04-01, DD 73-80 PAN.jpg|900|Hoton panorama na Aswan Dam yana kallon kudu}}

== Tsarin Ban Ruwa ==

[[File:Egypt sat.png|thumb|left|Ƙasashen gona kore masu ban ruwa a tsawon kogin Nilu a tsakiyar hamada]]
[[File:NileBalance.JPG|thumb|Madaidaicin ma'aunin ruwa]]
[[File:NileCanals.JPG|thumb|Manyan tsarin ban ruwa (a firi)]]
Sakamakon rashin samun isasshen ruwan sama mai kiyastawa, aikin jiran gona na ƙasar Masar ya dogara ne gaba ɗaya akan ban ruwa. Ta hanyar ban ruwa, ana iya yin girbi biyu a shekara, in ban da rami wanda ke ɗaukar kusan shekara guda yana girma.

Babbar madatsar ruwa ta Aswan tana bayar da kwararar ruwa, a matsakaici, mita kubik biliyan 55 (55 km3) a kowace shekara, inda kusan mita kubik biliyan 46 (46 km3) ake karkatar da su zuwa madatsun ruwa na ban ruwa.

A kwarin Nilu da bakin teku (delta), kusan murabba'in kilomita 336,000 (336,000 km2) ne ke amfana da waɗannan ruwaye inda suke samar da amfanin gona 1.8 a matsakaici a shekara. Amfanin ruwa na shekara-shekara na amfanin gona ya kai kusan mita kubik biliyan 38 (38 km3). Saboda haka, ingancin ban ruwa gaba ɗaya shine 38/46 = 0.826 ko kashi 83%. Wannan inganci ne mai girma na ban ruwa. Ingancin ban ruwa na fage ya yi ƙasa sosai, amma ana sake amfani da ruwan da aka rasa a can ƙasa rafi. Wannan sake amfani da ruwa akai-akai shi ne silar samar da babban inganci gaba ɗaya.

Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna rarraba ruwan ban ruwa a kan ƙananan madatsun ruwa da ke rassa daga babban madatsar ruwa guda ɗaya na ban ruwa, wato Madatsar Ruwa ta Mansuriya kusa da Giza.&lt;ref&gt;''Impacts of the Irrigation Improvement Projects in Egypt''. Egyptian-Dutch Advisory Panel and International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 1999. Download from:[http://www.waterlog.info/reports.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207151045/http://www.waterlog.info/reports.htm|date=2010-02-07}} , under nr. 4, or directly as PDF: [http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/irrimpr.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228020427/http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/irrimpr.pdf|date=2008-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Ƙananan madatsun ruwa
! Isar da ruwa a m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/feddan *
|-
| Kafret Nasser
| 4,700
|-
| Beni Magdul
| 3,500
|-
| El Mansuria
| 3,300
|-
| El Hammami na sama
| 2,800
|-
| El Hammami na ƙasa
| 1,800
|-
| El Shimi
| 1,200
|}
:&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Lokacin 1 ga Maris zuwa 31 ga Yuli. Feddan 1 daidai yake da hekta 0.42 ko kusan eka 1.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Bayanai daga Aikin Gudanar da Amfanin Ruwa na Masar (EWUP)&lt;ref&gt;Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. ''Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report''. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawan gishiri a cikin ruwan madatsar ruwa ta Aswan ya kai kusan kilogiram 0.25 a kowace mita kubik (0.25 kg/m3), matakin gishiri mai ƙasa sosai. A matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na mita kubik biliyan 55 (55 km3), shigar gishiri na shekara-shekara yana kaiwa tan miliyan 14. Matsakaicin yawan gishiri na ruwan magudanar ruwa da ake kora zuwa teku da tabukan dake gaɓar teku ya kai kilogiram 2.7 a kowace mita kubik (2.7 kg/m3).&lt;ref&gt;Egyptian Drainage Research Institute, DRI, yearbook 1995/1996&lt;/ref&gt; A fitar ruwa na shekara-shekara na mita kubik biliyan 10 (10 km3) (ba a lissafta kilogiram 2 a kowace mita kubik (2 kg/m3) na shigar gishiri daga teku da tabuka ba, duba hoton &quot;Madaidaicin ma'aunin ruwa&quot;), fitar gishiri na shekara-shekara yana kaiwa tan miliyan 27. A shekarar 1995, fitar gishiri ya yi yawa fiye da shigar gishiri, kuma ƙasashen gona na Masar suna rage gishiri. Wani ɓangare na wannan na iya kasancewa ne saboda yawan ayyukan magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da aka gudanar a cikin shekarun da suka gabata domin sarrafa matakin ruwa da gishirin ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;M.S.Abdel-Dayem, 1987. &quot;Development of land drainage in Egypt.&quot; In: J.Vos (Ed.) Proceedings, Symposium 25th International Course on Land Drainage. ILRI publ. 42. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Wageningen, The Netherlands&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwashe ruwa ta hanyar magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da tashoshi na da matukar muhimmanci don hana lalacewar amfanin gona sakamakon matsalar ruwa (waterlogging) da gishirin ƙasa da ban ruwa ke haifarwa. Zuwa shekarar 2003, an samar wa fiye da murabba'in kilomita 20,000 (20,000 km2) tsarin magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kuma kusan murabba'in kilomita 7.2 na ruwa ake kwashewa a kowace shekara daga yankunan da ke da waɗannan tsarin. Jimillar kuɗin da aka kashe a magudanar ruwa na aikin gona cikin shekaru 27 daga 1973 zuwa 2002 ya kai kusan dalar amurka biliyan $3.1, wanda ya shafi kuɗin tsara aiki, gini, kulawa, bincike da horarwa. A cikin wannan lokacin, an aiwatar da manyan ayyuka guda 11 tare da tallafin kuɗi daga Bankin Duniya da sauran masu ba da tallafi.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Egyptian Public Authority for Drainage Projects, Drainage Research Institute, 2006: [https://web.archive.org/web/20191117161919/http://www.csdwand.net/data/sheet.asp?cn=Egypt&amp;fn=LA0648 ''The National Drainage and Drainage Water Reuse Programs, Egypt''], Local Actions at the 4th World Water Forum, 2 March 2007, accessed 28 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==</text>
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Babban madatsar ruwa [[Aswan, Egypt|Aswan]], wanda galibi ake kira kawai madatsar ruwa ta Aswan, tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan madatsar jiragen ruwa a duniya, wanda aka gina tsakanin 1960 da 1970 a fadin [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] a Aswan, Misira. Gwamnatin Masar ce ta haɓaka aikin tare da taimakon [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] don inganta kula da ambaliyar ruwa, samar da ƙarin ajiyar ruwa don ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki. An ga madatsar ruwan a matsayin muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga shirye-shiryen Masana'antu na kasar. Kamar aiwatarwa da ta gabata, Babban Dam din ya yi tasiri sosai ga tattalin arziki da al'adun Masar.

Lokacin da aka kammala shi, shi ne madatsar ruwa mafi tsayi a duniya, wadda ta zarce madatsar ruwa ta Chatuge a Amurka.  An gina madatsar ruwa, wadda ta ƙirƙiri madatsar ruwa ta [[tafkin Nasser]], {{Cvt|7|km}} sama da madatsar ruwan Aswan Low, wanda aka kammala a shekarar 1902 kuma an riga an yi amfani da shi sosai.

Da yake an gina tsohon madatsar ruwa, [[Ambaliyar kogin nilu|ambaliyar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta kogin Nilu]] a ƙarshen bazara ta ci gaba da wucewa ba tare da wani cikas ba a kwarin daga magudanar ruwa [[Gabashin Afirka|ta Gabashin Afirka]] . Waɗannan ambaliyar ruwa suna kawo ruwa mai yawa tare da abubuwan gina jiki na halitta da ma'adanai waɗanda ke wadatar da [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]] mai kyau a gefen [[Filin Ambaliyar|ambaliyar ruwa]] da kuma yankin delta ; wannan hasashen ya sa kwarin Nilu ya zama wuri mai kyau don noma tun [[Tsohuwar Masar|zamanin da]] . Duk da haka, wannan ambaliyar ruwa ta halitta ta bambanta, domin shekarun ruwan sama masu yawa na iya lalata dukkan amfanin gona, yayin da shekarun ƙarancin ruwa na iya haifar da [[fari]] mai yawa da kuma yunwa . Duk waɗannan abubuwan biyu sun ci gaba da faruwa lokaci-lokaci.

== Tarihin gini ==
Yunkurin farko da aka rubuta na gina madatsar ruwa kusa da Aswan ya faru ne a ƙarni na 11, lokacin da [[Halifancin Fatimid|Khalifan Fatim]] Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ya kira babban masanin ilmin taurari na Larabawa kuma injiniya [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (wanda aka sani da ''Alhazen'' a Yamma) zuwa Masar don daidaita [[Ambaliyar kogin nilu|ambaliyar ruwa ta Kogin Nilu]], aikin da ke buƙatar yunƙurin gaggawa a madatsar ruwa ta Aswan.  Bayan aikinsa a fagen ya shawo kansa game da rashin amfani da wannan makircin,  kuma yana jin tsoron fushin Khalifa, ya yi kamar mahaukaci ne . An tsare shi a gidan yari tun daga 1011 har zuwa mutuwar al-Hakim a 1021, a lokacin ne ya rubuta ''littafinsa mai tasiri na Littattafan Haske'' . 

=== Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan, 1898–1902 ===
Turawan Birtaniya sun fara gina madatsar ruwa ta farko a fadin kogin Nilu a shekarar 1898. Ginin ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarar 1902 kuma an bude madatsar ruwa a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1902. Sir William Willcocks ne ya tsara aikin kuma ya kunshi fitattun injiniyoyi da dama, ciki har da Sir Benjamin Baker da Sir John Aird, wanda kamfaninsa, John Aird &amp;amp;amp; Co., shine babban dan kwangilar.  

Duk da cewa Dulles ya yi imanin cewa Nasser yana yin zamba ne kawai kuma Tarayyar Soviet ba za ta taimaki Nasser ba, ya yi kuskure: Tarayyar Soviet ta yi wa Nasser alƙawarin samun makamai da yawa don a biya shi da wuri na hatsi da audugar Masar. A ranar 27 ga Satumba, 1955, Nasser ya sanar da yarjejeniyar makamai, inda Czechoslovakia ta yi aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani don goyon bayan Tarayyar Soviet.  Maimakon kai hari ga Nasser saboda komawa ga Tarayyar Soviet, Dulles ya nemi inganta dangantaka da shi. A watan Disamba na 1955, Amurka da Burtaniya sun yi alkawarin dala 56 da dala 14&amp;nbsp;miliyan, bi da bi, don gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan. 
[[Fayil:Nasser_observing_Aswan_Dam_construction.jpg|left|thumb|[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] yana lura da aikin gina madatsar ruwa, 1963]]
Duk da cewa yarjejeniyar makamai ta Czech ta haifar da kwarin gwiwa ga Amurka ta zuba jari a Aswan, Birtaniya ta ambaci yarjejeniyar a matsayin dalilin soke alkawarinta na asusun madatsun ruwa. Dulles ya fusata sosai da amincewar da Nasser ya yi wa [[Sin|China]] a fannin diflomasiyya, wanda ya saba wa manufar Dulles ta takaita kwaminisanci. 

Wasu dalilai da dama sun taimaka wa Amurka ta yanke shawarar janye tayinta na samar da kudaden gina madatsar ruwa. Dulles ya yi imanin cewa Tarayyar Soviet ba za ta cika alkawarinta na tallafawa sojoji ba. Ya kuma fusata da rashin daidaiton Nasser da kuma yunkurin yin amfani da bangarorin biyu na [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cacar Baki]] . A lokacin, sauran kawayen Yammacin Turai a Gabas ta Tsakiya, ciki har da Turkiyya da Iraki, sun nuna rashin jin daɗin cewa ana ba wa Masar, ƙasa mai ci gaba da tsaka-tsaki, taimako mai yawa. 

A watan Yunin 1956, Tarayyar Soviet ta ba Nasser dala $1.12&amp;nbsp;biliyan a kashi 2% na ribar ginin madatsar ruwan. A ranar 19 ga Yuli, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta sanar da cewa tallafin kuɗi na Amurka ga Babban Madatsar ruwan &quot;ba zai yiwu ba a halin yanzu.&quot; 

A ranar 26 ga Yulin 1956, tare da yabo daga Masar, Nasser ya sanar da mayar da magudanar ruwa ta Suez ta ƙasa, wadda ta haɗa da diyya mai kyau ga tsoffin masu ita. Nasser ya tsara kuɗaɗen shiga da magudanar ruwa ke samu don taimakawa wajen samar da kuɗin gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa. Lokacin da Yaƙin Suez ya ɓarke, Birtaniya, Faransa, da Isra'ila sun kwace magudanar ruwa da Sinai. Amma matsin lamba daga Amurka da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]] da wasu wurare ya tilasta musu janyewa.

Duk da girmansa, aikin Aswan bai yi wa ma'aunin biyan bashin Masar illa ba. Kudaden Tarayyar Soviet guda uku sun rufe kusan dukkan buƙatun musayar kuɗi na ƙasashen waje na aikin, gami da kuɗin ayyukan fasaha, kayan aikin samar da wutar lantarki da na'urorin watsawa da aka shigo da su da kuma wasu kayan aikin da aka shigo da su don sake mallakar filaye. Masar ba ta fuskanci wani nauyi mai tsanani ba game da biyan bashin, yawancinsu an tsawaita su na tsawon shekaru 12 tare da riba mai ƙarancin kashi 2-1/2%. Biyan kuɗi ga [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] ya ƙunshi ƙaramin magudanar ruwa ne kawai a rabin farko na shekarun 1960, kuma ƙaruwar kuɗin fitar da kaya da aka samu daga amfanin gona da aka noma a sabbin filayen da aka sake kwato sun fi daidaita matsakaicin biyan bashin da aka biya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. A lokacin 1965-1970, waɗannan kuɗaɗen da aka samu daga fitarwa sun kai kimanin dala $126.&amp;nbsp;miliyan, idan aka kwatanta da biyan bashin dala $113&amp;nbsp;miliyan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM ECONOMIC IMPRACT OF THE ASWAN HIGH DAM |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP85T00875R001700020056-7.pdf |website=Cia Readingroom}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gini da cika, 1960–1976 ===
[[Image:High Dam Burg Memorial Wall, Aswan, Egypt, Oct 2004.jpg|right|thumb|Gaban tsakiyar ginin tunawa da Abotar Larabawa da Tarayyar Soviet. Wannan abun tunawa an gina shi ne don bikin kammala Babbar Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan. Shashen hagu yana ɗauke da tambarin Tarayyar Soviet, yayin da shashen dama kuma yake ɗauke da tambarin ƙasar Masar.]]

Haka kuma Tarayyar Soviet ta samar da kwararrun masana da manyan injinan aiki. Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev na Cibiyar Hydroproject da ke Moscow ne ya tsara wannan katuwar madatsar ruwa ta dutse da yāka,&lt;ref name=Malyshev&gt;{{cite web|url=https://foreignaffairs.co.nz/2024/01/16/mil-osi-russia-legends-of-russian-science-nikolai-aleksandrovich-malyshev/|title=Legends of Russian science: Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev|author=MIL-OSI|date=January 16, 2024|work=foreignaffairs.co.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Smith&gt;{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Jean Edward|title=Eisenhower in War and Peace|date=2012|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|isbn=978-0679644293|page=694|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jO2gLXNNa2wC&amp;pg=PA694|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da taimakon wasu injiniyoyin ƙasar Masar. Injiniyoyi da ma'aikata 'yan ƙasar Masar guda 25,000 ne suka ba da gudummawa wajen ginin madatsun ruwan.

A da, injiniyoyin Jamus ta Yamma da na Faransa ne suka tsara aikin a farkon shekarun 1950, kuma an yi niyyar ba da kuɗaɗen aikin ta hanyar rance daga ƙasashen Yamma, sai dai Babbar Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan ta zama babban aikin taimako na ƙasashen waje mafi shahara na Tarayyar Soviet (USSR) bayan da Amurka, Burtaniya, da Bankin Duniya na Sake Gini da Ci gaba (IBRD) suka janye goyon bayansu a shekarar 1956. An ba da rancen farko na Soviet dalar amurka miliyan $100 a shekarar 1958 don biyan kuɗaɗen ginin madatsun ruwa na wucin gadi domin karkatar da kwararar kogin Nilu. An sake ba da ƙarin dalar amurka miliyan $225 a shekarar 1960 don kammala madatsar ruwan da gina wuraren samar da wutar lantarki, kuma bayan haka an samar da kusan dalar amurka miliyan $100 don farfaɗo da ƙasashe. Waɗannan lamuni na kusan dalar amurka miliyan $425 sun biya ne kawai kuɗaɗen musayar ƙasashen waje na aikin, gami da albashin injiniyoyin Soviet waɗanda suka lura da aikin kuma suka ɗauki alhakin girkawa da gwada kayan aikin na Soviet. Shirin ginin na gaske, wanda aka fara a shekarar 1960, kamfanonin ƙasar Masar ne suka yi shi a ƙarƙashin kwangila da Hukumar Babbar Madatsar Ruwa, kuma Masarawa ne suka ɗauki dukkan kuɗaɗen cikin gida. Shiga da Masar ta yi a cikin wannan harka ya ɗaukaka ƙarfi da mutuncin masana'antar gine-gine ta ƙasar sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A ɓangaren ƙasar Masar, kamfanin Arab Contractors na Osman Ahmed Osman ne ya jagoranci aikin. Matashin Osman ya ba da farashin kwangila wanda ya gaza na babban mai fafatawa da shi da rabi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909474,00.html |title=Osman the Efficient |access-date=2008-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030181444/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909474,00.html |archive-date=2010-10-30 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1960: An fara ginin a ranar 9 ga Janairu&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Robert O. |last=Collins |title=The Nile |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2002 |page=[https://archive.org/details/nile00robe/page/181 181] |isbn=0-300-09764-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/nile00robe|url-access=registration |quote=robert collins the nile. }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1964: An kammala matakin farko na ginin madatsar ruwan, kuma tafkin ya fara cika da ruwa
* 1970: An kammala Babbar Madatsar Ruwa, wato ''as-Sad al-'Aali'', a ranar 21 ga Yuli&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/thisday/jul21/aswan-dam-completed/?ar_a=1 | title=1970: Aswan Dam Completed | publisher=National Geographic Society | access-date=20 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820061908/http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/thisday/jul21/aswan-dam-completed/?ar_a=1 | archive-date=20 August 2014 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1976: Tafkin madatsar ruwan ya cika dakat da iyakar ƙarfinsa.
[[File:AswanHighDam111m1970ElectricalMechanicalAswanEgypt-01.gif|Zataccen Hoton Madatsar Ruwa]]

== Bayanin Ƙa’idoji ==
Aswan High Dam yana da tsawon {{convert|3830|m}}. Yana da faɗin {{cvt|980|m}} a ƙasan tushe, {{cvt|40|m}} a saman (crest), kuma tsayinsa ya kai {{cvt|111|m}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aswan High Dam {{!}} dam, Egypt|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aswan-High-Dam|access-date=2020-10-24|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Yana ƙunshe da kimanin {{convert|43,000,000|m3|cuyd}} na kayan gini. A mafi girman aiki, yana iya fitar da ruwa har {{convert|11000|m3/s}}. Haka kuma akwai hanyoyin gaggawa (emergency spillways) da za su iya fitar da ƙarin ruwa har {{convert|5000|m3/s}}.

Hakanan, tashar [[Toshka]] Canal tana haɗa tafkin da ake kira [[Lake Nasser]] zuwa kwarin Toshka. Tafkin Lake Nasser yana da tsawon {{cvt|500|km||abbr=}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-03-11|title=The spectacular failures and successes of massive dams|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-51459930|access-date=2020-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma faɗinsa a mafi girma ya kai {{cvt|35|km}}.

Yana da yawan ruwa har {{convert|132|km3|cuyd}}. Jimillar sararin tafkin ya kai {{convert|5250|km2}}.

{{wide image|Presa de Asuán, Egipto, 2022-04-01, DD 73-80 PAN.jpg|900|Hoton panorama na Aswan Dam yana kallon kudu}}

== Tsarin Ban Ruwa ==

[[File:Egypt sat.png|thumb|left|Ƙasashen gona kore masu ban ruwa a tsawon kogin Nilu a tsakiyar hamada]]
[[File:NileBalance.JPG|thumb|Madaidaicin ma'aunin ruwa]]
[[File:NileCanals.JPG|thumb|Manyan tsarin ban ruwa (a firi)]]
Sakamakon rashin samun isasshen ruwan sama mai kiyastawa, aikin jiran gona na ƙasar Masar ya dogara ne gaba ɗaya akan ban ruwa. Ta hanyar ban ruwa, ana iya yin girbi biyu a shekara, in ban da rami wanda ke ɗaukar kusan shekara guda yana girma.

Babbar madatsar ruwa ta Aswan tana bayar da kwararar ruwa, a matsakaici, mita kubik biliyan 55 (55 km3) a kowace shekara, inda kusan mita kubik biliyan 46 (46 km3) ake karkatar da su zuwa madatsun ruwa na ban ruwa.

A kwarin Nilu da bakin teku (delta), kusan murabba'in kilomita 336,000 (336,000 km2) ne ke amfana da waɗannan ruwaye inda suke samar da amfanin gona 1.8 a matsakaici a shekara. Amfanin ruwa na shekara-shekara na amfanin gona ya kai kusan mita kubik biliyan 38 (38 km3). Saboda haka, ingancin ban ruwa gaba ɗaya shine 38/46 = 0.826 ko kashi 83%. Wannan inganci ne mai girma na ban ruwa. Ingancin ban ruwa na fage ya yi ƙasa sosai, amma ana sake amfani da ruwan da aka rasa a can ƙasa rafi. Wannan sake amfani da ruwa akai-akai shi ne silar samar da babban inganci gaba ɗaya.

Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna rarraba ruwan ban ruwa a kan ƙananan madatsun ruwa da ke rassa daga babban madatsar ruwa guda ɗaya na ban ruwa, wato Madatsar Ruwa ta Mansuriya kusa da Giza.&lt;ref&gt;''Impacts of the Irrigation Improvement Projects in Egypt''. Egyptian-Dutch Advisory Panel and International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 1999. Download from:[http://www.waterlog.info/reports.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207151045/http://www.waterlog.info/reports.htm|date=2010-02-07}} , under nr. 4, or directly as PDF: [http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/irrimpr.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228020427/http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/irrimpr.pdf|date=2008-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Ƙananan madatsun ruwa
! Isar da ruwa a m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/feddan *
|-
| Kafret Nasser
| 4,700
|-
| Beni Magdul
| 3,500
|-
| El Mansuria
| 3,300
|-
| El Hammami na sama
| 2,800
|-
| El Hammami na ƙasa
| 1,800
|-
| El Shimi
| 1,200
|}
:&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Lokacin 1 ga Maris zuwa 31 ga Yuli. Feddan 1 daidai yake da hekta 0.42 ko kusan eka 1.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Bayanai daga Aikin Gudanar da Amfanin Ruwa na Masar (EWUP)&lt;ref&gt;Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. ''Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report''. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawan gishiri a cikin ruwan madatsar ruwa ta Aswan ya kai kusan kilogiram 0.25 a kowace mita kubik (0.25 kg/m3), matakin gishiri mai ƙasa sosai. A matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na mita kubik biliyan 55 (55 km3), shigar gishiri na shekara-shekara yana kaiwa tan miliyan 14. Matsakaicin yawan gishiri na ruwan magudanar ruwa da ake kora zuwa teku da tabukan dake gaɓar teku ya kai kilogiram 2.7 a kowace mita kubik (2.7 kg/m3).&lt;ref&gt;Egyptian Drainage Research Institute, DRI, yearbook 1995/1996&lt;/ref&gt; A fitar ruwa na shekara-shekara na mita kubik biliyan 10 (10 km3) (ba a lissafta kilogiram 2 a kowace mita kubik (2 kg/m3) na shigar gishiri daga teku da tabuka ba, duba hoton &quot;Madaidaicin ma'aunin ruwa&quot;), fitar gishiri na shekara-shekara yana kaiwa tan miliyan 27. A shekarar 1995, fitar gishiri ya yi yawa fiye da shigar gishiri, kuma ƙasashen gona na Masar suna rage gishiri. Wani ɓangare na wannan na iya kasancewa ne saboda yawan ayyukan magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da aka gudanar a cikin shekarun da suka gabata domin sarrafa matakin ruwa da gishirin ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;M.S.Abdel-Dayem, 1987. &quot;Development of land drainage in Egypt.&quot; In: J.Vos (Ed.) Proceedings, Symposium 25th International Course on Land Drainage. ILRI publ. 42. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Wageningen, The Netherlands&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwashe ruwa ta hanyar magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da tashoshi na da matukar muhimmanci don hana lalacewar amfanin gona sakamakon matsalar ruwa (waterlogging) da gishirin ƙasa da ban ruwa ke haifarwa. Zuwa shekarar 2003, an samar wa fiye da murabba'in kilomita 20,000 (20,000 km2) tsarin magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kuma kusan murabba'in kilomita 7.2 na ruwa ake kwashewa a kowace shekara daga yankunan da ke da waɗannan tsarin. Jimillar kuɗin da aka kashe a magudanar ruwa na aikin gona cikin shekaru 27 daga 1973 zuwa 2002 ya kai kusan dalar amurka biliyan $3.1, wanda ya shafi kuɗin tsara aiki, gini, kulawa, bincike da horarwa. A cikin wannan lokacin, an aiwatar da manyan ayyuka guda 11 tare da tallafin kuɗi daga Bankin Duniya da sauran masu ba da tallafi.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Egyptian Public Authority for Drainage Projects, Drainage Research Institute, 2006: [https://web.archive.org/web/20191117161919/http://www.csdwand.net/data/sheet.asp?cn=Egypt&amp;fn=LA0648 ''The National Drainage and Drainage Water Reuse Programs, Egypt''], Local Actions at the 4th World Water Forum, 2 March 2007, accessed 28 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasiri ==
Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan ta samar da kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa da fari, ta haifar da haɓakar aikin gona da samar da ayyukan yi, samar da wutar lantarki, da inganta sufurin ruwa wanda shi ma ke amfanar harkar buɗe ido. Sabanin haka, madatsar ruwan ta nutsar da wani babban yanki, wanda ya haifar da tsugunar da mutane fiye da 100,000. Yawancin wuraren tarihi na dā sun nitse a cikin ruwa yayin da aka ƙaura da wasu zuwa wani wurin. Ana zargin madatsar ruwan da haddasa zaizayar gaɓar teku, gishirin ƙasa, da matsalolin lafiya.

Kimantawa kan asarar da aka yi da kuma ribar da aka samu daga madatsar ruwan ya kasance abin muhawara shekaru da dama bayan kammala ta. Kamar yadda wani lissafi ya nuna, moriyar tattalin arziki na shekara-shekara na Babban Madatsar Ruwa nan da nan bayan kammala ta ya kasance fan miliyan 255 na ƙasar Masar ($587 miliyan ta amfani da canjin kuɗi na shekarar 1970 na dala $2.30 ga kowace fan 1 na Masar): fan miliyan 140 daga aikin gona, fan miliyan 100 daga samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, fan miliyan 10 daga kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa, da fan miliyan 5 daga inganta sufurin ruwa. A lokacin da aka gina ta, jimillar kuɗin da aka kashe, haɗi da wasu &quot;ayyukan taimako&quot; da ba a bayyana ba da kuma faɗaɗa layukan wutar lantarki, ya kai fan miliyan 450 na Masar. Idan ba a yi la'akari da mummunan tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa na madatsar ruwan ba, an kiyasta cewa an dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe a kanta cikin shekaru biyu kacal.&lt;ref&gt;Abul-Ata, Abdel Azim, &quot;Egypt and the Nile after the Construction of the High Aswan Dam&quot;, Ministry of Irrigation and Land Reclamation, Cairo, 1978, quoted by Asit Biswas and Cecilia Tortajada, 2004&lt;/ref&gt; Wani mai lura da al'amura ya lura cewa: &quot;Tasirin Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan (...) ya kasance mai kyau ƙwarai da gaske. Kodayake madatsar ruwan ta ba da gudummawa ga wasu matsalolin muhalli, waɗannan sun kasance marasa tsanani fiye da yadda aka zata gaba ɗaya, ko kuma yadda mutane da yawa ke gaskatawa a halin yanzu.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Biswas&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |first=Asit K. |last=Biswas |url=http://www.inwent.org/E+Z/zeitschr/de602-11.htm |title=Aswan Dam Revisited: The Benefits of a Much-Maligned Dam |journal=Development and Cooperation |number=6 |date=November–December 2002 |pages=25–27 |access-date=2018-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615032505/http://www.inwent.org/E+Z/zeitschr/de602-11.htm |archive-date=2011-06-15 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani mai lura da al'amuran kuma bai yarda ba, inda ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a rushe madatsar ruwan. Rushe ta zai ci kuɗi kaɗan ne kawai na kuɗaɗen da ake buƙata don &quot;ci gaba da yaƙi da lahani da madatsar ruwan ke haifarwa&quot; kuma ana iya dawo da hekta 500,000 na ƙasa mai kyau daga laka da ke kasan tafkin da aka kwashe ruwansa.&lt;ref&gt;Professor Fouad Ibrahim, an Egyptian geoscientist teaching in Germany in a 1982 article quoted by Peter Wald: &quot;25 Years Later:The Aswan High Dam Has Proven its Worth&quot;, Development and Cooperation 2/96, pp. 20–21&lt;/ref&gt; Samuel C. Florman ya rubuta game da madatsar ruwan: &quot;A matsayinta na gini, an yi nasara. Amma a tasirinta a kan tsarin muhalli na kwarin Nilu – wanda yawancinsa za a iya hango shi tun da farko – gazawa ce&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Florman|first=Samuel C.|title=The existential pleasures of engineering|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=1994|location=New York|page=20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ambaliyar ruwa da fari na lokaci-lokaci sun shafi Masar tun lokacin dā. Madatsar ruwan ta rage tasirin ambaliyar ruwa, kamar na shekarun 1964, 1973, da 1988. An inganta sufurin ruwa a tsawon kogin, a sama da kuma ƙasa da madatsar ruwan. Yin zirga-zirga a cikin teku a tsawon kogin Nilu wani babban aiki ne na buɗe ido da mutane suka fi so, wanda galibi ake yin sa lokacin hunturu lokacin da kwararar ruwan kogin Nilu na halitta zai yi ƙasa sosai da ba zai ba da damar jiragen ruwa na shakatawa su yi tafiya ba. An ƙirƙiri sabuwar masana'antar kamun kifi a kewayen Tafkin Nasser, kodayake tana fuskantar wahala saboda nisan da ke tsakaninta da duk wata babbar kasuwa. Yawan amfanin shekara-shekara ya kai kusan tan 35,000 a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. An kafa masana'antu na kamun kifi da shirya kaya kusa da Tafkin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid and Shibini&quot;/&gt;

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Babban madatsar ruwa [[Aswan, Egypt|Aswan]], wanda galibi ake kira kawai madatsar ruwa ta Aswan, tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan madatsar jiragen ruwa a duniya, wanda aka gina tsakanin 1960 da 1970 a fadin [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] a Aswan, Misira. Gwamnatin Masar ce ta haɓaka aikin tare da taimakon [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] don inganta kula da ambaliyar ruwa, samar da ƙarin ajiyar ruwa don ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki. An ga madatsar ruwan a matsayin muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga shirye-shiryen Masana'antu na kasar. Kamar aiwatarwa da ta gabata, Babban Dam din ya yi tasiri sosai ga tattalin arziki da al'adun Masar.

Lokacin da aka kammala shi, shi ne madatsar ruwa mafi tsayi a duniya, wadda ta zarce madatsar ruwa ta Chatuge a Amurka.  An gina madatsar ruwa, wadda ta ƙirƙiri madatsar ruwa ta [[tafkin Nasser]], {{Cvt|7|km}} sama da madatsar ruwan Aswan Low, wanda aka kammala a shekarar 1902 kuma an riga an yi amfani da shi sosai.

Da yake an gina tsohon madatsar ruwa, [[Ambaliyar kogin nilu|ambaliyar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta kogin Nilu]] a ƙarshen bazara ta ci gaba da wucewa ba tare da wani cikas ba a kwarin daga magudanar ruwa [[Gabashin Afirka|ta Gabashin Afirka]] . Waɗannan ambaliyar ruwa suna kawo ruwa mai yawa tare da abubuwan gina jiki na halitta da ma'adanai waɗanda ke wadatar da [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]] mai kyau a gefen [[Filin Ambaliyar|ambaliyar ruwa]] da kuma yankin delta ; wannan hasashen ya sa kwarin Nilu ya zama wuri mai kyau don noma tun [[Tsohuwar Masar|zamanin da]] . Duk da haka, wannan ambaliyar ruwa ta halitta ta bambanta, domin shekarun ruwan sama masu yawa na iya lalata dukkan amfanin gona, yayin da shekarun ƙarancin ruwa na iya haifar da [[fari]] mai yawa da kuma yunwa . Duk waɗannan abubuwan biyu sun ci gaba da faruwa lokaci-lokaci.

== Tarihin gini ==
Yunkurin farko da aka rubuta na gina madatsar ruwa kusa da Aswan ya faru ne a ƙarni na 11, lokacin da [[Halifancin Fatimid|Khalifan Fatim]] Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ya kira babban masanin ilmin taurari na Larabawa kuma injiniya [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (wanda aka sani da ''Alhazen'' a Yamma) zuwa Masar don daidaita [[Ambaliyar kogin nilu|ambaliyar ruwa ta Kogin Nilu]], aikin da ke buƙatar yunƙurin gaggawa a madatsar ruwa ta Aswan.  Bayan aikinsa a fagen ya shawo kansa game da rashin amfani da wannan makircin,  kuma yana jin tsoron fushin Khalifa, ya yi kamar mahaukaci ne . An tsare shi a gidan yari tun daga 1011 har zuwa mutuwar al-Hakim a 1021, a lokacin ne ya rubuta ''littafinsa mai tasiri na Littattafan Haske'' . 

=== Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan, 1898–1902 ===
Turawan Birtaniya sun fara gina madatsar ruwa ta farko a fadin kogin Nilu a shekarar 1898. Ginin ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarar 1902 kuma an bude madatsar ruwa a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1902. Sir William Willcocks ne ya tsara aikin kuma ya kunshi fitattun injiniyoyi da dama, ciki har da Sir Benjamin Baker da Sir John Aird, wanda kamfaninsa, John Aird &amp;amp;amp; Co., shine babban dan kwangilar.  

Duk da cewa Dulles ya yi imanin cewa Nasser yana yin zamba ne kawai kuma Tarayyar Soviet ba za ta taimaki Nasser ba, ya yi kuskure: Tarayyar Soviet ta yi wa Nasser alƙawarin samun makamai da yawa don a biya shi da wuri na hatsi da audugar Masar. A ranar 27 ga Satumba, 1955, Nasser ya sanar da yarjejeniyar makamai, inda Czechoslovakia ta yi aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani don goyon bayan Tarayyar Soviet.  Maimakon kai hari ga Nasser saboda komawa ga Tarayyar Soviet, Dulles ya nemi inganta dangantaka da shi. A watan Disamba na 1955, Amurka da Burtaniya sun yi alkawarin dala 56 da dala 14&amp;nbsp;miliyan, bi da bi, don gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan. 
[[Fayil:Nasser_observing_Aswan_Dam_construction.jpg|left|thumb|[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] yana lura da aikin gina madatsar ruwa, 1963]]
Duk da cewa yarjejeniyar makamai ta Czech ta haifar da kwarin gwiwa ga Amurka ta zuba jari a Aswan, Birtaniya ta ambaci yarjejeniyar a matsayin dalilin soke alkawarinta na asusun madatsun ruwa. Dulles ya fusata sosai da amincewar da Nasser ya yi wa [[Sin|China]] a fannin diflomasiyya, wanda ya saba wa manufar Dulles ta takaita kwaminisanci. 

Wasu dalilai da dama sun taimaka wa Amurka ta yanke shawarar janye tayinta na samar da kudaden gina madatsar ruwa. Dulles ya yi imanin cewa Tarayyar Soviet ba za ta cika alkawarinta na tallafawa sojoji ba. Ya kuma fusata da rashin daidaiton Nasser da kuma yunkurin yin amfani da bangarorin biyu na [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cacar Baki]] . A lokacin, sauran kawayen Yammacin Turai a Gabas ta Tsakiya, ciki har da Turkiyya da Iraki, sun nuna rashin jin daɗin cewa ana ba wa Masar, ƙasa mai ci gaba da tsaka-tsaki, taimako mai yawa. 

A watan Yunin 1956, Tarayyar Soviet ta ba Nasser dala $1.12&amp;nbsp;biliyan a kashi 2% na ribar ginin madatsar ruwan. A ranar 19 ga Yuli, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta sanar da cewa tallafin kuɗi na Amurka ga Babban Madatsar ruwan &quot;ba zai yiwu ba a halin yanzu.&quot; 

A ranar 26 ga Yulin 1956, tare da yabo daga Masar, Nasser ya sanar da mayar da magudanar ruwa ta Suez ta ƙasa, wadda ta haɗa da diyya mai kyau ga tsoffin masu ita. Nasser ya tsara kuɗaɗen shiga da magudanar ruwa ke samu don taimakawa wajen samar da kuɗin gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa. Lokacin da Yaƙin Suez ya ɓarke, Birtaniya, Faransa, da Isra'ila sun kwace magudanar ruwa da Sinai. Amma matsin lamba daga Amurka da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]] da wasu wurare ya tilasta musu janyewa.

Duk da girmansa, aikin Aswan bai yi wa ma'aunin biyan bashin Masar illa ba. Kudaden Tarayyar Soviet guda uku sun rufe kusan dukkan buƙatun musayar kuɗi na ƙasashen waje na aikin, gami da kuɗin ayyukan fasaha, kayan aikin samar da wutar lantarki da na'urorin watsawa da aka shigo da su da kuma wasu kayan aikin da aka shigo da su don sake mallakar filaye. Masar ba ta fuskanci wani nauyi mai tsanani ba game da biyan bashin, yawancinsu an tsawaita su na tsawon shekaru 12 tare da riba mai ƙarancin kashi 2-1/2%. Biyan kuɗi ga [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] ya ƙunshi ƙaramin magudanar ruwa ne kawai a rabin farko na shekarun 1960, kuma ƙaruwar kuɗin fitar da kaya da aka samu daga amfanin gona da aka noma a sabbin filayen da aka sake kwato sun fi daidaita matsakaicin biyan bashin da aka biya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. A lokacin 1965-1970, waɗannan kuɗaɗen da aka samu daga fitarwa sun kai kimanin dala $126.&amp;nbsp;miliyan, idan aka kwatanta da biyan bashin dala $113&amp;nbsp;miliyan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM ECONOMIC IMPRACT OF THE ASWAN HIGH DAM |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP85T00875R001700020056-7.pdf |website=Cia Readingroom}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gini da cika, 1960–1976 ===
[[Image:High Dam Burg Memorial Wall, Aswan, Egypt, Oct 2004.jpg|right|thumb|Gaban tsakiyar ginin tunawa da Abotar Larabawa da Tarayyar Soviet. Wannan abun tunawa an gina shi ne don bikin kammala Babbar Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan. Shashen hagu yana ɗauke da tambarin Tarayyar Soviet, yayin da shashen dama kuma yake ɗauke da tambarin ƙasar Masar.]]

Haka kuma Tarayyar Soviet ta samar da kwararrun masana da manyan injinan aiki. Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev na Cibiyar Hydroproject da ke Moscow ne ya tsara wannan katuwar madatsar ruwa ta dutse da yāka,&lt;ref name=Malyshev&gt;{{cite web|url=https://foreignaffairs.co.nz/2024/01/16/mil-osi-russia-legends-of-russian-science-nikolai-aleksandrovich-malyshev/|title=Legends of Russian science: Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev|author=MIL-OSI|date=January 16, 2024|work=foreignaffairs.co.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Smith&gt;{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Jean Edward|title=Eisenhower in War and Peace|date=2012|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|isbn=978-0679644293|page=694|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jO2gLXNNa2wC&amp;pg=PA694|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da taimakon wasu injiniyoyin ƙasar Masar. Injiniyoyi da ma'aikata 'yan ƙasar Masar guda 25,000 ne suka ba da gudummawa wajen ginin madatsun ruwan.

A da, injiniyoyin Jamus ta Yamma da na Faransa ne suka tsara aikin a farkon shekarun 1950, kuma an yi niyyar ba da kuɗaɗen aikin ta hanyar rance daga ƙasashen Yamma, sai dai Babbar Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan ta zama babban aikin taimako na ƙasashen waje mafi shahara na Tarayyar Soviet (USSR) bayan da Amurka, Burtaniya, da Bankin Duniya na Sake Gini da Ci gaba (IBRD) suka janye goyon bayansu a shekarar 1956. An ba da rancen farko na Soviet dalar amurka miliyan $100 a shekarar 1958 don biyan kuɗaɗen ginin madatsun ruwa na wucin gadi domin karkatar da kwararar kogin Nilu. An sake ba da ƙarin dalar amurka miliyan $225 a shekarar 1960 don kammala madatsar ruwan da gina wuraren samar da wutar lantarki, kuma bayan haka an samar da kusan dalar amurka miliyan $100 don farfaɗo da ƙasashe. Waɗannan lamuni na kusan dalar amurka miliyan $425 sun biya ne kawai kuɗaɗen musayar ƙasashen waje na aikin, gami da albashin injiniyoyin Soviet waɗanda suka lura da aikin kuma suka ɗauki alhakin girkawa da gwada kayan aikin na Soviet. Shirin ginin na gaske, wanda aka fara a shekarar 1960, kamfanonin ƙasar Masar ne suka yi shi a ƙarƙashin kwangila da Hukumar Babbar Madatsar Ruwa, kuma Masarawa ne suka ɗauki dukkan kuɗaɗen cikin gida. Shiga da Masar ta yi a cikin wannan harka ya ɗaukaka ƙarfi da mutuncin masana'antar gine-gine ta ƙasar sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A ɓangaren ƙasar Masar, kamfanin Arab Contractors na Osman Ahmed Osman ne ya jagoranci aikin. Matashin Osman ya ba da farashin kwangila wanda ya gaza na babban mai fafatawa da shi da rabi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909474,00.html |title=Osman the Efficient |access-date=2008-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030181444/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909474,00.html |archive-date=2010-10-30 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1960: An fara ginin a ranar 9 ga Janairu&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Robert O. |last=Collins |title=The Nile |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2002 |page=[https://archive.org/details/nile00robe/page/181 181] |isbn=0-300-09764-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/nile00robe|url-access=registration |quote=robert collins the nile. }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1964: An kammala matakin farko na ginin madatsar ruwan, kuma tafkin ya fara cika da ruwa
* 1970: An kammala Babbar Madatsar Ruwa, wato ''as-Sad al-'Aali'', a ranar 21 ga Yuli&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/thisday/jul21/aswan-dam-completed/?ar_a=1 | title=1970: Aswan Dam Completed | publisher=National Geographic Society | access-date=20 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820061908/http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/thisday/jul21/aswan-dam-completed/?ar_a=1 | archive-date=20 August 2014 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1976: Tafkin madatsar ruwan ya cika dakat da iyakar ƙarfinsa.
[[File:AswanHighDam111m1970ElectricalMechanicalAswanEgypt-01.gif|Zataccen Hoton Madatsar Ruwa]]

== Bayanin Ƙa’idoji ==
Aswan High Dam yana da tsawon {{convert|3830|m}}. Yana da faɗin {{cvt|980|m}} a ƙasan tushe, {{cvt|40|m}} a saman (crest), kuma tsayinsa ya kai {{cvt|111|m}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aswan High Dam {{!}} dam, Egypt|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aswan-High-Dam|access-date=2020-10-24|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Yana ƙunshe da kimanin {{convert|43,000,000|m3|cuyd}} na kayan gini. A mafi girman aiki, yana iya fitar da ruwa har {{convert|11000|m3/s}}. Haka kuma akwai hanyoyin gaggawa (emergency spillways) da za su iya fitar da ƙarin ruwa har {{convert|5000|m3/s}}.

Hakanan, tashar [[Toshka]] Canal tana haɗa tafkin da ake kira [[Lake Nasser]] zuwa kwarin Toshka. Tafkin Lake Nasser yana da tsawon {{cvt|500|km||abbr=}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-03-11|title=The spectacular failures and successes of massive dams|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-51459930|access-date=2020-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma faɗinsa a mafi girma ya kai {{cvt|35|km}}.

Yana da yawan ruwa har {{convert|132|km3|cuyd}}. Jimillar sararin tafkin ya kai {{convert|5250|km2}}.

{{wide image|Presa de Asuán, Egipto, 2022-04-01, DD 73-80 PAN.jpg|900|Hoton panorama na Aswan Dam yana kallon kudu}}

== Tsarin Ban Ruwa ==

[[File:Egypt sat.png|thumb|left|Ƙasashen gona kore masu ban ruwa a tsawon kogin Nilu a tsakiyar hamada]]
[[File:NileBalance.JPG|thumb|Madaidaicin ma'aunin ruwa]]
[[File:NileCanals.JPG|thumb|Manyan tsarin ban ruwa (a firi)]]
Sakamakon rashin samun isasshen ruwan sama mai kiyastawa, aikin jiran gona na ƙasar Masar ya dogara ne gaba ɗaya akan ban ruwa. Ta hanyar ban ruwa, ana iya yin girbi biyu a shekara, in ban da rami wanda ke ɗaukar kusan shekara guda yana girma.

Babbar madatsar ruwa ta Aswan tana bayar da kwararar ruwa, a matsakaici, mita kubik biliyan 55 (55 km3) a kowace shekara, inda kusan mita kubik biliyan 46 (46 km3) ake karkatar da su zuwa madatsun ruwa na ban ruwa.

A kwarin Nilu da bakin teku (delta), kusan murabba'in kilomita 336,000 (336,000 km2) ne ke amfana da waɗannan ruwaye inda suke samar da amfanin gona 1.8 a matsakaici a shekara. Amfanin ruwa na shekara-shekara na amfanin gona ya kai kusan mita kubik biliyan 38 (38 km3). Saboda haka, ingancin ban ruwa gaba ɗaya shine 38/46 = 0.826 ko kashi 83%. Wannan inganci ne mai girma na ban ruwa. Ingancin ban ruwa na fage ya yi ƙasa sosai, amma ana sake amfani da ruwan da aka rasa a can ƙasa rafi. Wannan sake amfani da ruwa akai-akai shi ne silar samar da babban inganci gaba ɗaya.

Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna rarraba ruwan ban ruwa a kan ƙananan madatsun ruwa da ke rassa daga babban madatsar ruwa guda ɗaya na ban ruwa, wato Madatsar Ruwa ta Mansuriya kusa da Giza.&lt;ref&gt;''Impacts of the Irrigation Improvement Projects in Egypt''. Egyptian-Dutch Advisory Panel and International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 1999. Download from:[http://www.waterlog.info/reports.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207151045/http://www.waterlog.info/reports.htm|date=2010-02-07}} , under nr. 4, or directly as PDF: [http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/irrimpr.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228020427/http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/irrimpr.pdf|date=2008-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Ƙananan madatsun ruwa
! Isar da ruwa a m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/feddan *
|-
| Kafret Nasser
| 4,700
|-
| Beni Magdul
| 3,500
|-
| El Mansuria
| 3,300
|-
| El Hammami na sama
| 2,800
|-
| El Hammami na ƙasa
| 1,800
|-
| El Shimi
| 1,200
|}
:&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Lokacin 1 ga Maris zuwa 31 ga Yuli. Feddan 1 daidai yake da hekta 0.42 ko kusan eka 1.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Bayanai daga Aikin Gudanar da Amfanin Ruwa na Masar (EWUP)&lt;ref&gt;Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. ''Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report''. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawan gishiri a cikin ruwan madatsar ruwa ta Aswan ya kai kusan kilogiram 0.25 a kowace mita kubik (0.25 kg/m3), matakin gishiri mai ƙasa sosai. A matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na mita kubik biliyan 55 (55 km3), shigar gishiri na shekara-shekara yana kaiwa tan miliyan 14. Matsakaicin yawan gishiri na ruwan magudanar ruwa da ake kora zuwa teku da tabukan dake gaɓar teku ya kai kilogiram 2.7 a kowace mita kubik (2.7 kg/m3).&lt;ref&gt;Egyptian Drainage Research Institute, DRI, yearbook 1995/1996&lt;/ref&gt; A fitar ruwa na shekara-shekara na mita kubik biliyan 10 (10 km3) (ba a lissafta kilogiram 2 a kowace mita kubik (2 kg/m3) na shigar gishiri daga teku da tabuka ba, duba hoton &quot;Madaidaicin ma'aunin ruwa&quot;), fitar gishiri na shekara-shekara yana kaiwa tan miliyan 27. A shekarar 1995, fitar gishiri ya yi yawa fiye da shigar gishiri, kuma ƙasashen gona na Masar suna rage gishiri. Wani ɓangare na wannan na iya kasancewa ne saboda yawan ayyukan magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da aka gudanar a cikin shekarun da suka gabata domin sarrafa matakin ruwa da gishirin ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;M.S.Abdel-Dayem, 1987. &quot;Development of land drainage in Egypt.&quot; In: J.Vos (Ed.) Proceedings, Symposium 25th International Course on Land Drainage. ILRI publ. 42. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Wageningen, The Netherlands&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwashe ruwa ta hanyar magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da tashoshi na da matukar muhimmanci don hana lalacewar amfanin gona sakamakon matsalar ruwa (waterlogging) da gishirin ƙasa da ban ruwa ke haifarwa. Zuwa shekarar 2003, an samar wa fiye da murabba'in kilomita 20,000 (20,000 km2) tsarin magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kuma kusan murabba'in kilomita 7.2 na ruwa ake kwashewa a kowace shekara daga yankunan da ke da waɗannan tsarin. Jimillar kuɗin da aka kashe a magudanar ruwa na aikin gona cikin shekaru 27 daga 1973 zuwa 2002 ya kai kusan dalar amurka biliyan $3.1, wanda ya shafi kuɗin tsara aiki, gini, kulawa, bincike da horarwa. A cikin wannan lokacin, an aiwatar da manyan ayyuka guda 11 tare da tallafin kuɗi daga Bankin Duniya da sauran masu ba da tallafi.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Egyptian Public Authority for Drainage Projects, Drainage Research Institute, 2006: [https://web.archive.org/web/20191117161919/http://www.csdwand.net/data/sheet.asp?cn=Egypt&amp;fn=LA0648 ''The National Drainage and Drainage Water Reuse Programs, Egypt''], Local Actions at the 4th World Water Forum, 2 March 2007, accessed 28 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasiri ==
Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan ta samar da kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa da fari, ta haifar da haɓakar aikin gona da samar da ayyukan yi, samar da wutar lantarki, da inganta sufurin ruwa wanda shi ma ke amfanar harkar buɗe ido. Sabanin haka, madatsar ruwan ta nutsar da wani babban yanki, wanda ya haifar da tsugunar da mutane fiye da 100,000. Yawancin wuraren tarihi na dā sun nitse a cikin ruwa yayin da aka ƙaura da wasu zuwa wani wurin. Ana zargin madatsar ruwan da haddasa zaizayar gaɓar teku, gishirin ƙasa, da matsalolin lafiya.

Kimantawa kan asarar da aka yi da kuma ribar da aka samu daga madatsar ruwan ya kasance abin muhawara shekaru da dama bayan kammala ta. Kamar yadda wani lissafi ya nuna, moriyar tattalin arziki na shekara-shekara na Babban Madatsar Ruwa nan da nan bayan kammala ta ya kasance fan miliyan 255 na ƙasar Masar ($587 miliyan ta amfani da canjin kuɗi na shekarar 1970 na dala $2.30 ga kowace fan 1 na Masar): fan miliyan 140 daga aikin gona, fan miliyan 100 daga samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, fan miliyan 10 daga kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa, da fan miliyan 5 daga inganta sufurin ruwa. A lokacin da aka gina ta, jimillar kuɗin da aka kashe, haɗi da wasu &quot;ayyukan taimako&quot; da ba a bayyana ba da kuma faɗaɗa layukan wutar lantarki, ya kai fan miliyan 450 na Masar. Idan ba a yi la'akari da mummunan tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa na madatsar ruwan ba, an kiyasta cewa an dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe a kanta cikin shekaru biyu kacal.&lt;ref&gt;Abul-Ata, Abdel Azim, &quot;Egypt and the Nile after the Construction of the High Aswan Dam&quot;, Ministry of Irrigation and Land Reclamation, Cairo, 1978, quoted by Asit Biswas and Cecilia Tortajada, 2004&lt;/ref&gt; Wani mai lura da al'amura ya lura cewa: &quot;Tasirin Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan (...) ya kasance mai kyau ƙwarai da gaske. Kodayake madatsar ruwan ta ba da gudummawa ga wasu matsalolin muhalli, waɗannan sun kasance marasa tsanani fiye da yadda aka zata gaba ɗaya, ko kuma yadda mutane da yawa ke gaskatawa a halin yanzu.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Biswas&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |first=Asit K. |last=Biswas |url=http://www.inwent.org/E+Z/zeitschr/de602-11.htm |title=Aswan Dam Revisited: The Benefits of a Much-Maligned Dam |journal=Development and Cooperation |number=6 |date=November–December 2002 |pages=25–27 |access-date=2018-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615032505/http://www.inwent.org/E+Z/zeitschr/de602-11.htm |archive-date=2011-06-15 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani mai lura da al'amuran kuma bai yarda ba, inda ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a rushe madatsar ruwan. Rushe ta zai ci kuɗi kaɗan ne kawai na kuɗaɗen da ake buƙata don &quot;ci gaba da yaƙi da lahani da madatsar ruwan ke haifarwa&quot; kuma ana iya dawo da hekta 500,000 na ƙasa mai kyau daga laka da ke kasan tafkin da aka kwashe ruwansa.&lt;ref&gt;Professor Fouad Ibrahim, an Egyptian geoscientist teaching in Germany in a 1982 article quoted by Peter Wald: &quot;25 Years Later:The Aswan High Dam Has Proven its Worth&quot;, Development and Cooperation 2/96, pp. 20–21&lt;/ref&gt; Samuel C. Florman ya rubuta game da madatsar ruwan: &quot;A matsayinta na gini, an yi nasara. Amma a tasirinta a kan tsarin muhalli na kwarin Nilu – wanda yawancinsa za a iya hango shi tun da farko – gazawa ce&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Florman|first=Samuel C.|title=The existential pleasures of engineering|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=1994|location=New York|page=20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ambaliyar ruwa da fari na lokaci-lokaci sun shafi Masar tun lokacin dā. Madatsar ruwan ta rage tasirin ambaliyar ruwa, kamar na shekarun 1964, 1973, da 1988. An inganta sufurin ruwa a tsawon kogin, a sama da kuma ƙasa da madatsar ruwan. Yin zirga-zirga a cikin teku a tsawon kogin Nilu wani babban aiki ne na buɗe ido da mutane suka fi so, wanda galibi ake yin sa lokacin hunturu lokacin da kwararar ruwan kogin Nilu na halitta zai yi ƙasa sosai da ba zai ba da damar jiragen ruwa na shakatawa su yi tafiya ba. An ƙirƙiri sabuwar masana'antar kamun kifi a kewayen Tafkin Nasser, kodayake tana fuskantar wahala saboda nisan da ke tsakaninta da duk wata babbar kasuwa. Yawan amfanin shekara-shekara ya kai kusan tan 35,000 a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. An kafa masana'antu na kamun kifi da shirya kaya kusa da Tafkin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid and Shibini&quot;/&gt;

Kamar yadda wani rahoto na sirri na hukumar CIA na shekarar 1971 ya nuna, kodayake Babban Madatsar Ruwa ba ta haifar da matsalolin muhalli masu tsanani kamar yadda wasu masu lura da al'amura ke zargi ba, gina ta ya kawo asarar tattalin arziki gami da riba. Waɗannan asarori sun samo asali ne mafi yawancinsu daga taruwar laka mai albarka a cikin tafkin madatsar ruwan wadda kogin Nilu ya saba ɗauko ta a dā. Zuwa lokacin (1971), babban tasirin ya kasance a kan masana'antar kamun kifi. Kamun kifi na Masar a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum, wanda a dā ya kai matsakaicin tan 35,000–40,000 a kowace shekara, ya ragu zuwa tan 20,000 ko ƙasa da haka, musamman saboda rashin ƙananan halittu na ruwa (plankton) waɗanda lakar ke ciyar da su, wanda hakan ya share kifin sardine a ruwayen Masar. Kamun kifi a cikin tafkin babban madatsar ruwan na iya rage asarar kifin ruwan gishiri a nan gaba, amma lissafi mafi inganci kawai ke nuna cewa za a iya kama tan 15,000–20,000 a ƙarshe. Rashin ci gaba da taruwar laka a bakin kogin ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga babbar matsalar zaizayar ƙasa. Bukatun takin zamani na kasuwanci da matsalolin gishiri da magudanar ruwa, waɗanda riga sun yi yawa a yankunan da ake ban ruwa na Tsakiya da Ƙasasar Masar, za su ƙaru kaɗan a Kudancin Masar saboda canji zuwa ban ruwa na dindindin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Kariya daga fari, aikin gona da samar da ayyukan yi ===
[[File:Egyptian Countryside R06.jpg|thumb|left|Ƙauyen Masar ya amfana daga Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan ta hanyar ingantaccen ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki, kamar yadda aka nuna a nan a Al Bayadiyah, kudancin Luxor]]
Madatsun ruwan sun kuma kare Masar daga fari a shekarun 1972–1973 da 1983–1987 wanda ya daidaita Gabas da Yammacin Afirka. Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta bai wa Masar damar dawo da kusan feddan miliyan 2.0 (hekta 840,000) a yankin Delta na Nilu da kuma tsawon Kwarin Nilu, wanda ya ƙara yankin da ake ban ruwa na ƙasar da kashi ɗaya cikin uku. Wannan ƙaruwa ta samu ne ta hanyar ban ruwa ga abin da ya kasance hamada a dā da kuma noma hekta 385,000 waɗanda a dā ake amfani da su azaman wuraren jiran ambaliyar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schamp&quot;/&gt; Kusan iyalai dubu ɗari biyar ne aka tsugunar a waɗannan sabbin ƙasashe. Musamman yankunan da ake noman shinkafa da rake sun ƙaru. Bugu da ƙari, kusan feddan miliyan 1 (hekta 420,000), mafi yawancinsu a Kudancin Masar, an canza su daga ban ruwa na ambaliya tare da girbi guda ɗaya kacal a shekara zuwa ban ruwa na dindindin wanda ke ba da damar girbi biyu ko fiye a shekara. A sauran ƙasashen da ake ban ruwa a dā, amfanin gona ya ƙaru saboda ana iya samun ruwa a lokuta masu muhimmanci na ƙarancin ruwa. Misali, amfanin alkama a Masar ya ninka sau uku tsakanin 1952 da 1991 kuma ingantuwar samun ruwa ya ba da gudummawa ga wannan ƙaruwa. Mafi yawan mita kubik biliyan 32 na ruwan sha, ko kusan kashi 40 na matsakaicin kwararar kogin Nilu wanda a dā ake asararsa a teku a kowace shekara, an sami damar amfani da shi ta hanya mai kyau. Yayin da kusan mita kubik biliyan 10 na ruwan da aka ajiye ke bita ta hanyar tiruri a Tafkin Nasser, adadin ruwan da ake da shi don ban ruwa har yanzu ya ƙaru da mita kubik biliyan 22.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid and Shibini&quot;&gt;M.A. Abu-Zeid &amp; F. Z. El-Shibini: &quot;Egypt's High Aswan Dam {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720101000/http://www.ci.uri.edu/ciip/FallClass/Docs_2006/UrbanWaterfronts/Abu-Zeid%20and%20El-Shibini.pdf |date=2011-07-20 }}&quot;, ''Water Resources Development'', Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 209–217, 1997&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu lissafin sun nuna cewa tirurin ruwa daga Tafkin Nasser yana tsakanin mita kubik biliyan 10 da 16 a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;M.A. Mosalam Shaltout, T. El Housry:Estimating the evaporation over Nasser Lake in the Upper Egypt from Meteosat observations, Advances in Space Research, 19 (3) (1997), pp. 515–518&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Power plant at Aswan High Dam, Aswan, Egypt.jpg|thumb|Tawayoyin wutar lantarki a tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan]]

=== Samar da wutar lantarki ===
{{See also|Energy in Egypt}}
[[File:Aswan Dam.jpg|thumb|Tashar wutar lantarki ta Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan, tare da madatsar ruwan kanta a bango]]
Madatsar ruwan tana kunna injina guda goma sha biyu kowannensu mai ƙarfin 175 MW, tare da jimillar 2.1 GW. An fara samar da wutar lantarki a shekarar 1967. Lokacin da Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta fara kaiwa ga kololuwar aikinta a shekarar 1970, ta samar da kusan rabin wutar lantarki ta Masar (kusan kashi 15 cikin 100 zuwa shekarar 1998), kuma ta ba mafi yawan ƙauyukan Masar damar amfani da wutar lantarki a karon farko. Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta kuma inganta inganci da faɗaɗa tsofaffin tashoshin wutar lantarki na Aswan ta hanyar daidaita kwararar ruwa daga sama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid and Shibini&quot;/&gt; A lokacin da aka kammala ta, ita ce tashar wutar lantarki mafi girma a Afirka kuma ta 6 mafi girma a tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a duniya.

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Babban madatsar ruwa [[Aswan, Egypt|Aswan]], wanda galibi ake kira kawai madatsar ruwa ta Aswan, tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan madatsar jiragen ruwa a duniya, wanda aka gina tsakanin 1960 da 1970 a fadin [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] a Aswan, Misira. Gwamnatin Masar ce ta haɓaka aikin tare da taimakon [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] don inganta kula da ambaliyar ruwa, samar da ƙarin ajiyar ruwa don ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki. An ga madatsar ruwan a matsayin muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga shirye-shiryen Masana'antu na kasar. Kamar aiwatarwa da ta gabata, Babban Dam din ya yi tasiri sosai ga tattalin arziki da al'adun Masar.

Lokacin da aka kammala shi, shi ne madatsar ruwa mafi tsayi a duniya, wadda ta zarce madatsar ruwa ta Chatuge a Amurka.  An gina madatsar ruwa, wadda ta ƙirƙiri madatsar ruwa ta [[tafkin Nasser]], {{Cvt|7|km}} sama da madatsar ruwan Aswan Low, wanda aka kammala a shekarar 1902 kuma an riga an yi amfani da shi sosai.

Da yake an gina tsohon madatsar ruwa, [[Ambaliyar kogin nilu|ambaliyar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta kogin Nilu]] a ƙarshen bazara ta ci gaba da wucewa ba tare da wani cikas ba a kwarin daga magudanar ruwa [[Gabashin Afirka|ta Gabashin Afirka]] . Waɗannan ambaliyar ruwa suna kawo ruwa mai yawa tare da abubuwan gina jiki na halitta da ma'adanai waɗanda ke wadatar da [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]] mai kyau a gefen [[Filin Ambaliyar|ambaliyar ruwa]] da kuma yankin delta ; wannan hasashen ya sa kwarin Nilu ya zama wuri mai kyau don noma tun [[Tsohuwar Masar|zamanin da]] . Duk da haka, wannan ambaliyar ruwa ta halitta ta bambanta, domin shekarun ruwan sama masu yawa na iya lalata dukkan amfanin gona, yayin da shekarun ƙarancin ruwa na iya haifar da [[fari]] mai yawa da kuma yunwa . Duk waɗannan abubuwan biyu sun ci gaba da faruwa lokaci-lokaci.

== Tarihin gini ==
Yunkurin farko da aka rubuta na gina madatsar ruwa kusa da Aswan ya faru ne a ƙarni na 11, lokacin da [[Halifancin Fatimid|Khalifan Fatim]] Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ya kira babban masanin ilmin taurari na Larabawa kuma injiniya [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (wanda aka sani da ''Alhazen'' a Yamma) zuwa Masar don daidaita [[Ambaliyar kogin nilu|ambaliyar ruwa ta Kogin Nilu]], aikin da ke buƙatar yunƙurin gaggawa a madatsar ruwa ta Aswan.  Bayan aikinsa a fagen ya shawo kansa game da rashin amfani da wannan makircin,  kuma yana jin tsoron fushin Khalifa, ya yi kamar mahaukaci ne . An tsare shi a gidan yari tun daga 1011 har zuwa mutuwar al-Hakim a 1021, a lokacin ne ya rubuta ''littafinsa mai tasiri na Littattafan Haske'' . 

=== Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan, 1898–1902 ===
Turawan Birtaniya sun fara gina madatsar ruwa ta farko a fadin kogin Nilu a shekarar 1898. Ginin ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarar 1902 kuma an bude madatsar ruwa a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1902. Sir William Willcocks ne ya tsara aikin kuma ya kunshi fitattun injiniyoyi da dama, ciki har da Sir Benjamin Baker da Sir John Aird, wanda kamfaninsa, John Aird &amp;amp;amp; Co., shine babban dan kwangilar.  

Duk da cewa Dulles ya yi imanin cewa Nasser yana yin zamba ne kawai kuma Tarayyar Soviet ba za ta taimaki Nasser ba, ya yi kuskure: Tarayyar Soviet ta yi wa Nasser alƙawarin samun makamai da yawa don a biya shi da wuri na hatsi da audugar Masar. A ranar 27 ga Satumba, 1955, Nasser ya sanar da yarjejeniyar makamai, inda Czechoslovakia ta yi aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani don goyon bayan Tarayyar Soviet.  Maimakon kai hari ga Nasser saboda komawa ga Tarayyar Soviet, Dulles ya nemi inganta dangantaka da shi. A watan Disamba na 1955, Amurka da Burtaniya sun yi alkawarin dala 56 da dala 14&amp;nbsp;miliyan, bi da bi, don gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan. 
[[Fayil:Nasser_observing_Aswan_Dam_construction.jpg|left|thumb|[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] yana lura da aikin gina madatsar ruwa, 1963]]
Duk da cewa yarjejeniyar makamai ta Czech ta haifar da kwarin gwiwa ga Amurka ta zuba jari a Aswan, Birtaniya ta ambaci yarjejeniyar a matsayin dalilin soke alkawarinta na asusun madatsun ruwa. Dulles ya fusata sosai da amincewar da Nasser ya yi wa [[Sin|China]] a fannin diflomasiyya, wanda ya saba wa manufar Dulles ta takaita kwaminisanci. 

Wasu dalilai da dama sun taimaka wa Amurka ta yanke shawarar janye tayinta na samar da kudaden gina madatsar ruwa. Dulles ya yi imanin cewa Tarayyar Soviet ba za ta cika alkawarinta na tallafawa sojoji ba. Ya kuma fusata da rashin daidaiton Nasser da kuma yunkurin yin amfani da bangarorin biyu na [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cacar Baki]] . A lokacin, sauran kawayen Yammacin Turai a Gabas ta Tsakiya, ciki har da Turkiyya da Iraki, sun nuna rashin jin daɗin cewa ana ba wa Masar, ƙasa mai ci gaba da tsaka-tsaki, taimako mai yawa. 

A watan Yunin 1956, Tarayyar Soviet ta ba Nasser dala $1.12&amp;nbsp;biliyan a kashi 2% na ribar ginin madatsar ruwan. A ranar 19 ga Yuli, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta sanar da cewa tallafin kuɗi na Amurka ga Babban Madatsar ruwan &quot;ba zai yiwu ba a halin yanzu.&quot; 

A ranar 26 ga Yulin 1956, tare da yabo daga Masar, Nasser ya sanar da mayar da magudanar ruwa ta Suez ta ƙasa, wadda ta haɗa da diyya mai kyau ga tsoffin masu ita. Nasser ya tsara kuɗaɗen shiga da magudanar ruwa ke samu don taimakawa wajen samar da kuɗin gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa. Lokacin da Yaƙin Suez ya ɓarke, Birtaniya, Faransa, da Isra'ila sun kwace magudanar ruwa da Sinai. Amma matsin lamba daga Amurka da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]] da wasu wurare ya tilasta musu janyewa.

Duk da girmansa, aikin Aswan bai yi wa ma'aunin biyan bashin Masar illa ba. Kudaden Tarayyar Soviet guda uku sun rufe kusan dukkan buƙatun musayar kuɗi na ƙasashen waje na aikin, gami da kuɗin ayyukan fasaha, kayan aikin samar da wutar lantarki da na'urorin watsawa da aka shigo da su da kuma wasu kayan aikin da aka shigo da su don sake mallakar filaye. Masar ba ta fuskanci wani nauyi mai tsanani ba game da biyan bashin, yawancinsu an tsawaita su na tsawon shekaru 12 tare da riba mai ƙarancin kashi 2-1/2%. Biyan kuɗi ga [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] ya ƙunshi ƙaramin magudanar ruwa ne kawai a rabin farko na shekarun 1960, kuma ƙaruwar kuɗin fitar da kaya da aka samu daga amfanin gona da aka noma a sabbin filayen da aka sake kwato sun fi daidaita matsakaicin biyan bashin da aka biya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. A lokacin 1965-1970, waɗannan kuɗaɗen da aka samu daga fitarwa sun kai kimanin dala $126.&amp;nbsp;miliyan, idan aka kwatanta da biyan bashin dala $113&amp;nbsp;miliyan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM ECONOMIC IMPRACT OF THE ASWAN HIGH DAM |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP85T00875R001700020056-7.pdf |website=Cia Readingroom}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gini da cika, 1960–1976 ===
[[Image:High Dam Burg Memorial Wall, Aswan, Egypt, Oct 2004.jpg|right|thumb|Gaban tsakiyar ginin tunawa da Abotar Larabawa da Tarayyar Soviet. Wannan abun tunawa an gina shi ne don bikin kammala Babbar Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan. Shashen hagu yana ɗauke da tambarin Tarayyar Soviet, yayin da shashen dama kuma yake ɗauke da tambarin ƙasar Masar.]]

Haka kuma Tarayyar Soviet ta samar da kwararrun masana da manyan injinan aiki. Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev na Cibiyar Hydroproject da ke Moscow ne ya tsara wannan katuwar madatsar ruwa ta dutse da yāka,&lt;ref name=Malyshev&gt;{{cite web|url=https://foreignaffairs.co.nz/2024/01/16/mil-osi-russia-legends-of-russian-science-nikolai-aleksandrovich-malyshev/|title=Legends of Russian science: Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev|author=MIL-OSI|date=January 16, 2024|work=foreignaffairs.co.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Smith&gt;{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Jean Edward|title=Eisenhower in War and Peace|date=2012|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|isbn=978-0679644293|page=694|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jO2gLXNNa2wC&amp;pg=PA694|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da taimakon wasu injiniyoyin ƙasar Masar. Injiniyoyi da ma'aikata 'yan ƙasar Masar guda 25,000 ne suka ba da gudummawa wajen ginin madatsun ruwan.

A da, injiniyoyin Jamus ta Yamma da na Faransa ne suka tsara aikin a farkon shekarun 1950, kuma an yi niyyar ba da kuɗaɗen aikin ta hanyar rance daga ƙasashen Yamma, sai dai Babbar Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan ta zama babban aikin taimako na ƙasashen waje mafi shahara na Tarayyar Soviet (USSR) bayan da Amurka, Burtaniya, da Bankin Duniya na Sake Gini da Ci gaba (IBRD) suka janye goyon bayansu a shekarar 1956. An ba da rancen farko na Soviet dalar amurka miliyan $100 a shekarar 1958 don biyan kuɗaɗen ginin madatsun ruwa na wucin gadi domin karkatar da kwararar kogin Nilu. An sake ba da ƙarin dalar amurka miliyan $225 a shekarar 1960 don kammala madatsar ruwan da gina wuraren samar da wutar lantarki, kuma bayan haka an samar da kusan dalar amurka miliyan $100 don farfaɗo da ƙasashe. Waɗannan lamuni na kusan dalar amurka miliyan $425 sun biya ne kawai kuɗaɗen musayar ƙasashen waje na aikin, gami da albashin injiniyoyin Soviet waɗanda suka lura da aikin kuma suka ɗauki alhakin girkawa da gwada kayan aikin na Soviet. Shirin ginin na gaske, wanda aka fara a shekarar 1960, kamfanonin ƙasar Masar ne suka yi shi a ƙarƙashin kwangila da Hukumar Babbar Madatsar Ruwa, kuma Masarawa ne suka ɗauki dukkan kuɗaɗen cikin gida. Shiga da Masar ta yi a cikin wannan harka ya ɗaukaka ƙarfi da mutuncin masana'antar gine-gine ta ƙasar sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A ɓangaren ƙasar Masar, kamfanin Arab Contractors na Osman Ahmed Osman ne ya jagoranci aikin. Matashin Osman ya ba da farashin kwangila wanda ya gaza na babban mai fafatawa da shi da rabi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909474,00.html |title=Osman the Efficient |access-date=2008-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030181444/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909474,00.html |archive-date=2010-10-30 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1960: An fara ginin a ranar 9 ga Janairu&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Robert O. |last=Collins |title=The Nile |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2002 |page=[https://archive.org/details/nile00robe/page/181 181] |isbn=0-300-09764-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/nile00robe|url-access=registration |quote=robert collins the nile. }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1964: An kammala matakin farko na ginin madatsar ruwan, kuma tafkin ya fara cika da ruwa
* 1970: An kammala Babbar Madatsar Ruwa, wato ''as-Sad al-'Aali'', a ranar 21 ga Yuli&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/thisday/jul21/aswan-dam-completed/?ar_a=1 | title=1970: Aswan Dam Completed | publisher=National Geographic Society | access-date=20 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820061908/http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/thisday/jul21/aswan-dam-completed/?ar_a=1 | archive-date=20 August 2014 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1976: Tafkin madatsar ruwan ya cika dakat da iyakar ƙarfinsa.
[[File:AswanHighDam111m1970ElectricalMechanicalAswanEgypt-01.gif|Zataccen Hoton Madatsar Ruwa]]

== Bayanin Ƙa’idoji ==
Aswan High Dam yana da tsawon {{convert|3830|m}}. Yana da faɗin {{cvt|980|m}} a ƙasan tushe, {{cvt|40|m}} a saman (crest), kuma tsayinsa ya kai {{cvt|111|m}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aswan High Dam {{!}} dam, Egypt|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aswan-High-Dam|access-date=2020-10-24|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Yana ƙunshe da kimanin {{convert|43,000,000|m3|cuyd}} na kayan gini. A mafi girman aiki, yana iya fitar da ruwa har {{convert|11000|m3/s}}. Haka kuma akwai hanyoyin gaggawa (emergency spillways) da za su iya fitar da ƙarin ruwa har {{convert|5000|m3/s}}.

Hakanan, tashar [[Toshka]] Canal tana haɗa tafkin da ake kira [[Lake Nasser]] zuwa kwarin Toshka. Tafkin Lake Nasser yana da tsawon {{cvt|500|km||abbr=}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-03-11|title=The spectacular failures and successes of massive dams|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-51459930|access-date=2020-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma faɗinsa a mafi girma ya kai {{cvt|35|km}}.

Yana da yawan ruwa har {{convert|132|km3|cuyd}}. Jimillar sararin tafkin ya kai {{convert|5250|km2}}.

{{wide image|Presa de Asuán, Egipto, 2022-04-01, DD 73-80 PAN.jpg|900|Hoton panorama na Aswan Dam yana kallon kudu}}

== Tsarin Ban Ruwa ==

[[File:Egypt sat.png|thumb|left|Ƙasashen gona kore masu ban ruwa a tsawon kogin Nilu a tsakiyar hamada]]
[[File:NileBalance.JPG|thumb|Madaidaicin ma'aunin ruwa]]
[[File:NileCanals.JPG|thumb|Manyan tsarin ban ruwa (a firi)]]
Sakamakon rashin samun isasshen ruwan sama mai kiyastawa, aikin jiran gona na ƙasar Masar ya dogara ne gaba ɗaya akan ban ruwa. Ta hanyar ban ruwa, ana iya yin girbi biyu a shekara, in ban da rami wanda ke ɗaukar kusan shekara guda yana girma.

Babbar madatsar ruwa ta Aswan tana bayar da kwararar ruwa, a matsakaici, mita kubik biliyan 55 (55 km3) a kowace shekara, inda kusan mita kubik biliyan 46 (46 km3) ake karkatar da su zuwa madatsun ruwa na ban ruwa.

A kwarin Nilu da bakin teku (delta), kusan murabba'in kilomita 336,000 (336,000 km2) ne ke amfana da waɗannan ruwaye inda suke samar da amfanin gona 1.8 a matsakaici a shekara. Amfanin ruwa na shekara-shekara na amfanin gona ya kai kusan mita kubik biliyan 38 (38 km3). Saboda haka, ingancin ban ruwa gaba ɗaya shine 38/46 = 0.826 ko kashi 83%. Wannan inganci ne mai girma na ban ruwa. Ingancin ban ruwa na fage ya yi ƙasa sosai, amma ana sake amfani da ruwan da aka rasa a can ƙasa rafi. Wannan sake amfani da ruwa akai-akai shi ne silar samar da babban inganci gaba ɗaya.

Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna rarraba ruwan ban ruwa a kan ƙananan madatsun ruwa da ke rassa daga babban madatsar ruwa guda ɗaya na ban ruwa, wato Madatsar Ruwa ta Mansuriya kusa da Giza.&lt;ref&gt;''Impacts of the Irrigation Improvement Projects in Egypt''. Egyptian-Dutch Advisory Panel and International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 1999. Download from:[http://www.waterlog.info/reports.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207151045/http://www.waterlog.info/reports.htm|date=2010-02-07}} , under nr. 4, or directly as PDF: [http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/irrimpr.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228020427/http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/irrimpr.pdf|date=2008-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Ƙananan madatsun ruwa
! Isar da ruwa a m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/feddan *
|-
| Kafret Nasser
| 4,700
|-
| Beni Magdul
| 3,500
|-
| El Mansuria
| 3,300
|-
| El Hammami na sama
| 2,800
|-
| El Hammami na ƙasa
| 1,800
|-
| El Shimi
| 1,200
|}
:&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Lokacin 1 ga Maris zuwa 31 ga Yuli. Feddan 1 daidai yake da hekta 0.42 ko kusan eka 1.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Bayanai daga Aikin Gudanar da Amfanin Ruwa na Masar (EWUP)&lt;ref&gt;Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. ''Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report''. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawan gishiri a cikin ruwan madatsar ruwa ta Aswan ya kai kusan kilogiram 0.25 a kowace mita kubik (0.25 kg/m3), matakin gishiri mai ƙasa sosai. A matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na mita kubik biliyan 55 (55 km3), shigar gishiri na shekara-shekara yana kaiwa tan miliyan 14. Matsakaicin yawan gishiri na ruwan magudanar ruwa da ake kora zuwa teku da tabukan dake gaɓar teku ya kai kilogiram 2.7 a kowace mita kubik (2.7 kg/m3).&lt;ref&gt;Egyptian Drainage Research Institute, DRI, yearbook 1995/1996&lt;/ref&gt; A fitar ruwa na shekara-shekara na mita kubik biliyan 10 (10 km3) (ba a lissafta kilogiram 2 a kowace mita kubik (2 kg/m3) na shigar gishiri daga teku da tabuka ba, duba hoton &quot;Madaidaicin ma'aunin ruwa&quot;), fitar gishiri na shekara-shekara yana kaiwa tan miliyan 27. A shekarar 1995, fitar gishiri ya yi yawa fiye da shigar gishiri, kuma ƙasashen gona na Masar suna rage gishiri. Wani ɓangare na wannan na iya kasancewa ne saboda yawan ayyukan magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da aka gudanar a cikin shekarun da suka gabata domin sarrafa matakin ruwa da gishirin ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;M.S.Abdel-Dayem, 1987. &quot;Development of land drainage in Egypt.&quot; In: J.Vos (Ed.) Proceedings, Symposium 25th International Course on Land Drainage. ILRI publ. 42. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Wageningen, The Netherlands&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwashe ruwa ta hanyar magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da tashoshi na da matukar muhimmanci don hana lalacewar amfanin gona sakamakon matsalar ruwa (waterlogging) da gishirin ƙasa da ban ruwa ke haifarwa. Zuwa shekarar 2003, an samar wa fiye da murabba'in kilomita 20,000 (20,000 km2) tsarin magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kuma kusan murabba'in kilomita 7.2 na ruwa ake kwashewa a kowace shekara daga yankunan da ke da waɗannan tsarin. Jimillar kuɗin da aka kashe a magudanar ruwa na aikin gona cikin shekaru 27 daga 1973 zuwa 2002 ya kai kusan dalar amurka biliyan $3.1, wanda ya shafi kuɗin tsara aiki, gini, kulawa, bincike da horarwa. A cikin wannan lokacin, an aiwatar da manyan ayyuka guda 11 tare da tallafin kuɗi daga Bankin Duniya da sauran masu ba da tallafi.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Egyptian Public Authority for Drainage Projects, Drainage Research Institute, 2006: [https://web.archive.org/web/20191117161919/http://www.csdwand.net/data/sheet.asp?cn=Egypt&amp;fn=LA0648 ''The National Drainage and Drainage Water Reuse Programs, Egypt''], Local Actions at the 4th World Water Forum, 2 March 2007, accessed 28 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasiri ==
Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan ta samar da kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa da fari, ta haifar da haɓakar aikin gona da samar da ayyukan yi, samar da wutar lantarki, da inganta sufurin ruwa wanda shi ma ke amfanar harkar buɗe ido. Sabanin haka, madatsar ruwan ta nutsar da wani babban yanki, wanda ya haifar da tsugunar da mutane fiye da 100,000. Yawancin wuraren tarihi na dā sun nitse a cikin ruwa yayin da aka ƙaura da wasu zuwa wani wurin. Ana zargin madatsar ruwan da haddasa zaizayar gaɓar teku, gishirin ƙasa, da matsalolin lafiya.

Kimantawa kan asarar da aka yi da kuma ribar da aka samu daga madatsar ruwan ya kasance abin muhawara shekaru da dama bayan kammala ta. Kamar yadda wani lissafi ya nuna, moriyar tattalin arziki na shekara-shekara na Babban Madatsar Ruwa nan da nan bayan kammala ta ya kasance fan miliyan 255 na ƙasar Masar ($587 miliyan ta amfani da canjin kuɗi na shekarar 1970 na dala $2.30 ga kowace fan 1 na Masar): fan miliyan 140 daga aikin gona, fan miliyan 100 daga samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, fan miliyan 10 daga kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa, da fan miliyan 5 daga inganta sufurin ruwa. A lokacin da aka gina ta, jimillar kuɗin da aka kashe, haɗi da wasu &quot;ayyukan taimako&quot; da ba a bayyana ba da kuma faɗaɗa layukan wutar lantarki, ya kai fan miliyan 450 na Masar. Idan ba a yi la'akari da mummunan tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa na madatsar ruwan ba, an kiyasta cewa an dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe a kanta cikin shekaru biyu kacal.&lt;ref&gt;Abul-Ata, Abdel Azim, &quot;Egypt and the Nile after the Construction of the High Aswan Dam&quot;, Ministry of Irrigation and Land Reclamation, Cairo, 1978, quoted by Asit Biswas and Cecilia Tortajada, 2004&lt;/ref&gt; Wani mai lura da al'amura ya lura cewa: &quot;Tasirin Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan (...) ya kasance mai kyau ƙwarai da gaske. Kodayake madatsar ruwan ta ba da gudummawa ga wasu matsalolin muhalli, waɗannan sun kasance marasa tsanani fiye da yadda aka zata gaba ɗaya, ko kuma yadda mutane da yawa ke gaskatawa a halin yanzu.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Biswas&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |first=Asit K. |last=Biswas |url=http://www.inwent.org/E+Z/zeitschr/de602-11.htm |title=Aswan Dam Revisited: The Benefits of a Much-Maligned Dam |journal=Development and Cooperation |number=6 |date=November–December 2002 |pages=25–27 |access-date=2018-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615032505/http://www.inwent.org/E+Z/zeitschr/de602-11.htm |archive-date=2011-06-15 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani mai lura da al'amuran kuma bai yarda ba, inda ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a rushe madatsar ruwan. Rushe ta zai ci kuɗi kaɗan ne kawai na kuɗaɗen da ake buƙata don &quot;ci gaba da yaƙi da lahani da madatsar ruwan ke haifarwa&quot; kuma ana iya dawo da hekta 500,000 na ƙasa mai kyau daga laka da ke kasan tafkin da aka kwashe ruwansa.&lt;ref&gt;Professor Fouad Ibrahim, an Egyptian geoscientist teaching in Germany in a 1982 article quoted by Peter Wald: &quot;25 Years Later:The Aswan High Dam Has Proven its Worth&quot;, Development and Cooperation 2/96, pp. 20–21&lt;/ref&gt; Samuel C. Florman ya rubuta game da madatsar ruwan: &quot;A matsayinta na gini, an yi nasara. Amma a tasirinta a kan tsarin muhalli na kwarin Nilu – wanda yawancinsa za a iya hango shi tun da farko – gazawa ce&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Florman|first=Samuel C.|title=The existential pleasures of engineering|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=1994|location=New York|page=20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ambaliyar ruwa da fari na lokaci-lokaci sun shafi Masar tun lokacin dā. Madatsar ruwan ta rage tasirin ambaliyar ruwa, kamar na shekarun 1964, 1973, da 1988. An inganta sufurin ruwa a tsawon kogin, a sama da kuma ƙasa da madatsar ruwan. Yin zirga-zirga a cikin teku a tsawon kogin Nilu wani babban aiki ne na buɗe ido da mutane suka fi so, wanda galibi ake yin sa lokacin hunturu lokacin da kwararar ruwan kogin Nilu na halitta zai yi ƙasa sosai da ba zai ba da damar jiragen ruwa na shakatawa su yi tafiya ba. An ƙirƙiri sabuwar masana'antar kamun kifi a kewayen Tafkin Nasser, kodayake tana fuskantar wahala saboda nisan da ke tsakaninta da duk wata babbar kasuwa. Yawan amfanin shekara-shekara ya kai kusan tan 35,000 a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. An kafa masana'antu na kamun kifi da shirya kaya kusa da Tafkin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid and Shibini&quot;/&gt;

Kamar yadda wani rahoto na sirri na hukumar CIA na shekarar 1971 ya nuna, kodayake Babban Madatsar Ruwa ba ta haifar da matsalolin muhalli masu tsanani kamar yadda wasu masu lura da al'amura ke zargi ba, gina ta ya kawo asarar tattalin arziki gami da riba. Waɗannan asarori sun samo asali ne mafi yawancinsu daga taruwar laka mai albarka a cikin tafkin madatsar ruwan wadda kogin Nilu ya saba ɗauko ta a dā. Zuwa lokacin (1971), babban tasirin ya kasance a kan masana'antar kamun kifi. Kamun kifi na Masar a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum, wanda a dā ya kai matsakaicin tan 35,000–40,000 a kowace shekara, ya ragu zuwa tan 20,000 ko ƙasa da haka, musamman saboda rashin ƙananan halittu na ruwa (plankton) waɗanda lakar ke ciyar da su, wanda hakan ya share kifin sardine a ruwayen Masar. Kamun kifi a cikin tafkin babban madatsar ruwan na iya rage asarar kifin ruwan gishiri a nan gaba, amma lissafi mafi inganci kawai ke nuna cewa za a iya kama tan 15,000–20,000 a ƙarshe. Rashin ci gaba da taruwar laka a bakin kogin ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga babbar matsalar zaizayar ƙasa. Bukatun takin zamani na kasuwanci da matsalolin gishiri da magudanar ruwa, waɗanda riga sun yi yawa a yankunan da ake ban ruwa na Tsakiya da Ƙasasar Masar, za su ƙaru kaɗan a Kudancin Masar saboda canji zuwa ban ruwa na dindindin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Kariya daga fari, aikin gona da samar da ayyukan yi ===
[[File:Egyptian Countryside R06.jpg|thumb|left|Ƙauyen Masar ya amfana daga Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan ta hanyar ingantaccen ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki, kamar yadda aka nuna a nan a Al Bayadiyah, kudancin Luxor]]
Madatsun ruwan sun kuma kare Masar daga fari a shekarun 1972–1973 da 1983–1987 wanda ya daidaita Gabas da Yammacin Afirka. Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta bai wa Masar damar dawo da kusan feddan miliyan 2.0 (hekta 840,000) a yankin Delta na Nilu da kuma tsawon Kwarin Nilu, wanda ya ƙara yankin da ake ban ruwa na ƙasar da kashi ɗaya cikin uku. Wannan ƙaruwa ta samu ne ta hanyar ban ruwa ga abin da ya kasance hamada a dā da kuma noma hekta 385,000 waɗanda a dā ake amfani da su azaman wuraren jiran ambaliyar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schamp&quot;/&gt; Kusan iyalai dubu ɗari biyar ne aka tsugunar a waɗannan sabbin ƙasashe. Musamman yankunan da ake noman shinkafa da rake sun ƙaru. Bugu da ƙari, kusan feddan miliyan 1 (hekta 420,000), mafi yawancinsu a Kudancin Masar, an canza su daga ban ruwa na ambaliya tare da girbi guda ɗaya kacal a shekara zuwa ban ruwa na dindindin wanda ke ba da damar girbi biyu ko fiye a shekara. A sauran ƙasashen da ake ban ruwa a dā, amfanin gona ya ƙaru saboda ana iya samun ruwa a lokuta masu muhimmanci na ƙarancin ruwa. Misali, amfanin alkama a Masar ya ninka sau uku tsakanin 1952 da 1991 kuma ingantuwar samun ruwa ya ba da gudummawa ga wannan ƙaruwa. Mafi yawan mita kubik biliyan 32 na ruwan sha, ko kusan kashi 40 na matsakaicin kwararar kogin Nilu wanda a dā ake asararsa a teku a kowace shekara, an sami damar amfani da shi ta hanya mai kyau. Yayin da kusan mita kubik biliyan 10 na ruwan da aka ajiye ke bita ta hanyar tiruri a Tafkin Nasser, adadin ruwan da ake da shi don ban ruwa har yanzu ya ƙaru da mita kubik biliyan 22.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid and Shibini&quot;&gt;M.A. Abu-Zeid &amp; F. Z. El-Shibini: &quot;Egypt's High Aswan Dam {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720101000/http://www.ci.uri.edu/ciip/FallClass/Docs_2006/UrbanWaterfronts/Abu-Zeid%20and%20El-Shibini.pdf |date=2011-07-20 }}&quot;, ''Water Resources Development'', Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 209–217, 1997&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu lissafin sun nuna cewa tirurin ruwa daga Tafkin Nasser yana tsakanin mita kubik biliyan 10 da 16 a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;M.A. Mosalam Shaltout, T. El Housry:Estimating the evaporation over Nasser Lake in the Upper Egypt from Meteosat observations, Advances in Space Research, 19 (3) (1997), pp. 515–518&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Power plant at Aswan High Dam, Aswan, Egypt.jpg|thumb|Tawayoyin wutar lantarki a tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan]]

=== Samar da wutar lantarki ===
[[File:Aswan Dam.jpg|thumb|Tashar wutar lantarki ta Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan, tare da madatsar ruwan kanta a bango]]
Madatsar ruwan tana kunna injina guda goma sha biyu kowannensu mai ƙarfin 175 MW, tare da jimillar 2.1 GW. An fara samar da wutar lantarki a shekarar 1967. Lokacin da Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta fara kaiwa ga kololuwar aikinta a shekarar 1970, ta samar da kusan rabin wutar lantarki ta Masar (kusan kashi 15 cikin 100 zuwa shekarar 1998), kuma ta ba mafi yawan ƙauyukan Masar damar amfani da wutar lantarki a karon farko. Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta kuma inganta inganci da faɗaɗa tsofaffin tashoshin wutar lantarki na Aswan ta hanyar daidaita kwararar ruwa daga sama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid and Shibini&quot;/&gt; A lokacin da aka kammala ta, ita ce tashar wutar lantarki mafi girma a Afirka kuma ta 6 mafi girma a tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a duniya.

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Babban madatsar ruwa [[Aswan, Egypt|Aswan]], wanda galibi ake kira kawai madatsar ruwa ta Aswan, tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan madatsar jiragen ruwa a duniya, wanda aka gina tsakanin 1960 da 1970 a fadin [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] a Aswan, Misira. Gwamnatin Masar ce ta haɓaka aikin tare da taimakon [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] don inganta kula da ambaliyar ruwa, samar da ƙarin ajiyar ruwa don ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki. An ga madatsar ruwan a matsayin muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga shirye-shiryen Masana'antu na kasar. Kamar aiwatarwa da ta gabata, Babban Dam din ya yi tasiri sosai ga tattalin arziki da al'adun Masar.

Lokacin da aka kammala shi, shi ne madatsar ruwa mafi tsayi a duniya, wadda ta zarce madatsar ruwa ta Chatuge a Amurka.  An gina madatsar ruwa, wadda ta ƙirƙiri madatsar ruwa ta [[tafkin Nasser]], {{Cvt|7|km}} sama da madatsar ruwan Aswan Low, wanda aka kammala a shekarar 1902 kuma an riga an yi amfani da shi sosai.

Da yake an gina tsohon madatsar ruwa, [[Ambaliyar kogin nilu|ambaliyar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta kogin Nilu]] a ƙarshen bazara ta ci gaba da wucewa ba tare da wani cikas ba a kwarin daga magudanar ruwa [[Gabashin Afirka|ta Gabashin Afirka]] . Waɗannan ambaliyar ruwa suna kawo ruwa mai yawa tare da abubuwan gina jiki na halitta da ma'adanai waɗanda ke wadatar da [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]] mai kyau a gefen [[Filin Ambaliyar|ambaliyar ruwa]] da kuma yankin delta ; wannan hasashen ya sa kwarin Nilu ya zama wuri mai kyau don noma tun [[Tsohuwar Masar|zamanin da]] . Duk da haka, wannan ambaliyar ruwa ta halitta ta bambanta, domin shekarun ruwan sama masu yawa na iya lalata dukkan amfanin gona, yayin da shekarun ƙarancin ruwa na iya haifar da [[fari]] mai yawa da kuma yunwa . Duk waɗannan abubuwan biyu sun ci gaba da faruwa lokaci-lokaci.

== Tarihin gini ==
Yunkurin farko da aka rubuta na gina madatsar ruwa kusa da Aswan ya faru ne a ƙarni na 11, lokacin da [[Halifancin Fatimid|Khalifan Fatim]] Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ya kira babban masanin ilmin taurari na Larabawa kuma injiniya [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (wanda aka sani da ''Alhazen'' a Yamma) zuwa Masar don daidaita [[Ambaliyar kogin nilu|ambaliyar ruwa ta Kogin Nilu]], aikin da ke buƙatar yunƙurin gaggawa a madatsar ruwa ta Aswan.  Bayan aikinsa a fagen ya shawo kansa game da rashin amfani da wannan makircin,  kuma yana jin tsoron fushin Khalifa, ya yi kamar mahaukaci ne . An tsare shi a gidan yari tun daga 1011 har zuwa mutuwar al-Hakim a 1021, a lokacin ne ya rubuta ''littafinsa mai tasiri na Littattafan Haske'' . 

=== Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan, 1898–1902 ===
Turawan Birtaniya sun fara gina madatsar ruwa ta farko a fadin kogin Nilu a shekarar 1898. Ginin ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarar 1902 kuma an bude madatsar ruwa a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1902. Sir William Willcocks ne ya tsara aikin kuma ya kunshi fitattun injiniyoyi da dama, ciki har da Sir Benjamin Baker da Sir John Aird, wanda kamfaninsa, John Aird &amp;amp;amp; Co., shine babban dan kwangilar.  

Duk da cewa Dulles ya yi imanin cewa Nasser yana yin zamba ne kawai kuma Tarayyar Soviet ba za ta taimaki Nasser ba, ya yi kuskure: Tarayyar Soviet ta yi wa Nasser alƙawarin samun makamai da yawa don a biya shi da wuri na hatsi da audugar Masar. A ranar 27 ga Satumba, 1955, Nasser ya sanar da yarjejeniyar makamai, inda Czechoslovakia ta yi aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani don goyon bayan Tarayyar Soviet.  Maimakon kai hari ga Nasser saboda komawa ga Tarayyar Soviet, Dulles ya nemi inganta dangantaka da shi. A watan Disamba na 1955, Amurka da Burtaniya sun yi alkawarin dala 56 da dala 14&amp;nbsp;miliyan, bi da bi, don gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan. 
[[Fayil:Nasser_observing_Aswan_Dam_construction.jpg|left|thumb|[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] yana lura da aikin gina madatsar ruwa, 1963]]
Duk da cewa yarjejeniyar makamai ta Czech ta haifar da kwarin gwiwa ga Amurka ta zuba jari a Aswan, Birtaniya ta ambaci yarjejeniyar a matsayin dalilin soke alkawarinta na asusun madatsun ruwa. Dulles ya fusata sosai da amincewar da Nasser ya yi wa [[Sin|China]] a fannin diflomasiyya, wanda ya saba wa manufar Dulles ta takaita kwaminisanci. 

Wasu dalilai da dama sun taimaka wa Amurka ta yanke shawarar janye tayinta na samar da kudaden gina madatsar ruwa. Dulles ya yi imanin cewa Tarayyar Soviet ba za ta cika alkawarinta na tallafawa sojoji ba. Ya kuma fusata da rashin daidaiton Nasser da kuma yunkurin yin amfani da bangarorin biyu na [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cacar Baki]] . A lokacin, sauran kawayen Yammacin Turai a Gabas ta Tsakiya, ciki har da Turkiyya da Iraki, sun nuna rashin jin daɗin cewa ana ba wa Masar, ƙasa mai ci gaba da tsaka-tsaki, taimako mai yawa. 

A watan Yunin 1956, Tarayyar Soviet ta ba Nasser dala $1.12&amp;nbsp;biliyan a kashi 2% na ribar ginin madatsar ruwan. A ranar 19 ga Yuli, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta sanar da cewa tallafin kuɗi na Amurka ga Babban Madatsar ruwan &quot;ba zai yiwu ba a halin yanzu.&quot; 

A ranar 26 ga Yulin 1956, tare da yabo daga Masar, Nasser ya sanar da mayar da magudanar ruwa ta Suez ta ƙasa, wadda ta haɗa da diyya mai kyau ga tsoffin masu ita. Nasser ya tsara kuɗaɗen shiga da magudanar ruwa ke samu don taimakawa wajen samar da kuɗin gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa. Lokacin da Yaƙin Suez ya ɓarke, Birtaniya, Faransa, da Isra'ila sun kwace magudanar ruwa da Sinai. Amma matsin lamba daga Amurka da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]] da wasu wurare ya tilasta musu janyewa.

Duk da girmansa, aikin Aswan bai yi wa ma'aunin biyan bashin Masar illa ba. Kudaden Tarayyar Soviet guda uku sun rufe kusan dukkan buƙatun musayar kuɗi na ƙasashen waje na aikin, gami da kuɗin ayyukan fasaha, kayan aikin samar da wutar lantarki da na'urorin watsawa da aka shigo da su da kuma wasu kayan aikin da aka shigo da su don sake mallakar filaye. Masar ba ta fuskanci wani nauyi mai tsanani ba game da biyan bashin, yawancinsu an tsawaita su na tsawon shekaru 12 tare da riba mai ƙarancin kashi 2-1/2%. Biyan kuɗi ga [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] ya ƙunshi ƙaramin magudanar ruwa ne kawai a rabin farko na shekarun 1960, kuma ƙaruwar kuɗin fitar da kaya da aka samu daga amfanin gona da aka noma a sabbin filayen da aka sake kwato sun fi daidaita matsakaicin biyan bashin da aka biya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. A lokacin 1965-1970, waɗannan kuɗaɗen da aka samu daga fitarwa sun kai kimanin dala $126.&amp;nbsp;miliyan, idan aka kwatanta da biyan bashin dala $113&amp;nbsp;miliyan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM ECONOMIC IMPRACT OF THE ASWAN HIGH DAM |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP85T00875R001700020056-7.pdf |website=Cia Readingroom}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gini da cika, 1960–1976 ===
[[Image:High Dam Burg Memorial Wall, Aswan, Egypt, Oct 2004.jpg|right|thumb|Gaban tsakiyar ginin tunawa da Abotar Larabawa da Tarayyar Soviet. Wannan abun tunawa an gina shi ne don bikin kammala Babbar Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan. Shashen hagu yana ɗauke da tambarin Tarayyar Soviet, yayin da shashen dama kuma yake ɗauke da tambarin ƙasar Masar.]]

Haka kuma Tarayyar Soviet ta samar da kwararrun masana da manyan injinan aiki. Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev na Cibiyar Hydroproject da ke Moscow ne ya tsara wannan katuwar madatsar ruwa ta dutse da yāka,&lt;ref name=Malyshev&gt;{{cite web|url=https://foreignaffairs.co.nz/2024/01/16/mil-osi-russia-legends-of-russian-science-nikolai-aleksandrovich-malyshev/|title=Legends of Russian science: Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev|author=MIL-OSI|date=January 16, 2024|work=foreignaffairs.co.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Smith&gt;{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Jean Edward|title=Eisenhower in War and Peace|date=2012|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|isbn=978-0679644293|page=694|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jO2gLXNNa2wC&amp;pg=PA694|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da taimakon wasu injiniyoyin ƙasar Masar. Injiniyoyi da ma'aikata 'yan ƙasar Masar guda 25,000 ne suka ba da gudummawa wajen ginin madatsun ruwan.

A da, injiniyoyin Jamus ta Yamma da na Faransa ne suka tsara aikin a farkon shekarun 1950, kuma an yi niyyar ba da kuɗaɗen aikin ta hanyar rance daga ƙasashen Yamma, sai dai Babbar Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan ta zama babban aikin taimako na ƙasashen waje mafi shahara na Tarayyar Soviet (USSR) bayan da Amurka, Burtaniya, da Bankin Duniya na Sake Gini da Ci gaba (IBRD) suka janye goyon bayansu a shekarar 1956. An ba da rancen farko na Soviet dalar amurka miliyan $100 a shekarar 1958 don biyan kuɗaɗen ginin madatsun ruwa na wucin gadi domin karkatar da kwararar kogin Nilu. An sake ba da ƙarin dalar amurka miliyan $225 a shekarar 1960 don kammala madatsar ruwan da gina wuraren samar da wutar lantarki, kuma bayan haka an samar da kusan dalar amurka miliyan $100 don farfaɗo da ƙasashe. Waɗannan lamuni na kusan dalar amurka miliyan $425 sun biya ne kawai kuɗaɗen musayar ƙasashen waje na aikin, gami da albashin injiniyoyin Soviet waɗanda suka lura da aikin kuma suka ɗauki alhakin girkawa da gwada kayan aikin na Soviet. Shirin ginin na gaske, wanda aka fara a shekarar 1960, kamfanonin ƙasar Masar ne suka yi shi a ƙarƙashin kwangila da Hukumar Babbar Madatsar Ruwa, kuma Masarawa ne suka ɗauki dukkan kuɗaɗen cikin gida. Shiga da Masar ta yi a cikin wannan harka ya ɗaukaka ƙarfi da mutuncin masana'antar gine-gine ta ƙasar sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A ɓangaren ƙasar Masar, kamfanin Arab Contractors na Osman Ahmed Osman ne ya jagoranci aikin. Matashin Osman ya ba da farashin kwangila wanda ya gaza na babban mai fafatawa da shi da rabi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909474,00.html |title=Osman the Efficient |access-date=2008-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030181444/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909474,00.html |archive-date=2010-10-30 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1960: An fara ginin a ranar 9 ga Janairu&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Robert O. |last=Collins |title=The Nile |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2002 |page=[https://archive.org/details/nile00robe/page/181 181] |isbn=0-300-09764-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/nile00robe|url-access=registration |quote=robert collins the nile. }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1964: An kammala matakin farko na ginin madatsar ruwan, kuma tafkin ya fara cika da ruwa
* 1970: An kammala Babbar Madatsar Ruwa, wato ''as-Sad al-'Aali'', a ranar 21 ga Yuli&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/thisday/jul21/aswan-dam-completed/?ar_a=1 | title=1970: Aswan Dam Completed | publisher=National Geographic Society | access-date=20 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820061908/http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/thisday/jul21/aswan-dam-completed/?ar_a=1 | archive-date=20 August 2014 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1976: Tafkin madatsar ruwan ya cika dakat da iyakar ƙarfinsa.
[[File:AswanHighDam111m1970ElectricalMechanicalAswanEgypt-01.gif|Zataccen Hoton Madatsar Ruwa]]

== Bayanin Ƙa’idoji ==
Aswan High Dam yana da tsawon {{convert|3830|m}}. Yana da faɗin {{cvt|980|m}} a ƙasan tushe, {{cvt|40|m}} a saman (crest), kuma tsayinsa ya kai {{cvt|111|m}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aswan High Dam {{!}} dam, Egypt|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aswan-High-Dam|access-date=2020-10-24|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Yana ƙunshe da kimanin {{convert|43,000,000|m3|cuyd}} na kayan gini. A mafi girman aiki, yana iya fitar da ruwa har {{convert|11000|m3/s}}. Haka kuma akwai hanyoyin gaggawa (emergency spillways) da za su iya fitar da ƙarin ruwa har {{convert|5000|m3/s}}.

Hakanan, tashar [[Toshka]] Canal tana haɗa tafkin da ake kira [[Lake Nasser]] zuwa kwarin Toshka. Tafkin Lake Nasser yana da tsawon {{cvt|500|km||abbr=}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-03-11|title=The spectacular failures and successes of massive dams|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-51459930|access-date=2020-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma faɗinsa a mafi girma ya kai {{cvt|35|km}}.

Yana da yawan ruwa har {{convert|132|km3|cuyd}}. Jimillar sararin tafkin ya kai {{convert|5250|km2}}.

{{wide image|Presa de Asuán, Egipto, 2022-04-01, DD 73-80 PAN.jpg|900|Hoton panorama na Aswan Dam yana kallon kudu}}

== Tsarin Ban Ruwa ==

[[File:Egypt sat.png|thumb|left|Ƙasashen gona kore masu ban ruwa a tsawon kogin Nilu a tsakiyar hamada]]
[[File:NileBalance.JPG|thumb|Madaidaicin ma'aunin ruwa]]
[[File:NileCanals.JPG|thumb|Manyan tsarin ban ruwa (a firi)]]
Sakamakon rashin samun isasshen ruwan sama mai kiyastawa, aikin jiran gona na ƙasar Masar ya dogara ne gaba ɗaya akan ban ruwa. Ta hanyar ban ruwa, ana iya yin girbi biyu a shekara, in ban da rami wanda ke ɗaukar kusan shekara guda yana girma.

Babbar madatsar ruwa ta Aswan tana bayar da kwararar ruwa, a matsakaici, mita kubik biliyan 55 (55 km3) a kowace shekara, inda kusan mita kubik biliyan 46 (46 km3) ake karkatar da su zuwa madatsun ruwa na ban ruwa.

A kwarin Nilu da bakin teku (delta), kusan murabba'in kilomita 336,000 (336,000 km2) ne ke amfana da waɗannan ruwaye inda suke samar da amfanin gona 1.8 a matsakaici a shekara. Amfanin ruwa na shekara-shekara na amfanin gona ya kai kusan mita kubik biliyan 38 (38 km3). Saboda haka, ingancin ban ruwa gaba ɗaya shine 38/46 = 0.826 ko kashi 83%. Wannan inganci ne mai girma na ban ruwa. Ingancin ban ruwa na fage ya yi ƙasa sosai, amma ana sake amfani da ruwan da aka rasa a can ƙasa rafi. Wannan sake amfani da ruwa akai-akai shi ne silar samar da babban inganci gaba ɗaya.

Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna rarraba ruwan ban ruwa a kan ƙananan madatsun ruwa da ke rassa daga babban madatsar ruwa guda ɗaya na ban ruwa, wato Madatsar Ruwa ta Mansuriya kusa da Giza.&lt;ref&gt;''Impacts of the Irrigation Improvement Projects in Egypt''. Egyptian-Dutch Advisory Panel and International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 1999. Download from:[http://www.waterlog.info/reports.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207151045/http://www.waterlog.info/reports.htm|date=2010-02-07}} , under nr. 4, or directly as PDF: [http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/irrimpr.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228020427/http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/irrimpr.pdf|date=2008-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Ƙananan madatsun ruwa
! Isar da ruwa a m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/feddan *
|-
| Kafret Nasser
| 4,700
|-
| Beni Magdul
| 3,500
|-
| El Mansuria
| 3,300
|-
| El Hammami na sama
| 2,800
|-
| El Hammami na ƙasa
| 1,800
|-
| El Shimi
| 1,200
|}
:&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Lokacin 1 ga Maris zuwa 31 ga Yuli. Feddan 1 daidai yake da hekta 0.42 ko kusan eka 1.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Bayanai daga Aikin Gudanar da Amfanin Ruwa na Masar (EWUP)&lt;ref&gt;Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. ''Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report''. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawan gishiri a cikin ruwan madatsar ruwa ta Aswan ya kai kusan kilogiram 0.25 a kowace mita kubik (0.25 kg/m3), matakin gishiri mai ƙasa sosai. A matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na mita kubik biliyan 55 (55 km3), shigar gishiri na shekara-shekara yana kaiwa tan miliyan 14. Matsakaicin yawan gishiri na ruwan magudanar ruwa da ake kora zuwa teku da tabukan dake gaɓar teku ya kai kilogiram 2.7 a kowace mita kubik (2.7 kg/m3).&lt;ref&gt;Egyptian Drainage Research Institute, DRI, yearbook 1995/1996&lt;/ref&gt; A fitar ruwa na shekara-shekara na mita kubik biliyan 10 (10 km3) (ba a lissafta kilogiram 2 a kowace mita kubik (2 kg/m3) na shigar gishiri daga teku da tabuka ba, duba hoton &quot;Madaidaicin ma'aunin ruwa&quot;), fitar gishiri na shekara-shekara yana kaiwa tan miliyan 27. A shekarar 1995, fitar gishiri ya yi yawa fiye da shigar gishiri, kuma ƙasashen gona na Masar suna rage gishiri. Wani ɓangare na wannan na iya kasancewa ne saboda yawan ayyukan magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da aka gudanar a cikin shekarun da suka gabata domin sarrafa matakin ruwa da gishirin ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;M.S.Abdel-Dayem, 1987. &quot;Development of land drainage in Egypt.&quot; In: J.Vos (Ed.) Proceedings, Symposium 25th International Course on Land Drainage. ILRI publ. 42. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Wageningen, The Netherlands&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwashe ruwa ta hanyar magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da tashoshi na da matukar muhimmanci don hana lalacewar amfanin gona sakamakon matsalar ruwa (waterlogging) da gishirin ƙasa da ban ruwa ke haifarwa. Zuwa shekarar 2003, an samar wa fiye da murabba'in kilomita 20,000 (20,000 km2) tsarin magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kuma kusan murabba'in kilomita 7.2 na ruwa ake kwashewa a kowace shekara daga yankunan da ke da waɗannan tsarin. Jimillar kuɗin da aka kashe a magudanar ruwa na aikin gona cikin shekaru 27 daga 1973 zuwa 2002 ya kai kusan dalar amurka biliyan $3.1, wanda ya shafi kuɗin tsara aiki, gini, kulawa, bincike da horarwa. A cikin wannan lokacin, an aiwatar da manyan ayyuka guda 11 tare da tallafin kuɗi daga Bankin Duniya da sauran masu ba da tallafi.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Egyptian Public Authority for Drainage Projects, Drainage Research Institute, 2006: [https://web.archive.org/web/20191117161919/http://www.csdwand.net/data/sheet.asp?cn=Egypt&amp;fn=LA0648 ''The National Drainage and Drainage Water Reuse Programs, Egypt''], Local Actions at the 4th World Water Forum, 2 March 2007, accessed 28 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasiri ==
Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan ta samar da kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa da fari, ta haifar da haɓakar aikin gona da samar da ayyukan yi, samar da wutar lantarki, da inganta sufurin ruwa wanda shi ma ke amfanar harkar buɗe ido. Sabanin haka, madatsar ruwan ta nutsar da wani babban yanki, wanda ya haifar da tsugunar da mutane fiye da 100,000. Yawancin wuraren tarihi na dā sun nitse a cikin ruwa yayin da aka ƙaura da wasu zuwa wani wurin. Ana zargin madatsar ruwan da haddasa zaizayar gaɓar teku, gishirin ƙasa, da matsalolin lafiya.

Kimantawa kan asarar da aka yi da kuma ribar da aka samu daga madatsar ruwan ya kasance abin muhawara shekaru da dama bayan kammala ta. Kamar yadda wani lissafi ya nuna, moriyar tattalin arziki na shekara-shekara na Babban Madatsar Ruwa nan da nan bayan kammala ta ya kasance fan miliyan 255 na ƙasar Masar ($587 miliyan ta amfani da canjin kuɗi na shekarar 1970 na dala $2.30 ga kowace fan 1 na Masar): fan miliyan 140 daga aikin gona, fan miliyan 100 daga samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, fan miliyan 10 daga kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa, da fan miliyan 5 daga inganta sufurin ruwa. A lokacin da aka gina ta, jimillar kuɗin da aka kashe, haɗi da wasu &quot;ayyukan taimako&quot; da ba a bayyana ba da kuma faɗaɗa layukan wutar lantarki, ya kai fan miliyan 450 na Masar. Idan ba a yi la'akari da mummunan tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa na madatsar ruwan ba, an kiyasta cewa an dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe a kanta cikin shekaru biyu kacal.&lt;ref&gt;Abul-Ata, Abdel Azim, &quot;Egypt and the Nile after the Construction of the High Aswan Dam&quot;, Ministry of Irrigation and Land Reclamation, Cairo, 1978, quoted by Asit Biswas and Cecilia Tortajada, 2004&lt;/ref&gt; Wani mai lura da al'amura ya lura cewa: &quot;Tasirin Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan (...) ya kasance mai kyau ƙwarai da gaske. Kodayake madatsar ruwan ta ba da gudummawa ga wasu matsalolin muhalli, waɗannan sun kasance marasa tsanani fiye da yadda aka zata gaba ɗaya, ko kuma yadda mutane da yawa ke gaskatawa a halin yanzu.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Biswas&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |first=Asit K. |last=Biswas |url=http://www.inwent.org/E+Z/zeitschr/de602-11.htm |title=Aswan Dam Revisited: The Benefits of a Much-Maligned Dam |journal=Development and Cooperation |number=6 |date=November–December 2002 |pages=25–27 |access-date=2018-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615032505/http://www.inwent.org/E+Z/zeitschr/de602-11.htm |archive-date=2011-06-15 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani mai lura da al'amuran kuma bai yarda ba, inda ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a rushe madatsar ruwan. Rushe ta zai ci kuɗi kaɗan ne kawai na kuɗaɗen da ake buƙata don &quot;ci gaba da yaƙi da lahani da madatsar ruwan ke haifarwa&quot; kuma ana iya dawo da hekta 500,000 na ƙasa mai kyau daga laka da ke kasan tafkin da aka kwashe ruwansa.&lt;ref&gt;Professor Fouad Ibrahim, an Egyptian geoscientist teaching in Germany in a 1982 article quoted by Peter Wald: &quot;25 Years Later:The Aswan High Dam Has Proven its Worth&quot;, Development and Cooperation 2/96, pp. 20–21&lt;/ref&gt; Samuel C. Florman ya rubuta game da madatsar ruwan: &quot;A matsayinta na gini, an yi nasara. Amma a tasirinta a kan tsarin muhalli na kwarin Nilu – wanda yawancinsa za a iya hango shi tun da farko – gazawa ce&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Florman|first=Samuel C.|title=The existential pleasures of engineering|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=1994|location=New York|page=20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ambaliyar ruwa da fari na lokaci-lokaci sun shafi Masar tun lokacin dā. Madatsar ruwan ta rage tasirin ambaliyar ruwa, kamar na shekarun 1964, 1973, da 1988. An inganta sufurin ruwa a tsawon kogin, a sama da kuma ƙasa da madatsar ruwan. Yin zirga-zirga a cikin teku a tsawon kogin Nilu wani babban aiki ne na buɗe ido da mutane suka fi so, wanda galibi ake yin sa lokacin hunturu lokacin da kwararar ruwan kogin Nilu na halitta zai yi ƙasa sosai da ba zai ba da damar jiragen ruwa na shakatawa su yi tafiya ba. An ƙirƙiri sabuwar masana'antar kamun kifi a kewayen Tafkin Nasser, kodayake tana fuskantar wahala saboda nisan da ke tsakaninta da duk wata babbar kasuwa. Yawan amfanin shekara-shekara ya kai kusan tan 35,000 a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. An kafa masana'antu na kamun kifi da shirya kaya kusa da Tafkin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid and Shibini&quot;/&gt;

Kamar yadda wani rahoto na sirri na hukumar CIA na shekarar 1971 ya nuna, kodayake Babban Madatsar Ruwa ba ta haifar da matsalolin muhalli masu tsanani kamar yadda wasu masu lura da al'amura ke zargi ba, gina ta ya kawo asarar tattalin arziki gami da riba. Waɗannan asarori sun samo asali ne mafi yawancinsu daga taruwar laka mai albarka a cikin tafkin madatsar ruwan wadda kogin Nilu ya saba ɗauko ta a dā. Zuwa lokacin (1971), babban tasirin ya kasance a kan masana'antar kamun kifi. Kamun kifi na Masar a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum, wanda a dā ya kai matsakaicin tan 35,000–40,000 a kowace shekara, ya ragu zuwa tan 20,000 ko ƙasa da haka, musamman saboda rashin ƙananan halittu na ruwa (plankton) waɗanda lakar ke ciyar da su, wanda hakan ya share kifin sardine a ruwayen Masar. Kamun kifi a cikin tafkin babban madatsar ruwan na iya rage asarar kifin ruwan gishiri a nan gaba, amma lissafi mafi inganci kawai ke nuna cewa za a iya kama tan 15,000–20,000 a ƙarshe. Rashin ci gaba da taruwar laka a bakin kogin ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga babbar matsalar zaizayar ƙasa. Bukatun takin zamani na kasuwanci da matsalolin gishiri da magudanar ruwa, waɗanda riga sun yi yawa a yankunan da ake ban ruwa na Tsakiya da Ƙasasar Masar, za su ƙaru kaɗan a Kudancin Masar saboda canji zuwa ban ruwa na dindindin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Kariya daga fari, aikin gona da samar da ayyukan yi ===
[[File:Egyptian Countryside R06.jpg|thumb|left|Ƙauyen Masar ya amfana daga Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan ta hanyar ingantaccen ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki, kamar yadda aka nuna a nan a Al Bayadiyah, kudancin Luxor]]
Madatsun ruwan sun kuma kare Masar daga fari a shekarun 1972–1973 da 1983–1987 wanda ya daidaita Gabas da Yammacin Afirka. Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta bai wa Masar damar dawo da kusan feddan miliyan 2.0 (hekta 840,000) a yankin Delta na Nilu da kuma tsawon Kwarin Nilu, wanda ya ƙara yankin da ake ban ruwa na ƙasar da kashi ɗaya cikin uku. Wannan ƙaruwa ta samu ne ta hanyar ban ruwa ga abin da ya kasance hamada a dā da kuma noma hekta 385,000 waɗanda a dā ake amfani da su azaman wuraren jiran ambaliyar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schamp&quot;/&gt; Kusan iyalai dubu ɗari biyar ne aka tsugunar a waɗannan sabbin ƙasashe. Musamman yankunan da ake noman shinkafa da rake sun ƙaru. Bugu da ƙari, kusan feddan miliyan 1 (hekta 420,000), mafi yawancinsu a Kudancin Masar, an canza su daga ban ruwa na ambaliya tare da girbi guda ɗaya kacal a shekara zuwa ban ruwa na dindindin wanda ke ba da damar girbi biyu ko fiye a shekara. A sauran ƙasashen da ake ban ruwa a dā, amfanin gona ya ƙaru saboda ana iya samun ruwa a lokuta masu muhimmanci na ƙarancin ruwa. Misali, amfanin alkama a Masar ya ninka sau uku tsakanin 1952 da 1991 kuma ingantuwar samun ruwa ya ba da gudummawa ga wannan ƙaruwa. Mafi yawan mita kubik biliyan 32 na ruwan sha, ko kusan kashi 40 na matsakaicin kwararar kogin Nilu wanda a dā ake asararsa a teku a kowace shekara, an sami damar amfani da shi ta hanya mai kyau. Yayin da kusan mita kubik biliyan 10 na ruwan da aka ajiye ke bita ta hanyar tiruri a Tafkin Nasser, adadin ruwan da ake da shi don ban ruwa har yanzu ya ƙaru da mita kubik biliyan 22.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid and Shibini&quot;&gt;M.A. Abu-Zeid &amp; F. Z. El-Shibini: &quot;Egypt's High Aswan Dam {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720101000/http://www.ci.uri.edu/ciip/FallClass/Docs_2006/UrbanWaterfronts/Abu-Zeid%20and%20El-Shibini.pdf |date=2011-07-20 }}&quot;, ''Water Resources Development'', Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 209–217, 1997&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu lissafin sun nuna cewa tirurin ruwa daga Tafkin Nasser yana tsakanin mita kubik biliyan 10 da 16 a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;M.A. Mosalam Shaltout, T. El Housry:Estimating the evaporation over Nasser Lake in the Upper Egypt from Meteosat observations, Advances in Space Research, 19 (3) (1997), pp. 515–518&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Power plant at Aswan High Dam, Aswan, Egypt.jpg|thumb|Tawayoyin wutar lantarki a tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan]]

=== Samar da wutar lantarki ===
[[File:Aswan Dam.jpg|thumb|Tashar wutar lantarki ta Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan, tare da madatsar ruwan kanta a bango]]
Madatsar ruwan tana kunna injina guda goma sha biyu kowannensu mai ƙarfin 175 MW, tare da jimillar 2.1 GW. An fara samar da wutar lantarki a shekarar 1967. Lokacin da Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta fara kaiwa ga kololuwar aikinta a shekarar 1970, ta samar da kusan rabin wutar lantarki ta Masar (kusan kashi 15 cikin 100 zuwa shekarar 1998), kuma ta ba mafi yawan ƙauyukan Masar damar amfani da wutar lantarki a karon farko. Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta kuma inganta inganci da faɗaɗa tsofaffin tashoshin wutar lantarki na Aswan ta hanyar daidaita kwararar ruwa daga sama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid and Shibini&quot;/&gt; A lokacin da aka kammala ta, ita ce tashar wutar lantarki mafi girma a Afirka kuma ta 6 mafi girma a tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a duniya.

An kammala duk ayyukan wutar lantarki na Babban Madatsar Ruwa kafin lokacin da aka tsara. An girka tare da gwada injina (turbines) guda goma sha biyu, wanda ya ba tashar ƙarfin 2,100 megawatts (MW), ko fiye da ninki biyu na jimillar ƙasa a shekarar 1960. Tare da wannan ƙarfin, tashar Aswan tana iya samar da biliyan 10 kWh na makamashi a kowace shekara. An kammala manyan layuka guda biyu na 500-kilovolt zuwa Alkahira, kuma an magance matsalolin farko na watsa wutar lantarki, waɗanda suka samo asali mafi yawancinsu daga tsofaffin abubuwan kariya (insulators). Har ila yau, barna da dakarun mamaya na Isra'ila suka yi wa babbar tashar canza wutar lantarki a shekarar 1968 an gyara ta, kuma tashar Aswan ta haɗu gaba ɗaya da hanyar sadarwar wutar lantarki a Ƙasasar Masar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Power plant profile: Aswan High dam, Egypt |date=24 November 2021 |url=https://www.power-technology.com/data-insights/power-plant-profile-aswan-high-dam-egypt/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; A canjin shekarar 1971, samar da wutar lantarki a Aswan ba zai kai fiye da rabin ƙarfin tashar na lissafi ba, saboda ƙarancin ruwa da kuma mabambantan tsarin amfani da ruwa na lokuta daban-daban don ban ruwa da samar da wuta. Bukatar ruwa ta aikin gona a lokacin rani ta wuce adadin da ake buƙata don biyan buƙatar wutar lantarki da ke da ƙasa a lokacin rani. Amfani mai yawa na ban ruwa a lokacin rani, duk da haka, zai bar ruwa maras isasshe ƙarƙashin ikon Masar don ba da damar samar da wutar lantarki a cikakken ƙarfi lokacin hunturu. Binciken fasaha ya nuna cewa matsakaicin amfanin shekara-shekara na biliyan 5 kWh da alama shi ne kaɗai za a iya dorewa saboda sauye-sauye a kwararar kogin Nilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM ECONOMIC IMPRACT OF THE ASWAN HIGH DAM |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP85T00875R001700020056-7.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sa ran samar da wutar lantarki ta Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan zai fuskanci tasiri daga manyan madatsun ruwa na sama yayin tsawaitwar lokutan fari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Heggy |first1=Essam |last2=Abotalib |first2=Abotalib Z. |last3=You |first3=Jongeun |last4=Hanert |first4=Emmanuel |last5=Ramah |first5=Mohamed |title= Heggy, E. et al. Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam can generate sustainable hydropower while minimizing downstream water deficit during prolonged droughts. Commun Earth Environ 5, 757 (2024) |journal=Communications Earth &amp; Environment |date=9 December 2024 |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=757 |doi=10.1038/s43247-024-01821-w |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01821-w |hdl=2078.1/294594 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗari ===
Wani bincike da Nicol-André Berdellé ya gudanar a shekarar 2024 ya gano cewa ambaliya da kuma rugujewar Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan zai kasance bala'i ga Masar, domin da alama zai lalata mafi yawan yankunan da aka gina a ƙasar tare da haifar da asarar rayuka na miliyoyin mutane. Saboda girman Tafkin Nasser da kuma saurin faruwar irin wannan taron, zai kasance cikin mafi munanan ambaliyar ruwa a tarihi. Ƙasar da abin ya shafa ba zai yiwu a yi noma a kanta ba bayan haka saboda taurarren laka da zai rufe yawancin ƙasashen gona, wanda hakan zai haifar da yunwa mai yawa a Masar.

Dalilai masu yiwuwa na faruwar irin wannan taron da Berdellé ya ambata sun haɗa da gazawar Babbar Madatsar Ruwa ta Renaissance ta Habasha, harin soja a kan madatsar ruwan, ko kuma ambaliyar ruwan kogin Nilu mai girman gaske na shekara-shekara. Saboda ci gaba da taruwar laka a kasan tafkin Nasser, Berdellé ya ce irin wannan taron zai kasance mafi kusantar faruwa a kowace shekara kuma zai faru nan da shekaru da dama idan ba a ɗauki mataki ba. Berdellé ya ce ana amfani da madatsar ruwan a matakan ruwa marasa aminci kuma ya yi kira ga hukumomin Masar da su takaita matakan ruwa da kuma zurfafa magudanar ruwa ta Toshka.&lt;ref&gt; &quot;Nicol-André Berdellé (2024) Breach of Aswan Dam - a realistic worst case scenario&quot; [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380999349_Breach_of_Aswan_dam_-_a_realistic_worst_case_scenario] &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; &quot;Nicol-André Berdellé (2025) Breach of Aswan Dam - brief follow-up report&quot; [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/394114444_Breach_of_Aswan_Dam_study_-_brief_follow-up_report] &lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tsugunarwa da biyan diyya ===
[[File:Sudan Wadi Halfa RR Hotel From Garden 1936.jpg|thumb|Hoton tsohon garin Wadi Halfa da Tafkin Nasser ya nutsar]]
Tafkin Nasser ya nutsar da mafi yawan sassan ƙasasar Nubia kuma an tsugunar da mutane 100,000 zuwa 120,000 a Sudan da Masar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thayer&quot;&gt;{{citation |first1=Thayer |last1=Scudder |first2=John |last2=Gay |contribution-url=http://www.hss.caltech.edu/~tzs/50%20Dam%20Survey.pdf |contribution=A comparative survey of dam-induced resettlement in 50 cases |editor-first=Thayer |editor-last=Scudder |title=The Future of Large Dams: Dealing with Social, Environmental, Institutional and Political Costs |year=2005 |publisher=Earthscan |isbn=1-84407-155-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==</text>
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Babban madatsar ruwa [[Aswan, Egypt|Aswan]], wanda galibi ake kira kawai madatsar ruwa ta Aswan, tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan madatsar jiragen ruwa a duniya, wanda aka gina tsakanin 1960 da 1970 a fadin [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] a Aswan, Misira. Gwamnatin Masar ce ta haɓaka aikin tare da taimakon [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] don inganta kula da ambaliyar ruwa, samar da ƙarin ajiyar ruwa don ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki. An ga madatsar ruwan a matsayin muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga shirye-shiryen Masana'antu na kasar. Kamar aiwatarwa da ta gabata, Babban Dam din ya yi tasiri sosai ga tattalin arziki da al'adun Masar.

Lokacin da aka kammala shi, shi ne madatsar ruwa mafi tsayi a duniya, wadda ta zarce madatsar ruwa ta Chatuge a Amurka.  An gina madatsar ruwa, wadda ta ƙirƙiri madatsar ruwa ta [[tafkin Nasser]], {{Cvt|7|km}} sama da madatsar ruwan Aswan Low, wanda aka kammala a shekarar 1902 kuma an riga an yi amfani da shi sosai.

Da yake an gina tsohon madatsar ruwa, [[Ambaliyar kogin nilu|ambaliyar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta kogin Nilu]] a ƙarshen bazara ta ci gaba da wucewa ba tare da wani cikas ba a kwarin daga magudanar ruwa [[Gabashin Afirka|ta Gabashin Afirka]] . Waɗannan ambaliyar ruwa suna kawo ruwa mai yawa tare da abubuwan gina jiki na halitta da ma'adanai waɗanda ke wadatar da [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]] mai kyau a gefen [[Filin Ambaliyar|ambaliyar ruwa]] da kuma yankin delta ; wannan hasashen ya sa kwarin Nilu ya zama wuri mai kyau don noma tun [[Tsohuwar Masar|zamanin da]] . Duk da haka, wannan ambaliyar ruwa ta halitta ta bambanta, domin shekarun ruwan sama masu yawa na iya lalata dukkan amfanin gona, yayin da shekarun ƙarancin ruwa na iya haifar da [[fari]] mai yawa da kuma yunwa . Duk waɗannan abubuwan biyu sun ci gaba da faruwa lokaci-lokaci.

== Tarihin gini ==
Yunkurin farko da aka rubuta na gina madatsar ruwa kusa da Aswan ya faru ne a ƙarni na 11, lokacin da [[Halifancin Fatimid|Khalifan Fatim]] Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ya kira babban masanin ilmin taurari na Larabawa kuma injiniya [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (wanda aka sani da ''Alhazen'' a Yamma) zuwa Masar don daidaita [[Ambaliyar kogin nilu|ambaliyar ruwa ta Kogin Nilu]], aikin da ke buƙatar yunƙurin gaggawa a madatsar ruwa ta Aswan.  Bayan aikinsa a fagen ya shawo kansa game da rashin amfani da wannan makircin,  kuma yana jin tsoron fushin Khalifa, ya yi kamar mahaukaci ne . An tsare shi a gidan yari tun daga 1011 har zuwa mutuwar al-Hakim a 1021, a lokacin ne ya rubuta ''littafinsa mai tasiri na Littattafan Haske'' . 

=== Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan, 1898–1902 ===
Turawan Birtaniya sun fara gina madatsar ruwa ta farko a fadin kogin Nilu a shekarar 1898. Ginin ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarar 1902 kuma an bude madatsar ruwa a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1902. Sir William Willcocks ne ya tsara aikin kuma ya kunshi fitattun injiniyoyi da dama, ciki har da Sir Benjamin Baker da Sir John Aird, wanda kamfaninsa, John Aird &amp;amp;amp; Co., shine babban dan kwangilar.  

Duk da cewa Dulles ya yi imanin cewa Nasser yana yin zamba ne kawai kuma Tarayyar Soviet ba za ta taimaki Nasser ba, ya yi kuskure: Tarayyar Soviet ta yi wa Nasser alƙawarin samun makamai da yawa don a biya shi da wuri na hatsi da audugar Masar. A ranar 27 ga Satumba, 1955, Nasser ya sanar da yarjejeniyar makamai, inda Czechoslovakia ta yi aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani don goyon bayan Tarayyar Soviet.  Maimakon kai hari ga Nasser saboda komawa ga Tarayyar Soviet, Dulles ya nemi inganta dangantaka da shi. A watan Disamba na 1955, Amurka da Burtaniya sun yi alkawarin dala 56 da dala 14&amp;nbsp;miliyan, bi da bi, don gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan. 
[[Fayil:Nasser_observing_Aswan_Dam_construction.jpg|left|thumb|[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] yana lura da aikin gina madatsar ruwa, 1963]]
Duk da cewa yarjejeniyar makamai ta Czech ta haifar da kwarin gwiwa ga Amurka ta zuba jari a Aswan, Birtaniya ta ambaci yarjejeniyar a matsayin dalilin soke alkawarinta na asusun madatsun ruwa. Dulles ya fusata sosai da amincewar da Nasser ya yi wa [[Sin|China]] a fannin diflomasiyya, wanda ya saba wa manufar Dulles ta takaita kwaminisanci. 

Wasu dalilai da dama sun taimaka wa Amurka ta yanke shawarar janye tayinta na samar da kudaden gina madatsar ruwa. Dulles ya yi imanin cewa Tarayyar Soviet ba za ta cika alkawarinta na tallafawa sojoji ba. Ya kuma fusata da rashin daidaiton Nasser da kuma yunkurin yin amfani da bangarorin biyu na [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cacar Baki]] . A lokacin, sauran kawayen Yammacin Turai a Gabas ta Tsakiya, ciki har da Turkiyya da Iraki, sun nuna rashin jin daɗin cewa ana ba wa Masar, ƙasa mai ci gaba da tsaka-tsaki, taimako mai yawa. 

A watan Yunin 1956, Tarayyar Soviet ta ba Nasser dala $1.12&amp;nbsp;biliyan a kashi 2% na ribar ginin madatsar ruwan. A ranar 19 ga Yuli, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta sanar da cewa tallafin kuɗi na Amurka ga Babban Madatsar ruwan &quot;ba zai yiwu ba a halin yanzu.&quot; 

A ranar 26 ga Yulin 1956, tare da yabo daga Masar, Nasser ya sanar da mayar da magudanar ruwa ta Suez ta ƙasa, wadda ta haɗa da diyya mai kyau ga tsoffin masu ita. Nasser ya tsara kuɗaɗen shiga da magudanar ruwa ke samu don taimakawa wajen samar da kuɗin gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa. Lokacin da Yaƙin Suez ya ɓarke, Birtaniya, Faransa, da Isra'ila sun kwace magudanar ruwa da Sinai. Amma matsin lamba daga Amurka da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]] da wasu wurare ya tilasta musu janyewa.

Duk da girmansa, aikin Aswan bai yi wa ma'aunin biyan bashin Masar illa ba. Kudaden Tarayyar Soviet guda uku sun rufe kusan dukkan buƙatun musayar kuɗi na ƙasashen waje na aikin, gami da kuɗin ayyukan fasaha, kayan aikin samar da wutar lantarki da na'urorin watsawa da aka shigo da su da kuma wasu kayan aikin da aka shigo da su don sake mallakar filaye. Masar ba ta fuskanci wani nauyi mai tsanani ba game da biyan bashin, yawancinsu an tsawaita su na tsawon shekaru 12 tare da riba mai ƙarancin kashi 2-1/2%. Biyan kuɗi ga [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] ya ƙunshi ƙaramin magudanar ruwa ne kawai a rabin farko na shekarun 1960, kuma ƙaruwar kuɗin fitar da kaya da aka samu daga amfanin gona da aka noma a sabbin filayen da aka sake kwato sun fi daidaita matsakaicin biyan bashin da aka biya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. A lokacin 1965-1970, waɗannan kuɗaɗen da aka samu daga fitarwa sun kai kimanin dala $126.&amp;nbsp;miliyan, idan aka kwatanta da biyan bashin dala $113&amp;nbsp;miliyan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM ECONOMIC IMPRACT OF THE ASWAN HIGH DAM |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP85T00875R001700020056-7.pdf |website=Cia Readingroom}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gini da cika, 1960–1976 ===
[[Image:High Dam Burg Memorial Wall, Aswan, Egypt, Oct 2004.jpg|right|thumb|Gaban tsakiyar ginin tunawa da Abotar Larabawa da Tarayyar Soviet. Wannan abun tunawa an gina shi ne don bikin kammala Babbar Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan. Shashen hagu yana ɗauke da tambarin Tarayyar Soviet, yayin da shashen dama kuma yake ɗauke da tambarin ƙasar Masar.]]

Haka kuma Tarayyar Soviet ta samar da kwararrun masana da manyan injinan aiki. Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev na Cibiyar Hydroproject da ke Moscow ne ya tsara wannan katuwar madatsar ruwa ta dutse da yāka,&lt;ref name=Malyshev&gt;{{cite web|url=https://foreignaffairs.co.nz/2024/01/16/mil-osi-russia-legends-of-russian-science-nikolai-aleksandrovich-malyshev/|title=Legends of Russian science: Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev|author=MIL-OSI|date=January 16, 2024|work=foreignaffairs.co.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Smith&gt;{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Jean Edward|title=Eisenhower in War and Peace|date=2012|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|isbn=978-0679644293|page=694|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jO2gLXNNa2wC&amp;pg=PA694|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da taimakon wasu injiniyoyin ƙasar Masar. Injiniyoyi da ma'aikata 'yan ƙasar Masar guda 25,000 ne suka ba da gudummawa wajen ginin madatsun ruwan.

A da, injiniyoyin Jamus ta Yamma da na Faransa ne suka tsara aikin a farkon shekarun 1950, kuma an yi niyyar ba da kuɗaɗen aikin ta hanyar rance daga ƙasashen Yamma, sai dai Babbar Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan ta zama babban aikin taimako na ƙasashen waje mafi shahara na Tarayyar Soviet (USSR) bayan da Amurka, Burtaniya, da Bankin Duniya na Sake Gini da Ci gaba (IBRD) suka janye goyon bayansu a shekarar 1956. An ba da rancen farko na Soviet dalar amurka miliyan $100 a shekarar 1958 don biyan kuɗaɗen ginin madatsun ruwa na wucin gadi domin karkatar da kwararar kogin Nilu. An sake ba da ƙarin dalar amurka miliyan $225 a shekarar 1960 don kammala madatsar ruwan da gina wuraren samar da wutar lantarki, kuma bayan haka an samar da kusan dalar amurka miliyan $100 don farfaɗo da ƙasashe. Waɗannan lamuni na kusan dalar amurka miliyan $425 sun biya ne kawai kuɗaɗen musayar ƙasashen waje na aikin, gami da albashin injiniyoyin Soviet waɗanda suka lura da aikin kuma suka ɗauki alhakin girkawa da gwada kayan aikin na Soviet. Shirin ginin na gaske, wanda aka fara a shekarar 1960, kamfanonin ƙasar Masar ne suka yi shi a ƙarƙashin kwangila da Hukumar Babbar Madatsar Ruwa, kuma Masarawa ne suka ɗauki dukkan kuɗaɗen cikin gida. Shiga da Masar ta yi a cikin wannan harka ya ɗaukaka ƙarfi da mutuncin masana'antar gine-gine ta ƙasar sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A ɓangaren ƙasar Masar, kamfanin Arab Contractors na Osman Ahmed Osman ne ya jagoranci aikin. Matashin Osman ya ba da farashin kwangila wanda ya gaza na babban mai fafatawa da shi da rabi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909474,00.html |title=Osman the Efficient |access-date=2008-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030181444/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909474,00.html |archive-date=2010-10-30 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1960: An fara ginin a ranar 9 ga Janairu&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Robert O. |last=Collins |title=The Nile |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2002 |page=[https://archive.org/details/nile00robe/page/181 181] |isbn=0-300-09764-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/nile00robe|url-access=registration |quote=robert collins the nile. }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1964: An kammala matakin farko na ginin madatsar ruwan, kuma tafkin ya fara cika da ruwa
* 1970: An kammala Babbar Madatsar Ruwa, wato ''as-Sad al-'Aali'', a ranar 21 ga Yuli&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/thisday/jul21/aswan-dam-completed/?ar_a=1 | title=1970: Aswan Dam Completed | publisher=National Geographic Society | access-date=20 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820061908/http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/thisday/jul21/aswan-dam-completed/?ar_a=1 | archive-date=20 August 2014 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1976: Tafkin madatsar ruwan ya cika dakat da iyakar ƙarfinsa.
[[File:AswanHighDam111m1970ElectricalMechanicalAswanEgypt-01.gif|Zataccen Hoton Madatsar Ruwa]]

== Bayanin Ƙa’idoji ==
Aswan High Dam yana da tsawon {{convert|3830|m}}. Yana da faɗin {{cvt|980|m}} a ƙasan tushe, {{cvt|40|m}} a saman (crest), kuma tsayinsa ya kai {{cvt|111|m}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aswan High Dam {{!}} dam, Egypt|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aswan-High-Dam|access-date=2020-10-24|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Yana ƙunshe da kimanin {{convert|43,000,000|m3|cuyd}} na kayan gini. A mafi girman aiki, yana iya fitar da ruwa har {{convert|11000|m3/s}}. Haka kuma akwai hanyoyin gaggawa (emergency spillways) da za su iya fitar da ƙarin ruwa har {{convert|5000|m3/s}}.

Hakanan, tashar [[Toshka]] Canal tana haɗa tafkin da ake kira [[Lake Nasser]] zuwa kwarin Toshka. Tafkin Lake Nasser yana da tsawon {{cvt|500|km||abbr=}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-03-11|title=The spectacular failures and successes of massive dams|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-51459930|access-date=2020-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma faɗinsa a mafi girma ya kai {{cvt|35|km}}.

Yana da yawan ruwa har {{convert|132|km3|cuyd}}. Jimillar sararin tafkin ya kai {{convert|5250|km2}}.

{{wide image|Presa de Asuán, Egipto, 2022-04-01, DD 73-80 PAN.jpg|900|Hoton panorama na Aswan Dam yana kallon kudu}}

== Tsarin Ban Ruwa ==

[[File:Egypt sat.png|thumb|left|Ƙasashen gona kore masu ban ruwa a tsawon kogin Nilu a tsakiyar hamada]]
[[File:NileBalance.JPG|thumb|Madaidaicin ma'aunin ruwa]]
[[File:NileCanals.JPG|thumb|Manyan tsarin ban ruwa (a firi)]]
Sakamakon rashin samun isasshen ruwan sama mai kiyastawa, aikin jiran gona na ƙasar Masar ya dogara ne gaba ɗaya akan ban ruwa. Ta hanyar ban ruwa, ana iya yin girbi biyu a shekara, in ban da rami wanda ke ɗaukar kusan shekara guda yana girma.

Babbar madatsar ruwa ta Aswan tana bayar da kwararar ruwa, a matsakaici, mita kubik biliyan 55 (55 km3) a kowace shekara, inda kusan mita kubik biliyan 46 (46 km3) ake karkatar da su zuwa madatsun ruwa na ban ruwa.

A kwarin Nilu da bakin teku (delta), kusan murabba'in kilomita 336,000 (336,000 km2) ne ke amfana da waɗannan ruwaye inda suke samar da amfanin gona 1.8 a matsakaici a shekara. Amfanin ruwa na shekara-shekara na amfanin gona ya kai kusan mita kubik biliyan 38 (38 km3). Saboda haka, ingancin ban ruwa gaba ɗaya shine 38/46 = 0.826 ko kashi 83%. Wannan inganci ne mai girma na ban ruwa. Ingancin ban ruwa na fage ya yi ƙasa sosai, amma ana sake amfani da ruwan da aka rasa a can ƙasa rafi. Wannan sake amfani da ruwa akai-akai shi ne silar samar da babban inganci gaba ɗaya.

Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna rarraba ruwan ban ruwa a kan ƙananan madatsun ruwa da ke rassa daga babban madatsar ruwa guda ɗaya na ban ruwa, wato Madatsar Ruwa ta Mansuriya kusa da Giza.&lt;ref&gt;''Impacts of the Irrigation Improvement Projects in Egypt''. Egyptian-Dutch Advisory Panel and International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 1999. Download from:[http://www.waterlog.info/reports.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207151045/http://www.waterlog.info/reports.htm|date=2010-02-07}} , under nr. 4, or directly as PDF: [http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/irrimpr.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228020427/http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/irrimpr.pdf|date=2008-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Ƙananan madatsun ruwa
! Isar da ruwa a m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/feddan *
|-
| Kafret Nasser
| 4,700
|-
| Beni Magdul
| 3,500
|-
| El Mansuria
| 3,300
|-
| El Hammami na sama
| 2,800
|-
| El Hammami na ƙasa
| 1,800
|-
| El Shimi
| 1,200
|}
:&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Lokacin 1 ga Maris zuwa 31 ga Yuli. Feddan 1 daidai yake da hekta 0.42 ko kusan eka 1.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Bayanai daga Aikin Gudanar da Amfanin Ruwa na Masar (EWUP)&lt;ref&gt;Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. ''Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report''. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawan gishiri a cikin ruwan madatsar ruwa ta Aswan ya kai kusan kilogiram 0.25 a kowace mita kubik (0.25 kg/m3), matakin gishiri mai ƙasa sosai. A matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na mita kubik biliyan 55 (55 km3), shigar gishiri na shekara-shekara yana kaiwa tan miliyan 14. Matsakaicin yawan gishiri na ruwan magudanar ruwa da ake kora zuwa teku da tabukan dake gaɓar teku ya kai kilogiram 2.7 a kowace mita kubik (2.7 kg/m3).&lt;ref&gt;Egyptian Drainage Research Institute, DRI, yearbook 1995/1996&lt;/ref&gt; A fitar ruwa na shekara-shekara na mita kubik biliyan 10 (10 km3) (ba a lissafta kilogiram 2 a kowace mita kubik (2 kg/m3) na shigar gishiri daga teku da tabuka ba, duba hoton &quot;Madaidaicin ma'aunin ruwa&quot;), fitar gishiri na shekara-shekara yana kaiwa tan miliyan 27. A shekarar 1995, fitar gishiri ya yi yawa fiye da shigar gishiri, kuma ƙasashen gona na Masar suna rage gishiri. Wani ɓangare na wannan na iya kasancewa ne saboda yawan ayyukan magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da aka gudanar a cikin shekarun da suka gabata domin sarrafa matakin ruwa da gishirin ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;M.S.Abdel-Dayem, 1987. &quot;Development of land drainage in Egypt.&quot; In: J.Vos (Ed.) Proceedings, Symposium 25th International Course on Land Drainage. ILRI publ. 42. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Wageningen, The Netherlands&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwashe ruwa ta hanyar magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da tashoshi na da matukar muhimmanci don hana lalacewar amfanin gona sakamakon matsalar ruwa (waterlogging) da gishirin ƙasa da ban ruwa ke haifarwa. Zuwa shekarar 2003, an samar wa fiye da murabba'in kilomita 20,000 (20,000 km2) tsarin magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kuma kusan murabba'in kilomita 7.2 na ruwa ake kwashewa a kowace shekara daga yankunan da ke da waɗannan tsarin. Jimillar kuɗin da aka kashe a magudanar ruwa na aikin gona cikin shekaru 27 daga 1973 zuwa 2002 ya kai kusan dalar amurka biliyan $3.1, wanda ya shafi kuɗin tsara aiki, gini, kulawa, bincike da horarwa. A cikin wannan lokacin, an aiwatar da manyan ayyuka guda 11 tare da tallafin kuɗi daga Bankin Duniya da sauran masu ba da tallafi.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Egyptian Public Authority for Drainage Projects, Drainage Research Institute, 2006: [https://web.archive.org/web/20191117161919/http://www.csdwand.net/data/sheet.asp?cn=Egypt&amp;fn=LA0648 ''The National Drainage and Drainage Water Reuse Programs, Egypt''], Local Actions at the 4th World Water Forum, 2 March 2007, accessed 28 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasiri ==
Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan ta samar da kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa da fari, ta haifar da haɓakar aikin gona da samar da ayyukan yi, samar da wutar lantarki, da inganta sufurin ruwa wanda shi ma ke amfanar harkar buɗe ido. Sabanin haka, madatsar ruwan ta nutsar da wani babban yanki, wanda ya haifar da tsugunar da mutane fiye da 100,000. Yawancin wuraren tarihi na dā sun nitse a cikin ruwa yayin da aka ƙaura da wasu zuwa wani wurin. Ana zargin madatsar ruwan da haddasa zaizayar gaɓar teku, gishirin ƙasa, da matsalolin lafiya.

Kimantawa kan asarar da aka yi da kuma ribar da aka samu daga madatsar ruwan ya kasance abin muhawara shekaru da dama bayan kammala ta. Kamar yadda wani lissafi ya nuna, moriyar tattalin arziki na shekara-shekara na Babban Madatsar Ruwa nan da nan bayan kammala ta ya kasance fan miliyan 255 na ƙasar Masar ($587 miliyan ta amfani da canjin kuɗi na shekarar 1970 na dala $2.30 ga kowace fan 1 na Masar): fan miliyan 140 daga aikin gona, fan miliyan 100 daga samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, fan miliyan 10 daga kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa, da fan miliyan 5 daga inganta sufurin ruwa. A lokacin da aka gina ta, jimillar kuɗin da aka kashe, haɗi da wasu &quot;ayyukan taimako&quot; da ba a bayyana ba da kuma faɗaɗa layukan wutar lantarki, ya kai fan miliyan 450 na Masar. Idan ba a yi la'akari da mummunan tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa na madatsar ruwan ba, an kiyasta cewa an dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe a kanta cikin shekaru biyu kacal.&lt;ref&gt;Abul-Ata, Abdel Azim, &quot;Egypt and the Nile after the Construction of the High Aswan Dam&quot;, Ministry of Irrigation and Land Reclamation, Cairo, 1978, quoted by Asit Biswas and Cecilia Tortajada, 2004&lt;/ref&gt; Wani mai lura da al'amura ya lura cewa: &quot;Tasirin Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan (...) ya kasance mai kyau ƙwarai da gaske. Kodayake madatsar ruwan ta ba da gudummawa ga wasu matsalolin muhalli, waɗannan sun kasance marasa tsanani fiye da yadda aka zata gaba ɗaya, ko kuma yadda mutane da yawa ke gaskatawa a halin yanzu.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Biswas&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |first=Asit K. |last=Biswas |url=http://www.inwent.org/E+Z/zeitschr/de602-11.htm |title=Aswan Dam Revisited: The Benefits of a Much-Maligned Dam |journal=Development and Cooperation |number=6 |date=November–December 2002 |pages=25–27 |access-date=2018-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615032505/http://www.inwent.org/E+Z/zeitschr/de602-11.htm |archive-date=2011-06-15 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani mai lura da al'amuran kuma bai yarda ba, inda ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a rushe madatsar ruwan. Rushe ta zai ci kuɗi kaɗan ne kawai na kuɗaɗen da ake buƙata don &quot;ci gaba da yaƙi da lahani da madatsar ruwan ke haifarwa&quot; kuma ana iya dawo da hekta 500,000 na ƙasa mai kyau daga laka da ke kasan tafkin da aka kwashe ruwansa.&lt;ref&gt;Professor Fouad Ibrahim, an Egyptian geoscientist teaching in Germany in a 1982 article quoted by Peter Wald: &quot;25 Years Later:The Aswan High Dam Has Proven its Worth&quot;, Development and Cooperation 2/96, pp. 20–21&lt;/ref&gt; Samuel C. Florman ya rubuta game da madatsar ruwan: &quot;A matsayinta na gini, an yi nasara. Amma a tasirinta a kan tsarin muhalli na kwarin Nilu – wanda yawancinsa za a iya hango shi tun da farko – gazawa ce&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Florman|first=Samuel C.|title=The existential pleasures of engineering|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=1994|location=New York|page=20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ambaliyar ruwa da fari na lokaci-lokaci sun shafi Masar tun lokacin dā. Madatsar ruwan ta rage tasirin ambaliyar ruwa, kamar na shekarun 1964, 1973, da 1988. An inganta sufurin ruwa a tsawon kogin, a sama da kuma ƙasa da madatsar ruwan. Yin zirga-zirga a cikin teku a tsawon kogin Nilu wani babban aiki ne na buɗe ido da mutane suka fi so, wanda galibi ake yin sa lokacin hunturu lokacin da kwararar ruwan kogin Nilu na halitta zai yi ƙasa sosai da ba zai ba da damar jiragen ruwa na shakatawa su yi tafiya ba. An ƙirƙiri sabuwar masana'antar kamun kifi a kewayen Tafkin Nasser, kodayake tana fuskantar wahala saboda nisan da ke tsakaninta da duk wata babbar kasuwa. Yawan amfanin shekara-shekara ya kai kusan tan 35,000 a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. An kafa masana'antu na kamun kifi da shirya kaya kusa da Tafkin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid and Shibini&quot;/&gt;

Kamar yadda wani rahoto na sirri na hukumar CIA na shekarar 1971 ya nuna, kodayake Babban Madatsar Ruwa ba ta haifar da matsalolin muhalli masu tsanani kamar yadda wasu masu lura da al'amura ke zargi ba, gina ta ya kawo asarar tattalin arziki gami da riba. Waɗannan asarori sun samo asali ne mafi yawancinsu daga taruwar laka mai albarka a cikin tafkin madatsar ruwan wadda kogin Nilu ya saba ɗauko ta a dā. Zuwa lokacin (1971), babban tasirin ya kasance a kan masana'antar kamun kifi. Kamun kifi na Masar a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum, wanda a dā ya kai matsakaicin tan 35,000–40,000 a kowace shekara, ya ragu zuwa tan 20,000 ko ƙasa da haka, musamman saboda rashin ƙananan halittu na ruwa (plankton) waɗanda lakar ke ciyar da su, wanda hakan ya share kifin sardine a ruwayen Masar. Kamun kifi a cikin tafkin babban madatsar ruwan na iya rage asarar kifin ruwan gishiri a nan gaba, amma lissafi mafi inganci kawai ke nuna cewa za a iya kama tan 15,000–20,000 a ƙarshe. Rashin ci gaba da taruwar laka a bakin kogin ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga babbar matsalar zaizayar ƙasa. Bukatun takin zamani na kasuwanci da matsalolin gishiri da magudanar ruwa, waɗanda riga sun yi yawa a yankunan da ake ban ruwa na Tsakiya da Ƙasasar Masar, za su ƙaru kaɗan a Kudancin Masar saboda canji zuwa ban ruwa na dindindin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Kariya daga fari, aikin gona da samar da ayyukan yi ===
[[File:Egyptian Countryside R06.jpg|thumb|left|Ƙauyen Masar ya amfana daga Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan ta hanyar ingantaccen ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki, kamar yadda aka nuna a nan a Al Bayadiyah, kudancin Luxor]]
Madatsun ruwan sun kuma kare Masar daga fari a shekarun 1972–1973 da 1983–1987 wanda ya daidaita Gabas da Yammacin Afirka. Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta bai wa Masar damar dawo da kusan feddan miliyan 2.0 (hekta 840,000) a yankin Delta na Nilu da kuma tsawon Kwarin Nilu, wanda ya ƙara yankin da ake ban ruwa na ƙasar da kashi ɗaya cikin uku. Wannan ƙaruwa ta samu ne ta hanyar ban ruwa ga abin da ya kasance hamada a dā da kuma noma hekta 385,000 waɗanda a dā ake amfani da su azaman wuraren jiran ambaliyar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schamp&quot;/&gt; Kusan iyalai dubu ɗari biyar ne aka tsugunar a waɗannan sabbin ƙasashe. Musamman yankunan da ake noman shinkafa da rake sun ƙaru. Bugu da ƙari, kusan feddan miliyan 1 (hekta 420,000), mafi yawancinsu a Kudancin Masar, an canza su daga ban ruwa na ambaliya tare da girbi guda ɗaya kacal a shekara zuwa ban ruwa na dindindin wanda ke ba da damar girbi biyu ko fiye a shekara. A sauran ƙasashen da ake ban ruwa a dā, amfanin gona ya ƙaru saboda ana iya samun ruwa a lokuta masu muhimmanci na ƙarancin ruwa. Misali, amfanin alkama a Masar ya ninka sau uku tsakanin 1952 da 1991 kuma ingantuwar samun ruwa ya ba da gudummawa ga wannan ƙaruwa. Mafi yawan mita kubik biliyan 32 na ruwan sha, ko kusan kashi 40 na matsakaicin kwararar kogin Nilu wanda a dā ake asararsa a teku a kowace shekara, an sami damar amfani da shi ta hanya mai kyau. Yayin da kusan mita kubik biliyan 10 na ruwan da aka ajiye ke bita ta hanyar tiruri a Tafkin Nasser, adadin ruwan da ake da shi don ban ruwa har yanzu ya ƙaru da mita kubik biliyan 22.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid and Shibini&quot;&gt;M.A. Abu-Zeid &amp; F. Z. El-Shibini: &quot;Egypt's High Aswan Dam {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720101000/http://www.ci.uri.edu/ciip/FallClass/Docs_2006/UrbanWaterfronts/Abu-Zeid%20and%20El-Shibini.pdf |date=2011-07-20 }}&quot;, ''Water Resources Development'', Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 209–217, 1997&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu lissafin sun nuna cewa tirurin ruwa daga Tafkin Nasser yana tsakanin mita kubik biliyan 10 da 16 a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;M.A. Mosalam Shaltout, T. El Housry:Estimating the evaporation over Nasser Lake in the Upper Egypt from Meteosat observations, Advances in Space Research, 19 (3) (1997), pp. 515–518&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Power plant at Aswan High Dam, Aswan, Egypt.jpg|thumb|Tawayoyin wutar lantarki a tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan]]

=== Samar da wutar lantarki ===
[[File:Aswan Dam.jpg|thumb|Tashar wutar lantarki ta Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan, tare da madatsar ruwan kanta a bango]]
Madatsar ruwan tana kunna injina guda goma sha biyu kowannensu mai ƙarfin 175 MW, tare da jimillar 2.1 GW. An fara samar da wutar lantarki a shekarar 1967. Lokacin da Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta fara kaiwa ga kololuwar aikinta a shekarar 1970, ta samar da kusan rabin wutar lantarki ta Masar (kusan kashi 15 cikin 100 zuwa shekarar 1998), kuma ta ba mafi yawan ƙauyukan Masar damar amfani da wutar lantarki a karon farko. Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta kuma inganta inganci da faɗaɗa tsofaffin tashoshin wutar lantarki na Aswan ta hanyar daidaita kwararar ruwa daga sama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid and Shibini&quot;/&gt; A lokacin da aka kammala ta, ita ce tashar wutar lantarki mafi girma a Afirka kuma ta 6 mafi girma a tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a duniya.

An kammala duk ayyukan wutar lantarki na Babban Madatsar Ruwa kafin lokacin da aka tsara. An girka tare da gwada injina (turbines) guda goma sha biyu, wanda ya ba tashar ƙarfin 2,100 megawatts (MW), ko fiye da ninki biyu na jimillar ƙasa a shekarar 1960. Tare da wannan ƙarfin, tashar Aswan tana iya samar da biliyan 10 kWh na makamashi a kowace shekara. An kammala manyan layuka guda biyu na 500-kilovolt zuwa Alkahira, kuma an magance matsalolin farko na watsa wutar lantarki, waɗanda suka samo asali mafi yawancinsu daga tsofaffin abubuwan kariya (insulators). Har ila yau, barna da dakarun mamaya na Isra'ila suka yi wa babbar tashar canza wutar lantarki a shekarar 1968 an gyara ta, kuma tashar Aswan ta haɗu gaba ɗaya da hanyar sadarwar wutar lantarki a Ƙasasar Masar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Power plant profile: Aswan High dam, Egypt |date=24 November 2021 |url=https://www.power-technology.com/data-insights/power-plant-profile-aswan-high-dam-egypt/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; A canjin shekarar 1971, samar da wutar lantarki a Aswan ba zai kai fiye da rabin ƙarfin tashar na lissafi ba, saboda ƙarancin ruwa da kuma mabambantan tsarin amfani da ruwa na lokuta daban-daban don ban ruwa da samar da wuta. Bukatar ruwa ta aikin gona a lokacin rani ta wuce adadin da ake buƙata don biyan buƙatar wutar lantarki da ke da ƙasa a lokacin rani. Amfani mai yawa na ban ruwa a lokacin rani, duk da haka, zai bar ruwa maras isasshe ƙarƙashin ikon Masar don ba da damar samar da wutar lantarki a cikakken ƙarfi lokacin hunturu. Binciken fasaha ya nuna cewa matsakaicin amfanin shekara-shekara na biliyan 5 kWh da alama shi ne kaɗai za a iya dorewa saboda sauye-sauye a kwararar kogin Nilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM ECONOMIC IMPRACT OF THE ASWAN HIGH DAM |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP85T00875R001700020056-7.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sa ran samar da wutar lantarki ta Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan zai fuskanci tasiri daga manyan madatsun ruwa na sama yayin tsawaitwar lokutan fari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Heggy |first1=Essam |last2=Abotalib |first2=Abotalib Z. |last3=You |first3=Jongeun |last4=Hanert |first4=Emmanuel |last5=Ramah |first5=Mohamed |title= Heggy, E. et al. Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam can generate sustainable hydropower while minimizing downstream water deficit during prolonged droughts. Commun Earth Environ 5, 757 (2024) |journal=Communications Earth &amp; Environment |date=9 December 2024 |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=757 |doi=10.1038/s43247-024-01821-w |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01821-w |hdl=2078.1/294594 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗari ===
Wani bincike da Nicol-André Berdellé ya gudanar a shekarar 2024 ya gano cewa ambaliya da kuma rugujewar Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan zai kasance bala'i ga Masar, domin da alama zai lalata mafi yawan yankunan da aka gina a ƙasar tare da haifar da asarar rayuka na miliyoyin mutane. Saboda girman Tafkin Nasser da kuma saurin faruwar irin wannan taron, zai kasance cikin mafi munanan ambaliyar ruwa a tarihi. Ƙasar da abin ya shafa ba zai yiwu a yi noma a kanta ba bayan haka saboda taurarren laka da zai rufe yawancin ƙasashen gona, wanda hakan zai haifar da yunwa mai yawa a Masar.

Dalilai masu yiwuwa na faruwar irin wannan taron da Berdellé ya ambata sun haɗa da gazawar Babbar Madatsar Ruwa ta Renaissance ta Habasha, harin soja a kan madatsar ruwan, ko kuma ambaliyar ruwan kogin Nilu mai girman gaske na shekara-shekara. Saboda ci gaba da taruwar laka a kasan tafkin Nasser, Berdellé ya ce irin wannan taron zai kasance mafi kusantar faruwa a kowace shekara kuma zai faru nan da shekaru da dama idan ba a ɗauki mataki ba. Berdellé ya ce ana amfani da madatsar ruwan a matakan ruwa marasa aminci kuma ya yi kira ga hukumomin Masar da su takaita matakan ruwa da kuma zurfafa magudanar ruwa ta Toshka.&lt;ref&gt; &quot;Nicol-André Berdellé (2024) Breach of Aswan Dam - a realistic worst case scenario&quot; [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380999349_Breach_of_Aswan_dam_-_a_realistic_worst_case_scenario] &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; &quot;Nicol-André Berdellé (2025) Breach of Aswan Dam - brief follow-up report&quot; [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/394114444_Breach_of_Aswan_Dam_study_-_brief_follow-up_report] &lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tsugunarwa da biyan diyya ===
[[File:Sudan Wadi Halfa RR Hotel From Garden 1936.jpg|thumb|Hoton tsohon garin Wadi Halfa da Tafkin Nasser ya nutsar]]
Tafkin Nasser ya nutsar da mafi yawan sassan ƙasasar Nubia kuma an tsugunar da mutane 100,000 zuwa 120,000 a Sudan da Masar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thayer&quot;&gt;{{citation |first1=Thayer |last1=Scudder |first2=John |last2=Gay |contribution-url=http://www.hss.caltech.edu/~tzs/50%20Dam%20Survey.pdf |contribution=A comparative survey of dam-induced resettlement in 50 cases |editor-first=Thayer |editor-last=Scudder |title=The Future of Large Dams: Dealing with Social, Environmental, Institutional and Political Costs |year=2005 |publisher=Earthscan |isbn=1-84407-155-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:WadiHalfa,center.jpg|thumb|right|Wani hoto na Sabon Wadi Halfa, mazaunin da aka ƙirƙira a gaɓar Tafkin Nasser don adana wani ɓangare na mutanen da aka tsugunar daga tsohon garin Wadi Halfa]]
A Sudan, an ƙaura da mutane 50,000 zuwa 70,000 na Nubia na Sudan daga tsohon garin Wadi Halfa da ƙauyukansa na kewaye. Wasu an ƙaura da su zuwa sabon mazaunin da aka ƙirƙira a gaɓar Tafkin Nasser mai suna Sabon Wadi Halfa, wasu kuma an tsugunar da su kusan kilomita 700 kudu zuwa sararin samaniya na Butana kusa da garin Khashm el-Girba a saman Kogin Atbara. Yanayin can yana da lokacin damina na yau da kullun sabanin mazauninsu na hamada na dā inda kusan ba a samun ruwan sama. Gwamnati ta ɓata wani aikin ban ruwa, mai suna Tsarin Haɓaka Noma na Sabon Halfa don noman auduga, hatsi, rake da sauran amfanin gona. An tsugunar da mutanen Nubia a cikin ƙauyuka ashirin da biyar da aka tsara waɗanda suka haɗa da makarantu, wuraren kiwon lafiya, da sauran ayyuka, gami da ruwan famfo da wasu wutar lantarki.

A Masar, yawancin mutanen Nubia 50,000 an ƙaura da su kilomita uku zuwa goma daga kogin Nilu kusa da Edna da Kom Ombo, kilomita 45 a ƙasa da Aswan a cikin abin da ake kira &quot;Sabuwar Nubia&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Amer |first1=Mourad |title=Rebuilding Cultural Identity: Nubian Rehabilitation along the Shore of Lake Nasser |journal=Environmental Science and Sustainable Development |date=2019 |page=19 |doi=10.21625/essd.v3iss1.279 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; An gina gidaje da wurare don rukunin ƙauyuka 47 waɗanda dangantakar juna ta yi kusa da ta tsohuwar Nubia. An samar da ƙasashen ban ruwa don noman rake mafi yawancinsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |first=Thayer |last=Scudder |url=http://www.hss.caltech.edu/~tzs/Aswan%20High%20Dam%20case.pdf |title=The Aswan High Dam Case |year=2003 |pages=11–12 |access-date=2011-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605193034/http://www.hss.caltech.edu/~tzs/Aswan%20High%20Dam%20case.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-05 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Stock |first=Jill Kamil; photographs by Michael |title=Aswan and Abu Simbel: history and guide |year=1993 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |location=Cairo |isbn=977-424-321-8 |pages=141–142 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZGrBnInneIC&amp;q=aswan+dam+new+nubia&amp;pg=PA142}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2019–20, Masar ta fara biyan diyya ga mutanen Nubia waɗanda suka rasa gidajensu sakamakon taruwar ruwan madatsar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/79830/Egypt-s-PM-witnesses-compensation-of-Nubians-displaced-by-dam|title=Egypt's PM witnesses compensation of Nubians displaced by dam construction|website=Egypt Today|date=20 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Wuraren tarihi na dā ===
[[File:Abusimbel.jpg|thumb|Mutum-mutumin Ramses Mai Girma a Babban Haikali na Abu Simbel an sake haɗa shi bayan an ƙaura da shi a shekarar 1967 don ceton sa daga nutsawa a ruwa.]]
{{main|International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia}}

Abubuwan tarihi guda ashirin da biyu da rukunonin gine-gine da ambaliyar ruwa daga Tafkin Nasser ke barazana gare su, gami da haikali na Abu Simbel, an kiyaye su ta hanyar ƙaura da su zuwa gaɓar tafkin ƙarƙashin Kamfen ɗin Nubia na UNESCO.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCO_Nubia_Campaign&quot;&gt;[http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=24168&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html The Rescue of Nubian Monuments and Sites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222150930/http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D24168%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html/ |date=2016-12-22 }}, UNESCO project site about Nubia Campaign.&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma ƙaura da Philae, Kalabsha da Amada.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid and Shibini&quot;/&gt;

An ba da waɗannan abubuwan tarihi ga ƙasashen da suka taimaka da ayyukan:
* Haikali na Debod ga Madrid
* Haikali na Dendur ga Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Metropolitan na New York
* Haikali na Taffeh ga Rijksmuseum van Oudheden na Leiden
* Haikali na Ellesyia ga Museo Egizio na Turin

An kwashe waɗannan abubuwa zuwa yankin lambu na Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Sudan na Khartoum:&lt;ref&gt;Reis, Michael (1999), Who is who in Ancient Egypt, p. 48 {{ISBN|0-415-15448-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Haikali na Ramses II a Aksha, Sudan
* Haikali na Hatshepsut a Buhen
* Haikali na Khnum a Kumma
* Kabarin yariman Nubia Djehuti-hotep a Debeira
* Haikali na Dedwen da Sesostris III a Semna
* Shika-shikan granite daga Katolika na Faras
* Wani ɓangare na zane-zane na Katolika na Faras; ɗayan ɓangaren yana Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Warsaw.

Haikali na Ptah a Gerf Hussein an sake gina sashinsa na waje a Sabuwar Kalabsha, kusa da Haikali na Kalabsha, Beit el-Wali, da Kiosk na Qertassi.

Sauran wuraren tarihi na dā, gami da kariya ta Buhen da makabartar Fadrus, Tafkin Nasser ya nutsar da su.

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Babban madatsar ruwa [[Aswan, Egypt|Aswan]], wanda galibi ake kira kawai madatsar ruwa ta Aswan, tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan madatsar jiragen ruwa a duniya, wanda aka gina tsakanin 1960 da 1970 a fadin [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] a Aswan, Misira. Gwamnatin Masar ce ta haɓaka aikin tare da taimakon [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] don inganta kula da ambaliyar ruwa, samar da ƙarin ajiyar ruwa don ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki. An ga madatsar ruwan a matsayin muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga shirye-shiryen Masana'antu na kasar. Kamar aiwatarwa da ta gabata, Babban Dam din ya yi tasiri sosai ga tattalin arziki da al'adun Masar.

Lokacin da aka kammala shi, shi ne madatsar ruwa mafi tsayi a duniya, wadda ta zarce madatsar ruwa ta Chatuge a Amurka.  An gina madatsar ruwa, wadda ta ƙirƙiri madatsar ruwa ta [[tafkin Nasser]], {{Cvt|7|km}} sama da madatsar ruwan Aswan Low, wanda aka kammala a shekarar 1902 kuma an riga an yi amfani da shi sosai.

Da yake an gina tsohon madatsar ruwa, [[Ambaliyar kogin nilu|ambaliyar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta kogin Nilu]] a ƙarshen bazara ta ci gaba da wucewa ba tare da wani cikas ba a kwarin daga magudanar ruwa [[Gabashin Afirka|ta Gabashin Afirka]] . Waɗannan ambaliyar ruwa suna kawo ruwa mai yawa tare da abubuwan gina jiki na halitta da ma'adanai waɗanda ke wadatar da [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]] mai kyau a gefen [[Filin Ambaliyar|ambaliyar ruwa]] da kuma yankin delta ; wannan hasashen ya sa kwarin Nilu ya zama wuri mai kyau don noma tun [[Tsohuwar Masar|zamanin da]] . Duk da haka, wannan ambaliyar ruwa ta halitta ta bambanta, domin shekarun ruwan sama masu yawa na iya lalata dukkan amfanin gona, yayin da shekarun ƙarancin ruwa na iya haifar da [[fari]] mai yawa da kuma yunwa . Duk waɗannan abubuwan biyu sun ci gaba da faruwa lokaci-lokaci.

== Tarihin gini ==
Yunkurin farko da aka rubuta na gina madatsar ruwa kusa da Aswan ya faru ne a ƙarni na 11, lokacin da [[Halifancin Fatimid|Khalifan Fatim]] Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ya kira babban masanin ilmin taurari na Larabawa kuma injiniya [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (wanda aka sani da ''Alhazen'' a Yamma) zuwa Masar don daidaita [[Ambaliyar kogin nilu|ambaliyar ruwa ta Kogin Nilu]], aikin da ke buƙatar yunƙurin gaggawa a madatsar ruwa ta Aswan.  Bayan aikinsa a fagen ya shawo kansa game da rashin amfani da wannan makircin,  kuma yana jin tsoron fushin Khalifa, ya yi kamar mahaukaci ne . An tsare shi a gidan yari tun daga 1011 har zuwa mutuwar al-Hakim a 1021, a lokacin ne ya rubuta ''littafinsa mai tasiri na Littattafan Haske'' . 

=== Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan, 1898–1902 ===
Turawan Birtaniya sun fara gina madatsar ruwa ta farko a fadin kogin Nilu a shekarar 1898. Ginin ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarar 1902 kuma an bude madatsar ruwa a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1902. Sir William Willcocks ne ya tsara aikin kuma ya kunshi fitattun injiniyoyi da dama, ciki har da Sir Benjamin Baker da Sir John Aird, wanda kamfaninsa, John Aird &amp;amp;amp; Co., shine babban dan kwangilar.  

Duk da cewa Dulles ya yi imanin cewa Nasser yana yin zamba ne kawai kuma Tarayyar Soviet ba za ta taimaki Nasser ba, ya yi kuskure: Tarayyar Soviet ta yi wa Nasser alƙawarin samun makamai da yawa don a biya shi da wuri na hatsi da audugar Masar. A ranar 27 ga Satumba, 1955, Nasser ya sanar da yarjejeniyar makamai, inda Czechoslovakia ta yi aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani don goyon bayan Tarayyar Soviet.  Maimakon kai hari ga Nasser saboda komawa ga Tarayyar Soviet, Dulles ya nemi inganta dangantaka da shi. A watan Disamba na 1955, Amurka da Burtaniya sun yi alkawarin dala 56 da dala 14&amp;nbsp;miliyan, bi da bi, don gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan. 
[[Fayil:Nasser_observing_Aswan_Dam_construction.jpg|left|thumb|[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] yana lura da aikin gina madatsar ruwa, 1963]]
Duk da cewa yarjejeniyar makamai ta Czech ta haifar da kwarin gwiwa ga Amurka ta zuba jari a Aswan, Birtaniya ta ambaci yarjejeniyar a matsayin dalilin soke alkawarinta na asusun madatsun ruwa. Dulles ya fusata sosai da amincewar da Nasser ya yi wa [[Sin|China]] a fannin diflomasiyya, wanda ya saba wa manufar Dulles ta takaita kwaminisanci. 

Wasu dalilai da dama sun taimaka wa Amurka ta yanke shawarar janye tayinta na samar da kudaden gina madatsar ruwa. Dulles ya yi imanin cewa Tarayyar Soviet ba za ta cika alkawarinta na tallafawa sojoji ba. Ya kuma fusata da rashin daidaiton Nasser da kuma yunkurin yin amfani da bangarorin biyu na [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cacar Baki]] . A lokacin, sauran kawayen Yammacin Turai a Gabas ta Tsakiya, ciki har da Turkiyya da Iraki, sun nuna rashin jin daɗin cewa ana ba wa Masar, ƙasa mai ci gaba da tsaka-tsaki, taimako mai yawa. 

A watan Yunin 1956, Tarayyar Soviet ta ba Nasser dala $1.12&amp;nbsp;biliyan a kashi 2% na ribar ginin madatsar ruwan. A ranar 19 ga Yuli, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta sanar da cewa tallafin kuɗi na Amurka ga Babban Madatsar ruwan &quot;ba zai yiwu ba a halin yanzu.&quot; 

A ranar 26 ga Yulin 1956, tare da yabo daga Masar, Nasser ya sanar da mayar da magudanar ruwa ta Suez ta ƙasa, wadda ta haɗa da diyya mai kyau ga tsoffin masu ita. Nasser ya tsara kuɗaɗen shiga da magudanar ruwa ke samu don taimakawa wajen samar da kuɗin gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa. Lokacin da Yaƙin Suez ya ɓarke, Birtaniya, Faransa, da Isra'ila sun kwace magudanar ruwa da Sinai. Amma matsin lamba daga Amurka da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]] da wasu wurare ya tilasta musu janyewa.

Duk da girmansa, aikin Aswan bai yi wa ma'aunin biyan bashin Masar illa ba. Kudaden Tarayyar Soviet guda uku sun rufe kusan dukkan buƙatun musayar kuɗi na ƙasashen waje na aikin, gami da kuɗin ayyukan fasaha, kayan aikin samar da wutar lantarki da na'urorin watsawa da aka shigo da su da kuma wasu kayan aikin da aka shigo da su don sake mallakar filaye. Masar ba ta fuskanci wani nauyi mai tsanani ba game da biyan bashin, yawancinsu an tsawaita su na tsawon shekaru 12 tare da riba mai ƙarancin kashi 2-1/2%. Biyan kuɗi ga [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] ya ƙunshi ƙaramin magudanar ruwa ne kawai a rabin farko na shekarun 1960, kuma ƙaruwar kuɗin fitar da kaya da aka samu daga amfanin gona da aka noma a sabbin filayen da aka sake kwato sun fi daidaita matsakaicin biyan bashin da aka biya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. A lokacin 1965-1970, waɗannan kuɗaɗen da aka samu daga fitarwa sun kai kimanin dala $126.&amp;nbsp;miliyan, idan aka kwatanta da biyan bashin dala $113&amp;nbsp;miliyan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM ECONOMIC IMPRACT OF THE ASWAN HIGH DAM |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP85T00875R001700020056-7.pdf |website=Cia Readingroom}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gini da cika, 1960–1976 ===
[[Image:High Dam Burg Memorial Wall, Aswan, Egypt, Oct 2004.jpg|right|thumb|Gaban tsakiyar ginin tunawa da Abotar Larabawa da Tarayyar Soviet. Wannan abun tunawa an gina shi ne don bikin kammala Babbar Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan. Shashen hagu yana ɗauke da tambarin Tarayyar Soviet, yayin da shashen dama kuma yake ɗauke da tambarin ƙasar Masar.]]

Haka kuma Tarayyar Soviet ta samar da kwararrun masana da manyan injinan aiki. Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev na Cibiyar Hydroproject da ke Moscow ne ya tsara wannan katuwar madatsar ruwa ta dutse da yāka,&lt;ref name=Malyshev&gt;{{cite web|url=https://foreignaffairs.co.nz/2024/01/16/mil-osi-russia-legends-of-russian-science-nikolai-aleksandrovich-malyshev/|title=Legends of Russian science: Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev|author=MIL-OSI|date=January 16, 2024|work=foreignaffairs.co.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Smith&gt;{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Jean Edward|title=Eisenhower in War and Peace|date=2012|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|isbn=978-0679644293|page=694|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jO2gLXNNa2wC&amp;pg=PA694|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da taimakon wasu injiniyoyin ƙasar Masar. Injiniyoyi da ma'aikata 'yan ƙasar Masar guda 25,000 ne suka ba da gudummawa wajen ginin madatsun ruwan.

A da, injiniyoyin Jamus ta Yamma da na Faransa ne suka tsara aikin a farkon shekarun 1950, kuma an yi niyyar ba da kuɗaɗen aikin ta hanyar rance daga ƙasashen Yamma, sai dai Babbar Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan ta zama babban aikin taimako na ƙasashen waje mafi shahara na Tarayyar Soviet (USSR) bayan da Amurka, Burtaniya, da Bankin Duniya na Sake Gini da Ci gaba (IBRD) suka janye goyon bayansu a shekarar 1956. An ba da rancen farko na Soviet dalar amurka miliyan $100 a shekarar 1958 don biyan kuɗaɗen ginin madatsun ruwa na wucin gadi domin karkatar da kwararar kogin Nilu. An sake ba da ƙarin dalar amurka miliyan $225 a shekarar 1960 don kammala madatsar ruwan da gina wuraren samar da wutar lantarki, kuma bayan haka an samar da kusan dalar amurka miliyan $100 don farfaɗo da ƙasashe. Waɗannan lamuni na kusan dalar amurka miliyan $425 sun biya ne kawai kuɗaɗen musayar ƙasashen waje na aikin, gami da albashin injiniyoyin Soviet waɗanda suka lura da aikin kuma suka ɗauki alhakin girkawa da gwada kayan aikin na Soviet. Shirin ginin na gaske, wanda aka fara a shekarar 1960, kamfanonin ƙasar Masar ne suka yi shi a ƙarƙashin kwangila da Hukumar Babbar Madatsar Ruwa, kuma Masarawa ne suka ɗauki dukkan kuɗaɗen cikin gida. Shiga da Masar ta yi a cikin wannan harka ya ɗaukaka ƙarfi da mutuncin masana'antar gine-gine ta ƙasar sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A ɓangaren ƙasar Masar, kamfanin Arab Contractors na Osman Ahmed Osman ne ya jagoranci aikin. Matashin Osman ya ba da farashin kwangila wanda ya gaza na babban mai fafatawa da shi da rabi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909474,00.html |title=Osman the Efficient |access-date=2008-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030181444/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909474,00.html |archive-date=2010-10-30 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1960: An fara ginin a ranar 9 ga Janairu&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Robert O. |last=Collins |title=The Nile |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2002 |page=[https://archive.org/details/nile00robe/page/181 181] |isbn=0-300-09764-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/nile00robe|url-access=registration |quote=robert collins the nile. }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1964: An kammala matakin farko na ginin madatsar ruwan, kuma tafkin ya fara cika da ruwa
* 1970: An kammala Babbar Madatsar Ruwa, wato ''as-Sad al-'Aali'', a ranar 21 ga Yuli&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/thisday/jul21/aswan-dam-completed/?ar_a=1 | title=1970: Aswan Dam Completed | publisher=National Geographic Society | access-date=20 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820061908/http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/thisday/jul21/aswan-dam-completed/?ar_a=1 | archive-date=20 August 2014 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1976: Tafkin madatsar ruwan ya cika dakat da iyakar ƙarfinsa.
[[File:AswanHighDam111m1970ElectricalMechanicalAswanEgypt-01.gif|Zataccen Hoton Madatsar Ruwa]]

== Bayanin Ƙa’idoji ==
Aswan High Dam yana da tsawon {{convert|3830|m}}. Yana da faɗin {{cvt|980|m}} a ƙasan tushe, {{cvt|40|m}} a saman (crest), kuma tsayinsa ya kai {{cvt|111|m}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aswan High Dam {{!}} dam, Egypt|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aswan-High-Dam|access-date=2020-10-24|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Yana ƙunshe da kimanin {{convert|43,000,000|m3|cuyd}} na kayan gini. A mafi girman aiki, yana iya fitar da ruwa har {{convert|11000|m3/s}}. Haka kuma akwai hanyoyin gaggawa (emergency spillways) da za su iya fitar da ƙarin ruwa har {{convert|5000|m3/s}}.

Hakanan, tashar [[Toshka]] Canal tana haɗa tafkin da ake kira [[Lake Nasser]] zuwa kwarin Toshka. Tafkin Lake Nasser yana da tsawon {{cvt|500|km||abbr=}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-03-11|title=The spectacular failures and successes of massive dams|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-51459930|access-date=2020-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma faɗinsa a mafi girma ya kai {{cvt|35|km}}.

Yana da yawan ruwa har {{convert|132|km3|cuyd}}. Jimillar sararin tafkin ya kai {{convert|5250|km2}}.

{{wide image|Presa de Asuán, Egipto, 2022-04-01, DD 73-80 PAN.jpg|900|Hoton panorama na Aswan Dam yana kallon kudu}}

== Tsarin Ban Ruwa ==

[[File:Egypt sat.png|thumb|left|Ƙasashen gona kore masu ban ruwa a tsawon kogin Nilu a tsakiyar hamada]]
[[File:NileBalance.JPG|thumb|Madaidaicin ma'aunin ruwa]]
[[File:NileCanals.JPG|thumb|Manyan tsarin ban ruwa (a firi)]]
Sakamakon rashin samun isasshen ruwan sama mai kiyastawa, aikin jiran gona na ƙasar Masar ya dogara ne gaba ɗaya akan ban ruwa. Ta hanyar ban ruwa, ana iya yin girbi biyu a shekara, in ban da rami wanda ke ɗaukar kusan shekara guda yana girma.

Babbar madatsar ruwa ta Aswan tana bayar da kwararar ruwa, a matsakaici, mita kubik biliyan 55 (55 km3) a kowace shekara, inda kusan mita kubik biliyan 46 (46 km3) ake karkatar da su zuwa madatsun ruwa na ban ruwa.

A kwarin Nilu da bakin teku (delta), kusan murabba'in kilomita 336,000 (336,000 km2) ne ke amfana da waɗannan ruwaye inda suke samar da amfanin gona 1.8 a matsakaici a shekara. Amfanin ruwa na shekara-shekara na amfanin gona ya kai kusan mita kubik biliyan 38 (38 km3). Saboda haka, ingancin ban ruwa gaba ɗaya shine 38/46 = 0.826 ko kashi 83%. Wannan inganci ne mai girma na ban ruwa. Ingancin ban ruwa na fage ya yi ƙasa sosai, amma ana sake amfani da ruwan da aka rasa a can ƙasa rafi. Wannan sake amfani da ruwa akai-akai shi ne silar samar da babban inganci gaba ɗaya.

Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna rarraba ruwan ban ruwa a kan ƙananan madatsun ruwa da ke rassa daga babban madatsar ruwa guda ɗaya na ban ruwa, wato Madatsar Ruwa ta Mansuriya kusa da Giza.&lt;ref&gt;''Impacts of the Irrigation Improvement Projects in Egypt''. Egyptian-Dutch Advisory Panel and International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 1999. Download from:[http://www.waterlog.info/reports.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207151045/http://www.waterlog.info/reports.htm|date=2010-02-07}} , under nr. 4, or directly as PDF: [http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/irrimpr.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228020427/http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/irrimpr.pdf|date=2008-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Ƙananan madatsun ruwa
! Isar da ruwa a m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/feddan *
|-
| Kafret Nasser
| 4,700
|-
| Beni Magdul
| 3,500
|-
| El Mansuria
| 3,300
|-
| El Hammami na sama
| 2,800
|-
| El Hammami na ƙasa
| 1,800
|-
| El Shimi
| 1,200
|}
:&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Lokacin 1 ga Maris zuwa 31 ga Yuli. Feddan 1 daidai yake da hekta 0.42 ko kusan eka 1.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Bayanai daga Aikin Gudanar da Amfanin Ruwa na Masar (EWUP)&lt;ref&gt;Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. ''Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report''. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawan gishiri a cikin ruwan madatsar ruwa ta Aswan ya kai kusan kilogiram 0.25 a kowace mita kubik (0.25 kg/m3), matakin gishiri mai ƙasa sosai. A matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na mita kubik biliyan 55 (55 km3), shigar gishiri na shekara-shekara yana kaiwa tan miliyan 14. Matsakaicin yawan gishiri na ruwan magudanar ruwa da ake kora zuwa teku da tabukan dake gaɓar teku ya kai kilogiram 2.7 a kowace mita kubik (2.7 kg/m3).&lt;ref&gt;Egyptian Drainage Research Institute, DRI, yearbook 1995/1996&lt;/ref&gt; A fitar ruwa na shekara-shekara na mita kubik biliyan 10 (10 km3) (ba a lissafta kilogiram 2 a kowace mita kubik (2 kg/m3) na shigar gishiri daga teku da tabuka ba, duba hoton &quot;Madaidaicin ma'aunin ruwa&quot;), fitar gishiri na shekara-shekara yana kaiwa tan miliyan 27. A shekarar 1995, fitar gishiri ya yi yawa fiye da shigar gishiri, kuma ƙasashen gona na Masar suna rage gishiri. Wani ɓangare na wannan na iya kasancewa ne saboda yawan ayyukan magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da aka gudanar a cikin shekarun da suka gabata domin sarrafa matakin ruwa da gishirin ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;M.S.Abdel-Dayem, 1987. &quot;Development of land drainage in Egypt.&quot; In: J.Vos (Ed.) Proceedings, Symposium 25th International Course on Land Drainage. ILRI publ. 42. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Wageningen, The Netherlands&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwashe ruwa ta hanyar magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da tashoshi na da matukar muhimmanci don hana lalacewar amfanin gona sakamakon matsalar ruwa (waterlogging) da gishirin ƙasa da ban ruwa ke haifarwa. Zuwa shekarar 2003, an samar wa fiye da murabba'in kilomita 20,000 (20,000 km2) tsarin magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kuma kusan murabba'in kilomita 7.2 na ruwa ake kwashewa a kowace shekara daga yankunan da ke da waɗannan tsarin. Jimillar kuɗin da aka kashe a magudanar ruwa na aikin gona cikin shekaru 27 daga 1973 zuwa 2002 ya kai kusan dalar amurka biliyan $3.1, wanda ya shafi kuɗin tsara aiki, gini, kulawa, bincike da horarwa. A cikin wannan lokacin, an aiwatar da manyan ayyuka guda 11 tare da tallafin kuɗi daga Bankin Duniya da sauran masu ba da tallafi.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Egyptian Public Authority for Drainage Projects, Drainage Research Institute, 2006: [https://web.archive.org/web/20191117161919/http://www.csdwand.net/data/sheet.asp?cn=Egypt&amp;fn=LA0648 ''The National Drainage and Drainage Water Reuse Programs, Egypt''], Local Actions at the 4th World Water Forum, 2 March 2007, accessed 28 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasiri ==
Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan ta samar da kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa da fari, ta haifar da haɓakar aikin gona da samar da ayyukan yi, samar da wutar lantarki, da inganta sufurin ruwa wanda shi ma ke amfanar harkar buɗe ido. Sabanin haka, madatsar ruwan ta nutsar da wani babban yanki, wanda ya haifar da tsugunar da mutane fiye da 100,000. Yawancin wuraren tarihi na dā sun nitse a cikin ruwa yayin da aka ƙaura da wasu zuwa wani wurin. Ana zargin madatsar ruwan da haddasa zaizayar gaɓar teku, gishirin ƙasa, da matsalolin lafiya.

Kimantawa kan asarar da aka yi da kuma ribar da aka samu daga madatsar ruwan ya kasance abin muhawara shekaru da dama bayan kammala ta. Kamar yadda wani lissafi ya nuna, moriyar tattalin arziki na shekara-shekara na Babban Madatsar Ruwa nan da nan bayan kammala ta ya kasance fan miliyan 255 na ƙasar Masar ($587 miliyan ta amfani da canjin kuɗi na shekarar 1970 na dala $2.30 ga kowace fan 1 na Masar): fan miliyan 140 daga aikin gona, fan miliyan 100 daga samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, fan miliyan 10 daga kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa, da fan miliyan 5 daga inganta sufurin ruwa. A lokacin da aka gina ta, jimillar kuɗin da aka kashe, haɗi da wasu &quot;ayyukan taimako&quot; da ba a bayyana ba da kuma faɗaɗa layukan wutar lantarki, ya kai fan miliyan 450 na Masar. Idan ba a yi la'akari da mummunan tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa na madatsar ruwan ba, an kiyasta cewa an dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe a kanta cikin shekaru biyu kacal.&lt;ref&gt;Abul-Ata, Abdel Azim, &quot;Egypt and the Nile after the Construction of the High Aswan Dam&quot;, Ministry of Irrigation and Land Reclamation, Cairo, 1978, quoted by Asit Biswas and Cecilia Tortajada, 2004&lt;/ref&gt; Wani mai lura da al'amura ya lura cewa: &quot;Tasirin Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan (...) ya kasance mai kyau ƙwarai da gaske. Kodayake madatsar ruwan ta ba da gudummawa ga wasu matsalolin muhalli, waɗannan sun kasance marasa tsanani fiye da yadda aka zata gaba ɗaya, ko kuma yadda mutane da yawa ke gaskatawa a halin yanzu.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Biswas&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |first=Asit K. |last=Biswas |url=http://www.inwent.org/E+Z/zeitschr/de602-11.htm |title=Aswan Dam Revisited: The Benefits of a Much-Maligned Dam |journal=Development and Cooperation |number=6 |date=November–December 2002 |pages=25–27 |access-date=2018-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615032505/http://www.inwent.org/E+Z/zeitschr/de602-11.htm |archive-date=2011-06-15 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani mai lura da al'amuran kuma bai yarda ba, inda ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a rushe madatsar ruwan. Rushe ta zai ci kuɗi kaɗan ne kawai na kuɗaɗen da ake buƙata don &quot;ci gaba da yaƙi da lahani da madatsar ruwan ke haifarwa&quot; kuma ana iya dawo da hekta 500,000 na ƙasa mai kyau daga laka da ke kasan tafkin da aka kwashe ruwansa.&lt;ref&gt;Professor Fouad Ibrahim, an Egyptian geoscientist teaching in Germany in a 1982 article quoted by Peter Wald: &quot;25 Years Later:The Aswan High Dam Has Proven its Worth&quot;, Development and Cooperation 2/96, pp. 20–21&lt;/ref&gt; Samuel C. Florman ya rubuta game da madatsar ruwan: &quot;A matsayinta na gini, an yi nasara. Amma a tasirinta a kan tsarin muhalli na kwarin Nilu – wanda yawancinsa za a iya hango shi tun da farko – gazawa ce&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Florman|first=Samuel C.|title=The existential pleasures of engineering|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=1994|location=New York|page=20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ambaliyar ruwa da fari na lokaci-lokaci sun shafi Masar tun lokacin dā. Madatsar ruwan ta rage tasirin ambaliyar ruwa, kamar na shekarun 1964, 1973, da 1988. An inganta sufurin ruwa a tsawon kogin, a sama da kuma ƙasa da madatsar ruwan. Yin zirga-zirga a cikin teku a tsawon kogin Nilu wani babban aiki ne na buɗe ido da mutane suka fi so, wanda galibi ake yin sa lokacin hunturu lokacin da kwararar ruwan kogin Nilu na halitta zai yi ƙasa sosai da ba zai ba da damar jiragen ruwa na shakatawa su yi tafiya ba. An ƙirƙiri sabuwar masana'antar kamun kifi a kewayen Tafkin Nasser, kodayake tana fuskantar wahala saboda nisan da ke tsakaninta da duk wata babbar kasuwa. Yawan amfanin shekara-shekara ya kai kusan tan 35,000 a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. An kafa masana'antu na kamun kifi da shirya kaya kusa da Tafkin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid and Shibini&quot;/&gt;

Kamar yadda wani rahoto na sirri na hukumar CIA na shekarar 1971 ya nuna, kodayake Babban Madatsar Ruwa ba ta haifar da matsalolin muhalli masu tsanani kamar yadda wasu masu lura da al'amura ke zargi ba, gina ta ya kawo asarar tattalin arziki gami da riba. Waɗannan asarori sun samo asali ne mafi yawancinsu daga taruwar laka mai albarka a cikin tafkin madatsar ruwan wadda kogin Nilu ya saba ɗauko ta a dā. Zuwa lokacin (1971), babban tasirin ya kasance a kan masana'antar kamun kifi. Kamun kifi na Masar a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum, wanda a dā ya kai matsakaicin tan 35,000–40,000 a kowace shekara, ya ragu zuwa tan 20,000 ko ƙasa da haka, musamman saboda rashin ƙananan halittu na ruwa (plankton) waɗanda lakar ke ciyar da su, wanda hakan ya share kifin sardine a ruwayen Masar. Kamun kifi a cikin tafkin babban madatsar ruwan na iya rage asarar kifin ruwan gishiri a nan gaba, amma lissafi mafi inganci kawai ke nuna cewa za a iya kama tan 15,000–20,000 a ƙarshe. Rashin ci gaba da taruwar laka a bakin kogin ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga babbar matsalar zaizayar ƙasa. Bukatun takin zamani na kasuwanci da matsalolin gishiri da magudanar ruwa, waɗanda riga sun yi yawa a yankunan da ake ban ruwa na Tsakiya da Ƙasasar Masar, za su ƙaru kaɗan a Kudancin Masar saboda canji zuwa ban ruwa na dindindin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Kariya daga fari, aikin gona da samar da ayyukan yi ===
[[File:Egyptian Countryside R06.jpg|thumb|left|Ƙauyen Masar ya amfana daga Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan ta hanyar ingantaccen ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki, kamar yadda aka nuna a nan a Al Bayadiyah, kudancin Luxor]]
Madatsun ruwan sun kuma kare Masar daga fari a shekarun 1972–1973 da 1983–1987 wanda ya daidaita Gabas da Yammacin Afirka. Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta bai wa Masar damar dawo da kusan feddan miliyan 2.0 (hekta 840,000) a yankin Delta na Nilu da kuma tsawon Kwarin Nilu, wanda ya ƙara yankin da ake ban ruwa na ƙasar da kashi ɗaya cikin uku. Wannan ƙaruwa ta samu ne ta hanyar ban ruwa ga abin da ya kasance hamada a dā da kuma noma hekta 385,000 waɗanda a dā ake amfani da su azaman wuraren jiran ambaliyar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schamp&quot;/&gt; Kusan iyalai dubu ɗari biyar ne aka tsugunar a waɗannan sabbin ƙasashe. Musamman yankunan da ake noman shinkafa da rake sun ƙaru. Bugu da ƙari, kusan feddan miliyan 1 (hekta 420,000), mafi yawancinsu a Kudancin Masar, an canza su daga ban ruwa na ambaliya tare da girbi guda ɗaya kacal a shekara zuwa ban ruwa na dindindin wanda ke ba da damar girbi biyu ko fiye a shekara. A sauran ƙasashen da ake ban ruwa a dā, amfanin gona ya ƙaru saboda ana iya samun ruwa a lokuta masu muhimmanci na ƙarancin ruwa. Misali, amfanin alkama a Masar ya ninka sau uku tsakanin 1952 da 1991 kuma ingantuwar samun ruwa ya ba da gudummawa ga wannan ƙaruwa. Mafi yawan mita kubik biliyan 32 na ruwan sha, ko kusan kashi 40 na matsakaicin kwararar kogin Nilu wanda a dā ake asararsa a teku a kowace shekara, an sami damar amfani da shi ta hanya mai kyau. Yayin da kusan mita kubik biliyan 10 na ruwan da aka ajiye ke bita ta hanyar tiruri a Tafkin Nasser, adadin ruwan da ake da shi don ban ruwa har yanzu ya ƙaru da mita kubik biliyan 22.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid and Shibini&quot;&gt;M.A. Abu-Zeid &amp; F. Z. El-Shibini: &quot;Egypt's High Aswan Dam {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720101000/http://www.ci.uri.edu/ciip/FallClass/Docs_2006/UrbanWaterfronts/Abu-Zeid%20and%20El-Shibini.pdf |date=2011-07-20 }}&quot;, ''Water Resources Development'', Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 209–217, 1997&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu lissafin sun nuna cewa tirurin ruwa daga Tafkin Nasser yana tsakanin mita kubik biliyan 10 da 16 a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;M.A. Mosalam Shaltout, T. El Housry:Estimating the evaporation over Nasser Lake in the Upper Egypt from Meteosat observations, Advances in Space Research, 19 (3) (1997), pp. 515–518&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Power plant at Aswan High Dam, Aswan, Egypt.jpg|thumb|Tawayoyin wutar lantarki a tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan]]

=== Samar da wutar lantarki ===
[[File:Aswan Dam.jpg|thumb|Tashar wutar lantarki ta Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan, tare da madatsar ruwan kanta a bango]]
Madatsar ruwan tana kunna injina guda goma sha biyu kowannensu mai ƙarfin 175 MW, tare da jimillar 2.1 GW. An fara samar da wutar lantarki a shekarar 1967. Lokacin da Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta fara kaiwa ga kololuwar aikinta a shekarar 1970, ta samar da kusan rabin wutar lantarki ta Masar (kusan kashi 15 cikin 100 zuwa shekarar 1998), kuma ta ba mafi yawan ƙauyukan Masar damar amfani da wutar lantarki a karon farko. Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta kuma inganta inganci da faɗaɗa tsofaffin tashoshin wutar lantarki na Aswan ta hanyar daidaita kwararar ruwa daga sama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid and Shibini&quot;/&gt; A lokacin da aka kammala ta, ita ce tashar wutar lantarki mafi girma a Afirka kuma ta 6 mafi girma a tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a duniya.

An kammala duk ayyukan wutar lantarki na Babban Madatsar Ruwa kafin lokacin da aka tsara. An girka tare da gwada injina (turbines) guda goma sha biyu, wanda ya ba tashar ƙarfin 2,100 megawatts (MW), ko fiye da ninki biyu na jimillar ƙasa a shekarar 1960. Tare da wannan ƙarfin, tashar Aswan tana iya samar da biliyan 10 kWh na makamashi a kowace shekara. An kammala manyan layuka guda biyu na 500-kilovolt zuwa Alkahira, kuma an magance matsalolin farko na watsa wutar lantarki, waɗanda suka samo asali mafi yawancinsu daga tsofaffin abubuwan kariya (insulators). Har ila yau, barna da dakarun mamaya na Isra'ila suka yi wa babbar tashar canza wutar lantarki a shekarar 1968 an gyara ta, kuma tashar Aswan ta haɗu gaba ɗaya da hanyar sadarwar wutar lantarki a Ƙasasar Masar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Power plant profile: Aswan High dam, Egypt |date=24 November 2021 |url=https://www.power-technology.com/data-insights/power-plant-profile-aswan-high-dam-egypt/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; A canjin shekarar 1971, samar da wutar lantarki a Aswan ba zai kai fiye da rabin ƙarfin tashar na lissafi ba, saboda ƙarancin ruwa da kuma mabambantan tsarin amfani da ruwa na lokuta daban-daban don ban ruwa da samar da wuta. Bukatar ruwa ta aikin gona a lokacin rani ta wuce adadin da ake buƙata don biyan buƙatar wutar lantarki da ke da ƙasa a lokacin rani. Amfani mai yawa na ban ruwa a lokacin rani, duk da haka, zai bar ruwa maras isasshe ƙarƙashin ikon Masar don ba da damar samar da wutar lantarki a cikakken ƙarfi lokacin hunturu. Binciken fasaha ya nuna cewa matsakaicin amfanin shekara-shekara na biliyan 5 kWh da alama shi ne kaɗai za a iya dorewa saboda sauye-sauye a kwararar kogin Nilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM ECONOMIC IMPRACT OF THE ASWAN HIGH DAM |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP85T00875R001700020056-7.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sa ran samar da wutar lantarki ta Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan zai fuskanci tasiri daga manyan madatsun ruwa na sama yayin tsawaitwar lokutan fari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Heggy |first1=Essam |last2=Abotalib |first2=Abotalib Z. |last3=You |first3=Jongeun |last4=Hanert |first4=Emmanuel |last5=Ramah |first5=Mohamed |title= Heggy, E. et al. Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam can generate sustainable hydropower while minimizing downstream water deficit during prolonged droughts. Commun Earth Environ 5, 757 (2024) |journal=Communications Earth &amp; Environment |date=9 December 2024 |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=757 |doi=10.1038/s43247-024-01821-w |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01821-w |hdl=2078.1/294594 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗari ===
Wani bincike da Nicol-André Berdellé ya gudanar a shekarar 2024 ya gano cewa ambaliya da kuma rugujewar Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan zai kasance bala'i ga Masar, domin da alama zai lalata mafi yawan yankunan da aka gina a ƙasar tare da haifar da asarar rayuka na miliyoyin mutane. Saboda girman Tafkin Nasser da kuma saurin faruwar irin wannan taron, zai kasance cikin mafi munanan ambaliyar ruwa a tarihi. Ƙasar da abin ya shafa ba zai yiwu a yi noma a kanta ba bayan haka saboda taurarren laka da zai rufe yawancin ƙasashen gona, wanda hakan zai haifar da yunwa mai yawa a Masar.

Dalilai masu yiwuwa na faruwar irin wannan taron da Berdellé ya ambata sun haɗa da gazawar Babbar Madatsar Ruwa ta Renaissance ta Habasha, harin soja a kan madatsar ruwan, ko kuma ambaliyar ruwan kogin Nilu mai girman gaske na shekara-shekara. Saboda ci gaba da taruwar laka a kasan tafkin Nasser, Berdellé ya ce irin wannan taron zai kasance mafi kusantar faruwa a kowace shekara kuma zai faru nan da shekaru da dama idan ba a ɗauki mataki ba. Berdellé ya ce ana amfani da madatsar ruwan a matakan ruwa marasa aminci kuma ya yi kira ga hukumomin Masar da su takaita matakan ruwa da kuma zurfafa magudanar ruwa ta Toshka.&lt;ref&gt; &quot;Nicol-André Berdellé (2024) Breach of Aswan Dam - a realistic worst case scenario&quot; [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380999349_Breach_of_Aswan_dam_-_a_realistic_worst_case_scenario] &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; &quot;Nicol-André Berdellé (2025) Breach of Aswan Dam - brief follow-up report&quot; [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/394114444_Breach_of_Aswan_Dam_study_-_brief_follow-up_report] &lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tsugunarwa da biyan diyya ===
[[File:Sudan Wadi Halfa RR Hotel From Garden 1936.jpg|thumb|Hoton tsohon garin Wadi Halfa da Tafkin Nasser ya nutsar]]
Tafkin Nasser ya nutsar da mafi yawan sassan ƙasasar Nubia kuma an tsugunar da mutane 100,000 zuwa 120,000 a Sudan da Masar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thayer&quot;&gt;{{citation |first1=Thayer |last1=Scudder |first2=John |last2=Gay |contribution-url=http://www.hss.caltech.edu/~tzs/50%20Dam%20Survey.pdf |contribution=A comparative survey of dam-induced resettlement in 50 cases |editor-first=Thayer |editor-last=Scudder |title=The Future of Large Dams: Dealing with Social, Environmental, Institutional and Political Costs |year=2005 |publisher=Earthscan |isbn=1-84407-155-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:WadiHalfa,center.jpg|thumb|right|Wani hoto na Sabon Wadi Halfa, mazaunin da aka ƙirƙira a gaɓar Tafkin Nasser don adana wani ɓangare na mutanen da aka tsugunar daga tsohon garin Wadi Halfa]]
A Sudan, an ƙaura da mutane 50,000 zuwa 70,000 na Nubia na Sudan daga tsohon garin Wadi Halfa da ƙauyukansa na kewaye. Wasu an ƙaura da su zuwa sabon mazaunin da aka ƙirƙira a gaɓar Tafkin Nasser mai suna Sabon Wadi Halfa, wasu kuma an tsugunar da su kusan kilomita 700 kudu zuwa sararin samaniya na Butana kusa da garin Khashm el-Girba a saman Kogin Atbara. Yanayin can yana da lokacin damina na yau da kullun sabanin mazauninsu na hamada na dā inda kusan ba a samun ruwan sama. Gwamnati ta ɓata wani aikin ban ruwa, mai suna Tsarin Haɓaka Noma na Sabon Halfa don noman auduga, hatsi, rake da sauran amfanin gona. An tsugunar da mutanen Nubia a cikin ƙauyuka ashirin da biyar da aka tsara waɗanda suka haɗa da makarantu, wuraren kiwon lafiya, da sauran ayyuka, gami da ruwan famfo da wasu wutar lantarki.

A Masar, yawancin mutanen Nubia 50,000 an ƙaura da su kilomita uku zuwa goma daga kogin Nilu kusa da Edna da Kom Ombo, kilomita 45 a ƙasa da Aswan a cikin abin da ake kira &quot;Sabuwar Nubia&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Amer |first1=Mourad |title=Rebuilding Cultural Identity: Nubian Rehabilitation along the Shore of Lake Nasser |journal=Environmental Science and Sustainable Development |date=2019 |page=19 |doi=10.21625/essd.v3iss1.279 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; An gina gidaje da wurare don rukunin ƙauyuka 47 waɗanda dangantakar juna ta yi kusa da ta tsohuwar Nubia. An samar da ƙasashen ban ruwa don noman rake mafi yawancinsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |first=Thayer |last=Scudder |url=http://www.hss.caltech.edu/~tzs/Aswan%20High%20Dam%20case.pdf |title=The Aswan High Dam Case |year=2003 |pages=11–12 |access-date=2011-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605193034/http://www.hss.caltech.edu/~tzs/Aswan%20High%20Dam%20case.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-05 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Stock |first=Jill Kamil; photographs by Michael |title=Aswan and Abu Simbel: history and guide |year=1993 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |location=Cairo |isbn=977-424-321-8 |pages=141–142 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZGrBnInneIC&amp;q=aswan+dam+new+nubia&amp;pg=PA142}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2019–20, Masar ta fara biyan diyya ga mutanen Nubia waɗanda suka rasa gidajensu sakamakon taruwar ruwan madatsar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/79830/Egypt-s-PM-witnesses-compensation-of-Nubians-displaced-by-dam|title=Egypt's PM witnesses compensation of Nubians displaced by dam construction|website=Egypt Today|date=20 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Wuraren tarihi na dā ===
[[File:Abusimbel.jpg|thumb|Mutum-mutumin Ramses Mai Girma a Babban Haikali na Abu Simbel an sake haɗa shi bayan an ƙaura da shi a shekarar 1967 don ceton sa daga nutsawa a ruwa.]]
{{main|International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia}}

Abubuwan tarihi guda ashirin da biyu da rukunonin gine-gine da ambaliyar ruwa daga Tafkin Nasser ke barazana gare su, gami da haikali na Abu Simbel, an kiyaye su ta hanyar ƙaura da su zuwa gaɓar tafkin ƙarƙashin Kamfen ɗin Nubia na UNESCO.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCO_Nubia_Campaign&quot;&gt;[http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=24168&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html The Rescue of Nubian Monuments and Sites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222150930/http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D24168%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html/ |date=2016-12-22 }}, UNESCO project site about Nubia Campaign.&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma ƙaura da Philae, Kalabsha da Amada.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid and Shibini&quot;/&gt;

An ba da waɗannan abubuwan tarihi ga ƙasashen da suka taimaka da ayyukan:
* Haikali na Debod ga Madrid
* Haikali na Dendur ga Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Metropolitan na New York
* Haikali na Taffeh ga Rijksmuseum van Oudheden na Leiden
* Haikali na Ellesyia ga Museo Egizio na Turin

An kwashe waɗannan abubuwa zuwa yankin lambu na Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Sudan na Khartoum:&lt;ref&gt;Reis, Michael (1999), Who is who in Ancient Egypt, p. 48 {{ISBN|0-415-15448-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Haikali na Ramses II a Aksha, Sudan
* Haikali na Hatshepsut a Buhen
* Haikali na Khnum a Kumma
* Kabarin yariman Nubia Djehuti-hotep a Debeira
* Haikali na Dedwen da Sesostris III a Semna
* Shika-shikan granite daga Katolika na Faras
* Wani ɓangare na zane-zane na Katolika na Faras; ɗayan ɓangaren yana Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Warsaw.

Haikali na Ptah a Gerf Hussein an sake gina sashinsa na waje a Sabuwar Kalabsha, kusa da Haikali na Kalabsha, Beit el-Wali, da Kiosk na Qertassi.

Sauran wuraren tarihi na dā, gami da kariya ta Buhen da makabartar Fadrus, Tafkin Nasser ya nutsar da su.

=== Rashin laka ===
[[Image:Lake Nasser.jpg|thumb|left|Tafkin Nasser da ke bayan madatsar ruwan Aswan ya raba mutane fiye da 100,000 da mazaunansu kuma yana tara laka mai yawa.]]
Kafin gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa, kogin Nilu ya saba ajiye laka na mabanbantan girma – wanda ya ƙunshi rairayi mai kyau, laka da yumbu – a kan gonaki a Kudancin Masar ta hanyar ambaliyarsa ta shekara-shekara, wanda ke taimakawa ga albarkar ƙasa. Sai dai kuma, galibi ana ƙara gishiri ga darajar sinadiran gina jiki na lakar. Kashi 88 cikin 100 na lakar ana kwashe ta zuwa teku kafin gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa. Darajar sinadiran gina jiki da lakar ke ƙarawa ƙasar ta kasance tan 6,000 na potash kawai, tan 7,000 na phosphorus pentoxide da tan 17,000 na nitrogen. Waɗannan adadi ba su da yawa idan aka kwatanta da abin da ake buƙata don kaiwa ga amfanin gona da ake samu a yanzu a ban ruwa na Masar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid 1989&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |first=M.A. |last=Abu Zeid |title=Environmental impacts of the High Dam |journal=Water Resources Development |volume=5 |number=3 |date=September 1989 |page=156}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, bazuwar laka na shekara-shekara saboda ambaliyar kogin Nilu ya kasance yana faruwa ne a tsawon gaɓar kogin Nilu. Yankunan da ke da nisa da

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Babban madatsar ruwa [[Aswan, Egypt|Aswan]], wanda galibi ake kira kawai madatsar ruwa ta Aswan, tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan madatsar jiragen ruwa a duniya, wanda aka gina tsakanin 1960 da 1970 a fadin [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] a Aswan, Misira. Gwamnatin Masar ce ta haɓaka aikin tare da taimakon [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] don inganta kula da ambaliyar ruwa, samar da ƙarin ajiyar ruwa don ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki. An ga madatsar ruwan a matsayin muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga shirye-shiryen Masana'antu na kasar. Kamar aiwatarwa da ta gabata, Babban Dam din ya yi tasiri sosai ga tattalin arziki da al'adun Masar.

Lokacin da aka kammala shi, shi ne madatsar ruwa mafi tsayi a duniya, wadda ta zarce madatsar ruwa ta Chatuge a Amurka.  An gina madatsar ruwa, wadda ta ƙirƙiri madatsar ruwa ta [[tafkin Nasser]], {{Cvt|7|km}} sama da madatsar ruwan Aswan Low, wanda aka kammala a shekarar 1902 kuma an riga an yi amfani da shi sosai.

Da yake an gina tsohon madatsar ruwa, [[Ambaliyar kogin nilu|ambaliyar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta kogin Nilu]] a ƙarshen bazara ta ci gaba da wucewa ba tare da wani cikas ba a kwarin daga magudanar ruwa [[Gabashin Afirka|ta Gabashin Afirka]] . Waɗannan ambaliyar ruwa suna kawo ruwa mai yawa tare da abubuwan gina jiki na halitta da ma'adanai waɗanda ke wadatar da [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]] mai kyau a gefen [[Filin Ambaliyar|ambaliyar ruwa]] da kuma yankin delta ; wannan hasashen ya sa kwarin Nilu ya zama wuri mai kyau don noma tun [[Tsohuwar Masar|zamanin da]] . Duk da haka, wannan ambaliyar ruwa ta halitta ta bambanta, domin shekarun ruwan sama masu yawa na iya lalata dukkan amfanin gona, yayin da shekarun ƙarancin ruwa na iya haifar da [[fari]] mai yawa da kuma yunwa . Duk waɗannan abubuwan biyu sun ci gaba da faruwa lokaci-lokaci.

== Tarihin gini ==
Yunkurin farko da aka rubuta na gina madatsar ruwa kusa da Aswan ya faru ne a ƙarni na 11, lokacin da [[Halifancin Fatimid|Khalifan Fatim]] Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ya kira babban masanin ilmin taurari na Larabawa kuma injiniya [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (wanda aka sani da ''Alhazen'' a Yamma) zuwa Masar don daidaita [[Ambaliyar kogin nilu|ambaliyar ruwa ta Kogin Nilu]], aikin da ke buƙatar yunƙurin gaggawa a madatsar ruwa ta Aswan.  Bayan aikinsa a fagen ya shawo kansa game da rashin amfani da wannan makircin,  kuma yana jin tsoron fushin Khalifa, ya yi kamar mahaukaci ne . An tsare shi a gidan yari tun daga 1011 har zuwa mutuwar al-Hakim a 1021, a lokacin ne ya rubuta ''littafinsa mai tasiri na Littattafan Haske'' . 

=== Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan, 1898–1902 ===
Turawan Birtaniya sun fara gina madatsar ruwa ta farko a fadin kogin Nilu a shekarar 1898. Ginin ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarar 1902 kuma an bude madatsar ruwa a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1902. Sir William Willcocks ne ya tsara aikin kuma ya kunshi fitattun injiniyoyi da dama, ciki har da Sir Benjamin Baker da Sir John Aird, wanda kamfaninsa, John Aird &amp;amp;amp; Co., shine babban dan kwangilar.  

Duk da cewa Dulles ya yi imanin cewa Nasser yana yin zamba ne kawai kuma Tarayyar Soviet ba za ta taimaki Nasser ba, ya yi kuskure: Tarayyar Soviet ta yi wa Nasser alƙawarin samun makamai da yawa don a biya shi da wuri na hatsi da audugar Masar. A ranar 27 ga Satumba, 1955, Nasser ya sanar da yarjejeniyar makamai, inda Czechoslovakia ta yi aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani don goyon bayan Tarayyar Soviet.  Maimakon kai hari ga Nasser saboda komawa ga Tarayyar Soviet, Dulles ya nemi inganta dangantaka da shi. A watan Disamba na 1955, Amurka da Burtaniya sun yi alkawarin dala 56 da dala 14&amp;nbsp;miliyan, bi da bi, don gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan. 
[[Fayil:Nasser_observing_Aswan_Dam_construction.jpg|left|thumb|[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] yana lura da aikin gina madatsar ruwa, 1963]]
Duk da cewa yarjejeniyar makamai ta Czech ta haifar da kwarin gwiwa ga Amurka ta zuba jari a Aswan, Birtaniya ta ambaci yarjejeniyar a matsayin dalilin soke alkawarinta na asusun madatsun ruwa. Dulles ya fusata sosai da amincewar da Nasser ya yi wa [[Sin|China]] a fannin diflomasiyya, wanda ya saba wa manufar Dulles ta takaita kwaminisanci. 

Wasu dalilai da dama sun taimaka wa Amurka ta yanke shawarar janye tayinta na samar da kudaden gina madatsar ruwa. Dulles ya yi imanin cewa Tarayyar Soviet ba za ta cika alkawarinta na tallafawa sojoji ba. Ya kuma fusata da rashin daidaiton Nasser da kuma yunkurin yin amfani da bangarorin biyu na [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cacar Baki]] . A lokacin, sauran kawayen Yammacin Turai a Gabas ta Tsakiya, ciki har da Turkiyya da Iraki, sun nuna rashin jin daɗin cewa ana ba wa Masar, ƙasa mai ci gaba da tsaka-tsaki, taimako mai yawa. 

A watan Yunin 1956, Tarayyar Soviet ta ba Nasser dala $1.12&amp;nbsp;biliyan a kashi 2% na ribar ginin madatsar ruwan. A ranar 19 ga Yuli, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta sanar da cewa tallafin kuɗi na Amurka ga Babban Madatsar ruwan &quot;ba zai yiwu ba a halin yanzu.&quot; 

A ranar 26 ga Yulin 1956, tare da yabo daga Masar, Nasser ya sanar da mayar da magudanar ruwa ta Suez ta ƙasa, wadda ta haɗa da diyya mai kyau ga tsoffin masu ita. Nasser ya tsara kuɗaɗen shiga da magudanar ruwa ke samu don taimakawa wajen samar da kuɗin gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa. Lokacin da Yaƙin Suez ya ɓarke, Birtaniya, Faransa, da Isra'ila sun kwace magudanar ruwa da Sinai. Amma matsin lamba daga Amurka da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]] da wasu wurare ya tilasta musu janyewa.

Duk da girmansa, aikin Aswan bai yi wa ma'aunin biyan bashin Masar illa ba. Kudaden Tarayyar Soviet guda uku sun rufe kusan dukkan buƙatun musayar kuɗi na ƙasashen waje na aikin, gami da kuɗin ayyukan fasaha, kayan aikin samar da wutar lantarki da na'urorin watsawa da aka shigo da su da kuma wasu kayan aikin da aka shigo da su don sake mallakar filaye. Masar ba ta fuskanci wani nauyi mai tsanani ba game da biyan bashin, yawancinsu an tsawaita su na tsawon shekaru 12 tare da riba mai ƙarancin kashi 2-1/2%. Biyan kuɗi ga [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] ya ƙunshi ƙaramin magudanar ruwa ne kawai a rabin farko na shekarun 1960, kuma ƙaruwar kuɗin fitar da kaya da aka samu daga amfanin gona da aka noma a sabbin filayen da aka sake kwato sun fi daidaita matsakaicin biyan bashin da aka biya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. A lokacin 1965-1970, waɗannan kuɗaɗen da aka samu daga fitarwa sun kai kimanin dala $126.&amp;nbsp;miliyan, idan aka kwatanta da biyan bashin dala $113&amp;nbsp;miliyan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM ECONOMIC IMPRACT OF THE ASWAN HIGH DAM |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP85T00875R001700020056-7.pdf |website=Cia Readingroom}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gini da cika, 1960–1976 ===
[[Image:High Dam Burg Memorial Wall, Aswan, Egypt, Oct 2004.jpg|right|thumb|Gaban tsakiyar ginin tunawa da Abotar Larabawa da Tarayyar Soviet. Wannan abun tunawa an gina shi ne don bikin kammala Babbar Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan. Shashen hagu yana ɗauke da tambarin Tarayyar Soviet, yayin da shashen dama kuma yake ɗauke da tambarin ƙasar Masar.]]

Haka kuma Tarayyar Soviet ta samar da kwararrun masana da manyan injinan aiki. Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev na Cibiyar Hydroproject da ke Moscow ne ya tsara wannan katuwar madatsar ruwa ta dutse da yāka,&lt;ref name=Malyshev&gt;{{cite web|url=https://foreignaffairs.co.nz/2024/01/16/mil-osi-russia-legends-of-russian-science-nikolai-aleksandrovich-malyshev/|title=Legends of Russian science: Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev|author=MIL-OSI|date=January 16, 2024|work=foreignaffairs.co.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Smith&gt;{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Jean Edward|title=Eisenhower in War and Peace|date=2012|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|isbn=978-0679644293|page=694|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jO2gLXNNa2wC&amp;pg=PA694|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da taimakon wasu injiniyoyin ƙasar Masar. Injiniyoyi da ma'aikata 'yan ƙasar Masar guda 25,000 ne suka ba da gudummawa wajen ginin madatsun ruwan.

A da, injiniyoyin Jamus ta Yamma da na Faransa ne suka tsara aikin a farkon shekarun 1950, kuma an yi niyyar ba da kuɗaɗen aikin ta hanyar rance daga ƙasashen Yamma, sai dai Babbar Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan ta zama babban aikin taimako na ƙasashen waje mafi shahara na Tarayyar Soviet (USSR) bayan da Amurka, Burtaniya, da Bankin Duniya na Sake Gini da Ci gaba (IBRD) suka janye goyon bayansu a shekarar 1956. An ba da rancen farko na Soviet dalar amurka miliyan $100 a shekarar 1958 don biyan kuɗaɗen ginin madatsun ruwa na wucin gadi domin karkatar da kwararar kogin Nilu. An sake ba da ƙarin dalar amurka miliyan $225 a shekarar 1960 don kammala madatsar ruwan da gina wuraren samar da wutar lantarki, kuma bayan haka an samar da kusan dalar amurka miliyan $100 don farfaɗo da ƙasashe. Waɗannan lamuni na kusan dalar amurka miliyan $425 sun biya ne kawai kuɗaɗen musayar ƙasashen waje na aikin, gami da albashin injiniyoyin Soviet waɗanda suka lura da aikin kuma suka ɗauki alhakin girkawa da gwada kayan aikin na Soviet. Shirin ginin na gaske, wanda aka fara a shekarar 1960, kamfanonin ƙasar Masar ne suka yi shi a ƙarƙashin kwangila da Hukumar Babbar Madatsar Ruwa, kuma Masarawa ne suka ɗauki dukkan kuɗaɗen cikin gida. Shiga da Masar ta yi a cikin wannan harka ya ɗaukaka ƙarfi da mutuncin masana'antar gine-gine ta ƙasar sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A ɓangaren ƙasar Masar, kamfanin Arab Contractors na Osman Ahmed Osman ne ya jagoranci aikin. Matashin Osman ya ba da farashin kwangila wanda ya gaza na babban mai fafatawa da shi da rabi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909474,00.html |title=Osman the Efficient |access-date=2008-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030181444/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909474,00.html |archive-date=2010-10-30 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1960: An fara ginin a ranar 9 ga Janairu&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Robert O. |last=Collins |title=The Nile |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2002 |page=[https://archive.org/details/nile00robe/page/181 181] |isbn=0-300-09764-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/nile00robe|url-access=registration |quote=robert collins the nile. }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1964: An kammala matakin farko na ginin madatsar ruwan, kuma tafkin ya fara cika da ruwa
* 1970: An kammala Babbar Madatsar Ruwa, wato ''as-Sad al-'Aali'', a ranar 21 ga Yuli&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/thisday/jul21/aswan-dam-completed/?ar_a=1 | title=1970: Aswan Dam Completed | publisher=National Geographic Society | access-date=20 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820061908/http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/thisday/jul21/aswan-dam-completed/?ar_a=1 | archive-date=20 August 2014 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1976: Tafkin madatsar ruwan ya cika dakat da iyakar ƙarfinsa.
[[File:AswanHighDam111m1970ElectricalMechanicalAswanEgypt-01.gif|Zataccen Hoton Madatsar Ruwa]]

== Bayanin Ƙa’idoji ==
Aswan High Dam yana da tsawon {{convert|3830|m}}. Yana da faɗin {{cvt|980|m}} a ƙasan tushe, {{cvt|40|m}} a saman (crest), kuma tsayinsa ya kai {{cvt|111|m}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aswan High Dam {{!}} dam, Egypt|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aswan-High-Dam|access-date=2020-10-24|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Yana ƙunshe da kimanin {{convert|43,000,000|m3|cuyd}} na kayan gini. A mafi girman aiki, yana iya fitar da ruwa har {{convert|11000|m3/s}}. Haka kuma akwai hanyoyin gaggawa (emergency spillways) da za su iya fitar da ƙarin ruwa har {{convert|5000|m3/s}}.

Hakanan, tashar [[Toshka]] Canal tana haɗa tafkin da ake kira [[Lake Nasser]] zuwa kwarin Toshka. Tafkin Lake Nasser yana da tsawon {{cvt|500|km||abbr=}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-03-11|title=The spectacular failures and successes of massive dams|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-51459930|access-date=2020-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma faɗinsa a mafi girma ya kai {{cvt|35|km}}.

Yana da yawan ruwa har {{convert|132|km3|cuyd}}. Jimillar sararin tafkin ya kai {{convert|5250|km2}}.

{{wide image|Presa de Asuán, Egipto, 2022-04-01, DD 73-80 PAN.jpg|900|Hoton panorama na Aswan Dam yana kallon kudu}}

== Tsarin Ban Ruwa ==

[[File:Egypt sat.png|thumb|left|Ƙasashen gona kore masu ban ruwa a tsawon kogin Nilu a tsakiyar hamada]]
[[File:NileBalance.JPG|thumb|Madaidaicin ma'aunin ruwa]]
[[File:NileCanals.JPG|thumb|Manyan tsarin ban ruwa (a firi)]]
Sakamakon rashin samun isasshen ruwan sama mai kiyastawa, aikin jiran gona na ƙasar Masar ya dogara ne gaba ɗaya akan ban ruwa. Ta hanyar ban ruwa, ana iya yin girbi biyu a shekara, in ban da rami wanda ke ɗaukar kusan shekara guda yana girma.

Babbar madatsar ruwa ta Aswan tana bayar da kwararar ruwa, a matsakaici, mita kubik biliyan 55 (55 km3) a kowace shekara, inda kusan mita kubik biliyan 46 (46 km3) ake karkatar da su zuwa madatsun ruwa na ban ruwa.

A kwarin Nilu da bakin teku (delta), kusan murabba'in kilomita 336,000 (336,000 km2) ne ke amfana da waɗannan ruwaye inda suke samar da amfanin gona 1.8 a matsakaici a shekara. Amfanin ruwa na shekara-shekara na amfanin gona ya kai kusan mita kubik biliyan 38 (38 km3). Saboda haka, ingancin ban ruwa gaba ɗaya shine 38/46 = 0.826 ko kashi 83%. Wannan inganci ne mai girma na ban ruwa. Ingancin ban ruwa na fage ya yi ƙasa sosai, amma ana sake amfani da ruwan da aka rasa a can ƙasa rafi. Wannan sake amfani da ruwa akai-akai shi ne silar samar da babban inganci gaba ɗaya.

Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna rarraba ruwan ban ruwa a kan ƙananan madatsun ruwa da ke rassa daga babban madatsar ruwa guda ɗaya na ban ruwa, wato Madatsar Ruwa ta Mansuriya kusa da Giza.&lt;ref&gt;''Impacts of the Irrigation Improvement Projects in Egypt''. Egyptian-Dutch Advisory Panel and International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 1999. Download from:[http://www.waterlog.info/reports.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207151045/http://www.waterlog.info/reports.htm|date=2010-02-07}} , under nr. 4, or directly as PDF: [http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/irrimpr.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228020427/http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/irrimpr.pdf|date=2008-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Ƙananan madatsun ruwa
! Isar da ruwa a m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/feddan *
|-
| Kafret Nasser
| 4,700
|-
| Beni Magdul
| 3,500
|-
| El Mansuria
| 3,300
|-
| El Hammami na sama
| 2,800
|-
| El Hammami na ƙasa
| 1,800
|-
| El Shimi
| 1,200
|}
:&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Lokacin 1 ga Maris zuwa 31 ga Yuli. Feddan 1 daidai yake da hekta 0.42 ko kusan eka 1.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Bayanai daga Aikin Gudanar da Amfanin Ruwa na Masar (EWUP)&lt;ref&gt;Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. ''Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report''. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawan gishiri a cikin ruwan madatsar ruwa ta Aswan ya kai kusan kilogiram 0.25 a kowace mita kubik (0.25 kg/m3), matakin gishiri mai ƙasa sosai. A matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na mita kubik biliyan 55 (55 km3), shigar gishiri na shekara-shekara yana kaiwa tan miliyan 14. Matsakaicin yawan gishiri na ruwan magudanar ruwa da ake kora zuwa teku da tabukan dake gaɓar teku ya kai kilogiram 2.7 a kowace mita kubik (2.7 kg/m3).&lt;ref&gt;Egyptian Drainage Research Institute, DRI, yearbook 1995/1996&lt;/ref&gt; A fitar ruwa na shekara-shekara na mita kubik biliyan 10 (10 km3) (ba a lissafta kilogiram 2 a kowace mita kubik (2 kg/m3) na shigar gishiri daga teku da tabuka ba, duba hoton &quot;Madaidaicin ma'aunin ruwa&quot;), fitar gishiri na shekara-shekara yana kaiwa tan miliyan 27. A shekarar 1995, fitar gishiri ya yi yawa fiye da shigar gishiri, kuma ƙasashen gona na Masar suna rage gishiri. Wani ɓangare na wannan na iya kasancewa ne saboda yawan ayyukan magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da aka gudanar a cikin shekarun da suka gabata domin sarrafa matakin ruwa da gishirin ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;M.S.Abdel-Dayem, 1987. &quot;Development of land drainage in Egypt.&quot; In: J.Vos (Ed.) Proceedings, Symposium 25th International Course on Land Drainage. ILRI publ. 42. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Wageningen, The Netherlands&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwashe ruwa ta hanyar magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da tashoshi na da matukar muhimmanci don hana lalacewar amfanin gona sakamakon matsalar ruwa (waterlogging) da gishirin ƙasa da ban ruwa ke haifarwa. Zuwa shekarar 2003, an samar wa fiye da murabba'in kilomita 20,000 (20,000 km2) tsarin magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kuma kusan murabba'in kilomita 7.2 na ruwa ake kwashewa a kowace shekara daga yankunan da ke da waɗannan tsarin. Jimillar kuɗin da aka kashe a magudanar ruwa na aikin gona cikin shekaru 27 daga 1973 zuwa 2002 ya kai kusan dalar amurka biliyan $3.1, wanda ya shafi kuɗin tsara aiki, gini, kulawa, bincike da horarwa. A cikin wannan lokacin, an aiwatar da manyan ayyuka guda 11 tare da tallafin kuɗi daga Bankin Duniya da sauran masu ba da tallafi.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Egyptian Public Authority for Drainage Projects, Drainage Research Institute, 2006: [https://web.archive.org/web/20191117161919/http://www.csdwand.net/data/sheet.asp?cn=Egypt&amp;fn=LA0648 ''The National Drainage and Drainage Water Reuse Programs, Egypt''], Local Actions at the 4th World Water Forum, 2 March 2007, accessed 28 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasiri ==
Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan ta samar da kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa da fari, ta haifar da haɓakar aikin gona da samar da ayyukan yi, samar da wutar lantarki, da inganta sufurin ruwa wanda shi ma ke amfanar harkar buɗe ido. Sabanin haka, madatsar ruwan ta nutsar da wani babban yanki, wanda ya haifar da tsugunar da mutane fiye da 100,000. Yawancin wuraren tarihi na dā sun nitse a cikin ruwa yayin da aka ƙaura da wasu zuwa wani wurin. Ana zargin madatsar ruwan da haddasa zaizayar gaɓar teku, gishirin ƙasa, da matsalolin lafiya.

Kimantawa kan asarar da aka yi da kuma ribar da aka samu daga madatsar ruwan ya kasance abin muhawara shekaru da dama bayan kammala ta. Kamar yadda wani lissafi ya nuna, moriyar tattalin arziki na shekara-shekara na Babban Madatsar Ruwa nan da nan bayan kammala ta ya kasance fan miliyan 255 na ƙasar Masar ($587 miliyan ta amfani da canjin kuɗi na shekarar 1970 na dala $2.30 ga kowace fan 1 na Masar): fan miliyan 140 daga aikin gona, fan miliyan 100 daga samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, fan miliyan 10 daga kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa, da fan miliyan 5 daga inganta sufurin ruwa. A lokacin da aka gina ta, jimillar kuɗin da aka kashe, haɗi da wasu &quot;ayyukan taimako&quot; da ba a bayyana ba da kuma faɗaɗa layukan wutar lantarki, ya kai fan miliyan 450 na Masar. Idan ba a yi la'akari da mummunan tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa na madatsar ruwan ba, an kiyasta cewa an dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe a kanta cikin shekaru biyu kacal.&lt;ref&gt;Abul-Ata, Abdel Azim, &quot;Egypt and the Nile after the Construction of the High Aswan Dam&quot;, Ministry of Irrigation and Land Reclamation, Cairo, 1978, quoted by Asit Biswas and Cecilia Tortajada, 2004&lt;/ref&gt; Wani mai lura da al'amura ya lura cewa: &quot;Tasirin Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan (...) ya kasance mai kyau ƙwarai da gaske. Kodayake madatsar ruwan ta ba da gudummawa ga wasu matsalolin muhalli, waɗannan sun kasance marasa tsanani fiye da yadda aka zata gaba ɗaya, ko kuma yadda mutane da yawa ke gaskatawa a halin yanzu.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Biswas&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |first=Asit K. |last=Biswas |url=http://www.inwent.org/E+Z/zeitschr/de602-11.htm |title=Aswan Dam Revisited: The Benefits of a Much-Maligned Dam |journal=Development and Cooperation |number=6 |date=November–December 2002 |pages=25–27 |access-date=2018-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615032505/http://www.inwent.org/E+Z/zeitschr/de602-11.htm |archive-date=2011-06-15 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani mai lura da al'amuran kuma bai yarda ba, inda ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a rushe madatsar ruwan. Rushe ta zai ci kuɗi kaɗan ne kawai na kuɗaɗen da ake buƙata don &quot;ci gaba da yaƙi da lahani da madatsar ruwan ke haifarwa&quot; kuma ana iya dawo da hekta 500,000 na ƙasa mai kyau daga laka da ke kasan tafkin da aka kwashe ruwansa.&lt;ref&gt;Professor Fouad Ibrahim, an Egyptian geoscientist teaching in Germany in a 1982 article quoted by Peter Wald: &quot;25 Years Later:The Aswan High Dam Has Proven its Worth&quot;, Development and Cooperation 2/96, pp. 20–21&lt;/ref&gt; Samuel C. Florman ya rubuta game da madatsar ruwan: &quot;A matsayinta na gini, an yi nasara. Amma a tasirinta a kan tsarin muhalli na kwarin Nilu – wanda yawancinsa za a iya hango shi tun da farko – gazawa ce&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Florman|first=Samuel C.|title=The existential pleasures of engineering|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=1994|location=New York|page=20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ambaliyar ruwa da fari na lokaci-lokaci sun shafi Masar tun lokacin dā. Madatsar ruwan ta rage tasirin ambaliyar ruwa, kamar na shekarun 1964, 1973, da 1988. An inganta sufurin ruwa a tsawon kogin, a sama da kuma ƙasa da madatsar ruwan. Yin zirga-zirga a cikin teku a tsawon kogin Nilu wani babban aiki ne na buɗe ido da mutane suka fi so, wanda galibi ake yin sa lokacin hunturu lokacin da kwararar ruwan kogin Nilu na halitta zai yi ƙasa sosai da ba zai ba da damar jiragen ruwa na shakatawa su yi tafiya ba. An ƙirƙiri sabuwar masana'antar kamun kifi a kewayen Tafkin Nasser, kodayake tana fuskantar wahala saboda nisan da ke tsakaninta da duk wata babbar kasuwa. Yawan amfanin shekara-shekara ya kai kusan tan 35,000 a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. An kafa masana'antu na kamun kifi da shirya kaya kusa da Tafkin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid and Shibini&quot;/&gt;

Kamar yadda wani rahoto na sirri na hukumar CIA na shekarar 1971 ya nuna, kodayake Babban Madatsar Ruwa ba ta haifar da matsalolin muhalli masu tsanani kamar yadda wasu masu lura da al'amura ke zargi ba, gina ta ya kawo asarar tattalin arziki gami da riba. Waɗannan asarori sun samo asali ne mafi yawancinsu daga taruwar laka mai albarka a cikin tafkin madatsar ruwan wadda kogin Nilu ya saba ɗauko ta a dā. Zuwa lokacin (1971), babban tasirin ya kasance a kan masana'antar kamun kifi. Kamun kifi na Masar a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum, wanda a dā ya kai matsakaicin tan 35,000–40,000 a kowace shekara, ya ragu zuwa tan 20,000 ko ƙasa da haka, musamman saboda rashin ƙananan halittu na ruwa (plankton) waɗanda lakar ke ciyar da su, wanda hakan ya share kifin sardine a ruwayen Masar. Kamun kifi a cikin tafkin babban madatsar ruwan na iya rage asarar kifin ruwan gishiri a nan gaba, amma lissafi mafi inganci kawai ke nuna cewa za a iya kama tan 15,000–20,000 a ƙarshe. Rashin ci gaba da taruwar laka a bakin kogin ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga babbar matsalar zaizayar ƙasa. Bukatun takin zamani na kasuwanci da matsalolin gishiri da magudanar ruwa, waɗanda riga sun yi yawa a yankunan da ake ban ruwa na Tsakiya da Ƙasasar Masar, za su ƙaru kaɗan a Kudancin Masar saboda canji zuwa ban ruwa na dindindin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Kariya daga fari, aikin gona da samar da ayyukan yi ===
[[File:Egyptian Countryside R06.jpg|thumb|left|Ƙauyen Masar ya amfana daga Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan ta hanyar ingantaccen ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki, kamar yadda aka nuna a nan a Al Bayadiyah, kudancin Luxor]]
Madatsun ruwan sun kuma kare Masar daga fari a shekarun 1972–1973 da 1983–1987 wanda ya daidaita Gabas da Yammacin Afirka. Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta bai wa Masar damar dawo da kusan feddan miliyan 2.0 (hekta 840,000) a yankin Delta na Nilu da kuma tsawon Kwarin Nilu, wanda ya ƙara yankin da ake ban ruwa na ƙasar da kashi ɗaya cikin uku. Wannan ƙaruwa ta samu ne ta hanyar ban ruwa ga abin da ya kasance hamada a dā da kuma noma hekta 385,000 waɗanda a dā ake amfani da su azaman wuraren jiran ambaliyar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schamp&quot;/&gt; Kusan iyalai dubu ɗari biyar ne aka tsugunar a waɗannan sabbin ƙasashe. Musamman yankunan da ake noman shinkafa da rake sun ƙaru. Bugu da ƙari, kusan feddan miliyan 1 (hekta 420,000), mafi yawancinsu a Kudancin Masar, an canza su daga ban ruwa na ambaliya tare da girbi guda ɗaya kacal a shekara zuwa ban ruwa na dindindin wanda ke ba da damar girbi biyu ko fiye a shekara. A sauran ƙasashen da ake ban ruwa a dā, amfanin gona ya ƙaru saboda ana iya samun ruwa a lokuta masu muhimmanci na ƙarancin ruwa. Misali, amfanin alkama a Masar ya ninka sau uku tsakanin 1952 da 1991 kuma ingantuwar samun ruwa ya ba da gudummawa ga wannan ƙaruwa. Mafi yawan mita kubik biliyan 32 na ruwan sha, ko kusan kashi 40 na matsakaicin kwararar kogin Nilu wanda a dā ake asararsa a teku a kowace shekara, an sami damar amfani da shi ta hanya mai kyau. Yayin da kusan mita kubik biliyan 10 na ruwan da aka ajiye ke bita ta hanyar tiruri a Tafkin Nasser, adadin ruwan da ake da shi don ban ruwa har yanzu ya ƙaru da mita kubik biliyan 22.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid and Shibini&quot;&gt;M.A. Abu-Zeid &amp; F. Z. El-Shibini: &quot;Egypt's High Aswan Dam {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720101000/http://www.ci.uri.edu/ciip/FallClass/Docs_2006/UrbanWaterfronts/Abu-Zeid%20and%20El-Shibini.pdf |date=2011-07-20 }}&quot;, ''Water Resources Development'', Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 209–217, 1997&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu lissafin sun nuna cewa tirurin ruwa daga Tafkin Nasser yana tsakanin mita kubik biliyan 10 da 16 a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;M.A. Mosalam Shaltout, T. El Housry:Estimating the evaporation over Nasser Lake in the Upper Egypt from Meteosat observations, Advances in Space Research, 19 (3) (1997), pp. 515–518&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Power plant at Aswan High Dam, Aswan, Egypt.jpg|thumb|Tawayoyin wutar lantarki a tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan]]

=== Samar da wutar lantarki ===
[[File:Aswan Dam.jpg|thumb|Tashar wutar lantarki ta Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan, tare da madatsar ruwan kanta a bango]]
Madatsar ruwan tana kunna injina guda goma sha biyu kowannensu mai ƙarfin 175 MW, tare da jimillar 2.1 GW. An fara samar da wutar lantarki a shekarar 1967. Lokacin da Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta fara kaiwa ga kololuwar aikinta a shekarar 1970, ta samar da kusan rabin wutar lantarki ta Masar (kusan kashi 15 cikin 100 zuwa shekarar 1998), kuma ta ba mafi yawan ƙauyukan Masar damar amfani da wutar lantarki a karon farko. Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta kuma inganta inganci da faɗaɗa tsofaffin tashoshin wutar lantarki na Aswan ta hanyar daidaita kwararar ruwa daga sama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid and Shibini&quot;/&gt; A lokacin da aka kammala ta, ita ce tashar wutar lantarki mafi girma a Afirka kuma ta 6 mafi girma a tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a duniya.

An kammala duk ayyukan wutar lantarki na Babban Madatsar Ruwa kafin lokacin da aka tsara. An girka tare da gwada injina (turbines) guda goma sha biyu, wanda ya ba tashar ƙarfin 2,100 megawatts (MW), ko fiye da ninki biyu na jimillar ƙasa a shekarar 1960. Tare da wannan ƙarfin, tashar Aswan tana iya samar da biliyan 10 kWh na makamashi a kowace shekara. An kammala manyan layuka guda biyu na 500-kilovolt zuwa Alkahira, kuma an magance matsalolin farko na watsa wutar lantarki, waɗanda suka samo asali mafi yawancinsu daga tsofaffin abubuwan kariya (insulators). Har ila yau, barna da dakarun mamaya na Isra'ila suka yi wa babbar tashar canza wutar lantarki a shekarar 1968 an gyara ta, kuma tashar Aswan ta haɗu gaba ɗaya da hanyar sadarwar wutar lantarki a Ƙasasar Masar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Power plant profile: Aswan High dam, Egypt |date=24 November 2021 |url=https://www.power-technology.com/data-insights/power-plant-profile-aswan-high-dam-egypt/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; A canjin shekarar 1971, samar da wutar lantarki a Aswan ba zai kai fiye da rabin ƙarfin tashar na lissafi ba, saboda ƙarancin ruwa da kuma mabambantan tsarin amfani da ruwa na lokuta daban-daban don ban ruwa da samar da wuta. Bukatar ruwa ta aikin gona a lokacin rani ta wuce adadin da ake buƙata don biyan buƙatar wutar lantarki da ke da ƙasa a lokacin rani. Amfani mai yawa na ban ruwa a lokacin rani, duk da haka, zai bar ruwa maras isasshe ƙarƙashin ikon Masar don ba da damar samar da wutar lantarki a cikakken ƙarfi lokacin hunturu. Binciken fasaha ya nuna cewa matsakaicin amfanin shekara-shekara na biliyan 5 kWh da alama shi ne kaɗai za a iya dorewa saboda sauye-sauye a kwararar kogin Nilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM ECONOMIC IMPRACT OF THE ASWAN HIGH DAM |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP85T00875R001700020056-7.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sa ran samar da wutar lantarki ta Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan zai fuskanci tasiri daga manyan madatsun ruwa na sama yayin tsawaitwar lokutan fari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Heggy |first1=Essam |last2=Abotalib |first2=Abotalib Z. |last3=You |first3=Jongeun |last4=Hanert |first4=Emmanuel |last5=Ramah |first5=Mohamed |title= Heggy, E. et al. Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam can generate sustainable hydropower while minimizing downstream water deficit during prolonged droughts. Commun Earth Environ 5, 757 (2024) |journal=Communications Earth &amp; Environment |date=9 December 2024 |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=757 |doi=10.1038/s43247-024-01821-w |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01821-w |hdl=2078.1/294594 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗari ===
Wani bincike da Nicol-André Berdellé ya gudanar a shekarar 2024 ya gano cewa ambaliya da kuma rugujewar Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan zai kasance bala'i ga Masar, domin da alama zai lalata mafi yawan yankunan da aka gina a ƙasar tare da haifar da asarar rayuka na miliyoyin mutane. Saboda girman Tafkin Nasser da kuma saurin faruwar irin wannan taron, zai kasance cikin mafi munanan ambaliyar ruwa a tarihi. Ƙasar da abin ya shafa ba zai yiwu a yi noma a kanta ba bayan haka saboda taurarren laka da zai rufe yawancin ƙasashen gona, wanda hakan zai haifar da yunwa mai yawa a Masar.

Dalilai masu yiwuwa na faruwar irin wannan taron da Berdellé ya ambata sun haɗa da gazawar Babbar Madatsar Ruwa ta Renaissance ta Habasha, harin soja a kan madatsar ruwan, ko kuma ambaliyar ruwan kogin Nilu mai girman gaske na shekara-shekara. Saboda ci gaba da taruwar laka a kasan tafkin Nasser, Berdellé ya ce irin wannan taron zai kasance mafi kusantar faruwa a kowace shekara kuma zai faru nan da shekaru da dama idan ba a ɗauki mataki ba. Berdellé ya ce ana amfani da madatsar ruwan a matakan ruwa marasa aminci kuma ya yi kira ga hukumomin Masar da su takaita matakan ruwa da kuma zurfafa magudanar ruwa ta Toshka.&lt;ref&gt; &quot;Nicol-André Berdellé (2024) Breach of Aswan Dam - a realistic worst case scenario&quot; [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380999349_Breach_of_Aswan_dam_-_a_realistic_worst_case_scenario] &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; &quot;Nicol-André Berdellé (2025) Breach of Aswan Dam - brief follow-up report&quot; [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/394114444_Breach_of_Aswan_Dam_study_-_brief_follow-up_report] &lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tsugunarwa da biyan diyya ===
[[File:Sudan Wadi Halfa RR Hotel From Garden 1936.jpg|thumb|Hoton tsohon garin Wadi Halfa da Tafkin Nasser ya nutsar]]
Tafkin Nasser ya nutsar da mafi yawan sassan ƙasasar Nubia kuma an tsugunar da mutane 100,000 zuwa 120,000 a Sudan da Masar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thayer&quot;&gt;{{citation |first1=Thayer |last1=Scudder |first2=John |last2=Gay |contribution-url=http://www.hss.caltech.edu/~tzs/50%20Dam%20Survey.pdf |contribution=A comparative survey of dam-induced resettlement in 50 cases |editor-first=Thayer |editor-last=Scudder |title=The Future of Large Dams: Dealing with Social, Environmental, Institutional and Political Costs |year=2005 |publisher=Earthscan |isbn=1-84407-155-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:WadiHalfa,center.jpg|thumb|right|Wani hoto na Sabon Wadi Halfa, mazaunin da aka ƙirƙira a gaɓar Tafkin Nasser don adana wani ɓangare na mutanen da aka tsugunar daga tsohon garin Wadi Halfa]]
A Sudan, an ƙaura da mutane 50,000 zuwa 70,000 na Nubia na Sudan daga tsohon garin Wadi Halfa da ƙauyukansa na kewaye. Wasu an ƙaura da su zuwa sabon mazaunin da aka ƙirƙira a gaɓar Tafkin Nasser mai suna Sabon Wadi Halfa, wasu kuma an tsugunar da su kusan kilomita 700 kudu zuwa sararin samaniya na Butana kusa da garin Khashm el-Girba a saman Kogin Atbara. Yanayin can yana da lokacin damina na yau da kullun sabanin mazauninsu na hamada na dā inda kusan ba a samun ruwan sama. Gwamnati ta ɓata wani aikin ban ruwa, mai suna Tsarin Haɓaka Noma na Sabon Halfa don noman auduga, hatsi, rake da sauran amfanin gona. An tsugunar da mutanen Nubia a cikin ƙauyuka ashirin da biyar da aka tsara waɗanda suka haɗa da makarantu, wuraren kiwon lafiya, da sauran ayyuka, gami da ruwan famfo da wasu wutar lantarki.

A Masar, yawancin mutanen Nubia 50,000 an ƙaura da su kilomita uku zuwa goma daga kogin Nilu kusa da Edna da Kom Ombo, kilomita 45 a ƙasa da Aswan a cikin abin da ake kira &quot;Sabuwar Nubia&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Amer |first1=Mourad |title=Rebuilding Cultural Identity: Nubian Rehabilitation along the Shore of Lake Nasser |journal=Environmental Science and Sustainable Development |date=2019 |page=19 |doi=10.21625/essd.v3iss1.279 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; An gina gidaje da wurare don rukunin ƙauyuka 47 waɗanda dangantakar juna ta yi kusa da ta tsohuwar Nubia. An samar da ƙasashen ban ruwa don noman rake mafi yawancinsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |first=Thayer |last=Scudder |url=http://www.hss.caltech.edu/~tzs/Aswan%20High%20Dam%20case.pdf |title=The Aswan High Dam Case |year=2003 |pages=11–12 |access-date=2011-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605193034/http://www.hss.caltech.edu/~tzs/Aswan%20High%20Dam%20case.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-05 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Stock |first=Jill Kamil; photographs by Michael |title=Aswan and Abu Simbel: history and guide |year=1993 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |location=Cairo |isbn=977-424-321-8 |pages=141–142 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZGrBnInneIC&amp;q=aswan+dam+new+nubia&amp;pg=PA142}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2019–20, Masar ta fara biyan diyya ga mutanen Nubia waɗanda suka rasa gidajensu sakamakon taruwar ruwan madatsar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/79830/Egypt-s-PM-witnesses-compensation-of-Nubians-displaced-by-dam|title=Egypt's PM witnesses compensation of Nubians displaced by dam construction|website=Egypt Today|date=20 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Wuraren tarihi na dā ===
[[File:Abusimbel.jpg|thumb|Mutum-mutumin Ramses Mai Girma a Babban Haikali na Abu Simbel an sake haɗa shi bayan an ƙaura da shi a shekarar 1967 don ceton sa daga nutsawa a ruwa.]]
{{main|International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia}}

Abubuwan tarihi guda ashirin da biyu da rukunonin gine-gine da ambaliyar ruwa daga Tafkin Nasser ke barazana gare su, gami da haikali na Abu Simbel, an kiyaye su ta hanyar ƙaura da su zuwa gaɓar tafkin ƙarƙashin Kamfen ɗin Nubia na UNESCO.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCO_Nubia_Campaign&quot;&gt;[http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=24168&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html The Rescue of Nubian Monuments and Sites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222150930/http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D24168%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html/ |date=2016-12-22 }}, UNESCO project site about Nubia Campaign.&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma ƙaura da Philae, Kalabsha da Amada.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid and Shibini&quot;/&gt;

An ba da waɗannan abubuwan tarihi ga ƙasashen da suka taimaka da ayyukan:
* Haikali na Debod ga Madrid
* Haikali na Dendur ga Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Metropolitan na New York
* Haikali na Taffeh ga Rijksmuseum van Oudheden na Leiden
* Haikali na Ellesyia ga Museo Egizio na Turin

An kwashe waɗannan abubuwa zuwa yankin lambu na Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Sudan na Khartoum:&lt;ref&gt;Reis, Michael (1999), Who is who in Ancient Egypt, p. 48 {{ISBN|0-415-15448-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Haikali na Ramses II a Aksha, Sudan
* Haikali na Hatshepsut a Buhen
* Haikali na Khnum a Kumma
* Kabarin yariman Nubia Djehuti-hotep a Debeira
* Haikali na Dedwen da Sesostris III a Semna
* Shika-shikan granite daga Katolika na Faras
* Wani ɓangare na zane-zane na Katolika na Faras; ɗayan ɓangaren yana Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Warsaw.

Haikali na Ptah a Gerf Hussein an sake gina sashinsa na waje a Sabuwar Kalabsha, kusa da Haikali na Kalabsha, Beit el-Wali, da Kiosk na Qertassi.

Sauran wuraren tarihi na dā, gami da kariya ta Buhen da makabartar Fadrus, Tafkin Nasser ya nutsar da su.

=== Rashin laka ===
[[Image:Lake Nasser.jpg|thumb|left|Tafkin Nasser da ke bayan madatsar ruwan Aswan ya raba mutane fiye da 100,000 da mazaunansu kuma yana tara laka mai yawa.]]
Kafin gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa, kogin Nilu ya saba ajiye laka na mabanbantan girma – wanda ya ƙunshi rairayi mai kyau, laka da yumbu – a kan gonaki a Kudancin Masar ta hanyar ambaliyarsa ta shekara-shekara, wanda ke taimakawa ga albarkar ƙasa. Sai dai kuma, galibi ana ƙara gishiri ga darajar sinadiran gina jiki na lakar. Kashi 88 cikin 100 na lakar ana kwashe ta zuwa teku kafin gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa. Darajar sinadiran gina jiki da lakar ke ƙarawa ƙasar ta kasance tan 6,000 na potash kawai, tan 7,000 na phosphorus pentoxide da tan 17,000 na nitrogen. Waɗannan adadi ba su da yawa idan aka kwatanta da abin da ake buƙata don kaiwa ga amfanin gona da ake samu a yanzu a ban ruwa na Masar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid 1989&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |first=M.A. |last=Abu Zeid |title=Environmental impacts of the High Dam |journal=Water Resources Development |volume=5 |number=3 |date=September 1989 |page=156}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, bazuwar laka na shekara-shekara saboda ambaliyar kogin Nilu ya kasance yana faruwa ne a tsawon gaɓar kogin Nilu. Yankunan da ke da nisa da

=== Matsalar taruwar ruwa a ƙasa da haɓakar gishiri ===
Kafin gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa, matakan ruwan ƙasa (groundwater) a Kwarin Nilu sun kasance suna canzawa tsakanin mita 8 zuwa 9 a kowace shekara dangane da matakin ruwan kogin Nilu. A lokacin rani lokacin da tirurin ruwa (evaporation) ya fi yawa, matakin ruwan ƙasar yana da zurfi sosai wanda ba ya ba da damar gishirin da ke narke a cikin ruwan ya fito sarari ta hanyar tsiyan ruwa na capillary (capillary action). Bayan bacewar ambaliyar ruwa ta shekara-shekara da kuma fara amfani da ban ruwa mai yawa na tsawon shekara, matakan ruwan ƙasa sun kasance a sama ba tare da wani gagarumin sauyi ba, wanda hakan ya haifar da matsalar taruwar ruwa a ƙasa (waterlogging). Gishirin ƙasa shi ma ya ƙaru saboda tazarar da ke tsakanin saman ƙasa da matakin ruwan ƙasa ta yi ƙanƙanta (mita 1 zuwa 2 dangane da yanayin ƙasa da yanayin zafi) ta yadda tirurin ruwa ke iya tsinci ruwan zuwa sama, wanda hakan ya sa ɗan ƙaramin gishirin da ke cikin ruwan ƙasar ya taru a saman ƙasa a tsawon shekaru. Tun da yake mafi yawan ƙasashen gona ba su da tsarin magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ya dace don rage matakin ruwan ƙasar, matsalar gishiri ta hankali ta shafi amfanin gona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schamp&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |first=Heinz |last=Schamp |title=Sadd el-Ali, der Hochdamm von Assuan (Sadd el-Ali, the High Dam of Aswan) |journal=Geowissenschaften in unserer Zeit |volume=1 |year=1983 |number=2 |pages=51–85 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwashe ruwa ta hanyar magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da tashoshi na da matukar muhimmanci don hana lalacewar amfanin gona sakamakon gishirin ƙasa da matsalar taruwar ruwa. Zuwa shekarar 2003, an samar wa fiye da hekta miliyan 2 tsarin magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa tare da kashe kuɗi da suka kai kusan dalar amurka biliyan $3.1 daga shekarar 1973 zuwa 2002.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Egyptian Public Authority for Drainage Projects, Drainage Research Institute, 2006: ''The National Drainage and Drainage Water Reuse Programs, Egypt'', Local Actions at the 4th World Water Forum, March 2, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lafiya ===
[[File:Schistosomiasis itch.jpeg|thumb|left|Kurajen fata: alamun cutar schistosomiasis. Alamun da aka fi sani shi ne jini a cikin fitsari.]]
Sabanin hasashe da dama da aka yi kafin gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan da kuma littattafan da suka biyo baya, na cewa yaduwar cutar fasa-kwari (schistosomiasis ko bilharzia) — wata cuta ta wurare masu zafi da ke yaɗuwa ta hanyar taɓa ruwan sha mai daɗi da ke ɗauke da tsutsotsi masu cutarwa — zai ƙaru, hakan bai faru ba.&lt;ref&gt;Miller. F. DeWolfe et al. Schistosomiasis in Rural Egypt. 1978. United States Environment Protection Agency. EPA – 600/1-78-070.&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan zato bai yi la'akari da girman tsarin ban ruwa na dindindin wanda riga ya kasance a sassan Masar shekaru da dama kafin rufe babban madatsar ruwan ba. Zuwa shekarun 1950, ɗan ƙaramin ɓangare ne kawai na Kudancin Masar wanda ba a canza shi daga ban ruwa na ambaliya (mai ƙarancin yaɗuwar cuta) zuwa ban ruwa na dindindin (mai saurin yaɗuwar cuta) ba. Faɗaɗa tsarin ban ruwa na dindindin a Masar bai dogara ga babban madatsar ruwan ba. Hasali ma, cikin shekaru 15 da rufe babban madatsar ruwan, an sami tabbataccen shaida cewa cutar bilharzia tana raguwa a Kudancin Masar. Tun daga lokacin, nau'in cutar na S. haematobium ya bace gaba ɗaya. Dalilan da aka bayyana na hakan sun haɗa da ingantuwar hanyoyin ban ruwa. A yankin Delta na Nilu, cutar schistosomiasis ta daɗe tana da rishin gaske, inda yaɗuwar ta a ƙauyuka ya kai kashi 50% ko fiye da haka na kusan ƙarni guda kafin nan. Wannan ya kasance sakamakon canza yankin Delta da Turawan Ingila suka yi zuwa ban ruwa na dindindin don noman auduga mai dogon zare. Wannan yanayi ya canza. Manyan shirye-shiryen magani a shekarun 1990 ta hanyar amfani da kwayoyin magani na sha na lokaci guda sun ba da gudummawa ƙwarai wajen rage yaɗuwa da tsananin cutar S. mansoni a yankin Delta.

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Babban madatsar ruwa [[Aswan, Egypt|Aswan]], wanda galibi ake kira kawai madatsar ruwa ta Aswan, tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan madatsar jiragen ruwa a duniya, wanda aka gina tsakanin 1960 da 1970 a fadin [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] a Aswan, Misira. Gwamnatin Masar ce ta haɓaka aikin tare da taimakon [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] don inganta kula da ambaliyar ruwa, samar da ƙarin ajiyar ruwa don ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki. An ga madatsar ruwan a matsayin muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga shirye-shiryen Masana'antu na kasar. Kamar aiwatarwa da ta gabata, Babban Dam din ya yi tasiri sosai ga tattalin arziki da al'adun Masar.

Lokacin da aka kammala shi, shi ne madatsar ruwa mafi tsayi a duniya, wadda ta zarce madatsar ruwa ta Chatuge a Amurka.  An gina madatsar ruwa, wadda ta ƙirƙiri madatsar ruwa ta [[tafkin Nasser]], {{Cvt|7|km}} sama da madatsar ruwan Aswan Low, wanda aka kammala a shekarar 1902 kuma an riga an yi amfani da shi sosai.

Da yake an gina tsohon madatsar ruwa, [[Ambaliyar kogin nilu|ambaliyar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta kogin Nilu]] a ƙarshen bazara ta ci gaba da wucewa ba tare da wani cikas ba a kwarin daga magudanar ruwa [[Gabashin Afirka|ta Gabashin Afirka]] . Waɗannan ambaliyar ruwa suna kawo ruwa mai yawa tare da abubuwan gina jiki na halitta da ma'adanai waɗanda ke wadatar da [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]] mai kyau a gefen [[Filin Ambaliyar|ambaliyar ruwa]] da kuma yankin delta ; wannan hasashen ya sa kwarin Nilu ya zama wuri mai kyau don noma tun [[Tsohuwar Masar|zamanin da]] . Duk da haka, wannan ambaliyar ruwa ta halitta ta bambanta, domin shekarun ruwan sama masu yawa na iya lalata dukkan amfanin gona, yayin da shekarun ƙarancin ruwa na iya haifar da [[fari]] mai yawa da kuma yunwa . Duk waɗannan abubuwan biyu sun ci gaba da faruwa lokaci-lokaci.

== Tarihin gini ==
Yunkurin farko da aka rubuta na gina madatsar ruwa kusa da Aswan ya faru ne a ƙarni na 11, lokacin da [[Halifancin Fatimid|Khalifan Fatim]] Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ya kira babban masanin ilmin taurari na Larabawa kuma injiniya [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (wanda aka sani da ''Alhazen'' a Yamma) zuwa Masar don daidaita [[Ambaliyar kogin nilu|ambaliyar ruwa ta Kogin Nilu]], aikin da ke buƙatar yunƙurin gaggawa a madatsar ruwa ta Aswan.  Bayan aikinsa a fagen ya shawo kansa game da rashin amfani da wannan makircin,  kuma yana jin tsoron fushin Khalifa, ya yi kamar mahaukaci ne . An tsare shi a gidan yari tun daga 1011 har zuwa mutuwar al-Hakim a 1021, a lokacin ne ya rubuta ''littafinsa mai tasiri na Littattafan Haske'' . 

=== Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan, 1898–1902 ===
Turawan Birtaniya sun fara gina madatsar ruwa ta farko a fadin kogin Nilu a shekarar 1898. Ginin ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarar 1902 kuma an bude madatsar ruwa a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1902. Sir William Willcocks ne ya tsara aikin kuma ya kunshi fitattun injiniyoyi da dama, ciki har da Sir Benjamin Baker da Sir John Aird, wanda kamfaninsa, John Aird &amp;amp;amp; Co., shine babban dan kwangilar.  

Duk da cewa Dulles ya yi imanin cewa Nasser yana yin zamba ne kawai kuma Tarayyar Soviet ba za ta taimaki Nasser ba, ya yi kuskure: Tarayyar Soviet ta yi wa Nasser alƙawarin samun makamai da yawa don a biya shi da wuri na hatsi da audugar Masar. A ranar 27 ga Satumba, 1955, Nasser ya sanar da yarjejeniyar makamai, inda Czechoslovakia ta yi aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani don goyon bayan Tarayyar Soviet.  Maimakon kai hari ga Nasser saboda komawa ga Tarayyar Soviet, Dulles ya nemi inganta dangantaka da shi. A watan Disamba na 1955, Amurka da Burtaniya sun yi alkawarin dala 56 da dala 14&amp;nbsp;miliyan, bi da bi, don gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan. 
[[Fayil:Nasser_observing_Aswan_Dam_construction.jpg|left|thumb|[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] yana lura da aikin gina madatsar ruwa, 1963]]
Duk da cewa yarjejeniyar makamai ta Czech ta haifar da kwarin gwiwa ga Amurka ta zuba jari a Aswan, Birtaniya ta ambaci yarjejeniyar a matsayin dalilin soke alkawarinta na asusun madatsun ruwa. Dulles ya fusata sosai da amincewar da Nasser ya yi wa [[Sin|China]] a fannin diflomasiyya, wanda ya saba wa manufar Dulles ta takaita kwaminisanci. 

Wasu dalilai da dama sun taimaka wa Amurka ta yanke shawarar janye tayinta na samar da kudaden gina madatsar ruwa. Dulles ya yi imanin cewa Tarayyar Soviet ba za ta cika alkawarinta na tallafawa sojoji ba. Ya kuma fusata da rashin daidaiton Nasser da kuma yunkurin yin amfani da bangarorin biyu na [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cacar Baki]] . A lokacin, sauran kawayen Yammacin Turai a Gabas ta Tsakiya, ciki har da Turkiyya da Iraki, sun nuna rashin jin daɗin cewa ana ba wa Masar, ƙasa mai ci gaba da tsaka-tsaki, taimako mai yawa. 

A watan Yunin 1956, Tarayyar Soviet ta ba Nasser dala $1.12&amp;nbsp;biliyan a kashi 2% na ribar ginin madatsar ruwan. A ranar 19 ga Yuli, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta sanar da cewa tallafin kuɗi na Amurka ga Babban Madatsar ruwan &quot;ba zai yiwu ba a halin yanzu.&quot; 

A ranar 26 ga Yulin 1956, tare da yabo daga Masar, Nasser ya sanar da mayar da magudanar ruwa ta Suez ta ƙasa, wadda ta haɗa da diyya mai kyau ga tsoffin masu ita. Nasser ya tsara kuɗaɗen shiga da magudanar ruwa ke samu don taimakawa wajen samar da kuɗin gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa. Lokacin da Yaƙin Suez ya ɓarke, Birtaniya, Faransa, da Isra'ila sun kwace magudanar ruwa da Sinai. Amma matsin lamba daga Amurka da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]] da wasu wurare ya tilasta musu janyewa.

Duk da girmansa, aikin Aswan bai yi wa ma'aunin biyan bashin Masar illa ba. Kudaden Tarayyar Soviet guda uku sun rufe kusan dukkan buƙatun musayar kuɗi na ƙasashen waje na aikin, gami da kuɗin ayyukan fasaha, kayan aikin samar da wutar lantarki da na'urorin watsawa da aka shigo da su da kuma wasu kayan aikin da aka shigo da su don sake mallakar filaye. Masar ba ta fuskanci wani nauyi mai tsanani ba game da biyan bashin, yawancinsu an tsawaita su na tsawon shekaru 12 tare da riba mai ƙarancin kashi 2-1/2%. Biyan kuɗi ga [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] ya ƙunshi ƙaramin magudanar ruwa ne kawai a rabin farko na shekarun 1960, kuma ƙaruwar kuɗin fitar da kaya da aka samu daga amfanin gona da aka noma a sabbin filayen da aka sake kwato sun fi daidaita matsakaicin biyan bashin da aka biya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. A lokacin 1965-1970, waɗannan kuɗaɗen da aka samu daga fitarwa sun kai kimanin dala $126.&amp;nbsp;miliyan, idan aka kwatanta da biyan bashin dala $113&amp;nbsp;miliyan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM ECONOMIC IMPRACT OF THE ASWAN HIGH DAM |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP85T00875R001700020056-7.pdf |website=Cia Readingroom}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gini da cika, 1960–1976 ===
[[Image:High Dam Burg Memorial Wall, Aswan, Egypt, Oct 2004.jpg|right|thumb|Gaban tsakiyar ginin tunawa da Abotar Larabawa da Tarayyar Soviet. Wannan abun tunawa an gina shi ne don bikin kammala Babbar Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan. Shashen hagu yana ɗauke da tambarin Tarayyar Soviet, yayin da shashen dama kuma yake ɗauke da tambarin ƙasar Masar.]]

Haka kuma Tarayyar Soviet ta samar da kwararrun masana da manyan injinan aiki. Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev na Cibiyar Hydroproject da ke Moscow ne ya tsara wannan katuwar madatsar ruwa ta dutse da yāka,&lt;ref name=Malyshev&gt;{{cite web|url=https://foreignaffairs.co.nz/2024/01/16/mil-osi-russia-legends-of-russian-science-nikolai-aleksandrovich-malyshev/|title=Legends of Russian science: Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev|author=MIL-OSI|date=January 16, 2024|work=foreignaffairs.co.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Smith&gt;{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Jean Edward|title=Eisenhower in War and Peace|date=2012|publisher=Random House Publishing Group|isbn=978-0679644293|page=694|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jO2gLXNNa2wC&amp;pg=PA694|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da taimakon wasu injiniyoyin ƙasar Masar. Injiniyoyi da ma'aikata 'yan ƙasar Masar guda 25,000 ne suka ba da gudummawa wajen ginin madatsun ruwan.

A da, injiniyoyin Jamus ta Yamma da na Faransa ne suka tsara aikin a farkon shekarun 1950, kuma an yi niyyar ba da kuɗaɗen aikin ta hanyar rance daga ƙasashen Yamma, sai dai Babbar Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan ta zama babban aikin taimako na ƙasashen waje mafi shahara na Tarayyar Soviet (USSR) bayan da Amurka, Burtaniya, da Bankin Duniya na Sake Gini da Ci gaba (IBRD) suka janye goyon bayansu a shekarar 1956. An ba da rancen farko na Soviet dalar amurka miliyan $100 a shekarar 1958 don biyan kuɗaɗen ginin madatsun ruwa na wucin gadi domin karkatar da kwararar kogin Nilu. An sake ba da ƙarin dalar amurka miliyan $225 a shekarar 1960 don kammala madatsar ruwan da gina wuraren samar da wutar lantarki, kuma bayan haka an samar da kusan dalar amurka miliyan $100 don farfaɗo da ƙasashe. Waɗannan lamuni na kusan dalar amurka miliyan $425 sun biya ne kawai kuɗaɗen musayar ƙasashen waje na aikin, gami da albashin injiniyoyin Soviet waɗanda suka lura da aikin kuma suka ɗauki alhakin girkawa da gwada kayan aikin na Soviet. Shirin ginin na gaske, wanda aka fara a shekarar 1960, kamfanonin ƙasar Masar ne suka yi shi a ƙarƙashin kwangila da Hukumar Babbar Madatsar Ruwa, kuma Masarawa ne suka ɗauki dukkan kuɗaɗen cikin gida. Shiga da Masar ta yi a cikin wannan harka ya ɗaukaka ƙarfi da mutuncin masana'antar gine-gine ta ƙasar sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A ɓangaren ƙasar Masar, kamfanin Arab Contractors na Osman Ahmed Osman ne ya jagoranci aikin. Matashin Osman ya ba da farashin kwangila wanda ya gaza na babban mai fafatawa da shi da rabi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909474,00.html |title=Osman the Efficient |access-date=2008-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030181444/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909474,00.html |archive-date=2010-10-30 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1960: An fara ginin a ranar 9 ga Janairu&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Robert O. |last=Collins |title=The Nile |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2002 |page=[https://archive.org/details/nile00robe/page/181 181] |isbn=0-300-09764-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/nile00robe|url-access=registration |quote=robert collins the nile. }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1964: An kammala matakin farko na ginin madatsar ruwan, kuma tafkin ya fara cika da ruwa
* 1970: An kammala Babbar Madatsar Ruwa, wato ''as-Sad al-'Aali'', a ranar 21 ga Yuli&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/thisday/jul21/aswan-dam-completed/?ar_a=1 | title=1970: Aswan Dam Completed | publisher=National Geographic Society | access-date=20 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820061908/http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/thisday/jul21/aswan-dam-completed/?ar_a=1 | archive-date=20 August 2014 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1976: Tafkin madatsar ruwan ya cika dakat da iyakar ƙarfinsa.
[[File:AswanHighDam111m1970ElectricalMechanicalAswanEgypt-01.gif|Zataccen Hoton Madatsar Ruwa]]

== Bayanin Ƙa’idoji ==
Aswan High Dam yana da tsawon {{convert|3830|m}}. Yana da faɗin {{cvt|980|m}} a ƙasan tushe, {{cvt|40|m}} a saman (crest), kuma tsayinsa ya kai {{cvt|111|m}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Aswan High Dam {{!}} dam, Egypt|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aswan-High-Dam|access-date=2020-10-24|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Yana ƙunshe da kimanin {{convert|43,000,000|m3|cuyd}} na kayan gini. A mafi girman aiki, yana iya fitar da ruwa har {{convert|11000|m3/s}}. Haka kuma akwai hanyoyin gaggawa (emergency spillways) da za su iya fitar da ƙarin ruwa har {{convert|5000|m3/s}}.

Hakanan, tashar [[Toshka]] Canal tana haɗa tafkin da ake kira [[Lake Nasser]] zuwa kwarin Toshka. Tafkin Lake Nasser yana da tsawon {{cvt|500|km||abbr=}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-03-11|title=The spectacular failures and successes of massive dams|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-51459930|access-date=2020-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma faɗinsa a mafi girma ya kai {{cvt|35|km}}.

Yana da yawan ruwa har {{convert|132|km3|cuyd}}. Jimillar sararin tafkin ya kai {{convert|5250|km2}}.

{{wide image|Presa de Asuán, Egipto, 2022-04-01, DD 73-80 PAN.jpg|900|Hoton panorama na Aswan Dam yana kallon kudu}}

== Tsarin Ban Ruwa ==

[[File:Egypt sat.png|thumb|left|Ƙasashen gona kore masu ban ruwa a tsawon kogin Nilu a tsakiyar hamada]]
[[File:NileBalance.JPG|thumb|Madaidaicin ma'aunin ruwa]]
[[File:NileCanals.JPG|thumb|Manyan tsarin ban ruwa (a firi)]]
Sakamakon rashin samun isasshen ruwan sama mai kiyastawa, aikin jiran gona na ƙasar Masar ya dogara ne gaba ɗaya akan ban ruwa. Ta hanyar ban ruwa, ana iya yin girbi biyu a shekara, in ban da rami wanda ke ɗaukar kusan shekara guda yana girma.

Babbar madatsar ruwa ta Aswan tana bayar da kwararar ruwa, a matsakaici, mita kubik biliyan 55 (55 km3) a kowace shekara, inda kusan mita kubik biliyan 46 (46 km3) ake karkatar da su zuwa madatsun ruwa na ban ruwa.

A kwarin Nilu da bakin teku (delta), kusan murabba'in kilomita 336,000 (336,000 km2) ne ke amfana da waɗannan ruwaye inda suke samar da amfanin gona 1.8 a matsakaici a shekara. Amfanin ruwa na shekara-shekara na amfanin gona ya kai kusan mita kubik biliyan 38 (38 km3). Saboda haka, ingancin ban ruwa gaba ɗaya shine 38/46 = 0.826 ko kashi 83%. Wannan inganci ne mai girma na ban ruwa. Ingancin ban ruwa na fage ya yi ƙasa sosai, amma ana sake amfani da ruwan da aka rasa a can ƙasa rafi. Wannan sake amfani da ruwa akai-akai shi ne silar samar da babban inganci gaba ɗaya.

Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna rarraba ruwan ban ruwa a kan ƙananan madatsun ruwa da ke rassa daga babban madatsar ruwa guda ɗaya na ban ruwa, wato Madatsar Ruwa ta Mansuriya kusa da Giza.&lt;ref&gt;''Impacts of the Irrigation Improvement Projects in Egypt''. Egyptian-Dutch Advisory Panel and International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 1999. Download from:[http://www.waterlog.info/reports.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207151045/http://www.waterlog.info/reports.htm|date=2010-02-07}} , under nr. 4, or directly as PDF: [http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/irrimpr.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228020427/http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/irrimpr.pdf|date=2008-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Ƙananan madatsun ruwa
! Isar da ruwa a m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/feddan *
|-
| Kafret Nasser
| 4,700
|-
| Beni Magdul
| 3,500
|-
| El Mansuria
| 3,300
|-
| El Hammami na sama
| 2,800
|-
| El Hammami na ƙasa
| 1,800
|-
| El Shimi
| 1,200
|}
:&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Lokacin 1 ga Maris zuwa 31 ga Yuli. Feddan 1 daidai yake da hekta 0.42 ko kusan eka 1.
:&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Bayanai daga Aikin Gudanar da Amfanin Ruwa na Masar (EWUP)&lt;ref&gt;Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP), 1984. ''Improving Egypt’s Irrigation System in the Old Lands, Final Report''. Colorado State University and Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawan gishiri a cikin ruwan madatsar ruwa ta Aswan ya kai kusan kilogiram 0.25 a kowace mita kubik (0.25 kg/m3), matakin gishiri mai ƙasa sosai. A matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na mita kubik biliyan 55 (55 km3), shigar gishiri na shekara-shekara yana kaiwa tan miliyan 14. Matsakaicin yawan gishiri na ruwan magudanar ruwa da ake kora zuwa teku da tabukan dake gaɓar teku ya kai kilogiram 2.7 a kowace mita kubik (2.7 kg/m3).&lt;ref&gt;Egyptian Drainage Research Institute, DRI, yearbook 1995/1996&lt;/ref&gt; A fitar ruwa na shekara-shekara na mita kubik biliyan 10 (10 km3) (ba a lissafta kilogiram 2 a kowace mita kubik (2 kg/m3) na shigar gishiri daga teku da tabuka ba, duba hoton &quot;Madaidaicin ma'aunin ruwa&quot;), fitar gishiri na shekara-shekara yana kaiwa tan miliyan 27. A shekarar 1995, fitar gishiri ya yi yawa fiye da shigar gishiri, kuma ƙasashen gona na Masar suna rage gishiri. Wani ɓangare na wannan na iya kasancewa ne saboda yawan ayyukan magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da aka gudanar a cikin shekarun da suka gabata domin sarrafa matakin ruwa da gishirin ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;M.S.Abdel-Dayem, 1987. &quot;Development of land drainage in Egypt.&quot; In: J.Vos (Ed.) Proceedings, Symposium 25th International Course on Land Drainage. ILRI publ. 42. International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, Wageningen, The Netherlands&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwashe ruwa ta hanyar magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da tashoshi na da matukar muhimmanci don hana lalacewar amfanin gona sakamakon matsalar ruwa (waterlogging) da gishirin ƙasa da ban ruwa ke haifarwa. Zuwa shekarar 2003, an samar wa fiye da murabba'in kilomita 20,000 (20,000 km2) tsarin magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa, kuma kusan murabba'in kilomita 7.2 na ruwa ake kwashewa a kowace shekara daga yankunan da ke da waɗannan tsarin. Jimillar kuɗin da aka kashe a magudanar ruwa na aikin gona cikin shekaru 27 daga 1973 zuwa 2002 ya kai kusan dalar amurka biliyan $3.1, wanda ya shafi kuɗin tsara aiki, gini, kulawa, bincike da horarwa. A cikin wannan lokacin, an aiwatar da manyan ayyuka guda 11 tare da tallafin kuɗi daga Bankin Duniya da sauran masu ba da tallafi.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Egyptian Public Authority for Drainage Projects, Drainage Research Institute, 2006: [https://web.archive.org/web/20191117161919/http://www.csdwand.net/data/sheet.asp?cn=Egypt&amp;fn=LA0648 ''The National Drainage and Drainage Water Reuse Programs, Egypt''], Local Actions at the 4th World Water Forum, 2 March 2007, accessed 28 April 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasiri ==
Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan ta samar da kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa da fari, ta haifar da haɓakar aikin gona da samar da ayyukan yi, samar da wutar lantarki, da inganta sufurin ruwa wanda shi ma ke amfanar harkar buɗe ido. Sabanin haka, madatsar ruwan ta nutsar da wani babban yanki, wanda ya haifar da tsugunar da mutane fiye da 100,000. Yawancin wuraren tarihi na dā sun nitse a cikin ruwa yayin da aka ƙaura da wasu zuwa wani wurin. Ana zargin madatsar ruwan da haddasa zaizayar gaɓar teku, gishirin ƙasa, da matsalolin lafiya.

Kimantawa kan asarar da aka yi da kuma ribar da aka samu daga madatsar ruwan ya kasance abin muhawara shekaru da dama bayan kammala ta. Kamar yadda wani lissafi ya nuna, moriyar tattalin arziki na shekara-shekara na Babban Madatsar Ruwa nan da nan bayan kammala ta ya kasance fan miliyan 255 na ƙasar Masar ($587 miliyan ta amfani da canjin kuɗi na shekarar 1970 na dala $2.30 ga kowace fan 1 na Masar): fan miliyan 140 daga aikin gona, fan miliyan 100 daga samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa, fan miliyan 10 daga kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa, da fan miliyan 5 daga inganta sufurin ruwa. A lokacin da aka gina ta, jimillar kuɗin da aka kashe, haɗi da wasu &quot;ayyukan taimako&quot; da ba a bayyana ba da kuma faɗaɗa layukan wutar lantarki, ya kai fan miliyan 450 na Masar. Idan ba a yi la'akari da mummunan tasirin muhalli da zamantakewa na madatsar ruwan ba, an kiyasta cewa an dawo da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe a kanta cikin shekaru biyu kacal.&lt;ref&gt;Abul-Ata, Abdel Azim, &quot;Egypt and the Nile after the Construction of the High Aswan Dam&quot;, Ministry of Irrigation and Land Reclamation, Cairo, 1978, quoted by Asit Biswas and Cecilia Tortajada, 2004&lt;/ref&gt; Wani mai lura da al'amura ya lura cewa: &quot;Tasirin Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan (...) ya kasance mai kyau ƙwarai da gaske. Kodayake madatsar ruwan ta ba da gudummawa ga wasu matsalolin muhalli, waɗannan sun kasance marasa tsanani fiye da yadda aka zata gaba ɗaya, ko kuma yadda mutane da yawa ke gaskatawa a halin yanzu.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Biswas&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |first=Asit K. |last=Biswas |url=http://www.inwent.org/E+Z/zeitschr/de602-11.htm |title=Aswan Dam Revisited: The Benefits of a Much-Maligned Dam |journal=Development and Cooperation |number=6 |date=November–December 2002 |pages=25–27 |access-date=2018-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615032505/http://www.inwent.org/E+Z/zeitschr/de602-11.htm |archive-date=2011-06-15 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani mai lura da al'amuran kuma bai yarda ba, inda ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a rushe madatsar ruwan. Rushe ta zai ci kuɗi kaɗan ne kawai na kuɗaɗen da ake buƙata don &quot;ci gaba da yaƙi da lahani da madatsar ruwan ke haifarwa&quot; kuma ana iya dawo da hekta 500,000 na ƙasa mai kyau daga laka da ke kasan tafkin da aka kwashe ruwansa.&lt;ref&gt;Professor Fouad Ibrahim, an Egyptian geoscientist teaching in Germany in a 1982 article quoted by Peter Wald: &quot;25 Years Later:The Aswan High Dam Has Proven its Worth&quot;, Development and Cooperation 2/96, pp. 20–21&lt;/ref&gt; Samuel C. Florman ya rubuta game da madatsar ruwan: &quot;A matsayinta na gini, an yi nasara. Amma a tasirinta a kan tsarin muhalli na kwarin Nilu – wanda yawancinsa za a iya hango shi tun da farko – gazawa ce&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Florman|first=Samuel C.|title=The existential pleasures of engineering|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=1994|location=New York|page=20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ambaliyar ruwa da fari na lokaci-lokaci sun shafi Masar tun lokacin dā. Madatsar ruwan ta rage tasirin ambaliyar ruwa, kamar na shekarun 1964, 1973, da 1988. An inganta sufurin ruwa a tsawon kogin, a sama da kuma ƙasa da madatsar ruwan. Yin zirga-zirga a cikin teku a tsawon kogin Nilu wani babban aiki ne na buɗe ido da mutane suka fi so, wanda galibi ake yin sa lokacin hunturu lokacin da kwararar ruwan kogin Nilu na halitta zai yi ƙasa sosai da ba zai ba da damar jiragen ruwa na shakatawa su yi tafiya ba. An ƙirƙiri sabuwar masana'antar kamun kifi a kewayen Tafkin Nasser, kodayake tana fuskantar wahala saboda nisan da ke tsakaninta da duk wata babbar kasuwa. Yawan amfanin shekara-shekara ya kai kusan tan 35,000 a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. An kafa masana'antu na kamun kifi da shirya kaya kusa da Tafkin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid and Shibini&quot;/&gt;

Kamar yadda wani rahoto na sirri na hukumar CIA na shekarar 1971 ya nuna, kodayake Babban Madatsar Ruwa ba ta haifar da matsalolin muhalli masu tsanani kamar yadda wasu masu lura da al'amura ke zargi ba, gina ta ya kawo asarar tattalin arziki gami da riba. Waɗannan asarori sun samo asali ne mafi yawancinsu daga taruwar laka mai albarka a cikin tafkin madatsar ruwan wadda kogin Nilu ya saba ɗauko ta a dā. Zuwa lokacin (1971), babban tasirin ya kasance a kan masana'antar kamun kifi. Kamun kifi na Masar a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum, wanda a dā ya kai matsakaicin tan 35,000–40,000 a kowace shekara, ya ragu zuwa tan 20,000 ko ƙasa da haka, musamman saboda rashin ƙananan halittu na ruwa (plankton) waɗanda lakar ke ciyar da su, wanda hakan ya share kifin sardine a ruwayen Masar. Kamun kifi a cikin tafkin babban madatsar ruwan na iya rage asarar kifin ruwan gishiri a nan gaba, amma lissafi mafi inganci kawai ke nuna cewa za a iya kama tan 15,000–20,000 a ƙarshe. Rashin ci gaba da taruwar laka a bakin kogin ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga babbar matsalar zaizayar ƙasa. Bukatun takin zamani na kasuwanci da matsalolin gishiri da magudanar ruwa, waɗanda riga sun yi yawa a yankunan da ake ban ruwa na Tsakiya da Ƙasasar Masar, za su ƙaru kaɗan a Kudancin Masar saboda canji zuwa ban ruwa na dindindin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Kariya daga fari, aikin gona da samar da ayyukan yi ===
[[File:Egyptian Countryside R06.jpg|thumb|left|Ƙauyen Masar ya amfana daga Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan ta hanyar ingantaccen ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki, kamar yadda aka nuna a nan a Al Bayadiyah, kudancin Luxor]]
Madatsun ruwan sun kuma kare Masar daga fari a shekarun 1972–1973 da 1983–1987 wanda ya daidaita Gabas da Yammacin Afirka. Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta bai wa Masar damar dawo da kusan feddan miliyan 2.0 (hekta 840,000) a yankin Delta na Nilu da kuma tsawon Kwarin Nilu, wanda ya ƙara yankin da ake ban ruwa na ƙasar da kashi ɗaya cikin uku. Wannan ƙaruwa ta samu ne ta hanyar ban ruwa ga abin da ya kasance hamada a dā da kuma noma hekta 385,000 waɗanda a dā ake amfani da su azaman wuraren jiran ambaliyar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schamp&quot;/&gt; Kusan iyalai dubu ɗari biyar ne aka tsugunar a waɗannan sabbin ƙasashe. Musamman yankunan da ake noman shinkafa da rake sun ƙaru. Bugu da ƙari, kusan feddan miliyan 1 (hekta 420,000), mafi yawancinsu a Kudancin Masar, an canza su daga ban ruwa na ambaliya tare da girbi guda ɗaya kacal a shekara zuwa ban ruwa na dindindin wanda ke ba da damar girbi biyu ko fiye a shekara. A sauran ƙasashen da ake ban ruwa a dā, amfanin gona ya ƙaru saboda ana iya samun ruwa a lokuta masu muhimmanci na ƙarancin ruwa. Misali, amfanin alkama a Masar ya ninka sau uku tsakanin 1952 da 1991 kuma ingantuwar samun ruwa ya ba da gudummawa ga wannan ƙaruwa. Mafi yawan mita kubik biliyan 32 na ruwan sha, ko kusan kashi 40 na matsakaicin kwararar kogin Nilu wanda a dā ake asararsa a teku a kowace shekara, an sami damar amfani da shi ta hanya mai kyau. Yayin da kusan mita kubik biliyan 10 na ruwan da aka ajiye ke bita ta hanyar tiruri a Tafkin Nasser, adadin ruwan da ake da shi don ban ruwa har yanzu ya ƙaru da mita kubik biliyan 22.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid and Shibini&quot;&gt;M.A. Abu-Zeid &amp; F. Z. El-Shibini: &quot;Egypt's High Aswan Dam {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720101000/http://www.ci.uri.edu/ciip/FallClass/Docs_2006/UrbanWaterfronts/Abu-Zeid%20and%20El-Shibini.pdf |date=2011-07-20 }}&quot;, ''Water Resources Development'', Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 209–217, 1997&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu lissafin sun nuna cewa tirurin ruwa daga Tafkin Nasser yana tsakanin mita kubik biliyan 10 da 16 a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;M.A. Mosalam Shaltout, T. El Housry:Estimating the evaporation over Nasser Lake in the Upper Egypt from Meteosat observations, Advances in Space Research, 19 (3) (1997), pp. 515–518&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Power plant at Aswan High Dam, Aswan, Egypt.jpg|thumb|Tawayoyin wutar lantarki a tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan]]

=== Samar da wutar lantarki ===
[[File:Aswan Dam.jpg|thumb|Tashar wutar lantarki ta Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan, tare da madatsar ruwan kanta a bango]]
Madatsar ruwan tana kunna injina guda goma sha biyu kowannensu mai ƙarfin 175 MW, tare da jimillar 2.1 GW. An fara samar da wutar lantarki a shekarar 1967. Lokacin da Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta fara kaiwa ga kololuwar aikinta a shekarar 1970, ta samar da kusan rabin wutar lantarki ta Masar (kusan kashi 15 cikin 100 zuwa shekarar 1998), kuma ta ba mafi yawan ƙauyukan Masar damar amfani da wutar lantarki a karon farko. Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta kuma inganta inganci da faɗaɗa tsofaffin tashoshin wutar lantarki na Aswan ta hanyar daidaita kwararar ruwa daga sama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid and Shibini&quot;/&gt; A lokacin da aka kammala ta, ita ce tashar wutar lantarki mafi girma a Afirka kuma ta 6 mafi girma a tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a duniya.

An kammala duk ayyukan wutar lantarki na Babban Madatsar Ruwa kafin lokacin da aka tsara. An girka tare da gwada injina (turbines) guda goma sha biyu, wanda ya ba tashar ƙarfin 2,100 megawatts (MW), ko fiye da ninki biyu na jimillar ƙasa a shekarar 1960. Tare da wannan ƙarfin, tashar Aswan tana iya samar da biliyan 10 kWh na makamashi a kowace shekara. An kammala manyan layuka guda biyu na 500-kilovolt zuwa Alkahira, kuma an magance matsalolin farko na watsa wutar lantarki, waɗanda suka samo asali mafi yawancinsu daga tsofaffin abubuwan kariya (insulators). Har ila yau, barna da dakarun mamaya na Isra'ila suka yi wa babbar tashar canza wutar lantarki a shekarar 1968 an gyara ta, kuma tashar Aswan ta haɗu gaba ɗaya da hanyar sadarwar wutar lantarki a Ƙasasar Masar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Power plant profile: Aswan High dam, Egypt |date=24 November 2021 |url=https://www.power-technology.com/data-insights/power-plant-profile-aswan-high-dam-egypt/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; A canjin shekarar 1971, samar da wutar lantarki a Aswan ba zai kai fiye da rabin ƙarfin tashar na lissafi ba, saboda ƙarancin ruwa da kuma mabambantan tsarin amfani da ruwa na lokuta daban-daban don ban ruwa da samar da wuta. Bukatar ruwa ta aikin gona a lokacin rani ta wuce adadin da ake buƙata don biyan buƙatar wutar lantarki da ke da ƙasa a lokacin rani. Amfani mai yawa na ban ruwa a lokacin rani, duk da haka, zai bar ruwa maras isasshe ƙarƙashin ikon Masar don ba da damar samar da wutar lantarki a cikakken ƙarfi lokacin hunturu. Binciken fasaha ya nuna cewa matsakaicin amfanin shekara-shekara na biliyan 5 kWh da alama shi ne kaɗai za a iya dorewa saboda sauye-sauye a kwararar kogin Nilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM ECONOMIC IMPRACT OF THE ASWAN HIGH DAM |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP85T00875R001700020056-7.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sa ran samar da wutar lantarki ta Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan zai fuskanci tasiri daga manyan madatsun ruwa na sama yayin tsawaitwar lokutan fari.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Heggy |first1=Essam |last2=Abotalib |first2=Abotalib Z. |last3=You |first3=Jongeun |last4=Hanert |first4=Emmanuel |last5=Ramah |first5=Mohamed |title= Heggy, E. et al. Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam can generate sustainable hydropower while minimizing downstream water deficit during prolonged droughts. Commun Earth Environ 5, 757 (2024) |journal=Communications Earth &amp; Environment |date=9 December 2024 |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=757 |doi=10.1038/s43247-024-01821-w |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01821-w |hdl=2078.1/294594 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗari ===
Wani bincike da Nicol-André Berdellé ya gudanar a shekarar 2024 ya gano cewa ambaliya da kuma rugujewar Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan zai kasance bala'i ga Masar, domin da alama zai lalata mafi yawan yankunan da aka gina a ƙasar tare da haifar da asarar rayuka na miliyoyin mutane. Saboda girman Tafkin Nasser da kuma saurin faruwar irin wannan taron, zai kasance cikin mafi munanan ambaliyar ruwa a tarihi. Ƙasar da abin ya shafa ba zai yiwu a yi noma a kanta ba bayan haka saboda taurarren laka da zai rufe yawancin ƙasashen gona, wanda hakan zai haifar da yunwa mai yawa a Masar.

Dalilai masu yiwuwa na faruwar irin wannan taron da Berdellé ya ambata sun haɗa da gazawar Babbar Madatsar Ruwa ta Renaissance ta Habasha, harin soja a kan madatsar ruwan, ko kuma ambaliyar ruwan kogin Nilu mai girman gaske na shekara-shekara. Saboda ci gaba da taruwar laka a kasan tafkin Nasser, Berdellé ya ce irin wannan taron zai kasance mafi kusantar faruwa a kowace shekara kuma zai faru nan da shekaru da dama idan ba a ɗauki mataki ba. Berdellé ya ce ana amfani da madatsar ruwan a matakan ruwa marasa aminci kuma ya yi kira ga hukumomin Masar da su takaita matakan ruwa da kuma zurfafa magudanar ruwa ta Toshka.&lt;ref&gt; &quot;Nicol-André Berdellé (2024) Breach of Aswan Dam - a realistic worst case scenario&quot; [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380999349_Breach_of_Aswan_dam_-_a_realistic_worst_case_scenario] &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; &quot;Nicol-André Berdellé (2025) Breach of Aswan Dam - brief follow-up report&quot; [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/394114444_Breach_of_Aswan_Dam_study_-_brief_follow-up_report] &lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tsugunarwa da biyan diyya ===
[[File:Sudan Wadi Halfa RR Hotel From Garden 1936.jpg|thumb|Hoton tsohon garin Wadi Halfa da Tafkin Nasser ya nutsar]]
Tafkin Nasser ya nutsar da mafi yawan sassan ƙasasar Nubia kuma an tsugunar da mutane 100,000 zuwa 120,000 a Sudan da Masar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thayer&quot;&gt;{{citation |first1=Thayer |last1=Scudder |first2=John |last2=Gay |contribution-url=http://www.hss.caltech.edu/~tzs/50%20Dam%20Survey.pdf |contribution=A comparative survey of dam-induced resettlement in 50 cases |editor-first=Thayer |editor-last=Scudder |title=The Future of Large Dams: Dealing with Social, Environmental, Institutional and Political Costs |year=2005 |publisher=Earthscan |isbn=1-84407-155-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:WadiHalfa,center.jpg|thumb|right|Wani hoto na Sabon Wadi Halfa, mazaunin da aka ƙirƙira a gaɓar Tafkin Nasser don adana wani ɓangare na mutanen da aka tsugunar daga tsohon garin Wadi Halfa]]
A Sudan, an ƙaura da mutane 50,000 zuwa 70,000 na Nubia na Sudan daga tsohon garin Wadi Halfa da ƙauyukansa na kewaye. Wasu an ƙaura da su zuwa sabon mazaunin da aka ƙirƙira a gaɓar Tafkin Nasser mai suna Sabon Wadi Halfa, wasu kuma an tsugunar da su kusan kilomita 700 kudu zuwa sararin samaniya na Butana kusa da garin Khashm el-Girba a saman Kogin Atbara. Yanayin can yana da lokacin damina na yau da kullun sabanin mazauninsu na hamada na dā inda kusan ba a samun ruwan sama. Gwamnati ta ɓata wani aikin ban ruwa, mai suna Tsarin Haɓaka Noma na Sabon Halfa don noman auduga, hatsi, rake da sauran amfanin gona. An tsugunar da mutanen Nubia a cikin ƙauyuka ashirin da biyar da aka tsara waɗanda suka haɗa da makarantu, wuraren kiwon lafiya, da sauran ayyuka, gami da ruwan famfo da wasu wutar lantarki.

A Masar, yawancin mutanen Nubia 50,000 an ƙaura da su kilomita uku zuwa goma daga kogin Nilu kusa da Edna da Kom Ombo, kilomita 45 a ƙasa da Aswan a cikin abin da ake kira &quot;Sabuwar Nubia&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Amer |first1=Mourad |title=Rebuilding Cultural Identity: Nubian Rehabilitation along the Shore of Lake Nasser |journal=Environmental Science and Sustainable Development |date=2019 |page=19 |doi=10.21625/essd.v3iss1.279 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; An gina gidaje da wurare don rukunin ƙauyuka 47 waɗanda dangantakar juna ta yi kusa da ta tsohuwar Nubia. An samar da ƙasashen ban ruwa don noman rake mafi yawancinsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |first=Thayer |last=Scudder |url=http://www.hss.caltech.edu/~tzs/Aswan%20High%20Dam%20case.pdf |title=The Aswan High Dam Case |year=2003 |pages=11–12 |access-date=2011-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605193034/http://www.hss.caltech.edu/~tzs/Aswan%20High%20Dam%20case.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-05 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Stock |first=Jill Kamil; photographs by Michael |title=Aswan and Abu Simbel: history and guide |year=1993 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |location=Cairo |isbn=977-424-321-8 |pages=141–142 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZGrBnInneIC&amp;q=aswan+dam+new+nubia&amp;pg=PA142}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 2019–20, Masar ta fara biyan diyya ga mutanen Nubia waɗanda suka rasa gidajensu sakamakon taruwar ruwan madatsar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/79830/Egypt-s-PM-witnesses-compensation-of-Nubians-displaced-by-dam|title=Egypt's PM witnesses compensation of Nubians displaced by dam construction|website=Egypt Today|date=20 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Wuraren tarihi na dā ===
[[File:Abusimbel.jpg|thumb|Mutum-mutumin Ramses Mai Girma a Babban Haikali na Abu Simbel an sake haɗa shi bayan an ƙaura da shi a shekarar 1967 don ceton sa daga nutsawa a ruwa.]]
{{main|International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia}}

Abubuwan tarihi guda ashirin da biyu da rukunonin gine-gine da ambaliyar ruwa daga Tafkin Nasser ke barazana gare su, gami da haikali na Abu Simbel, an kiyaye su ta hanyar ƙaura da su zuwa gaɓar tafkin ƙarƙashin Kamfen ɗin Nubia na UNESCO.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCO_Nubia_Campaign&quot;&gt;[http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=24168&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html The Rescue of Nubian Monuments and Sites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222150930/http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D24168%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html/ |date=2016-12-22 }}, UNESCO project site about Nubia Campaign.&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma ƙaura da Philae, Kalabsha da Amada.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid and Shibini&quot;/&gt;

An ba da waɗannan abubuwan tarihi ga ƙasashen da suka taimaka da ayyukan:
* Haikali na Debod ga Madrid
* Haikali na Dendur ga Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Metropolitan na New York
* Haikali na Taffeh ga Rijksmuseum van Oudheden na Leiden
* Haikali na Ellesyia ga Museo Egizio na Turin

An kwashe waɗannan abubuwa zuwa yankin lambu na Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Sudan na Khartoum:&lt;ref&gt;Reis, Michael (1999), Who is who in Ancient Egypt, p. 48 {{ISBN|0-415-15448-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Haikali na Ramses II a Aksha, Sudan
* Haikali na Hatshepsut a Buhen
* Haikali na Khnum a Kumma
* Kabarin yariman Nubia Djehuti-hotep a Debeira
* Haikali na Dedwen da Sesostris III a Semna
* Shika-shikan granite daga Katolika na Faras
* Wani ɓangare na zane-zane na Katolika na Faras; ɗayan ɓangaren yana Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Warsaw.

Haikali na Ptah a Gerf Hussein an sake gina sashinsa na waje a Sabuwar Kalabsha, kusa da Haikali na Kalabsha, Beit el-Wali, da Kiosk na Qertassi.

Sauran wuraren tarihi na dā, gami da kariya ta Buhen da makabartar Fadrus, Tafkin Nasser ya nutsar da su.

=== Rashin laka ===
[[Image:Lake Nasser.jpg|thumb|left|Tafkin Nasser da ke bayan madatsar ruwan Aswan ya raba mutane fiye da 100,000 da mazaunansu kuma yana tara laka mai yawa.]]
Kafin gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa, kogin Nilu ya saba ajiye laka na mabanbantan girma – wanda ya ƙunshi rairayi mai kyau, laka da yumbu – a kan gonaki a Kudancin Masar ta hanyar ambaliyarsa ta shekara-shekara, wanda ke taimakawa ga albarkar ƙasa. Sai dai kuma, galibi ana ƙara gishiri ga darajar sinadiran gina jiki na lakar. Kashi 88 cikin 100 na lakar ana kwashe ta zuwa teku kafin gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa. Darajar sinadiran gina jiki da lakar ke ƙarawa ƙasar ta kasance tan 6,000 na potash kawai, tan 7,000 na phosphorus pentoxide da tan 17,000 na nitrogen. Waɗannan adadi ba su da yawa idan aka kwatanta da abin da ake buƙata don kaiwa ga amfanin gona da ake samu a yanzu a ban ruwa na Masar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid 1989&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |first=M.A. |last=Abu Zeid |title=Environmental impacts of the High Dam |journal=Water Resources Development |volume=5 |number=3 |date=September 1989 |page=156}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, bazuwar laka na shekara-shekara saboda ambaliyar kogin Nilu ya kasance yana faruwa ne a tsawon gaɓar kogin Nilu. Yankunan da ke da nisa da

=== Matsalar taruwar ruwa a ƙasa da haɓakar gishiri ===
Kafin gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa, matakan ruwan ƙasa (groundwater) a Kwarin Nilu sun kasance suna canzawa tsakanin mita 8 zuwa 9 a kowace shekara dangane da matakin ruwan kogin Nilu. A lokacin rani lokacin da tirurin ruwa (evaporation) ya fi yawa, matakin ruwan ƙasar yana da zurfi sosai wanda ba ya ba da damar gishirin da ke narke a cikin ruwan ya fito sarari ta hanyar tsiyan ruwa na capillary (capillary action). Bayan bacewar ambaliyar ruwa ta shekara-shekara da kuma fara amfani da ban ruwa mai yawa na tsawon shekara, matakan ruwan ƙasa sun kasance a sama ba tare da wani gagarumin sauyi ba, wanda hakan ya haifar da matsalar taruwar ruwa a ƙasa (waterlogging). Gishirin ƙasa shi ma ya ƙaru saboda tazarar da ke tsakanin saman ƙasa da matakin ruwan ƙasa ta yi ƙanƙanta (mita 1 zuwa 2 dangane da yanayin ƙasa da yanayin zafi) ta yadda tirurin ruwa ke iya tsinci ruwan zuwa sama, wanda hakan ya sa ɗan ƙaramin gishirin da ke cikin ruwan ƙasar ya taru a saman ƙasa a tsawon shekaru. Tun da yake mafi yawan ƙasashen gona ba su da tsarin magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ya dace don rage matakin ruwan ƙasar, matsalar gishiri ta hankali ta shafi amfanin gona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schamp&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |first=Heinz |last=Schamp |title=Sadd el-Ali, der Hochdamm von Assuan (Sadd el-Ali, the High Dam of Aswan) |journal=Geowissenschaften in unserer Zeit |volume=1 |year=1983 |number=2 |pages=51–85 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwashe ruwa ta hanyar magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da tashoshi na da matukar muhimmanci don hana lalacewar amfanin gona sakamakon gishirin ƙasa da matsalar taruwar ruwa. Zuwa shekarar 2003, an samar wa fiye da hekta miliyan 2 tsarin magudanar ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa tare da kashe kuɗi da suka kai kusan dalar amurka biliyan $3.1 daga shekarar 1973 zuwa 2002.&lt;ref&gt;Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Egyptian Public Authority for Drainage Projects, Drainage Research Institute, 2006: ''The National Drainage and Drainage Water Reuse Programs, Egypt'', Local Actions at the 4th World Water Forum, March 2, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lafiya ===
[[File:Schistosomiasis itch.jpeg|thumb|left|Kurajen fata: alamun cutar schistosomiasis. Alamun da aka fi sani shi ne jini a cikin fitsari.]]
Sabanin hasashe da dama da aka yi kafin gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan da kuma littattafan da suka biyo baya, na cewa yaduwar cutar fasa-kwari (schistosomiasis ko bilharzia) — wata cuta ta wurare masu zafi da ke yaɗuwa ta hanyar taɓa ruwan sha mai daɗi da ke ɗauke da tsutsotsi masu cutarwa — zai ƙaru, hakan bai faru ba.&lt;ref&gt;Miller. F. DeWolfe et al. Schistosomiasis in Rural Egypt. 1978. United States Environment Protection Agency. EPA – 600/1-78-070.&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan zato bai yi la'akari da girman tsarin ban ruwa na dindindin wanda riga ya kasance a sassan Masar shekaru da dama kafin rufe babban madatsar ruwan ba. Zuwa shekarun 1950, ɗan ƙaramin ɓangare ne kawai na Kudancin Masar wanda ba a canza shi daga ban ruwa na ambaliya (mai ƙarancin yaɗuwar cuta) zuwa ban ruwa na dindindin (mai saurin yaɗuwar cuta) ba. Faɗaɗa tsarin ban ruwa na dindindin a Masar bai dogara ga babban madatsar ruwan ba. Hasali ma, cikin shekaru 15 da rufe babban madatsar ruwan, an sami tabbataccen shaida cewa cutar bilharzia tana raguwa a Kudancin Masar. Tun daga lokacin, nau'in cutar na S. haematobium ya bace gaba ɗaya. Dalilan da aka bayyana na hakan sun haɗa da ingantuwar hanyoyin ban ruwa. A yankin Delta na Nilu, cutar schistosomiasis ta daɗe tana da rishin gaske, inda yaɗuwar ta a ƙauyuka ya kai kashi 50% ko fiye da haka na kusan ƙarni guda kafin nan. Wannan ya kasance sakamakon canza yankin Delta da Turawan Ingila suka yi zuwa ban ruwa na dindindin don noman auduga mai dogon zare. Wannan yanayi ya canza. Manyan shirye-shiryen magani a shekarun 1990 ta hanyar amfani da kwayoyin magani na sha na lokaci guda sun ba da gudummawa ƙwarai wajen rage yaɗuwa da tsananin cutar S. mansoni a yankin Delta.

=== Sauran tasiri ===
Lakar da ke taruwa a cikin madatsar ruwan tana rage ƙarfin adana ruwa na Tafkin Nasser. Ƙarfin adana ruwan na madatsar ruwan ya kai mita kubik biliyan 162 (162 km3), haɗi da mita kubik biliyan 31 na ruwan da ba ya fita (dead storage) a kasan tafkin ƙasa da mita 147 sama da matakin teku, mita kubik biliyan 90 na ruwan da ake amfani da shi (live storage), da mita kubik biliyan 41 na madadin adana ruwan ambaliya mai yawa sama da mita 175 sama da matakin teku. Yawan lakar da kogin Nilu ke ɗauko wa a shekara ya kai kusan tan miliyan 134. Wannan yana nufin cewa gurbin &quot;dead storage&quot; zai cike bayan shekaru 300 zuwa 500 idan lakar ta ci gaba da taruwa a daidai wannan mataki a duk faɗin tafkin. Babu shakka, lakar tana saurin taruwa a sassan sama na tafkin, inda taruwar lakar riga ta shafi yankin &quot;live storage&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid 1989&quot;/&gt;

Kafin gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa, hanyoyin ban ruwa da magudanar ruwa masu tsawon kilomita 50,000 a Masar dole ne a riƙa kwashe laka daga cikinsu akai-akai. Bayan gina madatsar ruwan, ciyavin ruwa sun fara girma da sauri a cikin ruwa mai tsafta, sakamakon taimakon ragowar takin zamani. Jimillar tsawon hanyoyin ruwa da ciyawa suka mamaye ya kai kusan kilomita 27,000 a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. An shawo kan ciyavin a hankali ta hanyar amfani da hannu, injina, da hanyoyin kimiyyar halittu (biological methods).&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid and Shibini&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Sardin from sardegna 1.jpg|thumb|right|Kamun kifin sardine a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum kusa da gaɓar Masar ya ragu bayan kammala Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan, amma ainihin dalilan raguwar har yanzu ana muhawara a kansu.]]
Kamun kifi na Tekun Bahar Rum da na tafkin ruwan gishiri ya ragu bayan kammala madatsar ruwan saboda sinadiran gina jiki da ke guduwa da kogin Nilu zuwa Bahar Rum sun makale a bayan madatsar ruwan. Misali, kamun kifin sardine a gaɓar teku ta Masar ya ragu daga tan 18,000 a shekarar 1962 zuwa tan 460 kacal a shekarar 1968, amma daga baya ya farfado a hankali zuwa tan 8,590 a shekarar 1992. Wani labarin kimiyya a tsakiyar shekarun 1990 ya lura cewa &quot;rashin daidaituwa tsakanin ƙarancin amfanin farko na halittu da kuma babban matakin samar da kifi a yankin har yanzu yana daure wa masana kimiyya kai.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |first1=Sayed |last1=El-Sayed |first2=Gert L. |last2=van Dijken |url=http://ocean.tamu.edu/Quarterdeck/QD3.1/Elsayed/elsayed.html |title=The southeastern Mediterranean ecosystem revisited: Thirty years after the construction of the Aswan High Dam |year=1995 |access-date=2011-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104044209/http://ocean.tamu.edu/Quarterdeck/QD3.1/Elsayed/elsayed.html |archive-date=2011-01-04 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wata damuwa kafin gina Babban Madatsar Ruwa ita ce yiwuwar raguwar matakin kasan kogin a ƙasa da Madatsar Ruwan sakamakon zaizayar ƙasa da kwararar ruwa maras laka ke haifarwa. Kiyastawa da masana na ƙasa da na ƙasa da ƙasa daban-daban suka yi sun nuna wannan raguwar za ta kasance tsakanin mita 2 zuwa 10. Sai dai kuma, ainihin raguwar da aka auna ta kasance mita 0.3 zuwa 0.7, wanda ya yi ƙasa sosai fiye da yadda aka zata.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abu Zeid and Shibini&quot;/&gt;

Masana'antar yin jar bulo, wadda ta ƙunshi daruruwan masana'antu da ke amfani da lakar kogin Nilu a tsawon kogin, ita ma ta fuskanci mummunan tasiri. Sakamakon rashin laka, sun fara amfani da tsofaffin ƙasashe masu albarka na noma inda suke lalata har zuwa murabba'in kilomita 120 na ƙasa a kowace shekara, tare da kiyasin murabba'in kilomita 1,000 da aka lalata zuwa shekarar 1984 lokacin da gwamnati ta hana ci gaba da aikin haƙar ƙasar, &quot;kodayake ba a sami cikakken nasara ba.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |first=Thayer |last=Scudder |url=http://www.hss.caltech.edu/~tzs/Aswan%20High%20Dam%20case.pdf |title=The Aswan High Dam Case |year=2003 |page=11 |access-date=2011-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605193034/http://www.hss.caltech.edu/~tzs/Aswan%20High%20Dam%20case.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-05 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda wata majiya ta nuna, a halin yanzu ana yin bulo ne ta hanyar amfani da sabbin fasahohi da ke amfani da cakudin rairayi da yumbu, kuma an bayyana cewa masana'antar bulo ta laka za ta fuskanci matsala ko da ba a gina madatsar ruwan ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Biswas and Tortajada&quot;/&gt;

Sakamakon raguwar dukaɗar ruwa (turbidity), hasken rana yana shiga da zurfi a cikin ruwan kogin Nilu. Saboda wannan dalili da kuma ƙaruwar sinadiran gina jiki daga takin zamani a cikin ruwan, ƙwayoyin algae masu yawa suna girma a cikin kogin Nilu. Wannan kuma yana ƙara kuɗin tace ruwan sha. A bayyane yake cewa kaɗan ne kawai daga cikin masana suka yi tsammanin cewa ingancin ruwa a kogin Nilu zai ragu a zahiri saboda Babban Madatsar Ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schamp&quot;/&gt;

==Manazarta==</text>
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    <title>Ambaliyar ruwa ta Gabashin Afirka ta 2020</title>
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'''Ambaliyar ruwa ta Gabashin Afirka ta 2020''' ta faru ne a [[Ruwanda]], [[Kenya]], [[Somaliya]], [[Burundi]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Uganda]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo]], [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], lamarin da ya shafi akalla mutane 700,000. Ya fara ne lokacin da ruwan sama mai yawa ya fara sauka a watan Maris, wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa da zaftarewar ƙasa. Sun yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane sama da 430, musamman a Kenya da Rwanda. A lokacin kaka, [[Ambaliyar Sahel ta Afirka ta 2020|wani ambaliyar ruwa]] ta sake afkuwa a yankin Sahel na Afirka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kassegn |first=Andualem |last2=Endris |first2=Ebrahim |year=2021 |title=Review on socio-economic impacts of 'Triple Threats' of COVID-19, desert locusts, and floods in East Africa: Evidence from Ethiopia |journal=Cogent Social Sciences |volume=7 |doi=10.1080/23311886.2021.1885122 |s2cid=233923728 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wainwright |first=Caroline M. |last2=Finney |first2=Declan L. |last3=Kilavi |first3=Mary |last4=Black |first4=Emily |last5=Marsham |first5=John H. |year=2021 |title=Extreme rainfall in East Africa, October 2019–January 2020 and context under future climate change |url=https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/wea.3824 |journal=Weather |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=26–31 |bibcode=2021Wthr...76...26W |doi=10.1002/wea.3824 |s2cid=225359280 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Ambaliya|Ambaliyar ruwa]] ita ce nau'in bala'o'in halitta da suka fi yawa kuma tana faruwa ne lokacin da ruwa ya mamaye ƙasa wanda yawanci yake bushewa. Ambaliyar ruwa galibi tana faruwa ne sakamakon ruwan sama mai ƙarfi, narkewar dusar ƙanƙara cikin sauri ko kuma guguwar guguwa sakamakon guguwar zafi ko tsunami a yankunan bakin teku. Ambaliyar ruwa mai muni ta haifar da asarar rayuka miliyoyin mutane a ƙarni na ashirin, asarar tattalin arziki ta dubban biliyoyin daloli a kowace shekara, da kuma babban cikas ga cinikin duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Merz |first=Bruno |last2=Blöschl |first2=Günter |last3=Vorogushyn |first3=Sergiy |last4=Dottori |first4=Francesco |last5=Aerts |first5=Jeroen C. J. H. |last6=Bates |first6=Paul |last7=Bertola |first7=Miriam |last8=Kemter |first8=Matthias |last9=Kreibich |first9=Heidi |last10=Lall |first10=Upmanu |last11=MacDonald |first11=Elena |year=2021 |title=Causes, impacts and patterns of disastrous river floods |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-021-00195-3 |journal=Nature Reviews Earth &amp; Environment |volume=2 |issue=9 |pages=592–609 |doi=10.1038/s43017-021-00195-3 |s2cid=236972361 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasirin ƙasa ==

=== Rwanda ===
[[Fayil:A_bicycle_rider_carrying_a_passenger_with_crosses_hustles_his_way_through_a_flooded_road_in_Kigali_on_28_January_2020._Emmanuel_Kwizera.jpg|thumb|'''Wani mai keke dauke da fasinja dauke da giciye yana tafiya cikin titin da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye a Kigali a ranar 28 ga Janairu, 2020. Emmanuel Kwizera''']]
Ruwan sama mai ƙarfi, haske da kuma tsawa sun shafi ƙasar tsakanin 2 zuwa 4 ga Maris, inda suka yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane 5, tare da rahoton ambaliyar ruwa a lardunan Kigali da Kudanci. Mutane biyu sun mutu sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa a gundumar Ruhango, Lardin Kudu da kuma mutum ɗaya a Gundumar Gasabo, Birnin Kigali. Mutum ɗaya kuma ya mutu sakamakon walƙiya a gundumar Rulindo, Lardin Arewa da kuma wani a Gundumar Nyanza, Lardin Kudu. Jimillar mutane 13 sun ji rauni kuma gidaje 42 sun lalace. Hanyoyi da gadoji suma sun lalace ko sun lalace. A ranar 7 ga Maris, mutane 5 sun mutu bayan ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya sa kogi ya cika ya kuma mamaye wani kogo a gundumar Nyamagabe a Lardin Kudu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda – Heavy Rain and Storms Cause Fatalities |url=http://floodlist.com/africa/rwanda-floods-march-2020 |website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Simonovic |first=Slobodan P. |last2=Kundzewicz |first2=Zbigniew W. |last3=Wright |first3=Nigel |year=2021 |title=Floods and the COVID-19 pandemic—A new double hazard problem |journal=WIREs Water |volume=8 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/wat2.1509 |pmc=7995187 |pmid=33786171}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Afrilu, mutane 6 sun mutu bayan ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya haifar da zaftarewar ƙasa a gundumar Gicumbi da ke Lardin Arewa. Yankunan da abin ya fi shafa sune Sashen Nyankenke da Kageyo. Dukiyoyi, kayayyakin more rayuwa da dabbobi duk sun lalace ko sun lalace. Hukumomi sun yi kira ga mazauna yankunan da ke da haɗari da su ƙaura zuwa wurare masu aminci. Ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya kuma shafi sassan lardin Gabashin a ranakun 19 da 20 ga Afrilu inda kafofin watsa labarai suka ce aƙalla mutane 3 sun mutu a ambaliyar ruwa daban-daban a gundumar Gatsibo. Ambaliyar ruwa ta kuma haifar da lalacewar amfanin gona a gundumar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda and Burundi – 9 Dead, Thousands Affected After Floods and Landslides |url=http://floodlist.com/africa/rwanda-burundi-floods-april-2020 |website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ruwan sama mai ƙarfi a faɗin ƙasar daga ranar 1 zuwa 3 ga Mayu ya yi sanadiyyar asarar rayuka masu yawa da kuma asarar rayuka 8. Mutane 70 sun mutu sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa da zaftarewar ƙasa bayan ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Tashar yanayi ta Byimana da ke gundumar Ruhango ta sami rahoton mutane 140&amp;nbsp;Ruwan sama mai yawa cikin awanni 24 a ranar 7 ga Mayu. Ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa sun lalata gidaje 91, gadoji 5, sannan suka share amfanin gona. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda – Torrential Rain and Floods Leave Over 60 Dead |url=http://floodlist.com/africa/rwanda-floods-07-may-2020 |website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kenya ===
[[Fayil:Waters_of_River_Nzoia.jpg|thumb|Kogin Nzoia, Yuli 2016]]
Mutane 237 ne suka mutu sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa a Kenya a watan Afrilu da Mayu, yayin da sama da mutane 100,000 suka rasa matsugunansu. Ambaliyar ruwa ta shafi gundumomi 29 daga cikin 47 na ƙasar. Yankunan ƙasa da yawa suna ƙarƙashin ruwa a gundumomi Busia da Siaya, yammacin Kenya, bayan da kogin Nzoia ya cika. Sama da 'yan Kenya 800,000 a cikin gidaje 161,000 sun fuskanci mummunan illa sakamakon ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da ake ci gaba da yi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kenya – Flood Death Toll Rises, 100,000 Displaced |url=http://floodlist.com/africa/kenya-flood-update-07-may-2020 |website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=Kenya – Floods Hit North and Central Regions as Death Toll Rises to 237 |url=http://floodlist.com/africa/kenya-floods-north-central-regions-may-2020 |website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Somaliya ===

Ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya shafi yankuna da dama na Somaliya tun daga ranar 20 ga Afrilu, lamarin da ya sa koguna suka cika sannan aka fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa ta gaggawa. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, wata gagarumar ambaliyar ruwa ta gaggawa ta mamaye birnin Gardo da ke yankin Bari na arewa maso gabas, wani ɓangare na jihar Puntland mai cin gashin kanta. Mutane 16 ne suka mutu, 546,103 abin ya shafa sannan 216,895 suka rasa matsugunansu. An ba da rahoton cewa ɗakunan iyalai ɗari da dama sun rasa gidajensu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/somalia-flash-floods-gardo-bari-april-2020|title=Somalia – Deadly Flash Floods in North East|website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/somalia-floods-may-2020|title=Somalia – Over 200,000 Displaced by Floods|website=floodlist.com|date=2020-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, mutane biyar sun mutu lokacin da ruwan saman ya sa wani gida ya ruguje a ranar 11 ga Mayu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/somalia-floods-mogadishu-may-2020|title=Somalia – 4 Dead After Heavy Rain Floods Mogadishu|website=floodlist.com|date=2020-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Burundi ===
[[File:Rainy day in bujumbura.jpg|thumb|Ambaliyar ruwa a Bujumbura, Burundi, Disamba 2019]]
Burundi tana da haɗarin fuskantar bala'o'i masu shafar ruwa a nan gaba, amma bincika tasirin sauyin yanayi a kan yanayin ruwa na yankin yana da wahala saboda ƙarancin bayanan cikin gida da tsarin daidaitawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on the Hydroclimatic Response in Burundi Based on CMIP6 ESMs |journal=Sustainability|year=2021 |doi=10.3390/su132112037 |doi-access=free |last1=Kim |first1=Jeong-Bae |last2=Habimana |first2=Jean de Dieu |last3=Kim |first3=Seon-Ho |last4=Bae |first4=Deg-Hyo |volume=13 |issue=21 |article-number=12037 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutum 1 ne ya mutu sannan 280 suka rasa matsugunansu bayan mummunan yanayi a Burundi a lokacin tsakanin 2 zuwa 8 ga Maris.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/burundi-floods-march-2020|title=Burundi – Floods and Rain Leave 1 Dead, Hundreds Displaced|website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jibuti ===
Mutane 8 ne suka mutu a ambaliyar ruwa ta gaggawa a Jibuti. Birnin Jibuti da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi ne suka fi shan hura bayan da ambaliyar ruwa ta gaggawa ta afku a ranar 21 ga Afrilu bayan ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da aka yi da daddare. Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a Jibuti ta bayyana cewa kiyasin farko ya nuna cewa wasu gidaje kusan 18,000 (kimanin mutane 110,000) abin ya shafa a faɗin birnin Jibuti da unguwarsa ta Balbala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/djibouti-flash-floods-april-2020|title=Djibouti – 8 Killed in Flash Floods|website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Evolution and Trends of Meteorological Drought and Wet Events over the Republic of Djibouti from 1961 to 2021 |journal=Climate|year=2022 |doi=10.3390/cli10100148 |doi-access=free |last1=Dabar |first1=Omar Assowe |last2=Adan |first2=Abdi-Basid Ibrahim |last3=Ahmed |first3=Moussa Mahdi |last4=Awaleh |first4=Mohamed Osman |last5=Waberi |first5=Moussa Mohamed |last6=Camberlin |first6=Pierre |last7=Pohl |first7=Benjamin |last8=Mohamed |first8=Jalludin |volume=10 |issue=10 |page=148 |bibcode=2022Clim...10..148D }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Habasha ===
[[File:Flooded Highway, Ethiopia (53017140268).jpg|left|thumb|Babban titin da ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa a Habasha]]
Ana tunanin har mutane 12 ne suka mutu a wata zaftarewar ƙasa da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya haddasa a Habasha. Zaftarewar ƙasar ta afku ne a gundumar Ale Special Woreda da ke Yankin Al'ummai da Ƙasashe na Kudancin Habasha (SNNP). Gidaje shida ne suka lalace gaba ɗaya sannan iyalai da dama suka rasa matsugunansu. An gano gawa guda bakwai, yayin da mutane 5 har yanzu ba a gansu ba. Ana ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan bincike amma yankin mai hatsari ya kawo cikas. Mutane takwas sun mutu a yankin Gamo a tsakanin ranakun 11 zuwa 18 ga Afrilu. Ambaliyar ruwa a garin Jinka a ranar 25 ga Afrilu ta lalata abubuwan more rayuwa da dabbobi. Sauran yankunan ƙasar su ma sun fuskanci ruwan sama mai ƙarfi tun ƙarshen watan Afrilu. Ambaliyar ruwa ta gaggawa a ranar 24 ga Afrilu ta bar aƙalla mutane 4 da suka mutu a Dire Dawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/ethiopia-landslide-snnpr-may-2020|title=Ethiopia – 12 Killed in Landslide Triggered by Heavy Rain|website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 29 ga Mayu kuma zaftarewar ƙasa ta kashe mutane 10 a yankin Gamo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/ethiopia-landslide-gamo-may-2020|title=Ethiopia – Heavy Rain Triggers Deadly Landslide in South|website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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'''Ambaliyar ruwa ta Gabashin Afirka ta 2020''' ta faru ne a [[Ruwanda]], [[Kenya]], [[Somaliya]], [[Burundi]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Uganda]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo]], [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], lamarin da ya shafi akalla mutane 700,000. Ya fara ne lokacin da ruwan sama mai yawa ya fara sauka a watan Maris, wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa da zaftarewar ƙasa. Sun yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane sama da 430, musamman a Kenya da Rwanda. A lokacin kaka, [[Ambaliyar Sahel ta Afirka ta 2020|wani ambaliyar ruwa]] ta sake afkuwa a yankin Sahel na Afirka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kassegn |first=Andualem |last2=Endris |first2=Ebrahim |year=2021 |title=Review on socio-economic impacts of 'Triple Threats' of COVID-19, desert locusts, and floods in East Africa: Evidence from Ethiopia |journal=Cogent Social Sciences |volume=7 |doi=10.1080/23311886.2021.1885122 |s2cid=233923728 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wainwright |first=Caroline M. |last2=Finney |first2=Declan L. |last3=Kilavi |first3=Mary |last4=Black |first4=Emily |last5=Marsham |first5=John H. |year=2021 |title=Extreme rainfall in East Africa, October 2019–January 2020 and context under future climate change |url=https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/wea.3824 |journal=Weather |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=26–31 |bibcode=2021Wthr...76...26W |doi=10.1002/wea.3824 |s2cid=225359280 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Ambaliya|Ambaliyar ruwa]] ita ce nau'in bala'o'in halitta da suka fi yawa kuma tana faruwa ne lokacin da ruwa ya mamaye ƙasa wanda yawanci yake bushewa. Ambaliyar ruwa galibi tana faruwa ne sakamakon ruwan sama mai ƙarfi, narkewar dusar ƙanƙara cikin sauri ko kuma guguwar guguwa sakamakon guguwar zafi ko tsunami a yankunan bakin teku. Ambaliyar ruwa mai muni ta haifar da asarar rayuka miliyoyin mutane a ƙarni na ashirin, asarar tattalin arziki ta dubban biliyoyin daloli a kowace shekara, da kuma babban cikas ga cinikin duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Merz |first=Bruno |last2=Blöschl |first2=Günter |last3=Vorogushyn |first3=Sergiy |last4=Dottori |first4=Francesco |last5=Aerts |first5=Jeroen C. J. H. |last6=Bates |first6=Paul |last7=Bertola |first7=Miriam |last8=Kemter |first8=Matthias |last9=Kreibich |first9=Heidi |last10=Lall |first10=Upmanu |last11=MacDonald |first11=Elena |year=2021 |title=Causes, impacts and patterns of disastrous river floods |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-021-00195-3 |journal=Nature Reviews Earth &amp; Environment |volume=2 |issue=9 |pages=592–609 |doi=10.1038/s43017-021-00195-3 |s2cid=236972361 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasirin ƙasa ==

=== Rwanda ===
[[Fayil:A_bicycle_rider_carrying_a_passenger_with_crosses_hustles_his_way_through_a_flooded_road_in_Kigali_on_28_January_2020._Emmanuel_Kwizera.jpg|thumb|'''Wani mai keke dauke da fasinja dauke da giciye yana tafiya cikin titin da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye a Kigali a ranar 28 ga Janairu, 2020. Emmanuel Kwizera''']]
Ruwan sama mai ƙarfi, haske da kuma tsawa sun shafi ƙasar tsakanin 2 zuwa 4 ga Maris, inda suka yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane 5, tare da rahoton ambaliyar ruwa a lardunan Kigali da Kudanci. Mutane biyu sun mutu sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa a gundumar Ruhango, Lardin Kudu da kuma mutum ɗaya a Gundumar Gasabo, Birnin Kigali. Mutum ɗaya kuma ya mutu sakamakon walƙiya a gundumar Rulindo, Lardin Arewa da kuma wani a Gundumar Nyanza, Lardin Kudu. Jimillar mutane 13 sun ji rauni kuma gidaje 42 sun lalace. Hanyoyi da gadoji suma sun lalace ko sun lalace. A ranar 7 ga Maris, mutane 5 sun mutu bayan ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya sa kogi ya cika ya kuma mamaye wani kogo a gundumar Nyamagabe a Lardin Kudu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda – Heavy Rain and Storms Cause Fatalities |url=http://floodlist.com/africa/rwanda-floods-march-2020 |website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Simonovic |first=Slobodan P. |last2=Kundzewicz |first2=Zbigniew W. |last3=Wright |first3=Nigel |year=2021 |title=Floods and the COVID-19 pandemic—A new double hazard problem |journal=WIREs Water |volume=8 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/wat2.1509 |pmc=7995187 |pmid=33786171}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Afrilu, mutane 6 sun mutu bayan ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya haifar da zaftarewar ƙasa a gundumar Gicumbi da ke Lardin Arewa. Yankunan da abin ya fi shafa sune Sashen Nyankenke da Kageyo. Dukiyoyi, kayayyakin more rayuwa da dabbobi duk sun lalace ko sun lalace. Hukumomi sun yi kira ga mazauna yankunan da ke da haɗari da su ƙaura zuwa wurare masu aminci. Ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya kuma shafi sassan lardin Gabashin a ranakun 19 da 20 ga Afrilu inda kafofin watsa labarai suka ce aƙalla mutane 3 sun mutu a ambaliyar ruwa daban-daban a gundumar Gatsibo. Ambaliyar ruwa ta kuma haifar da lalacewar amfanin gona a gundumar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda and Burundi – 9 Dead, Thousands Affected After Floods and Landslides |url=http://floodlist.com/africa/rwanda-burundi-floods-april-2020 |website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ruwan sama mai ƙarfi a faɗin ƙasar daga ranar 1 zuwa 3 ga Mayu ya yi sanadiyyar asarar rayuka masu yawa da kuma asarar rayuka 8. Mutane 70 sun mutu sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa da zaftarewar ƙasa bayan ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Tashar yanayi ta Byimana da ke gundumar Ruhango ta sami rahoton mutane 140&amp;nbsp;Ruwan sama mai yawa cikin awanni 24 a ranar 7 ga Mayu. Ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa sun lalata gidaje 91, gadoji 5, sannan suka share amfanin gona. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda – Torrential Rain and Floods Leave Over 60 Dead |url=http://floodlist.com/africa/rwanda-floods-07-may-2020 |website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kenya ===
[[Fayil:Waters_of_River_Nzoia.jpg|thumb|Kogin Nzoia, Yuli 2016]]
Mutane 237 ne suka mutu sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa a Kenya a watan Afrilu da Mayu, yayin da sama da mutane 100,000 suka rasa matsugunansu. Ambaliyar ruwa ta shafi gundumomi 29 daga cikin 47 na ƙasar. Yankunan ƙasa da yawa suna ƙarƙashin ruwa a gundumomi Busia da Siaya, yammacin Kenya, bayan da kogin Nzoia ya cika. Sama da 'yan Kenya 800,000 a cikin gidaje 161,000 sun fuskanci mummunan illa sakamakon ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da ake ci gaba da yi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kenya – Flood Death Toll Rises, 100,000 Displaced |url=http://floodlist.com/africa/kenya-flood-update-07-may-2020 |website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=Kenya – Floods Hit North and Central Regions as Death Toll Rises to 237 |url=http://floodlist.com/africa/kenya-floods-north-central-regions-may-2020 |website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Somaliya ===

Ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya shafi yankuna da dama na Somaliya tun daga ranar 20 ga Afrilu, lamarin da ya sa koguna suka cika sannan aka fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa ta gaggawa. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, wata gagarumar ambaliyar ruwa ta gaggawa ta mamaye birnin Gardo da ke yankin Bari na arewa maso gabas, wani ɓangare na jihar Puntland mai cin gashin kanta. Mutane 16 ne suka mutu, 546,103 abin ya shafa sannan 216,895 suka rasa matsugunansu. An ba da rahoton cewa ɗakunan iyalai ɗari da dama sun rasa gidajensu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/somalia-flash-floods-gardo-bari-april-2020|title=Somalia – Deadly Flash Floods in North East|website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/somalia-floods-may-2020|title=Somalia – Over 200,000 Displaced by Floods|website=floodlist.com|date=2020-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, mutane biyar sun mutu lokacin da ruwan saman ya sa wani gida ya ruguje a ranar 11 ga Mayu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/somalia-floods-mogadishu-may-2020|title=Somalia – 4 Dead After Heavy Rain Floods Mogadishu|website=floodlist.com|date=2020-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Burundi ===
[[File:Rainy day in bujumbura.jpg|thumb|Ambaliyar ruwa a Bujumbura, Burundi, Disamba 2019]]
Burundi tana da haɗarin fuskantar bala'o'i masu shafar ruwa a nan gaba, amma bincika tasirin sauyin yanayi a kan yanayin ruwa na yankin yana da wahala saboda ƙarancin bayanan cikin gida da tsarin daidaitawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on the Hydroclimatic Response in Burundi Based on CMIP6 ESMs |journal=Sustainability|year=2021 |doi=10.3390/su132112037 |doi-access=free |last1=Kim |first1=Jeong-Bae |last2=Habimana |first2=Jean de Dieu |last3=Kim |first3=Seon-Ho |last4=Bae |first4=Deg-Hyo |volume=13 |issue=21 |article-number=12037 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutum 1 ne ya mutu sannan 280 suka rasa matsugunansu bayan mummunan yanayi a Burundi a lokacin tsakanin 2 zuwa 8 ga Maris.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/burundi-floods-march-2020|title=Burundi – Floods and Rain Leave 1 Dead, Hundreds Displaced|website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jibuti ===
Mutane 8 ne suka mutu a ambaliyar ruwa ta gaggawa a Jibuti. Birnin Jibuti da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi ne suka fi shan hura bayan da ambaliyar ruwa ta gaggawa ta afku a ranar 21 ga Afrilu bayan ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da aka yi da daddare. Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a Jibuti ta bayyana cewa kiyasin farko ya nuna cewa wasu gidaje kusan 18,000 (kimanin mutane 110,000) abin ya shafa a faɗin birnin Jibuti da unguwarsa ta Balbala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/djibouti-flash-floods-april-2020|title=Djibouti – 8 Killed in Flash Floods|website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Evolution and Trends of Meteorological Drought and Wet Events over the Republic of Djibouti from 1961 to 2021 |journal=Climate|year=2022 |doi=10.3390/cli10100148 |doi-access=free |last1=Dabar |first1=Omar Assowe |last2=Adan |first2=Abdi-Basid Ibrahim |last3=Ahmed |first3=Moussa Mahdi |last4=Awaleh |first4=Mohamed Osman |last5=Waberi |first5=Moussa Mohamed |last6=Camberlin |first6=Pierre |last7=Pohl |first7=Benjamin |last8=Mohamed |first8=Jalludin |volume=10 |issue=10 |page=148 |bibcode=2022Clim...10..148D }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Habasha ===
[[File:Flooded Highway, Ethiopia (53017140268).jpg|left|thumb|Babban titin da ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa a Habasha]]
Ana tunanin har mutane 12 ne suka mutu a wata zaftarewar ƙasa da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya haddasa a Habasha. Zaftarewar ƙasar ta afku ne a gundumar Ale Special Woreda da ke Yankin Al'ummai da Ƙasashe na Kudancin Habasha (SNNP). Gidaje shida ne suka lalace gaba ɗaya sannan iyalai da dama suka rasa matsugunansu. An gano gawa guda bakwai, yayin da mutane 5 har yanzu ba a gansu ba. Ana ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan bincike amma yankin mai hatsari ya kawo cikas. Mutane takwas sun mutu a yankin Gamo a tsakanin ranakun 11 zuwa 18 ga Afrilu. Ambaliyar ruwa a garin Jinka a ranar 25 ga Afrilu ta lalata abubuwan more rayuwa da dabbobi. Sauran yankunan ƙasar su ma sun fuskanci ruwan sama mai ƙarfi tun ƙarshen watan Afrilu. Ambaliyar ruwa ta gaggawa a ranar 24 ga Afrilu ta bar aƙalla mutane 4 da suka mutu a Dire Dawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/ethiopia-landslide-snnpr-may-2020|title=Ethiopia – 12 Killed in Landslide Triggered by Heavy Rain|website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 29 ga Mayu kuma zaftarewar ƙasa ta kashe mutane 10 a yankin Gamo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/ethiopia-landslide-gamo-may-2020|title=Ethiopia – Heavy Rain Triggers Deadly Landslide in South|website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Uganda ===
[[File:Kampala Flooding.jpg|thumb|Ambaliyar ruwa da aka gani a gundumar Mukono a Uganda]]
[[File:Destruction Caused by River Nyamwamba flooding 01.jpg|thumb|'''Lalacewar da ambaliyar Kogin Nyamwamba ta haddasa a shekarar 2021 a gundumar Kasese da ke yammacin Uganda.''']]
Dubun-dubatar mutane ne ambaliyar ruwa ta gaggawa da zaftarewar ƙasa suka shafa a Yankunan Yamma da Arewa bayan ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da aka tafka tun wajen ranar 1 ga Mayu.

Gidaje sun lalace sannan mutane kusan 5,000 suka rasa matsugunansu. Ana tunanin mutane huɗu sun mutu a ambaliyar, yayin da wasu mutane 3 ke ɓace.
Mummunar ambaliyar ruwa da zaftarewar ƙasa sun auku a gundumar Rubanda, inda mutane 2 suka mutu sannan gidaje 31 suka lalace. Zaftarewar ƙasar ta afku ne bayan kwashe sa'o'i ana tafka ruwan sama mai ƙarfi a ranar 2 ga Mayu. Ambaliyar ruwa a gundumar Kabale da ke yammacin Uganda a ranar 1 ga Mayu ta lalata hanyoyi da gidaje. Akwai rahoton cewa aƙalla mutum ɗaya ya mutu a ambaliyar. Kusan iyalai 500 a gundumar Nakapiripirit ne suka rasa matsugunansu sannan amfanin gonarsu ya lalace biyo bayan ambaliyar da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya haddasa a ranar 2 ga Mayu. Ruwan sama mai ƙarfi a makwannin baya-bayan nan ya ƙara yawan ruwan Tafkin Victoria inda aka umarci mutane sama da 3,800 a tsibiran tafkin da ke gundumar Mayuge da su fice yayin da matakin ruwan tafkin ya ƙaru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/uganda-floods-western-northern-region-may-2020|title=Uganda – Floods Affect Thousands in Western and Northern Regions|website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 21 ga Mayu, mutane 8 suka mutu a sabuwar ambaliyar ruwa ta gaggawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/uganda-floods-kasese-may-2020|title=Uganda – 8 Dead After More Floods in Kasese|website=floodlist.com|date=22 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:In hard times all support is needed.jpg|thumb|Ambaliyar ruwa a Kampala kewayen Bwaise a shekarar 2023]]

=== Jamhuriyar Dimokaraɗiyyar Kongo ===
[[File:Kalehe floods 2023 A07I7268 (52906607850).jpg|thumb|Kalehe, Kivu ta Kudu, DRC: Wakiliyar Musamman ta Babban Sakataren Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a DRC Bintou Keita ta kasance a Kalehe a Kivu ta Kudu a ranar 18 ga Mayu 2023, inda wani bala'i na halitta ya yi sanadin rayukan mutane da dama a ranar 4 ga Mayu 2023. Tana tare da kwamishinan ƴan sandan MONUSCO, Shugaban ofishin MONUSCO a Kivu ta Kudu da kuma manyan shugabannin sauran hukumomin MDD a DRC. Ta ziyarci wurin da lamarin ya faru sannan ta gana da hukumomin gida da wadanda suka tsira. Hoto MONUSCO/Michael Ali]]
Mutane 44 ne suka mutu, 200 suka ji rauni, yayin da 64,000 suka rasa gidajensu a ambaliyar ruwa a lardin Kivu ta Kudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/drcongo-floods-kasai-river-maindombe-may-2020|title=DR Congo – Hundreds Homeless After Kasai River Floods in Mai-Ndombe Province|date=20 May 2020|website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan sama mai ƙarfi kamar da bakin ƙwarya ya sarara a birnin Uvira da kewaye a Kivu ta Kudu, daga ranar 16 zuwa 17 ga Afrilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/dr-congo-uvira-floods-south-kivu-april-2020|title=DR Congo – Over 30 Killed in Uvira Floods, South Kivu Province|website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/drcongo-floods-maniema-may-2020|title=DR Congo – Hundreds Homeless After Floods in Maniema|website=floodlist.com|date=2020-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tanzaniya ===
[[File:ECDM 20240507 Eastern Africa (cropped april precipitation anomaly).jpg|left|thumb|220x220px|'''ECDM 20240507 Gabashin Afirka (hoton da aka rage na yanayin ruwan sama na watan Afrilu)''']]
A watan Afrilu, dubun-dubatar mutane ne ambaliyar ruwa da zaftarewar laka suka shafa a Arusha da Kilimanjaro, da ke arewacin Tanzaniya. An bayar da rahoton mace-mace guda biyu a gundumar Arumeru da ke yankin Arusha, inda aƙalla gidaje 50 suka lalace. Haka kuma ambaliyar ta toshe muhimmiyar hanyar Arusha zuwa Moshi a gundumar Arumeru, lamarin da ya bar ɗaddun fasinjoji cikin tsaka-mai-wuya. A yankin Kilimanjaro, gidaje sama da 2,700 a gundumar Moshi ne ambaliyar ta mai da su marasa matsuguni. Gidaje da dama ne ambaliyar ruwa ta gaggawa ta tafi da su a gundumar Hai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/tanzania-floods-arusha-kilimanjaro-april-2020|title=Tanzania – Deadly Floods and Mudslides Hit Northern Regions|website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==manqzarta==</text>
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      <text bytes="16745" sha1="obymuqnyg624wpdr1nbvuxea78g6ms4" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Ambaliyar ruwa ta Gabashin Afirka ta 2020''' ta faru ne a [[Ruwanda]], [[Kenya]], [[Somaliya]], [[Burundi]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Uganda]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo]], [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], lamarin da ya shafi akalla mutane 700,000. Ya fara ne lokacin da ruwan sama mai yawa ya fara sauka a watan Maris, wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa da zaftarewar ƙasa. Sun yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane sama da 430, musamman a Kenya da Rwanda. A lokacin kaka, [[Ambaliyar Sahel ta Afirka ta 2020|wani ambaliyar ruwa]] ta sake afkuwa a yankin Sahel na Afirka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kassegn |first=Andualem |last2=Endris |first2=Ebrahim |year=2021 |title=Review on socio-economic impacts of 'Triple Threats' of COVID-19, desert locusts, and floods in East Africa: Evidence from Ethiopia |journal=Cogent Social Sciences |volume=7 |doi=10.1080/23311886.2021.1885122 |s2cid=233923728 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wainwright |first=Caroline M. |last2=Finney |first2=Declan L. |last3=Kilavi |first3=Mary |last4=Black |first4=Emily |last5=Marsham |first5=John H. |year=2021 |title=Extreme rainfall in East Africa, October 2019–January 2020 and context under future climate change |url=https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/wea.3824 |journal=Weather |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=26–31 |bibcode=2021Wthr...76...26W |doi=10.1002/wea.3824 |s2cid=225359280 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Ambaliya|Ambaliyar ruwa]] ita ce nau'in bala'o'in halitta da suka fi yawa kuma tana faruwa ne lokacin da ruwa ya mamaye ƙasa wanda yawanci yake bushewa. Ambaliyar ruwa galibi tana faruwa ne sakamakon ruwan sama mai ƙarfi, narkewar dusar ƙanƙara cikin sauri ko kuma guguwar guguwa sakamakon guguwar zafi ko tsunami a yankunan bakin teku. Ambaliyar ruwa mai muni ta haifar da asarar rayuka miliyoyin mutane a ƙarni na ashirin, asarar tattalin arziki ta dubban biliyoyin daloli a kowace shekara, da kuma babban cikas ga cinikin duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Merz |first=Bruno |last2=Blöschl |first2=Günter |last3=Vorogushyn |first3=Sergiy |last4=Dottori |first4=Francesco |last5=Aerts |first5=Jeroen C. J. H. |last6=Bates |first6=Paul |last7=Bertola |first7=Miriam |last8=Kemter |first8=Matthias |last9=Kreibich |first9=Heidi |last10=Lall |first10=Upmanu |last11=MacDonald |first11=Elena |year=2021 |title=Causes, impacts and patterns of disastrous river floods |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-021-00195-3 |journal=Nature Reviews Earth &amp; Environment |volume=2 |issue=9 |pages=592–609 |doi=10.1038/s43017-021-00195-3 |s2cid=236972361 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasirin ƙasa ==

=== Rwanda ===
[[Fayil:A_bicycle_rider_carrying_a_passenger_with_crosses_hustles_his_way_through_a_flooded_road_in_Kigali_on_28_January_2020._Emmanuel_Kwizera.jpg|thumb|'''Wani mai keke dauke da fasinja dauke da giciye yana tafiya cikin titin da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye a Kigali a ranar 28 ga Janairu, 2020. Emmanuel Kwizera''']]
Ruwan sama mai ƙarfi, haske da kuma tsawa sun shafi ƙasar tsakanin 2 zuwa 4 ga Maris, inda suka yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane 5, tare da rahoton ambaliyar ruwa a lardunan Kigali da Kudanci. Mutane biyu sun mutu sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa a gundumar Ruhango, Lardin Kudu da kuma mutum ɗaya a Gundumar Gasabo, Birnin Kigali. Mutum ɗaya kuma ya mutu sakamakon walƙiya a gundumar Rulindo, Lardin Arewa da kuma wani a Gundumar Nyanza, Lardin Kudu. Jimillar mutane 13 sun ji rauni kuma gidaje 42 sun lalace. Hanyoyi da gadoji suma sun lalace ko sun lalace. A ranar 7 ga Maris, mutane 5 sun mutu bayan ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya sa kogi ya cika ya kuma mamaye wani kogo a gundumar Nyamagabe a Lardin Kudu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda – Heavy Rain and Storms Cause Fatalities |url=http://floodlist.com/africa/rwanda-floods-march-2020 |website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Simonovic |first=Slobodan P. |last2=Kundzewicz |first2=Zbigniew W. |last3=Wright |first3=Nigel |year=2021 |title=Floods and the COVID-19 pandemic—A new double hazard problem |journal=WIREs Water |volume=8 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/wat2.1509 |pmc=7995187 |pmid=33786171}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Afrilu, mutane 6 sun mutu bayan ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya haifar da zaftarewar ƙasa a gundumar Gicumbi da ke Lardin Arewa. Yankunan da abin ya fi shafa sune Sashen Nyankenke da Kageyo. Dukiyoyi, kayayyakin more rayuwa da dabbobi duk sun lalace ko sun lalace. Hukumomi sun yi kira ga mazauna yankunan da ke da haɗari da su ƙaura zuwa wurare masu aminci. Ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya kuma shafi sassan lardin Gabashin a ranakun 19 da 20 ga Afrilu inda kafofin watsa labarai suka ce aƙalla mutane 3 sun mutu a ambaliyar ruwa daban-daban a gundumar Gatsibo. Ambaliyar ruwa ta kuma haifar da lalacewar amfanin gona a gundumar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda and Burundi – 9 Dead, Thousands Affected After Floods and Landslides |url=http://floodlist.com/africa/rwanda-burundi-floods-april-2020 |website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ruwan sama mai ƙarfi a faɗin ƙasar daga ranar 1 zuwa 3 ga Mayu ya yi sanadiyyar asarar rayuka masu yawa da kuma asarar rayuka 8. Mutane 70 sun mutu sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa da zaftarewar ƙasa bayan ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Tashar yanayi ta Byimana da ke gundumar Ruhango ta sami rahoton mutane 140&amp;nbsp;Ruwan sama mai yawa cikin awanni 24 a ranar 7 ga Mayu. Ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa sun lalata gidaje 91, gadoji 5, sannan suka share amfanin gona. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda – Torrential Rain and Floods Leave Over 60 Dead |url=http://floodlist.com/africa/rwanda-floods-07-may-2020 |website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kenya ===
[[Fayil:Waters_of_River_Nzoia.jpg|thumb|Kogin Nzoia, Yuli 2016]]
Mutane 237 ne suka mutu sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa a Kenya a watan Afrilu da Mayu, yayin da sama da mutane 100,000 suka rasa matsugunansu. Ambaliyar ruwa ta shafi gundumomi 29 daga cikin 47 na ƙasar. Yankunan ƙasa da yawa suna ƙarƙashin ruwa a gundumomi Busia da Siaya, yammacin Kenya, bayan da kogin Nzoia ya cika. Sama da 'yan Kenya 800,000 a cikin gidaje 161,000 sun fuskanci mummunan illa sakamakon ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da ake ci gaba da yi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kenya – Flood Death Toll Rises, 100,000 Displaced |url=http://floodlist.com/africa/kenya-flood-update-07-may-2020 |website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=Kenya – Floods Hit North and Central Regions as Death Toll Rises to 237 |url=http://floodlist.com/africa/kenya-floods-north-central-regions-may-2020 |website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Somaliya ===

Ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya shafi yankuna da dama na Somaliya tun daga ranar 20 ga Afrilu, lamarin da ya sa koguna suka cika sannan aka fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa ta gaggawa. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, wata gagarumar ambaliyar ruwa ta gaggawa ta mamaye birnin Gardo da ke yankin Bari na arewa maso gabas, wani ɓangare na jihar Puntland mai cin gashin kanta. Mutane 16 ne suka mutu, 546,103 abin ya shafa sannan 216,895 suka rasa matsugunansu. An ba da rahoton cewa ɗakunan iyalai ɗari da dama sun rasa gidajensu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/somalia-flash-floods-gardo-bari-april-2020|title=Somalia – Deadly Flash Floods in North East|website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/somalia-floods-may-2020|title=Somalia – Over 200,000 Displaced by Floods|website=floodlist.com|date=2020-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, mutane biyar sun mutu lokacin da ruwan saman ya sa wani gida ya ruguje a ranar 11 ga Mayu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/somalia-floods-mogadishu-may-2020|title=Somalia – 4 Dead After Heavy Rain Floods Mogadishu|website=floodlist.com|date=2020-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Burundi ===
[[File:Rainy day in bujumbura.jpg|thumb|Ambaliyar ruwa a Bujumbura, Burundi, Disamba 2019]]
Burundi tana da haɗarin fuskantar bala'o'i masu shafar ruwa a nan gaba, amma bincika tasirin sauyin yanayi a kan yanayin ruwa na yankin yana da wahala saboda ƙarancin bayanan cikin gida da tsarin daidaitawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on the Hydroclimatic Response in Burundi Based on CMIP6 ESMs |journal=Sustainability|year=2021 |doi=10.3390/su132112037 |doi-access=free |last1=Kim |first1=Jeong-Bae |last2=Habimana |first2=Jean de Dieu |last3=Kim |first3=Seon-Ho |last4=Bae |first4=Deg-Hyo |volume=13 |issue=21 |article-number=12037 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutum 1 ne ya mutu sannan 280 suka rasa matsugunansu bayan mummunan yanayi a Burundi a lokacin tsakanin 2 zuwa 8 ga Maris.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/burundi-floods-march-2020|title=Burundi – Floods and Rain Leave 1 Dead, Hundreds Displaced|website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jibuti ===
Mutane 8 ne suka mutu a ambaliyar ruwa ta gaggawa a Jibuti. Birnin Jibuti da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi ne suka fi shan hura bayan da ambaliyar ruwa ta gaggawa ta afku a ranar 21 ga Afrilu bayan ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da aka yi da daddare. Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a Jibuti ta bayyana cewa kiyasin farko ya nuna cewa wasu gidaje kusan 18,000 (kimanin mutane 110,000) abin ya shafa a faɗin birnin Jibuti da unguwarsa ta Balbala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/djibouti-flash-floods-april-2020|title=Djibouti – 8 Killed in Flash Floods|website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Evolution and Trends of Meteorological Drought and Wet Events over the Republic of Djibouti from 1961 to 2021 |journal=Climate|year=2022 |doi=10.3390/cli10100148 |doi-access=free |last1=Dabar |first1=Omar Assowe |last2=Adan |first2=Abdi-Basid Ibrahim |last3=Ahmed |first3=Moussa Mahdi |last4=Awaleh |first4=Mohamed Osman |last5=Waberi |first5=Moussa Mohamed |last6=Camberlin |first6=Pierre |last7=Pohl |first7=Benjamin |last8=Mohamed |first8=Jalludin |volume=10 |issue=10 |page=148 |bibcode=2022Clim...10..148D }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Habasha ===
[[File:Flooded Highway, Ethiopia (53017140268).jpg|left|thumb|Babban titin da ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa a Habasha]]
Ana tunanin har mutane 12 ne suka mutu a wata zaftarewar ƙasa da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya haddasa a Habasha. Zaftarewar ƙasar ta afku ne a gundumar Ale Special Woreda da ke Yankin Al'ummai da Ƙasashe na Kudancin Habasha (SNNP). Gidaje shida ne suka lalace gaba ɗaya sannan iyalai da dama suka rasa matsugunansu. An gano gawa guda bakwai, yayin da mutane 5 har yanzu ba a gansu ba. Ana ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan bincike amma yankin mai hatsari ya kawo cikas. Mutane takwas sun mutu a yankin Gamo a tsakanin ranakun 11 zuwa 18 ga Afrilu. Ambaliyar ruwa a garin Jinka a ranar 25 ga Afrilu ta lalata abubuwan more rayuwa da dabbobi. Sauran yankunan ƙasar su ma sun fuskanci ruwan sama mai ƙarfi tun ƙarshen watan Afrilu. Ambaliyar ruwa ta gaggawa a ranar 24 ga Afrilu ta bar aƙalla mutane 4 da suka mutu a Dire Dawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/ethiopia-landslide-snnpr-may-2020|title=Ethiopia – 12 Killed in Landslide Triggered by Heavy Rain|website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 29 ga Mayu kuma zaftarewar ƙasa ta kashe mutane 10 a yankin Gamo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/ethiopia-landslide-gamo-may-2020|title=Ethiopia – Heavy Rain Triggers Deadly Landslide in South|website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Uganda ===
[[File:Kampala Flooding.jpg|thumb|Ambaliyar ruwa da aka gani a gundumar Mukono a Uganda]]
[[File:Destruction Caused by River Nyamwamba flooding 01.jpg|thumb|'''Lalacewar da ambaliyar Kogin Nyamwamba ta haddasa a shekarar 2021 a gundumar Kasese da ke yammacin Uganda.''']]
Dubun-dubatar mutane ne ambaliyar ruwa ta gaggawa da zaftarewar ƙasa suka shafa a Yankunan Yamma da Arewa bayan ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da aka tafka tun wajen ranar 1 ga Mayu.

Gidaje sun lalace sannan mutane kusan 5,000 suka rasa matsugunansu. Ana tunanin mutane huɗu sun mutu a ambaliyar, yayin da wasu mutane 3 ke ɓace.
Mummunar ambaliyar ruwa da zaftarewar ƙasa sun auku a gundumar Rubanda, inda mutane 2 suka mutu sannan gidaje 31 suka lalace. Zaftarewar ƙasar ta afku ne bayan kwashe sa'o'i ana tafka ruwan sama mai ƙarfi a ranar 2 ga Mayu. Ambaliyar ruwa a gundumar Kabale da ke yammacin Uganda a ranar 1 ga Mayu ta lalata hanyoyi da gidaje. Akwai rahoton cewa aƙalla mutum ɗaya ya mutu a ambaliyar. Kusan iyalai 500 a gundumar Nakapiripirit ne suka rasa matsugunansu sannan amfanin gonarsu ya lalace biyo bayan ambaliyar da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya haddasa a ranar 2 ga Mayu. Ruwan sama mai ƙarfi a makwannin baya-bayan nan ya ƙara yawan ruwan Tafkin Victoria inda aka umarci mutane sama da 3,800 a tsibiran tafkin da ke gundumar Mayuge da su fice yayin da matakin ruwan tafkin ya ƙaru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/uganda-floods-western-northern-region-may-2020|title=Uganda – Floods Affect Thousands in Western and Northern Regions|website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 21 ga Mayu, mutane 8 suka mutu a sabuwar ambaliyar ruwa ta gaggawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/uganda-floods-kasese-may-2020|title=Uganda – 8 Dead After More Floods in Kasese|website=floodlist.com|date=22 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:In hard times all support is needed.jpg|thumb|Ambaliyar ruwa a Kampala kewayen Bwaise a shekarar 2023]]

=== Jamhuriyar Dimokaraɗiyyar Kongo ===
[[File:Kalehe floods 2023 A07I7268 (52906607850).jpg|thumb|Kalehe, Kivu ta Kudu, DRC: Wakiliyar Musamman ta Babban Sakataren Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a DRC Bintou Keita ta kasance a Kalehe a Kivu ta Kudu a ranar 18 ga Mayu 2023, inda wani bala'i na halitta ya yi sanadin rayukan mutane da dama a ranar 4 ga Mayu 2023. Tana tare da kwamishinan ƴan sandan MONUSCO, Shugaban ofishin MONUSCO a Kivu ta Kudu da kuma manyan shugabannin sauran hukumomin MDD a DRC. Ta ziyarci wurin da lamarin ya faru sannan ta gana da hukumomin gida da wadanda suka tsira. Hoto MONUSCO/Michael Ali]]
Mutane 44 ne suka mutu, 200 suka ji rauni, yayin da 64,000 suka rasa gidajensu a ambaliyar ruwa a lardin Kivu ta Kudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/drcongo-floods-kasai-river-maindombe-may-2020|title=DR Congo – Hundreds Homeless After Kasai River Floods in Mai-Ndombe Province|date=20 May 2020|website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan sama mai ƙarfi kamar da bakin ƙwarya ya sarara a birnin Uvira da kewaye a Kivu ta Kudu, daga ranar 16 zuwa 17 ga Afrilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/dr-congo-uvira-floods-south-kivu-april-2020|title=DR Congo – Over 30 Killed in Uvira Floods, South Kivu Province|website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/drcongo-floods-maniema-may-2020|title=DR Congo – Hundreds Homeless After Floods in Maniema|website=floodlist.com|date=2020-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tanzaniya ===
[[File:ECDM 20240507 Eastern Africa (cropped april precipitation anomaly).jpg|left|thumb|220x220px|'''ECDM 20240507 Gabashin Afirka (hoton da aka rage na yanayin ruwan sama na watan Afrilu)''']]
A watan Afrilu, dubun-dubatar mutane ne ambaliyar ruwa da zaftarewar laka suka shafa a Arusha da Kilimanjaro, da ke arewacin Tanzaniya. An bayar da rahoton mace-mace guda biyu a gundumar Arumeru da ke yankin Arusha, inda aƙalla gidaje 50 suka lalace. Haka kuma ambaliyar ta toshe muhimmiyar hanyar Arusha zuwa Moshi a gundumar Arumeru, lamarin da ya bar ɗaddun fasinjoji cikin tsaka-mai-wuya. A yankin Kilimanjaro, gidaje sama da 2,700 a gundumar Moshi ne ambaliyar ta mai da su marasa matsuguni. Gidaje da dama ne ambaliyar ruwa ta gaggawa ta tafi da su a gundumar Hai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/tanzania-floods-arusha-kilimanjaro-april-2020|title=Tanzania – Deadly Floods and Mudslides Hit Northern Regions|website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilai ==
A watan Oktoba zuwa Disamba 2019, wani yanayi na **Indian Ocean Dipole** mai kyau ya haifar da ruwan sama fiye da kima a Gabashin Afirka a lokacin damina na Oktoba–Disamba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Wainwright|first1=Caroline M.|last2=Finney|first2=Declan L.|last3=Kilavi|first3=Mary|last4=Black|first4=Emily|last5=Marsham|first5=John H.|title=Extreme rainfall in East Africa, October 2019–January 2020 and context under future climate change|journal=Weather|year=2021|volume=76|issue=1|pages=26–31|doi=10.1002/wea.3824|bibcode=2021Wthr...76...26W |issn=1477-8696|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan haka, aka samu karin ruwan sama fiye da kima a watan Janairu da Fabrairu 2020 (lokacin bushewa). Damina ta dogon lokaci ta 2020 (Maris–Mayu) ta kuma kawo ruwan sama mai yawa a fadin Gabashin Afirka, musamman a watan Maris da Afrilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kenyan Lakes reach record levels – GCRF African SWIFT|access-date=2020-10-29|website=africanswift.org|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Uganda da yammacin Kenya, ruwan sama fiye da kima ya ci gaba daga Yuni zuwa Satumba.

==manqzarta==</text>
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      <text bytes="16745" sha1="bnvn9dm1etr418yjigg33irnaxs61ys" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Ambaliyar ruwa ta Gabashin Afirka ta 2020''' ta faru ne a [[Ruwanda]], [[Kenya]], [[Somaliya]], [[Burundi]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Uganda]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo]], [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], lamarin da ya shafi akalla mutane 700,000. Ya fara ne lokacin da ruwan sama mai yawa ya fara sauka a watan Maris, wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa da zaftarewar ƙasa. Sun yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane sama da 430, musamman a Kenya da Rwanda. A lokacin kaka, [[Ambaliyar Sahel ta Afirka ta 2020|wani ambaliyar ruwa]] ta sake afkuwa a yankin Sahel na Afirka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kassegn |first=Andualem |last2=Endris |first2=Ebrahim |year=2021 |title=Review on socio-economic impacts of 'Triple Threats' of COVID-19, desert locusts, and floods in East Africa: Evidence from Ethiopia |journal=Cogent Social Sciences |volume=7 |doi=10.1080/23311886.2021.1885122 |s2cid=233923728 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wainwright |first=Caroline M. |last2=Finney |first2=Declan L. |last3=Kilavi |first3=Mary |last4=Black |first4=Emily |last5=Marsham |first5=John H. |year=2021 |title=Extreme rainfall in East Africa, October 2019–January 2020 and context under future climate change |url=https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/wea.3824 |journal=Weather |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=26–31 |bibcode=2021Wthr...76...26W |doi=10.1002/wea.3824 |s2cid=225359280 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Ambaliya|Ambaliyar ruwa]] ita ce nau'in bala'o'in halitta da suka fi yawa kuma tana faruwa ne lokacin da ruwa ya mamaye ƙasa wanda yawanci yake bushewa. Ambaliyar ruwa galibi tana faruwa ne sakamakon ruwan sama mai ƙarfi, narkewar dusar ƙanƙara cikin sauri ko kuma guguwar guguwa sakamakon guguwar zafi ko tsunami a yankunan bakin teku. Ambaliyar ruwa mai muni ta haifar da asarar rayuka miliyoyin mutane a ƙarni na ashirin, asarar tattalin arziki ta dubban biliyoyin daloli a kowace shekara, da kuma babban cikas ga cinikin duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Merz |first=Bruno |last2=Blöschl |first2=Günter |last3=Vorogushyn |first3=Sergiy |last4=Dottori |first4=Francesco |last5=Aerts |first5=Jeroen C. J. H. |last6=Bates |first6=Paul |last7=Bertola |first7=Miriam |last8=Kemter |first8=Matthias |last9=Kreibich |first9=Heidi |last10=Lall |first10=Upmanu |last11=MacDonald |first11=Elena |year=2021 |title=Causes, impacts and patterns of disastrous river floods |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-021-00195-3 |journal=Nature Reviews Earth &amp; Environment |volume=2 |issue=9 |pages=592–609 |doi=10.1038/s43017-021-00195-3 |s2cid=236972361 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasirin ƙasa ==

=== Rwanda ===
[[Fayil:A_bicycle_rider_carrying_a_passenger_with_crosses_hustles_his_way_through_a_flooded_road_in_Kigali_on_28_January_2020._Emmanuel_Kwizera.jpg|thumb|'''Wani mai keke dauke da fasinja dauke da giciye yana tafiya cikin titin da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye a Kigali a ranar 28 ga Janairu, 2020. Emmanuel Kwizera''']]
Ruwan sama mai ƙarfi, haske da kuma tsawa sun shafi ƙasar tsakanin 2 zuwa 4 ga Maris, inda suka yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane 5, tare da rahoton ambaliyar ruwa a lardunan Kigali da Kudanci. Mutane biyu sun mutu sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa a gundumar Ruhango, Lardin Kudu da kuma mutum ɗaya a Gundumar Gasabo, Birnin Kigali. Mutum ɗaya kuma ya mutu sakamakon walƙiya a gundumar Rulindo, Lardin Arewa da kuma wani a Gundumar Nyanza, Lardin Kudu. Jimillar mutane 13 sun ji rauni kuma gidaje 42 sun lalace. Hanyoyi da gadoji suma sun lalace ko sun lalace. A ranar 7 ga Maris, mutane 5 sun mutu bayan ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya sa kogi ya cika ya kuma mamaye wani kogo a gundumar Nyamagabe a Lardin Kudu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda – Heavy Rain and Storms Cause Fatalities |url=http://floodlist.com/africa/rwanda-floods-march-2020 |website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Simonovic |first=Slobodan P. |last2=Kundzewicz |first2=Zbigniew W. |last3=Wright |first3=Nigel |year=2021 |title=Floods and the COVID-19 pandemic—A new double hazard problem |journal=WIREs Water |volume=8 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/wat2.1509 |pmc=7995187 |pmid=33786171}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Afrilu, mutane 6 sun mutu bayan ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya haifar da zaftarewar ƙasa a gundumar Gicumbi da ke Lardin Arewa. Yankunan da abin ya fi shafa sune Sashen Nyankenke da Kageyo. Dukiyoyi, kayayyakin more rayuwa da dabbobi duk sun lalace ko sun lalace. Hukumomi sun yi kira ga mazauna yankunan da ke da haɗari da su ƙaura zuwa wurare masu aminci. Ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya kuma shafi sassan lardin Gabashin a ranakun 19 da 20 ga Afrilu inda kafofin watsa labarai suka ce aƙalla mutane 3 sun mutu a ambaliyar ruwa daban-daban a gundumar Gatsibo. Ambaliyar ruwa ta kuma haifar da lalacewar amfanin gona a gundumar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda and Burundi – 9 Dead, Thousands Affected After Floods and Landslides |url=http://floodlist.com/africa/rwanda-burundi-floods-april-2020 |website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ruwan sama mai ƙarfi a faɗin ƙasar daga ranar 1 zuwa 3 ga Mayu ya yi sanadiyyar asarar rayuka masu yawa da kuma asarar rayuka 8. Mutane 70 sun mutu sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa da zaftarewar ƙasa bayan ruwan sama mai ƙarfi. Tashar yanayi ta Byimana da ke gundumar Ruhango ta sami rahoton mutane 140&amp;nbsp;Ruwan sama mai yawa cikin awanni 24 a ranar 7 ga Mayu. Ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa sun lalata gidaje 91, gadoji 5, sannan suka share amfanin gona. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda – Torrential Rain and Floods Leave Over 60 Dead |url=http://floodlist.com/africa/rwanda-floods-07-may-2020 |website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kenya ===
[[Fayil:Waters_of_River_Nzoia.jpg|thumb|Kogin Nzoia, Yuli 2016]]
Mutane 237 ne suka mutu sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa a Kenya a watan Afrilu da Mayu, yayin da sama da mutane 100,000 suka rasa matsugunansu. Ambaliyar ruwa ta shafi gundumomi 29 daga cikin 47 na ƙasar. Yankunan ƙasa da yawa suna ƙarƙashin ruwa a gundumomi Busia da Siaya, yammacin Kenya, bayan da kogin Nzoia ya cika. Sama da 'yan Kenya 800,000 a cikin gidaje 161,000 sun fuskanci mummunan illa sakamakon ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da ake ci gaba da yi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kenya – Flood Death Toll Rises, 100,000 Displaced |url=http://floodlist.com/africa/kenya-flood-update-07-may-2020 |website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=Kenya – Floods Hit North and Central Regions as Death Toll Rises to 237 |url=http://floodlist.com/africa/kenya-floods-north-central-regions-may-2020 |website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Somaliya ===

Ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya shafi yankuna da dama na Somaliya tun daga ranar 20 ga Afrilu, lamarin da ya sa koguna suka cika sannan aka fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa ta gaggawa. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, wata gagarumar ambaliyar ruwa ta gaggawa ta mamaye birnin Gardo da ke yankin Bari na arewa maso gabas, wani ɓangare na jihar Puntland mai cin gashin kanta. Mutane 16 ne suka mutu, 546,103 abin ya shafa sannan 216,895 suka rasa matsugunansu. An ba da rahoton cewa ɗakunan iyalai ɗari da dama sun rasa gidajensu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/somalia-flash-floods-gardo-bari-april-2020|title=Somalia – Deadly Flash Floods in North East|website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/somalia-floods-may-2020|title=Somalia – Over 200,000 Displaced by Floods|website=floodlist.com|date=2020-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, mutane biyar sun mutu lokacin da ruwan saman ya sa wani gida ya ruguje a ranar 11 ga Mayu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/somalia-floods-mogadishu-may-2020|title=Somalia – 4 Dead After Heavy Rain Floods Mogadishu|website=floodlist.com|date=2020-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Burundi ===
[[File:Rainy day in bujumbura.jpg|thumb|Ambaliyar ruwa a Bujumbura, Burundi, Disamba 2019]]
Burundi tana da haɗarin fuskantar bala'o'i masu shafar ruwa a nan gaba, amma bincika tasirin sauyin yanayi a kan yanayin ruwa na yankin yana da wahala saboda ƙarancin bayanan cikin gida da tsarin daidaitawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on the Hydroclimatic Response in Burundi Based on CMIP6 ESMs |journal=Sustainability|year=2021 |doi=10.3390/su132112037 |doi-access=free |last1=Kim |first1=Jeong-Bae |last2=Habimana |first2=Jean de Dieu |last3=Kim |first3=Seon-Ho |last4=Bae |first4=Deg-Hyo |volume=13 |issue=21 |article-number=12037 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutum 1 ne ya mutu sannan 280 suka rasa matsugunansu bayan mummunan yanayi a Burundi a lokacin tsakanin 2 zuwa 8 ga Maris.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/burundi-floods-march-2020|title=Burundi – Floods and Rain Leave 1 Dead, Hundreds Displaced|website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Jibuti ===
Mutane 8 ne suka mutu a ambaliyar ruwa ta gaggawa a Jibuti. Birnin Jibuti da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi ne suka fi shan hura bayan da ambaliyar ruwa ta gaggawa ta afku a ranar 21 ga Afrilu bayan ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da aka yi da daddare. Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a Jibuti ta bayyana cewa kiyasin farko ya nuna cewa wasu gidaje kusan 18,000 (kimanin mutane 110,000) abin ya shafa a faɗin birnin Jibuti da unguwarsa ta Balbala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/djibouti-flash-floods-april-2020|title=Djibouti – 8 Killed in Flash Floods|website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Evolution and Trends of Meteorological Drought and Wet Events over the Republic of Djibouti from 1961 to 2021 |journal=Climate|year=2022 |doi=10.3390/cli10100148 |doi-access=free |last1=Dabar |first1=Omar Assowe |last2=Adan |first2=Abdi-Basid Ibrahim |last3=Ahmed |first3=Moussa Mahdi |last4=Awaleh |first4=Mohamed Osman |last5=Waberi |first5=Moussa Mohamed |last6=Camberlin |first6=Pierre |last7=Pohl |first7=Benjamin |last8=Mohamed |first8=Jalludin |volume=10 |issue=10 |page=148 |bibcode=2022Clim...10..148D }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Habasha ===
[[File:Flooded Highway, Ethiopia (53017140268).jpg|left|thumb|Babban titin da ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa a Habasha]]
Ana tunanin har mutane 12 ne suka mutu a wata zaftarewar ƙasa da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya haddasa a Habasha. Zaftarewar ƙasar ta afku ne a gundumar Ale Special Woreda da ke Yankin Al'ummai da Ƙasashe na Kudancin Habasha (SNNP). Gidaje shida ne suka lalace gaba ɗaya sannan iyalai da dama suka rasa matsugunansu. An gano gawa guda bakwai, yayin da mutane 5 har yanzu ba a gansu ba. Ana ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan bincike amma yankin mai hatsari ya kawo cikas. Mutane takwas sun mutu a yankin Gamo a tsakanin ranakun 11 zuwa 18 ga Afrilu. Ambaliyar ruwa a garin Jinka a ranar 25 ga Afrilu ta lalata abubuwan more rayuwa da dabbobi. Sauran yankunan ƙasar su ma sun fuskanci ruwan sama mai ƙarfi tun ƙarshen watan Afrilu. Ambaliyar ruwa ta gaggawa a ranar 24 ga Afrilu ta bar aƙalla mutane 4 da suka mutu a Dire Dawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/ethiopia-landslide-snnpr-may-2020|title=Ethiopia – 12 Killed in Landslide Triggered by Heavy Rain|website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 29 ga Mayu kuma zaftarewar ƙasa ta kashe mutane 10 a yankin Gamo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/ethiopia-landslide-gamo-may-2020|title=Ethiopia – Heavy Rain Triggers Deadly Landslide in South|website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Uganda ===
[[File:Kampala Flooding.jpg|thumb|Ambaliyar ruwa da aka gani a gundumar Mukono a Uganda]]
[[File:Destruction Caused by River Nyamwamba flooding 01.jpg|thumb|'''Lalacewar da ambaliyar Kogin Nyamwamba ta haddasa a shekarar 2021 a gundumar Kasese da ke yammacin Uganda.''']]
Dubun-dubatar mutane ne ambaliyar ruwa ta gaggawa da zaftarewar ƙasa suka shafa a Yankunan Yamma da Arewa bayan ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da aka tafka tun wajen ranar 1 ga Mayu.

Gidaje sun lalace sannan mutane kusan 5,000 suka rasa matsugunansu. Ana tunanin mutane huɗu sun mutu a ambaliyar, yayin da wasu mutane 3 ke ɓace.
Mummunar ambaliyar ruwa da zaftarewar ƙasa sun auku a gundumar Rubanda, inda mutane 2 suka mutu sannan gidaje 31 suka lalace. Zaftarewar ƙasar ta afku ne bayan kwashe sa'o'i ana tafka ruwan sama mai ƙarfi a ranar 2 ga Mayu. Ambaliyar ruwa a gundumar Kabale da ke yammacin Uganda a ranar 1 ga Mayu ta lalata hanyoyi da gidaje. Akwai rahoton cewa aƙalla mutum ɗaya ya mutu a ambaliyar. Kusan iyalai 500 a gundumar Nakapiripirit ne suka rasa matsugunansu sannan amfanin gonarsu ya lalace biyo bayan ambaliyar da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya haddasa a ranar 2 ga Mayu. Ruwan sama mai ƙarfi a makwannin baya-bayan nan ya ƙara yawan ruwan Tafkin Victoria inda aka umarci mutane sama da 3,800 a tsibiran tafkin da ke gundumar Mayuge da su fice yayin da matakin ruwan tafkin ya ƙaru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/uganda-floods-western-northern-region-may-2020|title=Uganda – Floods Affect Thousands in Western and Northern Regions|website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 21 ga Mayu, mutane 8 suka mutu a sabuwar ambaliyar ruwa ta gaggawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/uganda-floods-kasese-may-2020|title=Uganda – 8 Dead After More Floods in Kasese|website=floodlist.com|date=22 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:In hard times all support is needed.jpg|thumb|Ambaliyar ruwa a Kampala kewayen Bwaise a shekarar 2023]]

=== Jamhuriyar Dimokaraɗiyyar Kongo ===
[[File:Kalehe floods 2023 A07I7268 (52906607850).jpg|thumb|Kalehe, Kivu ta Kudu, DRC: Wakiliyar Musamman ta Babban Sakataren Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a DRC Bintou Keita ta kasance a Kalehe a Kivu ta Kudu a ranar 18 ga Mayu 2023, inda wani bala'i na halitta ya yi sanadin rayukan mutane da dama a ranar 4 ga Mayu 2023. Tana tare da kwamishinan ƴan sandan MONUSCO, Shugaban ofishin MONUSCO a Kivu ta Kudu da kuma manyan shugabannin sauran hukumomin MDD a DRC. Ta ziyarci wurin da lamarin ya faru sannan ta gana da hukumomin gida da wadanda suka tsira. Hoto MONUSCO/Michael Ali]]
Mutane 44 ne suka mutu, 200 suka ji rauni, yayin da 64,000 suka rasa gidajensu a ambaliyar ruwa a lardin Kivu ta Kudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/drcongo-floods-kasai-river-maindombe-may-2020|title=DR Congo – Hundreds Homeless After Kasai River Floods in Mai-Ndombe Province|date=20 May 2020|website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan sama mai ƙarfi kamar da bakin ƙwarya ya sarara a birnin Uvira da kewaye a Kivu ta Kudu, daga ranar 16 zuwa 17 ga Afrilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/dr-congo-uvira-floods-south-kivu-april-2020|title=DR Congo – Over 30 Killed in Uvira Floods, South Kivu Province|website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/drcongo-floods-maniema-may-2020|title=DR Congo – Hundreds Homeless After Floods in Maniema|website=floodlist.com|date=2020-05-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tanzaniya ===
[[File:ECDM 20240507 Eastern Africa (cropped april precipitation anomaly).jpg|left|thumb|220x220px|'''ECDM 20240507 Gabashin Afirka (hoton da aka rage na yanayin ruwan sama na watan Afrilu)''']]
A watan Afrilu, dubun-dubatar mutane ne ambaliyar ruwa da zaftarewar laka suka shafa a Arusha da Kilimanjaro, da ke arewacin Tanzaniya. An bayar da rahoton mace-mace guda biyu a gundumar Arumeru da ke yankin Arusha, inda aƙalla gidaje 50 suka lalace. Haka kuma ambaliyar ta toshe muhimmiyar hanyar Arusha zuwa Moshi a gundumar Arumeru, lamarin da ya bar ɗaddun fasinjoji cikin tsaka-mai-wuya. A yankin Kilimanjaro, gidaje sama da 2,700 a gundumar Moshi ne ambaliyar ta mai da su marasa matsuguni. Gidaje da dama ne ambaliyar ruwa ta gaggawa ta tafi da su a gundumar Hai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://floodlist.com/africa/tanzania-floods-arusha-kilimanjaro-april-2020|title=Tanzania – Deadly Floods and Mudslides Hit Northern Regions|website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilai ==
A watan Oktoba zuwa Disamba 2019, wani yanayi na **Indian Ocean Dipole** mai kyau ya haifar da ruwan sama fiye da kima a Gabashin Afirka a lokacin damina na Oktoba–Disamba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Wainwright|first1=Caroline M.|last2=Finney|first2=Declan L.|last3=Kilavi|first3=Mary|last4=Black|first4=Emily|last5=Marsham|first5=John H.|title=Extreme rainfall in East Africa, October 2019–January 2020 and context under future climate change|journal=Weather|year=2021|volume=76|issue=1|pages=26–31|doi=10.1002/wea.3824|bibcode=2021Wthr...76...26W |issn=1477-8696|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan haka, aka samu karin ruwan sama fiye da kima a watan Janairu da Fabrairu 2020 (lokacin bushewa). Damina ta dogon lokaci ta 2020 (Maris–Mayu) ta kuma kawo ruwan sama mai yawa a fadin Gabashin Afirka, musamman a watan Maris da Afrilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kenyan Lakes reach record levels – GCRF African SWIFT|access-date=2020-10-29|website=africanswift.org|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Uganda da yammacin Kenya, ruwan sama fiye da kima ya ci gaba daga Yuni zuwa Satumba.

==Manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Crocs</title>
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{{Reflist}}
[[Fayil:Crocs shoe.jpg|thumb|crocs shoe]]
[[Fayil:SZ Shenzhen Luohu TaiNing Road n DongLe Road ViCity Mall shop Crocs shoes March 2025 R12S 02.jpg|thumb|crocs shop]]
Crocs, Inc. kamfani ne na takalma na Amurka wanda ke zaune a Broomfield, Colorado wanda ke ƙerawa da tallata alamar Crocs na takalma. Crocs, Inc. ya kira waɗannan &quot;clogs,&quot; amma ba su da itace kamar clogs na gargajiya. A cikin shekara ta 2021, sun sami alamar takalma ta Italiya HEYDUDE don dala biliyan 2.5. [1] A cikin shekara ta 2025, kudaden shiga na Crocs sun kai dala biliyan 3.3, karuwar kashi 1.5% daga shekarar da ta gabata.[2]

== Tarihi ==

=== 2002–2007 ===
Scott Seamans, Lyndon Hanson da George Boedecker Jr. sun kirkiro Crocs a cikin 2002 don yin da rarraba takalma, yayin da suka ga damar da sauƙin amfani da su ga masu amfani.[1][2]


A shekara ta 2002, Crocs sun bayyana samfurin su na farko, Beach, a Fort Lauderdale Boat Show a Florida, kuma duk nau'ikan 200 da aka samar an sayar da su.

Yayinda bukatar Crocs ta karu, kamfanin ya ci gaba da ci gaba da sakewa. A shekara ta 2005, TDA Boulder ta sake tsara alamar Crocs ta asali kuma ta kaddamar da kamfen ɗin &quot;Ugly Can Be Beautiful&quot;, kamfen ɗin talla na farko na ƙasa don alamar Crocs. Wannan kamfen ɗin da ya ci nasara, wanda Darakta mai kirkiro Thomas Dooley, Mai tsarawa Matt Ebbing, da Darakta Mai kirkiro Jonathan Schoenberg suka kirkira, sun taimaka wajen shirya hanyar samun nasarar IPO na Crocs.

A ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 2006, Crocs ta kammala IPO kuma ta buɗe a Nasdaq a farashin $ 21.00 a kowace hannun jari, ta tara dala miliyan 20.

=== 2008–2015 ===
A ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2008, a lokacin rikicin kudi na shekara ta 2008, hannun jari ya ragu da kashi 30% a cikin ciniki bayan sa'o'i bayan kamfanin ya fitar da sanarwar manema labarai inda suka rage ƙididdigar samun kuɗi na kwata na farko. A cikin wannan sanarwa, kamfanin ya ba da sanarwar korar ma'aikatan masana'antar Quebec City 600 yayin da 'yan kasuwa ke rage umarni, kodayake kusan tallace-tallace 100 da matsayi na tallace-tafiye za su kasance. &quot;Yanayin sayarwa a Amurka ya zama ƙalubale yayin da kashe kuɗin mabukaci da matakan zirga-zirga suka ragu, &quot;in ji babban jami'in zartarwa Ron Snyder. A lokacin rikicin kudi na shekara ta 2008, CROX ya sauka zuwa $ 0.79 kafin ya sake dawowa ($ 15.50 ta Nuwamba 2010).

A ranar 21 ga Yuli, 2010, Crocs, Inc. ta ba da sanarwar shirin sake fasalin don daidaita ayyukanta da ma'aikata ta hanyar kawar da ayyuka 180, rufe shagunan 75 zuwa 100 (daga cikin 624 a duk duniya), da kuma kawar da layin samfuran da ba su da kyau. Crocs a baya ya kawar da matsayi 183, ciki har da matsayi 70 na yanzu da na shirin a hedkwatar kamfaninsa a Niwot, Colorado. Crocs kuma sun sanar da cewa za su bude &quot;cibiyar kasuwanci ta duniya&quot; tare da ma'aikata 50 zuwa 75 a [[Boston|Boston, Massachusetts]], a cikin 2014, don kasuwanci, tallace-tallace, da ayyukan siyarwa.

A ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2011, hannun jari na Crocs ya sha wahala a rana guda daya na kusan 39.4% a kan raguwar kudaden shiga da hasashen kudaden shiga.

A watan Yunin 2013, Crocs ya ba da rahoton raguwar kashi 42.5% a cikin riba daga shekarar da ta gabata. A sakamakon haka, hannun jari ya fadi 20.2% a rana daya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Clifford |first=Catherine |date=July 26, 2013 |title=Crocodile Tears? Crocs Blames Earnings Drop on the Weather |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/227587 |publisher=Entrepreneur.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013, asusun ajiyar SAC Capital Advisors ya bayyana cewa yana da kashi 5% a cikin Crocs, sama da rana guda bayan The Blackstone Group ya ce zai saka hannun jari miliyan 200 a cikin tayin hannun jari wanda zai ba kamfanin damar maye gurbin Shugaba kuma ya sayi dala miliyan 350 a hannun jari. A cikin shigarwa tare da Hukumar Tsaro da Musayar Amurka, SAC Capital management ta ce ta tara kashi 5% a cikin Crocs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Antoine Gara |date=December 31, 2013 |title=SAC Capital Takes 5% Stake in Crocs After Blackstone's Bet |url=http://www.thestreet.com/story/12192817/1/sac-capital-takes-5-stake-in-crocs-after-blackstones-bet.html |access-date=January 1, 2014 |website=TheStreet |publisher=[[TheStreet.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Crocs ya sayar da takalma miliyan 300 a shekara ta 2017. A watan Agustan 2018, Crocs ta ba da sanarwar cewa tana rufe masana'antun masana'antu na ƙarshe a Mexico da Italiya. A watan Yunin 2020, Crocs ya ƙaura hedkwatar daga Niwot, Colorado, zuwa Broomfield . 

A cikin 2020, don mayar da martani ga annobar COVID-19, kamfanin ya ƙaddamar da &quot;A Free Pair for Healthcare&quot; yana ba ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya takalman su kyauta. Crocs kuma sun aika da takalma 100,000 zuwa asibitoci don rarraba wa ma'aikata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 26, 2020 |title=Crocs to donate up to 10,000 free shoes a day to health care workers |url=https://www.today.com/style/crocs-gives-free-shoes-medical-workers-during-coronavirus-pandemic-t176926 |access-date=2020-03-30 |website=TODAY |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarun 2020 zuwa 2022, Crocs sun sami karuwar tallace-tallace saboda dalilai da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan sake farfado da alamar shine canji a cikin halayyar mabukaci a lokacin annobar COVID-19, tare da mutane da yawa suna neman takalma da za su iya sawa yayin aiki daga gida. Bugu da ƙari, Crocs sun amfana daga haɗin gwiwa tare da manyan masu zanen kayan ado da kamfen ɗin talla wanda ya taimaka wajen sake farfado da hoton alamar. A sakamakon wadannan dalilai, tallace-tallace na Crocs suna da ƙaruwa biyu a kowace shekara a wannan lokacin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Crocs on the Rise - The Comeback of the Rubber Clog Brand |url=https://www.eurusd.co/analysis/crocs-on-the-rise-the-comeback-of-the-rubber-clog-brand.html |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=www.eurusd.co |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2025, Crocs ya shigar da kara a kan Kwastam da Tsaro na Amurka, Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin, Ma'aikatan Tsaro na Gida, da Ofishin Wakilin Kasuwancin Amurka, suna neman dala miliyan 54 a cikin maidowa don haraji da Gwamnatin Trump ta biyu ta sanya wanda kamfanin ya buƙaci ya biya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Barackman |first=Jenna |date=2025-12-23 |title=Crocs sues Trump administration, seeks $54M tariff refund |url=https://www.9news.com/article/money/business/crocs-sues-trump-administration-tariff-refund/73-6c0ce684-b71f-44e7-a496-1237e42d39eb |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=[[KUSA (TV)#News operation|KUSA]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kasuwanci da ayyukan ==
[[Fayil:American_flag_crocs.jpg|right|thumb|Wani nau'i na Amurka na Crocs, wanda ke nuna tutar Amurka]]
A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2006, Crocs, Inc. ta sayi Jibbitz, mai kera kayan haɗi da ke shiga cikin ramuka a cikin takalman Croc, don dala miliyan 10, ko dala miliyan 20 idan Jibbitz ya sadu da burin samun kuɗi.

A watan Janairun 2007, Crocs ya sami kadarorin Ocean Minded &lt;ref name=&quot;OceanMinded&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 4, 2008 |title=Ocean Minded website |url=http://www.oceanminded.com/ |access-date=November 5, 2008 |publisher=Ocean Minded}}&lt;/ref&gt; don dala miliyan 1.75 a tsabar kudi, tare da yiwuwar dala miliyan 3.75 bisa ga aikin. Ocean Minded yana yin takalma na fata da ethylene-vinyl acetate.&lt;ref name=&quot;2007sec&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 31, 2008 |title=2007 Crocs annual SEC Report |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1334036/000104746908002093/a2183219z10-k.htm |access-date=November 26, 2008 |publisher=Crocs/SEC}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yulin 2007 Crocs ya amince da sayen takalma- da takalma-mai yin Bite Footwear, wanda ke zaune a Redmond, Washington, don dala miliyan 1.75, ko har zuwa ninki biyu wanda ya danganta da sakamakon samun kuɗi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 30, 2007 |title=Crocs will buy Wash. shoemaker |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/denver/stories/2007/07/30/daily1.html?ana=from_rss |access-date=August 4, 2008 |publisher=Denver Business Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Fabrairun 2022, Crocs ya sayi kamfanin takalma na Italiya HEYDUDE don dala biliyan 2.3, kazalika da bayar da hannun jari ga mai mallakar HEYDU DE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 25, 2022 |title=Crocs, Inc. 2022 First Quarter 10Q |url=https://sec.report/Document/0001334036-22-000054/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525084815/https://sec.report/Document/0001334036-22-000054/ |archive-date=May 25, 2022 |access-date=May 25, 2022 |website=sec.gov |publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ryan |first=Thomas |title=The 2021 Year In Review: M&amp;A Accelerates Across Active Lifestyle Market |url=https://sgbonline.com/2021-year-in-review-ma-accelerates-across-active-lifestyle-market/ |website=SGB Media}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun farkon mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine, an dakatar da ayyukan kamfanin a Rasha, gami da tallace-tallace, tallace-tafiye na e-commerce da shigo da su cikin kasar, tare da alkawarin tallafi ta hanyar gudummawa ga [[UNICEF]].

=== Masana'antu da takardun shaida ===
A watan Yunin shekara ta 2004, Crocs sun sayi Foam Creations da ayyukan masana'antu don samun haƙƙin mallaka ga resin kumfa mai suna Croslite. Croslite resin ne mai rufe tantanin halitta, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maniscalco |first=Michelle |date=March 2007 |title=E-shots Web-exclusive: Patent check: What's in a Croc? |url=http://www.plasticstoday.com/articles/e-shots-web-exclusive-patent-check-what%E2%80%99s-croc |access-date=July 31, 2007 |publisher=Injection Molding Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;  wanda wasu mutane suka bayyana a matsayin kumfa mai ƙirar EVA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 2, 2016 |title=Material Matters: Eva Foam |url=https://www.sneakerfreaker.com/articles/material-matters-eva-foam/ |publisher=Sneaker Freaker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fuskar ta samo kanta a ƙafafun mai sa kuma tana ba da fa'idodin kiwon lafiya, a cewar likitoci da yawa.   Crocs yana da takardar shaidar da aka yi amfani da ita a ƙarƙashin taken &quot;takalma masu numfashi da hanyoyin ƙera irin waɗannan&quot;,  da takardun shaida guda uku da ke rufe fannoni daban-daban na kayan ado. &lt;ref name=&quot;patent6993858&quot; /&gt; 

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2007, kamfanin ya nemi yin rajistar &quot;Crocs&quot; da tambarin Crocs a matsayin alamun kasuwanci a cikin iko sama da 40 a duniya, gami da Amurka; yawancin irin waɗannan aikace-aikacen suna jiran amincewa. Crocs kuma sun fadada ikon rajistar alamar kasuwanci da aikace-aikace don alamar Crocs da tambarin don rufe samfuran da ba takalma ba, kamar tabarau, tabarau, gwiwoyi, agogo, kaya, da wasu ayyukan tallace-tallace na Intanet.&lt;ref name=&quot;2007sec&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 31, 2008 |title=2007 Crocs annual SEC Report |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1334036/000104746908002093/a2183219z10-k.htm |access-date=November 26, 2008 |publisher=Crocs/SEC}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Gavin_Magnus.png|right|thumb|433x433px|[[:de:Gavin Magnus|daga]]&amp;#x5D;&lt;nowiki&gt;-mw='{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Interlanguage link&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Interlanguage_link&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Gavin Magnus&quot;},&quot;lt&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;de&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}' data-mw-i18n='{&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;lang&quot;:&quot;x-page&quot;,&quot;key&quot;:&quot;red-link-title&quot;,&quot;params&quot;:[&quot;Gavin Magnus&quot;]}}' data-ve-no-generated-contents=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;./Gavin_Magnus?action=edit&amp;redlink=1&quot; id=&quot;mwAQU&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Gavin Magnus&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion mw:LocalizedAttrs&quot;&gt;Gavin Magnus [de] sanye da nau'i biyu na blue Crocs&lt;/nowiki&gt;]]
Ana yin crocs a cikin nau'o'i da launuka daban-daban. Ana samun salon Classic a cikin launuka sama da 30.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Schoeber |first=Julia Guerra, Tyler |date=2022-04-12 |title=The Best Crocs Are Cooler Than Ever: Check Out Our Favs From Their Massive Selection |url=https://spy.com/articles/gear/style/best-crocs-1202784047/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=SPY |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Fuzz Collection&quot; tare da liners masu laushi yana fadada kewayon alamar zuwa lalacewar hunturu.

Crocs kuma yana sayar da wasu kayan ado. Jibbitz kayan ado ne waɗanda za a iya yanke su zuwa ramukan iska a cikin takalma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Research |first=Earnest |date=2021-08-12 |title=Jibbitz: A Lucky Charm for Crocs? {{!}} DFD News |url=https://dfdnews.com/2021/08/12/jibbitz-a-lucky-charm-for-crocs/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Derived From Data}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2008, kamfanin ya shiga kasuwar takalmin golf ta hanyar samun masana'antar takalmin Golf Bite Footwear da kuma gabatar da takalmin wasan golf na Croc, ''Ace'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;SEC-2008Q3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2008 |title=SEC 2008 3rd Quarter Report |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1334036/000104746908012362/a2189237z10-q.htm |access-date=December 25, 2008 |publisher=Crocs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan sayen HeyDude na dala biliyan 2.5 a cikin 2022, mai yin takalma ya fadada cikin takalma ban da takalman su, kuma sun fara kera tufafi.

=== Haɗin gwiwa da haɗin gwiwa ===
Crocs shine mai tallafawa kungiyar masu sana'a ta Volleyball (AVP) Tour daga 2006 zuwa kakar 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2008 |title=Crocs snaps up beach volleyball sponsorship |url=http://www.sportbusiness.com/news/166260/crocs-snaps-up-beach-volleyball-sponsorship |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228014016/http://www.sportbusiness.com/news/166260/crocs-snaps-up-beach-volleyball-sponsorship |archive-date=February 28, 2009 |access-date=September 25, 2009 |publisher=SportBusiness.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yin koyi da kuma karya ===
Crocs ya sanar a shekara ta 2006 cewa ya gabatar da korafe-korafe tare da Hukumar Ciniki ta Duniya ta Amurka (ITC) da Kotun gundumar Amurka game da kamfanoni 11 da ke ƙera, shigowa, ko rarraba kayayyaki, da ake kira &quot;croc-offs&quot;,  wanda Crocs ya yi imanin ya keta takardun shaida. &lt;ref name=&quot;CROCS,-INC-Aug-2006-10-Q&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=CROCS, INC, Form 10-Q, Quarterly Report, Filing Date Aug 14, 2006 |url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2984/0001104659-06-054218.pdf |access-date=May 15, 2018 |publisher=secdatabase.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwalejin Crocs na karya ya faru ne a cikin 2007 a cikin Philippines  da [[Denmark]],  kuma suna ƙarƙashin shari'a a [[Afirka ta Kudu]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cphpost.dk/news/crime/45912-burning-rubber.html &quot;Burning rubber&quot;]{{Dead link|date=August 2017}}. &lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2010, Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka ta Tarayyar Tarayya ta yanke hukuncin cewa an keta takardar shaidar ƙirar Crocs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Elinson |first=Zusha |date=February 25, 2010 |title=Circuit Court Sides With Crocs in Patent Fight |url=http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1202444537717&amp;rss=newswire&amp;slreturn=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411064046/http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1202444537717&amp;rss=newswire&amp;slreturn=1 |archive-date=April 11, 2013 |access-date=June 27, 2012 |website=The Recorder |publisher=ALM}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekara ta 2007, Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasuwancin Kasuwanci ta Amurka ta nemi a tunatar da &quot;clogs&quot; kamar Crocs saboda yiwuwar haɗarin choking wanda ya haɗa da cire rivets na filastik.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission |author-link=U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission |date=July 17, 2007 |title=Payless ShoeSource Expands Recall of Children's Clog Shoes Due to Choking Hazard |url=http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/prerel/prhtml07/07236.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006150528/http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/prerel/prhtml07/07236.html |archive-date=October 6, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fassarar takalma na salon Croc sun bayyana a cikin kundin tufafin yara, yawanci a ƙarƙashin alamun sunayensu ko kuma babu sunaye. Ana iya samun wasu knock-offs a cikin shagunan ragi, shagunan wuraren shakatawa, shagunan rairayin bakin teku, shagunan sashen, da manyan shagunan.
[[Fayil:Crocs_escalator_safety_warning_sign.jpg|thumb|Motsa matakala / alamar aminci mai hawa da ke ambaton takalma masu laushi (hoton yana nuna Crocs) ]]
Kamfanin Ergonomics na Amurka ya gwada wasu takalma na Crocs kuma ya ba da shawarar a cikin 2005  kuma kungiyar likitancin Podiatric ta Amurka ta karɓa  a cikin 2009. A cikin 2008, Cibiyoyin Gwamnatin Amurka don Medicare da Ayyukan Medicaid sun amince da samfurin Crocs tare da kayan kwalliya kamar takalma na ciwon sukari, don taimakawa rage raunin ƙafa.

Takalma irin su Crocs da flip-flops sun zo karkashin bincike a 2006 a Amurka da kuma a 2008 a Japan lokacin da yara suka ji rauni bayan takalma sun kama a cikin hanyoyin escalator. Wannan ya faru ne saboda kayan takalma masu laushi da aka haɗa da ƙaramin girman ƙafafun yara. A cikin 2008, Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ta Duniya ta Japan, bayan karɓar korafe-korafe 65 na raunin, ta nemi Crocs su canza ƙirar ta.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABC-AP&quot; /&gt;

A kasa da kasa, wasu wuraren kiwon lafiya sun gabatar da manufofi a cikin 2007 da ke tsara Crocs. Asibitin Yankin Rapid City a [[South Dakota|Dakota ta Kudu]] ya canza lambar tufafinsa don hana bambancin takalma da waɗanda ke da ramuka, suna mai da hankali ga damuwa game da tsaro, amma sun ba da izinin rufe-top &quot;Professional&quot; da kuma kiwon lafiya-mai da hankali &quot;Rx&quot; Crocs da za a sa. An shawarci asibitoci sama da 100 a Kanada da su aiwatar da irin wannan manufofi. Asibitocin Jami'ar Blekinge da Karolinska a Sweden sun haramta sanya &quot;Forsberg slippers&quot; (''Foppatofflor'')  ta ma'aikata, saboda haɓaka wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi wanda aka lura  don tsoma baki da kayan lantarki.   Asibitocin birni a [[Vienna]], Austria, sun ba da sanarwar haramta Crocs, sau da yawa ma'aikatan jinya suna sawa, don bin bukatun antistatic.

Crocs ya sanar da Fuse da wasu biyu a cikin 2009, wanda aka tsara don kawar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar ma'auni na Turai EN ISO 20347:2004 (E), don amfani a bangaren kiwon lafiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;NTfuse&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staines, Richard |date=March 31, 2009 |title=New anti-static crocs shoe produced for use in hospitals |url=https://www.nursingtimes.net/whats-new-in-nursing/new-anti-static-crocs-shoe-produced-for-use-in-hospitals/2007702.article |access-date=June 26, 2010 |publisher=NursingTimes.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasirin al'adu ==
[[Fayil:Joe_Warren_Plant,_2022.jpg|thumb|426x426px|Dan wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya Joe-Warren Plant sanye da fararen Crocs guda biyu]]
Tallace-tallace na Crocs sun karu sosai tun daga shekara ta 2009, &lt;ref name=&quot;Salon09&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Madden, Mike |date=July 27, 2009 |title=Admit it -- you used to wear Crocs - The Brand Graveyard |url=http://www.salon.com/news/brand_graveyard/feature/2009/07/27/crocs/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523223920/http://www.salon.com/news/brand_graveyard/feature/2009/07/27/crocs/index.html |archive-date=May 23, 2010 |access-date=May 31, 2010 |website=Salon.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da The New York Times yana mai cewa tallace-tallare na farko ya ninka kusan sau uku daga shekara ta 2006 zuwa shekara ta 2007. Wani labarin da aka yi a cikin The Washington Post ya bayyana lamarin: &quot;Kuma ba duniyar zamani ba ce da sha'awar Crocs. Ko da yake mai kirkirar su yana nuna 'kyakkyawan salon Italiyanci,' mutane da yawa sun same su da ban tsoro. &quot;  A cikin 2007, sa'an nan-U. S. Shugaba [[George W. Bush]] a bainar jama'a ya sa baƙar fata Crocs tare da takalma. Comedian Bill Maher ya bayyana a lokacin wani labari na 2007 na wasan kwaikwayonsa na Real Time cewa mutane ya kamata su &quot;tsaya sanya takalma na filastik&quot;. Wani labari na 2007 na The Daily Show ya nuna dan wasan kwaikwayo Rob Corddry a matsayin mai ba da rahoto da ya biyo bayan kama Sanata Larry Craig a wannan shekarar, tare da Corddry yana bayyana cewa mutumin da ke sanye da Crocs yana nuna cewa &quot;duk abin da ke tafiya&quot;.

Fim din Idiocracy na shekara ta 2006 ya nuna takalma sosai kamar yadda sashen kayan ado yana da iyakantaccen kasafin kuɗi kuma Crocs wani zaɓi ne mai arha. A lokacin samar da fim din shekara ta 2004 tawagar ta yi tunanin cewa takalman filastik masu arha dukansu sun yi kama da takalmin nan gaba amma kuma ''Wauta'' ce don kama su, suna sa su cikakke ga fim din.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kasprak |first=Alex |date=2023-09-15 |title=Everyone in 'Idiocracy' Wears Crocs Because They Were 'Horrible' and Cheap? |url=https://www.snopes.com//fact-check/idiocracy-crocs/ |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=Snopes |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekara ta 2008, mai ba da shawara kan tufafi Tim Gunn ya gaya wa Time, &quot;[The Croc] yayi kama da ƙafar filastik. Ta yaya za ku iya ɗaukar hakan da muhimmanci?&quot;  Wani rubutun adawa da Crocs na 2008 a cikin ''Newsweek'' ta ɗan wasan hockey na kankara Steve Tuttle &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tuttle |first=Steve |date=July 31, 2008 |title=Culture: Make. It. Stop. The case for ending our long national nightmare. |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/07/31/make-it-stop.html |access-date=September 3, 2012 |website=Newsweek/The Daily Beast}}&lt;/ref&gt; ya haifar da amsa mai yawa daga masu karatu waɗanda suka yarda da shi ba.  A shekara ta 2009, an ga Lady Michelle Obama ta farko tana sanye da Crocs tare da 'yarta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brandon, Alex (AP) |date=August 2009 |title=Style Evolution:Michelle Obama (image 60 of 123) |url=http://www.stylelist.com/2008/10/08/michelle-obama-style-evolution/ |access-date=June 26, 2010 |website=StyleList.com |publisher=AOL.com |format=Flash |quote=During a trip to Martha's Vineyard in August 2009, Michelle Obama went casual in sky blue Crocs. According to the company, she's wearing the Malindi style&amp;nbsp;— and they match perfectly with daughter Sasha's outfit.}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya Crocs a matsayi na shida mafi munin abu da ya faru da maza a cikin 2007 ta hanyar ''Maxim''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The 10 Best and Worst Things to Happen to Men in 2007 |url=http://www.maxim.com/funny/the-10-best-and-worst-things-happen-men-2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204005021/http://www.maxim.com/funny/the-10-best-and-worst-things-happen-men-2007 |archive-date=December 4, 2013 |access-date=November 28, 2013 |website=[[Maxim (magazine)|Maxim]] |publisher=Dennis Digital Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2010, mujallar Time ta lissafa Crocs a matsayin daya daga cikin &quot;50 Mafi Girma Inventions&quot; a duniya. Shafin yanar gizon &quot;IHateCrocs.com&quot; ya samo asali ne daga dalibai biyu na kwalejin Kanada; daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa shi, Kate Leth, ya kira takalma a matsayin &quot;mummunan&quot;. Gidan yanar gizon &quot;CrocFans.com&quot; ya rubuta amfani da takalma. An ambaci ƙungiyar Facebook &quot;Ba na kula da yadda Crocs suke da kyau, Kuna kama da Dumbass&quot; a cikin kafofin watsa labarai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Goldstuck |first=Arthur |date=November 22, 2007 |title=I love that damn meerkat, Croc sandals and Ronald Suresh Roberts |url=http://www.techleader.co.za/amablogoblogo/2007/11/22/i-love-that-damn-meerkat-croc-sandals-and-ronald-suresh-roberts/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110905151124/http://www.techleader.co.za/amablogoblogo/2007/11/22/i-love-that-damn-meerkat-croc-sandals-and-ronald-suresh-roberts/ |archive-date=September 5, 2011 |access-date=September 2, 2012 |website=Tech Leader |publisher=Mail &amp; Guardian Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Matyszczyk |first=Chris |date=March 14, 2009 |title=Why isn't the tech world supporting the Woz? |url=https://news.cnet.com/8301-17852_3-10196482-71.html |publisher=CNET.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A tsakiyar shekarun 2010, ra'ayin jama'a game da Crocs ya fara canzawa. A cikin 2015, an dauki hoton Yarima George a wani taron sadaka sanye da blue Crocs. Bayan mako guda, wannan ya haifar da karuwar 1,500% na tallace-tallace a cewar mai magana da yawun [[Amazon (kamfani)|Amazon.com]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chew |first=Jonathan |date=June 24, 2015 |title=Crocs are in again, by (Prince) George! |url=http://fortune.com/2015/06/24/prince-george-crocs/ |website=fortune.com |publisher=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lowin |first=Rebekah |date=June 23, 2015 |title=Crocs sales skyrocket from the 'Prince George effect' |url=http://www.today.com/style/crocs-sales-skyrocket-prince-george-effect-t28266 |website=[[Today (U.S. TV program)|Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mai tsara kayan ado Christopher Kane ya sa samfuransa su sa Crocs yayin wasan kwaikwayonsa a 2016 London Fashion Week,  kuma Balenciaga ya fitar da takalmin dandamali na 10 cm Croc a cikin 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McCall |first=Tyler |date=September 19, 2016 |title=Christopher Kane Partnered with Crocs for His Spring 2017 Show |url=https://fashionista.com/2016/09/christopher-kane-crocs |access-date=September 17, 2022 |website=Fashionista}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Garcia |first=Kelsey |date=October 4, 2017 |title=Balenciaga's Platform Crocs Beg the Question, &quot;What Are Those?&quot; |url=https://www.popsugar.com/fashion/Balenciaga-Platform-Crocs-Paris-Fashion-Week-2017-44096340 |access-date=September 17, 2022 |website=Popsugar}}&lt;/ref&gt; Crocs ya ga karuwar shahara a cikin 2020, wanda ya haifar da hauhawar kayan ado na yau da kullun a farkon matakan [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|Cutar COVID-19]] da [[Rufewar COVID-19|kulle-kulle a duniya]]. Ya zuwa 2022, sun kasance mafi kyawun kayan sayar da tufafi a kan Amazon. Masana masana'antu sun yi imanin cewa yawancin yanayin ya samo asali ne daga sha'awar Gen Z na &quot;ta'aziyya da salon da ba na al'ada ba&quot;. Shahararrun mutane kamar Justin Bieber, Bad Bunny, Ariana Grande, Post Malone, [[Nicki Minaj]], Questlove, da [[Kanye West]] duk sun yi wasanni a farkon shekarun 2020, suna karfafa magoya baya su rungumi takalman &quot;sabon sanyi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Allaire |first=Christian |date=September 10, 2019 |title=Yet Another Convert to Crocs: Ariana Grande |url=https://www.vogue.com/vogueworld/article/ariana-grande-crocs-controversial-shoe-trend |access-date=September 17, 2022 |website=Vogue}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;washingtonpost_2021-06-03&quot; /&gt; Har ila yau, an sami ƙayyadadden edition mai taken Crocs da aka kirkira tare da haɗin gwiwar Bieber, KFC, Hidden Valley Ranch, da Pixar.&amp;nbsp;

== Dubi kuma ==

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Labidochromis shiranus</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-12T11:59:15Z</timestamp>
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'''''Labidochromis shiranus''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda aka san yana faruwa ne kawai a gefen yammacin yankin kudu maso gabashin tafkin. Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|7.8|cm|in}} SL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Yankin Aranhas</title>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-12T12:00:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>25549</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340719353|Praia d'Aranhas]]&quot;</comment>
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Praia d'Aranhas rairayin bakin teku ne a arewacin tsibirin Santo Antão a Cape Verde kuma yana daga cikin garin Ribeira Grande da ƙauyen Fontainhas . Yana kwance a gabashin ƙauyen Cruzinha kusa da iyakokinta da yammacin Ponta do Sol. 

Har ila yau, yana da yanki da ƙaramin rafi da ke cikin gida.

Wani yanki na kusa shine Aranhas de Cima.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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Praia d'Aranhas rairayin bakin teku ne a arewacin tsibirin Santo Antão a Cape Verde kuma yana daga cikin garin Ribeira Grande da ƙauyen Fontainhas . Yana kwance a gabashin ƙauyen Cruzinha kusa da iyakokinta da yammacin Ponta do Sol. 

Har ila yau, yana da yanki da ƙaramin rafi da ke cikin gida.&lt;ref&gt;García, Jesús (2009). El mundo a tu aire: Cabo Verde. Madrid: Gaesa. p. 203. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-84-8023-685-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

TripAdvisor. &quot;Praia d’Aranhas – Reviews &amp; Information&quot;. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g303490-d15017404-Reviews-Praia_d_Aranhas-Balneario_Camboriu_State_of_Santa_Catarina.html&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani yanki na kusa shine Aranhas de Cima.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <id>855243</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-12T12:00:48Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <text bytes="722" sha1="nyt2suc9hhis9d49rqgkkv9g0hlwg6z" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Praia d'Aranhas''' rairayin bakin teku ne a arewacin tsibirin Santo Antão a Cape Verde kuma yana daga cikin garin Ribeira Grande da ƙauyen Fontainhas . Yana kwance a gabashin ƙauyen Cruzinha kusa da iyakokinta da yammacin Ponta do Sol. 

Har ila yau, yana da yanki da ƙaramin rafi da ke cikin gida.&lt;ref&gt;García, Jesús (2009). El mundo a tu aire: Cabo Verde. Madrid: Gaesa. p. 203. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-84-8023-685-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

TripAdvisor. &quot;Praia d’Aranhas – Reviews &amp; Information&quot;. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g303490-d15017404-Reviews-Praia_d_Aranhas-Balneario_Camboriu_State_of_Santa_Catarina.html&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani yanki na kusa shine Aranhas de Cima.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Labidochromis strigatus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>156858</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855240</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T12:00:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>44591</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645453|Labidochromis strigatus]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855240</origin>
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'''''Labidochromis strigatus''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda aka san yana faruwa ne kawai a yankunan da ke da duwatsu a kusa da Tsibirin Likoma da Tsibirin Chisumulu . Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|6.9|cm|in}} SL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . 

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="420" sha1="ia9q7eq72w7c06ub4q9nmsfuvgexycz" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Labidochromis strigatus''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda aka san yana faruwa ne kawai a yankunan da ke da duwatsu a kusa da Tsibirin Likoma da Tsibirin Chisumulu . Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|6.9|cm|in}} SL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . 

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Yankin Santa Maria</title>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-12T12:01:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>25549</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340719445|Praia de Santa Maria]]&quot;</comment>
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Praia de Santa Maria rairayin bakin teku ne a kudancin tsibirin Sal, [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] . Ya shimfiɗa daga tsakiyar birnin Santa Maria a gabas zuwa Ponta do Sinó (mafi kudancin tsibirin) a kudu maso yamma. Yana da kimanin kilomita 2 a tsawon. Tare da Praia da Ponta Preta, ita ce rairayin bakin teku mafi mashahuri a birnin da tsibirin.
[[Fayil:Santa_Maria_-_Strand_mit_Atlantikwelle.JPG|left|thumb|Yankin gabashin rairayin bakin teku tare da tashar jiragen ruwa, Ponta de Vera Cruz, otal da hasken wuta]]
[[Fayil:Sal_cape_verde_santa_maria_-_panoramio_-_brunobarbato_(7).jpg|thumb|Kitesurfing a bakin rairayin bakin teku]]
Kowace shekara a tsakiyar Satumba, bikin kiɗa na tsibirin Festival da Praia de Santa Maria yana faruwa a rairayin bakin teku.

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Jerin rairayin bakin teku na Cape Verde|Jerin rairayin bakin teku a Cape Verde]]
* [[Yawon Buɗe Ido a Cape Verde|Yawon shakatawa a Cape Verde]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <id>855246</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-12T12:02:12Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
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'''Praia de Santa Maria''' rairayin bakin teku ne a kudancin tsibirin Sal, [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] . Ya shimfiɗa daga tsakiyar birnin Santa Maria a gabas zuwa Ponta do Sinó (mafi kudancin tsibirin) a kudu maso yamma. Yana da kimanin kilomita 2 a tsawon. Tare da Praia da Ponta Preta, ita ce rairayin bakin teku mafi mashahuri a birnin da tsibirin.&lt;ref&gt;Festival da Praia de Santa Maria, Câmara Municipal do Sal&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Santa_Maria_-_Strand_mit_Atlantikwelle.JPG|left|thumb|Yankin gabashin rairayin bakin teku tare da tashar jiragen ruwa, Ponta de Vera Cruz, otal da hasken wuta]]
[[Fayil:Sal_cape_verde_santa_maria_-_panoramio_-_brunobarbato_(7).jpg|thumb|Kitesurfing a bakin rairayin bakin teku]]
Kowace shekara a tsakiyar Satumba, bikin kiɗa na tsibirin Festival da Praia de Santa Maria yana faruwa a rairayin bakin teku.

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Jerin rairayin bakin teku na Cape Verde|Jerin rairayin bakin teku a Cape Verde]]
* [[Yawon Buɗe Ido a Cape Verde|Yawon shakatawa a Cape Verde]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Praia de Santa Maria''' rairayin bakin teku ne a kudancin tsibirin Sal, [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] . Ya shimfiɗa daga tsakiyar birnin Santa Maria a gabas zuwa Ponta do Sinó (mafi kudancin tsibirin) a kudu maso yamma. Yana da kimanin kilomita 2 a tsawon. Tare da Praia da Ponta Preta, ita ce rairayin bakin teku mafi mashahuri a birnin da tsibirin.&lt;ref&gt;Festival da Praia de Santa Maria, Câmara Municipal do Sal&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Santa_Maria_-_Strand_mit_Atlantikwelle.JPG|left|thumb|Yankin gabashin rairayin bakin teku tare da tashar jiragen ruwa, Ponta de Vera Cruz, otal da hasken wuta]]
[[Fayil:Sal_cape_verde_santa_maria_-_panoramio_-_brunobarbato_(7).jpg|thumb|Kitesurfing a bakin rairayin bakin teku]]
Kowace shekara a tsakiyar Satumba, bikin kiɗa na tsibirin Festival da Praia de Santa Maria yana faruwa a rairayin bakin teku.

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Jerin rairayin bakin teku na Cape Verde|Jerin rairayin bakin teku a Cape Verde]]
* [[Yawon Buɗe Ido a Cape Verde|Yawon shakatawa a Cape Verde]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Labidochromis vellicans</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>855245</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T12:01:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645463|Labidochromis vellicans]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Labidochromis vellicans''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda ake samunsa a yankunan da ke da duwatsu a kudancin tafkin. Wannan nau'in yana girma har zuwa {{Convert|6.7|cm|in}} SL . Ana iya samun wannan nau'in a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|kifaye]] . 

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'''''Labidochromis vellicans''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda ake samunsa a yankunan da ke da duwatsu a kudancin tafkin. Wannan nau'in yana girma har zuwa {{Convert|6.7|cm|in}} SL . Ana iya samun wannan nau'in a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|kifaye]] . 

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'''''Labidochromis zebroides''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], inda aka san yana faruwa ne kawai a yankunan da ke da duwatsu a kusa da Tsibirin Likoma da [[Mazimbwe Island|Tsibirin Mazimbwe]] . Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|8.5|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . 

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'''''Labidochromis zebroides''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], inda aka san yana faruwa ne kawai a yankunan da ke da duwatsu a kusa da Tsibirin Likoma da [[Mazimbwe Island|Tsibirin Mazimbwe]] . Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|8.5|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . 

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Kifin '''salmon na tafkin''' ko '''mpasa''' ( '''''Opsaridium microlepis''''' ) nau'in kifi ne na Afirka mai ruwa-ruwa, wanda ya shahara a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], a cikin dangin Danionidae da ake samu a Malawi, Mozambique, da Tanzania. Matsuguninsa na halitta sune [[Kogi|koguna]] da [[Tafki|tafkuna]] masu ruwa-ruwa.  

== Bayani ==
Kifi ne mai launin azurfa wanda yayi kama da kifi na dangin Salmonidae  kuma baya da fin-fifin ruwan hoda ko lemu na yawancin danginsa. Suna iya girma har zuwa {{Cvt|4|kg}} a cikin nauyi  da {{Cvt|47|cm}} a jimillar tsayi  Manyan mutane suna da launin fata mai haske yayin da ƙananan yara ke da sandunan duhu a tsaye a jikinsu waɗanda suke rasa yayin da suke girma. &lt;ref name=&quot;Malawicichlids&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=mpasa |url=https://malawicichlids.com/mw11016b.htm |access-date=8 October 2017 |publisher=M.K. Oliver}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mazauna da muhalli ==
Kifin salmon na tafkin yana faruwa ne a yankin pelagic na Tafkin Malawi, a kan ƙasa mai yashi. Kifin matasa suna kusa da bakin kogunan magudanar ruwa. Manya suna cin ƙananan kifayen pelagic, musamman ''Engraulicypris sardella'',  yayin da ƙananan suke cin plankton, kwari da sauran ƙananan abubuwa na halitta. A lokacin damina, manyan kifaye suna ƙaura zuwa kogunan magudanar ruwa daga tafkin don yin haihu, wannan galibi yana faruwa ne da dare a cikin ruwa mai zurfi, mai iskar oxygen, mai gudana akan ƙasa mai tsakuwa ba tare da laka ba. Akwai lokacin haihu mai tsawo wanda ke farawa da farkon ruwan sama kuma yana ci gaba bayan ruwan sama,  daga Mayu zuwa Oktoba. Ƙananan suna zama a cikin kogunan har sai sun yi girma kaɗan kuma sun sami damar komawa tafkin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Malawicichlids&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=mpasa |url=https://malawicichlids.com/mw11016b.htm |access-date=8 October 2017 |publisher=M.K. Oliver}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://malawicichlids.com/mw11016b.htm &quot;mpasa&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kare Muhalli ==
Kifin salmon na tafkin yana fuskantar barazanar kamun kifi fiye da kima kuma akwai mace-mace mai yawa a cikin manyan kifaye a lokacin haihuwar, domin galibi ana toshe kogunan da igiyoyi da ragar gill wanda ke hana kifin guduwa sama, musamman a lokacin shekarun ƙarancin ruwan sama. Sauran barazanar sun haɗa da guba da gangan da lalacewar wuraren haihuwar saboda zaftarewar ƙasa sakamakon sare dazuzzuka da noma, wanda hakan kuma ke haifar da lalacewar muhalli yayin da ake cire ruwa daga kogunan kiwon dabbobi don ban ruwa kuma wannan yana sa ya yi wa yara wahala su koma tafkin daga wuraren haihuwar.  Ana kama shi ta amfani da ragar zobe da kuma kamun kifi. 

Kogin Bua yana ratsawa ta wurin ajiyar namun daji na Nkhotakota da ke tsakiyar Malawi kuma wannan shine kawai kogin da ake kiyaye wuraren haifuwa saboda dazuzzukan da ke kewaye suna da kariya daga sharewa. Ruwan wani kogin haifuwa, Arewacin Rukuru, yana cikin wurin shakatawa na Nyika National Park amma akwai karuwar sare dazuzzuka tsakanin wurin shakatawa da wuraren haifuwa. Kogin Linthipe babban kogi ne mai haifar da haihuwa kuma ba shi da kariya kuma an gurɓata shi da najasa mara magani daga birnin [[Lilongwe]] . Ba a san yanayin kogunan da ke haifar da haihuwa a Tanzania da Mozambique ba. 

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Kifin '''salmon na tafkin''' ko '''mpasa''' ( '''''Opsaridium microlepis''''' ) nau'in kifi ne na Afirka mai ruwa-ruwa, wanda ya shahara a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], a cikin dangin Danionidae da ake samu a Malawi, Mozambique, da Tanzania. Matsuguninsa na halitta sune [[Kogi|koguna]] da [[Tafki|tafkuna]] masu ruwa-ruwa.  

== Bayani ==
Kifi ne mai launin azurfa wanda yayi kama da kifi na dangin Salmonidae  kuma baya da fin-fifin ruwan hoda ko lemu na yawancin danginsa. Suna iya girma har zuwa {{Cvt|4|kg}} a cikin nauyi  da {{Cvt|47|cm}} a jimillar tsayi  Manyan mutane suna da launin fata mai haske yayin da ƙananan yara ke da sandunan duhu a tsaye a jikinsu waɗanda suke rasa yayin da suke girma. &lt;ref name=&quot;Malawicichlids&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=mpasa |url=https://malawicichlids.com/mw11016b.htm |access-date=8 October 2017 |publisher=M.K. Oliver}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mazauna da muhalli ==
Kifin salmon na tafkin yana faruwa ne a yankin pelagic na Tafkin Malawi, a kan ƙasa mai yashi. Kifin matasa suna kusa da bakin kogunan magudanar ruwa. Manya suna cin ƙananan kifayen pelagic, musamman ''Engraulicypris sardella'',  yayin da ƙananan suke cin plankton, kwari da sauran ƙananan abubuwa na halitta. A lokacin damina, manyan kifaye suna ƙaura zuwa kogunan magudanar ruwa daga tafkin don yin haihu, wannan galibi yana faruwa ne da dare a cikin ruwa mai zurfi, mai iskar oxygen, mai gudana akan ƙasa mai tsakuwa ba tare da laka ba. Akwai lokacin haihu mai tsawo wanda ke farawa da farkon ruwan sama kuma yana ci gaba bayan ruwan sama,  daga Mayu zuwa Oktoba. Ƙananan suna zama a cikin kogunan har sai sun yi girma kaɗan kuma sun sami damar komawa tafkin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Malawicichlids&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=mpasa |url=https://malawicichlids.com/mw11016b.htm |access-date=8 October 2017 |publisher=M.K. Oliver}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://malawicichlids.com/mw11016b.htm &quot;mpasa&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kare Muhalli ==
Kifin salmon na tafkin yana fuskantar barazanar kamun kifi fiye da kima kuma akwai mace-mace mai yawa a cikin manyan kifaye a lokacin haihuwar, domin galibi ana toshe kogunan da igiyoyi da ragar gill wanda ke hana kifin guduwa sama, musamman a lokacin shekarun ƙarancin ruwan sama. Sauran barazanar sun haɗa da guba da gangan da lalacewar wuraren haihuwar saboda zaftarewar ƙasa sakamakon sare dazuzzuka da noma, wanda hakan kuma ke haifar da lalacewar muhalli yayin da ake cire ruwa daga kogunan kiwon dabbobi don ban ruwa kuma wannan yana sa ya yi wa yara wahala su koma tafkin daga wuraren haihuwar.  Ana kama shi ta amfani da ragar zobe da kuma kamun kifi. 

Kogin Bua yana ratsawa ta wurin ajiyar namun daji na Nkhotakota da ke tsakiyar Malawi kuma wannan shine kawai kogin da ake kiyaye wuraren haifuwa saboda dazuzzukan da ke kewaye suna da kariya daga sharewa. Ruwan wani kogin haifuwa, Arewacin Rukuru, yana cikin wurin shakatawa na Nyika National Park amma akwai karuwar sare dazuzzuka tsakanin wurin shakatawa da wuraren haifuwa. Kogin Linthipe babban kogi ne mai haifar da haihuwa kuma ba shi da kariya kuma an gurɓata shi da najasa mara magani daga birnin [[Lilongwe]] . Ba a san yanayin kogunan da ke haifar da haihuwa a Tanzania da Mozambique ba. 

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'''''Lethrinops altus''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda yake faruwa a yankunan da ke da yashi. Wannan nau'in yana girma har zuwa {{Convert|15.8|cm|in}} TL . 

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'''''Lethrinops altus''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda yake faruwa a yankunan da ke da yashi. Wannan nau'in yana girma har zuwa {{Convert|15.8|cm|in}} TL . 

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    <title>Tafkin Malawi sardine</title>
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The '''Lake Malawi sardine''', '''lake sardine''', or '''usipa''' ('''''Engraulicypris sardella'''''), is an African species of freshwater fish in the family Danionidae. It is endemic to [[Tabkin Malawi|Lake Malawi]] and its outlet, the (upper) [[Rafin Shire|Shire River]]; it is found in [[Malawi]], [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], and [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Riddin2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Riddin |first=Megan A. |last2=Bills |first2=I. Roger |last3=Villet |first3=Martin H. |name-list-style=amp |date=2016 |title=Phylogeographic, morphometric and taxonomic re-evaluation of the river sardine, ''Mesobola brevianalis'' (Boulenger, 1908) (Teleostei, Cyprinidae, Chedrini) |journal=ZooKeys |issue=641 |pages=121–150 |bibcode=2016ZooK..641..121R |doi=10.3897/zookeys.641.10434 |pmc=5240351 |pmid=28138294 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tafkin Malawi sardine wani muhimmin nau'in kamun kifi ne a Tafkin Malawi, duka a matsayin kifi na abinci da kuma a matsayin abin farauta.   Nau'i ne mai kama da kifi wanda ke cin namun daji na zooplankton .  Yana girma zuwa matsakaicin girmansa na {{Convert|13|cm}} TL, kodayake yawanci suna ƙanana. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Froese |first=Rainer |date=December 2013 |title=Engraulicypris sardella |url=https://fishbase.se/summary/Engraulicypris-sardella.html |access-date=January 23, 2025 |website=FishBase}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Usipa tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin tattalin arziki ga gidaje da yawa a Tafkin Malawi waɗanda suka dogara da kamun kifi don samun kuɗi. Saboda ƙaramin girmansa, yawanci ana busar da shi. Ana cin Usipa galibi a [[Malawi]] da [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] tare da [[Ugali|nsima]] [[ugali]] . Ana sayar da usipa busasshe a yawancin kasuwanni a Malawi.  A Malawi, yawanci ana cinye usipa tare da ƙasusuwa a ciki saboda laushinsu. 

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The '''Lake Malawi sardine''', '''lake sardine''', or '''usipa''' ('''''Engraulicypris sardella'''''), is an African species of freshwater fish in the family Danionidae. It is endemic to [[Tabkin Malawi|Lake Malawi]] and its outlet, the (upper) [[Rafin Shire|Shire River]]; it is found in [[Malawi]], [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], and [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Riddin2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Riddin |first=Megan A. |last2=Bills |first2=I. Roger |last3=Villet |first3=Martin H. |name-list-style=amp |date=2016 |title=Phylogeographic, morphometric and taxonomic re-evaluation of the river sardine, ''Mesobola brevianalis'' (Boulenger, 1908) (Teleostei, Cyprinidae, Chedrini) |journal=ZooKeys |issue=641 |pages=121–150 |bibcode=2016ZooK..641..121R |doi=10.3897/zookeys.641.10434 |pmc=5240351 |pmid=28138294 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tafkin Malawi sardine wani muhimmin nau'in kamun kifi ne a Tafkin Malawi, duka a matsayin kifi na abinci da kuma a matsayin abin farauta.   Nau'i ne mai kama da kifi wanda ke cin namun daji na zooplankton .  Yana girma zuwa matsakaicin girmansa na {{Convert|13|cm}} TL, kodayake yawanci suna ƙanana. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Froese |first=Rainer |date=December 2013 |title=Engraulicypris sardella |url=https://fishbase.se/summary/Engraulicypris-sardella.html |access-date=January 23, 2025 |website=FishBase}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Usipa tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin tattalin arziki ga gidaje da yawa a Tafkin Malawi waɗanda suka dogara da kamun kifi don samun kuɗi. Saboda ƙaramin girmansa, yawanci ana busar da shi. Ana cin Usipa galibi a [[Malawi]] da [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] tare da [[Ugali|nsima]] [[ugali]] . Ana sayar da usipa busasshe a yawancin kasuwanni a Malawi.  A Malawi, yawanci ana cinye usipa tare da ƙasusuwa a ciki saboda laushinsu. 

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'''''Lethrinops gossei''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda galibi ake samunsa a cikin ruwa mai zurfi ( {{Convert|90|to|130|m|ft}} ) tare da ƙasa mai laka a yankin kudancin tafkin. Wannan nau'in yana girma har zuwa {{Convert|14.4|cm|in}} SL . 

== Asalin Ma'anar ==
Sunan da aka yi amfani da shi a matsayin girmamawa ga [[Zoology|masanin dabbobi]] na ƙasar Belgium Jean-Pierre Gosse (1924–2001), wanda shi ne mai kula da halittu masu ƙashi a Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique . &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=4 December 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (l-o) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae4/ |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="960" sha1="105a5xbkem9dge07bkojeopm9ewm2dq" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Lethrinops gossei''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda galibi ake samunsa a cikin ruwa mai zurfi ( {{Convert|90|to|130|m|ft}} ) tare da ƙasa mai laka a yankin kudancin tafkin. Wannan nau'in yana girma har zuwa {{Convert|14.4|cm|in}} SL . 

== Asalin Ma'anar ==
Sunan da aka yi amfani da shi a matsayin girmamawa ga [[Zoology|masanin dabbobi]] na ƙasar Belgium Jean-Pierre Gosse (1924–2001), wanda shi ne mai kula da halittu masu ƙashi a Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique . &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=4 December 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (l-o) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae4/ |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>105a5xbkem9dge07bkojeopm9ewm2dq</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lethrinops lunaris</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>156866</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855259</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T12:10:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645524|Lethrinops lunaris]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855259</origin>
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      <text bytes="313" sha1="dtaczuq9cd4r6f6qnncebomntskrz3w" xml:space="preserve">
'''''Lethrinops lunaris''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda yake rayuwa a cikin ruwa mai zurfi tare da ƙasa mai yashi. Wannan nau'in yana girma har zuwa {{Convert|18.6|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>dtaczuq9cd4r6f6qnncebomntskrz3w</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>855260</id>
      <parentid>855259</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T12:10:55Z</timestamp>
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'''''Lethrinops lunaris''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda yake rayuwa a cikin ruwa mai zurfi tare da ƙasa mai yashi. Wannan nau'in yana girma har zuwa {{Convert|18.6|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>sq0kaetxtrg69nofqiehd5tfmi2x09h</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lethrinops macracanthus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>156867</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855261</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T12:11:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645527|Lethrinops macracanthus]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Lethrinops macracanthus''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke rayuwa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda yake girma a cikin ruwa mai zurfi ( {{Convert|35|to|65|m|ft}} ) a kan ƙasa mai yashi. Wannan nau'in yana girma zuwa tsawon {{Convert|20|cm|in}} TL . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>cxl1rpryg0yhpuc4qpgr82xpufxfmsa</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855262</id>
      <parentid>855261</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T12:12:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
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      <text bytes="283" sha1="319bpoowbz9zgu703hrt19wbq20agf2" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Lethrinops macracanthus''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke rayuwa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda yake girma a cikin ruwa mai zurfi ( {{Convert|35|to|65|m|ft}} ) a kan ƙasa mai yashi. Wannan nau'in yana girma zuwa tsawon {{Convert|20|cm|in}} TL . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>319bpoowbz9zgu703hrt19wbq20agf2</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Natalya Mammadova</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>156868</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855263</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T12:32:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Amama24</username>
        <id>45707</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1315826857|Natalya Mammadova]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Natalya Aleksandrovna Mammadova''' ( Ukrainian   ; an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Disamba 1984) 'yar wasan ƙwallon raga ce ta Ukraine da Azerbaijan mai ritaya. Natalya ta taka leda a matsayin mai buga ƙwallon waje kuma an san ta da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasa na zamaninta, da kuma 'yar wasan ƙwallon raga mafi nasara a Azerbaijan. Natalya ta wakilci ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Azerbaijan daga 2004 har zuwa 2018 kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka fi buga wasa a tarihin ƙasar. Ta sanar da yin ritaya daga wasan ƙwallon raga a watan Mayu 2021.

== Sana'a ==
Natalya ta lashe kyautar &quot;Mafi Kyawun Mai Zana&quot; a zagayen gasar League a kakar wasa uku a jere, daga 2004/05 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=FIVB |title=CEV awards best players of League round |url=http://www.fivb.org/EN/Infomedia/PressRelease.asp?No=5382 |access-date=2011-03-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; inda Azerrail Baku shi ma ya lashe gasar League &quot;Mafi Kyawun Mai Kai Hari&quot; a zagayen gasar; a 2005/06 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=CEV |title=Playoff pairings decided |url=http://www.cev.lu/mmp/online/website/news/news_archive/news_archive_2006/news_archive_2006_01/5909_EN.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409012553/http://www.cev.lu/mmp/online/website/news/news_archive/news_archive_2006/news_archive_2006_01/5909_EN.html |archive-date=2008-04-09 |access-date=2011-03-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma 2006/07. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=CEV |title=Mammadova, Wlazly and Moculescu honoured in Vienna |url=http://www.cev.lu/mmp/online/website/news/news_online/755/1711/19279_EN.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324195548/http://www.cev.lu/mmp/online/website/news/news_online/755/1711/19279_EN.html |archive-date=2011-03-24 |access-date=2011-03-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mammadova ta sha kashi a wasan ƙarshe a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta CEV ta 2010–11 tare da ƙungiyarta Rabita Baku, inda ta kare a matsayi na biyu kuma ta lashe kyautar &quot;Mafi kyawun Sabis&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=CEV |title=VakifGunesTTelekom completes Turkish fairy tale in Istanbul |url=http://www.cev.lu/mmp/online/website/news/news_online/755/1711/19279_EN.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324195548/http://www.cev.lu/mmp/online/website/news/news_online/755/1711/19279_EN.html |archive-date=2011-03-24 |access-date=2011-03-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mammadova ta lashe lambar tagulla a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIVB ta 2015,  tana wasa da ƙungiyar Voléro Zürich ta ƙasar Switzerland.

== Kyaututtuka ==

=== Mutane daban-daban ===

* ''2004–05 CEV Indesit Champions League &quot;Mafi kyawun ɗan wasa&quot;''
* ''2004–05 CEV Indesit Champions League zagaye na &quot;Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan gaba&quot;''
* ''2005–06 CEV Indesit Champions League &quot;Mafi kyawun ɗan wasa&quot;''
* ''Gasar Cin Kofin Switzerland ta 2006 &quot;Mafi Kyawun Mai Cin Kwallo&quot;''
* ''2006–07 CEV Indesit Champions League &quot;Mafi kyawun ɗan wasa&quot;''
* ''2007 &quot;Ɗan Wasan Turai na Shekara&quot;''
* ''Gasar Cin Kofin Switzerland ta 2007 &quot;Mafi Kyawun 'Yan Wasa&quot;''
* ''Gasar Cin Kofin Switzerland ta 2007 &quot;Mafi Kyawun Mai Cin Kwallo&quot;''
* ''Kofin Swiss na 2007 &quot;Mafi Kyawun 'Yan Wasa&quot;''
* ''2009–10 Gasar Super League ta Rasha &quot;Mafi Kyawun Mai Cin Kwallo&quot;''
* ''Gasar Cin Kofin Zakarun Turai ta CEV ta 2010–11 &quot;Mafi Kyawun Masu Ba da Sabis&quot;''
* ''2010–11 Azerbaijan Superleague &quot;Mafi kyawun Mai Sauƙi&quot;''
* ''2011–12 Azerbaijan Superleague &quot;Mafi Kyawun Ɗan Wasa&quot;''
* ''2012–13 Gasar Super League ta Rasha &quot;Mafi Kyawun Mai Cin Kwallo&quot;''
* ''Kofin Rasha na 2017 &quot;Mafi Kyawun 'Yan Wasa&quot;''

=== Ƙungiyoyi ===

* Kofin Rasha na 2002–03 –[[Fayil:Imperial_Russian_Aviation_Roundel.svg|16x16px]] Zakara, tare da Zarechie Odintsovo
* 2003-04 Azerbaijan Superleague -[[Fayil:Simple_cup_icon.svg|16x16px]] Zakaran, tare da Azerrail Baku
* 2004-05 Azerbaijan Superleague -[[Fayil:Simple_cup_icon.svg|16x16px]] Zakaran, tare da Azerrail Baku
* Gasar Cin Kofin Switzerland ta 2005–06 –[[Fayil:Simple_cup_icon.svg|16x16px]] Zakara, tare da Voléro Zürich
* Kofin Switzerland na 2005–06 –[[Fayil:Roundel_of_Switzerland.svg|16x16px]] Zakara, tare da Voléro Zürich
* 2007–08 Spanish Superliga –[[Fayil:Gorm_silver_cup.jpg|18x18px]] Na biyu, tare da İcaro Palma
* Gasar ƙwallon raga ta mata ta Turkiyya 2008–09 –[[Fayil:Med_3.png]] Lambar tagulla, tare da Türk Telekom Ankara
* Gasar Super League ta Rasha ta 2009–10 –[[Fayil:Med_3.png]] Lambobin tagulla, tare da Dinamo Krasnodar
* Gasar Zakarun Turai ta CEV ta 2010–11 –[[Fayil:Gorm_silver_cup.jpg|18x18px]] Na biyu, tare da Rabita Baku
* 2010-11 Azerbaijan Superleague -[[Fayil:Simple_cup_icon.svg|16x16px]] Zakara, tare da Rabita Baku
* Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIVB ta 2011 –[[Fayil:Simple_cup_icon.svg|16x16px]] Zakara, tare da Rabita Baku
* 2011-12 Azerbaijan Superleague -[[Fayil:Simple_cup_icon.svg|16x16px]] Zakara, tare da Rabita Baku
* Gasar Super League ta Rasha ta 2012–13 –[[Fayil:Med_3.png]] Lamba ta tagulla, tare da Omichka Omsk
* Gasar Super League ta Rasha ta 2013–14 –[[Fayil:Med_3.png]] Lamba ta tagulla, tare da Omichka Omsk
* Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIVB ta 2015 –[[Fayil:Med_3.png]] Lamba ta tagulla, tare da Voléro Zürich
* Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIVB ta 2017 –[[Fayil:Med_3.png]] Lamba ta tagulla, tare da Voléro Zürich
* Kofin Rasha na 2017 –[[Fayil:Simple_cup_icon.svg|16x16px]] Zakaran gasar, tare da WVC Dynamo Kazan

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]]</text>
      <sha1>bxibjdb6hd4i478nwre2rhzprmeul9y</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>855348</id>
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'''Natalya Aleksandrovna Mammadova''' ( Ukrainian   ; an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Disamba 1984) 'yar wasan ƙwallon raga ce ta Ukraine da Azerbaijan mai ritaya. Natalya ta taka leda a matsayin mai buga ƙwallon waje kuma an san ta da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasa na zamaninta, da kuma 'yar wasan ƙwallon raga mafi nasara a Azerbaijan. Natalya ta wakilci ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Azerbaijan daga 2004 har zuwa 2018 kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka fi buga wasa a tarihin ƙasar. Ta sanar da yin ritaya daga wasan ƙwallon raga a watan Mayu 2021.

== Sana'a ==
Natalya ta lashe kyautar &quot;Mafi Kyawun Mai Zana&quot; a zagayen gasar League a kakar wasa uku a jere, daga 2004/05 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=FIVB |title=CEV awards best players of League round |url=http://www.fivb.org/EN/Infomedia/PressRelease.asp?No=5382 |access-date=2011-03-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; inda Azerrail Baku shi ma ya lashe gasar League &quot;Mafi Kyawun Mai Kai Hari&quot; a zagayen gasar; a 2005/06 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=CEV |title=Playoff pairings decided |url=http://www.cev.lu/mmp/online/website/news/news_archive/news_archive_2006/news_archive_2006_01/5909_EN.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409012553/http://www.cev.lu/mmp/online/website/news/news_archive/news_archive_2006/news_archive_2006_01/5909_EN.html |archive-date=2008-04-09 |access-date=2011-03-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma 2006/07. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=CEV |title=Mammadova, Wlazly and Moculescu honoured in Vienna |url=http://www.cev.lu/mmp/online/website/news/news_online/755/1711/19279_EN.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324195548/http://www.cev.lu/mmp/online/website/news/news_online/755/1711/19279_EN.html |archive-date=2011-03-24 |access-date=2011-03-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mammadova ta sha kashi a wasan ƙarshe a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta CEV ta 2010–11 tare da ƙungiyarta Rabita Baku, inda ta kare a matsayi na biyu kuma ta lashe kyautar &quot;Mafi kyawun Sabis&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=CEV |title=VakifGunesTTelekom completes Turkish fairy tale in Istanbul |url=http://www.cev.lu/mmp/online/website/news/news_online/755/1711/19279_EN.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324195548/http://www.cev.lu/mmp/online/website/news/news_online/755/1711/19279_EN.html |archive-date=2011-03-24 |access-date=2011-03-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mammadova ta lashe lambar tagulla a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIVB ta 2015,  tana wasa da ƙungiyar Voléro Zürich ta ƙasar Switzerland.

== Kyaututtuka ==

=== Mutane daban-daban ===

* ''2004–05 CEV Indesit Champions League &quot;Mafi kyawun ɗan wasa&quot;''
* ''2004–05 CEV Indesit Champions League zagaye na &quot;Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan gaba&quot;''
* ''2005–06 CEV Indesit Champions League &quot;Mafi kyawun ɗan wasa&quot;''
* ''Gasar Cin Kofin Switzerland ta 2006 &quot;Mafi Kyawun Mai Cin Kwallo&quot;''
* ''2006–07 CEV Indesit Champions League &quot;Mafi kyawun ɗan wasa&quot;''
* ''2007 &quot;Ɗan Wasan Turai na Shekara&quot;''
* ''Gasar Cin Kofin Switzerland ta 2007 &quot;Mafi Kyawun 'Yan Wasa&quot;''
* ''Gasar Cin Kofin Switzerland ta 2007 &quot;Mafi Kyawun Mai Cin Kwallo&quot;''
* ''Kofin Swiss na 2007 &quot;Mafi Kyawun 'Yan Wasa&quot;''
* ''2009–10 Gasar Super League ta Rasha &quot;Mafi Kyawun Mai Cin Kwallo&quot;''
* ''Gasar Cin Kofin Zakarun Turai ta CEV ta 2010–11 &quot;Mafi Kyawun Masu Ba da Sabis&quot;''
* ''2010–11 Azerbaijan Superleague &quot;Mafi kyawun Mai Sauƙi&quot;''
* ''2011–12 Azerbaijan Superleague &quot;Mafi Kyawun Ɗan Wasa&quot;''
* ''2012–13 Gasar Super League ta Rasha &quot;Mafi Kyawun Mai Cin Kwallo&quot;''
* ''Kofin Rasha na 2017 &quot;Mafi Kyawun 'Yan Wasa&quot;''

=== Ƙungiyoyi ===

* Kofin Rasha na 2002–03 –[[Fayil:Imperial_Russian_Aviation_Roundel.svg|16x16px]] Zakara, tare da Zarechie Odintsovo
* 2003-04 Azerbaijan Superleague -[[Fayil:Simple_cup_icon.svg|16x16px]] Zakaran, tare da Azerrail Baku
* 2004-05 Azerbaijan Superleague -[[Fayil:Simple_cup_icon.svg|16x16px]] Zakaran, tare da Azerrail Baku
* Gasar Cin Kofin Switzerland ta 2005–06 –[[Fayil:Simple_cup_icon.svg|16x16px]] Zakara, tare da Voléro Zürich
* Kofin Switzerland na 2005–06 –[[Fayil:Roundel_of_Switzerland.svg|16x16px]] Zakara, tare da Voléro Zürich
* 2007–08 Spanish Superliga –[[Fayil:Gorm_silver_cup.jpg|18x18px]] Na biyu, tare da İcaro Palma
* Gasar ƙwallon raga ta mata ta Turkiyya 2008–09 –[[Fayil:Med_3.png]] Lambar tagulla, tare da Türk Telekom Ankara
* Gasar Super League ta Rasha ta 2009–10 –[[Fayil:Med_3.png]] Lambobin tagulla, tare da Dinamo Krasnodar
* Gasar Zakarun Turai ta CEV ta 2010–11 –[[Fayil:Gorm_silver_cup.jpg|18x18px]] Na biyu, tare da Rabita Baku
* 2010-11 Azerbaijan Superleague -[[Fayil:Simple_cup_icon.svg|16x16px]] Zakara, tare da Rabita Baku
* Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIVB ta 2011 –[[Fayil:Simple_cup_icon.svg|16x16px]] Zakara, tare da Rabita Baku
* 2011-12 Azerbaijan Superleague -[[Fayil:Simple_cup_icon.svg|16x16px]] Zakara, tare da Rabita Baku
* Gasar Super League ta Rasha ta 2012–13 –[[Fayil:Med_3.png]] Lamba ta tagulla, tare da Omichka Omsk
* Gasar Super League ta Rasha ta 2013–14 –[[Fayil:Med_3.png]] Lamba ta tagulla, tare da Omichka Omsk
* Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIVB ta 2015 –[[Fayil:Med_3.png]] Lamba ta tagulla, tare da Voléro Zürich
* Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIVB ta 2017 –[[Fayil:Med_3.png]] Lamba ta tagulla, tare da Voléro Zürich
* Kofin Rasha na 2017 –[[Fayil:Simple_cup_icon.svg|16x16px]] Zakaran gasar, tare da WVC Dynamo Kazan

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]]</text>
      <sha1>1o2dltc4wuc28arq4y5oe6n1qqddtnw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alphonsus Nwosu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>855294</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T13:14:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343479358|Alphonsus Nwosu]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Alphonsus Bosah Chukwurah Nwosu''' (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1944), wanda aka fi sani da '''ABC Nwosu''', ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne, masanin ilimin cututtuka, masanin kimiyya, kuma mai gudanarwa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin ministan lafiya daga shekara ta 2001 zuwa shekara ta 2003. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin kwamishinan kiwon lafiya a [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] daga 1986 zuwa 1992. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Udo |first=Mary |date=2017-03-27 |title=NWOSU, Prof. B.C. Alphonsus |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/nwosu-prof-b-c-alphonsus/ |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-21 |title=Chief Alphonsus B.C. Nwosu |url=https://biography.igbopeople.org/biography/chief-alphonsus-b-c-nwosu/ |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Igbo People Biography |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://biography.igbopeople.org/biography/chief-alphonsus-b-c-nwosu/ &quot;Chief Alphonsus B.C. Nwosu&quot;]. ''Igbo People Biography''. 2024-11-21&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-12-09&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Quadri |first=Opeyemi |date=2024-01-25 |title=Ministers Of Health In Nigeria (1957-Present) |url=https://infomediang.com/ministers-of-health-nigeria/#prof-abc-nwosu |access-date=2025-01-08 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;(((((((17 July 1944), also known as ABC Nwosu, is a Nigerian politician, parasitologist, academic, and administrator who served as minister of health from 2001 to 2003. He also served as commissioner for health in Anambra￼

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Nwosu a Obiuno Udede, Otolo, [[Nnewi]], Jihar Anambra, Najeriya. Ya kammala karatunsa na farko a makarantun firamare da sakandare na gida kafin ya halarci [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka]] (UNN), inda ya kammala a 1971 tare da B.Sc. a cikin [[Zoology|ilimin dabbobi]]. Daga baya ya sami Ph.D. a cikin parasitology daga Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Imperial, London.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Udo |first=Mary |date=2017-03-27 |title=NWOSU, Prof. B.C. Alphonsus |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/nwosu-prof-b-c-alphonsus/ |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-21 |title=Chief Alphonsus B.C. Nwosu |url=https://biography.igbopeople.org/biography/chief-alphonsus-b-c-nwosu/ |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Igbo People Biography |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan ilimi ==
Nwosu ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a UNN daga 1981 zuwa 1986 kuma a lokaci guda ya yi aiki ne a matsayin dean na Faculty of Science a [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Jihar Anambra]], Enugu, daga 1981 zuwa 1984. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 37, ya zama [[farfesa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-21 |title=Chief Alphonsus B.C. Nwosu |url=https://biography.igbopeople.org/biography/chief-alphonsus-b-c-nwosu/ |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Igbo People Biography |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://biography.igbopeople.org/biography/chief-alphonsus-b-c-nwosu/ &quot;Chief Alphonsus B.C. Nwosu&quot;]. ''Igbo People Biography''. 2024-11-21&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-12-09&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan siyasa da gudanarwa ==
Daga 1986 zuwa 1992, a lokacin da yake kwamishinan kiwon lafiya a Jihar Anambra, Nwosu ya jagoranci gagarumin ci gaba a shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya na jama'a, ababen more rayuwa, da sabis na kiwon lafiya. Ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Shugaban kasa kan Lafiya kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman ga Shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] kan batutuwan siyasa. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2001, an nada shi ministan lafiya, inda ya jagoranci kokarin yaki da cututtukan cututtuka da aiwatar da sauye-sauyen kiwon lafiya, gami da kafa Shirin Inshorar Lafiya na Kasa (NHIS)&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-21 |title=Chief Alphonsus B.C. Nwosu |url=https://biography.igbopeople.org/biography/chief-alphonsus-b-c-nwosu/ |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Igbo People Biography |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Okogba |first=Emmanuel |date=2017-07-17 |title=What restructuring means in practical terms by ABC Nwosu |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/07/restructuring-means-practical-terms-abc-nwosu/ |access-date=2024-12-08 |language=en-GB |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Ya auri Lady Ngozi Nwosu, kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-21 |title=Chief Alphonsus B.C. Nwosu |url=https://biography.igbopeople.org/biography/chief-alphonsus-b-c-nwosu/ |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Igbo People Biography |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://biography.igbopeople.org/biography/chief-alphonsus-b-c-nwosu/ &quot;Chief Alphonsus B.C. Nwosu&quot;]. ''Igbo People Biography''. 2024-11-21&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-12-09&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da nasarorin ==
Nwosu ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa, gami da Kyautar Jagorancin Kiwon Lafiya saboda aikinsa a cikin sake fasalin kiwon lafiya, Jami'in Order of the Niger (OON) don hidimomin da ya yi wa ci gaban kasa, da Kyautar Kwarewar Ilimi don gudummawar da ya bayar ga parasitology da kimiyya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-21 |title=Chief Alphonsus B.C. Nwosu |url=https://biography.igbopeople.org/biography/chief-alphonsus-b-c-nwosu/ |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Igbo People Biography |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://biography.igbopeople.org/biography/chief-alphonsus-b-c-nwosu/ &quot;Chief Alphonsus B.C. Nwosu&quot;]. ''Igbo People Biography''. 2024-11-21&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-12-09&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]]</text>
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      <id>855295</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-12T13:26:25Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
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{{Infobox person
| birth_date         = {{Birth date and age|1944|07|17|df=y}}
| citizenship        = Nigeria
| education          = B.Sc. University of Nigeria, Nsukka
Ph.D. Imperial College of Science and Technology London
| occupation         = Politician, parasitologist, academic, administrator
| children           = 5
| honours            = 
}}

'''Alphonsus Bosah Chukwurah Nwosu''' (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1944), wanda aka fi sani da '''ABC Nwosu''', ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne, masanin ilimin cututtuka, masanin kimiyya, kuma mai gudanarwa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin ministan lafiya daga shekara ta 2001 zuwa shekara ta 2003. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin kwamishinan kiwon lafiya a [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] daga 1986 zuwa 1992. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Udo |first=Mary |date=2017-03-27 |title=NWOSU, Prof. B.C. Alphonsus |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/nwosu-prof-b-c-alphonsus/ |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-21 |title=Chief Alphonsus B.C. Nwosu |url=https://biography.igbopeople.org/biography/chief-alphonsus-b-c-nwosu/ |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Igbo People Biography |language=en-US}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://biography.igbopeople.org/biography/chief-alphonsus-b-c-nwosu/ &quot;Chief Alphonsus B.C. Nwosu&quot;]. ''Igbo People Biography''. 2024-11-21&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-12-09&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Quadri |first=Opeyemi |date=2024-01-25 |title=Ministers Of Health In Nigeria (1957-Present) |url=https://infomediang.com/ministers-of-health-nigeria/#prof-abc-nwosu |access-date=2025-01-08 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Nwosu a Obiuno Udede, Otolo, [[Nnewi]], Jihar Anambra, Najeriya. Ya kammala karatunsa na farko a makarantun firamare da sakandare na gida kafin ya halarci [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka]] (UNN), inda ya kammala a 1971 tare da B.Sc. a cikin [[Zoology|ilimin dabbobi]]. Daga baya ya sami Ph.D. a cikin parasitology daga Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Imperial, London.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Udo |first=Mary |date=2017-03-27 |title=NWOSU, Prof. B.C. Alphonsus |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/nwosu-prof-b-c-alphonsus/ |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-21 |title=Chief Alphonsus B.C. Nwosu |url=https://biography.igbopeople.org/biography/chief-alphonsus-b-c-nwosu/ |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Igbo People Biography |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan ilimi ==
Nwosu ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a UNN daga 1981 zuwa 1986 kuma a lokaci guda ya yi aiki ne a matsayin dean na Faculty of Science a [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Enugu|Jami'ar Fasaha ta Jihar Anambra]], Enugu, daga 1981 zuwa 1984. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 37, ya zama [[farfesa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-21 |title=Chief Alphonsus B.C. Nwosu |url=https://biography.igbopeople.org/biography/chief-alphonsus-b-c-nwosu/ |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Igbo People Biography |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://biography.igbopeople.org/biography/chief-alphonsus-b-c-nwosu/ &quot;Chief Alphonsus B.C. Nwosu&quot;]. ''Igbo People Biography''&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan siyasa da gudanarwa ==
Daga 1986 zuwa 1992, a lokacin da yake kwamishinan kiwon lafiya a Jihar Anambra, Nwosu ya jagoranci gagarumin ci gaba a shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya na jama'a, ababen more rayuwa, da sabis na kiwon lafiya. Ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Shugaban kasa kan Lafiya kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman ga Shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] kan batutuwan siyasa. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2001, an nada shi ministan lafiya, inda ya jagoranci kokarin yaki da cututtukan cututtuka da aiwatar da sauye-sauyen kiwon lafiya, gami da kafa Shirin Inshorar Lafiya na Kasa (NHIS)&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-21 |title=Chief Alphonsus B.C. Nwosu |url=https://biography.igbopeople.org/biography/chief-alphonsus-b-c-nwosu/ |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Igbo People Biography |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Okogba |first=Emmanuel |date=2017-07-17 |title=What restructuring means in practical terms by ABC Nwosu |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/07/restructuring-means-practical-terms-abc-nwosu/ |access-date=2024-12-08 |language=en-GB |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta mutum ==
Ya auri Lady Ngozi Nwosu, kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-21 |title=Chief Alphonsus B.C. Nwosu |url=https://biography.igbopeople.org/biography/chief-alphonsus-b-c-nwosu/ |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Igbo People Biography |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://biography.igbopeople.org/biography/chief-alphonsus-b-c-nwosu/ &quot;Chief Alphonsus B.C. Nwosu&quot;]. ''Igbo People Biography''. 2024-11-21&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-12-09&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kyaututtuka da nasarorin ==
Nwosu ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa, gami da Kyautar Jagorancin Kiwon Lafiya saboda aikinsa a cikin sake fasalin kiwon lafiya, Jami'in Order of the Niger (OON) don hidimomin da ya yi wa ci gaban kasa, da Kyautar Kwarewar Ilimi don gudummawar da ya bayar ga parasitology da kimiyya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-21 |title=Chief Alphonsus B.C. Nwosu |url=https://biography.igbopeople.org/biography/chief-alphonsus-b-c-nwosu/ |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Igbo People Biography |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://biography.igbopeople.org/biography/chief-alphonsus-b-c-nwosu/ &quot;Chief Alphonsus B.C. Nwosu&quot;]. ''Igbo People Biography''. 2024-11-21&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-12-09&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]]</text>
      <sha1>6sha44cn464o1kkmcixfs5fw7y2ooug</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Abasi Ogwime Braimah</title>
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      <id>855305</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346483379|Abasi Ogwime Braimah]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855305</origin>
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      <text bytes="4824" sha1="n6h3ut0tuxu2cltd1211041t0qbcef9" xml:space="preserve">'''((Ogwime Braimah (born 29 September 1969) is a Nigerian politician who served as a member of the House of Representatives of Nigeria in the 6th National Assembly (2007–2011), representing the Etsako federal constituency in Edo State. He was elected on the platform of the Peoples(((((Abasi Ogwime Braimah''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1969) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] a Majalisar Dokoki ta 6 (2007-2011), wanda ke wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta [[Mutanen Afemai|Etsako]] a [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] . An zabe shi a kan dandalin jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reporters |first=Secrets |date=2024-07-19 |title=Loyalty Reward: President Tinubu Gifts Former Rep Member and APC Stakeholder, Abasi Braimah Multiple Multi-Million Naira Contracts From Federal Ministry of Power - Secret Reporters |url=https://secretsreporter.com/loyalty-reward-president-tinubu-gifts-former-rep-member-and-apc-stakeholder-abasi-braimah-multiple-multi-million-naira-contracts-from-federal-ministry-of-power/ |access-date=2025-12-15 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/lists/representatives/Edo/lga/Etsako%20East |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da asali ==
An haifi Abasi Ogwime Braimah a ranar 29 ga Satumba 1969. &lt;ref name=&quot;NASSNIG&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The House of Representatives, Federal Republic of Nigeria |url=http://www.nassnig.org/house/member.php?member=112&amp;page=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527234610/http://www.nassnig.org/house/member.php?member=112&amp;page=1 |archive-date=2010-05-27 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=www.nassnig.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da Digiri na farko a cikin Injiniyan Chemical kafin ya shiga siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gabriel |first=Chioma |date=27 June 2007 |title=Nigeria: We are Determined to Make a Differencen - Hon Braimah |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200706270350.html? |website=www.allafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan siyasa ==
Braimah ta shiga siyasa ta kasa a Babban Zabe 2007. An zabe shi a Majalisar Wakilai ta 6th National Assembly, yana aiki daga 5 Yuni 2007 zuwa 6 Yuni 2011 kuma yana wakiltar Etsako (Etsako East / West / Central) mazabar tarayya ta Jihar Edo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Politically Exposed Persons Data |url=https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https://peps.directoriolegislativo.org/datasets/nigeria/PEP_data.xlsx? |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Politically Exposed Persons (PEPs)}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin wa'adinsa ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). &lt;ref name=&quot;NASSNIG&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The House of Representatives, Federal Republic of Nigeria |url=http://www.nassnig.org/house/member.php?member=112&amp;page=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527234610/http://www.nassnig.org/house/member.php?member=112&amp;page=1 |archive-date=2010-05-27 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=www.nassnig.org}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100527234610/http://www.nassnig.org/house/member.php?member=112&amp;page=1 &quot;The House of Representatives, Federal Republic of Nigeria&quot;]. ''www.nassnig.org''. Archived from [http://www.nassnig.org/house/member.php?member=112&amp;page=1 the original] on 2010-05-27&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-12-15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; . Braimah ya shiga cikin shari'o'in kotu bayan zaben 2007, yayin da sunansa ya bayyana a cikin bayanan daukaka kara da ke kalubalantar wasu sakamakon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-07 |title=Abasi Ogwime Braimah &amp; Anor. V. Hon. Abubakar Eshiokpekha Momoh &amp; Ors. (2009) LLJR-CA |url=https://www.lawglobalhub.com/abasi-ogwime-braimah-anor-v-hon-abubakar-eshiokpekha-momoh-ors-2009-lljr-ca/ |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=LawGlobal Hub |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Braimah kuma an haɗa shi da All Progressives Congress (APC), bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata ga tsohon Shugaban Kasa na APC, [[Otunba Niyi Adebayo]] a cikin 2018, yana da alaƙa da kyaututtuka na kwangila na tarayya da ayyukan masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin siyasar APC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reporters |first=Secrets |date=2024-07-19 |title=Loyalty Reward: President Tinubu Gifts Former Rep Member and APC Stakeholder, Abasi Braimah Multiple Multi-Million Naira Contracts From Federal Ministry of Power - Secret Reporters |url=https://secretsreporter.com/loyalty-reward-president-tinubu-gifts-former-rep-member-and-apc-stakeholder-abasi-braimah-multiple-multi-million-naira-contracts-from-federal-ministry-of-power/ |access-date=2025-12-15 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>855310</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-12T13:48:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
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      <text bytes="4984" sha1="lgf0d0ha2vvs7vgmppf7velhsk46vge" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Abasi Ogwime Braimah
| image = 
| caption = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1969|9|29}}
| party = Peoples Democratic Party (PDP)
| other_party = All Progressives Congress (APC)
| office = Member of the House of Representatives of Nigeria
| constituency = Etsako Federal Constituency, Edo State
| term_start = 5 June 2007
| term_end = 6 June 2011
| predecessor = 
| successor = 
| occupation = Politician
| alma_mater =
}}

'''Abasi Ogwime Braimah''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1969) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] a Majalisar Dokoki ta 6 (2007-2011), wanda ke wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta [[Mutanen Afemai|Etsako]] a [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] . An zabe shi a kan dandalin jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reporters |first=Secrets |date=2024-07-19 |title=Loyalty Reward: President Tinubu Gifts Former Rep Member and APC Stakeholder, Abasi Braimah Multiple Multi-Million Naira Contracts From Federal Ministry of Power - Secret Reporters |url=https://secretsreporter.com/loyalty-reward-president-tinubu-gifts-former-rep-member-and-apc-stakeholder-abasi-braimah-multiple-multi-million-naira-contracts-from-federal-ministry-of-power/ |access-date=2025-12-15 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/lists/representatives/Edo/lga/Etsako%20East |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da asali ==
An haifi Abasi Ogwime Braimah a ranar 29 ga Satumba 1969. &lt;ref name=&quot;NASSNIG&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The House of Representatives, Federal Republic of Nigeria |url=http://www.nassnig.org/house/member.php?member=112&amp;page=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527234610/http://www.nassnig.org/house/member.php?member=112&amp;page=1 |archive-date=2010-05-27 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=www.nassnig.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da Digiri na farko a cikin Injiniyan Chemical kafin ya shiga siyasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gabriel |first=Chioma |date=27 June 2007 |title=Nigeria: We are Determined to Make a Differencen - Hon Braimah |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200706270350.html? |website=www.allafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan siyasa ==
Braimah ta shiga siyasa ta kasa a Babban Zabe 2007. An zabe shi a Majalisar Wakilai ta 6th National Assembly, yana aiki daga 5 Yuni 2007 zuwa 6 Yuni 2011 kuma yana wakiltar Etsako (Etsako East / West / Central) mazabar tarayya ta Jihar Edo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Politically Exposed Persons Data |url=https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https://peps.directoriolegislativo.org/datasets/nigeria/PEP_data.xlsx? |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Politically Exposed Persons (PEPs)}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin wa'adinsa ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). &lt;ref name=&quot;NASSNIG&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The House of Representatives, Federal Republic of Nigeria |url=http://www.nassnig.org/house/member.php?member=112&amp;page=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527234610/http://www.nassnig.org/house/member.php?member=112&amp;page=1 |archive-date=2010-05-27 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=www.nassnig.org}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100527234610/http://www.nassnig.org/house/member.php?member=112&amp;page=1 &quot;The House of Representatives, Federal Republic of Nigeria&quot;]. ''www.nassnig.org''. Archived from [http://www.nassnig.org/house/member.php?member=112&amp;page=1 the original] on 2010-05-27&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-12-15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; . Braimah ya shiga cikin shari'o'in kotu bayan zaben 2007, yayin da sunansa ya bayyana a cikin bayanan daukaka kara da ke kalubalantar wasu sakamakon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-07 |title=Abasi Ogwime Braimah &amp; Anor. V. Hon. Abubakar Eshiokpekha Momoh &amp; Ors. (2009) LLJR-CA |url=https://www.lawglobalhub.com/abasi-ogwime-braimah-anor-v-hon-abubakar-eshiokpekha-momoh-ors-2009-lljr-ca/ |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=LawGlobal Hub |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Braimah kuma an haɗa shi da All Progressives Congress (APC), bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ma'aikata ga tsohon Shugaban Kasa na APC, [[Otunba Niyi Adebayo]] a cikin 2018, yana da alaƙa da kyaututtuka na kwangila na tarayya da ayyukan masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin siyasar APC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reporters |first=Secrets |date=2024-07-19 |title=Loyalty Reward: President Tinubu Gifts Former Rep Member and APC Stakeholder, Abasi Braimah Multiple Multi-Million Naira Contracts From Federal Ministry of Power - Secret Reporters |url=https://secretsreporter.com/loyalty-reward-president-tinubu-gifts-former-rep-member-and-apc-stakeholder-abasi-braimah-multiple-multi-million-naira-contracts-from-federal-ministry-of-power/ |access-date=2025-12-15 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]]</text>
      <sha1>lgf0d0ha2vvs7vgmppf7velhsk46vge</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Boldenone</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>156871</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855306</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T13:44:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329018044|Boldenone]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855306</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8285" sha1="dkl88cps3e7399yjc73o54mzgj3hn7j" xml:space="preserve">
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; {{Drugbox|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=447429808|IUPAC_name=(8''R'',9''S'',10''R'',13''S'',14''S'',17''S'')-17-Hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-3''H''-cyclopenta[''a'']phenanthren-3-one|image=Boldenone.svg|image_class=skin-invert-image|width=215px|image2=Boldenone molecule ball.png|image_class2=bg-transparent|width2=225px

&lt;!--Clinical data--&gt;|tradename=|Drugs.com={{Drugs.com|international|boldenone}}|pregnancy_category=X ([[United States|US]])&lt;br /&gt;X ([[Australia|AUS]])|legal_BR=C5|legal_BR_comment=&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Anvisa |author-link=Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency |date=2023-03-31 |title=RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial |trans-title=Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control|url=https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803143925/https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992 |archive-date=2023-08-03 |access-date=2023-08-15 |publisher=[[Diário Oficial da União]] |language=pt-BR |publication-date=2023-04-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;|legal_CA=Schedule IV|legal_US=Schedule III|legal_UK=POM|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=[[Intramuscular injection]]|class=[[Androgen]]; [[Anabolic steroid]]

&lt;!--Pharmacokinetic data--&gt;|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|elimination_half-life=[[Intramuscular injection|Intramuscular]]: 14 days (as [[boldenone undecylenate]])&lt;ref name=&quot;RuizStrain2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Ruiz P, Strain EC |title=Lowinson and Ruiz's Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4ZUJAdleTsC&amp;pg=PA358|year=2011|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|isbn=978-1-60547-277-5|pages=358–}}&lt;/ref&gt;|excretion=&lt;!--Identifiers--&gt;|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|correct|CAS}}|CAS_number=846-48-0|ATC_prefix=None|ATC_suffix=|PubChem=13308|ChEMBL_Ref={{ebicite|changed|EBI}}|ChEMBL=2106059|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=DB01541|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID=12744|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=5H7I2IP58X|ChEBI_Ref={{ebicite|correct|EBI}}|ChEBI=34584|synonyms=Δ&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;-Testosterone; 1-Dehydrotestosterone; RU-18761; Androsta-1,4-dien-17β-ol-3-one

&lt;!--Chemical data--&gt;|C=19|H=26|O=2|SMILES=O=C\1\C=C/[C@]4(/C(=C/1)CC[C@@H]2[C@@H]4CC[C@@]3([C@@H](O)CC[C@@H]23)C)C|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C19H26O2/c1-18-9-7-13(20)11-12(18)3-4-14-15-5-6-17(21)19(15,2)10-8-16(14)18/h7,9,11,14-17,21H,3-6,8,10H2,1-2H3/t14-,15-,16-,17-,18-,19-/m0/s1|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=RSIHSRDYCUFFLA-DYKIIFRCSA-N

&lt;!--Physical data--&gt;|melting_point=165}}
'''Boldenone''' (sunan lambar haɓakawa '''RU-18761''' ), wani sinadari ne na anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) da kuma sinadarin [[testosterone]] mai narkewa a cikin ruwa mai yawa (1(2).    &lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Boldenone international brand names |url=https://www.drugs.com/international/boldenone.html |access-date=28 April 2017 |publisher=Drugs.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ba a taɓa tallata Boldenone da kansa ba; a matsayin [[Magani|maganin magunguna]], ana amfani da shi azaman boldenone undecylenate, undecylenate ester . &lt;ref name=&quot;Elks2014&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;IndexNominum2000&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Llewellyn2011&quot; /&gt;
 

== Illolin da ke tattare da hakan ==

== Ilimin Harkar Magunguna ==

=== Magungunan Magunguna ===
Kamar sauran AAS, boldenone yana da tasiri ga mai karɓar androgen (AR).  Ayyukan boldenone galibi anabolic ne, tare da ƙarancin ƙarfin androgenic . Boldenone zai ƙara riƙe nitrogen, haɗa furotin, ƙara sha'awa kuma yana ƙarfafa sakin erythropoietin a cikin koda. &lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes_1985&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Forbes GB |date=June 1985 |title=The effect of anabolic steroids on lean body mass: the dose response curve |journal=Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental |volume=34 |issue=6 |pages=571–3 |doi=10.1016/0026-0495(85)90196-9 |pmid=3999979}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sinadaran Kimiyya ==
Boldenone, wanda aka fi sani da Δ &lt;sup&gt;1-&lt;/sup&gt; testosterone, 1-dehydrotestosterone, ko androsta-1,4-dien-17β-ol-3-one, wani sinadari ne na androstane [[steroid]] da ke faruwa a zahiri kuma wani sinadari ne na [[testosterone]] .    Musamman testosterone ne tare da haɗin gwiwa biyu tsakanin matsayin C1 da C2. &lt;ref name=&quot;Elks2014&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;IndexNominum2000&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Llewellyn2011&quot; /&gt; Wani sinadari mai alaƙa shine quinbolone, 17- cyclopentenyl enol ether na boldenone. &lt;ref name=&quot;Elks2014&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;IndexNominum2000&quot; /&gt;

=== Majiyoyi ===
Boldenone yana samuwa ta halitta a cikin glandar ƙamshi ta ''Ilybius fenestratus'', wani nau'in ƙwaro na ruwa . 

A cikin 'yan maraƙi da ba a ba wa boldenone ba, yawan fitsarinsu mai nauyin 17α-boldenone yana da alaƙa da yawan sinadarin phytosterol da ke cikin abincin. Waɗannan adadin da ke faruwa ta halitta ba su da iyaka ga yawan shan ƙwayoyi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gallina G, Ferretti G, Merlanti R, Civitareale C, Capolongo F, Draisci R, Montesissa C |date=October 2007 |title=Boldenone, boldione, and milk replacers in the diet of veal calves: the effects of phytosterol content on the urinary excretion of boldenone metabolites |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=55 |issue=20 |pages=8275–83 |doi=10.1021/jf071097c |pmid=17844992}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An ruwaito cewa Ciba ta mallaki boldenone a shekarar 1949.  Daga baya ta ƙirƙiro wasu esters na gwaji na maganin a shekarun 1950 da 1960. &lt;ref name=&quot;Llewellyn2011&quot; /&gt; Ɗaya daga cikinsu shine boldenone undecylenate, wanda aka gabatar don amfani a asibiti a ƙarƙashin sunan Parenabol kuma an yi amfani da shi a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 da farkon shekarun 1970. &lt;ref name=&quot;Llewellyn2011&quot; /&gt; Duk da haka, an daina amfani da shi kafin ƙarshen shekarun 1970. &lt;ref name=&quot;Llewellyn2011&quot; /&gt; Daga baya, Squibb ya gabatar da boldenone undecylenate a ƙarƙashin sunan Equipose don amfanin dabbobi, galibi a cikin dawakai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Llewellyn2011&quot; /&gt;

== Al'umma da al'adu ==

=== Sunaye na gama gari ===
''Boldenone'' shine sunan gama gari na maganin kuma sunan INN  da kuma sunan BAN  .    &lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Boldenone international brand names |url=https://www.drugs.com/international/boldenone.html |access-date=28 April 2017 |publisher=Drugs.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/international/boldenone.html &quot;Boldenone international brand names&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sunayen alama ===
Ana sayar da Boldenone a matsayin maganin dabbobi kamar boldenone undecylenate (wani nau'in boldenone) a ƙarƙashin sunayen kamfanoni masu zuwa: ''Boldebal H'', ''Equipoise'', da ''Sybolin'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Boldenone international brand names |url=https://www.drugs.com/international/boldenone.html |access-date=28 April 2017 |publisher=Drugs.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/international/boldenone.html &quot;Boldenone international brand names&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sayar da shi a matsayin maganin haɗin gwiwar dabbobi tare da methandriol a ƙarƙashin sunan kamfanin ''Drive'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com&quot; /&gt;

A [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]], ana tallata shi don amfanin ɗan adam a matsayin maganin steroid mai allurar ''Boldenol'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;boldenol&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Boldenol 200 (boldenone undecylenate) |url=http://ukroids.club/index.php?main_page=product_info&amp;products_id=5071 |access-date=15 January 2020 |website=Lyka Labs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Doping a wasanni ===
Akwai lokuta da yawa da aka sani na shan ƙwayoyi a wasanni tare da boldenone undecylenate ta ƙwararrun 'yan wasa .

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist|30em}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190629101049/https://anabolic.org/equipoise-boldenone-undecylenate/ Equipoise (boldenone undecylenate) - William Llewellyn's Anabolic.org]
{{Androgens and antiandrogens}}{{Androgen receptor modulators}}</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855309</id>
      <parentid>855306</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T13:44:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Saka databox</comment>
      <origin>855309</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8297" sha1="5j35wov9x3wwlj8hqvdg3jo24lr6j78" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; {{Drugbox|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=447429808|IUPAC_name=(8''R'',9''S'',10''R'',13''S'',14''S'',17''S'')-17-Hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-3''H''-cyclopenta[''a'']phenanthren-3-one|image=Boldenone.svg|image_class=skin-invert-image|width=215px|image2=Boldenone molecule ball.png|image_class2=bg-transparent|width2=225px

&lt;!--Clinical data--&gt;|tradename=|Drugs.com={{Drugs.com|international|boldenone}}|pregnancy_category=X ([[United States|US]])&lt;br /&gt;X ([[Australia|AUS]])|legal_BR=C5|legal_BR_comment=&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Anvisa |author-link=Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency |date=2023-03-31 |title=RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial |trans-title=Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control|url=https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803143925/https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992 |archive-date=2023-08-03 |access-date=2023-08-15 |publisher=[[Diário Oficial da União]] |language=pt-BR |publication-date=2023-04-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;|legal_CA=Schedule IV|legal_US=Schedule III|legal_UK=POM|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=[[Intramuscular injection]]|class=[[Androgen]]; [[Anabolic steroid]]

&lt;!--Pharmacokinetic data--&gt;|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|elimination_half-life=[[Intramuscular injection|Intramuscular]]: 14 days (as [[boldenone undecylenate]])&lt;ref name=&quot;RuizStrain2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Ruiz P, Strain EC |title=Lowinson and Ruiz's Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4ZUJAdleTsC&amp;pg=PA358|year=2011|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|isbn=978-1-60547-277-5|pages=358–}}&lt;/ref&gt;|excretion=&lt;!--Identifiers--&gt;|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|correct|CAS}}|CAS_number=846-48-0|ATC_prefix=None|ATC_suffix=|PubChem=13308|ChEMBL_Ref={{ebicite|changed|EBI}}|ChEMBL=2106059|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=DB01541|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID=12744|UNII_Ref={{fdacite|correct|FDA}}|UNII=5H7I2IP58X|ChEBI_Ref={{ebicite|correct|EBI}}|ChEBI=34584|synonyms=Δ&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;-Testosterone; 1-Dehydrotestosterone; RU-18761; Androsta-1,4-dien-17β-ol-3-one

&lt;!--Chemical data--&gt;|C=19|H=26|O=2|SMILES=O=C\1\C=C/[C@]4(/C(=C/1)CC[C@@H]2[C@@H]4CC[C@@]3([C@@H](O)CC[C@@H]23)C)C|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C19H26O2/c1-18-9-7-13(20)11-12(18)3-4-14-15-5-6-17(21)19(15,2)10-8-16(14)18/h7,9,11,14-17,21H,3-6,8,10H2,1-2H3/t14-,15-,16-,17-,18-,19-/m0/s1|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=RSIHSRDYCUFFLA-DYKIIFRCSA-N

&lt;!--Physical data--&gt;|melting_point=165}}
'''Boldenone''' (sunan lambar haɓakawa '''RU-18761''' ), wani sinadari ne na anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) da kuma sinadarin [[testosterone]] mai narkewa a cikin ruwa mai yawa (1(2).    &lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Boldenone international brand names |url=https://www.drugs.com/international/boldenone.html |access-date=28 April 2017 |publisher=Drugs.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ba a taɓa tallata Boldenone da kansa ba; a matsayin [[Magani|maganin magunguna]], ana amfani da shi azaman boldenone undecylenate, undecylenate ester . &lt;ref name=&quot;Elks2014&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;IndexNominum2000&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Llewellyn2011&quot; /&gt;
 

== Illolin da ke tattare da hakan ==

== Ilimin Harkar Magunguna ==

=== Magungunan Magunguna ===
Kamar sauran AAS, boldenone yana da tasiri ga mai karɓar androgen (AR).  Ayyukan boldenone galibi anabolic ne, tare da ƙarancin ƙarfin androgenic . Boldenone zai ƙara riƙe nitrogen, haɗa furotin, ƙara sha'awa kuma yana ƙarfafa sakin erythropoietin a cikin koda. &lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes_1985&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Forbes GB |date=June 1985 |title=The effect of anabolic steroids on lean body mass: the dose response curve |journal=Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental |volume=34 |issue=6 |pages=571–3 |doi=10.1016/0026-0495(85)90196-9 |pmid=3999979}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sinadaran Kimiyya ==
Boldenone, wanda aka fi sani da Δ &lt;sup&gt;1-&lt;/sup&gt; testosterone, 1-dehydrotestosterone, ko androsta-1,4-dien-17β-ol-3-one, wani sinadari ne na androstane [[steroid]] da ke faruwa a zahiri kuma wani sinadari ne na [[testosterone]] .    Musamman testosterone ne tare da haɗin gwiwa biyu tsakanin matsayin C1 da C2. &lt;ref name=&quot;Elks2014&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;IndexNominum2000&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Llewellyn2011&quot; /&gt; Wani sinadari mai alaƙa shine quinbolone, 17- cyclopentenyl enol ether na boldenone. &lt;ref name=&quot;Elks2014&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;IndexNominum2000&quot; /&gt;

=== Majiyoyi ===
Boldenone yana samuwa ta halitta a cikin glandar ƙamshi ta ''Ilybius fenestratus'', wani nau'in ƙwaro na ruwa . 

A cikin 'yan maraƙi da ba a ba wa boldenone ba, yawan fitsarinsu mai nauyin 17α-boldenone yana da alaƙa da yawan sinadarin phytosterol da ke cikin abincin. Waɗannan adadin da ke faruwa ta halitta ba su da iyaka ga yawan shan ƙwayoyi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gallina G, Ferretti G, Merlanti R, Civitareale C, Capolongo F, Draisci R, Montesissa C |date=October 2007 |title=Boldenone, boldione, and milk replacers in the diet of veal calves: the effects of phytosterol content on the urinary excretion of boldenone metabolites |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=55 |issue=20 |pages=8275–83 |doi=10.1021/jf071097c |pmid=17844992}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An ruwaito cewa Ciba ta mallaki boldenone a shekarar 1949.  Daga baya ta ƙirƙiro wasu esters na gwaji na maganin a shekarun 1950 da 1960. &lt;ref name=&quot;Llewellyn2011&quot; /&gt; Ɗaya daga cikinsu shine boldenone undecylenate, wanda aka gabatar don amfani a asibiti a ƙarƙashin sunan Parenabol kuma an yi amfani da shi a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 da farkon shekarun 1970. &lt;ref name=&quot;Llewellyn2011&quot; /&gt; Duk da haka, an daina amfani da shi kafin ƙarshen shekarun 1970. &lt;ref name=&quot;Llewellyn2011&quot; /&gt; Daga baya, Squibb ya gabatar da boldenone undecylenate a ƙarƙashin sunan Equipose don amfanin dabbobi, galibi a cikin dawakai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Llewellyn2011&quot; /&gt;

== Al'umma da al'adu ==

=== Sunaye na gama gari ===
''Boldenone'' shine sunan gama gari na maganin kuma sunan INN  da kuma sunan BAN  .    &lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Boldenone international brand names |url=https://www.drugs.com/international/boldenone.html |access-date=28 April 2017 |publisher=Drugs.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/international/boldenone.html &quot;Boldenone international brand names&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sunayen alama ===
Ana sayar da Boldenone a matsayin maganin dabbobi kamar boldenone undecylenate (wani nau'in boldenone) a ƙarƙashin sunayen kamfanoni masu zuwa: ''Boldebal H'', ''Equipoise'', da ''Sybolin'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Boldenone international brand names |url=https://www.drugs.com/international/boldenone.html |access-date=28 April 2017 |publisher=Drugs.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/international/boldenone.html &quot;Boldenone international brand names&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sayar da shi a matsayin maganin haɗin gwiwar dabbobi tare da methandriol a ƙarƙashin sunan kamfanin ''Drive'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com&quot; /&gt;

A [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]], ana tallata shi don amfanin ɗan adam a matsayin maganin steroid mai allurar ''Boldenol'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;boldenol&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Boldenol 200 (boldenone undecylenate) |url=http://ukroids.club/index.php?main_page=product_info&amp;products_id=5071 |access-date=15 January 2020 |website=Lyka Labs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Doping a wasanni ===
Akwai lokuta da yawa da aka sani na shan ƙwayoyi a wasanni tare da boldenone undecylenate ta ƙwararrun 'yan wasa .

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist|30em}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190629101049/https://anabolic.org/equipoise-boldenone-undecylenate/ Equipoise (boldenone undecylenate) - William Llewellyn's Anabolic.org]
{{Androgens and antiandrogens}}{{Androgen receptor modulators}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Shigella</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350340908|Shigella]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Shigella''''' wani nau'in [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayoyin cuta]] ne wanda ba shi da Gram, anaerobic, wanda ba shi leken spore, wanda ba ya motsawa, wanda aka tsara shi da sandar, kuma an sanya shi cikin kwayar halitta a cikin ''Escherichia coli''. An sanya sunan jinsin ne bayan likitan Japan Kiyoshi Shiga, wanda ya gano shi a cikin 1897. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yabuuchi |first=Eiko |year=2002 |title=Bacillus dysentericus (sic) 1897 was the first taxonomic rather than Bacillus dysenteriae 1898 |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |volume=52 |issue=Pt 3 |pages=1041 |doi=10.1099/00207713-52-3-1041 |pmid=12054222 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shigella yana haifar da cuta a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, amma ba a cikin wasu dabbobi masu rarrafe ba; shine mai haifar da shigellosis na mutum.[1] Ana samun sa ne kawai a cikin mutane da gorillas.[2][3] A lokacin kamuwa da cuta, yawanci yana haifar da dysentery.[4]

''Shigella'' shine babban dalilin [[Gudawa/Zawo|zawo]] na ƙwayoyin cuta a duk duniya, tare da mutane miliyan 80-165 na shekara-shekara (an kiyasta) &lt;ref name=&quot;YellowBook&quot; /&gt; da mutuwar 74,000 zuwa 600,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mani |first=Sachin |last2=Wierzba |first2=Thomas |last3=Walker |first3=Richard I |date=2016 |title=Status of vaccine research and development for Shigella |journal=Vaccine |volume=34 |issue=26 |pages=2887–2894 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.075 |pmid=26979135 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana daya daga cikin manyan cututtukan da ke haifar da matsakaici zuwa mai tsanani a cikin yara na Afirka da Asiya ta Kudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kotloff |first=Karen L |last2=Nataro |first2=James P |last3=Blackwelder |first3=William C |display-authors=etal |date=2013 |title=Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study |url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)60844-2/fulltext |journal=The Lancet |volume=382 |issue=9888 |pages=209–222 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60844-2 |pmid=23680352 |s2cid=205969172 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rarraba ==
Ana rarraba nau'in ''Shigella'' ta hanyar serogroups guda uku da serotype guda ɗaya:

* Serogroup ''A'': ''S. dysenteriae'' (15 serotypes) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ansaruzzaman |first=M |last2=Kibriya |first2=AK |last3=Rahman |first3=A |last4=Neogi |first4=PK |last5=Faruque |first5=AS |last6=Rowe |first6=B |last7=Albert |first7=MJ |year=1995 |title=Detection of provisional serovars of ''Shigella dysenteriae'' and designation as ''S. dysenteriae'' serotypes 14 and 15 |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=1423–5 |doi=10.1128/JCM.33.5.1423-1425.1995 |pmc=228185 |pmid=7615772}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Serogroup ''B'': ''S. flexneri'' (9 serotypes) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Knirel |first=Y. A. |last2=Sun |first2=Q |last3=Senchenkova |first3=SN |last4=Perepelov |first4=AV |last5=Shashkov |first5=AS |last6=Xu |first6=J |year=2015 |title=O-Antigen Modifications Providing Antigenic Diversity of Shigella flexneri and Underlying Genetic Mechanisms |journal=Biochemistry (Moscow) |volume=80 |issue=7 |pages=901–914 |doi=10.1134/S0006297915070093 |pmid=26542003 |s2cid=7360433 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Serogroup ''C'': ''S. boydii'' (19 serotypes) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Z |last2=Hu |first2=C |last3=Chen |first3=J |last4=Chen |first4=G |last5=Liu |first5=Z |year=1990 |title=A new serotype of Shigella boydii |journal=Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao |language=zh |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=284–95 |pmid=2251827}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Serogroup ''D'': ''S. sonnei'' (wani serotype) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=The |first=Hao Chung |last2=Thanh |first2=Duy Pham |last3=Holt |first3=Kathryn E. |last4=Thomson |first4=Nicholas R. |last5=Baker |first5=Stephen |date=2016 |title=The genomic signatures of Shigella evolution, adaptation and geographical spread |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nrmicro.2016.10 |journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology |language=en |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=235–250 |doi=10.1038/nrmicro.2016.10 |issn=1740-1534 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;


Kowane ɗayan ƙwayoyin halittar ''Shigella'' sun haɗa da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke ƙunshe da ƙwayoyi masu ƙwayoyin halitta na farko. ''Shigella'' chromosomes suna raba mafi yawan kwayoyin halittunsu tare da na ''E. coli'' K12 MG1655, wani nau'in samfurin da aka yi nazari sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yang2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Fan |last2=Yang |first2=Jian |last3=Zhang |first3=Xiaobing |last4=Chen |first4=Lihong |last5=Jiang |first5=Yan |last6=Yan |first6=Yongliang |last7=Tang |first7=Xudong |last8=Wang |first8=Jing |last9=Xiong |first9=Zhaohui |last10=Dong |first10=Jie |last11=Xue |first11=Ying |last12=Zhu |first12=Yafang |last13=Xu |first13=Xingye |last14=Sun |first14=Lilian |last15=Chen |first15=Shuxia |year=2005 |title=Genome dynamics and diversity of ''Shigella'' species, the etiologic agents of bacillary dysentery |journal=Nucleic Acids Research |volume=33 |issue=19 |pages=6445–58 |doi=10.1093/nar/gki954 |pmc=1278947 |pmid=16275786}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nazarin phylogenetic ya nuna cewa ''Shigella'' an bi da shi yadda ya kamata a matsayin rukuni na ''Escherichia coli'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chaudhuri |first=Roy R. |last2=Henderson |first2=Ian R. |date=2012-03-01 |title=The evolution of the Escherichia coli phylogeny |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1567134812000068 |journal=Infection, Genetics and Evolution |language=en |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=214–226 |bibcode=2012InfGE..12..214C |doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2012.01.005 |issn=1567-1348 |pmid=22266241 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; (duba Escheriquia coli #Diversity don cikakkun bayanai).

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''''Shigella''''' wani nau'in [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayoyin cuta]] ne wanda ba shi da Gram, anaerobic, wanda ba shi leken spore, wanda ba ya motsawa, wanda aka tsara shi da sandar, kuma an sanya shi cikin kwayar halitta a cikin ''Escherichia coli''. An sanya sunan jinsin ne bayan likitan Japan Kiyoshi Shiga, wanda ya gano shi a cikin 1897. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yabuuchi |first=Eiko |year=2002 |title=Bacillus dysentericus (sic) 1897 was the first taxonomic rather than Bacillus dysenteriae 1898 |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |volume=52 |issue=Pt 3 |pages=1041 |doi=10.1099/00207713-52-3-1041 |pmid=12054222 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shigella yana haifar da cuta a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, amma ba a cikin wasu dabbobi masu rarrafe ba; shine mai haifar da shigellosis na mutum.[1] Ana samun sa ne kawai a cikin mutane da gorillas.[2][3] A lokacin kamuwa da cuta, yawanci yana haifar da dysentery.[4]

''Shigella'' shine babban dalilin [[Gudawa/Zawo|zawo]] na ƙwayoyin cuta a duk duniya, tare da mutane miliyan 80-165 na shekara-shekara (an kiyasta) &lt;ref name=&quot;YellowBook&quot; /&gt; da mutuwar 74,000 zuwa 600,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mani |first=Sachin |last2=Wierzba |first2=Thomas |last3=Walker |first3=Richard I |date=2016 |title=Status of vaccine research and development for Shigella |journal=Vaccine |volume=34 |issue=26 |pages=2887–2894 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.075 |pmid=26979135 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana daya daga cikin manyan cututtukan da ke haifar da matsakaici zuwa mai tsanani a cikin yara na Afirka da Asiya ta Kudu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kotloff |first=Karen L |last2=Nataro |first2=James P |last3=Blackwelder |first3=William C |display-authors=etal |date=2013 |title=Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study |url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)60844-2/fulltext |journal=The Lancet |volume=382 |issue=9888 |pages=209–222 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60844-2 |pmid=23680352 |s2cid=205969172 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rarraba ==
Ana rarraba nau'in ''Shigella'' ta hanyar serogroups guda uku da serotype guda ɗaya:

* Serogroup ''A'': ''S. dysenteriae'' (15 serotypes) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ansaruzzaman |first=M |last2=Kibriya |first2=AK |last3=Rahman |first3=A |last4=Neogi |first4=PK |last5=Faruque |first5=AS |last6=Rowe |first6=B |last7=Albert |first7=MJ |year=1995 |title=Detection of provisional serovars of ''Shigella dysenteriae'' and designation as ''S. dysenteriae'' serotypes 14 and 15 |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=1423–5 |doi=10.1128/JCM.33.5.1423-1425.1995 |pmc=228185 |pmid=7615772}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Serogroup ''B'': ''S. flexneri'' (9 serotypes) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Knirel |first=Y. A. |last2=Sun |first2=Q |last3=Senchenkova |first3=SN |last4=Perepelov |first4=AV |last5=Shashkov |first5=AS |last6=Xu |first6=J |year=2015 |title=O-Antigen Modifications Providing Antigenic Diversity of Shigella flexneri and Underlying Genetic Mechanisms |journal=Biochemistry (Moscow) |volume=80 |issue=7 |pages=901–914 |doi=10.1134/S0006297915070093 |pmid=26542003 |s2cid=7360433 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Serogroup ''C'': ''S. boydii'' (19 serotypes) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Z |last2=Hu |first2=C |last3=Chen |first3=J |last4=Chen |first4=G |last5=Liu |first5=Z |year=1990 |title=A new serotype of Shigella boydii |journal=Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao |language=zh |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=284–95 |pmid=2251827}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Serogroup ''D'': ''S. sonnei'' (wani serotype) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=The |first=Hao Chung |last2=Thanh |first2=Duy Pham |last3=Holt |first3=Kathryn E. |last4=Thomson |first4=Nicholas R. |last5=Baker |first5=Stephen |date=2016 |title=The genomic signatures of Shigella evolution, adaptation and geographical spread |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nrmicro.2016.10 |journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology |language=en |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=235–250 |doi=10.1038/nrmicro.2016.10 |issn=1740-1534 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;


Kowane ɗayan ƙwayoyin halittar ''Shigella'' sun haɗa da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke ƙunshe da ƙwayoyi masu ƙwayoyin halitta na farko. ''Shigella'' chromosomes suna raba mafi yawan kwayoyin halittunsu tare da na ''E. coli'' K12 MG1655, wani nau'in samfurin da aka yi nazari sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yang2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Fan |last2=Yang |first2=Jian |last3=Zhang |first3=Xiaobing |last4=Chen |first4=Lihong |last5=Jiang |first5=Yan |last6=Yan |first6=Yongliang |last7=Tang |first7=Xudong |last8=Wang |first8=Jing |last9=Xiong |first9=Zhaohui |last10=Dong |first10=Jie |last11=Xue |first11=Ying |last12=Zhu |first12=Yafang |last13=Xu |first13=Xingye |last14=Sun |first14=Lilian |last15=Chen |first15=Shuxia |year=2005 |title=Genome dynamics and diversity of ''Shigella'' species, the etiologic agents of bacillary dysentery |journal=Nucleic Acids Research |volume=33 |issue=19 |pages=6445–58 |doi=10.1093/nar/gki954 |pmc=1278947 |pmid=16275786}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nazarin phylogenetic ya nuna cewa ''Shigella'' an bi da shi yadda ya kamata a matsayin rukuni na ''Escherichia coli'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chaudhuri |first=Roy R. |last2=Henderson |first2=Ian R. |date=2012-03-01 |title=The evolution of the Escherichia coli phylogeny |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1567134812000068 |journal=Infection, Genetics and Evolution |language=en |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=214–226 |bibcode=2012InfGE..12..214C |doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2012.01.005 |issn=1567-1348 |pmid=22266241 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; (duba Escheriquia coli #Diversity don cikakkun bayanai).

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kwayar cutar Sepik</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353283834|Sepik virus]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="8193" sha1="lfuiq83r6bl6u7x9k2njo82seiaq7yt" xml:space="preserve">Sepik virus (SEPV) kwayar cuta ce ta arthropod (arbovirus) na kwayar halittar Orthoflavivirus da dangin Flaviviridae.[1] Flaviviridae yana daya daga cikin fitattun iyalai masu saurin kamuwa da kwayar cutar, saboda yana dauke da sanannun ƙwayoyin cuta da ke haifar da cututtuka da suka zama ruwan dare a duniya, kamar kwayar cutar Dengue.[2]. Halin halittar Orthoflavivirus yana daya daga cikin mafi girman kwayar cutar kwayar cuta kuma ya ƙunshi nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta sama da 50, gami da ƙwayoyin cuta masu kamuwa da kaska da sauro kamar cutar zazzabin Yellow da cutar ta West Nile.[1] Kwayar cutar Sepik ba a san ta sosai ba kuma ba a ware ta da kyau kamar sauran ƙwayoyin cuta saboda ba a daɗe da saninta ba. An fara ware cutar ta Sepik a shekara ta 1966 daga sauro Mansonia septempunctata, kuma ta samo sunanta daga yankin kogin Sepik a Papua New Guinea, inda aka fara gano ta.[3] Yankin yanki na cutar Sepik yana iyakance ga Papua New Guinea, saboda keɓewarta.[4]
[[Fayil:Papua_New_Guinea_map.png|thumb|Taswirar Papua New Guinea, wurin da aka samu kawai kwayar cutar Sepik]]
Arboviruses suna ci gaba da barazana ga lafiyar jama'a a Papua New Guinea musamman saboda rashin sa ido da rahoto, don haka yawancin yaduwar cutar saboda waɗannan ƙwayoyin ba a sani ba a wannan yanki. Arboviruses suna haifar da barkewar cutar lokacin da kwayar cutar da ke kamuwa da yawan jama'a ta yadu ta hanyar hanyar sauro ko ƙwayoyin cuta ga mutane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Johansen |first=Cheryl A. |last2=Williams |first2=Simon H. |last3=Melville |first3=Lorna |last4=Nicholson |first4=Jay |last5=Hall |first5=Roy A. |last6=Bielefeldt-Ohmann |first6=Helle |last7=Prow |first7=Natalie A. |last8=Chidlow |first8=Glenys R. |last9=Wong |first9=Shani |last10=Sinha |first10=Rohini |last11=Williams |first11=David T. |year=2017 |title=Characterization of Fitzroy River Virus and Serologic Evidence of Human and Animal Infection |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |language=en-us |volume=23 |issue=8 |pages=1289–1299 |doi=10.3201/eid2308.161440 |pmc=5547785 |pmid=28726621}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da yake ba a san ainihin nau'in kwayar cutar Sepik ba, an gano cewa nau'in sauro na farko da ke watsa kwayar cutar sepik shine ''Ficalbia'' ''spp''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jonduo |first=Marinjho |date=March 2012 |title=Arboviruses of human health significance in Papua New Guinea |journal=Papua New Guinea Medical Journal |volume=55 |issue=1–4 |pages=35–44 |pmid=25338473 |s2cid=26745515}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya bambanta da sauran ƙwayoyin cuta masu alaƙa, kamar yadda yawancin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin sauro da aka rarraba da kyau jami'an kiwon lafiya na jama'a suna mai da hankali ne daga ''Culex'' da ''Aedes aegypti''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Grard |first=Gilda |last2=Moureau |first2=Grégory |last3=Charrel |first3=Rémi N. |last4=Holmes |first4=Edward C. |last5=Gould |first5=Ernest A. |last6=de Lamballerie |first6=Xavier |date=2010 |title=Genomics and evolution of Aedes-borne flaviviruses |journal=Journal of General Virology |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=87–94 |doi=10.1099/vir.0.014506-0 |issn=0022-1317 |pmid=19741066 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mosquito-Borne Diseases |url=https://www.bcm.edu/departments/molecular-virology-and-microbiology/emerging-infections-and-biodefense/mosquitoes |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=Baylor College of Medicine |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rarrabawar kwayar cuta da juyin halitta ==
Kwayar cutar Sepik tana cikin jinsin Orthoflavivirus, wanda ke nufin tana kama da kwayar cutar zazzabi mai launin rawaya, kamar yadda kwayar cutar Yellow Fever ita ce nau'in kwayar cutar ga iyali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mutebi |first=John-Paul |date=11 May 2004 |title=Genetic Relationships and Evolution of Genotypes of Yellow Fever Virus and Other Members of the Yellow Fever Virus Group within the Flavivirus Genus Based on the 3' Noncoding Region |url= |journal=Journal of Virology |volume=78 |issue=18 |pages=9652–9665 |doi=10.1128/JVI.78.18.9652-9665.2004 |pmc=515011 |pmid=15331698}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, arbovirus ne, don haka kwayar cutar tana yaduwa ta hanyar [[arthropod]] vector. Za'a iya rarraba ''''Kwayar cutar Orthoflavivirus'''' zuwa clades bisa ga ko vector wanda ke watsa kwayar cutar ga mutane, da kuma abin da vector yake. Idan an san vector, yana samar da clade, wanda aka kara raguwa cikin nau'in vector. A cikin sanannun nau'ikan, akwai ƙungiyar sauro da ƙungiyar ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda suka rabu da wuri a cikin phylogeny kuma ba su da yawa, a cikin muhalli.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Ƙungiyar sauro ta ci gaba da rarraba cikin nau'ikan cututtukan da kwayar cutar ke haifar da su, kamar ƙwayoyin cuta na Neurotropic da ƙwayoyin cutar haemorrhagic. Kwayoyin cuta na Neurotropic kamar kwayar cutar encephalitis ta Japan suna haifar da cututtukan encephalitic kuma yawanci suna yaduwa ta nau'in sauro na ''Culex'' kuma suna da tafki a cikin tsuntsaye, yayin da ƙwayoyin cuta na cutar haemorrhagic kamar Yellow Fever yawanci suna yadawa ta nau-in sauro a ''Aedes'' kuma suna da rundunonin firamare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Grard |first=Gilda |last2=Moureau |first2=Grégory |last3=Charrel |first3=Rémi N. |last4=Holmes |first4=Edward C. |last5=Gould |first5=Ernest A. |last6=de Lamballerie |first6=Xavier |date=2010 |title=Genomics and evolution of Aedes-borne flaviviruses |journal=Journal of General Virology |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=87–94 |doi=10.1099/vir.0.014506-0 |issn=0022-1317 |pmid=19741066 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGrardMoureauCharrelHolmes2010&quot;&gt;Grard, Gilda; Moureau, Grégory; Charrel, Rémi N.; Holmes, Edward C.; Gould, Ernest A.; de Lamballerie, Xavier (2010). [[doi:10.1099/vir.0.014506-0|&quot;Genomics and evolution of Aedes-borne flaviviruses&quot;]]. ''Journal of General Virology''. '''91''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;87–&lt;/span&gt;94. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1099/vir.0.014506-0|10.1099/vir.0.014506-0]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1317 0022-1317]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19741066 19741066].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An rarraba kwayar cutar Sepik a matsayin kwayar cutar haemorrhagic saboda tana cikin ƙungiyar zazzabin Yellow, saboda tana da alaƙa da kwayar cutar Yellow Fever. Koyaya, kwayar cutar Sepik ba ta da irin wannan cututtukan cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta kamar kwayar cutar Yellow Fever, saboda ba a san ta da haifar da zazzabin jini ba, amma a maimakon haka cutar zazzabi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jonduo |first=Marinjho |date=March 2012 |title=Arboviruses of human health significance in Papua New Guinea |journal=Papua New Guinea Medical Journal |volume=55 |issue=1–4 |pages=35–44 |pmid=25338473 |s2cid=26745515}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJonduo2012&quot;&gt;Jonduo, Marinjho (March 2012). &quot;Arboviruses of human health significance in Papua New Guinea&quot;. ''Papua New Guinea Medical Journal''. '''55''' (&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1–&lt;/span&gt;4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;35–&lt;/span&gt;44. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25338473 25338473]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26745515 26745515].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin kwayar cuta ==
Kamar sauran ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin jinsin Orthoflavivirus, kwayar cutar Sepik ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta ne, wanda ke nuna alamar Icosahedral a cikin nucleocapsid.[1] Virion yana da ɗan ƙarami, kawai game da 50 nm a diamita.[2] Kwayar cutar ta ƙunshi manyan sunadarai guda uku; akwai sunadarai biyu da ke da alaƙa da membrane, furotin envelope (E) da furotin membrane (M). Hakanan kwayar cutar tana da furotin capsid (C) wanda ke kare kwayar halitta daga muhalli, wanda zai iya haifar da kwayar halitta ta bushe ko ta lalace. Capsid galibi furotin ne, amma kashi 17% na capsid sune lipids ta hanyar nauyi, waɗanda aka samo daga membrane na tantanin halitta; capsid kuma kusan kashi 9% ne na carbohydrate ta hanyar nauyi a cikin nau'in glycolipids da glycoproteins.[2] 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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Sepik virus (SEPV) kwayar cuta ce ta arthropod (arbovirus) na kwayar halittar Orthoflavivirus da dangin Flaviviridae.[1] Flaviviridae yana daya daga cikin fitattun iyalai masu saurin kamuwa da kwayar cutar, saboda yana dauke da sanannun ƙwayoyin cuta da ke haifar da cututtuka da suka zama ruwan dare a duniya, kamar kwayar cutar Dengue.[2]. Halin halittar Orthoflavivirus yana daya daga cikin mafi girman kwayar cutar kwayar cuta kuma ya ƙunshi nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta sama da 50, gami da ƙwayoyin cuta masu kamuwa da kaska da sauro kamar cutar zazzabin Yellow da cutar ta West Nile.[1] Kwayar cutar Sepik ba a san ta sosai ba kuma ba a ware ta da kyau kamar sauran ƙwayoyin cuta saboda ba a daɗe da saninta ba. An fara ware cutar ta Sepik a shekara ta 1966 daga sauro Mansonia septempunctata, kuma ta samo sunanta daga yankin kogin Sepik a Papua New Guinea, inda aka fara gano ta.[3] Yankin yanki na cutar Sepik yana iyakance ga Papua New Guinea, saboda keɓewarta.[4]
[[Fayil:Papua_New_Guinea_map.png|thumb|Taswirar Papua New Guinea, wurin da aka samu kawai kwayar cutar Sepik]]
Arboviruses suna ci gaba da barazana ga lafiyar jama'a a Papua New Guinea musamman saboda rashin sa ido da rahoto, don haka yawancin yaduwar cutar saboda waɗannan ƙwayoyin ba a sani ba a wannan yanki. Arboviruses suna haifar da barkewar cutar lokacin da kwayar cutar da ke kamuwa da yawan jama'a ta yadu ta hanyar hanyar sauro ko ƙwayoyin cuta ga mutane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Johansen |first=Cheryl A. |last2=Williams |first2=Simon H. |last3=Melville |first3=Lorna |last4=Nicholson |first4=Jay |last5=Hall |first5=Roy A. |last6=Bielefeldt-Ohmann |first6=Helle |last7=Prow |first7=Natalie A. |last8=Chidlow |first8=Glenys R. |last9=Wong |first9=Shani |last10=Sinha |first10=Rohini |last11=Williams |first11=David T. |year=2017 |title=Characterization of Fitzroy River Virus and Serologic Evidence of Human and Animal Infection |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |language=en-us |volume=23 |issue=8 |pages=1289–1299 |doi=10.3201/eid2308.161440 |pmc=5547785 |pmid=28726621}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da yake ba a san ainihin nau'in kwayar cutar Sepik ba, an gano cewa nau'in sauro na farko da ke watsa kwayar cutar sepik shine ''Ficalbia'' ''spp''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jonduo |first=Marinjho |date=March 2012 |title=Arboviruses of human health significance in Papua New Guinea |journal=Papua New Guinea Medical Journal |volume=55 |issue=1–4 |pages=35–44 |pmid=25338473 |s2cid=26745515}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya bambanta da sauran ƙwayoyin cuta masu alaƙa, kamar yadda yawancin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin sauro da aka rarraba da kyau jami'an kiwon lafiya na jama'a suna mai da hankali ne daga ''Culex'' da ''Aedes aegypti''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Grard |first=Gilda |last2=Moureau |first2=Grégory |last3=Charrel |first3=Rémi N. |last4=Holmes |first4=Edward C. |last5=Gould |first5=Ernest A. |last6=de Lamballerie |first6=Xavier |date=2010 |title=Genomics and evolution of Aedes-borne flaviviruses |journal=Journal of General Virology |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=87–94 |doi=10.1099/vir.0.014506-0 |issn=0022-1317 |pmid=19741066 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mosquito-Borne Diseases |url=https://www.bcm.edu/departments/molecular-virology-and-microbiology/emerging-infections-and-biodefense/mosquitoes |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=Baylor College of Medicine |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rarrabawar kwayar cuta da juyin halitta ==
Kwayar cutar Sepik tana cikin jinsin Orthoflavivirus, wanda ke nufin tana kama da kwayar cutar zazzabi mai launin rawaya, kamar yadda kwayar cutar Yellow Fever ita ce nau'in kwayar cutar ga iyali.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mutebi |first=John-Paul |date=11 May 2004 |title=Genetic Relationships and Evolution of Genotypes of Yellow Fever Virus and Other Members of the Yellow Fever Virus Group within the Flavivirus Genus Based on the 3' Noncoding Region |url= |journal=Journal of Virology |volume=78 |issue=18 |pages=9652–9665 |doi=10.1128/JVI.78.18.9652-9665.2004 |pmc=515011 |pmid=15331698}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, arbovirus ne, don haka kwayar cutar tana yaduwa ta hanyar [[arthropod]] vector. Za'a iya rarraba ''''Kwayar cutar Orthoflavivirus'''' zuwa clades bisa ga ko vector wanda ke watsa kwayar cutar ga mutane, da kuma abin da vector yake. Idan an san vector, yana samar da clade, wanda aka kara raguwa cikin nau'in vector. A cikin sanannun nau'ikan, akwai ƙungiyar sauro da ƙungiyar ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda suka rabu da wuri a cikin phylogeny kuma ba su da yawa, a cikin muhalli.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Ƙungiyar sauro ta ci gaba da rarraba cikin nau'ikan cututtukan da kwayar cutar ke haifar da su, kamar ƙwayoyin cuta na Neurotropic da ƙwayoyin cutar haemorrhagic. Kwayoyin cuta na Neurotropic kamar kwayar cutar encephalitis ta Japan suna haifar da cututtukan encephalitic kuma yawanci suna yaduwa ta nau'in sauro na ''Culex'' kuma suna da tafki a cikin tsuntsaye, yayin da ƙwayoyin cuta na cutar haemorrhagic kamar Yellow Fever yawanci suna yadawa ta nau-in sauro a ''Aedes'' kuma suna da rundunonin firamare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Grard |first=Gilda |last2=Moureau |first2=Grégory |last3=Charrel |first3=Rémi N. |last4=Holmes |first4=Edward C. |last5=Gould |first5=Ernest A. |last6=de Lamballerie |first6=Xavier |date=2010 |title=Genomics and evolution of Aedes-borne flaviviruses |journal=Journal of General Virology |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=87–94 |doi=10.1099/vir.0.014506-0 |issn=0022-1317 |pmid=19741066 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGrardMoureauCharrelHolmes2010&quot;&gt;Grard, Gilda; Moureau, Grégory; Charrel, Rémi N.; Holmes, Edward C.; Gould, Ernest A.; de Lamballerie, Xavier (2010). [[doi:10.1099/vir.0.014506-0|&quot;Genomics and evolution of Aedes-borne flaviviruses&quot;]]. ''Journal of General Virology''. '''91''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;87–&lt;/span&gt;94. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1099/vir.0.014506-0|10.1099/vir.0.014506-0]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1317 0022-1317]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19741066 19741066].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An rarraba kwayar cutar Sepik a matsayin kwayar cutar haemorrhagic saboda tana cikin ƙungiyar zazzabin Yellow, saboda tana da alaƙa da kwayar cutar Yellow Fever. Koyaya, kwayar cutar Sepik ba ta da irin wannan cututtukan cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta kamar kwayar cutar Yellow Fever, saboda ba a san ta da haifar da zazzabin jini ba, amma a maimakon haka cutar zazzabi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jonduo |first=Marinjho |date=March 2012 |title=Arboviruses of human health significance in Papua New Guinea |journal=Papua New Guinea Medical Journal |volume=55 |issue=1–4 |pages=35–44 |pmid=25338473 |s2cid=26745515}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJonduo2012&quot;&gt;Jonduo, Marinjho (March 2012). &quot;Arboviruses of human health significance in Papua New Guinea&quot;. ''Papua New Guinea Medical Journal''. '''55''' (&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1–&lt;/span&gt;4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;35–&lt;/span&gt;44. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25338473 25338473]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26745515 26745515].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin kwayar cuta ==
Kamar sauran ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin jinsin Orthoflavivirus, kwayar cutar Sepik ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta ne, wanda ke nuna alamar Icosahedral a cikin nucleocapsid.[1] Virion yana da ɗan ƙarami, kawai game da 50 nm a diamita.[2] Kwayar cutar ta ƙunshi manyan sunadarai guda uku; akwai sunadarai biyu da ke da alaƙa da membrane, furotin envelope (E) da furotin membrane (M). Hakanan kwayar cutar tana da furotin capsid (C) wanda ke kare kwayar halitta daga muhalli, wanda zai iya haifar da kwayar halitta ta bushe ko ta lalace. Capsid galibi furotin ne, amma kashi 17% na capsid sune lipids ta hanyar nauyi, waɗanda aka samo daga membrane na tantanin halitta; capsid kuma kusan kashi 9% ne na carbohydrate ta hanyar nauyi a cikin nau'in glycolipids da glycoproteins.[2] 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Schistosoma bovis</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1315054993|Schistosoma bovis]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Schistosoma bovis''''' wani jini ne mai ba da gudummawa guda biyu, wanda ke haifar da [[Masasaku|schistosomiasis]] na hanji a cikin ruminants a Arewacin Afirka, Bahar Rum Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya. ''S. bovis'' galibi ana watsa shi ne ta hanyar nau'in kwari na ruwa mai laushi na ''Bulinus''. Yana daya daga cikin nau'ikan rukuni na haematobium guda tara kuma yana cikin yankuna iri ɗaya kamar ''[[Kwayar cutar Tsargiya|Schistosoma haematobium]]'', wanda zai iya haɗuwa da shi. ''S. bovis-haematobium'' hybrids na iya kamuwa da mutane, kuma an ruwaito su a Senegal tun daga shekara ta 2009, da kuma barkewar cutar a [[Korsika|Corsica]] a shekarar 2013.

== Tarihi da ganewa ==
Schistosoma bovis digenetic ne, mai jini biyu. Masanin ilimin kwayar cuta na Italiya Prospero Sonsino ne ya gano shi a kasuwar nama ta Zagazig a Misira a 1876 daga bijimi.[1] Gabaɗaya yana kama da sauran schistosomes, amma Sonsino ya san cewa ya fi girma kuma ƙwai sun bambanta da na jinsin ɗan adam (na farko kuma kawai aka sani da schistosome a lokacin), Schistosoma haematobium, wanda likitan Jamus Theodor Bilharz ya gano a 1852, [2] wanda aka sani da Bilharzia haematobium ko Distomum haematobium.[3] Sonsino ya ba da sunan Bilharzia bovis biyo bayan rarraba jinsin da wani likitan Jamus Heinrich Meckel von Hemsbach ya gabatar a 1856 don nau'in da Bilharz ya bayyana. [4][5][6] Kwayoyin S. bovis ba wai kawai sun fi na sauran schistosomes girma ba, har ma suna da ƙashin ƙashi mai kauri tare da siffar mai tsawo a cikin nau'in spindle.[7][8] Saboda haka ƙwai sune mafi kyawun maɓallin ganewa daga wasu nau'o'in.[9][10]

Sonsino daga baya ya sake fasalin sunan a matsayin ''Bilharzia crassa'' a 1877, sannan kuma a matsayin ''Gynaecophorus crassa''. Kodayake sunan jinsin ya kasance mai rikitarwa, Louis-Joseph Alcide Railliet (a cikin 1893) da Raphaël Blanchard (a cikin shekara ta 1895) sun farfado kuma sun kiyaye sunan jinsin, ''bovis'' .  Hukumar Kasa da Kasa kan Nomenclature Zoological (ICZN) ta karɓi sunan jinsin Schistosoma a cikin 1954,  biyo bayan sunan da David Friedrich Weinland ya kirkira a cikin 1858.  Don haka, asalin ''Bilharzia bovis'' ya zama ''Schistosoma bovis'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Tsarin rayuwa ==
[[Fayil:Schistosoma_life_cycle.svg|thumb|Tsarin rayuwa na Schistosoma]]


A cikin ruwa, tsinkaye masu kamuwa da cuta na iya shiga cikin fata na ainihin mai masaukin sa, ruminant, bayan tuntuɓar. Cercariae ya shiga cikin jinin mai masaukin, kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa hanta don ya girma cikin tsofaffi. Adult flukes na iya rufe kansu da antigen mai karɓar bakuncin don haka guje wa ganowa ta tsarin rigakafin mai karɓar. Bayan kimanin makonni uku, ƙananan flukes suna ƙaura zuwa jijiyoyin mesenteric na hanji don yin jima'i. Mace tana sa qwai, wanda ke ƙaura zuwa cikin lumen na hanji kuma ya bar mai masaukin bayan ya yi fitsari. A cikin ruwa mai laushi, ƙwai suna furewa, suna samar da miracidia na yin iyo kyauta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Agnew |first=Alison M. |last2=Murare |first2=H. M. |last3=Lucas |first3=S. B. |last4=Doenhoff |first4=M. J. |date=1989 |title=Schistosoma bovis as an immunological analogue of S. haematobium |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3024.1989.tb00671.x |journal=Parasite Immunology |language=en |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=329–340 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3024.1989.tb00671.x |issn=0141-9838 |pmid=2506507 |s2cid=45120768 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bushara |first=H. O. |last2=Omer |first2=O. H. |last3=Malik |first3=K. H. E. |last4=Taylor |first4=M. G. |date=1994 |title=The effect of multiple transfers of immune serum on maturingSchistosoma bovis infections in calves |journal=Parasitology Research |language=en |volume=80 |issue=3 |pages=198–202 |doi=10.1007/BF00932674 |issn=1432-1955 |pmid=8036232 |s2cid=21345815}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=de la Torre-Escudero |first=Eduardo |last2=Pérez-Sánchez |first2=Ricardo |last3=Manzano-Román |first3=Raúl |last4=Oleaga |first4=Ana |date=2017 |title=Schistosoma bovis -host interplay: Proteomics for knowing and acting |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0166685116300986 |journal=Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology |language=en |volume=215 |pages=30–39 |doi=10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.07.009 |pmid=27485556 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Miracidia ya shiga cikin matsakaicin matsakaici, kwari na ruwa mai laushi  na ''Bulinus'' spp. , (misali ''B. globosus'', ''B. forskalii'', ''B. nyassanus'' da ''B. truncatus''), sai dai a Spain, : 20 Portugal da Morocco, inda ''Planorbarius metidjensis'' zai iya watsawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mouahid A, Théron A |date=Dec 1987 |title=''Schistosoma bovis'': variability of cercarial production as related to the snail hosts: ''Bulinus truncatus'', ''B. wright'' and ''Planorbarius metidjensis'' |journal=Int J Parasitol |volume=17 |issue=8 |pages=1431–4 |doi=10.1016/0020-7519(87)90078-6 |pmid=3440697}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kwari, miracidium ya zubar da epithelium, kuma ya zama uwa sporocyst. Bayan makonni biyu mahaifiyar ta fara samar da 'yar sporocysts. Wata daya - ko fiye tare da yanayin zafi mai sanyi - bayan da miracidium ya shiga cikin kwari, daruruwan zuwa dubban ceriae na jinsi ɗaya sun fara fitowa ta wurare na musamman na bangon sporocyst.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahmoud&quot; /&gt; : 30 Tsarin cercaria daga saman ruwa zuwa kasa don neman mai masauki. Za su iya shiga cikin epithelium a cikin minti.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahmoud&quot; /&gt; : 34 {{Rp|34}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''''Schistosoma bovis''''' wani jini ne mai ba da gudummawa guda biyu, wanda ke haifar da [[Masasaku|schistosomiasis]] na hanji a cikin ruminants a Arewacin Afirka, Bahar Rum Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya. ''S. bovis'' galibi ana watsa shi ne ta hanyar nau'in kwari na ruwa mai laushi na ''Bulinus''. Yana daya daga cikin nau'ikan rukuni na haematobium guda tara kuma yana cikin yankuna iri ɗaya kamar ''[[Kwayar cutar Tsargiya|Schistosoma haematobium]]'', wanda zai iya haɗuwa da shi. ''S. bovis-haematobium'' hybrids na iya kamuwa da mutane, kuma an ruwaito su a Senegal tun daga shekara ta 2009, da kuma barkewar cutar a [[Korsika|Corsica]] a shekarar 2013.

== Tarihi da ganewa ==
Schistosoma bovis digenetic ne, mai jini biyu. Masanin ilimin kwayar cuta na Italiya Prospero Sonsino ne ya gano shi a kasuwar nama ta Zagazig a Misira a 1876 daga bijimi.[1] Gabaɗaya yana kama da sauran schistosomes, amma Sonsino ya san cewa ya fi girma kuma ƙwai sun bambanta da na jinsin ɗan adam (na farko kuma kawai aka sani da schistosome a lokacin), Schistosoma haematobium, wanda likitan Jamus Theodor Bilharz ya gano a 1852, [2] wanda aka sani da Bilharzia haematobium ko Distomum haematobium.[3] Sonsino ya ba da sunan Bilharzia bovis biyo bayan rarraba jinsin da wani likitan Jamus Heinrich Meckel von Hemsbach ya gabatar a 1856 don nau'in da Bilharz ya bayyana. [4][5][6] Kwayoyin S. bovis ba wai kawai sun fi na sauran schistosomes girma ba, har ma suna da ƙashin ƙashi mai kauri tare da siffar mai tsawo a cikin nau'in spindle.[7][8] Saboda haka ƙwai sune mafi kyawun maɓallin ganewa daga wasu nau'o'in.[9][10]

Sonsino daga baya ya sake fasalin sunan a matsayin ''Bilharzia crassa'' a 1877, sannan kuma a matsayin ''Gynaecophorus crassa''. Kodayake sunan jinsin ya kasance mai rikitarwa, Louis-Joseph Alcide Railliet (a cikin 1893) da Raphaël Blanchard (a cikin shekara ta 1895) sun farfado kuma sun kiyaye sunan jinsin, ''bovis'' .  Hukumar Kasa da Kasa kan Nomenclature Zoological (ICZN) ta karɓi sunan jinsin Schistosoma a cikin 1954,  biyo bayan sunan da David Friedrich Weinland ya kirkira a cikin 1858.  Don haka, asalin ''Bilharzia bovis'' ya zama ''Schistosoma bovis'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Tsarin rayuwa ==
[[Fayil:Schistosoma_life_cycle.svg|thumb|Tsarin rayuwa na Schistosoma]]


A cikin ruwa, tsinkaye masu kamuwa da cuta na iya shiga cikin fata na ainihin mai masaukin sa, ruminant, bayan tuntuɓar. Cercariae ya shiga cikin jinin mai masaukin, kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa hanta don ya girma cikin tsofaffi. Adult flukes na iya rufe kansu da antigen mai karɓar bakuncin don haka guje wa ganowa ta tsarin rigakafin mai karɓar. Bayan kimanin makonni uku, ƙananan flukes suna ƙaura zuwa jijiyoyin mesenteric na hanji don yin jima'i. Mace tana sa qwai, wanda ke ƙaura zuwa cikin lumen na hanji kuma ya bar mai masaukin bayan ya yi fitsari. A cikin ruwa mai laushi, ƙwai suna furewa, suna samar da miracidia na yin iyo kyauta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Agnew |first=Alison M. |last2=Murare |first2=H. M. |last3=Lucas |first3=S. B. |last4=Doenhoff |first4=M. J. |date=1989 |title=Schistosoma bovis as an immunological analogue of S. haematobium |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3024.1989.tb00671.x |journal=Parasite Immunology |language=en |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=329–340 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3024.1989.tb00671.x |issn=0141-9838 |pmid=2506507 |s2cid=45120768 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bushara |first=H. O. |last2=Omer |first2=O. H. |last3=Malik |first3=K. H. E. |last4=Taylor |first4=M. G. |date=1994 |title=The effect of multiple transfers of immune serum on maturingSchistosoma bovis infections in calves |journal=Parasitology Research |language=en |volume=80 |issue=3 |pages=198–202 |doi=10.1007/BF00932674 |issn=1432-1955 |pmid=8036232 |s2cid=21345815}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=de la Torre-Escudero |first=Eduardo |last2=Pérez-Sánchez |first2=Ricardo |last3=Manzano-Román |first3=Raúl |last4=Oleaga |first4=Ana |date=2017 |title=Schistosoma bovis -host interplay: Proteomics for knowing and acting |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0166685116300986 |journal=Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology |language=en |volume=215 |pages=30–39 |doi=10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.07.009 |pmid=27485556 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Miracidia ya shiga cikin matsakaicin matsakaici, kwari na ruwa mai laushi  na ''Bulinus'' spp. , (misali ''B. globosus'', ''B. forskalii'', ''B. nyassanus'' da ''B. truncatus''), sai dai a Spain, : 20 Portugal da Morocco, inda ''Planorbarius metidjensis'' zai iya watsawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mouahid A, Théron A |date=Dec 1987 |title=''Schistosoma bovis'': variability of cercarial production as related to the snail hosts: ''Bulinus truncatus'', ''B. wright'' and ''Planorbarius metidjensis'' |journal=Int J Parasitol |volume=17 |issue=8 |pages=1431–4 |doi=10.1016/0020-7519(87)90078-6 |pmid=3440697}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin kwari, miracidium ya zubar da epithelium, kuma ya zama uwa sporocyst. Bayan makonni biyu mahaifiyar ta fara samar da 'yar sporocysts. Wata daya - ko fiye tare da yanayin zafi mai sanyi - bayan da miracidium ya shiga cikin kwari, daruruwan zuwa dubban ceriae na jinsi ɗaya sun fara fitowa ta wurare na musamman na bangon sporocyst.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahmoud&quot; /&gt; : 30 Tsarin cercaria daga saman ruwa zuwa kasa don neman mai masauki. Za su iya shiga cikin epithelium a cikin minti.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahmoud&quot; /&gt; : 34 {{Rp|34}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Scedosporiosis</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1321665266|Scedosporiosis]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="14873" sha1="hi2ae1okwn9v94j2pqu55333hpojc8q" xml:space="preserve">Scedosporiosis shine sunan gaba ɗaya ga kowane Mycosis - watau, kamuwa da cuta - wanda ya haifar da fungus daga jinsin Scedosporium. Nazarin yawan jama'a na yanzu ya ba da shawarar Scedosporium prolificans (wanda aka fi sani da kuma kwanan nan ana kiransa Lomentospora prolificans) da Scedosporium apiospermum su kasance daga cikin masu kamuwa da cuta daga jinsin, [1] kodayake cututtukan da wasu mambobinta suka haifar ba a taɓa ji ba. [2] Wannan na ƙarshe wani nau'i ne na jima'i (anamorph) na wani fungus, Pseudallescheria boydii . Tsohon shine &quot;baƙar yisti&quot; (aka dematiaceous fungus), a halin yanzu ba a nuna shi ba, kodayake an bayyana su duka biyu a matsayin Saprophytes. [3][4] 

Fungi na wannan nau'in suna ci gaba da ganewa a matsayin mahimman cututtukan ɗan adam. An bayyana ''S. apiospermum&amp;nbsp;'' a matsayin mai tasowa har ma da &quot;ƙananan&quot; kwayar cutar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramirez-Garcia_2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Ramirez-Garcia A, Pellon A, Rementeria A, Buldain I, Barreto-Bergter E, Rollin-Pinheiro R, de Meirelles JV, Xisto MI, Ranque S, Havlicek V, Vandeputte P, Govic YL, Bouchara JP, Giraud S, Chen S, Rainer J, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Martin-Gomez MT, López-Soria LM, Peman J, Schwarz C, Bernhardt A, Tintelnot K, Capilla J, Martin-Vicente A, Cano-Lira J, Nagl M, Lackner M, Irinyi L, Meyer W, de Hoog S, Hernando FL |date=April 2018 |title=Scedosporium and Lomentospora: an updated overview of underrated opportunists |journal=Medical Mycology |volume=56 |issue=suppl_1 |pages=102–125 |doi=10.1093/mmy/myx113 |pmid=29538735 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ruwaito  a cikin binciken Amurka na 2003 cewa Scedosporiosis yana da alaƙa da kashi 25% na duk cututtukan da ba na ''[./&amp;#x3C;i&amp;#x20;id= Aspergillus&amp;nbsp;]''&quot; id=&quot;mwMQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Aspergillus&quot;&gt;Aspergillus ba ga marasa lafiya na kwayar cuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Husain S, Alexander BD, Munoz P, Avery RK, Houston S, Pruett T, Jacobs R, Dominguez EA, Tollemar JG, Baumgarten K, Yu CM, Wagener MM, Linden P, Kusne S, Singh N |date=July 2003 |title=Opportunistic mycelial fungal infections in organ transplant recipients: emerging importance of non-Aspergillus mycelial fungi |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=221–9 |doi=10.1086/375822 |pmid=12856215 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin irin wannan binciken na 2005  cututtukan scedosporal sun haifar da kashi 58% na mace-mace ga masu karɓar transplant da ya shafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Husain_2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Husain S, Muñoz P, Forrest G, Alexander BD, Somani J, Brennan K, Wagener MM, Singh N |date=January 2005 |title=Infections due to Scedosporium apiospermum and Scedosporium prolificans in transplant recipients: clinical characteristics and impact of antifungal agent therapy on outcome |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=89–99 |doi=10.1086/426445 |pmid=15614697 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da Cystic fibrosis, ita ce ta biyu mafi yawan kamuwa da cuta.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Denton_2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Denton EJ, Smibert O, Gooi J, Morrissey CO, Snell G, McGiffin D, Paraskeva M |date=June 2016 |title=Invasive Scedosporium sternal osteomyelitis following lung transplant: Cured |journal=Medical Mycology Case Reports |volume=12 |pages=14–6 |doi=10.1016/j.mmcr.2016.07.001 |pmc=4995602 |pmid=27595059}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nagano Y, Cherie MB, Goldsmith CE, Stuart EJ, Rendall J, Moore JE |date=2009-01-08 |title=Emergence of Scedosporium apiospermum in patients with cystic fibrosis |journal=BMJ Case Reports |volume=2009 |issue=jan08 1 |pages=bcr2007119503 |doi=10.1136/bcr.2007.119503 |pmc=3034750 |pmid=21687279}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, an ba da rahoton wani wahala tare da gano kwayar cutar daidai kamar yadda, alal misali, cututtukan scedosporal a wasu lokuta kusan ba za a iya rarrabe su ba  daga cututtukani tare da wasu ƙwayoyin cuta, kamar Aspergillus da aka riga aka ambata - wannan wahalar na iya taimakawa ga &quot;ƙananan&quot; kwayar cutar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guarro_2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Guarro J, Kantarcioglu AS, Horré R, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Cuenca Estrella M, Berenguer J, de Hoog GS |date=June 2006 |title=Scedosporium apiospermum: changing clinical spectrum of a therapy-refractory opportunist |journal=Medical Mycology |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=295–327 |doi=10.1080/13693780600752507 |pmid=16772225 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk wannan, tare da juriya mai yawa da pathogens ke da shi ga maganin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta a halin yanzu ana amfani da shi a magani, yana gabatar da karuwar sha'awa ga masu bincike don ci gaba da nazarin cututtukan scedoporal da haɓaka jiyya.

== Tarihi ==
Bayani na farko da za a iya ganowa game da cutar scedosporal ya taso ne a cikin 1911 &lt;ref name=&quot;Husain_2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Husain S, Muñoz P, Forrest G, Alexander BD, Somani J, Brennan K, Wagener MM, Singh N |date=January 2005 |title=Infections due to Scedosporium apiospermum and Scedosporium prolificans in transplant recipients: clinical characteristics and impact of antifungal agent therapy on outcome |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=89–99 |doi=10.1086/426445 |pmid=15614697 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHusainMuñozForrestAlexander2005&quot;&gt;Husain S, Muñoz P, Forrest G, Alexander BD, Somani J, Brennan K, et&amp;nbsp;al. (January 2005). [[doi:10.1086/426445|&quot;Infections due to Scedosporium apiospermum and Scedosporium prolificans in transplant recipients: clinical characteristics and impact of antifungal agent therapy on outcome&quot;]]. ''Clinical Infectious Diseases''. '''40''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;89–&lt;/span&gt;99. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1086/426445|10.1086/426445]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15614697 15614697].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; inda aka gano ''''S. apiospermum&amp;nbsp;''&amp;nbsp;'' a matsayin dalilin [[mycetoma]] na mutum - cuta mai zurfi na ƙwayoyin cuta. S. apiospermum, hakika, ba sabon kwayar cutar ɗan adam ba ne da aka gano kwanan nan kuma an tattara bayanai game da shi a cikin fiye da shekaru 120.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guarro_2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Guarro J, Kantarcioglu AS, Horré R, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Cuenca Estrella M, Berenguer J, de Hoog GS |date=June 2006 |title=Scedosporium apiospermum: changing clinical spectrum of a therapy-refractory opportunist |journal=Medical Mycology |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=295–327 |doi=10.1080/13693780600752507 |pmid=16772225 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGuarroKantarciogluHorréRodriguez-Tudela2006&quot;&gt;Guarro J, Kantarcioglu AS, Horré R, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Cuenca Estrella M, Berenguer J, de Hoog GS (June 2006). [[doi:10.1080/13693780600752507|&quot;Scedosporium apiospermum: changing clinical spectrum of a therapy-refractory opportunist&quot;]]. ''Medical Mycology''. '''44''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;295–&lt;/span&gt;327. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1080/13693780600752507|10.1080/13693780600752507]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16772225 16772225].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; S. prolificans, a gefe guda, an gano shi kwanan nan, a cikin 1974, a ƙarƙashin sunan L. prolilicans . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Immunoproteomics-Based Analysis of the Immunocompetent Serological Response to Lomentospora prolificans |doi=10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00978.s001 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwai jerin canje-canje na suna ga duka ''S. apiospermum&amp;nbsp;'' da teleomorph ''P. boydii&amp;nbsp;''. An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa a lokuta daban-daban, duka biyun, a wani lokaci, an kira su Petriellidium boydii, ''Allescheria boydii'', ''Pseudallescheria sheari'' da ''Monosporium apiospermum'' .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Antachopoulos C, Katragkou A, Roilides E |date=January 2012 |title=Immunotherapy against invasive mold infections |journal=Immunotherapy |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=107–20 |doi=10.2217/imt.11.159 |pmid=22150004}}&lt;/ref&gt; S. prolificans, kamar haka, ya shiga cikin canjin suna, kuma a cikin wallafe-wallafen kwanan nan, sunan asali L. prolilicans an fi son shi kamar yadda Lackner et al. suka gabatar a cikin 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Lackner M, De Hoog GS, Yang L, Moreno LF, Ahmed SA, Andreas F, Kaltseis J, Nagl M, Lass-Flörl C, Risslegger B, Rambach G |date=2014 |title=Proposed nomenclature for Pseudallescheria, Scedosporium and related genera |journal=Fungal Diversity |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1007/s13225-014-0295-4 |issn=1560-2745 |s2cid=14284012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hadarin kuskuren ganewar ƙwayoyin cuta ga wasu masu kamuwa da cuta, kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, yana nan kuma yana da mahimmanci kamar yadda aka ba da magani zai dace da cututtukan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta daban-daban, musamman idan aka yi la'akari da tsarin juriya. A shekara ta 2002, an bayar da rahoton cutar corneal inda aka yi kuskuren ''Acrophialophora fusispora'' don ''S. prolifcans''. Binciken &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Arthur S, Steed LL, Apple DJ, Peng Q, Howard G, Escobar-Gomez M |date=December 2001 |title=Scedosporium prolificans keratouveitis in association with a contact lens retained intraocularly over a long term |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=39 |issue=12 |pages=4579–82 |doi=10.1128/jcm.39.12.4579-4582.2001 |pmc=88594 |pmid=11724890}}&lt;/ref&gt; da masu bincike suka yi bisa ga takamaiman yanayin kwayar cutar an nuna cewa ba daidai ba ne. A cikin gyare-gyare ga wannan lamari, an ba da shawarar bambanci bisa ga tsari na sel da siffar da launi na conidia, duk da haka, a aikace, matsalolin da ke ciki har yanzu na iya ci gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Guarro J, Gené J |date=September 2002 |title=Acrophialophora fusispora misidentified as Scedosporium prolificans |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=40 |issue=9 |pages=3544–3545 |doi=10.1128/JCM.40.9.3544-3545.2002 |pmc=130777 |pmid=12202618}}&lt;/ref&gt; [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

An gano ''S. apiospermum&amp;nbsp;'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lackner M, de Hoog GS, Verweij PE, Najafzadeh MJ, Curfs-Breuker I, Klaassen CH, Meis JF |date=May 2012 |title=Species-specific antifungal susceptibility patterns of Scedosporium and Pseudallescheria species |journal=Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy |volume=56 |issue=5 |pages=2635–42 |doi=10.1128/AAC.05910-11 |pmc=3346635 |pmid=22290955}}&lt;/ref&gt; don kasancewa mai tsayayya da magungunan rigakafi da aka sani, yana nuna ƙimar ƙarancin ƙimar ƙuntatawa ga amphotericin B, isavuconazole da posaconazole, kuma, ga wurare daban-daban, mai saukin kamuwa da voriconazole, micafungin da anidulafungin. An gano S. prolificans yana da tsayayya da duk waɗannan magungunan kuma tasirin voriconazole akan shi a cik''in vitro'' yana da iyaka. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Cutar ==
Dukansu ''S. apiospermum&amp;nbsp;'' da S. prolificans suna iya haifar da cututtuka masu yawa, a cikin mutane masu fama da rigakafi da masu iya kamuwa da rigakafin. Cutar da ke tasowa daga can za a iya ganowa da yaduwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2022}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Mycosis na yanki ===
Ƙwararren scedosporiosis na gida zai iya faruwa a cikin kewayon gabobin ciki da kuma a cikin gidajen abinci da gabobin jiki. Ana iya samun shi a saman fata a cikin nau'i na papules fari da rawaya. Daga cikin sauran bayyanar cututtuka da aka fi sani shine mycetoma, musamman, eumycetoma (watau mycetoma da naman gwari ke haifar da shi), yana shafar nama na subcutaneous, haɗin gwiwa har ma da tsokoki da kasusuwa, ko da yake ƙafa ko kafa wuri ne na kowa na irin wannan ciwon. Dalili na al'ada zai iya zama buɗaɗɗen rauni ko tiyata kuma duka marasa lafiya da marasa lafiya na iya haɓaka kamuwa da cuta. Eumycetoma yana girma ne a cikin tsari mai girma, yawanci baya jin zafi da farko kuma yana girma akai-akai, yana haifar da rikitarwa har ma da nakasa idan ba a kula da shi ba.[1] Osteomyelitis, musamman, ciwon haƙarƙari da ƙananan haƙarƙari, wanda S. apiospermum ke haifarwa an ruwaito[2] a cikin nasarar da aka samu na warkewar cutar dashen huhu a cikin 2016.

Cutar ido ta Scedosporal, musamman, keratitis, yawanci tana tasowa bayan raunin cornea, duka ''S. apiospermum&amp;nbsp;'' da S. prolificans an san su da iya haifar da shi. Yana gabatar da kansa a cikin wani nau'i na raunin zafi a cikin retina tare da alamomi kamar photophobia da hangen nesa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramirez-Garcia_2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Ramirez-Garcia A, Pellon A, Rementeria A, Buldain I, Barreto-Bergter E, Rollin-Pinheiro R, de Meirelles JV, Xisto MI, Ranque S, Havlicek V, Vandeputte P, Govic YL, Bouchara JP, Giraud S, Chen S, Rainer J, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Martin-Gomez MT, López-Soria LM, Peman J, Schwarz C, Bernhardt A, Tintelnot K, Capilla J, Martin-Vicente A, Cano-Lira J, Nagl M, Lackner M, Irinyi L, Meyer W, de Hoog S, Hernando FL |date=April 2018 |title=Scedosporium and Lomentospora: an updated overview of underrated opportunists |journal=Medical Mycology |volume=56 |issue=suppl_1 |pages=102–125 |doi=10.1093/mmy/myx113 |pmid=29538735 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRamirez-GarciaPellonRementeriaBuldain2018&quot;&gt;Ramirez-Garcia A, Pellon A, Rementeria A, Buldain I, Barreto-Bergter E, Rollin-Pinheiro R, et&amp;nbsp;al. (April 2018). [[doi:10.1093/mmy/myx113|&quot;Scedosporium and Lomentospora: an updated overview of underrated opportunists&quot;]]. ''Medical Mycology''. '''56''' (suppl_1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;102–&lt;/span&gt;125. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1093/mmy/myx113|10.1093/mmy/myx113]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[hdl:10810/65704|10810/65704]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29538735 29538735].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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Scedosporiosis shine sunan gaba ɗaya ga kowane Mycosis - watau, kamuwa da cuta - wanda ya haifar da fungus daga jinsin Scedosporium. Nazarin yawan jama'a na yanzu ya ba da shawarar Scedosporium prolificans (wanda aka fi sani da kuma kwanan nan ana kiransa Lomentospora prolificans) da Scedosporium apiospermum su kasance daga cikin masu kamuwa da cuta daga jinsin, [1] kodayake cututtukan da wasu mambobinta suka haifar ba a taɓa ji ba. [2] Wannan na ƙarshe wani nau'i ne na jima'i (anamorph) na wani fungus, Pseudallescheria boydii . Tsohon shine &quot;baƙar yisti&quot; (aka dematiaceous fungus), a halin yanzu ba a nuna shi ba, kodayake an bayyana su duka biyu a matsayin Saprophytes. [3][4] 

Fungi na wannan nau'in suna ci gaba da ganewa a matsayin mahimman cututtukan ɗan adam. An bayyana ''S. apiospermum&amp;nbsp;'' a matsayin mai tasowa har ma da &quot;ƙananan&quot; kwayar cutar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramirez-Garcia_2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Ramirez-Garcia A, Pellon A, Rementeria A, Buldain I, Barreto-Bergter E, Rollin-Pinheiro R, de Meirelles JV, Xisto MI, Ranque S, Havlicek V, Vandeputte P, Govic YL, Bouchara JP, Giraud S, Chen S, Rainer J, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Martin-Gomez MT, López-Soria LM, Peman J, Schwarz C, Bernhardt A, Tintelnot K, Capilla J, Martin-Vicente A, Cano-Lira J, Nagl M, Lackner M, Irinyi L, Meyer W, de Hoog S, Hernando FL |date=April 2018 |title=Scedosporium and Lomentospora: an updated overview of underrated opportunists |journal=Medical Mycology |volume=56 |issue=suppl_1 |pages=102–125 |doi=10.1093/mmy/myx113 |pmid=29538735 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ruwaito  a cikin binciken Amurka na 2003 cewa Scedosporiosis yana da alaƙa da kashi 25% na duk cututtukan da ba na ''[./&amp;#x3C;i&amp;#x20;id= Aspergillus&amp;nbsp;]''&quot; id=&quot;mwMQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Aspergillus&quot;&gt;Aspergillus ba ga marasa lafiya na kwayar cuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Husain S, Alexander BD, Munoz P, Avery RK, Houston S, Pruett T, Jacobs R, Dominguez EA, Tollemar JG, Baumgarten K, Yu CM, Wagener MM, Linden P, Kusne S, Singh N |date=July 2003 |title=Opportunistic mycelial fungal infections in organ transplant recipients: emerging importance of non-Aspergillus mycelial fungi |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=221–9 |doi=10.1086/375822 |pmid=12856215 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin irin wannan binciken na 2005  cututtukan scedosporal sun haifar da kashi 58% na mace-mace ga masu karɓar transplant da ya shafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Husain_2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Husain S, Muñoz P, Forrest G, Alexander BD, Somani J, Brennan K, Wagener MM, Singh N |date=January 2005 |title=Infections due to Scedosporium apiospermum and Scedosporium prolificans in transplant recipients: clinical characteristics and impact of antifungal agent therapy on outcome |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=89–99 |doi=10.1086/426445 |pmid=15614697 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da Cystic fibrosis, ita ce ta biyu mafi yawan kamuwa da cuta.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Denton_2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Denton EJ, Smibert O, Gooi J, Morrissey CO, Snell G, McGiffin D, Paraskeva M |date=June 2016 |title=Invasive Scedosporium sternal osteomyelitis following lung transplant: Cured |journal=Medical Mycology Case Reports |volume=12 |pages=14–6 |doi=10.1016/j.mmcr.2016.07.001 |pmc=4995602 |pmid=27595059}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nagano Y, Cherie MB, Goldsmith CE, Stuart EJ, Rendall J, Moore JE |date=2009-01-08 |title=Emergence of Scedosporium apiospermum in patients with cystic fibrosis |journal=BMJ Case Reports |volume=2009 |issue=jan08 1 |pages=bcr2007119503 |doi=10.1136/bcr.2007.119503 |pmc=3034750 |pmid=21687279}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, an ba da rahoton wani wahala tare da gano kwayar cutar daidai kamar yadda, alal misali, cututtukan scedosporal a wasu lokuta kusan ba za a iya rarrabe su ba  daga cututtukani tare da wasu ƙwayoyin cuta, kamar Aspergillus da aka riga aka ambata - wannan wahalar na iya taimakawa ga &quot;ƙananan&quot; kwayar cutar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guarro_2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Guarro J, Kantarcioglu AS, Horré R, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Cuenca Estrella M, Berenguer J, de Hoog GS |date=June 2006 |title=Scedosporium apiospermum: changing clinical spectrum of a therapy-refractory opportunist |journal=Medical Mycology |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=295–327 |doi=10.1080/13693780600752507 |pmid=16772225 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk wannan, tare da juriya mai yawa da pathogens ke da shi ga maganin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta a halin yanzu ana amfani da shi a magani, yana gabatar da karuwar sha'awa ga masu bincike don ci gaba da nazarin cututtukan scedoporal da haɓaka jiyya.

== Tarihi ==
Bayani na farko da za a iya ganowa game da cutar scedosporal ya taso ne a cikin 1911 &lt;ref name=&quot;Husain_2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Husain S, Muñoz P, Forrest G, Alexander BD, Somani J, Brennan K, Wagener MM, Singh N |date=January 2005 |title=Infections due to Scedosporium apiospermum and Scedosporium prolificans in transplant recipients: clinical characteristics and impact of antifungal agent therapy on outcome |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=89–99 |doi=10.1086/426445 |pmid=15614697 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHusainMuñozForrestAlexander2005&quot;&gt;Husain S, Muñoz P, Forrest G, Alexander BD, Somani J, Brennan K, et&amp;nbsp;al. (January 2005). [[doi:10.1086/426445|&quot;Infections due to Scedosporium apiospermum and Scedosporium prolificans in transplant recipients: clinical characteristics and impact of antifungal agent therapy on outcome&quot;]]. ''Clinical Infectious Diseases''. '''40''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;89–&lt;/span&gt;99. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1086/426445|10.1086/426445]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15614697 15614697].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; inda aka gano ''''S. apiospermum&amp;nbsp;''&amp;nbsp;'' a matsayin dalilin [[mycetoma]] na mutum - cuta mai zurfi na ƙwayoyin cuta. S. apiospermum, hakika, ba sabon kwayar cutar ɗan adam ba ne da aka gano kwanan nan kuma an tattara bayanai game da shi a cikin fiye da shekaru 120.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guarro_2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Guarro J, Kantarcioglu AS, Horré R, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Cuenca Estrella M, Berenguer J, de Hoog GS |date=June 2006 |title=Scedosporium apiospermum: changing clinical spectrum of a therapy-refractory opportunist |journal=Medical Mycology |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=295–327 |doi=10.1080/13693780600752507 |pmid=16772225 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGuarroKantarciogluHorréRodriguez-Tudela2006&quot;&gt;Guarro J, Kantarcioglu AS, Horré R, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Cuenca Estrella M, Berenguer J, de Hoog GS (June 2006). [[doi:10.1080/13693780600752507|&quot;Scedosporium apiospermum: changing clinical spectrum of a therapy-refractory opportunist&quot;]]. ''Medical Mycology''. '''44''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;295–&lt;/span&gt;327. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1080/13693780600752507|10.1080/13693780600752507]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16772225 16772225].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; S. prolificans, a gefe guda, an gano shi kwanan nan, a cikin 1974, a ƙarƙashin sunan L. prolilicans . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Immunoproteomics-Based Analysis of the Immunocompetent Serological Response to Lomentospora prolificans |doi=10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00978.s001 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwai jerin canje-canje na suna ga duka ''S. apiospermum&amp;nbsp;'' da teleomorph ''P. boydii&amp;nbsp;''. An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa a lokuta daban-daban, duka biyun, a wani lokaci, an kira su Petriellidium boydii, ''Allescheria boydii'', ''Pseudallescheria sheari'' da ''Monosporium apiospermum'' .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Antachopoulos C, Katragkou A, Roilides E |date=January 2012 |title=Immunotherapy against invasive mold infections |journal=Immunotherapy |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=107–20 |doi=10.2217/imt.11.159 |pmid=22150004}}&lt;/ref&gt; S. prolificans, kamar haka, ya shiga cikin canjin suna, kuma a cikin wallafe-wallafen kwanan nan, sunan asali L. prolilicans an fi son shi kamar yadda Lackner et al. suka gabatar a cikin 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Lackner M, De Hoog GS, Yang L, Moreno LF, Ahmed SA, Andreas F, Kaltseis J, Nagl M, Lass-Flörl C, Risslegger B, Rambach G |date=2014 |title=Proposed nomenclature for Pseudallescheria, Scedosporium and related genera |journal=Fungal Diversity |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1007/s13225-014-0295-4 |issn=1560-2745 |s2cid=14284012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hadarin kuskuren ganewar ƙwayoyin cuta ga wasu masu kamuwa da cuta, kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, yana nan kuma yana da mahimmanci kamar yadda aka ba da magani zai dace da cututtukan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta daban-daban, musamman idan aka yi la'akari da tsarin juriya. A shekara ta 2002, an bayar da rahoton cutar corneal inda aka yi kuskuren ''Acrophialophora fusispora'' don ''S. prolifcans''. Binciken &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Arthur S, Steed LL, Apple DJ, Peng Q, Howard G, Escobar-Gomez M |date=December 2001 |title=Scedosporium prolificans keratouveitis in association with a contact lens retained intraocularly over a long term |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=39 |issue=12 |pages=4579–82 |doi=10.1128/jcm.39.12.4579-4582.2001 |pmc=88594 |pmid=11724890}}&lt;/ref&gt; da masu bincike suka yi bisa ga takamaiman yanayin kwayar cutar an nuna cewa ba daidai ba ne. A cikin gyare-gyare ga wannan lamari, an ba da shawarar bambanci bisa ga tsari na sel da siffar da launi na conidia, duk da haka, a aikace, matsalolin da ke ciki har yanzu na iya ci gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Guarro J, Gené J |date=September 2002 |title=Acrophialophora fusispora misidentified as Scedosporium prolificans |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=40 |issue=9 |pages=3544–3545 |doi=10.1128/JCM.40.9.3544-3545.2002 |pmc=130777 |pmid=12202618}}&lt;/ref&gt; [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

An gano ''S. apiospermum&amp;nbsp;'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lackner M, de Hoog GS, Verweij PE, Najafzadeh MJ, Curfs-Breuker I, Klaassen CH, Meis JF |date=May 2012 |title=Species-specific antifungal susceptibility patterns of Scedosporium and Pseudallescheria species |journal=Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy |volume=56 |issue=5 |pages=2635–42 |doi=10.1128/AAC.05910-11 |pmc=3346635 |pmid=22290955}}&lt;/ref&gt; don kasancewa mai tsayayya da magungunan rigakafi da aka sani, yana nuna ƙimar ƙarancin ƙimar ƙuntatawa ga amphotericin B, isavuconazole da posaconazole, kuma, ga wurare daban-daban, mai saukin kamuwa da voriconazole, micafungin da anidulafungin. An gano S. prolificans yana da tsayayya da duk waɗannan magungunan kuma tasirin voriconazole akan shi a cik''in vitro'' yana da iyaka. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Cutar ==
Dukansu ''S. apiospermum&amp;nbsp;'' da S. prolificans suna iya haifar da cututtuka masu yawa, a cikin mutane masu fama da rigakafi da masu iya kamuwa da rigakafin. Cutar da ke tasowa daga can za a iya ganowa da yaduwa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2022}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Mycosis na yanki ===
Ƙwararren scedosporiosis na gida zai iya faruwa a cikin kewayon gabobin ciki da kuma a cikin gidajen abinci da gabobin jiki. Ana iya samun shi a saman fata a cikin nau'i na papules fari da rawaya. Daga cikin sauran bayyanar cututtuka da aka fi sani shine mycetoma, musamman, eumycetoma (watau mycetoma da naman gwari ke haifar da shi), yana shafar nama na subcutaneous, haɗin gwiwa har ma da tsokoki da kasusuwa, ko da yake ƙafa ko kafa wuri ne na kowa na irin wannan ciwon. Dalili na al'ada zai iya zama buɗaɗɗen rauni ko tiyata kuma duka marasa lafiya da marasa lafiya na iya haɓaka kamuwa da cuta. Eumycetoma yana girma ne a cikin tsari mai girma, yawanci baya jin zafi da farko kuma yana girma akai-akai, yana haifar da rikitarwa har ma da nakasa idan ba a kula da shi ba.[1] Osteomyelitis, musamman, ciwon haƙarƙari da ƙananan haƙarƙari, wanda S. apiospermum ke haifarwa an ruwaito[2] a cikin nasarar da aka samu na warkewar cutar dashen huhu a cikin 2016.

Cutar ido ta Scedosporal, musamman, keratitis, yawanci tana tasowa bayan raunin cornea, duka ''S. apiospermum&amp;nbsp;'' da S. prolificans an san su da iya haifar da shi. Yana gabatar da kansa a cikin wani nau'i na raunin zafi a cikin retina tare da alamomi kamar photophobia da hangen nesa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramirez-Garcia_2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Ramirez-Garcia A, Pellon A, Rementeria A, Buldain I, Barreto-Bergter E, Rollin-Pinheiro R, de Meirelles JV, Xisto MI, Ranque S, Havlicek V, Vandeputte P, Govic YL, Bouchara JP, Giraud S, Chen S, Rainer J, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Martin-Gomez MT, López-Soria LM, Peman J, Schwarz C, Bernhardt A, Tintelnot K, Capilla J, Martin-Vicente A, Cano-Lira J, Nagl M, Lackner M, Irinyi L, Meyer W, de Hoog S, Hernando FL |date=April 2018 |title=Scedosporium and Lomentospora: an updated overview of underrated opportunists |journal=Medical Mycology |volume=56 |issue=suppl_1 |pages=102–125 |doi=10.1093/mmy/myx113 |pmid=29538735 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRamirez-GarciaPellonRementeriaBuldain2018&quot;&gt;Ramirez-Garcia A, Pellon A, Rementeria A, Buldain I, Barreto-Bergter E, Rollin-Pinheiro R, et&amp;nbsp;al. (April 2018). [[doi:10.1093/mmy/myx113|&quot;Scedosporium and Lomentospora: an updated overview of underrated opportunists&quot;]]. ''Medical Mycology''. '''56''' (suppl_1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;102–&lt;/span&gt;125. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1093/mmy/myx113|10.1093/mmy/myx113]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[hdl:10810/65704|10810/65704]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29538735 29538735].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Salmonella</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353150621|Salmonella]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="7346" sha1="qig6q95ovom1qekl7led8kus69vx2hi" xml:space="preserve">'''''''Salmonella''''''' wani nau'in kwayoyin cuta ne mai kama da sandar, (bacillus) Gram-negative na dangin Enterobacteriaceae . Hanyoyin ''Salmonella'' guda biyu da aka sani sune ''Salmonella enterica'' da ''Salmonella bongori'' . ''S. enterica&amp;nbsp;'' shine nau'in jinsin kuma an kara raba shi zuwa nau'o'i shida &lt;ref name=&quot;Su&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Su LH, Chiu CH |date=2007 |title=Salmonella: clinical importance and evolution of nomenclature |journal=Chang Gung Medical Journal |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=210–219 |pmid=17760271}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya hada da nau'ikan serotypes sama da 2,650. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gal-Mor O, Boyle EC, Grassl GA |date=2014 |title=Same species, different diseases: how and why typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovars differ |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |volume=5 |page=391 |bibcode=2014FrMic...500391G |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2014.00391 |pmc=4120697 |pmid=25136336 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya wa Salmonella suna ne bayan Daniel Elmer Salmon (1850-1914), likitan dabbobi na Amurka.

Nau'in ''Salmonella'' ba su da ƙwayoyin cuta, galibi ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta tare da diamita tsakanin kimanin 0.7 da 1.5 μm, tsawon daga 2 zuwa 5 μm, da kuma peritrichous flagella (duk a kusa da jikin tantanin halitta, yana ba su damar motsawa). &lt;ref name=&quot;Fabrega2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fàbrega A, Vila J |date=April 2013 |title=Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium skills to succeed in the host: virulence and regulation |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=308–341 |bibcode=2013CliMR..26..308F |doi=10.1128/CMR.00066-12 |pmc=3623383 |pmid=23554419}}&lt;/ref&gt; Su ne chemotrophs, suna samun makamashi daga halayen Oxidation da raguwa, ta amfani da tushen kwayoyin. Har ila yau anaerobes ne na zaɓi, wanda ke iya samar da adenosine triphosphate tare da iskar oxygen (&quot;aerobically&quot;) lokacin da yake samuwa, ko amfani da wasu masu karɓar lantarki ko fermentation (&quot;anaerobically&quot;). &lt;ref name=&quot;Fabrega2013&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Tarihin lissafi ==
Salmonella wani yanki ne na dangin Enterobacteriaceae. An sake duba tsarin harajin sa kuma yana da yuwuwar rikicewa. Halin halittar ya ƙunshi nau'i biyu, S. bongori da S. enterica, na ƙarshensu ya kasu kashi shida: S. e. enterica, S. e. salama, S.e. Arizona, S.e. diarizonae, S.e. houtenae, da S.e. nuni [1] [2] Ƙungiyar taxonomic ta ƙunshi fiye da 2500 serotypes (kuma serovars) da aka ayyana bisa tushen somatic O (lipopolysaccharide) da flagellar H antigens (kauffman-White rarrabuwa). An ba da cikakken sunan serotype a matsayin, misali, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Typhimurium, amma ana iya rage shi zuwa Salmonella Typhimurium. Further differentiation of strains to assist clinical and epidemiological investigation may be achieved by antibiotic sensitivity testing and by other molecular biology techniques such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing, and, increasingly, whole genome sequencing. A tarihi, an rarraba salmonellae a asibiti a matsayin masu cin zarafi (typhoidal) ko kuma mara amfani (nontyphoidal salmonellae) dangane da fifikon masaukin baki da bayyanar cututtuka a cikin mutane.[3]

== Tarihi ==
Karl Eberth ne ya fara ganin ''''Salmonella'''' a cikin 1880 a cikin takardun Peyer da spleens na marasa lafiya na typhoid. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Eberth CJ |date=1880-07-01 |title=Die Organismen in den Organen bei Typhus abdominalis |journal=Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medicin |language=de |volume=81 |issue=1 |pages=58–74 |doi=10.1007/BF01995472 |s2cid=6979333}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shekaru hudu bayan haka, Georg Theodor Gaffky ya sami damar girma da kwayar cutar a cikin al'ada mai tsarki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hardy A |date=August 1999 |title=Food, hygiene, and the laboratory. A short history of food poisoning in Britain, circa 1850-1950 |journal=Social History of Medicine |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=293–311 |doi=10.1093/shm/12.2.293 |pmid=11623930}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shekara guda bayan haka, masanin kimiyyar binciken likita [[Theobald Smith]] ya gano abin da daga baya za a san shi da ''Salmonella enterica'' (var. Choleraesuis). A lokacin, Smith yana aiki a matsayin mataimakin dakin gwaje-gwaje na bincike a Sashen Kula da Dabbobi na Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka. Rukunin ya kasance a karkashin gwamnatin Daniel Elmer Salmon, likitan dabbobi.&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008-07-03 |title=FDA/CFSAN—Food Safety A to Z Reference Guide—Salmonella |url=http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/a2z-s.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302092542/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/a2z-s.html |archive-date=2009-03-02 |access-date=2009-02-14 |website=FDA–Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da farko, an yi tunanin Salmonella Choleraesuis shine mai haifar da kwalara ta alade, don haka Salmon da Smith sun kira shi &quot;Hog-cholera bacillus&quot;. Ba a yi amfani da sunan Salmonella ba har zuwa 1900, lokacin da Joseph Leon Lignières ya ba da shawarar cewa a kira kwayar cutar da ƙungiyar Salmon ta gano Salmonella don girmama shi. : 16 {{Rp|16}}

A ƙarshen shekarun 1930, masanin ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta na Australiya Nancy Atkinson ya kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje na ''Salmonella'' - ɗaya daga cikin uku kawai a duniya a lokacin - a Gidan gwaje-gaje na Pathology da Bacteriology na Gwamnatin Kudancin Australia a [[Adelaide]] (daga baya Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya da Kimiyya ta Dabbobi). A nan ne Atkinson ya bayyana sabbin nau'ikan salmonella da yawa, gami da Salmonella Adelaide, wanda aka ware a 1943. Atkinson ta buga aikinta kan salmonellas a shekara ta 1957. 

== Serootyping ==
Ana yin serotyping ta hanyar haɗakar sel tare da antibodies don wani antigen. Zai iya ba da ra'ayi game da haɗari. Binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2014 ya nuna cewa S. Reading ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin samfurori na matasa, amma ba mai ba da gudummawa ga salmonellosis na mutum ba.[1] Serotyping na iya taimakawa wajen gano tushen gurɓata ta hanyar daidaita serotypes a cikin mutanen da ke da serotypes cikin tushen kamuwa da cuta.[2] Za'a iya gano maganin rigakafi mai dacewa daga sanannen juriya na serotype.[3]

Sabbin hanyoyin &quot;serotyping&quot; sun haɗa da xMAP da PCR na ainihi, hanyoyi biyu da suka danganci jerin DNA maimakon halayen rigakafi. Wadannan hanyoyin na iya zama da sauri, godiya ga ci gaba a fasahar tsarawa. Wadannan tsarin &quot;molecular serotyping&quot; a zahiri suna yin kwayar halitta na kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke ƙayyade antigen na surface.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Luo Y, Huang C, Ye J, Octavia S, Wang H, Dunbar SA, Jin D, Tang YW, Lan R |date=2020-09-07 |title=Comparison of xMAP ''Salmonella'' Serotyping Assay With Traditional Serotyping and Discordance Resolution by Whole Genome Sequencing |journal=Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology |volume=10 |doi=10.3389/fcimb.2020.00452 |pmc=7504902 |pmid=33014887 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nair S, Patel V, Hickey T, Maguire C, Greig DR, Lee W, Godbole G, Grant K, Chattaway MA |date=August 2019 |title=Real-Time PCR Assay for Differentiation of Typhoidal and Nontyphoidal ''Salmonella'' |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=57 |issue=8 |doi=10.1128/JCM.00167-19 |pmc=6663909 |pmid=31167843}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''''''Salmonella''''''' wani nau'in kwayoyin cuta ne mai kama da sandar, (bacillus) Gram-negative na dangin Enterobacteriaceae . Hanyoyin ''Salmonella'' guda biyu da aka sani sune ''Salmonella enterica'' da ''Salmonella bongori'' . ''S. enterica&amp;nbsp;'' shine nau'in jinsin kuma an kara raba shi zuwa nau'o'i shida &lt;ref name=&quot;Su&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Su LH, Chiu CH |date=2007 |title=Salmonella: clinical importance and evolution of nomenclature |journal=Chang Gung Medical Journal |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=210–219 |pmid=17760271}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya hada da nau'ikan serotypes sama da 2,650. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gal-Mor O, Boyle EC, Grassl GA |date=2014 |title=Same species, different diseases: how and why typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovars differ |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |volume=5 |page=391 |bibcode=2014FrMic...500391G |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2014.00391 |pmc=4120697 |pmid=25136336 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An sanya wa Salmonella suna ne bayan Daniel Elmer Salmon (1850-1914), likitan dabbobi na Amurka.

Nau'in ''Salmonella'' ba su da ƙwayoyin cuta, galibi ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta tare da diamita tsakanin kimanin 0.7 da 1.5 μm, tsawon daga 2 zuwa 5 μm, da kuma peritrichous flagella (duk a kusa da jikin tantanin halitta, yana ba su damar motsawa). &lt;ref name=&quot;Fabrega2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fàbrega A, Vila J |date=April 2013 |title=Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium skills to succeed in the host: virulence and regulation |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=308–341 |bibcode=2013CliMR..26..308F |doi=10.1128/CMR.00066-12 |pmc=3623383 |pmid=23554419}}&lt;/ref&gt; Su ne chemotrophs, suna samun makamashi daga halayen Oxidation da raguwa, ta amfani da tushen kwayoyin. Har ila yau anaerobes ne na zaɓi, wanda ke iya samar da adenosine triphosphate tare da iskar oxygen (&quot;aerobically&quot;) lokacin da yake samuwa, ko amfani da wasu masu karɓar lantarki ko fermentation (&quot;anaerobically&quot;). &lt;ref name=&quot;Fabrega2013&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Tarihin lissafi ==
Salmonella wani yanki ne na dangin Enterobacteriaceae. An sake duba tsarin harajin sa kuma yana da yuwuwar rikicewa. Halin halittar ya ƙunshi nau'i biyu, S. bongori da S. enterica, na ƙarshensu ya kasu kashi shida: S. e. enterica, S. e. salama, S.e. Arizona, S.e. diarizonae, S.e. houtenae, da S.e. nuni [1] [2] Ƙungiyar taxonomic ta ƙunshi fiye da 2500 serotypes (kuma serovars) da aka ayyana bisa tushen somatic O (lipopolysaccharide) da flagellar H antigens (kauffman-White rarrabuwa). An ba da cikakken sunan serotype a matsayin, misali, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Typhimurium, amma ana iya rage shi zuwa Salmonella Typhimurium. Further differentiation of strains to assist clinical and epidemiological investigation may be achieved by antibiotic sensitivity testing and by other molecular biology techniques such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing, and, increasingly, whole genome sequencing. A tarihi, an rarraba salmonellae a asibiti a matsayin masu cin zarafi (typhoidal) ko kuma mara amfani (nontyphoidal salmonellae) dangane da fifikon masaukin baki da bayyanar cututtuka a cikin mutane.[3]

== Tarihi ==
Karl Eberth ne ya fara ganin ''''Salmonella'''' a cikin 1880 a cikin takardun Peyer da spleens na marasa lafiya na typhoid. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Eberth CJ |date=1880-07-01 |title=Die Organismen in den Organen bei Typhus abdominalis |journal=Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medicin |language=de |volume=81 |issue=1 |pages=58–74 |doi=10.1007/BF01995472 |s2cid=6979333}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shekaru hudu bayan haka, Georg Theodor Gaffky ya sami damar girma da kwayar cutar a cikin al'ada mai tsarki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hardy A |date=August 1999 |title=Food, hygiene, and the laboratory. A short history of food poisoning in Britain, circa 1850-1950 |journal=Social History of Medicine |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=293–311 |doi=10.1093/shm/12.2.293 |pmid=11623930}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shekara guda bayan haka, masanin kimiyyar binciken likita [[Theobald Smith]] ya gano abin da daga baya za a san shi da ''Salmonella enterica'' (var. Choleraesuis). A lokacin, Smith yana aiki a matsayin mataimakin dakin gwaje-gwaje na bincike a Sashen Kula da Dabbobi na Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka. Rukunin ya kasance a karkashin gwamnatin Daniel Elmer Salmon, likitan dabbobi.&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008-07-03 |title=FDA/CFSAN—Food Safety A to Z Reference Guide—Salmonella |url=http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/a2z-s.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302092542/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/a2z-s.html |archive-date=2009-03-02 |access-date=2009-02-14 |website=FDA–Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da farko, an yi tunanin Salmonella Choleraesuis shine mai haifar da kwalara ta alade, don haka Salmon da Smith sun kira shi &quot;Hog-cholera bacillus&quot;. Ba a yi amfani da sunan Salmonella ba har zuwa 1900, lokacin da Joseph Leon Lignières ya ba da shawarar cewa a kira kwayar cutar da ƙungiyar Salmon ta gano Salmonella don girmama shi. : 16 {{Rp|16}}

A ƙarshen shekarun 1930, masanin ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta na Australiya Nancy Atkinson ya kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje na ''Salmonella'' - ɗaya daga cikin uku kawai a duniya a lokacin - a Gidan gwaje-gaje na Pathology da Bacteriology na Gwamnatin Kudancin Australia a [[Adelaide]] (daga baya Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya da Kimiyya ta Dabbobi). A nan ne Atkinson ya bayyana sabbin nau'ikan salmonella da yawa, gami da Salmonella Adelaide, wanda aka ware a 1943. Atkinson ta buga aikinta kan salmonellas a shekara ta 1957. 

== Serootyping ==
Ana yin serotyping ta hanyar haɗakar sel tare da antibodies don wani antigen. Zai iya ba da ra'ayi game da haɗari. Binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2014 ya nuna cewa S. Reading ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin samfurori na matasa, amma ba mai ba da gudummawa ga salmonellosis na mutum ba.[1] Serotyping na iya taimakawa wajen gano tushen gurɓata ta hanyar daidaita serotypes a cikin mutanen da ke da serotypes cikin tushen kamuwa da cuta.[2] Za'a iya gano maganin rigakafi mai dacewa daga sanannen juriya na serotype.[3]

Sabbin hanyoyin &quot;serotyping&quot; sun haɗa da xMAP da PCR na ainihi, hanyoyi biyu da suka danganci jerin DNA maimakon halayen rigakafi. Wadannan hanyoyin na iya zama da sauri, godiya ga ci gaba a fasahar tsarawa. Wadannan tsarin &quot;molecular serotyping&quot; a zahiri suna yin kwayar halitta na kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke ƙayyade antigen na surface.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Luo Y, Huang C, Ye J, Octavia S, Wang H, Dunbar SA, Jin D, Tang YW, Lan R |date=2020-09-07 |title=Comparison of xMAP ''Salmonella'' Serotyping Assay With Traditional Serotyping and Discordance Resolution by Whole Genome Sequencing |journal=Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology |volume=10 |doi=10.3389/fcimb.2020.00452 |pmc=7504902 |pmid=33014887 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nair S, Patel V, Hickey T, Maguire C, Greig DR, Lee W, Godbole G, Grant K, Chattaway MA |date=August 2019 |title=Real-Time PCR Assay for Differentiation of Typhoidal and Nontyphoidal ''Salmonella'' |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=57 |issue=8 |doi=10.1128/JCM.00167-19 |pmc=6663909 |pmid=31167843}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lobomycosis</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1221308534|Lobomycosis]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="4857" sha1="33p7j3s48mlvm4t1f191mib8ld9mqck" xml:space="preserve">'''Lobomycosis''' kamuwa ne da cuta a [[fata]]. Yawancin lokaci yana gabatar da bumps a cikin fata, kumbura mai ƙarfi, raunin fata mai zurfi, ko kumburi mai tsanani.

''Lacazia loboi'' (wanda ake kira ''Loboa loboi'') ne ya haifar da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;emed&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Honda |first=Kord |last2=Horner, Kyle |year=2006 |title=Lobomycosis |url=http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic832.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212221750/http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic832.htm |archive-date=2022-02-12 |access-date=2007-01-18 |publisher=eMedicine}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana watsawa gabaɗaya ta hanyar hulɗa kai tsaye da ruwa mai gurbatawa, ƙasa, ciyayi, ko ta hanyar hulɗar kai tsaye da dolphin mai kamuwa da cuta.

Binciken shine ta hanyar gano ''Lacazia laboi'' a cikin rauni.

Wannan cuta yawanci ana samun ta a cikin mutane &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Elsayed S, Kuhn SM, Barber D, Church DL, Adams S, Kasper R |date=April 2004 |title=Human case of lobomycosis |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=715–8 |doi=10.3201/eid1004.030416 |pmc=3323076 |pmid=15200867}}&lt;/ref&gt; da dolphins na bottlenose, tare da yiwuwar haɗarin yaduwa daga jinsin zuwa ɗayan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Reif |first=John S. |last2=Schaefer |first2=Adam M. |last3=Bossart |first3=Gregory D. |date=2013-10-01 |title=Lobomycosis: risk of zoonotic transmission from dolphins to humans |journal=Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages=689–693 |doi=10.1089/vbz.2012.1280 |issn=1557-7759 |pmc=3787463 |pmid=23919604}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masanin ilimin fata na Brazil [[Jorge Lobo]] ne ya gano shi. Sauran sunayen da aka ba cutar sune: keloidal blastomycosis, Amazon blastomychosis, blastomycoid granuloma, miraip da piraip. Wadannan sunaye biyu na ƙarshe sun ba da 'yan asalin Amazon kuma suna nufin ''abin da ke ƙonewa''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Valdebran |first=Manuel |date=14 April 2017 |title=Lobomycosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1092451-overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522070400/https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1092451-overview |archive-date=22 May 2023 |access-date=17 September 2021 |website=Medscape |publisher=WebMD}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
Cutar ta zama ruwan dare a yankunan karkara a Kudancin Amurka da Amurka ta tsakiya. Cutar ta fi tasowa bayan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin kwari, amma marasa lafiya da yawa ba za su iya tunawa da wani rauni a fata ba. Rashin yaduwar mutum zuwa mutum ba ya faruwa, kuma cutar tana samuwa ne kawai daga muhalli.[1] Cutar tana bayyana a matsayin cututtukan Keloidal nodular na yau da kullun a kunnuwa, kafafu, ko hannu.[2]
[[Fayil:Lobomycosis-fungus-lesions.jpg|thumb|Raunin Lobomycosis a kan fatar dolphin mai kwalliya]]
Ana yin ganewar cutar Lobo ta hanyar ɗaukar samfurin fata mai kamuwa da cuta (bincike na fata) da kuma bincika shi a ƙarƙashin microscope. ''Lacazia loboi'' yana da halayyar dogon sarkar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin da aka haɗa ta hanyar tubules. Kwayoyin sun bayyana kamar [[Yis|yisti]] tare da diamita na 5 zuwa 12 μm. Kokarin al'adun ''L. loboi&amp;nbsp;'' ya zuwa yanzu bai yi nasara ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;goncalves-2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |year=2022 |title=Lobomycosis Epidemiology and Management: The Quest for a Cure for the Most Neglected of Neglected Tropical Diseases |journal=Journal of Fungi |volume=8 |issue=5 |page=494 |doi=10.3390/jof8050494 |pmc=9144079 |pmid=35628750 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Magani ==
Excision na tiyata ko cryosurgery shine maganin zabi. An yi la'akari da maganin rigakafi ba shi da tasiri, amma an gano amfani da clofazimine da dapsone a cikin marasa lafiya tare da [[kuturta]] da lobomycosis don inganta ƙarshen. An yi amfani da wannan tsarin magani, tare da itraconazole mai haɗuwa, don hana sake dawowa bayan tiyata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rosa PS, Soares CT, Belone AF, etal |year=2009 |title=Accidental Jorge Lobo's disease in a worker dealing with ''Lacazia loboi'' infected mice: a case report |journal=Journal of Medical Case Reports |volume=3 |page=67 |doi=10.1186/1752-1947-3-67 |pmc=2647936 |pmid=19220901 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sauran dabbobi ==
Raunin da ke cikin dolphins yana faruwa a kan dorsal fin, kai, [[wiktionary:fluke|flukes]], da peduncle. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2006, an bayar da rahoton yiwuwar annobar lobomycosis a cikin dolphins na Indian River Lagoon a [[Florida]].&lt;ref name=&quot;JAVMA&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Reif JS, Mazzoil MS, McCulloch SD, etal |date=January 2006 |title=Lobomycosis in Atlantic bottlenose dolphins from the Indian River Lagoon, Florida |journal=J Am Vet Med Assoc |volume=228 |issue=1 |pages=104–8 |doi=10.2460/javma.228.1.104 |pmid=16426180 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Kwayar cuta mai kayatarwa</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314548413|Lujo virus]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="5124" sha1="fgbmyscnmr5f7zzbboo3720ngip4gj4" xml:space="preserve">Lujo virus (''Mammarenavirus lujoense'') kwayar cuta ce ta RNA - memba ne na dangin ''Arenaviridae'' - kuma sanannen sanannen cutar zazzabin jini (VHF) a cikin mutane. Sunan ta ya ba da shawarar ne daga Sashin Pathogens na Musamman na Cibiyar Nazarin Cututtuka ta Kasa ta Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa (NICD-NHLS) ta hanyar amfani da haruffa biyu na farko na sunayen biranen da ke da hannu a barkewar cutar ta 2008, [[Lusaka]] (Zambia) da [[Johannesburg]] (Jamhuriyar [[Afirka]] ta Kudu). Ita ce ''Kwayar cutar Arena'' ta biyu da za a bayyana daga nahiyar Afirka - ta farko ita ce kwayar Lassa - kuma tun daga shekarar 2012 an sanya ta a matsayin &quot;Select Agent&quot; a karkashin Dokar Amurka.

== Tarihi ==
An ba da rahoton kamuwa da cutar guda biyar kawai; an gano dukkan biyar a watan Satumba da Oktoba na shekara ta 2008, kuma hudu sun kasance masu kisa. Waɗannan cututtukan da suka zama masu kisa sun haifar da mutuwa a cikin kwanaki 10-13 bayan nuna alamun. Dukkanin marasa lafiya huɗu waɗanda kamuwa da cuta ta zama mai kisa sun fara nuna alamun ingantawa sannan suka shiga cikin matsalar numfashi, sun nuna matsalolin jijiyoyi, kuma suna da matsalolin da suka haifar da rushewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lujo Hemorrhagic Fever (LUHF) {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/lujo/ |access-date=2016-11-10 |website=www.cdc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana gano wannan kwayar cutar ta hanyar fashewar cutar VHF a Johannesburg.&lt;ref name=&quot;Paweska09&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Paweska |first=J. |display-authors=etal |year=2009 |title=Nosocomial outbreak of novel arenavirus infection: Southern Africa |journal=[[Emerg Infect Dis]] |volume=15 |issue=10 |pages=1598–1602 |doi=10.3201/eid1510.090211 |pmc=2866397 |pmid=19861052}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sewlall2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sewlall |first=Nivesh H |last2=Paweska |first2=Janusz T |date=7 December 2017 |title=Lujo virus: current concepts |journal=Virus Adaptation and Treatment |language=en |volume=2017 |issue=9 |pages=41–47 |doi=10.2147/VAAT.S113593 |s2cid=73648784 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gano wannan kwayar cutar ita ce sabuwar kwayar cutar arenavirus ta farko da aka gano a cikin shekaru 40.

Shari'a ta farko ita ce mace mai ba da sabis na tafiye-tafiye wacce ke zaune a wajen Lusaka. Ta kamu da zazzabi, wanda ya ci gaba da wucewa. An kwashe ta zuwa Johannesburg don magani. Kusan makonni biyu bayan haka, likita da ya kula da mai haƙuri a kan jirgin zuwa Afirka ta Kudu shi ma ya yi rashin lafiya kuma an kawo shi Johannesburg don magani. A wannan lokacin, likitan da ke asibitin Johannesburg ya gane alaƙar da ke tsakanin waɗannan marasa lafiya biyu. Tare da NICD-NHLS an gane cutar asibiti ta VHF kuma an gabatar da samfurori daga mai haƙuri na biyu don tabbatar da dakin gwaje-gwaje. Bugu da kari, mai tsabta da ma'aikaciyar jinya da ke hulɗa da mara lafiya na farko suma sun yi rashin lafiya. Ma'aikaciyar ma'aikaci ta biyu ta kamu da cutar ta hanyar hulɗa da likitan asibiti. Cutar tana da yawan mutuwar mutane tare da 4 daga cikin 5 da aka gano wanda ya haifar da mutuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sewlall2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sewlall |first=Nivesh H |last2=Paweska |first2=Janusz T |date=7 December 2017 |title=Lujo virus: current concepts |journal=Virus Adaptation and Treatment |language=en |volume=2017 |issue=9 |pages=41–47 |doi=10.2147/VAAT.S113593 |s2cid=73648784 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSewlallPaweska2017&quot;&gt;Sewlall, Nivesh H; Paweska, Janusz T (7 December 2017). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwayoyin cuta daga dangin Arenaviridae, wanda kwayar cutar Lujo ta kasance, kusan koyaushe suna da tafkin dabba, tare da kwayar cuta ɗaya a cikin iyali da ke da tafkin jemagu. Saduwa da mai karɓar ƙwayar cuta, fitsarinsa ko kwayoyin cuta, numfashi na ƙura tare da ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin, ko cin abinci da ke dauke da ragowar kwayar cuta na iya haifar da kamuwa da cuta ta mutum. Hakanan watsawa na iya faruwa ta hanyar hulɗa tsakanin mutum da mutum, kamar yadda shari'o'i 5 daga 2008 suka tabbatar, amma har yanzu ba a bayyana yadda aka yi kwangila da shari'ar farko ba. Ya kamata a dauki duka jemagu da rodents a matsayin wuraren tuntuɓar da za a iya samu, kawai don su kasance lafiya.[1] Kodayake ba a san shi da tabbaci ba, an yi hasashen cewa yaduwar mutum zuwa mutum tana faruwa ne daga hulɗa da ruwa na jiki. Ana sa ran lokacin shayarwa zai kasance kwanaki 7-13.[2]

== Rarraba ==

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
Alamun VHF sun bayyana kama da sauran ƙwayoyin cuta na iyali ɗaya, kamar zazzabin Lassa. Alamomin da aka sani sun haɗa da kumburi a wuyansa da fuska, ciwon makogwaro, zawo, da kuma rash mai kama da kyanda a fuska da jiki. Gwaje-gwaje na jini na waɗanda suka kamu da cutar sun nuna ƙimar hanta mai girma, ƙididdigar ƙwayoyin jini da suka fara ƙarancin ƙasa sannan kuma suka tashi a tsawon lokaci, da ƙididdigatattun ƙwayoyin cuta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lujo Hemorrhagic Fever (LUHF) Signs and Symptoms |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/lujo/symptoms/index.html |access-date=2016-11-10 |website=www.cdc.gov |publisher=CDC}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cutar ƙwaro</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344772092|Hookworm infection]]&quot;</comment>
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Cutar Hookworm kamuwa ce ta hanyar wani nau'in kwayar cuta da aka sani da hookworm . &lt;ref name=&quot;CDC21014FAQ&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 December 2014 |title=CDC - Hookworm - General Information - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/gen_info/faqs.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422212958/https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/gen_info/faqs.html |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Prevention |first=CDC - Centers for Disease Control and |title=CDC - Hookworm - Biology |url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/biology.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621072840/https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/biology.html |archive-date=21 June 2017 |access-date=21 June 2017 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da farko, ƙishirwa da rash na iya faruwa a wurin kamuwa da cuta. Wadanda kawai ke fama da tsutsotsi kaɗan bazai nuna alamun ba. Wadanda suka kamu da tsutsotsi da yawa na iya fuskantar [[Ciwon ciki]], zawo, asarar nauyi, da [[Rashin karfi|gajiya]]. Ci gaban tunani da na jiki na yara na iya shafar. [[Rashin jini]] na iya haifar da hakan.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC21014FAQ&quot; /&gt;

Cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta guda biyu a cikin mutane sune ancylostomiasis da Necatoriasis, wanda jinsin ''Ancylostoma duodenal'' da ''Necator americanus'' suka haifar bi da bi. Ana ajiye ƙwai na Hookworm a cikin kujerun mutanen da suka kamu da cutar. Idan waɗannan sun ƙare a cikin mahalli, za su iya fitowa cikin tsutsotsi (ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru), wanda zai iya shiga cikin fata. Hakanan ana iya yaduwa ta hanyar abinci mai gurbatawa. Abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da tafiya ba tare da kafafu ba a yanayin zafi, inda tsafta ba ta da kyau. Ana gano shi ne ta hanyar nazarin samfurin turare tare da microscope.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC21014FAQ&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 December 2014 |title=CDC - Hookworm - General Information - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/gen_info/faqs.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422212958/https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/gen_info/faqs.html |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/gen_info/faqs.html &quot;CDC - Hookworm - General Information - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)&quot;]. ''www.cdc.gov''. 16 December 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170422212958/https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/gen_info/faqs.html Archived] from the original on 22 April 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 April&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana iya rage haɗarin kamuwa da cuta a mataki mutum ta hanyar kada a yi tafiya tsirara a wuraren da cutar ta zama ruwan dare. A matakin yawan jama'a, rage zubar da ciki a waje, ba tare da amfani da datti a matsayin taki ba, da kuma zubar da tsutsotsi suna da tasiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC21014FAQ&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 December 2014 |title=CDC - Hookworm - General Information - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/gen_info/faqs.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422212958/https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/gen_info/faqs.html |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/gen_info/faqs.html &quot;CDC - Hookworm - General Information - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)&quot;]. ''www.cdc.gov''. 16 December 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170422212958/https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/gen_info/faqs.html Archived] from the original on 22 April 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 April&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Magani yawanci yana da magungunan albendazole ko mebendazole na kwana ɗaya zuwa uku. Ana iya buƙatar Ƙarin ƙarfe a cikin waɗanda ke da ƙarancin jini.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 January 2013 |title=CDC - Hookworm - Treatment |url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/treatment.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423151812/https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/treatment.html |archive-date=23 April 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hookworms sun kamu da kusan mutane miliyan 428 a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vos |first=Theo |last2=Allen |first2=Christine |last3=Arora |first3=Megha |last4=Barber |first4=Ryan M. |last5=Bhutta |first5=Zulfiqar A. |last6=Brown |first6=Alexandria |last7=Carter |first7=Austin |last8=Casey |first8=Daniel C. |last9=Charlson |first9=Fiona J. |last10=Chen |first10=Alan Z. |last11=Coggeshall |first11=Megan |last12=Cornaby |first12=Leslie |last13=Dandona |first13=Lalit |last14=Dicker |first14=Daniel J. |last15=Dilegge |first15=Tina |display-authors=1 |date=8 October 2016 |title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. |journal=Lancet |volume=388 |issue=10053 |pages=1545–1602 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 |pmc=5055577 |pmid=27733282}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cututtuka masu tsanani na iya faruwa a cikin yara da manya, amma ba su da yawa a cikin manya.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013Dise&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 January 2013 |title=CDC - Hookworm - Disease |url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/disease.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423152222/https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/disease.html |archive-date=23 April 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna da wuya a kashe su.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Haidong |last2=Naghavi |first2=Mohsen |last3=Allen |first3=Christine |last4=Barber |first4=Ryan M. |last5=Bhutta |first5=Zulfiqar A. |last6=Carter |first6=Austin |last7=Casey |first7=Daniel C. |last8=Charlson |first8=Fiona J. |last9=Chen |first9=Alan Zian |last10=Coates |first10=Matthew M. |last11=Coggeshall |first11=Megan |last12=Dandona |first12=Lalit |last13=Dicker |first13=Daniel J. |last14=Erskine |first14=Holly E. |last15=Ferrari |first15=Alize J. |display-authors=1 |date=8 October 2016 |title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. |journal=Lancet |volume=388 |issue=10053 |pages=1459–1544 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |pmc=5388903 |pmid=27733281}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cutar Hookworm ce ta ƙwayoyin cuta da ke yaduwa a ƙasa kuma an rarraba ta a matsayin Cutar da aka yi watsi da ita.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 6, 2011 |title=Neglected Tropical Diseases |url=https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204084219/http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/index.html |archive-date=4 December 2014 |access-date=28 November 2014 |website=cdc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alamomi da alamomi ==


Harin larval na fata (yawanci a Amurka) na iya haifar da cutar fata da ake kira cutaneous larva migrans wanda aka fi sani da fashewa. Masu ba da gudummawa na waɗannan tsutsotsi ba mutane ba ne kuma tsutsotsi na iya shiga cikin saman biyar na fata, inda suke haifar da tsananin ƙishirwa, yawanci a kan ƙafa ko ƙafar ƙasa, wanda aka sani da ƙishirwa a ƙasa. Wannan kamuwa da cuta ta samo asali ne daga tsutsotsi daga A. braziliense hookworm . Magungunan suna ƙaura a cikin ramin da ke tsakanin stratum basale da stratum corneum na fata, suna haifar da cututtukan Serpiginous vesicular. Tare da ci gaba da motsi na tsutsotsi, sassan baya na rauni sun bushe kuma sun zama masu tsami. Rashin lafiyar yawanci yana da ƙishirwa sosai.[1]

=== Lokacin shayarwa ===
Lokacin shayarwa na iya bambanta tsakanin 'yan makonni zuwa watanni da yawa kuma ya dogara da yawan kwayar cutar hookworm wanda mutum ya kamu da shi.

== Dalilin da ya sa ==
[[Fayil:Ancylostoma_braziliense_mouth_parts_CDC_PHIL_ID1375.jpg|left|thumb|Ancylostoma braziliense mouthparts]]

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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Cutar Hookworm kamuwa ce ta hanyar wani nau'in kwayar cuta da aka sani da hookworm . &lt;ref name=&quot;CDC21014FAQ&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 December 2014 |title=CDC - Hookworm - General Information - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/gen_info/faqs.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422212958/https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/gen_info/faqs.html |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Prevention |first=CDC - Centers for Disease Control and |title=CDC - Hookworm - Biology |url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/biology.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621072840/https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/biology.html |archive-date=21 June 2017 |access-date=21 June 2017 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da farko, ƙishirwa da rash na iya faruwa a wurin kamuwa da cuta. Wadanda kawai ke fama da tsutsotsi kaɗan bazai nuna alamun ba. Wadanda suka kamu da tsutsotsi da yawa na iya fuskantar [[Ciwon ciki]], zawo, asarar nauyi, da [[Rashin karfi|gajiya]]. Ci gaban tunani da na jiki na yara na iya shafar. [[Rashin jini]] na iya haifar da hakan.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC21014FAQ&quot; /&gt;

Cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta guda biyu a cikin mutane sune ancylostomiasis da Necatoriasis, wanda jinsin ''Ancylostoma duodenal'' da ''Necator americanus'' suka haifar bi da bi. Ana ajiye ƙwai na Hookworm a cikin kujerun mutanen da suka kamu da cutar. Idan waɗannan sun ƙare a cikin mahalli, za su iya fitowa cikin tsutsotsi (ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru), wanda zai iya shiga cikin fata. Hakanan ana iya yaduwa ta hanyar abinci mai gurbatawa. Abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da tafiya ba tare da kafafu ba a yanayin zafi, inda tsafta ba ta da kyau. Ana gano shi ne ta hanyar nazarin samfurin turare tare da microscope.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC21014FAQ&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 December 2014 |title=CDC - Hookworm - General Information - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/gen_info/faqs.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422212958/https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/gen_info/faqs.html |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/gen_info/faqs.html &quot;CDC - Hookworm - General Information - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)&quot;]. ''www.cdc.gov''. 16 December 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170422212958/https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/gen_info/faqs.html Archived] from the original on 22 April 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 April&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana iya rage haɗarin kamuwa da cuta a mataki mutum ta hanyar kada a yi tafiya tsirara a wuraren da cutar ta zama ruwan dare. A matakin yawan jama'a, rage zubar da ciki a waje, ba tare da amfani da datti a matsayin taki ba, da kuma zubar da tsutsotsi suna da tasiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC21014FAQ&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 December 2014 |title=CDC - Hookworm - General Information - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/gen_info/faqs.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422212958/https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/gen_info/faqs.html |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/gen_info/faqs.html &quot;CDC - Hookworm - General Information - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)&quot;]. ''www.cdc.gov''. 16 December 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170422212958/https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/gen_info/faqs.html Archived] from the original on 22 April 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 April&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Magani yawanci yana da magungunan albendazole ko mebendazole na kwana ɗaya zuwa uku. Ana iya buƙatar Ƙarin ƙarfe a cikin waɗanda ke da ƙarancin jini.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 January 2013 |title=CDC - Hookworm - Treatment |url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/treatment.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423151812/https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/treatment.html |archive-date=23 April 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hookworms sun kamu da kusan mutane miliyan 428 a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vos |first=Theo |last2=Allen |first2=Christine |last3=Arora |first3=Megha |last4=Barber |first4=Ryan M. |last5=Bhutta |first5=Zulfiqar A. |last6=Brown |first6=Alexandria |last7=Carter |first7=Austin |last8=Casey |first8=Daniel C. |last9=Charlson |first9=Fiona J. |last10=Chen |first10=Alan Z. |last11=Coggeshall |first11=Megan |last12=Cornaby |first12=Leslie |last13=Dandona |first13=Lalit |last14=Dicker |first14=Daniel J. |last15=Dilegge |first15=Tina |display-authors=1 |date=8 October 2016 |title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. |journal=Lancet |volume=388 |issue=10053 |pages=1545–1602 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 |pmc=5055577 |pmid=27733282}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cututtuka masu tsanani na iya faruwa a cikin yara da manya, amma ba su da yawa a cikin manya.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2013Dise&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 January 2013 |title=CDC - Hookworm - Disease |url=https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/disease.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423152222/https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/disease.html |archive-date=23 April 2017 |access-date=22 April 2017 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna da wuya a kashe su.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Haidong |last2=Naghavi |first2=Mohsen |last3=Allen |first3=Christine |last4=Barber |first4=Ryan M. |last5=Bhutta |first5=Zulfiqar A. |last6=Carter |first6=Austin |last7=Casey |first7=Daniel C. |last8=Charlson |first8=Fiona J. |last9=Chen |first9=Alan Zian |last10=Coates |first10=Matthew M. |last11=Coggeshall |first11=Megan |last12=Dandona |first12=Lalit |last13=Dicker |first13=Daniel J. |last14=Erskine |first14=Holly E. |last15=Ferrari |first15=Alize J. |display-authors=1 |date=8 October 2016 |title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. |journal=Lancet |volume=388 |issue=10053 |pages=1459–1544 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |pmc=5388903 |pmid=27733281}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cutar Hookworm ce ta ƙwayoyin cuta da ke yaduwa a ƙasa kuma an rarraba ta a matsayin Cutar da aka yi watsi da ita.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 6, 2011 |title=Neglected Tropical Diseases |url=https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204084219/http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/index.html |archive-date=4 December 2014 |access-date=28 November 2014 |website=cdc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alamomi da alamomi ==


Harin larval na fata (yawanci a Amurka) na iya haifar da cutar fata da ake kira cutaneous larva migrans wanda aka fi sani da fashewa. Masu ba da gudummawa na waɗannan tsutsotsi ba mutane ba ne kuma tsutsotsi na iya shiga cikin saman biyar na fata, inda suke haifar da tsananin ƙishirwa, yawanci a kan ƙafa ko ƙafar ƙasa, wanda aka sani da ƙishirwa a ƙasa. Wannan kamuwa da cuta ta samo asali ne daga tsutsotsi daga A. braziliense hookworm . Magungunan suna ƙaura a cikin ramin da ke tsakanin stratum basale da stratum corneum na fata, suna haifar da cututtukan Serpiginous vesicular. Tare da ci gaba da motsi na tsutsotsi, sassan baya na rauni sun bushe kuma sun zama masu tsami. Rashin lafiyar yawanci yana da ƙishirwa sosai.[1]

=== Lokacin shayarwa ===
Lokacin shayarwa na iya bambanta tsakanin 'yan makonni zuwa watanni da yawa kuma ya dogara da yawan kwayar cutar hookworm wanda mutum ya kamu da shi.

== Dalilin da ya sa ==
[[Fayil:Ancylostoma_braziliense_mouth_parts_CDC_PHIL_ID1375.jpg|left|thumb|Ancylostoma braziliense mouthparts]]

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Binciken firamare na Jami'ar Minnesota</title>
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        <id>45710</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326335234|University of Minnesota primate research]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="6040" sha1="lqpeqhjb6m7jrvrbw23roxkcpcyji17" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;'''Jami'ar Minnesota''' tana gudanar da '''bincike da dama da suka shafi dabbobin da ba na ɗan adam ba''', musamman bincike kan jarabar miyagun ƙwayoyi. Binciken ya jawo hankalin ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin dabbobi na gida da na ƙasa, musamman nazarin jarabar miyagun ƙwayoyi na Marilyn Carroll, wanda take yi a kan dabbobin da ba na dabbobi ba, beraye, da beraye.

Binciken Carroll ya ƙunshi horar da birai da beraye &amp;#x2014; misali ta hanyar takaita cin abinci  &amp;#x2014; don ba da kansu magungunan da mutane ke amfani da su ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. A cikin gwaje-gwajen, dabbobin suna shan barasa, suna shan taba, kuma ana ba su cocaine, heroin, caffeine, nicotine, da barasa ta hanyar jijiya (beraye ne kawai ke ba da kansu ta hanyar jijiya).  Ta rubuta cewa &quot;an tsara matakai da dama na tsarin jaraba, kamar siyan, kulawa, janyewa, sha'awa, da kuma komawa baya.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;biography&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marilyn E. Carroll, Ph.D. |url=http://www.neurosci.umn.edu/faculty/carroll.html |access-date=2007-10-09 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aikinta ya nuna cewa magungunan rage radadi da canje-canje a halaye ko muhalli, kamar ƙara ruwan sha mai ɗanɗano, suna rage shan magunguna da kansu a cikin dabbobin dakin gwaje-gwaje. &lt;ref name=&quot;biography&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marilyn E. Carroll, Ph.D. |url=http://www.neurosci.umn.edu/faculty/carroll.html |access-date=2007-10-09 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu canje-canje, kamar iyakance shan abinci, sun haifar da ƙaruwar shan magunguna. 

Aikin Carroll ya kuma nuna cewa birai za su fusata su kuma yi wa kansu rauni idan aka tilasta musu shan hodar iblis; ta lura a cikin wata mujalla: &quot;Monkey MV ya fara tashin hankali da kuma jin daɗi lokacin da yake shan hodar iblis. Yanayin M-V ya ƙara tsananta kuma ya faru da halayen yanke kai, musamman cizon yankin ƙafar sama [...] Wani biri ya nuna halin zalunci da yanke kai a wannan lokacin, yana jefa kansa a gefe da saman kejinsa. Sakamakon haka, ya kamu da sinusitis da cututtukan fata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fact sheet |url=http://www.kinshipcircle.org/fact_sheets/VivisectionHallOfShame.pdf |access-date=2019-07-04 |website=www.kinshipcircle.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zanga-zangar kare haƙƙin dabbobi (1986-Yanzu) ===
Aikin Carroll kan birai da sauran nau'ikan halittu ya jawo hankalin ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin dabbobi, ciki har da ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin dabbobi ta Animal Liberation Front (ALF).  An fara gudanar da zanga-zanga a wajen dakin gwaje-gwajenta a shekarar 1986.  Daga baya an aika hotunan gwaje-gwajen dabbobi zuwa maƙwabtanta 400, kuma an yi wa gidanta kawanya.  &lt;ref name=&quot;chronicle&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 1997, an yanke wa Freeman Wicklund na ƙungiyar ɗaliban da ke kare haƙƙin dabbobi ta jami'ar hukuncin ɗaurin kwanaki 90 a gidan yari bayan ya mamaye ofishin shugaban jami'ar don nuna rashin amincewa da binciken Carroll. Wicklund ya mayar da martani ta hanyar fara yajin cin abinci, wanda ya gaya wa manema labarai zai daɗe har sai an sake shi; an sake shi makonni biyu bayan haka kuma aka ba shi shekara ɗaya a matsayin gwaji. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rudacille181&quot; /&gt; Carroll ya sami umarnin hana SOAR, ALF, da wasu masu zanga-zangar, ciki har da Wicklund.  A shekarar 1998, Wicklund ya yi Allah wadai da ALF, fafutukarsa ta baya, kuma ya yi shelar rungumar zaman lafiya; Wannan matakin ya haifar da raguwar kamfen ɗin da ake yi wa binciken Marilyn Carroll. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Talon Conspiracy » Utah Snitching Epidemic |url=http://thetalonconspiracy.com/tag/utah-snitching-epidemic/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223024140/http://thetalonconspiracy.com/tag/utah-snitching-epidemic/ |archive-date=2015-02-23 |access-date=2015-03-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Birnin da take zaune (Mahtomedi, MN) tun daga lokacin ya zartar da wata doka da ke ƙoƙarin hana masu fafutuka yin zanga-zanga a gidanta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ci.mahtomedi.mn.us/vertical/sites/%7BB983F313-8CF2-4BB7-8CFD-8AC05AAF37F6%7D/uploads/Chapter_9_-_Miscellaneous_Offenses.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402102512/http://www.ci.mahtomedi.mn.us/vertical/sites/%7BB983F313-8CF2-4BB7-8CFD-8AC05AAF37F6%7D/uploads/Chapter_9_-_Miscellaneous_Offenses.pdf |archive-date=2015-04-02 |access-date=2015-03-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tare da waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ƙasa, ayyukan Carroll sun kasance abin da ƙungiyoyin gida ke ci gaba da mayar da hankali a kai ta hanyar zanga-zangar da ake yi a harabar jami'a, rataye tutoci, da sauran hanyoyin aika saƙonnin harabar jami'a. Ƙungiyoyin da ke aiki a kan wannan batu sun haɗa da Ci gaban Kimiyya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=University of Minnesota: Marilyn Carroll's Addiction Studies &amp;#124; Progress for Science |url=http://progressforscience.com/university-of-minnesota-marilyn-carrolls-addiction-studies/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317151135/http://progressforscience.com/university-of-minnesota-marilyn-carrolls-addiction-studies/ |archive-date=2015-03-17 |access-date=2015-03-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma kamfen ɗin &quot;Babu Jin Daɗi a Sunana&quot; na Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Dabbobi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=No Pain In My Name |url=https://www.facebook.com/nopaininmyname/ |website=www.facebook.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

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{{Databox}}

'''Jami'ar Minnesota''' tana gudanar da '''bincike da dama da suka shafi dabbobin da ba na ɗan adam ba''', musamman bincike kan jarabar miyagun ƙwayoyi. Binciken ya jawo hankalin ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin dabbobi na gida da na ƙasa, musamman nazarin jarabar miyagun ƙwayoyi na Marilyn Carroll, wanda take yi a kan dabbobin da ba na dabbobi ba, beraye, da beraye.

Binciken Carroll ya ƙunshi horar da birai da beraye &amp;#x2014; misali ta hanyar takaita cin abinci  &amp;#x2014; don ba da kansu magungunan da mutane ke amfani da su ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. A cikin gwaje-gwajen, dabbobin suna shan barasa, suna shan taba, kuma ana ba su cocaine, heroin, caffeine, nicotine, da barasa ta hanyar jijiya (beraye ne kawai ke ba da kansu ta hanyar jijiya).  Ta rubuta cewa &quot;an tsara matakai da dama na tsarin jaraba, kamar siyan, kulawa, janyewa, sha'awa, da kuma komawa baya.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;biography&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marilyn E. Carroll, Ph.D. |url=http://www.neurosci.umn.edu/faculty/carroll.html |access-date=2007-10-09 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aikinta ya nuna cewa magungunan rage radadi da canje-canje a halaye ko muhalli, kamar ƙara ruwan sha mai ɗanɗano, suna rage shan magunguna da kansu a cikin dabbobin dakin gwaje-gwaje. &lt;ref name=&quot;biography&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Marilyn E. Carroll, Ph.D. |url=http://www.neurosci.umn.edu/faculty/carroll.html |access-date=2007-10-09 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu canje-canje, kamar iyakance shan abinci, sun haifar da ƙaruwar shan magunguna. 

Aikin Carroll ya kuma nuna cewa birai za su fusata su kuma yi wa kansu rauni idan aka tilasta musu shan hodar iblis; ta lura a cikin wata mujalla: &quot;Monkey MV ya fara tashin hankali da kuma jin daɗi lokacin da yake shan hodar iblis. Yanayin M-V ya ƙara tsananta kuma ya faru da halayen yanke kai, musamman cizon yankin ƙafar sama [...] Wani biri ya nuna halin zalunci da yanke kai a wannan lokacin, yana jefa kansa a gefe da saman kejinsa. Sakamakon haka, ya kamu da sinusitis da cututtukan fata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fact sheet |url=http://www.kinshipcircle.org/fact_sheets/VivisectionHallOfShame.pdf |access-date=2019-07-04 |website=www.kinshipcircle.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zanga-zangar kare haƙƙin dabbobi (1986-Yanzu) ===
Aikin Carroll kan birai da sauran nau'ikan halittu ya jawo hankalin ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin dabbobi, ciki har da ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin dabbobi ta Animal Liberation Front (ALF).  An fara gudanar da zanga-zanga a wajen dakin gwaje-gwajenta a shekarar 1986.  Daga baya an aika hotunan gwaje-gwajen dabbobi zuwa maƙwabtanta 400, kuma an yi wa gidanta kawanya.  &lt;ref name=&quot;chronicle&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 1997, an yanke wa Freeman Wicklund na ƙungiyar ɗaliban da ke kare haƙƙin dabbobi ta jami'ar hukuncin ɗaurin kwanaki 90 a gidan yari bayan ya mamaye ofishin shugaban jami'ar don nuna rashin amincewa da binciken Carroll. Wicklund ya mayar da martani ta hanyar fara yajin cin abinci, wanda ya gaya wa manema labarai zai daɗe har sai an sake shi; an sake shi makonni biyu bayan haka kuma aka ba shi shekara ɗaya a matsayin gwaji. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rudacille181&quot; /&gt; Carroll ya sami umarnin hana SOAR, ALF, da wasu masu zanga-zangar, ciki har da Wicklund.  A shekarar 1998, Wicklund ya yi Allah wadai da ALF, fafutukarsa ta baya, kuma ya yi shelar rungumar zaman lafiya; Wannan matakin ya haifar da raguwar kamfen ɗin da ake yi wa binciken Marilyn Carroll. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Talon Conspiracy » Utah Snitching Epidemic |url=http://thetalonconspiracy.com/tag/utah-snitching-epidemic/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223024140/http://thetalonconspiracy.com/tag/utah-snitching-epidemic/ |archive-date=2015-02-23 |access-date=2015-03-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Birnin da take zaune (Mahtomedi, MN) tun daga lokacin ya zartar da wata doka da ke ƙoƙarin hana masu fafutuka yin zanga-zanga a gidanta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ci.mahtomedi.mn.us/vertical/sites/%7BB983F313-8CF2-4BB7-8CFD-8AC05AAF37F6%7D/uploads/Chapter_9_-_Miscellaneous_Offenses.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402102512/http://www.ci.mahtomedi.mn.us/vertical/sites/%7BB983F313-8CF2-4BB7-8CFD-8AC05AAF37F6%7D/uploads/Chapter_9_-_Miscellaneous_Offenses.pdf |archive-date=2015-04-02 |access-date=2015-03-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tare da waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ƙasa, ayyukan Carroll sun kasance abin da ƙungiyoyin gida ke ci gaba da mayar da hankali a kai ta hanyar zanga-zangar da ake yi a harabar jami'a, rataye tutoci, da sauran hanyoyin aika saƙonnin harabar jami'a. Ƙungiyoyin da ke aiki a kan wannan batu sun haɗa da Ci gaban Kimiyya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=University of Minnesota: Marilyn Carroll's Addiction Studies &amp;#124; Progress for Science |url=http://progressforscience.com/university-of-minnesota-marilyn-carrolls-addiction-studies/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317151135/http://progressforscience.com/university-of-minnesota-marilyn-carrolls-addiction-studies/ |archive-date=2015-03-17 |access-date=2015-03-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma kamfen ɗin &quot;Babu Jin Daɗi a Sunana&quot; na Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Dabbobi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=No Pain In My Name |url=https://www.facebook.com/nopaininmyname/ |website=www.facebook.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

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    <title>Tsuntsu na fata</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354923257|Cutaneous larva migrans]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="6227" sha1="cpvdtfswuvgvyuw24q0jb8y8sdoi4g4" xml:space="preserve">Cutaneous larva migrans (abbreviated '''CLM''') cuta ce ta fata a cikin mutane, wanda ya haifar da tsutsotsi na wasu cututtukan nematode na dangin hookworm (Ancylostomatidae). Kwayoyin suna zaune a cikin hanji na karnuka, cats, da dabbobin daji; bai kamata a rikita su da sauran mambobin dangin hookworm ba wanda mutane suka zama masu ba da gudummawa, ƙwaro ''Ancylostoma duodenal'' da ''Necator americanus''.

An kira shi fashewar fashewa &lt;ref name=&quot;treatment_1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=BOTERO |first=DAVID |last2=RESTREPO |first2=MARCOS |date=1 May 2000 |title=PARASITOSIS HUMANAS |url=https://www.academia.edu/42097954 |format=PDF |journal=Corporacion Para Investigaciones Biologicas |language=es |location=Medellín, Colombia |publication-date=1998 |volume=3rd ed. |pages=340}}&lt;/ref&gt; saboda gabatarwarsa, cutar kuma an san ta da ƙishirwa ko (a wasu sassan kudancin Amurka) ''sandworms'', kamar yadda tsutsotsi ke son rayuwa a cikin ƙasa mai yashi.&lt;ref name=&quot;treatment_2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Albanese |first=G |last2=Caterina Venturi |last3=Giuseppe Galbiati |year=2001 |title=Treatment of larva migrans cutanea (creeping eruption): a comparison between albendazole and traditional therapy |journal=International Journal of Dermatology |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=67–71 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-4362.2001.01103.x |pmid=11277961 |s2cid=40314184}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani suna na al'ada shine bututun ruwa. Kalmar likita CLM a zahiri tana nufin &quot;tsuntsaye masu yawo a cikin fata&quot;.

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
Cutar tana haifar da ja, mai tsananin fashewa (itchy) kuma tana iya kama da cututtukan da ke juyawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaud&quot; /&gt; Cutar na iya zama mai raɗaɗi sosai kuma idan an ɗaure shi na iya ba da damar kamuwa da kwayar cuta ta biyu ta ci gaba. Cutaneous larva migrans yawanci yana warkewa ba zato ba tsammani tsawon makonni zuwa watanni kuma an san shi da tsawon shekara guda.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaud&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chaudhry |first=AZ |last2=Lonworth DL |year=1989 |title=Cutaneous manifestations of intestinal helminthic infections. |journal=Dermatol Clin |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=275–90 |doi=10.1016/S0733-8635(18)30599-0 |pmid=2670373}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya tsananin alamun yawanci yana sa waɗanda suka kamu da cutar su nemi magani kafin warwarewar ta faru. Bayan magani mai kyau, an dakatar da ƙaurawar tsutsotsi a cikin fata kuma sauƙaƙe ƙishirwa mai alaƙa na iya faruwa a ƙasa da awanni 48 (an ruwaito shi don thiabendazole). &lt;ref name=&quot;treatment_1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=BOTERO |first=DAVID |last2=RESTREPO |first2=MARCOS |date=1 May 2000 |title=PARASITOSIS HUMANAS |url=https://www.academia.edu/42097954 |format=PDF |journal=Corporacion Para Investigaciones Biologicas |language=es |location=Medellín, Colombia |publication-date=1998 |volume=3rd ed. |pages=340}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBOTERORESTREPO2000&quot;&gt;BOTERO, DAVID; RESTREPO, MARCOS (1 May 2000). [https://www.academia.edu/42097954 &quot;PARASITOSIS HUMANAS&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''Corporacion Para Investigaciones Biologicas'' (in Spanish). 3rd ed. Medellín, Colombia (published 1998): 340.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1: long volume value]]
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Wannan ya bambanta da irin wannan cutaneous larva currens wanda ''Strongyloides'' ya haifar. Har ila yau, larva currens yana haifar da fashewar ƙaura amma an yi alama da 1) saurin ƙaura akan tsari na inci a kowace awa 2) sa hannu na perianal saboda kamuwa da cuta daga tururi da 3) babban rukuni na urticaria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=ARTHUR |first=ROBERT P. |date=1 August 1958 |title=Larva Currens |journal=A.M.A. Archives of Dermatology |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=186–90 |doi=10.1001/archderm.1958.01560080044007 |pmid=13558704}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Cutaneous_larva_migrans_1.jpg|right|thumb]]

== Dalilin da ya sa ==
Ana zubar da ƙwai na Hookworm a cikin datti mai kamuwa da cuta (ko wasu dabbobi) kuma ana tura su ƙasa da yashi na rairayin bakin teku, inda suke tasowa a cikin makonni 1-2 a cikin nau'in larval mai kamuwa (filariform larvae). [1] Magungunan filariform na iya tonowa ta hanyar fata wanda ya shiga cikin hulɗa da ƙasa ko yashi wanda ya gurɓata da datti. Kodayake suna iya kamuwa da ƙwayoyin da suka fi zurfi na wasu dabbobi (ta hanyar huhu sannan kuma cikin hanji), mutane ne masu haɗari kuma tsutsotsi suna iya shiga cikin fata kawai.[2] Suna haifar da burrows masu kama da tsutsotsi waɗanda ke bayyane a ƙarƙashin fata. Wadannan kwayar cuta a bayyane ba su da enzymes na collagenase da ake buƙata don shiga cikin membrane na ginshiki mai zurfi a cikin yadudduka na fata.[3]

== Binciken ganewa ==
[[Fayil:Cutaneous-larva-migrans-foot.jpg|thumb]]
Binciken nau'o'in da ido mara kyau ya isa ya yi bincike na asibiti. Neman tsutsotsi yana da wahala saboda ƙananan girman su kuma gano nau'in da suke ciki ya fi rikitarwa. Sabili da haka, lura da hankali game da raunin serpiginous, wanda ke ci gaba da ƙaruwa a tsawonsa, da kuma tarihin hulɗa da ƙasa mai yashi da aka gurɓata da naman kare ko cat, galibi a kan rairayin bakin teku, an dauke shi ya isa don ganewar asali daidai.&lt;ref name=&quot;treatment_1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=BOTERO |first=DAVID |last2=RESTREPO |first2=MARCOS |date=1 May 2000 |title=PARASITOSIS HUMANAS |url=https://www.academia.edu/42097954 |format=PDF |journal=Corporacion Para Investigaciones Biologicas |language=es |location=Medellín, Colombia |publication-date=1998 |volume=3rd ed. |pages=340}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBOTERORESTREPO2000&quot;&gt;BOTERO, DAVID; RESTREPO, MARCOS (1 May 2000). [https://www.academia.edu/42097954 &quot;PARASITOSIS HUMANAS&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''Corporacion Para Investigaciones Biologicas'' (in Spanish). 3rd ed. Medellín, Colombia (published 1998): 340.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1: long volume value]]
[[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Magani ==
Ana iya bi da CLM ta hanyoyi daban-daban:

*

== Dubi kuma ==

* Kimiyyar fata
* [[Macijin ciki|Kwayar cuta ta hanji]]
* Tsuntsu mai tsayi
* Jerin yanayin ƙaura na fata

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>cpvdtfswuvgvyuw24q0jb8y8sdoi4g4</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rashin zazzabin Cuban</title>
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        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1289595643|Cuban fever]]&quot;</comment>
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Cuban zazzabi (ko calentura) sanannen suna ne don nau'in zazzabi na wurare masu '''zafi''', wani lokacin tare da matsanancin delirium. A shekara ta 1898, wani masanin ilimin cututtuka ya tabbatar da cewa zazzabin Cuban ya kasance nau'ikan [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]].

== Samar da kalmar ==
Kalmar &quot;[[Cuba]] zazzabi&quot; ta samo asali ne daga Dokta na Nashville Alexander McCall a cikin wasikar da ya aika wa Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, yana kwatanta wani nau'i mai tsawo na &quot;zazzabi mai tsayi&quot; da ya lura a [[Brazil]], Cuba, da Yucatan Peninsula.  A cikin 1860 mai gyara zamantakewa kuma marubuciya Julia Ward Howe ta bayyana yanayin da ta lura a kurkuku na Cuban a matsayin zazzabin Cuban.

== Cutar sojojin Amurka a Cuba da Philippines ==
An farfado da wannan magana a cikin Yaƙin Mutanen Espanya da Amurka don komawa ga zazzabi da ke faruwa a Cuba da [[Filipin|Philippines]],  wanda ya kai hari ga yawancin sojojin Amurka a lokacin Yakin ko jim kadan bayan dawowarsu.  Gabaɗaya ya fara ne da sanyi da zafin jiki na {{Nowrap|103 °F}} F. Yayin da zafin jiki ya tashi sama, ciwon tsoka ya fara, tare da ciwon kai, rashin abinci, ƙishirwa, da kuma rauni.&lt;ref name=&quot;new&quot; /&gt; Marasa lafiya da yawa sun warke a cikin mako guda.&lt;ref name=&quot;new&quot; /&gt; Koyaya, alamun sau da yawa sukan sake dawowa, wani lokacin yau da kullun, kuma wani lokacin a tsakanin kwanaki ko makonni. Babban Janar na Sojojin Amurka William Rufus Shafter an sake shi da zazzabin Cuban bayan ya dawo gida.

== Binciken baya ==
A kokarin kafa bincike na baya, masanin ilimin cututtuka James Ewing na [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] ya yi nazarin samfurori na jini na marasa lafiya 800 tare da cutar, kuma ya gano cewa kashi 80 cikin dari na shari'ar zazzabin Cuban sun kasance na nau'in zazzabin zazzabin cizon sauro na aestiva-autumnal, kuma sauran kashi 20 cikin dari sun kasance zazzabin sauro na uku.

== Cutar Theodore Roosevelt na dogon lokaci ==
Bayan ya jagoranci &quot;Rough Riders&quot; na 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry a cikin Mutanen Espanya-Amurka War, Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, kamar yawancin dakarunsa, an gano shi da zazzabin Cuban.[1] Kodayake likitocin Roosevelt suna kula da shi da kwayoyi, zazzabin ya ci gaba da sake dawowa bayan ya bar Sojoji, kafin, lokacin, da kuma bayan shugabancinsa.[2]

Sashe na biyu na tarihin rayuwar Edmund Morris na 2001 na Roosevelt ya bayyana cewa, lokacin da yake fuskantar tasirin cutar, an gano Shugaban a waje da gidansa da daddare, &quot;cikakken rikicewa&quot;, yana tafiya a cikin dusar ƙanƙara a ƙafafunsa, yana riƙe da kare farautarsa Skip a kirjinsa.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>r7t82q3gb3k1w74kggg3vv2ds2hq8us</sha1>
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        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1289595643|Cuban fever]]&quot;</comment>
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Cuban zazzabi (ko calentura) sanannen suna ne don nau'in zazzabi na wurare masu '''zafi''', wani lokacin tare da matsanancin delirium. A shekara ta 1898, wani masanin ilimin cututtuka ya tabbatar da cewa zazzabin Cuban ya kasance nau'ikan [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]].

== Samar da kalmar ==
Kalmar &quot;[[Cuba]] zazzabi&quot; ta samo asali ne daga Dokta na Nashville Alexander McCall a cikin wasikar da ya aika wa Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, yana kwatanta wani nau'i mai tsawo na &quot;zazzabi mai tsayi&quot; da ya lura a [[Brazil]], Cuba, da Yucatan Peninsula.  A cikin 1860 mai gyara zamantakewa kuma marubuciya Julia Ward Howe ta bayyana yanayin da ta lura a kurkuku na Cuban a matsayin zazzabin Cuban.

== Cutar sojojin Amurka a Cuba da Philippines ==
An farfado da wannan magana a cikin Yaƙin Mutanen Espanya da Amurka don komawa ga zazzabi da ke faruwa a Cuba da Philippines, [1] wanda ya kai hari ga yawancin sojojin Amurka a lokacin Yakin ko jim kadan bayan dawowarsu. [2] Gabaɗaya ya fara ne da sanyi da zafin jiki na 103 °F F. Yayin da zafin jiki ya tashi sama, ciwon tsoka ya fara, tare da ciwon kai, rashin abinci, ƙishirwa, da kuma rauni.[1] Marasa lafiya da yawa sun warke a cikin mako guda.[1] Koyaya, alamun sau da yawa sukan sake dawowa, wani lokacin yau da kullun, kuma wani lokacin a tsakanin kwanaki ko makonni.[3] Babban Janar na Sojojin Amurka William Rufus Shafter an sake shi da zazzabin Cuban bayan ya dawo gida.[4]

== Binciken baya ==
A kokarin kafa bincike na baya, masanin ilimin cututtuka James Ewing na [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] ya yi nazarin samfurori na jini na marasa lafiya 800 tare da cutar, kuma ya gano cewa kashi 80 cikin dari na shari'ar zazzabin Cuban sun kasance na nau'in zazzabin zazzabin cizon sauro na aestiva-autumnal, kuma sauran kashi 20 cikin dari sun kasance zazzabin sauro na uku.

== Cutar Theodore Roosevelt na dogon lokaci ==
Bayan ya jagoranci &quot;Rough Riders&quot; na 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry a cikin Mutanen Espanya-Amurka War, Colonel [[Theodore Roosevelt]], kamar yawancin dakarunsa, an gano shi da zazzabin Cuban.&lt;ref name=&quot;teddy&quot;&gt;Edmund Morris, ''Theodore Rex: 1901–1909'', p. 377 (2001), {{ISBN|0-394-55509-0}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake likitocin Roosevelt suna kula da shi da kwayoyi, zazzabin ya ci gaba da sake dawowa bayan ya bar Sojoji, kafin, lokacin, da kuma bayan shugabancinsa.

Sashe na biyu na tarihin rayuwar Edmund Morris na 2001 na Roosevelt ya bayyana cewa, lokacin da yake fuskantar tasirin cutar, an gano Shugaban a waje da gidansa da daddare, &quot;cikakken rikicewa&quot;, yana tafiya a cikin dusar ƙanƙara a ƙafafunsa, yana riƙe da kare farautarsa Skip a kirjinsa.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2750" sha1="6ic10wq4rvbqbeo40vbdqq6szppvx0n" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

Cuban zazzabi (ko calentura) sanannen suna ne don nau'in zazzabi na wurare masu '''zafi''', wani lokacin tare da matsanancin delirium. A shekara ta 1898, wani masanin ilimin cututtuka ya tabbatar da cewa zazzabin Cuban ya kasance nau'ikan [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]].

== Samar da kalmar ==
Kalmar &quot;[[Cuba]] zazzabi&quot; ta samo asali ne daga Dokta na Nashville Alexander McCall a cikin wasikar da ya aika wa Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, yana kwatanta wani nau'i mai tsawo na &quot;zazzabi mai tsayi&quot; da ya lura a [[Brazil]], Cuba, da Yucatan Peninsula.  A cikin 1860 mai gyara zamantakewa kuma marubuciya Julia Ward Howe ta bayyana yanayin da ta lura a kurkuku na Cuban a matsayin zazzabin Cuban.

== Cutar sojojin Amurka a Cuba da Philippines ==
An farfado da wannan magana a cikin Yaƙin Mutanen Espanya da Amurka don komawa ga zazzabi da ke faruwa a Cuba da Philippines, [1] wanda ya kai hari ga yawancin sojojin Amurka a lokacin Yakin ko jim kadan bayan dawowarsu. [2] Gabaɗaya ya fara ne da sanyi da zafin jiki na 103 °F F. Yayin da zafin jiki ya tashi sama, ciwon tsoka ya fara, tare da ciwon kai, rashin abinci, ƙishirwa, da kuma rauni.[1] Marasa lafiya da yawa sun warke a cikin mako guda.[1] Koyaya, alamun sau da yawa sukan sake dawowa, wani lokacin yau da kullun, kuma wani lokacin a tsakanin kwanaki ko makonni.[3] Babban Janar na Sojojin Amurka William Rufus Shafter an sake shi da zazzabin Cuban bayan ya dawo gida.[4]

== Binciken baya ==
A kokarin kafa bincike na baya, masanin ilimin cututtuka James Ewing na [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] ya yi nazarin samfurori na jini na marasa lafiya 800 tare da cutar, kuma ya gano cewa kashi 80 cikin dari na shari'ar zazzabin Cuban sun kasance na nau'in zazzabin zazzabin cizon sauro na aestiva-autumnal, kuma sauran kashi 20 cikin dari sun kasance zazzabin sauro na uku.

== Cutar Theodore Roosevelt na dogon lokaci ==
Bayan ya jagoranci &quot;Rough Riders&quot; na 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry a cikin Mutanen Espanya-Amurka War, Colonel [[Theodore Roosevelt]], kamar yawancin dakarunsa, an gano shi da zazzabin Cuban.&lt;ref name=&quot;teddy&quot;&gt;Edmund Morris, ''Theodore Rex: 1901–1909'', p. 377 (2001), {{ISBN|0-394-55509-0}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake likitocin Roosevelt suna kula da shi da kwayoyi, zazzabin ya ci gaba da sake dawowa bayan ya bar Sojoji, kafin, lokacin, da kuma bayan shugabancinsa.

Sashe na biyu na tarihin rayuwar Edmund Morris na 2001 na Roosevelt ya bayyana cewa, lokacin da yake fuskantar tasirin cutar, an gano Shugaban a waje da gidansa da daddare, &quot;cikakken rikicewa&quot;, yana tafiya a cikin dusar ƙanƙara a ƙafafunsa, yana riƙe da kare farautarsa Skip a kirjinsa.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>6ic10wq4rvbqbeo40vbdqq6szppvx0n</sha1>
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    <title>Lethrinops macrochir</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645531|Lethrinops macrochir]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Lethrinops macrochir''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda yake fifita ruwa mai zurfi mai yashi. Wannan nau'in yana girma har zuwa {{Convert|13|cm|in}} TL . 

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;</text>
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'''''Lethrinops macrochir''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda yake fifita ruwa mai zurfi mai yashi. Wannan nau'in yana girma har zuwa {{Convert|13|cm|in}} TL . 

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2cjq3z9yx97vjhh9y4w7jm8ua3wtwf2</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Lethrinops stridei</title>
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    <revision>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645560|Lethrinops stridei]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Lethrinops stredi''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|tafkin Malawi]], inda yake girma a zurfin {{Convert|15|to|55|m|ft}} a yankunan da ke da yashi. Wannan nau'in yana girma zuwa {{Convert|13|cm|in}} SL .  Sunan musamman yana girmama Kenneth E. Stride, wanda ya gabatar da nasarar yin amfani da jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci zuwa Tafkin Malawi. &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=4 December 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (l-o) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae4/ |access-date=20 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan nau'in yanzu ba kasafai yake a Tafkin Malawi ba kuma yana fuskantar barazanar kamun kifi fiye da kima daga masu jigilar kaya na kasuwanci.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''''Lethrinops stredi''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|tafkin Malawi]], inda yake girma a zurfin {{Convert|15|to|55|m|ft}} a yankunan da ke da yashi. Wannan nau'in yana girma zuwa {{Convert|13|cm|in}} SL .  Sunan musamman yana girmama Kenneth E. Stride, wanda ya gabatar da nasarar yin amfani da jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci zuwa Tafkin Malawi. &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=4 December 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (l-o) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae4/ |access-date=20 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan nau'in yanzu ba kasafai yake a Tafkin Malawi ba kuma yana fuskantar barazanar kamun kifi fiye da kima daga masu jigilar kaya na kasuwanci.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Esther Hoffe</title>
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'''Ilse Esther Hoffe''' ( Hebrew   ; 8 ga Mayu 1906 - 2 ga Satumba 2007) mace Bayahudiya ce da aka sani da zama sakatare kuma ana zargin uwargidan marubuci Max Brod . Bayan rasuwarsa a shekarar 1968, ta sami tarin kayan tarihi da suka shafi [[Franz Kafka]], abokin Brod. An sayar da wasu daga cikinsu amma yawancinsu an ba su ga jama'a, ba tare da an sake su ga jama'a ba, ga 'ya'yanta mata biyu bayan mutuwarta. An haife ta a Troppau (Opava

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
Hoffe da mijinta Otto sun haɗu da Max Brod a [[Isra'ila]] jim kaɗan bayan ya tsere daga [[Prag|Prague]] kafin mamayar Nazi a Czechoslovakia a watan Maris na 1939. Bayan mutuwar matar Brod a 1942, ya kusaci Hoffe sosai.  Su ukun sun yi hutu tare kuma Esther ta zama sakatare na Brod, tare da ofis a gidansa. Mutane da yawa waɗanda suka san su sun bayyana dangantakar a matsayin &quot; ''ménage à trois'' &quot;, kodayake ba a taɓa amincewa da alaƙar soyayya a bainar jama'a ba. 'Yar Esther Eva ta ci gaba da cewa babu irin wannan dangantaka a tsawon rayuwarta. &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot; /&gt;

Esther ita ce mai kula da Brod yayin da lafiyarsa ta ragu, &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot; /&gt; kuma bayan rasuwarsa a shekarar 1968, ta kula da tarin kayan Kafka da takardunsa. Saboda bambancin fassarar da aka yi wa burin Brod na ƙarshe, ba a fayyace ko ita ce mai cin gajiyar mallakar takardun ba, ko kuma mai aiwatar da abin da ya sa Brod ya cika niyyarsa ta mika takardun ga Laburaren Ƙasa na Isra'ila ko kuma kamar yadda ya faɗa a fili kuma ya bar mata ko shawarar 'ya'yanta mata ga Laburaren Birni na Tel Aviv ko wani rumbun adana bayanai na cikin gida ko na ƙasashen waje. &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot; /&gt; Yanayin rashin tabbas na haƙƙin Esther bai hana ta sayar da wasu takardun Kafka ba. A shekarar 1974, an sayar da kimanin wasiƙu 22 da katunan gaisuwa 10 daga Kafka zuwa Brod a cikin tallace-tallace na sirri, wataƙila Hoffe ne ya sayar da su ga masu siye a Jamus. &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot; /&gt; A shekara mai zuwa, an kama ta a filin jirgin saman Tel Aviv bisa zargin tana ƙoƙarin cire rubuce-rubucen asali ba tare da fara shigar da kwafin kwafi zuwa ga Taskar Labarai ta Ƙasa ba, kamar yadda doka ta tanada. Bayan bincike, an sami kwafin wasiƙun Kafka da kuma wani littafin tarihin Brod na asali a cikin kayanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 1988, ta yi gwanjon aƙalla wani abu daga takardun Kafka: rubutun asali na ''The Trial'', wanda ya kai kimanin dala miliyan 2. 

Duk da cewa ba kasafai ake sayar da takardun ba, a cikin shekaru 40 tsakanin mutuwar Brod da nata, Hoffe ta ci gaba da riƙe takardun. Wani jami'in adana kayan tarihi ne ya tattara su bayan kama ta, amma ana kyautata zaton wannan tarin takardun bai cika ba, musamman ganin cewa da yawa daga cikin takardun suna wajen ƙasar a cikin akwatunan ajiyar kuɗi na bankunan [[Switzerland]] . Wani masanin falsafa mai suna Bernhard Echte ya yi aiki tare da Hoffe a shekarun 1980 kuma wataƙila ya samar da cikakken kaya, amma kwafin wannan yana da wahalar samu.  Bayan mutuwar Hoffe a 2007, a [[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]], takardun da aka kiyasta dala miliyan 1 sun ba wa 'ya'yanta mata Eva da Ruth. Ruth Weisler ta mutu a 2012. Eva, wacce ta zauna tare da mahaifiyarta tsawon shekaru 40 kuma tana da iko kan takardun har sai da aka ba su mallakarsu ga Laburaren Ƙasa na Isra'ila a 2016 ta hanyar hukuncin kotu mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce, ta mutu a ranar 4 ga Agusta 2018. 

== Nazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Bayahuden Isra'ila]]
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2007]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1906]]</text>
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{{Databox}}

'''Ilse Esther Hoffe''' ( Hebrew   ; 8 ga Mayu 1906 - 2 ga Satumba 2007) mace Bayahudiya ce da aka sani da zama sakatare kuma ana zargin uwargidan marubuci Max Brod . Bayan rasuwarsa a shekarar 1968, ta sami tarin kayan tarihi da suka shafi [[Franz Kafka]], abokin Brod. An sayar da wasu daga cikinsu amma yawancinsu an ba su ga jama'a, ba tare da an sake su ga jama'a ba, ga 'ya'yanta mata biyu bayan mutuwarta. An haife ta a Troppau (Opava

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
Hoffe da mijinta Otto sun haɗu da Max Brod a [[Isra'ila]] jim kaɗan bayan ya tsere daga [[Prag|Prague]] kafin mamayar Nazi a Czechoslovakia a watan Maris na 1939. Bayan mutuwar matar Brod a 1942, ya kusaci Hoffe sosai.  Su ukun sun yi hutu tare kuma Esther ta zama sakatare na Brod, tare da ofis a gidansa. Mutane da yawa waɗanda suka san su sun bayyana dangantakar a matsayin &quot; ''ménage à trois'' &quot;, kodayake ba a taɓa amincewa da alaƙar soyayya a bainar jama'a ba. 'Yar Esther Eva ta ci gaba da cewa babu irin wannan dangantaka a tsawon rayuwarta. &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot; /&gt;

Esther ita ce mai kula da Brod yayin da lafiyarsa ta ragu, &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot; /&gt; kuma bayan rasuwarsa a shekarar 1968, ta kula da tarin kayan Kafka da takardunsa. Saboda bambancin fassarar da aka yi wa burin Brod na ƙarshe, ba a fayyace ko ita ce mai cin gajiyar mallakar takardun ba, ko kuma mai aiwatar da abin da ya sa Brod ya cika niyyarsa ta mika takardun ga Laburaren Ƙasa na Isra'ila ko kuma kamar yadda ya faɗa a fili kuma ya bar mata ko shawarar 'ya'yanta mata ga Laburaren Birni na Tel Aviv ko wani rumbun adana bayanai na cikin gida ko na ƙasashen waje. &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot; /&gt; Yanayin rashin tabbas na haƙƙin Esther bai hana ta sayar da wasu takardun Kafka ba. A shekarar 1974, an sayar da kimanin wasiƙu 22 da katunan gaisuwa 10 daga Kafka zuwa Brod a cikin tallace-tallace na sirri, wataƙila Hoffe ne ya sayar da su ga masu siye a Jamus. &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot; /&gt; A shekara mai zuwa, an kama ta a filin jirgin saman Tel Aviv bisa zargin tana ƙoƙarin cire rubuce-rubucen asali ba tare da fara shigar da kwafin kwafi zuwa ga Taskar Labarai ta Ƙasa ba, kamar yadda doka ta tanada. Bayan bincike, an sami kwafin wasiƙun Kafka da kuma wani littafin tarihin Brod na asali a cikin kayanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 1988, ta yi gwanjon aƙalla wani abu daga takardun Kafka: rubutun asali na ''The Trial'', wanda ya kai kimanin dala miliyan 2. 

Duk da cewa ba kasafai ake sayar da takardun ba, a cikin shekaru 40 tsakanin mutuwar Brod da nata, Hoffe ta ci gaba da riƙe takardun. Wani jami'in adana kayan tarihi ne ya tattara su bayan kama ta, amma ana kyautata zaton wannan tarin takardun bai cika ba, musamman ganin cewa da yawa daga cikin takardun suna wajen ƙasar a cikin akwatunan ajiyar kuɗi na bankunan [[Switzerland]] . Wani masanin falsafa mai suna Bernhard Echte ya yi aiki tare da Hoffe a shekarun 1980 kuma wataƙila ya samar da cikakken kaya, amma kwafin wannan yana da wahalar samu.  Bayan mutuwar Hoffe a 2007, a [[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]], takardun da aka kiyasta dala miliyan 1 sun ba wa 'ya'yanta mata Eva da Ruth. Ruth Weisler ta mutu a 2012. Eva, wacce ta zauna tare da mahaifiyarta tsawon shekaru 40 kuma tana da iko kan takardun har sai da aka ba su mallakarsu ga Laburaren Ƙasa na Isra'ila a 2016 ta hanyar hukuncin kotu mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce, ta mutu a ranar 4 ga Agusta 2018. 

== Nazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Bayahuden Isra'ila]]
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2007]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1906]]</text>
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{{Databox}}{{Databox}}
'''Ilse Esther Hoffe''' ( Hebrew   ; 8 ga Mayu 1906 - 2 ga Satumba 2007) mace Bayahudiya ce da aka sani da zama sakatare kuma ana zargin uwargidan marubuci Max Brod . Bayan rasuwarsa a shekarar 1968, ta sami tarin kayan tarihi da suka shafi [[Franz Kafka]], abokin Brod. An sayar da wasu daga cikinsu amma yawancinsu an ba su ga jama'a, ba tare da an sake su ga jama'a ba, ga 'ya'yanta mata biyu bayan mutuwarta. An haife ta a Troppau (Opava

== Tarihin Rayuwa ==
Hoffe da mijinta Otto sun haɗu da Max Brod a [[Isra'ila]] jim kaɗan bayan ya tsere daga [[Prag|Prague]] kafin mamayar Nazi a Czechoslovakia a watan Maris na 1939. Bayan mutuwar matar Brod a 1942, ya kusaci Hoffe sosai.  Su ukun sun yi hutu tare kuma Esther ta zama sakatare na Brod, tare da ofis a gidansa. Mutane da yawa waɗanda suka san su sun bayyana dangantakar a matsayin &quot; ''ménage à trois'' &quot;, kodayake ba a taɓa amincewa da alaƙar soyayya a bainar jama'a ba. 'Yar Esther Eva ta ci gaba da cewa babu irin wannan dangantaka a tsawon rayuwarta. &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot; /&gt;

Esther ita ce mai kula da Brod yayin da lafiyarsa ta ragu, &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot; /&gt; kuma bayan rasuwarsa a shekarar 1968, ta kula da tarin kayan Kafka da takardunsa. Saboda bambancin fassarar da aka yi wa burin Brod na ƙarshe, ba a fayyace ko ita ce mai cin gajiyar mallakar takardun ba, ko kuma mai aiwatar da abin da ya sa Brod ya cika niyyarsa ta mika takardun ga Laburaren Ƙasa na Isra'ila ko kuma kamar yadda ya faɗa a fili kuma ya bar mata ko shawarar 'ya'yanta mata ga Laburaren Birni na Tel Aviv ko wani rumbun adana bayanai na cikin gida ko na ƙasashen waje. &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot; /&gt; Yanayin rashin tabbas na haƙƙin Esther bai hana ta sayar da wasu takardun Kafka ba. A shekarar 1974, an sayar da kimanin wasiƙu 22 da katunan gaisuwa 10 daga Kafka zuwa Brod a cikin tallace-tallace na sirri, wataƙila Hoffe ne ya sayar da su ga masu siye a Jamus. &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot; /&gt; A shekara mai zuwa, an kama ta a filin jirgin saman Tel Aviv bisa zargin tana ƙoƙarin cire rubuce-rubucen asali ba tare da fara shigar da kwafin kwafi zuwa ga Taskar Labarai ta Ƙasa ba, kamar yadda doka ta tanada. Bayan bincike, an sami kwafin wasiƙun Kafka da kuma wani littafin tarihin Brod na asali a cikin kayanta. &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 1988, ta yi gwanjon aƙalla wani abu daga takardun Kafka: rubutun asali na ''The Trial'', wanda ya kai kimanin dala miliyan 2. 

Duk da cewa ba kasafai ake sayar da takardun ba, a cikin shekaru 40 tsakanin mutuwar Brod da nata, Hoffe ta ci gaba da riƙe takardun. Wani jami'in adana kayan tarihi ne ya tattara su bayan kama ta, amma ana kyautata zaton wannan tarin takardun bai cika ba, musamman ganin cewa da yawa daga cikin takardun suna wajen ƙasar a cikin akwatunan ajiyar kuɗi na bankunan [[Switzerland]] . Wani masanin falsafa mai suna Bernhard Echte ya yi aiki tare da Hoffe a shekarun 1980 kuma wataƙila ya samar da cikakken kaya, amma kwafin wannan yana da wahalar samu.  Bayan mutuwar Hoffe a 2007, a [[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]], takardun da aka kiyasta dala miliyan 1 sun ba wa 'ya'yanta mata Eva da Ruth. Ruth Weisler ta mutu a 2012. Eva, wacce ta zauna tare da mahaifiyarta tsawon shekaru 40 kuma tana da iko kan takardun har sai da aka ba su mallakarsu ga Laburaren Ƙasa na Isra'ila a 2016 ta hanyar hukuncin kotu mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce, ta mutu a ranar 4 ga Agusta 2018. 

== Nazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Bayahuden Isra'ila]]
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2007]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1906]]</text>
      <sha1>rhlkn1y48r0u36mazpw66yy7wal6ow7</sha1>
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    <title>Lethrinops longipinnis</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645516|Lethrinops longipinnis]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Lethrinops longipinnis''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda ake samunsa a zurfin {{Convert|30|to|140|m|ft}} (yawanci ƙasa da {{Convert|70|m|ft}} ) a kan ƙasa mai yashi. Wannan nau'in yana girma zuwa tsawon {{Convert|16|cm|in}} SL . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''''Lethrinops longipinnis''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda ake samunsa a zurfin {{Convert|30|to|140|m|ft}} (yawanci ƙasa da {{Convert|70|m|ft}} ) a kan ƙasa mai yashi. Wannan nau'in yana girma zuwa tsawon {{Convert|16|cm|in}} SL . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Lethrinops oculatus</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645553|Lethrinops oculatus]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Lethrinops oculatus''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], inda ake saninsa ne kawai daga kudancin tafkin a kan yashi mai yashi. Wannan nau'in yana girma har zuwa {{Convert|13.5|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin cinikin [[Aquarium|kifaye]] .  Sigar 2018 ta Jerin Ja na IUCN na Nau'in Barazana ta ɗauki wannan taxon a matsayin ƙaramin ma'anar ''Lethrinops marginatus'',  kamar yadda Catalog of Fishes yake yi. 

== Manazarta ==

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'''''Lethrinops oculatus''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], inda ake saninsa ne kawai daga kudancin tafkin a kan yashi mai yashi. Wannan nau'in yana girma har zuwa {{Convert|13.5|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin cinikin [[Aquarium|kifaye]] .  Sigar 2018 ta Jerin Ja na IUCN na Nau'in Barazana ta ɗauki wannan taxon a matsayin ƙaramin ma'anar ''Lethrinops marginatus'',  kamar yadda Catalog of Fishes yake yi. 

== Manazarta ==

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  <page>
    <title>Stigmasterol</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357970249|Stigmasterol]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox chemical}}

'''Stigmasterol''' – wani [[Phytosterol|sinadari mai suna sterol]] ( ''[[phytosterol]]'' ) – yana cikin mafi yawan sinadari mai [[Sterol|suna sterols]] na shuka, wanda ke da babban aiki wajen kula da tsarin da yanayin membranes na tantanin halitta . &lt;ref name=&quot;Ferrer&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ferrer A, Altabella T, Arró M, Boronat A |date=July 2017 |title=Emerging roles for conjugated sterols in plants |journal=Progress in Lipid Research |volume=67 |pages=27–37 |doi=10.1016/j.plipres.2017.06.002 |pmid=28666916 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A [[Tarayyar Turai]], wani sinadari ne na abinci da aka jera shi da lambar E499, kuma ana iya amfani da shi wajen kera abinci don ƙara yawan sinadarin phytosterol, wanda hakan zai iya rage yawan sinadarin LDL cholesterol . &lt;ref name=&quot;Cabral&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cabral CE, Klein MR |date=November 2017 |title=Phytosterols in the Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases |journal=Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia |volume=109 |issue=5 |pages=475–482 |doi=10.5935/abc.20170158 |pmc=5729784 |pmid=29267628}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ganowa ==
A da ake kira ''Wulzen factor'' a tsakiyar karni na 20, masanin kimiyyar lissafi na Jami'ar California Rosalind Wulzen (an haife shi a shekara ta 1886) ne ya gano stigmasterol. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rosalind Wulzen (b. 1886) |url=http://siris-archives.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?&amp;profile=all&amp;source=~!siarchives&amp;uri=full=3100001~!306595~!0#focus |access-date=14 October 2015 |website=Archives, Manuscripts and Photographs catalog |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abubuwan da suka faru na halitta ==
Stigmasterol wani sinadari ne mai sinadarin [[phytosterol]] wanda ba shi da cikakken kitse wanda ke faruwa a cikin kitsen shuka ko mai na tsirrai da yawa, &lt;ref name=&quot;Ferrer&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ferrer A, Altabella T, Arró M, Boronat A |date=July 2017 |title=Emerging roles for conjugated sterols in plants |journal=Progress in Lipid Research |volume=67 |pages=27–37 |doi=10.1016/j.plipres.2017.06.002 |pmid=28666916 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFerrerAltabellaArróBoronat2017&quot;&gt;Ferrer A, Altabella T, Arró M, Boronat A (July 2017). [[doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2017.06.002|&quot;Emerging roles for conjugated sterols in plants&quot;]]. ''Progress in Lipid Research''. '''67''': &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27–&lt;/span&gt;37. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2017.06.002|10.1016/j.plipres.2017.06.002]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[hdl:2445/118729|2445/118729]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28666916 28666916].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; kamar [[Waken suya|waken soya]], wake calabar, da iri na rape, da kuma ganyaye da ake amfani da su a ayyukan ganye, gami da ganyayen kasar Sin ''Ophiopogon japonicus'' (Mai men dong), a cikin ''Mirabilis jalapa'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Siddiqui S, Siddiqui BS, Adil Q, Begum S |date=1990 |title=Constituents of Mirabilis jalapa |url=http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19910302341.html;jsessionid=196D9B7C532F29E40F2551F192CD3923 |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=61 |issue=5 |page=471}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Stigmasterol wani sinadari ne da ke cikin kayan lambu daban-daban, [[Legum|wake]], goro, iri, da madarar da ba a yi wa pasteur ba . Pasteurization zai hana stigmasterol aiki. Man da ake ci yana ɗauke da adadi mai yawa fiye da kayan lambu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Han JH, Yang YX, Feng MY |date=December 2008 |title=Contents of phytosterols in vegetables and fruits commonly consumed in China |journal=Biomedical and Environmental Sciences |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=449–53 |bibcode=2008BioES..21..449H |doi=10.1016/S0895-3988(09)60001-5 |pmid=19263798 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amfani ==
Stigmasterol wani ƙari ne na abinci a cikin kayayyakin abinci da aka ƙera a Burtaniya da Tarayyar Turai. &lt;ref name=&quot;FSA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 March 2018 |title=EU-approved additives and E Numbers |url=https://www.food.gov.uk/business-guidance/eu-approved-additives-and-e-numbers |access-date=21 February 2019 |website=Food Standards Agency, UK}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Percy Lavon Julian ne ya gabatar da shi a matsayin abin da ya fara samar da sinadarin progesterone mai kama da sinadari a masana'antu, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sundararaman P, Djerassi C |date=October 1977 |title=A convenient synthesis of progesterone from stigmasterol |journal=The Journal of Organic Chemistry |volume=42 |issue=22 |pages=3633–4 |doi=10.1021/jo00442a044 |pmid=915584}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 February 2007 |title=Nova Transcripts: Forgotten Genius |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/video/forgotten-genius/ |publisher=PBS.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Giants of the Past |url=http://lipidlibrary.aocs.org/history/Julian/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415001340/http://lipidlibrary.aocs.org/history/Julian/index.htm |archive-date=15 April 2012 |publisher=lipidlibrary.aocs.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; wani sinadarin hormone mai muhimmanci na ɗan adam wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin tsarin jiki da kuma sake gina kyallen jiki da suka shafi tasirin estrogen, da kuma aiki a matsayin tsaka-tsaki a cikin tsarin sinadaran androgens, estrogens, da corticoids . Haka kuma ana amfani da shi a matsayin abin da ya fara samar da bitamin &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwYA&quot;&gt;D3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kametani T, Furuyama H |year=1987 |title=Synthesis of vitamin D3 and related compounds |journal=Medicinal Research Reviews |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=147–71 |doi=10.1002/med.2610070202 |pmid=3033409 |s2cid=20538461}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamfanin Upjohn ya yi amfani da stigmasterol a matsayin kayan farko na hada cortisone a kasuwanci a shekarar 1959. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hogg JA |date=December 1992 |title=Steroids, the steroid community, and Upjohn in perspective: a profile of innovation |journal=Steroids |volume=57 |issue=12 |pages=593–616 |doi=10.1016/0039-128X(92)90013-Y |pmid=1481225 |s2cid=21779154}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Bincike ==
A matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan phytosterols, stigmasterol yana cikin mahaɗan sterol a cikin abincin da ke da yuwuwar rage haɗarin cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ferrer&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ferrer A, Altabella T, Arró M, Boronat A |date=July 2017 |title=Emerging roles for conjugated sterols in plants |journal=Progress in Lipid Research |volume=67 |pages=27–37 |doi=10.1016/j.plipres.2017.06.002 |pmid=28666916 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFerrerAltabellaArróBoronat2017&quot;&gt;Ferrer A, Altabella T, Arró M, Boronat A (July 2017). [[doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2017.06.002|&quot;Emerging roles for conjugated sterols in plants&quot;]]. ''Progress in Lipid Research''. '''67''': &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27–&lt;/span&gt;37. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2017.06.002|10.1016/j.plipres.2017.06.002]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[hdl:2445/118729|2445/118729]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28666916 28666916].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Shan gram 2 na sterols na shuka a kowace rana yana da alaƙa da raguwar cholesterol na LDL a cikin jini na 8-10%, wanda wataƙila yana rage haɗarin cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cabral&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cabral CE, Klein MR |date=November 2017 |title=Phytosterols in the Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases |journal=Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia |volume=109 |issue=5 |pages=475–482 |doi=10.5935/abc.20170158 |pmc=5729784 |pmid=29267628}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCabralKlein2017&quot;&gt;Cabral CE, Klein MR (November 2017). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5729784 &quot;Phytosterols in the Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases&quot;]. ''Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia''. '''109''' (5): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;475–&lt;/span&gt;482. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.5935/abc.20170158|10.5935/abc.20170158]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5729784 5729784]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29267628 29267628].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayin wani abu da ke haifar da tsarin ƙwayoyin halitta na tsirrai, stigmasterol na iya taka rawa a cikin martanin damuwa na shuka, metabolism, da enzymes da ke da hannu a cikin biosynthesis na membranes na ƙwayoyin shuka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ferrer&quot; /&gt; An kuma nuna cewa Stigmasterol yana yin tasirin anti-angiogenic da anti-cancer ta hanyar rage yawan TNF-alpha da VEGFR-2. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kangsamaksin T, Chaithongyot S, Wootthichairangsan C, Hanchaina R, Tangshewinsirikul C, Svasti J |date=12 December 2017 |editor-last=Ahmad |editor-first=Aamir |title=Lupeol and stigmasterol suppress tumor angiogenesis and inhibit cholangiocarcinoma growth in mice via downregulation of tumor necrosis factor-α |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=12 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1289628K |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0189628 |pmc=5726636 |pmid=29232409 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mai yuwuwar abin da zai iya haifar da boldenone ==
Kasancewar sitigosterol, sitigosterol shine abin da ya fara samar da sitigosterol na anabolic steroid [[boldenone]] . Ana amfani da sitigosterol undecylenate a magungunan dabbobi don haifar da girma a shanu, amma kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin sitigorin anabolic da aka fi amfani da su a wasanni. Wannan ya haifar da zargin cewa wasu 'yan wasa da suka gwada inganci ga sitigosterol ba su cinye sitigorin da kansu ba, amma sun ci abinci mai wadataccen sitigosterol. Wannan ya zama ba haka lamarin yake ba, domin mutane ba sa canza sitigosterol daga abinci zuwa sitigosterol. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ros MM, Sterk SS, Verhagen H, Stalenhoef AF, de Jong N |date=July 2007 |title=Phytosterol consumption and the anabolic steroid boldenone in humans: a hypothesis piloted |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00577549/file/PEER_stage2_10.1080%252F02652030701216727.pdf |journal=Food Additives and Contaminants |volume=24 |issue=7 |pages=679–84 |doi=10.1080/02652030701216727 |pmid=17613052 |s2cid=38614535}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ruwaito cewa 'yan maraƙi suna canza sitigosterol zuwa sitigosterol, amma duk da haka adadin da ke cikin fitsari bai kai adadin da ake buƙata ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gallina G, Ferretti G, Merlanti R, Civitareale C, Capolongo F, Draisci R, Montesissa C |date=October 2007 |title=Boldenone, boldione, and milk replacers in the diet of veal calves: the effects of phytosterol content on the urinary excretion of boldenone metabolites |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=55 |issue=20 |pages=8275–83 |doi=10.1021/jf071097c |pmid=17844992}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Draisci R, Merlanti R, Ferretti G, Fantozzi L, Ferranti C, Capolongo F, Segato S, Montesissa C |date=March 2007 |title=Excretion profile of boldenone in urine of veal calves fed two different milk replacers |journal=Analytica Chimica Acta |volume=586 |issue=1–2 |pages=171–6 |bibcode=2007AcAC..586..171D |doi=10.1016/j.aca.2007.01.026 |pmid=17386709}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Charantin, wani sikari mai kama da stigmasteryl glucoside da ake samu a cikin shukar kankana mai ɗaci .
* Stigmastanol, wani phytosterol mai alaƙa da shi
* [[B-Sitosterol|Sitosterol]], wani phytosterol da ake samu akai-akai

== Manazarta ==
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{{Infobox chemical}}

'''Stigmasterol''' – wani [[Phytosterol|sinadari mai suna sterol]] ( ''[[phytosterol]]'' ) – yana cikin mafi yawan sinadari mai [[Sterol|suna sterols]] na shuka, wanda ke da babban aiki wajen kula da tsarin da yanayin membranes na tantanin halitta . &lt;ref name=&quot;Ferrer&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ferrer A, Altabella T, Arró M, Boronat A |date=July 2017 |title=Emerging roles for conjugated sterols in plants |journal=Progress in Lipid Research |volume=67 |pages=27–37 |doi=10.1016/j.plipres.2017.06.002 |pmid=28666916 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A [[Tarayyar Turai]], wani sinadari ne na abinci da aka jera shi da lambar E499, kuma ana iya amfani da shi wajen kera abinci don ƙara yawan sinadarin phytosterol, wanda hakan zai iya rage yawan sinadarin LDL cholesterol . &lt;ref name=&quot;Cabral&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cabral CE, Klein MR |date=November 2017 |title=Phytosterols in the Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases |journal=Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia |volume=109 |issue=5 |pages=475–482 |doi=10.5935/abc.20170158 |pmc=5729784 |pmid=29267628}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ganowa ==
A da ake kira ''Wulzen factor'' a tsakiyar karni na 20, masanin kimiyyar lissafi na Jami'ar California Rosalind Wulzen (an haife shi a shekara ta 1886) ne ya gano stigmasterol. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rosalind Wulzen (b. 1886) |url=http://siris-archives.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?&amp;profile=all&amp;source=~!siarchives&amp;uri=full=3100001~!306595~!0#focus |access-date=14 October 2015 |website=Archives, Manuscripts and Photographs catalog |publisher=Smithsonian Institution}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abubuwan da suka faru na halitta ==
Stigmasterol wani sinadari ne mai sinadarin [[phytosterol]] wanda ba shi da cikakken kitse wanda ke faruwa a cikin kitsen shuka ko mai na tsirrai da yawa, &lt;ref name=&quot;Ferrer&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ferrer A, Altabella T, Arró M, Boronat A |date=July 2017 |title=Emerging roles for conjugated sterols in plants |journal=Progress in Lipid Research |volume=67 |pages=27–37 |doi=10.1016/j.plipres.2017.06.002 |pmid=28666916 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFerrerAltabellaArróBoronat2017&quot;&gt;Ferrer A, Altabella T, Arró M, Boronat A (July 2017). [[doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2017.06.002|&quot;Emerging roles for conjugated sterols in plants&quot;]]. ''Progress in Lipid Research''. '''67''': &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27–&lt;/span&gt;37. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2017.06.002|10.1016/j.plipres.2017.06.002]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[hdl:2445/118729|2445/118729]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28666916 28666916].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; kamar [[Waken suya|waken soya]], wake calabar, da iri na rape, da kuma ganyaye da ake amfani da su a ayyukan ganye, gami da ganyayen kasar Sin ''Ophiopogon japonicus'' (Mai men dong), a cikin ''Mirabilis jalapa'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Siddiqui S, Siddiqui BS, Adil Q, Begum S |date=1990 |title=Constituents of Mirabilis jalapa |url=http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19910302341.html;jsessionid=196D9B7C532F29E40F2551F192CD3923 |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=61 |issue=5 |page=471}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Stigmasterol wani sinadari ne da ke cikin kayan lambu daban-daban, [[Legum|wake]], goro, iri, da madarar da ba a yi wa pasteur ba . Pasteurization zai hana stigmasterol aiki. Man da ake ci yana ɗauke da adadi mai yawa fiye da kayan lambu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Han JH, Yang YX, Feng MY |date=December 2008 |title=Contents of phytosterols in vegetables and fruits commonly consumed in China |journal=Biomedical and Environmental Sciences |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=449–53 |bibcode=2008BioES..21..449H |doi=10.1016/S0895-3988(09)60001-5 |pmid=19263798 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amfani ==
Stigmasterol wani ƙari ne na abinci a cikin kayayyakin abinci da aka ƙera a Burtaniya da Tarayyar Turai. &lt;ref name=&quot;FSA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 March 2018 |title=EU-approved additives and E Numbers |url=https://www.food.gov.uk/business-guidance/eu-approved-additives-and-e-numbers |access-date=21 February 2019 |website=Food Standards Agency, UK}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Percy Lavon Julian ne ya gabatar da shi a matsayin abin da ya fara samar da sinadarin progesterone mai kama da sinadari a masana'antu, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sundararaman P, Djerassi C |date=October 1977 |title=A convenient synthesis of progesterone from stigmasterol |journal=The Journal of Organic Chemistry |volume=42 |issue=22 |pages=3633–4 |doi=10.1021/jo00442a044 |pmid=915584}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 February 2007 |title=Nova Transcripts: Forgotten Genius |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/video/forgotten-genius/ |publisher=PBS.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Giants of the Past |url=http://lipidlibrary.aocs.org/history/Julian/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415001340/http://lipidlibrary.aocs.org/history/Julian/index.htm |archive-date=15 April 2012 |publisher=lipidlibrary.aocs.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; wani sinadarin hormone mai muhimmanci na ɗan adam wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin tsarin jiki da kuma sake gina kyallen jiki da suka shafi tasirin estrogen, da kuma aiki a matsayin tsaka-tsaki a cikin tsarin sinadaran androgens, estrogens, da corticoids . Haka kuma ana amfani da shi a matsayin abin da ya fara samar da bitamin &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwYA&quot;&gt;D3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kametani T, Furuyama H |year=1987 |title=Synthesis of vitamin D3 and related compounds |journal=Medicinal Research Reviews |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=147–71 |doi=10.1002/med.2610070202 |pmid=3033409 |s2cid=20538461}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamfanin Upjohn ya yi amfani da stigmasterol a matsayin kayan farko na hada cortisone a kasuwanci a shekarar 1959. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hogg JA |date=December 1992 |title=Steroids, the steroid community, and Upjohn in perspective: a profile of innovation |journal=Steroids |volume=57 |issue=12 |pages=593–616 |doi=10.1016/0039-128X(92)90013-Y |pmid=1481225 |s2cid=21779154}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Bincike ==
A matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan phytosterols, stigmasterol yana cikin mahaɗan sterol a cikin abincin da ke da yuwuwar rage haɗarin cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ferrer&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ferrer A, Altabella T, Arró M, Boronat A |date=July 2017 |title=Emerging roles for conjugated sterols in plants |journal=Progress in Lipid Research |volume=67 |pages=27–37 |doi=10.1016/j.plipres.2017.06.002 |pmid=28666916 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFerrerAltabellaArróBoronat2017&quot;&gt;Ferrer A, Altabella T, Arró M, Boronat A (July 2017). [[doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2017.06.002|&quot;Emerging roles for conjugated sterols in plants&quot;]]. ''Progress in Lipid Research''. '''67''': &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27–&lt;/span&gt;37. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2017.06.002|10.1016/j.plipres.2017.06.002]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[hdl:2445/118729|2445/118729]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28666916 28666916].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Shan gram 2 na sterols na shuka a kowace rana yana da alaƙa da raguwar cholesterol na LDL a cikin jini na 8-10%, wanda wataƙila yana rage haɗarin cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cabral&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cabral CE, Klein MR |date=November 2017 |title=Phytosterols in the Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases |journal=Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia |volume=109 |issue=5 |pages=475–482 |doi=10.5935/abc.20170158 |pmc=5729784 |pmid=29267628}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCabralKlein2017&quot;&gt;Cabral CE, Klein MR (November 2017). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5729784 &quot;Phytosterols in the Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases&quot;]. ''Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia''. '''109''' (5): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;475–&lt;/span&gt;482. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.5935/abc.20170158|10.5935/abc.20170158]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5729784 5729784]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29267628 29267628].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A matsayin wani abu da ke haifar da tsarin ƙwayoyin halitta na tsirrai, stigmasterol na iya taka rawa a cikin martanin damuwa na shuka, metabolism, da enzymes da ke da hannu a cikin biosynthesis na membranes na ƙwayoyin shuka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ferrer&quot; /&gt; An kuma nuna cewa Stigmasterol yana yin tasirin anti-angiogenic da anti-cancer ta hanyar rage yawan TNF-alpha da VEGFR-2. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kangsamaksin T, Chaithongyot S, Wootthichairangsan C, Hanchaina R, Tangshewinsirikul C, Svasti J |date=12 December 2017 |editor-last=Ahmad |editor-first=Aamir |title=Lupeol and stigmasterol suppress tumor angiogenesis and inhibit cholangiocarcinoma growth in mice via downregulation of tumor necrosis factor-α |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=12 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1289628K |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0189628 |pmc=5726636 |pmid=29232409 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mai yuwuwar abin da zai iya haifar da boldenone ==
Kasancewar sitigosterol, sitigosterol shine abin da ya fara samar da sitigosterol na anabolic steroid [[boldenone]] . Ana amfani da sitigosterol undecylenate a magungunan dabbobi don haifar da girma a shanu, amma kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin sitigorin anabolic da aka fi amfani da su a wasanni. Wannan ya haifar da zargin cewa wasu 'yan wasa da suka gwada inganci ga sitigosterol ba su cinye sitigorin da kansu ba, amma sun ci abinci mai wadataccen sitigosterol. Wannan ya zama ba haka lamarin yake ba, domin mutane ba sa canza sitigosterol daga abinci zuwa sitigosterol. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ros MM, Sterk SS, Verhagen H, Stalenhoef AF, de Jong N |date=July 2007 |title=Phytosterol consumption and the anabolic steroid boldenone in humans: a hypothesis piloted |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00577549/file/PEER_stage2_10.1080%252F02652030701216727.pdf |journal=Food Additives and Contaminants |volume=24 |issue=7 |pages=679–84 |doi=10.1080/02652030701216727 |pmid=17613052 |s2cid=38614535}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ruwaito cewa 'yan maraƙi suna canza sitigosterol zuwa sitigosterol, amma duk da haka adadin da ke cikin fitsari bai kai adadin da ake buƙata ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gallina G, Ferretti G, Merlanti R, Civitareale C, Capolongo F, Draisci R, Montesissa C |date=October 2007 |title=Boldenone, boldione, and milk replacers in the diet of veal calves: the effects of phytosterol content on the urinary excretion of boldenone metabolites |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=55 |issue=20 |pages=8275–83 |doi=10.1021/jf071097c |pmid=17844992}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Draisci R, Merlanti R, Ferretti G, Fantozzi L, Ferranti C, Capolongo F, Segato S, Montesissa C |date=March 2007 |title=Excretion profile of boldenone in urine of veal calves fed two different milk replacers |journal=Analytica Chimica Acta |volume=586 |issue=1–2 |pages=171–6 |bibcode=2007AcAC..586..171D |doi=10.1016/j.aca.2007.01.026 |pmid=17386709}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Charantin, wani sikari mai kama da stigmasteryl glucoside da ake samu a cikin shukar kankana mai ɗaci .
* Stigmastanol, wani phytosterol mai alaƙa da shi
* [[B-Sitosterol|Sitosterol]], wani phytosterol da ake samu akai-akai

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}{{Phytosterols}}{{Cholesterol metabolism intermediates}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Iodotropheus declivitas</title>
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'''''Iodotropheus declivitas''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Wannan nau'in yana iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|6.5|cm|in}} SL .  Wasu hukumomi suna ɗaukar wannan taxon a matsayin ƙaramin ma'anar ''Iodotropheus sprengerae'' . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''''Iodotropheus declivitas''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Wannan nau'in yana iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|6.5|cm|in}} SL .  Wasu hukumomi suna ɗaukar wannan taxon a matsayin ƙaramin ma'anar ''Iodotropheus sprengerae'' . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mai shayarwa na Malawi</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1322078365|Malawi squeaker]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kifin Malawi squeaker''' ( ''Synodontis njassae'' ) nau'in kifin kifin da ke juye-juye ne wanda ke rayuwa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Wannan nau'in yana girma har zuwa tsawonsa {{Convert|19.2|cm|in}} . Wannan nau'in ƙaramin ɓangare ne na kamun kifi na kasuwanci na gida kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|kifaye]] .

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin nau'ikan kifayen ruwa masu tsafta

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kifin Malawi squeaker''' ( ''Synodontis njassae'' ) nau'in kifin kifin da ke juye-juye ne wanda ke rayuwa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Wannan nau'in yana girma har zuwa tsawonsa {{Convert|19.2|cm|in}} . Wannan nau'in ƙaramin ɓangare ne na kamun kifi na kasuwanci na gida kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|kifaye]] .

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin nau'ikan kifayen ruwa masu tsafta

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sashin ruwa na Malawi</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351744901|Malawi spinyeel]]&quot;</comment>
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The '''Malawi spinyeel''' ('''''Mastacembelus shiranus''''') is a species of [[Kifi|fish]] in the family Mastacembelidae from Africa. It is endemic to the [[Tabkin Malawi|Lake Malawi]] [[Ruwan ruwa|basin]], including the main lake itself, [[Tafkin Malombe|Lake Malombe]] and the lower [[Rafin Shire|Shire River]]. It is the only described species of spinyeel in Lake Malawi, but a brightly marked variant, ''Mastacembelus'' sp. &quot;Rosette&quot; is also known. It is unclear if it is a variant of the Malawi spinyeel or an undescribed species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Konings&quot; /&gt; The Malawi spinyeel reaches about {{Convert|30|cm|in}} in length, and likely feeds on invertebrates and small fish.&lt;ref name=&quot;Konings&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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The '''Malawi spinyeel''' ('''''Mastacembelus shiranus''''') is a species of [[Kifi|fish]] in the family Mastacembelidae from Africa. It is endemic to the [[Tabkin Malawi|Lake Malawi]] [[Ruwan ruwa|basin]], including the main lake itself, [[Tafkin Malombe|Lake Malombe]] and the lower [[Rafin Shire|Shire River]]. It is the only described species of spinyeel in Lake Malawi, but a brightly marked variant, ''Mastacembelus'' sp. &quot;Rosette&quot; is also known. It is unclear if it is a variant of the Malawi spinyeel or an undescribed species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Konings&quot; /&gt; The Malawi spinyeel reaches about {{Convert|30|cm|in}} in length, and likely feeds on invertebrates and small fish.&lt;ref name=&quot;Konings&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lethrinops mylodon</title>
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'''''Lethrinops mylodon''''' nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne wanda yake da yawa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda yake yaɗuwa.  Nau'in ruwa ne mai zurfi a kan ƙasa mai yashi wanda ke cin abinci galibi akan gastropods 

== Bayani ==
''Lethrinops mylodon'' yana da jiki mai zurfi sosai da kuma babban kai da ido, za a iya gane shi banda ''Lethrinops gossei'' ta hanyar rashin yankewa mai siffar V a saman mandible da kuma ta hanyar rashin ƙananan gillrakers, ''L. myodon'' yana da 12-14 idan aka kwatanta da ''L. gossei'' wanda ke da 18-20. Haƙoran pharyngeal masu girman gaske sun bambanta wannan nau'in daga duk sauran nau'ikan jijiyoyi masu zurfi a cikin nau'in ''Lethrinops'' . Maza masu aiki da jima'i suna da launin zinare-zinare kuma galibi ana yi musu alama da sandunan tsaye daban-daban, suna da kai mai haske shuɗi da kuma manyan tabo masu launin rawaya a kan fin ɗin duburarsu . Suna girma zuwa {{Convert|25|cm|in}} a cikin jimlar tsawon . &lt;ref name=&quot;Turner&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=G.F. Turner |year=2004 |title=Lethrinops mylodon Eccles &amp; Lewis |url=https://malawicichlids.com/mw08129.htm |website=The Cichlid Fishes of Lake Malawi, Africa |publisher=M.K. Oliver}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rarrabawa ==
''Lethrinops mylodon'' yana da matuƙar haɗari ga Tafkin Malawi inda yake yaɗuwa a ko'ina cikin tafkin. 

== Mazauni da ilmin halitta ==
Yana cin abinci ne musamman akan katantanwa.  Yana rayuwa ne a kan ƙasa mai yashi  daga zurfin {{Convert|40 to 70|m|ft}}, kodayake an yi rikodin zurfinsa har zuwa {{Convert|110|m|ft}} . &lt;ref name=&quot;Turner&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=G.F. Turner |year=2004 |title=Lethrinops mylodon Eccles &amp; Lewis |url=https://malawicichlids.com/mw08129.htm |website=The Cichlid Fishes of Lake Malawi, Africa |publisher=M.K. Oliver}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFG.F._Turner2004&quot;&gt;G.F. Turner (2004). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kare Muhalli ==
Yawan mutanen ''Lethrinops mylodon'' da ke yankin kudu maso gabashin tafkin sun nuna raguwar da ta fara tun farkon shekarun 1970 kuma ta daɗe aƙalla har zuwa shekarun 1990. Wannan raguwar wataƙila ta faru ne sakamakon yawan farautar tsuntsaye a wannan ɓangaren tafkin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Turner&quot; /&gt; Wannan nau'in ba kasafai yake faruwa a wasu sassan tafkin Malawi ba. 

== Tsarin Haraji ==
A shekarar 1979, Eccles &amp; Lewis sun bayyana wani nau'in halittar arewa mai suna ''L. m. borealis'' wanda suka bambanta shi da sunan da ke kan ƙashin pharyngeal wanda ya fi tsayi kuma yana da saman ƙasa mai lanƙwasa. Sun tattara wannan siffar a Nkhata Bay, yayin da aka rubuta &quot;wanda aka zaɓa&quot; har zuwa arewa kamar Nkhotakota. Marubutan daga baya sun ɗauki ''borealis'' a matsayin nau'in halitta mai inganci amma wasu sun yi jayayya cewa matsayin ''borealis ɗin'' da ke ƙarƙashinsa yana da shakku, idan aka yi la'akari da bambancin da aka sani a cikin siffofin da aka ambata a cikin cichlids. Babu wani bayanan da suka biyo baya game da siffar ''borealis'' tun 1979 kuma an yi kuskuren sanya yawancin samfuran . &lt;ref name=&quot;Turner&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=G.F. Turner |year=2004 |title=Lethrinops mylodon Eccles &amp; Lewis |url=https://malawicichlids.com/mw08129.htm |website=The Cichlid Fishes of Lake Malawi, Africa |publisher=M.K. Oliver}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFG.F._Turner2004&quot;&gt;G.F. Turner (2004). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''''Lethrinops mylodon''''' nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne wanda yake da yawa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda yake yaɗuwa.  Nau'in ruwa ne mai zurfi a kan ƙasa mai yashi wanda ke cin abinci galibi akan gastropods 

== Bayani ==
''Lethrinops mylodon'' yana da jiki mai zurfi sosai da kuma babban kai da ido, za a iya gane shi banda ''Lethrinops gossei'' ta hanyar rashin yankewa mai siffar V a saman mandible da kuma ta hanyar rashin ƙananan gillrakers, ''L. myodon'' yana da 12-14 idan aka kwatanta da ''L. gossei'' wanda ke da 18-20. Haƙoran pharyngeal masu girman gaske sun bambanta wannan nau'in daga duk sauran nau'ikan jijiyoyi masu zurfi a cikin nau'in ''Lethrinops'' . Maza masu aiki da jima'i suna da launin zinare-zinare kuma galibi ana yi musu alama da sandunan tsaye daban-daban, suna da kai mai haske shuɗi da kuma manyan tabo masu launin rawaya a kan fin ɗin duburarsu . Suna girma zuwa {{Convert|25|cm|in}} a cikin jimlar tsawon . &lt;ref name=&quot;Turner&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=G.F. Turner |year=2004 |title=Lethrinops mylodon Eccles &amp; Lewis |url=https://malawicichlids.com/mw08129.htm |website=The Cichlid Fishes of Lake Malawi, Africa |publisher=M.K. Oliver}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rarrabawa ==
''Lethrinops mylodon'' yana da matuƙar haɗari ga Tafkin Malawi inda yake yaɗuwa a ko'ina cikin tafkin. 

== Mazauni da ilmin halitta ==
Yana cin abinci ne musamman akan katantanwa.  Yana rayuwa ne a kan ƙasa mai yashi  daga zurfin {{Convert|40 to 70|m|ft}}, kodayake an yi rikodin zurfinsa har zuwa {{Convert|110|m|ft}} . &lt;ref name=&quot;Turner&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=G.F. Turner |year=2004 |title=Lethrinops mylodon Eccles &amp; Lewis |url=https://malawicichlids.com/mw08129.htm |website=The Cichlid Fishes of Lake Malawi, Africa |publisher=M.K. Oliver}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFG.F._Turner2004&quot;&gt;G.F. Turner (2004). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kare Muhalli ==
Yawan mutanen ''Lethrinops mylodon'' da ke yankin kudu maso gabashin tafkin sun nuna raguwar da ta fara tun farkon shekarun 1970 kuma ta daɗe aƙalla har zuwa shekarun 1990. Wannan raguwar wataƙila ta faru ne sakamakon yawan farautar tsuntsaye a wannan ɓangaren tafkin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Turner&quot; /&gt; Wannan nau'in ba kasafai yake faruwa a wasu sassan tafkin Malawi ba. 

== Tsarin Haraji ==
A shekarar 1979, Eccles &amp; Lewis sun bayyana wani nau'in halittar arewa mai suna ''L. m. borealis'' wanda suka bambanta shi da sunan da ke kan ƙashin pharyngeal wanda ya fi tsayi kuma yana da saman ƙasa mai lanƙwasa. Sun tattara wannan siffar a Nkhata Bay, yayin da aka rubuta &quot;wanda aka zaɓa&quot; har zuwa arewa kamar Nkhotakota. Marubutan daga baya sun ɗauki ''borealis'' a matsayin nau'in halitta mai inganci amma wasu sun yi jayayya cewa matsayin ''borealis ɗin'' da ke ƙarƙashinsa yana da shakku, idan aka yi la'akari da bambancin da aka sani a cikin siffofin da aka ambata a cikin cichlids. Babu wani bayanan da suka biyo baya game da siffar ''borealis'' tun 1979 kuma an yi kuskuren sanya yawancin samfuran . &lt;ref name=&quot;Turner&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=G.F. Turner |year=2004 |title=Lethrinops mylodon Eccles &amp; Lewis |url=https://malawicichlids.com/mw08129.htm |website=The Cichlid Fishes of Lake Malawi, Africa |publisher=M.K. Oliver}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFG.F._Turner2004&quot;&gt;G.F. Turner (2004). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

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  <page>
    <title>Ruwan Famfo</title>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: [[Image:Wasserhahn.jpg|thumb|Ruwan fanfo na gida a kan kwanon wanke hannu na yumbu]]'''Ruwan fanfo''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''gudun ruwa''', '''ruwan burtala''' ko '''ruwan hukuma''') shine ruwa da ake samarwa ta hanyar fanfo, wato bawul mai rarraba ruwa. A ƙasashe da dama, ruwan fanfo yawanci yana da ingancin ruwan sha. Ana yawan amfani da ruwan fanfo don sha, girki, da wanke-wanke. Ana rarraba ruwan fanfo na gida ta hanyar tsarin aikin tukunyar ruwa na gida (plumbing), wa...</comment>
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      <text bytes="4869" sha1="1ojqcskkeykak339782f4kczwkj81b9" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Wasserhahn.jpg|thumb|Ruwan fanfo na gida a kan kwanon wanke hannu na yumbu]]'''Ruwan fanfo''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''gudun ruwa''', '''ruwan burtala''' ko '''ruwan hukuma''') shine ruwa da ake samarwa ta hanyar fanfo, wato bawul mai rarraba ruwa. A ƙasashe da dama, ruwan fanfo yawanci yana da ingancin ruwan sha. Ana yawan amfani da ruwan fanfo don sha, girki, da wanke-wanke. Ana rarraba ruwan fanfo na gida ta hanyar tsarin aikin tukunyar ruwa na gida (plumbing), wanda ya wanzu tun lokacin dauri amma mutane ƙalilan ne ke samun sa har zuwa rabin na biyu na ƙarni na 19 lokacin da ya fara bazuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa na yanzu. Ruwan fanfo ya zama ruwan dare a yankuna da yawa a lokacin ƙarni na 20, kuma a halin yanzu yana ranci ne galibi tsakanin mutane masu fama da talauci, musamman a ƙasashe masu tasowa.

Hukumomin gwamnati galibi suna tsara ingancin ruwan fanfo. Kiranta da &quot;ruwan fanfo&quot; yana rabe shi da sauran manyan nau'ikan ruwa mai daɗi da za a iya samu; waɗannan sun haɗa da ruwa daga tankunan tara ruwan sama, ruwa daga fanfunan ƙauye ko na gari, ruwa daga rijiya, ko ruwan da ake ɗauko wa daga ƙoramu, korama, ko tabkuna (wanda tsaftarsa na iya bambanta).

== Sharuɗɗa (Terminology) ==
Wata kalma mai ma'ana ɗaya da ruwan fanfo ita ce ruwan burtala (piped water), kalmar da Tsarin Sanya Ido na Haɗin Gwiwa don Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (JMP) na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da UNICEF ke amfani da ita wajen bayyana halin da ake ciki na samun ruwan sha a ƙasashe masu tasowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://washdata.org/reports/jmp-2023-wash-households Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000–2022: special focus on gender]. New York: United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization (WHO), 2023&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan burtala ba lallai bane ya zama mai ingancin ruwan sha amma ana lissafta shi a matsayin &quot;ingantaccen tushen ruwa&quot; a cikin tsarin Manufar Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa ta 6. Sauran ingantattun tushen ruwa sun haɗa da rijiyoyin burtsatse, rijiyoyin da aka kiyaye ko maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ruwan sama, da ruwan kwalba ko ruwan da motar tanki ke kawowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|12}}

== Kayan aiki da Na'urori ==
[[File:Clean water for a village in West Lombok (10686572086).jpg|thumb|upright|Fanfon ruwan sha na waje a ƙauyen Desa Dasan Geria, West Lombok]]

Duk abin da ke cikin gini wanda ke amfani da ruwa ya faɗa ƙarƙashin ɗayan rukunoni biyu; kayan aiki (fixture) ko na'ura (appliance). Da yake wuraren amfani da ke sama suna yin aikinsu, yawancinsu suna samar da ɓangarorin sharar gida/ruwan datti da za su buƙaci cirewa ta hanyar gefen sharar gida/ruwan datti na tsarin. Mafi ƙanƙanta shine gibin iska (air gap). Dubi kula da haɗin gwiwa da rigakafin kwararar baya don bayani daki-daki na hanyoyin rigakafin kwararar baya da na'urorin da ake amfani da su a yanzu, ta hanyar amfani da ƙa'idodin injina da na jiki.{{cn|date=June 2023}}

Kayan aiki (Fixtures) sune na'urorin da ke amfani da ruwa ba tare da ƙarin tushen wutar lantarki ba.

=== Kayan haɗi da Bawuloli ===
{{main|Piping and plumbing fittings}}

Tsarin samar da ruwan sha ya ƙunshi bututu, kayan haɗi (fittings), da bawuloli.

==== Rage kwararar Ruwa ====
{{main|Water conservation}}

Ana iya rage kwararar ruwa ta hanyar fanfo ta hanyar amfani da ƙananan robobi masu rage kwarara marasa tsada. Waɗannan suna taƙaita kwarara tsakanin kashi 15 zuwa 50%, suna taimakawa wajen kiyaye ruwa da rage nauyi a kan wuraren samar da ruwa da kuma wuraren kula da ruwan datti.

=== Kayayyakin da ake amfani da su ===
{{See also|Pipe (fluid_conveyance)#Materials}}
Ana iya yin shigar da bututun ruwa ta amfani da kayan roba da na ƙarfe&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Takagi T-KJr2-IN-NG Indoor |url=https://tanklesses.com/takagi-t-kjr2-in-ng/. |website=tanklesses.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; kamar haka:

==== Roba (Plastic) ====
* polybutylene (PB)
* high density cross-linked polyethylene (PE-X)
* block copolymer of polypropylene (PP-B)
* the polypropylene copolymer (PP-H)
* random copolymer of polypropylene (random) (PP-R)
* Layer: cross-linked polyethylene, aluminum, high-density polyethylene (PE-X / Al / PE-HD)
* Layer: polyethylene crosslinked, aluminum, cross-linked polyethylene (PE-X / Al / PE-X)
* Layer copolymer of a random polypropylene, aluminum, polypropylene random copolymer (PP-R / Al / PP-R)
* polyvinyl chloride, chlorinated (PVC-C)
* polyvinyl chloride - not softened (ruwan sanyi kawai) (PVC-U)

==== Karfe (Metals) ====
* carbon steel, na yanzu da aka yi mishi galvanize
* ƙarfe mai jure tsatsa (corrosion resistant steel)
* Deoxidized High Phosphorus copper (Cu-DHP)
* kura/gubar (lead) (ba a amfani da shi don sabbin shigarwa saboda gubarsa)

Sauran kayayyaki, idan an ba da damar yin amfani da bututun da aka yi da su kuma aka yi amfani da su sosai wajen gina tsarin samar da ruwa.</text>
      <sha1>1ojqcskkeykak339782f4kczwkj81b9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855351</id>
      <parentid>855350</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T14:27:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirjat</username>
        <id>20447</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Kayan haɗi da Bawuloli */</comment>
      <origin>855351</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4803" sha1="r84bkotr6wr3rq6uo5acaaae996hv6n" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Wasserhahn.jpg|thumb|Ruwan fanfo na gida a kan kwanon wanke hannu na yumbu]]'''Ruwan fanfo''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''gudun ruwa''', '''ruwan burtala''' ko '''ruwan hukuma''') shine ruwa da ake samarwa ta hanyar fanfo, wato bawul mai rarraba ruwa. A ƙasashe da dama, ruwan fanfo yawanci yana da ingancin ruwan sha. Ana yawan amfani da ruwan fanfo don sha, girki, da wanke-wanke. Ana rarraba ruwan fanfo na gida ta hanyar tsarin aikin tukunyar ruwa na gida (plumbing), wanda ya wanzu tun lokacin dauri amma mutane ƙalilan ne ke samun sa har zuwa rabin na biyu na ƙarni na 19 lokacin da ya fara bazuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa na yanzu. Ruwan fanfo ya zama ruwan dare a yankuna da yawa a lokacin ƙarni na 20, kuma a halin yanzu yana ranci ne galibi tsakanin mutane masu fama da talauci, musamman a ƙasashe masu tasowa.

Hukumomin gwamnati galibi suna tsara ingancin ruwan fanfo. Kiranta da &quot;ruwan fanfo&quot; yana rabe shi da sauran manyan nau'ikan ruwa mai daɗi da za a iya samu; waɗannan sun haɗa da ruwa daga tankunan tara ruwan sama, ruwa daga fanfunan ƙauye ko na gari, ruwa daga rijiya, ko ruwan da ake ɗauko wa daga ƙoramu, korama, ko tabkuna (wanda tsaftarsa na iya bambanta).

== Sharuɗɗa (Terminology) ==
Wata kalma mai ma'ana ɗaya da ruwan fanfo ita ce ruwan burtala (piped water), kalmar da Tsarin Sanya Ido na Haɗin Gwiwa don Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (JMP) na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da UNICEF ke amfani da ita wajen bayyana halin da ake ciki na samun ruwan sha a ƙasashe masu tasowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://washdata.org/reports/jmp-2023-wash-households Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000–2022: special focus on gender]. New York: United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization (WHO), 2023&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan burtala ba lallai bane ya zama mai ingancin ruwan sha amma ana lissafta shi a matsayin &quot;ingantaccen tushen ruwa&quot; a cikin tsarin Manufar Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa ta 6. Sauran ingantattun tushen ruwa sun haɗa da rijiyoyin burtsatse, rijiyoyin da aka kiyaye ko maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ruwan sama, da ruwan kwalba ko ruwan da motar tanki ke kawowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|12}}

== Kayan aiki da Na'urori ==
[[File:Clean water for a village in West Lombok (10686572086).jpg|thumb|upright|Fanfon ruwan sha na waje a ƙauyen Desa Dasan Geria, West Lombok]]

Duk abin da ke cikin gini wanda ke amfani da ruwa ya faɗa ƙarƙashin ɗayan rukunoni biyu; kayan aiki (fixture) ko na'ura (appliance). Da yake wuraren amfani da ke sama suna yin aikinsu, yawancinsu suna samar da ɓangarorin sharar gida/ruwan datti da za su buƙaci cirewa ta hanyar gefen sharar gida/ruwan datti na tsarin. Mafi ƙanƙanta shine gibin iska (air gap). Dubi kula da haɗin gwiwa da rigakafin kwararar baya don bayani daki-daki na hanyoyin rigakafin kwararar baya da na'urorin da ake amfani da su a yanzu, ta hanyar amfani da ƙa'idodin injina da na jiki.{{cn|date=June 2023}}

Kayan aiki (Fixtures) sune na'urorin da ke amfani da ruwa ba tare da ƙarin tushen wutar lantarki ba.

=== Kayan haɗi da Bawuloli ===

Tsarin samar da ruwan sha ya ƙunshi bututu, kayan haɗi (fittings), da bawuloli.

==== Rage kwararar Ruwa ====

Ana iya rage kwararar ruwa ta hanyar fanfo ta hanyar amfani da ƙananan robobi masu rage kwarara marasa tsada. Waɗannan suna taƙaita kwarara tsakanin kashi 15 zuwa 50%, suna taimakawa wajen kiyaye ruwa da rage nauyi a kan wuraren samar da ruwa da kuma wuraren kula da ruwan datti.

=== Kayayyakin da ake amfani da su ===
{{See also|Pipe (fluid_conveyance)#Materials}}
Ana iya yin shigar da bututun ruwa ta amfani da kayan roba da na ƙarfe&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Takagi T-KJr2-IN-NG Indoor |url=https://tanklesses.com/takagi-t-kjr2-in-ng/. |website=tanklesses.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; kamar haka:

==== Roba (Plastic) ====
* polybutylene (PB)
* high density cross-linked polyethylene (PE-X)
* block copolymer of polypropylene (PP-B)
* the polypropylene copolymer (PP-H)
* random copolymer of polypropylene (random) (PP-R)
* Layer: cross-linked polyethylene, aluminum, high-density polyethylene (PE-X / Al / PE-HD)
* Layer: polyethylene crosslinked, aluminum, cross-linked polyethylene (PE-X / Al / PE-X)
* Layer copolymer of a random polypropylene, aluminum, polypropylene random copolymer (PP-R / Al / PP-R)
* polyvinyl chloride, chlorinated (PVC-C)
* polyvinyl chloride - not softened (ruwan sanyi kawai) (PVC-U)

==== Karfe (Metals) ====
* carbon steel, na yanzu da aka yi mishi galvanize
* ƙarfe mai jure tsatsa (corrosion resistant steel)
* Deoxidized High Phosphorus copper (Cu-DHP)
* kura/gubar (lead) (ba a amfani da shi don sabbin shigarwa saboda gubarsa)

Sauran kayayyaki, idan an ba da damar yin amfani da bututun da aka yi da su kuma aka yi amfani da su sosai wajen gina tsarin samar da ruwa.</text>
      <sha1>r84bkotr6wr3rq6uo5acaaae996hv6n</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855352</id>
      <parentid>855351</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T14:28:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirjat</username>
        <id>20447</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>855352</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4815" sha1="2iq1sizremrkx4kkgervl7aoxkpjn8g" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[Image:Wasserhahn.jpg|thumb|Ruwan fanfo na gida a kan kwanon wanke hannu na yumbu]]'''Ruwan fanfo''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''gudun ruwa''', '''ruwan burtala''' ko '''ruwan hukuma''') shine ruwa da ake samarwa ta hanyar fanfo, wato bawul mai rarraba ruwa. A ƙasashe da dama, ruwan fanfo yawanci yana da ingancin ruwan sha. Ana yawan amfani da ruwan fanfo don sha, girki, da wanke-wanke. Ana rarraba ruwan fanfo na gida ta hanyar tsarin aikin tukunyar ruwa na gida (plumbing), wanda ya wanzu tun lokacin dauri amma mutane ƙalilan ne ke samun sa har zuwa rabin na biyu na ƙarni na 19 lokacin da ya fara bazuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa na yanzu. Ruwan fanfo ya zama ruwan dare a yankuna da yawa a lokacin ƙarni na 20, kuma a halin yanzu yana ranci ne galibi tsakanin mutane masu fama da talauci, musamman a ƙasashe masu tasowa.

Hukumomin gwamnati galibi suna tsara ingancin ruwan fanfo. Kiranta da &quot;ruwan fanfo&quot; yana rabe shi da sauran manyan nau'ikan ruwa mai daɗi da za a iya samu; waɗannan sun haɗa da ruwa daga tankunan tara ruwan sama, ruwa daga fanfunan ƙauye ko na gari, ruwa daga rijiya, ko ruwan da ake ɗauko wa daga ƙoramu, korama, ko tabkuna (wanda tsaftarsa na iya bambanta).

== Sharuɗɗa (Terminology) ==
Wata kalma mai ma'ana ɗaya da ruwan fanfo ita ce ruwan burtala (piped water), kalmar da Tsarin Sanya Ido na Haɗin Gwiwa don Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (JMP) na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da UNICEF ke amfani da ita wajen bayyana halin da ake ciki na samun ruwan sha a ƙasashe masu tasowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://washdata.org/reports/jmp-2023-wash-households Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000–2022: special focus on gender]. New York: United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization (WHO), 2023&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan burtala ba lallai bane ya zama mai ingancin ruwan sha amma ana lissafta shi a matsayin &quot;ingantaccen tushen ruwa&quot; a cikin tsarin Manufar Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa ta 6. Sauran ingantattun tushen ruwa sun haɗa da rijiyoyin burtsatse, rijiyoyin da aka kiyaye ko maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ruwan sama, da ruwan kwalba ko ruwan da motar tanki ke kawowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|12}}

== Kayan aiki da Na'urori ==
[[File:Clean water for a village in West Lombok (10686572086).jpg|thumb|upright|Fanfon ruwan sha na waje a ƙauyen Desa Dasan Geria, West Lombok]]

Duk abin da ke cikin gini wanda ke amfani da ruwa ya faɗa ƙarƙashin ɗayan rukunoni biyu; kayan aiki (fixture) ko na'ura (appliance). Da yake wuraren amfani da ke sama suna yin aikinsu, yawancinsu suna samar da ɓangarorin sharar gida/ruwan datti da za su buƙaci cirewa ta hanyar gefen sharar gida/ruwan datti na tsarin. Mafi ƙanƙanta shine gibin iska (air gap). Dubi kula da haɗin gwiwa da rigakafin kwararar baya don bayani daki-daki na hanyoyin rigakafin kwararar baya da na'urorin da ake amfani da su a yanzu, ta hanyar amfani da ƙa'idodin injina da na jiki.{{cn|date=June 2023}}

Kayan aiki (Fixtures) sune na'urorin da ke amfani da ruwa ba tare da ƙarin tushen wutar lantarki ba.

=== Kayan haɗi da Bawuloli ===

Tsarin samar da ruwan sha ya ƙunshi bututu, kayan haɗi (fittings), da bawuloli.

==== Rage kwararar Ruwa ====

Ana iya rage kwararar ruwa ta hanyar fanfo ta hanyar amfani da ƙananan robobi masu rage kwarara marasa tsada. Waɗannan suna taƙaita kwarara tsakanin kashi 15 zuwa 50%, suna taimakawa wajen kiyaye ruwa da rage nauyi a kan wuraren samar da ruwa da kuma wuraren kula da ruwan datti.

=== Kayayyakin da ake amfani da su ===
{{See also|Pipe (fluid_conveyance)#Materials}}
Ana iya yin shigar da bututun ruwa ta amfani da kayan roba da na ƙarfe&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Takagi T-KJr2-IN-NG Indoor |url=https://tanklesses.com/takagi-t-kjr2-in-ng/. |website=tanklesses.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; kamar haka:

==== Roba (Plastic) ====
* polybutylene (PB)
* high density cross-linked polyethylene (PE-X)
* block copolymer of polypropylene (PP-B)
* the polypropylene copolymer (PP-H)
* random copolymer of polypropylene (random) (PP-R)
* Layer: cross-linked polyethylene, aluminum, high-density polyethylene (PE-X / Al / PE-HD)
* Layer: polyethylene crosslinked, aluminum, cross-linked polyethylene (PE-X / Al / PE-X)
* Layer copolymer of a random polypropylene, aluminum, polypropylene random copolymer (PP-R / Al / PP-R)
* polyvinyl chloride, chlorinated (PVC-C)
* polyvinyl chloride - not softened (ruwan sanyi kawai) (PVC-U)

==== Karfe (Metals) ====
* carbon steel, na yanzu da aka yi mishi galvanize
* ƙarfe mai jure tsatsa (corrosion resistant steel)
* Deoxidized High Phosphorus copper (Cu-DHP)
* kura/gubar (lead) (ba a amfani da shi don sabbin shigarwa saboda gubarsa)

Sauran kayayyaki, idan an ba da damar yin amfani da bututun da aka yi da su kuma aka yi amfani da su sosai wajen gina tsarin samar da ruwa.</text>
      <sha1>2iq1sizremrkx4kkgervl7aoxkpjn8g</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855353</id>
      <parentid>855352</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T14:29:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirjat</username>
        <id>20447</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Kayayyakin da ake amfani da su */</comment>
      <origin>855353</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4769" sha1="63n4xkn8qi1dkcwr8o3ajmcqd0feu9k" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[Image:Wasserhahn.jpg|thumb|Ruwan fanfo na gida a kan kwanon wanke hannu na yumbu]]'''Ruwan fanfo''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''gudun ruwa''', '''ruwan burtala''' ko '''ruwan hukuma''') shine ruwa da ake samarwa ta hanyar fanfo, wato bawul mai rarraba ruwa. A ƙasashe da dama, ruwan fanfo yawanci yana da ingancin ruwan sha. Ana yawan amfani da ruwan fanfo don sha, girki, da wanke-wanke. Ana rarraba ruwan fanfo na gida ta hanyar tsarin aikin tukunyar ruwa na gida (plumbing), wanda ya wanzu tun lokacin dauri amma mutane ƙalilan ne ke samun sa har zuwa rabin na biyu na ƙarni na 19 lokacin da ya fara bazuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa na yanzu. Ruwan fanfo ya zama ruwan dare a yankuna da yawa a lokacin ƙarni na 20, kuma a halin yanzu yana ranci ne galibi tsakanin mutane masu fama da talauci, musamman a ƙasashe masu tasowa.

Hukumomin gwamnati galibi suna tsara ingancin ruwan fanfo. Kiranta da &quot;ruwan fanfo&quot; yana rabe shi da sauran manyan nau'ikan ruwa mai daɗi da za a iya samu; waɗannan sun haɗa da ruwa daga tankunan tara ruwan sama, ruwa daga fanfunan ƙauye ko na gari, ruwa daga rijiya, ko ruwan da ake ɗauko wa daga ƙoramu, korama, ko tabkuna (wanda tsaftarsa na iya bambanta).

== Sharuɗɗa (Terminology) ==
Wata kalma mai ma'ana ɗaya da ruwan fanfo ita ce ruwan burtala (piped water), kalmar da Tsarin Sanya Ido na Haɗin Gwiwa don Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (JMP) na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da UNICEF ke amfani da ita wajen bayyana halin da ake ciki na samun ruwan sha a ƙasashe masu tasowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://washdata.org/reports/jmp-2023-wash-households Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000–2022: special focus on gender]. New York: United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization (WHO), 2023&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan burtala ba lallai bane ya zama mai ingancin ruwan sha amma ana lissafta shi a matsayin &quot;ingantaccen tushen ruwa&quot; a cikin tsarin Manufar Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa ta 6. Sauran ingantattun tushen ruwa sun haɗa da rijiyoyin burtsatse, rijiyoyin da aka kiyaye ko maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ruwan sama, da ruwan kwalba ko ruwan da motar tanki ke kawowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|12}}

== Kayan aiki da Na'urori ==
[[File:Clean water for a village in West Lombok (10686572086).jpg|thumb|upright|Fanfon ruwan sha na waje a ƙauyen Desa Dasan Geria, West Lombok]]

Duk abin da ke cikin gini wanda ke amfani da ruwa ya faɗa ƙarƙashin ɗayan rukunoni biyu; kayan aiki (fixture) ko na'ura (appliance). Da yake wuraren amfani da ke sama suna yin aikinsu, yawancinsu suna samar da ɓangarorin sharar gida/ruwan datti da za su buƙaci cirewa ta hanyar gefen sharar gida/ruwan datti na tsarin. Mafi ƙanƙanta shine gibin iska (air gap). Dubi kula da haɗin gwiwa da rigakafin kwararar baya don bayani daki-daki na hanyoyin rigakafin kwararar baya da na'urorin da ake amfani da su a yanzu, ta hanyar amfani da ƙa'idodin injina da na jiki.{{cn|date=June 2023}}

Kayan aiki (Fixtures) sune na'urorin da ke amfani da ruwa ba tare da ƙarin tushen wutar lantarki ba.

=== Kayan haɗi da Bawuloli ===

Tsarin samar da ruwan sha ya ƙunshi bututu, kayan haɗi (fittings), da bawuloli.

==== Rage kwararar Ruwa ====

Ana iya rage kwararar ruwa ta hanyar fanfo ta hanyar amfani da ƙananan robobi masu rage kwarara marasa tsada. Waɗannan suna taƙaita kwarara tsakanin kashi 15 zuwa 50%, suna taimakawa wajen kiyaye ruwa da rage nauyi a kan wuraren samar da ruwa da kuma wuraren kula da ruwan datti.

=== Kayayyakin da ake amfani da su ===

Ana iya yin shigar da bututun ruwa ta amfani da kayan roba da na ƙarfe&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Takagi T-KJr2-IN-NG Indoor |url=https://tanklesses.com/takagi-t-kjr2-in-ng/. |website=tanklesses.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; kamar haka:

==== Roba (Plastic) ====
* polybutylene (PB)
* high density cross-linked polyethylene (PE-X)
* block copolymer of polypropylene (PP-B)
* the polypropylene copolymer (PP-H)
* random copolymer of polypropylene (random) (PP-R)
* Layer: cross-linked polyethylene, aluminum, high-density polyethylene (PE-X / Al / PE-HD)
* Layer: polyethylene crosslinked, aluminum, cross-linked polyethylene (PE-X / Al / PE-X)
* Layer copolymer of a random polypropylene, aluminum, polypropylene random copolymer (PP-R / Al / PP-R)
* polyvinyl chloride, chlorinated (PVC-C)
* polyvinyl chloride - not softened (ruwan sanyi kawai) (PVC-U)

==== Karfe (Metals) ====
* carbon steel, na yanzu da aka yi mishi galvanize
* ƙarfe mai jure tsatsa (corrosion resistant steel)
* Deoxidized High Phosphorus copper (Cu-DHP)
* kura/gubar (lead) (ba a amfani da shi don sabbin shigarwa saboda gubarsa)

Sauran kayayyaki, idan an ba da damar yin amfani da bututun da aka yi da su kuma aka yi amfani da su sosai wajen gina tsarin samar da ruwa.</text>
      <sha1>63n4xkn8qi1dkcwr8o3ajmcqd0feu9k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855356</id>
      <parentid>855353</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T14:32:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirjat</username>
        <id>20447</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Karfe (Metals) */</comment>
      <origin>855356</origin>
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      <text bytes="9461" sha1="b70kd1fgdodmcus9xq81vbg8ekl50gy" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[Image:Wasserhahn.jpg|thumb|Ruwan fanfo na gida a kan kwanon wanke hannu na yumbu]]'''Ruwan fanfo''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''gudun ruwa''', '''ruwan burtala''' ko '''ruwan hukuma''') shine ruwa da ake samarwa ta hanyar fanfo, wato bawul mai rarraba ruwa. A ƙasashe da dama, ruwan fanfo yawanci yana da ingancin ruwan sha. Ana yawan amfani da ruwan fanfo don sha, girki, da wanke-wanke. Ana rarraba ruwan fanfo na gida ta hanyar tsarin aikin tukunyar ruwa na gida (plumbing), wanda ya wanzu tun lokacin dauri amma mutane ƙalilan ne ke samun sa har zuwa rabin na biyu na ƙarni na 19 lokacin da ya fara bazuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa na yanzu. Ruwan fanfo ya zama ruwan dare a yankuna da yawa a lokacin ƙarni na 20, kuma a halin yanzu yana ranci ne galibi tsakanin mutane masu fama da talauci, musamman a ƙasashe masu tasowa.

Hukumomin gwamnati galibi suna tsara ingancin ruwan fanfo. Kiranta da &quot;ruwan fanfo&quot; yana rabe shi da sauran manyan nau'ikan ruwa mai daɗi da za a iya samu; waɗannan sun haɗa da ruwa daga tankunan tara ruwan sama, ruwa daga fanfunan ƙauye ko na gari, ruwa daga rijiya, ko ruwan da ake ɗauko wa daga ƙoramu, korama, ko tabkuna (wanda tsaftarsa na iya bambanta).

== Sharuɗɗa (Terminology) ==
Wata kalma mai ma'ana ɗaya da ruwan fanfo ita ce ruwan burtala (piped water), kalmar da Tsarin Sanya Ido na Haɗin Gwiwa don Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (JMP) na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da UNICEF ke amfani da ita wajen bayyana halin da ake ciki na samun ruwan sha a ƙasashe masu tasowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://washdata.org/reports/jmp-2023-wash-households Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000–2022: special focus on gender]. New York: United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization (WHO), 2023&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan burtala ba lallai bane ya zama mai ingancin ruwan sha amma ana lissafta shi a matsayin &quot;ingantaccen tushen ruwa&quot; a cikin tsarin Manufar Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa ta 6. Sauran ingantattun tushen ruwa sun haɗa da rijiyoyin burtsatse, rijiyoyin da aka kiyaye ko maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ruwan sama, da ruwan kwalba ko ruwan da motar tanki ke kawowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|12}}

== Kayan aiki da Na'urori ==
[[File:Clean water for a village in West Lombok (10686572086).jpg|thumb|upright|Fanfon ruwan sha na waje a ƙauyen Desa Dasan Geria, West Lombok]]

Duk abin da ke cikin gini wanda ke amfani da ruwa ya faɗa ƙarƙashin ɗayan rukunoni biyu; kayan aiki (fixture) ko na'ura (appliance). Da yake wuraren amfani da ke sama suna yin aikinsu, yawancinsu suna samar da ɓangarorin sharar gida/ruwan datti da za su buƙaci cirewa ta hanyar gefen sharar gida/ruwan datti na tsarin. Mafi ƙanƙanta shine gibin iska (air gap). Dubi kula da haɗin gwiwa da rigakafin kwararar baya don bayani daki-daki na hanyoyin rigakafin kwararar baya da na'urorin da ake amfani da su a yanzu, ta hanyar amfani da ƙa'idodin injina da na jiki.{{cn|date=June 2023}}

Kayan aiki (Fixtures) sune na'urorin da ke amfani da ruwa ba tare da ƙarin tushen wutar lantarki ba.

=== Kayan haɗi da Bawuloli ===

Tsarin samar da ruwan sha ya ƙunshi bututu, kayan haɗi (fittings), da bawuloli.

==== Rage kwararar Ruwa ====

Ana iya rage kwararar ruwa ta hanyar fanfo ta hanyar amfani da ƙananan robobi masu rage kwarara marasa tsada. Waɗannan suna taƙaita kwarara tsakanin kashi 15 zuwa 50%, suna taimakawa wajen kiyaye ruwa da rage nauyi a kan wuraren samar da ruwa da kuma wuraren kula da ruwan datti.

=== Kayayyakin da ake amfani da su ===

Ana iya yin shigar da bututun ruwa ta amfani da kayan roba da na ƙarfe&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Takagi T-KJr2-IN-NG Indoor |url=https://tanklesses.com/takagi-t-kjr2-in-ng/. |website=tanklesses.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; kamar haka:

==== Roba (Plastic) ====
* polybutylene (PB)
* high density cross-linked polyethylene (PE-X)
* block copolymer of polypropylene (PP-B)
* the polypropylene copolymer (PP-H)
* random copolymer of polypropylene (random) (PP-R)
* Layer: cross-linked polyethylene, aluminum, high-density polyethylene (PE-X / Al / PE-HD)
* Layer: polyethylene crosslinked, aluminum, cross-linked polyethylene (PE-X / Al / PE-X)
* Layer copolymer of a random polypropylene, aluminum, polypropylene random copolymer (PP-R / Al / PP-R)
* polyvinyl chloride, chlorinated (PVC-C)
* polyvinyl chloride - not softened (ruwan sanyi kawai) (PVC-U)

==== Karfe (Metals) ====
* carbon steel, na yanzu da aka yi mishi galvanize
* ƙarfe mai jure tsatsa (corrosion resistant steel)
* Deoxidized High Phosphorus copper (Cu-DHP)
* kura/gubar (lead) (ba a amfani da shi don sabbin shigarwa saboda gubarsa)

Sauran kayayyaki, idan an ba da damar yin amfani da bututun da aka yi da su kuma aka yi amfani da su sosai wajen gina tsarin samar da ruwa.

==== Bututun Gubar (Lead pipes) ====
Tsawon ƙarni da dama, ana yin bututun ruwa da gubar, saboda sauƙin sarrafawa da dorewarsa. Yin amfani da bututun gubar ya kasance sanadin matsalolin lafiya saboda rashin sanin haɗarin gubar a jikin ɗan adam, wanda ke haifar da barayin ciki da kuma yawan mace-macen jarirai. Bututun gubar, waɗanda aka girka su yawanci a ƙarshen shekarun 1800 a Amurka, har yanzu suna da yawa a yau, yawancinsu suna yankin Arewa maso Gabas da Tsakiyar Yamma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Troesken, Werner|title=The great lead water pipe disaster|date=2006|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=0-262-20167-4|oclc=70176961}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tasirinsu yana da ɗan kaɗan saboda datti da ke taruwa a bututun da ke dakatar da fitar gubar a cikin ruwa; sai dai, bututun gubar har yanzu suna da lahani. Yawancin bututun gubar da ke akwai a yau ana cire su kuma ana canza su da kayan da suka fi dacewa, wato jan ƙarfe (copper) ko wani nau'in roba.

== Tsarin rarraba ruwa da gurbatawa ==
{{main|Drinking water|Water supply network|Water distribution system}}
[[Image:Safe drink tap water map.png|thumb|Kasashen da ruwan fanfo yawanci ke da lafiya don sha&lt;ref&gt;The source [https://www.qssupplies.co.uk/worlds-most-dangerous-drinking-water.html ''Where Is the World's Most Dangerous Drinking Water?''] (commercial website ''qssuplies.co.uk'', March 2023) uses data of the US [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) ([https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/list ''Destinations list''], wwwnc.cdc.gov) and the [[Environmental Performance Index]] (EPI) ([https://epi.yale.edu/epi-results/2022/component/uwd ''Unsafe drinking water''], epi.yale.edu, 2022). The EPI estimates rely on data of the [[Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation]] (IHME) ''Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study''&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Kayan aikin famfo na zamani (plumbing) yana kai tsafallan ruwa, mai lafiya, da sha zuwa kowane wurin amfani a cikin tsarin rarraba ruwa, gami da fanfuna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Board.|first=National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Public Water Supply Distribution Systems: Assessing and Reducing Risks. National Research Council (U.S.). Water Science and Technology|title=Drinking water distribution systems : assessing and reducing risks|date=2006|publisher=National Academies Press|isbn=0-309-10306-1|oclc=71294470}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da mahimmanci kada ruwa mai tsafta ya gurbata ta hanyar ruwan datti (zubar da sharar gida) na tsarin aikin. A tarihi, wannan gurbatar ruwan sha ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan kisa ga ɗan adam.&lt;ref&gt;''Plumbing: the Arteries of Civilization'', Modern Marvels video series, The History Chfifr5tyk A&amp;E Television, 1996&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawancin dokoki na kiyaye ƙa'idodin ingancin ruwan sha ba na tsarin rarrabawa bane, a'a na masana'antar tace ruwa ne. Ko da yake tsarin rarraba ruwa ya kamata ya kai ruwan da aka tace zuwa fanfunan masu amfani ba tare da lalacewar ingancin ruwa ba, abubuwa masu rikitarwa na jiki, sinadarai, da kwayoyin halitta a cikin tsarin na iya haifar da gurbatar ruwan fanfo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;/&gt; Idan an sami ƙwayoyin cuta na fecal indicator, yana nuna cewa tushen ruwan na iya kasancewa ya gurbata da najasa kuma yana buƙatar kulawa.&lt;ref&gt;Coyne, M. (1994). Water Quality and Fecal Indicator Bacteria. Soil Science News and Views, 15. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_views/33&lt;/ref&gt; Tafiyar ruwa zuwa ga masu amfani na iya ɗaukar sa'o'i da yawa ko ma kwanaki, wanda ke haifar da abin da aka sani da “shekarun ruwa.” Wannan shekarun yana wakiltar lokacin riƙewar hydraulic na tsarin, bambance-bambance a cikin amfani da ruwa, da girma da sarƙakkiyar hanyar rarrabawa. &lt;ref&gt;Domoń, A., Kowalska, B., Papciak, D., &amp; Wojtas, E. (2025). Assessment of the stability of tap water in the distribution system. *Desalination and Water Treatment*, *322*, 101130. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2025.101130](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2025.101130)&lt;/ref&gt;

Ruwan fanfo wani lokaci yana iya fitowa da gajimare (fari-fari) kuma galibi ana kuskuren hakan a matsayin datti na ma'adinai a cikin ruwa. Yawanci yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kumfar iska da ke fitowa daga ruwan saboda canjin yanayin zafi ko matsa lamba. Saboda ruwan sanyi yana riƙe da iska fiye da ruwan ɗumi, ƙananan kumfa za su bayyana a cikin ruwa. Yana da babban abun ciki na iskar gas da aka narkar da shi wanda aka ɗumama ko aka rage matsa lamba, wanda ke rage yawan iskar gas ɗin da ruwan zai iya riƙewa. Wannan fari na gajimare mara lahani na ruwan yana ɓacewa da sauri yayin da iskar gas ɗin ke fita daga ruwan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Why is my tap water cloudy?|url=https://www.mwra.com/04water/2004/whitewater.htm|access-date=2023-03-27|website=www.mwra.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>855357</id>
      <parentid>855356</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T14:34:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirjat</username>
        <id>20447</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tsarin rarraba ruwa da gurbatawa */</comment>
      <origin>855357</origin>
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      <text bytes="14015" sha1="4d0h8d7mveemyj6xvof6003g1hk7fww" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[Image:Wasserhahn.jpg|thumb|Ruwan fanfo na gida a kan kwanon wanke hannu na yumbu]]'''Ruwan fanfo''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''gudun ruwa''', '''ruwan burtala''' ko '''ruwan hukuma''') shine ruwa da ake samarwa ta hanyar fanfo, wato bawul mai rarraba ruwa. A ƙasashe da dama, ruwan fanfo yawanci yana da ingancin ruwan sha. Ana yawan amfani da ruwan fanfo don sha, girki, da wanke-wanke. Ana rarraba ruwan fanfo na gida ta hanyar tsarin aikin tukunyar ruwa na gida (plumbing), wanda ya wanzu tun lokacin dauri amma mutane ƙalilan ne ke samun sa har zuwa rabin na biyu na ƙarni na 19 lokacin da ya fara bazuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa na yanzu. Ruwan fanfo ya zama ruwan dare a yankuna da yawa a lokacin ƙarni na 20, kuma a halin yanzu yana ranci ne galibi tsakanin mutane masu fama da talauci, musamman a ƙasashe masu tasowa.

Hukumomin gwamnati galibi suna tsara ingancin ruwan fanfo. Kiranta da &quot;ruwan fanfo&quot; yana rabe shi da sauran manyan nau'ikan ruwa mai daɗi da za a iya samu; waɗannan sun haɗa da ruwa daga tankunan tara ruwan sama, ruwa daga fanfunan ƙauye ko na gari, ruwa daga rijiya, ko ruwan da ake ɗauko wa daga ƙoramu, korama, ko tabkuna (wanda tsaftarsa na iya bambanta).

== Sharuɗɗa (Terminology) ==
Wata kalma mai ma'ana ɗaya da ruwan fanfo ita ce ruwan burtala (piped water), kalmar da Tsarin Sanya Ido na Haɗin Gwiwa don Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (JMP) na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da UNICEF ke amfani da ita wajen bayyana halin da ake ciki na samun ruwan sha a ƙasashe masu tasowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://washdata.org/reports/jmp-2023-wash-households Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000–2022: special focus on gender]. New York: United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization (WHO), 2023&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan burtala ba lallai bane ya zama mai ingancin ruwan sha amma ana lissafta shi a matsayin &quot;ingantaccen tushen ruwa&quot; a cikin tsarin Manufar Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa ta 6. Sauran ingantattun tushen ruwa sun haɗa da rijiyoyin burtsatse, rijiyoyin da aka kiyaye ko maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ruwan sama, da ruwan kwalba ko ruwan da motar tanki ke kawowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|12}}

== Kayan aiki da Na'urori ==
[[File:Clean water for a village in West Lombok (10686572086).jpg|thumb|upright|Fanfon ruwan sha na waje a ƙauyen Desa Dasan Geria, West Lombok]]

Duk abin da ke cikin gini wanda ke amfani da ruwa ya faɗa ƙarƙashin ɗayan rukunoni biyu; kayan aiki (fixture) ko na'ura (appliance). Da yake wuraren amfani da ke sama suna yin aikinsu, yawancinsu suna samar da ɓangarorin sharar gida/ruwan datti da za su buƙaci cirewa ta hanyar gefen sharar gida/ruwan datti na tsarin. Mafi ƙanƙanta shine gibin iska (air gap). Dubi kula da haɗin gwiwa da rigakafin kwararar baya don bayani daki-daki na hanyoyin rigakafin kwararar baya da na'urorin da ake amfani da su a yanzu, ta hanyar amfani da ƙa'idodin injina da na jiki.{{cn|date=June 2023}}

Kayan aiki (Fixtures) sune na'urorin da ke amfani da ruwa ba tare da ƙarin tushen wutar lantarki ba.

=== Kayan haɗi da Bawuloli ===

Tsarin samar da ruwan sha ya ƙunshi bututu, kayan haɗi (fittings), da bawuloli.

==== Rage kwararar Ruwa ====

Ana iya rage kwararar ruwa ta hanyar fanfo ta hanyar amfani da ƙananan robobi masu rage kwarara marasa tsada. Waɗannan suna taƙaita kwarara tsakanin kashi 15 zuwa 50%, suna taimakawa wajen kiyaye ruwa da rage nauyi a kan wuraren samar da ruwa da kuma wuraren kula da ruwan datti.

=== Kayayyakin da ake amfani da su ===

Ana iya yin shigar da bututun ruwa ta amfani da kayan roba da na ƙarfe&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Takagi T-KJr2-IN-NG Indoor |url=https://tanklesses.com/takagi-t-kjr2-in-ng/. |website=tanklesses.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; kamar haka:

==== Roba (Plastic) ====
* polybutylene (PB)
* high density cross-linked polyethylene (PE-X)
* block copolymer of polypropylene (PP-B)
* the polypropylene copolymer (PP-H)
* random copolymer of polypropylene (random) (PP-R)
* Layer: cross-linked polyethylene, aluminum, high-density polyethylene (PE-X / Al / PE-HD)
* Layer: polyethylene crosslinked, aluminum, cross-linked polyethylene (PE-X / Al / PE-X)
* Layer copolymer of a random polypropylene, aluminum, polypropylene random copolymer (PP-R / Al / PP-R)
* polyvinyl chloride, chlorinated (PVC-C)
* polyvinyl chloride - not softened (ruwan sanyi kawai) (PVC-U)

==== Karfe (Metals) ====
* carbon steel, na yanzu da aka yi mishi galvanize
* ƙarfe mai jure tsatsa (corrosion resistant steel)
* Deoxidized High Phosphorus copper (Cu-DHP)
* kura/gubar (lead) (ba a amfani da shi don sabbin shigarwa saboda gubarsa)

Sauran kayayyaki, idan an ba da damar yin amfani da bututun da aka yi da su kuma aka yi amfani da su sosai wajen gina tsarin samar da ruwa.

==== Bututun Gubar (Lead pipes) ====
Tsawon ƙarni da dama, ana yin bututun ruwa da gubar, saboda sauƙin sarrafawa da dorewarsa. Yin amfani da bututun gubar ya kasance sanadin matsalolin lafiya saboda rashin sanin haɗarin gubar a jikin ɗan adam, wanda ke haifar da barayin ciki da kuma yawan mace-macen jarirai. Bututun gubar, waɗanda aka girka su yawanci a ƙarshen shekarun 1800 a Amurka, har yanzu suna da yawa a yau, yawancinsu suna yankin Arewa maso Gabas da Tsakiyar Yamma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Troesken, Werner|title=The great lead water pipe disaster|date=2006|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=0-262-20167-4|oclc=70176961}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tasirinsu yana da ɗan kaɗan saboda datti da ke taruwa a bututun da ke dakatar da fitar gubar a cikin ruwa; sai dai, bututun gubar har yanzu suna da lahani. Yawancin bututun gubar da ke akwai a yau ana cire su kuma ana canza su da kayan da suka fi dacewa, wato jan ƙarfe (copper) ko wani nau'in roba.

== Tsarin rarraba ruwa da gurbatawa ==
{{main|Drinking water|Water supply network|Water distribution system}}
[[Image:Safe drink tap water map.png|thumb|Kasashen da ruwan fanfo yawanci ke da lafiya don sha&lt;ref&gt;The source [https://www.qssupplies.co.uk/worlds-most-dangerous-drinking-water.html ''Where Is the World's Most Dangerous Drinking Water?''] (commercial website ''qssuplies.co.uk'', March 2023) uses data of the US [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) ([https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/list ''Destinations list''], wwwnc.cdc.gov) and the [[Environmental Performance Index]] (EPI) ([https://epi.yale.edu/epi-results/2022/component/uwd ''Unsafe drinking water''], epi.yale.edu, 2022). The EPI estimates rely on data of the [[Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation]] (IHME) ''Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study''&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Kayan aikin famfo na zamani (plumbing) yana kai tsafallan ruwa, mai lafiya, da sha zuwa kowane wurin amfani a cikin tsarin rarraba ruwa, gami da fanfuna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Board.|first=National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Public Water Supply Distribution Systems: Assessing and Reducing Risks. National Research Council (U.S.). Water Science and Technology|title=Drinking water distribution systems : assessing and reducing risks|date=2006|publisher=National Academies Press|isbn=0-309-10306-1|oclc=71294470}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da mahimmanci kada ruwa mai tsafta ya gurbata ta hanyar ruwan datti (zubar da sharar gida) na tsarin aikin. A tarihi, wannan gurbatar ruwan sha ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan kisa ga ɗan adam.&lt;ref&gt;''Plumbing: the Arteries of Civilization'', Modern Marvels video series, The History Chfifr5tyk A&amp;E Television, 1996&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawancin dokoki na kiyaye ƙa'idodin ingancin ruwan sha ba na tsarin rarrabawa bane, a'a na masana'antar tace ruwa ne. Ko da yake tsarin rarraba ruwa ya kamata ya kai ruwan da aka tace zuwa fanfunan masu amfani ba tare da lalacewar ingancin ruwa ba, abubuwa masu rikitarwa na jiki, sinadarai, da kwayoyin halitta a cikin tsarin na iya haifar da gurbatar ruwan fanfo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;/&gt; Idan an sami ƙwayoyin cuta na fecal indicator, yana nuna cewa tushen ruwan na iya kasancewa ya gurbata da najasa kuma yana buƙatar kulawa.&lt;ref&gt;Coyne, M. (1994). Water Quality and Fecal Indicator Bacteria. Soil Science News and Views, 15. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_views/33&lt;/ref&gt; Tafiyar ruwa zuwa ga masu amfani na iya ɗaukar sa'o'i da yawa ko ma kwanaki, wanda ke haifar da abin da aka sani da “shekarun ruwa.” Wannan shekarun yana wakiltar lokacin riƙewar hydraulic na tsarin, bambance-bambance a cikin amfani da ruwa, da girma da sarƙakkiyar hanyar rarrabawa. &lt;ref&gt;Domoń, A., Kowalska, B., Papciak, D., &amp; Wojtas, E. (2025). Assessment of the stability of tap water in the distribution system. *Desalination and Water Treatment*, *322*, 101130. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2025.101130](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2025.101130)&lt;/ref&gt;

Ruwan fanfo wani lokaci yana iya fitowa da gajimare (fari-fari) kuma galibi ana kuskuren hakan a matsayin datti na ma'adinai a cikin ruwa. Yawanci yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kumfar iska da ke fitowa daga ruwan saboda canjin yanayin zafi ko matsa lamba. Saboda ruwan sanyi yana riƙe da iska fiye da ruwan ɗumi, ƙananan kumfa za su bayyana a cikin ruwa. Yana da babban abun ciki na iskar gas da aka narkar da shi wanda aka ɗumama ko aka rage matsa lamba, wanda ke rage yawan iskar gas ɗin da ruwan zai iya riƙewa. Wannan fari na gajimare mara lahani na ruwan yana ɓacewa da sauri yayin da iskar gas ɗin ke fita daga ruwan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Why is my tap water cloudy?|url=https://www.mwra.com/04water/2004/whitewater.htm|access-date=2023-03-27|website=www.mwra.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Samar da Ruwa ==

== Kwatantawa da ruwan kwalba ==
{{Globalize|section|date=October 2023}}
{{excerpt|Bottled water#Bottled water versus tap water|paragraphs=1-3}}Zabuka tsakanin ruwan fanfo ko na kwalba galibi suna jagorantar ne ta hanyar ɗandano, tsaro da aka hango, da kuma dabi'un mutum. Mummunan siffofin ji a cikin ruwan fanfo—kamar mummunan ɗandano ko warine—yana ƙarfafa yawan amfani da ruwan kwalba.&lt;ref&gt; Zvěřinová, I., Ščasný, M., &amp; Otáhal, J. (2024). Bottled or Tap Water? Factors Explaining Consumption and Measures to Promote Tap Water. Water, 16(20), 3011. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16203011&lt;/ref&gt; Amfani da ruwan kwalba na roba ya ci gaba da tashi, koda a yankuna masu ingancin ruwan fanfo mai girma. Wannan ci gaban yana taimakawa ga matsalolin muhalli kamar fitar da hayaki lokacin sufuri da taruwar robobi maras rubewa.&lt;ref&gt;Dorigoni, A., &amp; Bonini, N. (2023). Water bottles or tap water? A descriptive-social-
norm based intervention to increase a pro-environmental behavior in a restaurant. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 86, 101971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.101971
&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Amurka (United States) ===
Matakan gurbatawa da aka samu a cikin ruwan fanfo sun bambanta tsakanin gidaje da tsarin famfo. Yayin da yawancin gidajen Amurka ke da damar yin amfani da ruwan fanfo mai inganci, buƙatar ruwan kwalba na ƙaruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Doria|first=Miguel F.|date=2006-06-01|title=Bottled water versus tap water: understanding consumers' preferences|journal=Journal of Water and Health|volume=4|issue=2|pages=271–276|doi=10.2166/wh.2006.0023|pmid=16813019|issn=1477-8920|doi-access=free|bibcode=2006JWH.....4..271D }}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2002, Zaɓen Ra'ayin Jama'a na Gallup ya bayyana cewa yiwuwar haɗarin lafiya da ke tattare da amfani da ruwan fanfo shine ɗayan babban dalilin da ke sa masu amfani da Amurka gwammace ruwan kwalba fiye da ruwan fanfo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Saylor|first1=Amber|last2=Prokopy|first2=Linda Stalker|last3=Amberg|first3=Shannon|date=September 2011|title=What's Wrong with the Tap? Examining Perceptions of Tap Water and Bottled Water at Purdue University|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00267-011-9692-6|journal=Environmental Management|language=en|volume=48|issue=3|pages=588–601|doi=10.1007/s00267-011-9692-6|pmid=21643837|bibcode=2011EnMan..48..588S|s2cid=22067616|issn=0364-152X|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Matakin amincewa ga ruwan fanfo ya dogara da madaidaita daban-daban, gami da dokokin gwamnati da ke akwai game da ingancin ruwa da amfani da su. A cikin 1993, ɓarnar cryptosporidiosis a Milwaukee, Wisconsin ta shafi mazauna sama da 400,000 kuma an ɗauke ta mafi girma a tarihin Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Mac Kenzie|first1=William R.|last2=Hoxie|first2=Neil J.|last3=Proctor|first3=Mary E.|last4=Gradus|first4=M. Stephen|last5=Blair|first5=Kathleen A.|last6=Peterson|first6=Dan E.|last7=Kazmierczak|first7=James J.|last8=Addiss|first8=David G.|last9=Fox|first9=Kim R.|last10=Rose|first10=Joan B.|last11=Davis|first11=Jeffrey P.|date=1994-07-21|title=A Massive Outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium Infection Transmitted through the Public Water Supply|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=331|issue=3|pages=161–167|doi=10.1056/NEJM199407213310304|issn=0028-4793|pmid=7818640|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ketare ƙa'idodin ruwan fanfo mai tsanani yana tasiri ga raguwar amon jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Pierce|first1=Gregory|last2=Gonzalez|first2=Silvia|date=2017-02-01|title=Mistrust at the tap? Factors contributing to public drinking water (mis)perception across US households|url=https://iwaponline.com/wp/article/19/1/1/20521/Mistrust-at-the-tap-Factors-contributing-to-public|journal=Water Policy|language=en|volume=19|issue=1|pages=1–12|doi=10.2166/wp.2016.143|issn=1366-7017|doi-access=free|bibcode=2017WaPol..19....1P |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bambanci tsakanin ingancin ruwa na kwalba da na fanfo abu ne mai zaman muhawara. A shekarar 1999, Majalisar Kare Albarkatun Kasa (NRDC) ta fitar da sakamako mai cike da cece-kuce daga binciken shekaru 4 a kan ruwan kwalba. Binciken ya yi ikirarin cewa kashi daya bisa uku na ruwan da aka gwada sun gurbata da sinadarai na roba (synthetic organic chemicals), kwayoyin cuta (bacteria), da arsenic. Akalla samfuri guda ya wuce ka'idojin jiha na matakan gurbatawa a cikin ruwan kwalba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=January 5, 2016|title=The Truth About Tap|url=https://www.nrdc.org/stories/truth-about-tap|access-date=2021-04-24|website=NRDC|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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[[Image:Wasserhahn.jpg|thumb|Ruwan fanfo na gida a kan kwanon wanke hannu na yumbu]]'''Ruwan fanfo''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''gudun ruwa''', '''ruwan burtala''' ko '''ruwan hukuma''') shine ruwa da ake samarwa ta hanyar fanfo, wato bawul mai rarraba ruwa. A ƙasashe da dama, ruwan fanfo yawanci yana da ingancin ruwan sha. Ana yawan amfani da ruwan fanfo don sha, girki, da wanke-wanke. Ana rarraba ruwan fanfo na gida ta hanyar tsarin aikin tukunyar ruwa na gida (plumbing), wanda ya wanzu tun lokacin dauri amma mutane ƙalilan ne ke samun sa har zuwa rabin na biyu na ƙarni na 19 lokacin da ya fara bazuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa na yanzu. Ruwan fanfo ya zama ruwan dare a yankuna da yawa a lokacin ƙarni na 20, kuma a halin yanzu yana ranci ne galibi tsakanin mutane masu fama da talauci, musamman a ƙasashe masu tasowa.

Hukumomin gwamnati galibi suna tsara ingancin ruwan fanfo. Kiranta da &quot;ruwan fanfo&quot; yana rabe shi da sauran manyan nau'ikan ruwa mai daɗi da za a iya samu; waɗannan sun haɗa da ruwa daga tankunan tara ruwan sama, ruwa daga fanfunan ƙauye ko na gari, ruwa daga rijiya, ko ruwan da ake ɗauko wa daga ƙoramu, korama, ko tabkuna (wanda tsaftarsa na iya bambanta).

== Sharuɗɗa (Terminology) ==
Wata kalma mai ma'ana ɗaya da ruwan fanfo ita ce ruwan burtala (piped water), kalmar da Tsarin Sanya Ido na Haɗin Gwiwa don Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (JMP) na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da UNICEF ke amfani da ita wajen bayyana halin da ake ciki na samun ruwan sha a ƙasashe masu tasowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://washdata.org/reports/jmp-2023-wash-households Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000–2022: special focus on gender]. New York: United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization (WHO), 2023&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan burtala ba lallai bane ya zama mai ingancin ruwan sha amma ana lissafta shi a matsayin &quot;ingantaccen tushen ruwa&quot; a cikin tsarin Manufar Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa ta 6. Sauran ingantattun tushen ruwa sun haɗa da rijiyoyin burtsatse, rijiyoyin da aka kiyaye ko maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ruwan sama, da ruwan kwalba ko ruwan da motar tanki ke kawowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|12}}

== Kayan aiki da Na'urori ==
[[File:Clean water for a village in West Lombok (10686572086).jpg|thumb|upright|Fanfon ruwan sha na waje a ƙauyen Desa Dasan Geria, West Lombok]]

Duk abin da ke cikin gini wanda ke amfani da ruwa ya faɗa ƙarƙashin ɗayan rukunoni biyu; kayan aiki (fixture) ko na'ura (appliance). Da yake wuraren amfani da ke sama suna yin aikinsu, yawancinsu suna samar da ɓangarorin sharar gida/ruwan datti da za su buƙaci cirewa ta hanyar gefen sharar gida/ruwan datti na tsarin. Mafi ƙanƙanta shine gibin iska (air gap). Dubi kula da haɗin gwiwa da rigakafin kwararar baya don bayani daki-daki na hanyoyin rigakafin kwararar baya da na'urorin da ake amfani da su a yanzu, ta hanyar amfani da ƙa'idodin injina da na jiki.{{cn|date=June 2023}}

Kayan aiki (Fixtures) sune na'urorin da ke amfani da ruwa ba tare da ƙarin tushen wutar lantarki ba.

=== Kayan haɗi da Bawuloli ===

Tsarin samar da ruwan sha ya ƙunshi bututu, kayan haɗi (fittings), da bawuloli.

==== Rage kwararar Ruwa ====

Ana iya rage kwararar ruwa ta hanyar fanfo ta hanyar amfani da ƙananan robobi masu rage kwarara marasa tsada. Waɗannan suna taƙaita kwarara tsakanin kashi 15 zuwa 50%, suna taimakawa wajen kiyaye ruwa da rage nauyi a kan wuraren samar da ruwa da kuma wuraren kula da ruwan datti.

=== Kayayyakin da ake amfani da su ===

Ana iya yin shigar da bututun ruwa ta amfani da kayan roba da na ƙarfe&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Takagi T-KJr2-IN-NG Indoor |url=https://tanklesses.com/takagi-t-kjr2-in-ng/. |website=tanklesses.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; kamar haka:

==== Roba (Plastic) ====
* polybutylene (PB)
* high density cross-linked polyethylene (PE-X)
* block copolymer of polypropylene (PP-B)
* the polypropylene copolymer (PP-H)
* random copolymer of polypropylene (random) (PP-R)
* Layer: cross-linked polyethylene, aluminum, high-density polyethylene (PE-X / Al / PE-HD)
* Layer: polyethylene crosslinked, aluminum, cross-linked polyethylene (PE-X / Al / PE-X)
* Layer copolymer of a random polypropylene, aluminum, polypropylene random copolymer (PP-R / Al / PP-R)
* polyvinyl chloride, chlorinated (PVC-C)
* polyvinyl chloride - not softened (ruwan sanyi kawai) (PVC-U)

==== Karfe (Metals) ====
* carbon steel, na yanzu da aka yi mishi galvanize
* ƙarfe mai jure tsatsa (corrosion resistant steel)
* Deoxidized High Phosphorus copper (Cu-DHP)
* kura/gubar (lead) (ba a amfani da shi don sabbin shigarwa saboda gubarsa)

Sauran kayayyaki, idan an ba da damar yin amfani da bututun da aka yi da su kuma aka yi amfani da su sosai wajen gina tsarin samar da ruwa.

==== Bututun Gubar (Lead pipes) ====
Tsawon ƙarni da dama, ana yin bututun ruwa da gubar, saboda sauƙin sarrafawa da dorewarsa. Yin amfani da bututun gubar ya kasance sanadin matsalolin lafiya saboda rashin sanin haɗarin gubar a jikin ɗan adam, wanda ke haifar da barayin ciki da kuma yawan mace-macen jarirai. Bututun gubar, waɗanda aka girka su yawanci a ƙarshen shekarun 1800 a Amurka, har yanzu suna da yawa a yau, yawancinsu suna yankin Arewa maso Gabas da Tsakiyar Yamma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Troesken, Werner|title=The great lead water pipe disaster|date=2006|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=0-262-20167-4|oclc=70176961}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tasirinsu yana da ɗan kaɗan saboda datti da ke taruwa a bututun da ke dakatar da fitar gubar a cikin ruwa; sai dai, bututun gubar har yanzu suna da lahani. Yawancin bututun gubar da ke akwai a yau ana cire su kuma ana canza su da kayan da suka fi dacewa, wato jan ƙarfe (copper) ko wani nau'in roba.

== Tsarin rarraba ruwa da gurbatawa ==
[[Image:Safe drink tap water map.png|thumb|Kasashen da ruwan fanfo yawanci ke da lafiya don sha&lt;ref&gt;The source [https://www.qssupplies.co.uk/worlds-most-dangerous-drinking-water.html ''Where Is the World's Most Dangerous Drinking Water?''] (commercial website ''qssuplies.co.uk'', March 2023) uses data of the US [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) ([https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/list ''Destinations list''], wwwnc.cdc.gov) and the [[Environmental Performance Index]] (EPI) ([https://epi.yale.edu/epi-results/2022/component/uwd ''Unsafe drinking water''], epi.yale.edu, 2022). The EPI estimates rely on data of the [[Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation]] (IHME) ''Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study''&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Kayan aikin famfo na zamani (plumbing) yana kai tsafallan ruwa, mai lafiya, da sha zuwa kowane wurin amfani a cikin tsarin rarraba ruwa, gami da fanfuna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Board.|first=National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Public Water Supply Distribution Systems: Assessing and Reducing Risks. National Research Council (U.S.). Water Science and Technology|title=Drinking water distribution systems : assessing and reducing risks|date=2006|publisher=National Academies Press|isbn=0-309-10306-1|oclc=71294470}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da mahimmanci kada ruwa mai tsafta ya gurbata ta hanyar ruwan datti (zubar da sharar gida) na tsarin aikin. A tarihi, wannan gurbatar ruwan sha ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan kisa ga ɗan adam.&lt;ref&gt;''Plumbing: the Arteries of Civilization'', Modern Marvels video series, The History Chfifr5tyk A&amp;E Television, 1996&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawancin dokoki na kiyaye ƙa'idodin ingancin ruwan sha ba na tsarin rarrabawa bane, a'a na masana'antar tace ruwa ne. Ko da yake tsarin rarraba ruwa ya kamata ya kai ruwan da aka tace zuwa fanfunan masu amfani ba tare da lalacewar ingancin ruwa ba, abubuwa masu rikitarwa na jiki, sinadarai, da kwayoyin halitta a cikin tsarin na iya haifar da gurbatar ruwan fanfo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;/&gt; Idan an sami ƙwayoyin cuta na fecal indicator, yana nuna cewa tushen ruwan na iya kasancewa ya gurbata da najasa kuma yana buƙatar kulawa.&lt;ref&gt;Coyne, M. (1994). Water Quality and Fecal Indicator Bacteria. Soil Science News and Views, 15. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_views/33&lt;/ref&gt; Tafiyar ruwa zuwa ga masu amfani na iya ɗaukar sa'o'i da yawa ko ma kwanaki, wanda ke haifar da abin da aka sani da “shekarun ruwa.” Wannan shekarun yana wakiltar lokacin riƙewar hydraulic na tsarin, bambance-bambance a cikin amfani da ruwa, da girma da sarƙakkiyar hanyar rarrabawa. &lt;ref&gt;Domoń, A., Kowalska, B., Papciak, D., &amp; Wojtas, E. (2025). Assessment of the stability of tap water in the distribution system. *Desalination and Water Treatment*, *322*, 101130. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2025.101130](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2025.101130)&lt;/ref&gt;

Ruwan fanfo wani lokaci yana iya fitowa da gajimare (fari-fari) kuma galibi ana kuskuren hakan a matsayin datti na ma'adinai a cikin ruwa. Yawanci yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kumfar iska da ke fitowa daga ruwan saboda canjin yanayin zafi ko matsa lamba. Saboda ruwan sanyi yana riƙe da iska fiye da ruwan ɗumi, ƙananan kumfa za su bayyana a cikin ruwa. Yana da babban abun ciki na iskar gas da aka narkar da shi wanda aka ɗumama ko aka rage matsa lamba, wanda ke rage yawan iskar gas ɗin da ruwan zai iya riƙewa. Wannan fari na gajimare mara lahani na ruwan yana ɓacewa da sauri yayin da iskar gas ɗin ke fita daga ruwan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Why is my tap water cloudy?|url=https://www.mwra.com/04water/2004/whitewater.htm|access-date=2023-03-27|website=www.mwra.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samar da Ruwa ==

== Kwatantawa da ruwan kwalba ==
{{Globalize|section|date=October 2023}}
{{excerpt|Bottled water#Bottled water versus tap water|paragraphs=1-3}}Zabuka tsakanin ruwan fanfo ko na kwalba galibi suna jagorantar ne ta hanyar ɗandano, tsaro da aka hango, da kuma dabi'un mutum. Mummunan siffofin ji a cikin ruwan fanfo—kamar mummunan ɗandano ko warine—yana ƙarfafa yawan amfani da ruwan kwalba.&lt;ref&gt; Zvěřinová, I., Ščasný, M., &amp; Otáhal, J. (2024). Bottled or Tap Water? Factors Explaining Consumption and Measures to Promote Tap Water. Water, 16(20), 3011. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16203011&lt;/ref&gt; Amfani da ruwan kwalba na roba ya ci gaba da tashi, koda a yankuna masu ingancin ruwan fanfo mai girma. Wannan ci gaban yana taimakawa ga matsalolin muhalli kamar fitar da hayaki lokacin sufuri da taruwar robobi maras rubewa.&lt;ref&gt;Dorigoni, A., &amp; Bonini, N. (2023). Water bottles or tap water? A descriptive-social-
norm based intervention to increase a pro-environmental behavior in a restaurant. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 86, 101971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.101971
&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Amurka (United States) ===
Matakan gurbatawa da aka samu a cikin ruwan fanfo sun bambanta tsakanin gidaje da tsarin famfo. Yayin da yawancin gidajen Amurka ke da damar yin amfani da ruwan fanfo mai inganci, buƙatar ruwan kwalba na ƙaruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Doria|first=Miguel F.|date=2006-06-01|title=Bottled water versus tap water: understanding consumers' preferences|journal=Journal of Water and Health|volume=4|issue=2|pages=271–276|doi=10.2166/wh.2006.0023|pmid=16813019|issn=1477-8920|doi-access=free|bibcode=2006JWH.....4..271D }}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2002, Zaɓen Ra'ayin Jama'a na Gallup ya bayyana cewa yiwuwar haɗarin lafiya da ke tattare da amfani da ruwan fanfo shine ɗayan babban dalilin da ke sa masu amfani da Amurka gwammace ruwan kwalba fiye da ruwan fanfo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Saylor|first1=Amber|last2=Prokopy|first2=Linda Stalker|last3=Amberg|first3=Shannon|date=September 2011|title=What's Wrong with the Tap? Examining Perceptions of Tap Water and Bottled Water at Purdue University|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00267-011-9692-6|journal=Environmental Management|language=en|volume=48|issue=3|pages=588–601|doi=10.1007/s00267-011-9692-6|pmid=21643837|bibcode=2011EnMan..48..588S|s2cid=22067616|issn=0364-152X|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Matakin amincewa ga ruwan fanfo ya dogara da madaidaita daban-daban, gami da dokokin gwamnati da ke akwai game da ingancin ruwa da amfani da su. A cikin 1993, ɓarnar cryptosporidiosis a Milwaukee, Wisconsin ta shafi mazauna sama da 400,000 kuma an ɗauke ta mafi girma a tarihin Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Mac Kenzie|first1=William R.|last2=Hoxie|first2=Neil J.|last3=Proctor|first3=Mary E.|last4=Gradus|first4=M. Stephen|last5=Blair|first5=Kathleen A.|last6=Peterson|first6=Dan E.|last7=Kazmierczak|first7=James J.|last8=Addiss|first8=David G.|last9=Fox|first9=Kim R.|last10=Rose|first10=Joan B.|last11=Davis|first11=Jeffrey P.|date=1994-07-21|title=A Massive Outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium Infection Transmitted through the Public Water Supply|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=331|issue=3|pages=161–167|doi=10.1056/NEJM199407213310304|issn=0028-4793|pmid=7818640|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ketare ƙa'idodin ruwan fanfo mai tsanani yana tasiri ga raguwar amon jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Pierce|first1=Gregory|last2=Gonzalez|first2=Silvia|date=2017-02-01|title=Mistrust at the tap? Factors contributing to public drinking water (mis)perception across US households|url=https://iwaponline.com/wp/article/19/1/1/20521/Mistrust-at-the-tap-Factors-contributing-to-public|journal=Water Policy|language=en|volume=19|issue=1|pages=1–12|doi=10.2166/wp.2016.143|issn=1366-7017|doi-access=free|bibcode=2017WaPol..19....1P |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bambanci tsakanin ingancin ruwa na kwalba da na fanfo abu ne mai zaman muhawara. A shekarar 1999, Majalisar Kare Albarkatun Kasa (NRDC) ta fitar da sakamako mai cike da cece-kuce daga binciken shekaru 4 a kan ruwan kwalba. Binciken ya yi ikirarin cewa kashi daya bisa uku na ruwan da aka gwada sun gurbata da sinadarai na roba (synthetic organic chemicals), kwayoyin cuta (bacteria), da arsenic. Akalla samfuri guda ya wuce ka'idojin jiha na matakan gurbatawa a cikin ruwan kwalba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=January 5, 2016|title=The Truth About Tap|url=https://www.nrdc.org/stories/truth-about-tap|access-date=2021-04-24|website=NRDC|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="13806" sha1="lquwuqktrpozvozuzpp2735q0fif9dv" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[Image:Wasserhahn.jpg|thumb|Ruwan fanfo na gida a kan kwanon wanke hannu na yumbu]]'''Ruwan fanfo''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''gudun ruwa''', '''ruwan burtala''' ko '''ruwan hukuma''') shine ruwa da ake samarwa ta hanyar fanfo, wato bawul mai rarraba ruwa. A ƙasashe da dama, ruwan fanfo yawanci yana da ingancin ruwan sha. Ana yawan amfani da ruwan fanfo don sha, girki, da wanke-wanke. Ana rarraba ruwan fanfo na gida ta hanyar tsarin aikin tukunyar ruwa na gida (plumbing), wanda ya wanzu tun lokacin dauri amma mutane ƙalilan ne ke samun sa har zuwa rabin na biyu na ƙarni na 19 lokacin da ya fara bazuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa na yanzu. Ruwan fanfo ya zama ruwan dare a yankuna da yawa a lokacin ƙarni na 20, kuma a halin yanzu yana ranci ne galibi tsakanin mutane masu fama da talauci, musamman a ƙasashe masu tasowa.

Hukumomin gwamnati galibi suna tsara ingancin ruwan fanfo. Kiranta da &quot;ruwan fanfo&quot; yana rabe shi da sauran manyan nau'ikan ruwa mai daɗi da za a iya samu; waɗannan sun haɗa da ruwa daga tankunan tara ruwan sama, ruwa daga fanfunan ƙauye ko na gari, ruwa daga rijiya, ko ruwan da ake ɗauko wa daga ƙoramu, korama, ko tabkuna (wanda tsaftarsa na iya bambanta).

== Sharuɗɗa (Terminology) ==
Wata kalma mai ma'ana ɗaya da ruwan fanfo ita ce ruwan burtala (piped water), kalmar da Tsarin Sanya Ido na Haɗin Gwiwa don Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (JMP) na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da UNICEF ke amfani da ita wajen bayyana halin da ake ciki na samun ruwan sha a ƙasashe masu tasowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://washdata.org/reports/jmp-2023-wash-households Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000–2022: special focus on gender]. New York: United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization (WHO), 2023&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan burtala ba lallai bane ya zama mai ingancin ruwan sha amma ana lissafta shi a matsayin &quot;ingantaccen tushen ruwa&quot; a cikin tsarin Manufar Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa ta 6. Sauran ingantattun tushen ruwa sun haɗa da rijiyoyin burtsatse, rijiyoyin da aka kiyaye ko maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ruwan sama, da ruwan kwalba ko ruwan da motar tanki ke kawowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|12}}

== Kayan aiki da Na'urori ==
[[File:Clean water for a village in West Lombok (10686572086).jpg|thumb|upright|Fanfon ruwan sha na waje a ƙauyen Desa Dasan Geria, West Lombok]]

Duk abin da ke cikin gini wanda ke amfani da ruwa ya faɗa ƙarƙashin ɗayan rukunoni biyu; kayan aiki (fixture) ko na'ura (appliance). Da yake wuraren amfani da ke sama suna yin aikinsu, yawancinsu suna samar da ɓangarorin sharar gida/ruwan datti da za su buƙaci cirewa ta hanyar gefen sharar gida/ruwan datti na tsarin. Mafi ƙanƙanta shine gibin iska (air gap). Dubi kula da haɗin gwiwa da rigakafin kwararar baya don bayani daki-daki na hanyoyin rigakafin kwararar baya da na'urorin da ake amfani da su a yanzu, ta hanyar amfani da ƙa'idodin injina da na jiki.{{cn|date=June 2023}}

Kayan aiki (Fixtures) sune na'urorin da ke amfani da ruwa ba tare da ƙarin tushen wutar lantarki ba.

=== Kayan haɗi da Bawuloli ===

Tsarin samar da ruwan sha ya ƙunshi bututu, kayan haɗi (fittings), da bawuloli.

==== Rage kwararar Ruwa ====

Ana iya rage kwararar ruwa ta hanyar fanfo ta hanyar amfani da ƙananan robobi masu rage kwarara marasa tsada. Waɗannan suna taƙaita kwarara tsakanin kashi 15 zuwa 50%, suna taimakawa wajen kiyaye ruwa da rage nauyi a kan wuraren samar da ruwa da kuma wuraren kula da ruwan datti.

=== Kayayyakin da ake amfani da su ===

Ana iya yin shigar da bututun ruwa ta amfani da kayan roba da na ƙarfe&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Takagi T-KJr2-IN-NG Indoor |url=https://tanklesses.com/takagi-t-kjr2-in-ng/. |website=tanklesses.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; kamar haka:

==== Roba (Plastic) ====
* polybutylene (PB)
* high density cross-linked polyethylene (PE-X)
* block copolymer of polypropylene (PP-B)
* the polypropylene copolymer (PP-H)
* random copolymer of polypropylene (random) (PP-R)
* Layer: cross-linked polyethylene, aluminum, high-density polyethylene (PE-X / Al / PE-HD)
* Layer: polyethylene crosslinked, aluminum, cross-linked polyethylene (PE-X / Al / PE-X)
* Layer copolymer of a random polypropylene, aluminum, polypropylene random copolymer (PP-R / Al / PP-R)
* polyvinyl chloride, chlorinated (PVC-C)
* polyvinyl chloride - not softened (ruwan sanyi kawai) (PVC-U)

==== Karfe (Metals) ====
* carbon steel, na yanzu da aka yi mishi galvanize
* ƙarfe mai jure tsatsa (corrosion resistant steel)
* Deoxidized High Phosphorus copper (Cu-DHP)
* kura/gubar (lead) (ba a amfani da shi don sabbin shigarwa saboda gubarsa)

Sauran kayayyaki, idan an ba da damar yin amfani da bututun da aka yi da su kuma aka yi amfani da su sosai wajen gina tsarin samar da ruwa.

==== Bututun Gubar (Lead pipes) ====
Tsawon ƙarni da dama, ana yin bututun ruwa da gubar, saboda sauƙin sarrafawa da dorewarsa. Yin amfani da bututun gubar ya kasance sanadin matsalolin lafiya saboda rashin sanin haɗarin gubar a jikin ɗan adam, wanda ke haifar da barayin ciki da kuma yawan mace-macen jarirai. Bututun gubar, waɗanda aka girka su yawanci a ƙarshen shekarun 1800 a Amurka, har yanzu suna da yawa a yau, yawancinsu suna yankin Arewa maso Gabas da Tsakiyar Yamma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Troesken, Werner|title=The great lead water pipe disaster|date=2006|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=0-262-20167-4|oclc=70176961}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tasirinsu yana da ɗan kaɗan saboda datti da ke taruwa a bututun da ke dakatar da fitar gubar a cikin ruwa; sai dai, bututun gubar har yanzu suna da lahani. Yawancin bututun gubar da ke akwai a yau ana cire su kuma ana canza su da kayan da suka fi dacewa, wato jan ƙarfe (copper) ko wani nau'in roba.

== Tsarin rarraba ruwa da gurbatawa ==
[[Image:Safe drink tap water map.png|thumb|Kasashen da ruwan fanfo yawanci ke da lafiya don sha&lt;ref&gt;The source [https://www.qssupplies.co.uk/worlds-most-dangerous-drinking-water.html ''Where Is the World's Most Dangerous Drinking Water?''] (commercial website ''qssuplies.co.uk'', March 2023) uses data of the US [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) ([https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/list ''Destinations list''], wwwnc.cdc.gov) and the [[Environmental Performance Index]] (EPI) ([https://epi.yale.edu/epi-results/2022/component/uwd ''Unsafe drinking water''], epi.yale.edu, 2022). The EPI estimates rely on data of the [[Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation]] (IHME) ''Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study''&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Kayan aikin famfo na zamani (plumbing) yana kai tsafallan ruwa, mai lafiya, da sha zuwa kowane wurin amfani a cikin tsarin rarraba ruwa, gami da fanfuna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Board.|first=National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Public Water Supply Distribution Systems: Assessing and Reducing Risks. National Research Council (U.S.). Water Science and Technology|title=Drinking water distribution systems : assessing and reducing risks|date=2006|publisher=National Academies Press|isbn=0-309-10306-1|oclc=71294470}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da mahimmanci kada ruwa mai tsafta ya gurbata ta hanyar ruwan datti (zubar da sharar gida) na tsarin aikin. A tarihi, wannan gurbatar ruwan sha ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan kisa ga ɗan adam.&lt;ref&gt;''Plumbing: the Arteries of Civilization'', Modern Marvels video series, The History Chfifr5tyk A&amp;E Television, 1996&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawancin dokoki na kiyaye ƙa'idodin ingancin ruwan sha ba na tsarin rarrabawa bane, a'a na masana'antar tace ruwa ne. Ko da yake tsarin rarraba ruwa ya kamata ya kai ruwan da aka tace zuwa fanfunan masu amfani ba tare da lalacewar ingancin ruwa ba, abubuwa masu rikitarwa na jiki, sinadarai, da kwayoyin halitta a cikin tsarin na iya haifar da gurbatar ruwan fanfo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;/&gt; Idan an sami ƙwayoyin cuta na fecal indicator, yana nuna cewa tushen ruwan na iya kasancewa ya gurbata da najasa kuma yana buƙatar kulawa.&lt;ref&gt;Coyne, M. (1994). Water Quality and Fecal Indicator Bacteria. Soil Science News and Views, 15. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_views/33&lt;/ref&gt; Tafiyar ruwa zuwa ga masu amfani na iya ɗaukar sa'o'i da yawa ko ma kwanaki, wanda ke haifar da abin da aka sani da “shekarun ruwa.” Wannan shekarun yana wakiltar lokacin riƙewar hydraulic na tsarin, bambance-bambance a cikin amfani da ruwa, da girma da sarƙakkiyar hanyar rarrabawa. &lt;ref&gt;Domoń, A., Kowalska, B., Papciak, D., &amp; Wojtas, E. (2025). Assessment of the stability of tap water in the distribution system. *Desalination and Water Treatment*, *322*, 101130. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2025.101130](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2025.101130)&lt;/ref&gt;

Ruwan fanfo wani lokaci yana iya fitowa da gajimare (fari-fari) kuma galibi ana kuskuren hakan a matsayin datti na ma'adinai a cikin ruwa. Yawanci yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kumfar iska da ke fitowa daga ruwan saboda canjin yanayin zafi ko matsa lamba. Saboda ruwan sanyi yana riƙe da iska fiye da ruwan ɗumi, ƙananan kumfa za su bayyana a cikin ruwa. Yana da babban abun ciki na iskar gas da aka narkar da shi wanda aka ɗumama ko aka rage matsa lamba, wanda ke rage yawan iskar gas ɗin da ruwan zai iya riƙewa. Wannan fari na gajimare mara lahani na ruwan yana ɓacewa da sauri yayin da iskar gas ɗin ke fita daga ruwan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Why is my tap water cloudy?|url=https://www.mwra.com/04water/2004/whitewater.htm|access-date=2023-03-27|website=www.mwra.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samar da Ruwa ==

== Kwatantawa da ruwan kwalba ==
ko na kwalba galibi suna jagorantar ne ta hanyar ɗandano, tsaro da aka hango, da kuma dabi'un mutum. Mummunan siffofin ji a cikin ruwan fanfo—kamar mummunan ɗandano ko warine—yana ƙarfafa yawan amfani da ruwan kwalba.&lt;ref&gt; Zvěřinová, I., Ščasný, M., &amp; Otáhal, J. (2024). Bottled or Tap Water? Factors Explaining Consumption and Measures to Promote Tap Water. Water, 16(20), 3011. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16203011&lt;/ref&gt; Amfani da ruwan kwalba na roba ya ci gaba da tashi, koda a yankuna masu ingancin ruwan fanfo mai girma. Wannan ci gaban yana taimakawa ga matsalolin muhalli kamar fitar da hayaki lokacin sufuri da taruwar robobi maras rubewa.&lt;ref&gt;Dorigoni, A., &amp; Bonini, N. (2023). Water bottles or tap water? A descriptive-social-
norm based intervention to increase a pro-environmental behavior in a restaurant. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 86, 101971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.101971
&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Amurka (United States) ===
Matakan gurbatawa da aka samu a cikin ruwan fanfo sun bambanta tsakanin gidaje da tsarin famfo. Yayin da yawancin gidajen Amurka ke da damar yin amfani da ruwan fanfo mai inganci, buƙatar ruwan kwalba na ƙaruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Doria|first=Miguel F.|date=2006-06-01|title=Bottled water versus tap water: understanding consumers' preferences|journal=Journal of Water and Health|volume=4|issue=2|pages=271–276|doi=10.2166/wh.2006.0023|pmid=16813019|issn=1477-8920|doi-access=free|bibcode=2006JWH.....4..271D }}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2002, Zaɓen Ra'ayin Jama'a na Gallup ya bayyana cewa yiwuwar haɗarin lafiya da ke tattare da amfani da ruwan fanfo shine ɗayan babban dalilin da ke sa masu amfani da Amurka gwammace ruwan kwalba fiye da ruwan fanfo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Saylor|first1=Amber|last2=Prokopy|first2=Linda Stalker|last3=Amberg|first3=Shannon|date=September 2011|title=What's Wrong with the Tap? Examining Perceptions of Tap Water and Bottled Water at Purdue University|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00267-011-9692-6|journal=Environmental Management|language=en|volume=48|issue=3|pages=588–601|doi=10.1007/s00267-011-9692-6|pmid=21643837|bibcode=2011EnMan..48..588S|s2cid=22067616|issn=0364-152X|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Matakin amincewa ga ruwan fanfo ya dogara da madaidaita daban-daban, gami da dokokin gwamnati da ke akwai game da ingancin ruwa da amfani da su. A cikin 1993, ɓarnar cryptosporidiosis a Milwaukee, Wisconsin ta shafi mazauna sama da 400,000 kuma an ɗauke ta mafi girma a tarihin Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Mac Kenzie|first1=William R.|last2=Hoxie|first2=Neil J.|last3=Proctor|first3=Mary E.|last4=Gradus|first4=M. Stephen|last5=Blair|first5=Kathleen A.|last6=Peterson|first6=Dan E.|last7=Kazmierczak|first7=James J.|last8=Addiss|first8=David G.|last9=Fox|first9=Kim R.|last10=Rose|first10=Joan B.|last11=Davis|first11=Jeffrey P.|date=1994-07-21|title=A Massive Outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium Infection Transmitted through the Public Water Supply|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=331|issue=3|pages=161–167|doi=10.1056/NEJM199407213310304|issn=0028-4793|pmid=7818640|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ketare ƙa'idodin ruwan fanfo mai tsanani yana tasiri ga raguwar amon jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Pierce|first1=Gregory|last2=Gonzalez|first2=Silvia|date=2017-02-01|title=Mistrust at the tap? Factors contributing to public drinking water (mis)perception across US households|url=https://iwaponline.com/wp/article/19/1/1/20521/Mistrust-at-the-tap-Factors-contributing-to-public|journal=Water Policy|language=en|volume=19|issue=1|pages=1–12|doi=10.2166/wp.2016.143|issn=1366-7017|doi-access=free|bibcode=2017WaPol..19....1P |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bambanci tsakanin ingancin ruwa na kwalba da na fanfo abu ne mai zaman muhawara. A shekarar 1999, Majalisar Kare Albarkatun Kasa (NRDC) ta fitar da sakamako mai cike da cece-kuce daga binciken shekaru 4 a kan ruwan kwalba. Binciken ya yi ikirarin cewa kashi daya bisa uku na ruwan da aka gwada sun gurbata da sinadarai na roba (synthetic organic chemicals), kwayoyin cuta (bacteria), da arsenic. Akalla samfuri guda ya wuce ka'idojin jiha na matakan gurbatawa a cikin ruwan kwalba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=January 5, 2016|title=The Truth About Tap|url=https://www.nrdc.org/stories/truth-about-tap|access-date=2021-04-24|website=NRDC|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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[[Image:Wasserhahn.jpg|thumb|Ruwan fanfo na gida a kan kwanon wanke hannu na yumbu]]'''Ruwan fanfo''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''gudun ruwa''', '''ruwan burtala''' ko '''ruwan hukuma''') shine ruwa da ake samarwa ta hanyar fanfo, wato bawul mai rarraba ruwa. A ƙasashe da dama, ruwan fanfo yawanci yana da ingancin ruwan sha. Ana yawan amfani da ruwan fanfo don sha, girki, da wanke-wanke. Ana rarraba ruwan fanfo na gida ta hanyar tsarin aikin tukunyar ruwa na gida (plumbing), wanda ya wanzu tun lokacin dauri amma mutane ƙalilan ne ke samun sa har zuwa rabin na biyu na ƙarni na 19 lokacin da ya fara bazuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa na yanzu. Ruwan fanfo ya zama ruwan dare a yankuna da yawa a lokacin ƙarni na 20, kuma a halin yanzu yana ranci ne galibi tsakanin mutane masu fama da talauci, musamman a ƙasashe masu tasowa.

Hukumomin gwamnati galibi suna tsara ingancin ruwan fanfo. Kiranta da &quot;ruwan fanfo&quot; yana rabe shi da sauran manyan nau'ikan ruwa mai daɗi da za a iya samu; waɗannan sun haɗa da ruwa daga tankunan tara ruwan sama, ruwa daga fanfunan ƙauye ko na gari, ruwa daga rijiya, ko ruwan da ake ɗauko wa daga ƙoramu, korama, ko tabkuna (wanda tsaftarsa na iya bambanta).

== Sharuɗɗa (Terminology) ==
Wata kalma mai ma'ana ɗaya da ruwan fanfo ita ce ruwan burtala (piped water), kalmar da Tsarin Sanya Ido na Haɗin Gwiwa don Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (JMP) na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da UNICEF ke amfani da ita wajen bayyana halin da ake ciki na samun ruwan sha a ƙasashe masu tasowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://washdata.org/reports/jmp-2023-wash-households Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000–2022: special focus on gender]. New York: United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization (WHO), 2023&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan burtala ba lallai bane ya zama mai ingancin ruwan sha amma ana lissafta shi a matsayin &quot;ingantaccen tushen ruwa&quot; a cikin tsarin Manufar Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa ta 6. Sauran ingantattun tushen ruwa sun haɗa da rijiyoyin burtsatse, rijiyoyin da aka kiyaye ko maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ruwan sama, da ruwan kwalba ko ruwan da motar tanki ke kawowa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|12}}

== Kayan aiki da Na'urori ==
[[File:Clean water for a village in West Lombok (10686572086).jpg|thumb|upright|Fanfon ruwan sha na waje a ƙauyen Desa Dasan Geria, West Lombok]]

Duk abin da ke cikin gini wanda ke amfani da ruwa ya faɗa ƙarƙashin ɗayan rukunoni biyu; kayan aiki (fixture) ko na'ura (appliance). Da yake wuraren amfani da ke sama suna yin aikinsu, yawancinsu suna samar da ɓangarorin sharar gida/ruwan datti da za su buƙaci cirewa ta hanyar gefen sharar gida/ruwan datti na tsarin. Mafi ƙanƙanta shine gibin iska (air gap). Dubi kula da haɗin gwiwa da rigakafin kwararar baya don bayani daki-daki na hanyoyin rigakafin kwararar baya da na'urorin da ake amfani da su a yanzu, ta hanyar amfani da ƙa'idodin injina da na jiki.{{cn|date=June 2023}}

Kayan aiki (Fixtures) sune na'urorin da ke amfani da ruwa ba tare da ƙarin tushen wutar lantarki ba.

=== Kayan haɗi da Bawuloli ===

Tsarin samar da ruwan sha ya ƙunshi bututu, kayan haɗi (fittings), da bawuloli.

==== Rage kwararar Ruwa ====

Ana iya rage kwararar ruwa ta hanyar fanfo ta hanyar amfani da ƙananan robobi masu rage kwarara marasa tsada. Waɗannan suna taƙaita kwarara tsakanin kashi 15 zuwa 50%, suna taimakawa wajen kiyaye ruwa da rage nauyi a kan wuraren samar da ruwa da kuma wuraren kula da ruwan datti.

=== Kayayyakin da ake amfani da su ===

Ana iya yin shigar da bututun ruwa ta amfani da kayan roba da na ƙarfe&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Takagi T-KJr2-IN-NG Indoor |url=https://tanklesses.com/takagi-t-kjr2-in-ng/. |website=tanklesses.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; kamar haka:

==== Roba (Plastic) ====
* polybutylene (PB)
* high density cross-linked polyethylene (PE-X)
* block copolymer of polypropylene (PP-B)
* the polypropylene copolymer (PP-H)
* random copolymer of polypropylene (random) (PP-R)
* Layer: cross-linked polyethylene, aluminum, high-density polyethylene (PE-X / Al / PE-HD)
* Layer: polyethylene crosslinked, aluminum, cross-linked polyethylene (PE-X / Al / PE-X)
* Layer copolymer of a random polypropylene, aluminum, polypropylene random copolymer (PP-R / Al / PP-R)
* polyvinyl chloride, chlorinated (PVC-C)
* polyvinyl chloride - not softened (ruwan sanyi kawai) (PVC-U)

==== Karfe (Metals) ====
* carbon steel, na yanzu da aka yi mishi galvanize
* ƙarfe mai jure tsatsa (corrosion resistant steel)
* Deoxidized High Phosphorus copper (Cu-DHP)
* kura/gubar (lead) (ba a amfani da shi don sabbin shigarwa saboda gubarsa)

Sauran kayayyaki, idan an ba da damar yin amfani da bututun da aka yi da su kuma aka yi amfani da su sosai wajen gina tsarin samar da ruwa.

==== Bututun Gubar (Lead pipes) ====
Tsawon ƙarni da dama, ana yin bututun ruwa da gubar, saboda sauƙin sarrafawa da dorewarsa. Yin amfani da bututun gubar ya kasance sanadin matsalolin lafiya saboda rashin sanin haɗarin gubar a jikin ɗan adam, wanda ke haifar da barayin ciki da kuma yawan mace-macen jarirai. Bututun gubar, waɗanda aka girka su yawanci a ƙarshen shekarun 1800 a Amurka, har yanzu suna da yawa a yau, yawancinsu suna yankin Arewa maso Gabas da Tsakiyar Yamma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Troesken, Werner|title=The great lead water pipe disaster|date=2006|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=0-262-20167-4|oclc=70176961}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tasirinsu yana da ɗan kaɗan saboda datti da ke taruwa a bututun da ke dakatar da fitar gubar a cikin ruwa; sai dai, bututun gubar har yanzu suna da lahani. Yawancin bututun gubar da ke akwai a yau ana cire su kuma ana canza su da kayan da suka fi dacewa, wato jan ƙarfe (copper) ko wani nau'in roba.

== Tsarin rarraba ruwa da gurbatawa ==
[[Image:Safe drink tap water map.png|thumb|Kasashen da ruwan fanfo yawanci ke da lafiya don sha&lt;ref&gt;The source [https://www.qssupplies.co.uk/worlds-most-dangerous-drinking-water.html ''Where Is the World's Most Dangerous Drinking Water?''] (commercial website ''qssuplies.co.uk'', March 2023) uses data of the US [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) ([https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/list ''Destinations list''], wwwnc.cdc.gov) and the [[Environmental Performance Index]] (EPI) ([https://epi.yale.edu/epi-results/2022/component/uwd ''Unsafe drinking water''], epi.yale.edu, 2022). The EPI estimates rely on data of the [[Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation]] (IHME) ''Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study''&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Kayan aikin famfo na zamani (plumbing) yana kai tsafallan ruwa, mai lafiya, da sha zuwa kowane wurin amfani a cikin tsarin rarraba ruwa, gami da fanfuna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Board.|first=National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Public Water Supply Distribution Systems: Assessing and Reducing Risks. National Research Council (U.S.). Water Science and Technology|title=Drinking water distribution systems : assessing and reducing risks|date=2006|publisher=National Academies Press|isbn=0-309-10306-1|oclc=71294470}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da mahimmanci kada ruwa mai tsafta ya gurbata ta hanyar ruwan datti (zubar da sharar gida) na tsarin aikin. A tarihi, wannan gurbatar ruwan sha ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan kisa ga ɗan adam.&lt;ref&gt;''Plumbing: the Arteries of Civilization'', Modern Marvels video series, The History Chfifr5tyk A&amp;E Television, 1996&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawancin dokoki na kiyaye ƙa'idodin ingancin ruwan sha ba na tsarin rarrabawa bane, a'a na masana'antar tace ruwa ne. Ko da yake tsarin rarraba ruwa ya kamata ya kai ruwan da aka tace zuwa fanfunan masu amfani ba tare da lalacewar ingancin ruwa ba, abubuwa masu rikitarwa na jiki, sinadarai, da kwayoyin halitta a cikin tsarin na iya haifar da gurbatar ruwan fanfo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;/&gt; Idan an sami ƙwayoyin cuta na fecal indicator, yana nuna cewa tushen ruwan na iya kasancewa ya gurbata da najasa kuma yana buƙatar kulawa.&lt;ref&gt;Coyne, M. (1994). Water Quality and Fecal Indicator Bacteria. Soil Science News and Views, 15. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_views/33&lt;/ref&gt; Tafiyar ruwa zuwa ga masu amfani na iya ɗaukar sa'o'i da yawa ko ma kwanaki, wanda ke haifar da abin da aka sani da “shekarun ruwa.” Wannan shekarun yana wakiltar lokacin riƙewar hydraulic na tsarin, bambance-bambance a cikin amfani da ruwa, da girma da sarƙakkiyar hanyar rarrabawa. &lt;ref&gt;Domoń, A., Kowalska, B., Papciak, D., &amp; Wojtas, E. (2025). Assessment of the stability of tap water in the distribution system. *Desalination and Water Treatment*, *322*, 101130. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2025.101130](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2025.101130)&lt;/ref&gt;

Ruwan fanfo wani lokaci yana iya fitowa da gajimare (fari-fari) kuma galibi ana kuskuren hakan a matsayin datti na ma'adinai a cikin ruwa. Yawanci yana faruwa ne ta hanyar kumfar iska da ke fitowa daga ruwan saboda canjin yanayin zafi ko matsa lamba. Saboda ruwan sanyi yana riƙe da iska fiye da ruwan ɗumi, ƙananan kumfa za su bayyana a cikin ruwa. Yana da babban abun ciki na iskar gas da aka narkar da shi wanda aka ɗumama ko aka rage matsa lamba, wanda ke rage yawan iskar gas ɗin da ruwan zai iya riƙewa. Wannan fari na gajimare mara lahani na ruwan yana ɓacewa da sauri yayin da iskar gas ɗin ke fita daga ruwan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Why is my tap water cloudy?|url=https://www.mwra.com/04water/2004/whitewater.htm|access-date=2023-03-27|website=www.mwra.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samar da Ruwa ==

== Kwatantawa da ruwan kwalba ==
ko na kwalba galibi suna jagorantar ne ta hanyar ɗandano, tsaro da aka hango, da kuma dabi'un mutum. Mummunan siffofin ji a cikin ruwan fanfo—kamar mummunan ɗandano ko warine—yana ƙarfafa yawan amfani da ruwan kwalba.&lt;ref&gt; Zvěřinová, I., Ščasný, M., &amp; Otáhal, J. (2024). Bottled or Tap Water? Factors Explaining Consumption and Measures to Promote Tap Water. Water, 16(20), 3011. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16203011&lt;/ref&gt; Amfani da ruwan kwalba na roba ya ci gaba da tashi, koda a yankuna masu ingancin ruwan fanfo mai girma. Wannan ci gaban yana taimakawa ga matsalolin muhalli kamar fitar da hayaki lokacin sufuri da taruwar robobi maras rubewa.&lt;ref&gt;Dorigoni, A., &amp; Bonini, N. (2023). Water bottles or tap water? A descriptive-social-
norm based intervention to increase a pro-environmental behavior in a restaurant. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 86, 101971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.101971
&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Amurka (United States) ===
Matakan gurbatawa da aka samu a cikin ruwan fanfo sun bambanta tsakanin gidaje da tsarin famfo. Yayin da yawancin gidajen Amurka ke da damar yin amfani da ruwan fanfo mai inganci, buƙatar ruwan kwalba na ƙaruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Doria|first=Miguel F.|date=2006-06-01|title=Bottled water versus tap water: understanding consumers' preferences|journal=Journal of Water and Health|volume=4|issue=2|pages=271–276|doi=10.2166/wh.2006.0023|pmid=16813019|issn=1477-8920|doi-access=free|bibcode=2006JWH.....4..271D }}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 2002, Zaɓen Ra'ayin Jama'a na Gallup ya bayyana cewa yiwuwar haɗarin lafiya da ke tattare da amfani da ruwan fanfo shine ɗayan babban dalilin da ke sa masu amfani da Amurka gwammace ruwan kwalba fiye da ruwan fanfo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Saylor|first1=Amber|last2=Prokopy|first2=Linda Stalker|last3=Amberg|first3=Shannon|date=September 2011|title=What's Wrong with the Tap? Examining Perceptions of Tap Water and Bottled Water at Purdue University|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00267-011-9692-6|journal=Environmental Management|language=en|volume=48|issue=3|pages=588–601|doi=10.1007/s00267-011-9692-6|pmid=21643837|bibcode=2011EnMan..48..588S|s2cid=22067616|issn=0364-152X|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Matakin amincewa ga ruwan fanfo ya dogara da madaidaita daban-daban, gami da dokokin gwamnati da ke akwai game da ingancin ruwa da amfani da su. A cikin 1993, ɓarnar cryptosporidiosis a Milwaukee, Wisconsin ta shafi mazauna sama da 400,000 kuma an ɗauke ta mafi girma a tarihin Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Mac Kenzie|first1=William R.|last2=Hoxie|first2=Neil J.|last3=Proctor|first3=Mary E.|last4=Gradus|first4=M. Stephen|last5=Blair|first5=Kathleen A.|last6=Peterson|first6=Dan E.|last7=Kazmierczak|first7=James J.|last8=Addiss|first8=David G.|last9=Fox|first9=Kim R.|last10=Rose|first10=Joan B.|last11=Davis|first11=Jeffrey P.|date=1994-07-21|title=A Massive Outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium Infection Transmitted through the Public Water Supply|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=331|issue=3|pages=161–167|doi=10.1056/NEJM199407213310304|issn=0028-4793|pmid=7818640|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ketare ƙa'idodin ruwan fanfo mai tsanani yana tasiri ga raguwar amon jama'a. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Pierce|first1=Gregory|last2=Gonzalez|first2=Silvia|date=2017-02-01|title=Mistrust at the tap? Factors contributing to public drinking water (mis)perception across US households|url=https://iwaponline.com/wp/article/19/1/1/20521/Mistrust-at-the-tap-Factors-contributing-to-public|journal=Water Policy|language=en|volume=19|issue=1|pages=1–12|doi=10.2166/wp.2016.143|issn=1366-7017|doi-access=free|bibcode=2017WaPol..19....1P |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bambanci tsakanin ingancin ruwa na kwalba da na fanfo abu ne mai zaman muhawara. A shekarar 1999, Majalisar Kare Albarkatun Kasa (NRDC) ta fitar da sakamako mai cike da cece-kuce daga binciken shekaru 4 a kan ruwan kwalba. Binciken ya yi ikirarin cewa kashi daya bisa uku na ruwan da aka gwada sun gurbata da sinadarai na roba (synthetic organic chemicals), kwayoyin cuta (bacteria), da arsenic. Akalla samfuri guda ya wuce ka'idojin jiha na matakan gurbatawa a cikin ruwan kwalba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=January 5, 2016|title=The Truth About Tap|url=https://www.nrdc.org/stories/truth-about-tap|access-date=2021-04-24|website=NRDC|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A Amurka, wasu hukumomin gundumomi suna ƙoƙarin yin amfani da ruwan fanfo fiye da ruwan kwalba a kadarorin gwamnati da abubuwan da ke faruwa. Masu jefa ƙuri'a a Jihar Washington sun soke harajin ruwan kwalba ta hanyar shirin ƴan ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=McNamara |first1=Neal |title=Washington state says goodbye to bottle and candy taxes |url=https://www.federalwaymirror.com/news/washington-state-says-goodbye-to-bottle-and-candy-taxes/ |access-date=2 April 2022 |publisher=Federal Way Mirror |date=December 2, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Initiative Measure 1107 Concerns reversing certain 2010 amendments to state tax laws. |url=https://results.vote.wa.gov/results/20101102/initiative-measure-1107-concerns-reversing-certain-2010-amendments-to-state-tax-laws.html |publisher=Washington Secretary of State · Elections Division |access-date=2 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nassoshi (References) ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
* [https://www.iccsafe.org International Code Council] - Tsarin lambobin tsaro da ma'uyar aiki</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336632843|Ilimane Diop]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Ilimane Diop Gaye''' (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 1995) ƙwararren ɗan wasan [[Kwallon kwando|ƙwallon kwando]] ne na Básquet Coruña na Primera FEB . Duk da cewa an haife shi a Senegal, Diop yana wakiltar Spain a hukumance lokacin da yake aikin ƙasa da ƙasa tun yana jariri lokacin da iyalinsa suka zauna a Spain. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ilimane Diop Player Profile |url=http://basketball.eurobasket.com/player/Ilimane_Diop/Laboral_Kutxa_Vitoria/227853 |access-date=29 June 2014 |website=Eurobasket.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A da, ya jagoranci ƙananan ƙungiyoyinsu zuwa lambobin tagulla da yawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ilimane Diop Player Profile |url=http://basketball.realgm.com/player/Ilimane-Diop/Summary/27832 |access-date=29 June 2014 |website=RealGM.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'ar ƙwararru ==
Diop, wanda ya fito daga ƙungiyar Saski Baskonia ta ƙasar Sipaniya, an tura shi aro zuwa ƙungiyar ƙananan ƙungiyoyi don samun lokacin wasa da gogewa. Ya fara buga wa Baskonia wasa a gasar La Liga ACB ta ƙasar Sipaniya a kakar wasa ta 2013-14.

A matsayin wanda ya fara shiga gasar NBA ta 2016, ya janye sunansa daga baya. 

A ranar 10 ga Yuli 2021, ya sanya hannu da Gran Canaria na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Spain Liga ACB . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=10 July 2021 |title=Herbalife Gran Canaria ink Ilimane Diop |url=https://sportando.basketball/en/herbalife-gran-canaria-ink-ilimane-diop/ |access-date=10 July 2021 |website= |publisher=Sportando |language=En}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 5 ga Yuli 2022, Gran Canaria ta saki Diop. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 July 2022 |title=Pustovyi, Ennis, Diop y López finalizan su etapa en el Gran Canaria |url=https://cbgrancanaria.net/news/pustovyi-ennis-diop-y-lopez-finalizan-su-etapa-en-el-gran-canaria/ |access-date=8 July 2022 |website=Club Baloncesto Gran Canaria |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga Yuli 2022, ya sanya hannu da UCAM Murcia a gasar La Liga ACB . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=13 July 2022 |title=Ilimane Diop, músculo para el UCAM Murcia CB |url=https://www.ucamdeportes.com/ucamcb/noticias/ilimane-diop-musculo-para-el-ucam-murcia-cb |access-date=11 October 2022 |website=ucamdeportes.com |publisher= |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 20 ga Agusta 2023, ya sanya hannu da Unicaja na ƙungiyar ACB ta La Liga ta Spain. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=20 August 2023 |title=Ilimane Diop joins Unicaja Malaga |url=https://sportando.basketball/en/ilimane-diop-joins-unicaja-malaga/ |access-date=21 August 2023 |website= |publisher=Sportando |language=En}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 4 ga Oktoba 2023, ya sanya hannu da Filou Oostende na BNXT League . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=4 October 2023 |title=Ilimane Diop joins Filou Oostende in the Basketball Champions League |url=https://www.eurohoops.net/en/fiba-champions-league/1561256/ilimane-diop-filou-oostende-basketball-champions-league/ |access-date=16 January 2024 |website= |publisher=Eurohoops |language=En}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 11 ga Janairu 2024, ya sanya hannu tare da Lenovo Tenerife na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Spain Liga ACB . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=11 January 2024 |title=Ilimane Diop moves from Oostende to Tenerife |url=https://www.eurohoops.net/en/fiba-champions-league/1611328/ilimane-diop-signs-with-tenerife-basketball-champions-league/ |access-date=16 January 2024 |website= |publisher=Eurohoops |language=En}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 18 ga Janairu 2025, Diop ya sanya hannu da Al Riyadh na gasar ƙwallon kwando ta Lebanon . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 January 2025 |title=Al Riyadi signs Ilimane Diop, ex Tenerife |url=https://www.asia-basket.com/Lebanon/news/912684/Al-Riyadi-signs-Ilimane-Diop-ex-Tenerife |access-date=22 January 2025 |website=Eurobasket.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Bayan ya lashe lambar tagulla tare da ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 16 da kuma ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18, a ranar 11 ga Yulin 2016, Diop ya fara buga wasa da ƙungiyar ƙasa a wasan sada zumunci da aka buga a Burgos da [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon kwando ta maza ta Angola|Angola]] . Ya zira kwallaye huɗu kuma ya samu bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida sau uku don yin aiki tare wajen cin nasara da ci 85-61. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 July 2016 |title=Ilimane Diop debuta con la selección española senior |url=http://www.acb.com/redaccion.php?id=124180 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811233556/http://acb.com/redaccion.php?id=124180 |archive-date=11 August 2016 |access-date=13 July 2016 |publisher=ACB.com |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan ɗan wasa ==
Ana ɗaukar Diop a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa mafi ƙarfi a gasar La Liga ACB kuma wataƙila za a zaɓa shi a matsayin wanda zai yi nasara a gasar NBA a nan gaba. Tsawon lokaci ya kasance matsala ga abokan hamayyarsa, waɗanda suka yi fama da ƙalubalen da suka shafi zaɓe da kuma sake dawowa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hein |first=David |title=Spain youngster Diop taking step in Euroleague |url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/news/colu/p/newsid/72035/arti.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829213224/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/news/colu/p/newsid/72035/arti.html |archive-date=29 August 2015 |access-date=29 June 2014 |website=FIBA.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma san shi da baiwar da yake da ita wadda za ta iya girma zuwa &quot;babban jikin ƙwallon kwando.&quot; Daidaito, aikin ƙafa, da ƙarfi sun kasance ba a taɓa gani ba ga tsakiya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mills |first=Danny |title=Eurohopes Basketball Prospect Ilimane Diop |url=http://www.eurohopes.com/player/1521/ilimane-diop/ |access-date=29 June 2014 |website=EuroHopes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Ɗan'uwansa Mamadou shi ma ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ne wanda a baya ya buga wasa a ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta Sipaniya kamar yadda yake yi.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Ilimane Diop Gaye''' (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 1995) ƙwararren ɗan wasan [[Kwallon kwando|ƙwallon kwando]] ne na Básquet Coruña na Primera FEB . Duk da cewa an haife shi a Senegal, Diop yana wakiltar Spain a hukumance lokacin da yake aikin ƙasa da ƙasa tun yana jariri lokacin da iyalinsa suka zauna a Spain. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ilimane Diop Player Profile |url=http://basketball.eurobasket.com/player/Ilimane_Diop/Laboral_Kutxa_Vitoria/227853 |access-date=29 June 2014 |website=Eurobasket.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A da, ya jagoranci ƙananan ƙungiyoyinsu zuwa lambobin tagulla da yawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ilimane Diop Player Profile |url=http://basketball.realgm.com/player/Ilimane-Diop/Summary/27832 |access-date=29 June 2014 |website=RealGM.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'ar ƙwararru ==
Diop, wanda ya fito daga ƙungiyar Saski Baskonia ta ƙasar Sipaniya, an tura shi aro zuwa ƙungiyar ƙananan ƙungiyoyi don samun lokacin wasa da gogewa. Ya fara buga wa Baskonia wasa a gasar La Liga ACB ta ƙasar Sipaniya a kakar wasa ta 2013-14.

A matsayin wanda ya fara shiga gasar NBA ta 2016, ya janye sunansa daga baya. 

A ranar 10 ga Yuli 2021, ya sanya hannu da Gran Canaria na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Spain Liga ACB . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=10 July 2021 |title=Herbalife Gran Canaria ink Ilimane Diop |url=https://sportando.basketball/en/herbalife-gran-canaria-ink-ilimane-diop/ |access-date=10 July 2021 |website= |publisher=Sportando |language=En}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 5 ga Yuli 2022, Gran Canaria ta saki Diop. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 July 2022 |title=Pustovyi, Ennis, Diop y López finalizan su etapa en el Gran Canaria |url=https://cbgrancanaria.net/news/pustovyi-ennis-diop-y-lopez-finalizan-su-etapa-en-el-gran-canaria/ |access-date=8 July 2022 |website=Club Baloncesto Gran Canaria |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 13 ga Yuli 2022, ya sanya hannu da UCAM Murcia a gasar La Liga ACB . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=13 July 2022 |title=Ilimane Diop, músculo para el UCAM Murcia CB |url=https://www.ucamdeportes.com/ucamcb/noticias/ilimane-diop-musculo-para-el-ucam-murcia-cb |access-date=11 October 2022 |website=ucamdeportes.com |publisher= |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 20 ga Agusta 2023, ya sanya hannu da Unicaja na ƙungiyar ACB ta La Liga ta Spain. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=20 August 2023 |title=Ilimane Diop joins Unicaja Malaga |url=https://sportando.basketball/en/ilimane-diop-joins-unicaja-malaga/ |access-date=21 August 2023 |website= |publisher=Sportando |language=En}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 4 ga Oktoba 2023, ya sanya hannu da Filou Oostende na BNXT League . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=4 October 2023 |title=Ilimane Diop joins Filou Oostende in the Basketball Champions League |url=https://www.eurohoops.net/en/fiba-champions-league/1561256/ilimane-diop-filou-oostende-basketball-champions-league/ |access-date=16 January 2024 |website= |publisher=Eurohoops |language=En}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 11 ga Janairu 2024, ya sanya hannu tare da Lenovo Tenerife na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Spain Liga ACB . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=11 January 2024 |title=Ilimane Diop moves from Oostende to Tenerife |url=https://www.eurohoops.net/en/fiba-champions-league/1611328/ilimane-diop-signs-with-tenerife-basketball-champions-league/ |access-date=16 January 2024 |website= |publisher=Eurohoops |language=En}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 18 ga Janairu 2025, Diop ya sanya hannu da Al Riyadh na gasar ƙwallon kwando ta Lebanon . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=18 January 2025 |title=Al Riyadi signs Ilimane Diop, ex Tenerife |url=https://www.asia-basket.com/Lebanon/news/912684/Al-Riyadi-signs-Ilimane-Diop-ex-Tenerife |access-date=22 January 2025 |website=Eurobasket.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa ==
Bayan ya lashe lambar tagulla tare da ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 16 da kuma ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18, a ranar 11 ga Yulin 2016, Diop ya fara buga wasa da ƙungiyar ƙasa a wasan sada zumunci da aka buga a Burgos da [[Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon kwando ta maza ta Angola|Angola]] . Ya zira kwallaye huɗu kuma ya samu bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida sau uku don yin aiki tare wajen cin nasara da ci 85-61. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 July 2016 |title=Ilimane Diop debuta con la selección española senior |url=http://www.acb.com/redaccion.php?id=124180 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811233556/http://acb.com/redaccion.php?id=124180 |archive-date=11 August 2016 |access-date=13 July 2016 |publisher=ACB.com |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan ɗan wasa ==
Ana ɗaukar Diop a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa mafi ƙarfi a gasar La Liga ACB kuma wataƙila za a zaɓa shi a matsayin wanda zai yi nasara a gasar NBA a nan gaba. Tsawon lokaci ya kasance matsala ga abokan hamayyarsa, waɗanda suka yi fama da ƙalubalen da suka shafi zaɓe da kuma sake dawowa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hein |first=David |title=Spain youngster Diop taking step in Euroleague |url=http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/news/colu/p/newsid/72035/arti.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829213224/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/news/colu/p/newsid/72035/arti.html |archive-date=29 August 2015 |access-date=29 June 2014 |website=FIBA.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma san shi da baiwar da yake da ita wadda za ta iya girma zuwa &quot;babban jikin ƙwallon kwando.&quot; Daidaito, aikin ƙafa, da ƙarfi sun kasance ba a taɓa gani ba ga tsakiya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mills |first=Danny |title=Eurohopes Basketball Prospect Ilimane Diop |url=http://www.eurohopes.com/player/1521/ilimane-diop/ |access-date=29 June 2014 |website=EuroHopes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Ɗan'uwansa Mamadou shi ma ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ne wanda a baya ya buga wasa a ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta Sipaniya kamar yadda yake yi.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fat Butt da Pancake Head</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357929921|Fat Butt and Pancake Head]]&quot;</comment>
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&quot; '''Fat Butt and Pancake Head''' &quot; (wanda kuma aka sani da &quot; '''Jennifer-Lopez-Mania''' &quot;) shine kashi na biyar na kakar wasa ta bakwai kuma shine kashi na 101 na jimlar shirin Comedy Central ''South Park'' . An fara watsa shi ne a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 2003.

A cikin shirin, [[Jennifer Lopez]] ta fusata da jin cewa wata sabuwar mawaƙiya 'yar Latina mai suna Jennifer Lopez (amma a zahiri hannun Cartman ne kawai) ta sace yarjejeniyar rikodin ta da saurayinta [[Ben Affleck]] .

== Labari ==
Makarantar Firamare ta South Park ta gudanar da wani taron bambancin al'adu inda Kyle Broflovski ya bayar da rahoto kan rawar da 'yan Latino ke takawa a fasahar Amurka. Hukumar shugabannin al'ummar Latino (waɗanda su ne alkalai) sun yi farin ciki da rahoton Kyle. Eric Cartman ya hau kan dandamali don bayar da rahoto kan tasirin al'adun Latino akan fasaha a Amurka. Ya ce yana da baƙo na musamman, [[Jennifer Lopez]] . Duk da haka, ya zama kawai aikin nuna son kai tare da hannun Cartman yana aiki a matsayin shugaban &quot;Ms. Lopez&quot; (wanda ya tuna da Señor Wences ) wanda ba shi da ra'ayin Hispanic ta kowace hanya. Duk da wannan nuna kai hari, alkalan sun ba shi matsayi na farko saboda samun mafi kyawun rahoto, kuma ya sami takardar shaidar kyauta ta $20 a babban kanti . Wannan ya fusata Kyle, domin yana tunanin jawabin Cartman ba shi da wariyar launin fata kuma bai cika ba, kuma yayin da Kyle ya shafe makonni yana aiki kan jawabinsa, ana nuna cewa Cartman ya ɓatar da lokaci kaɗan a shirye-shirye.

Cartman ya ƙara fusata Kyle ta hanyar dagewa cewa &quot;Ms. Lopez&quot; tana da ra'ayin kanta. Lokacin da yaran suka je babban kanti, Cartman—bisa ga umarnin &quot;Ms. Lopez&quot;—ta biya dala goma don yin rikodin bidiyon kiɗa a wani shagon rikodi. Ana aika bidiyon zuwa kamfanin rikodin, wanda ya tabbatar da nasara kuma ya jawo &quot;Ms. Lopez&quot; zuwa tauraro. Duk da haka, shugabannin sun yarda cewa &quot;Ms. Lopez&quot; tana da kamanceceniya da yawa da ''ainihin'' Jennifer Lopez kuma sun yanke shawarar maye gurbin mai yin wasan kwaikwayo na ɗan adam mafi wahala da ɗan tsana saboda ba za su iya samun Jennifer Lopez biyu ba.

Lokacin da shugabannin jami'ai suka gaya wa ainihin Jennifer Lopez a wani taro cewa &quot;za mu kore ki daga aiki&quot;, ta fusata, musamman lokacin da ta ji cewa an maye gurbin aikinta da wani ɗan tsana. Jennifer Lopez da mijinta, [[Ben Affleck]], sun bayyana a South Park Elementary cikin motar limousine. Lopez ya fara dukan hannun Cartman har sai da ya roƙe shi ya daina wannan mummunan halinsa. Yayin da shahararrun biyu suka tafi, Affleck ya ga &quot;Ms. Lopez&quot; kuma ya ƙaunace ta. Rikicin da ke tsakanin Cartman da ɗan tsana ya ƙaru yayin da &quot;Ms. Lopez&quot; ta tilasta masa yin abubuwa yadda take so. Yayin da shirin ke ci gaba, dangantakar da ke tsakanin Cartman da &quot;Miss Lopez&quot; ta fara ƙara zama abin mamaki, inda Cartman da &quot;Ms. Lopez&quot; ke jayayya (tare da jin muryoyinsu a lokaci guda) da &quot;Ms. Lopez&quot; suna yin abubuwa daban-daban yayin da Cartman ke barci .

Affleck ya gayyaci &quot;Ms. Lopez&quot; don su hau motarsa. Cartman ya yarda da hakan ba tare da son rai ba. Daga baya &quot;Ms. Lopez&quot; ta bar Ben ya yi mata magana, sannan ta yi masa jima'i ta baki. Cartman ya kalli ƙasa, ya ga abin da &quot;Ms. Lopez&quot; (hannunsa) yake yi, kuma cikin fushi, ya bar motar da sauri. Washegari da safe Cartman ya farka ya ga Affleck tsirara a kan gadonsa, tare da &quot;Ms. Lopez&quot; yana sanar da cewa sun yi soyayya duk dare kuma za su yi aure.

The news of the wedding again angers the actual Jennifer Lopez as she attempts to kill &quot;Ms. Lopez&quot;. Cartman runs. On a bridge, Jennifer Lopez, the police, Ben Affleck, the people from the recording company, Kyle, Kenny and Stan catch up with Cartman and &quot;Ms. Lopez&quot;. Everyone (except the boys) starts to argue about &quot;Ms. Lopez&quot;. &quot;Ms. Lopez&quot; screams for everyone to be quiet. Cartman removes her hair and &quot;Ms. Lopez&quot;, in a male voice, makes the confession that her real name is Mitch Conner, a con man who has been moving around from town to town. Conner apologizes to Ben for playing with his heart and states that he will die because he has recently consumed a cyanide pill. Conner then &quot;dies&quot; (Cartman makes it look like he &quot;flutters away&quot; into the wind), and everyone goes away except for the boys.

Sai Kyle ya tambayi Cartman ya yi wa Mitch Conner bayani. Cartman ya ce, &quot;Duba, ban damu da abin da kuke yi imani da shi ba. Amma da duk abubuwan ban mamaki da ke faruwa a wannan garin, shin ba zai yiwu ba, kawai dai wani abu da ban fahimta ya faru a nan?&quot; Lokacin da Kyle ya yarda cewa yana yiwuwa, Cartman ya fara waƙa, &quot;Ha ha ha ha ha ha haa! Na same ku, kamar! Na same ku, kamar!&quot;, abin da ya ɓata wa Kyle rai sosai. Wannan shirin ya ƙare da Jennifer Lopez tana aiki a gidan cin abinci na La Taco yayin da take kan gwaji. Ta yi korafin cewa tana da rikodin platinum guda shida kuma ta fito a fina-finan Hollywood guda biyar. Ma'aikaciyar Mexico da ke kusa da ita ta amsa, &quot;Eh, ni ma.&quot;

== Samarwa ==
Wannan shirin ya samo asali ne daga ra'ayoyi biyu; a lokacin da wani marubuci ya yi ritaya, suna da ra'ayin bai wa Cartman ɗan tsana, wanda sakamakonsa na ƙarshe ya samo asali ne daga wani ɗan tsana ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya. Su biyun kuma suna son yin wani shiri da ke yi wa Jennifer Lopez da Ben Affleck ba'a. Sashe na ƙarshe na taken yana nufin &quot;kai mai faɗi&quot; na Affleck a cewar Parker da Stone. 

== Gado ==

* Fim ɗin Cartman na Mitch Conner/Jennifer Lopez ya dawo a cikin shirye -shiryen &quot; 200 &quot; da &quot; 201 &quot;. Ya kuma dawo a cikin wasan bidiyo ''na South Park: The Fractured but Whole'', tare da Cartman da daga baya Kyle suka jagoranci Mitch Connor. An bayyana a nan cewa Cartman, a zahiri, shine ke da cikakken iko akan Mitch.
* A cikin sharhin, Trey Parker ya bayyana cewa wannan shirin yana da ƙarshen da ya fi so saboda abin mamaki ne kuma &quot;ba ka ma san ko Cartman yana ƙarya ko a'a ba&quot;. 
* A cikin sharhin kakar wasa ta 7 {{'}} ''South Park'', Parker ya tuna cewa watanni biyar bayan an watsa shirin, ya &quot;ji daga wasu abokai da ke cikin wani shirin fim ɗin Jennifer Lopez da take yi kuma suka ce idan za ta wuce, wasu daga cikin mutanen da ba su da ƙarfi kamar PA za su ce, 'Oooh tacos, ina son tacos…'. Kuma ta yi fushi sosai har ta kori mutane… Amma ta ci gaba da jin sa daga nesa&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stromsodd |first=Jan |date=2021-03-21 |title=How Jennifer Lopez Reacted To Her South Park Episode |url=https://www.yournextshoes.com/south-park-jennifer-lopez/ |access-date=2022-02-10 |website=Your Next Shoes |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nazarta ==</text>
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&quot; '''Fat Butt and Pancake Head''' &quot; (wanda kuma aka sani da &quot; '''Jennifer-Lopez-Mania''' &quot;) shine kashi na biyar na kakar wasa ta bakwai kuma shine kashi na 101 na jimlar shirin Comedy Central ''South Park'' . An fara watsa shi ne a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 2003.

A cikin shirin, [[Jennifer Lopez]] ta fusata da jin cewa wata sabuwar mawaƙiya 'yar Latina mai suna Jennifer Lopez (amma a zahiri hannun Cartman ne kawai) ta sace yarjejeniyar rikodin ta da saurayinta [[Ben Affleck]] .

== Labari ==
Makarantar Firamare ta South Park ta gudanar da wani taron bambancin al'adu inda Kyle Broflovski ya bayar da rahoto kan rawar da 'yan Latino ke takawa a fasahar Amurka. Hukumar shugabannin al'ummar Latino (waɗanda su ne alkalai) sun yi farin ciki da rahoton Kyle. Eric Cartman ya hau kan dandamali don bayar da rahoto kan tasirin al'adun Latino akan fasaha a Amurka. Ya ce yana da baƙo na musamman, [[Jennifer Lopez]] . Duk da haka, ya zama kawai aikin nuna son kai tare da hannun Cartman yana aiki a matsayin shugaban &quot;Ms. Lopez&quot; (wanda ya tuna da Señor Wences ) wanda ba shi da ra'ayin Hispanic ta kowace hanya. Duk da wannan nuna kai hari, alkalan sun ba shi matsayi na farko saboda samun mafi kyawun rahoto, kuma ya sami takardar shaidar kyauta ta $20 a babban kanti . Wannan ya fusata Kyle, domin yana tunanin jawabin Cartman ba shi da wariyar launin fata kuma bai cika ba, kuma yayin da Kyle ya shafe makonni yana aiki kan jawabinsa, ana nuna cewa Cartman ya ɓatar da lokaci kaɗan a shirye-shirye.

Cartman ya ƙara fusata Kyle ta hanyar dagewa cewa &quot;Ms. Lopez&quot; tana da ra'ayin kanta. Lokacin da yaran suka je babban kanti, Cartman—bisa ga umarnin &quot;Ms. Lopez&quot;—ta biya dala goma don yin rikodin bidiyon kiɗa a wani shagon rikodi. Ana aika bidiyon zuwa kamfanin rikodin, wanda ya tabbatar da nasara kuma ya jawo &quot;Ms. Lopez&quot; zuwa tauraro. Duk da haka, shugabannin sun yarda cewa &quot;Ms. Lopez&quot; tana da kamanceceniya da yawa da ''ainihin'' Jennifer Lopez kuma sun yanke shawarar maye gurbin mai yin wasan kwaikwayo na ɗan adam mafi wahala da ɗan tsana saboda ba za su iya samun Jennifer Lopez biyu ba.

Lokacin da shugabannin jami'ai suka gaya wa ainihin Jennifer Lopez a wani taro cewa &quot;za mu kore ki daga aiki&quot;, ta fusata, musamman lokacin da ta ji cewa an maye gurbin aikinta da wani ɗan tsana. Jennifer Lopez da mijinta, [[Ben Affleck]], sun bayyana a South Park Elementary cikin motar limousine. Lopez ya fara dukan hannun Cartman har sai da ya roƙe shi ya daina wannan mummunan halinsa. Yayin da shahararrun biyu suka tafi, Affleck ya ga &quot;Ms. Lopez&quot; kuma ya ƙaunace ta. Rikicin da ke tsakanin Cartman da ɗan tsana ya ƙaru yayin da &quot;Ms. Lopez&quot; ta tilasta masa yin abubuwa yadda take so. Yayin da shirin ke ci gaba, dangantakar da ke tsakanin Cartman da &quot;Miss Lopez&quot; ta fara ƙara zama abin mamaki, inda Cartman da &quot;Ms. Lopez&quot; ke jayayya (tare da jin muryoyinsu a lokaci guda) da &quot;Ms. Lopez&quot; suna yin abubuwa daban-daban yayin da Cartman ke barci .

Affleck ya gayyaci &quot;Ms. Lopez&quot; don su hau motarsa. Cartman ya yarda da hakan ba tare da son rai ba. Daga baya &quot;Ms. Lopez&quot; ta bar Ben ya yi mata magana, sannan ta yi masa jima'i ta baki. Cartman ya kalli ƙasa, ya ga abin da &quot;Ms. Lopez&quot; (hannunsa) yake yi, kuma cikin fushi, ya bar motar da sauri. Washegari da safe Cartman ya farka ya ga Affleck tsirara a kan gadonsa, tare da &quot;Ms. Lopez&quot; yana sanar da cewa sun yi soyayya duk dare kuma za su yi aure.

The news of the wedding again angers the actual Jennifer Lopez as she attempts to kill &quot;Ms. Lopez&quot;. Cartman runs. On a bridge, Jennifer Lopez, the police, Ben Affleck, the people from the recording company, Kyle, Kenny and Stan catch up with Cartman and &quot;Ms. Lopez&quot;. Everyone (except the boys) starts to argue about &quot;Ms. Lopez&quot;. &quot;Ms. Lopez&quot; screams for everyone to be quiet. Cartman removes her hair and &quot;Ms. Lopez&quot;, in a male voice, makes the confession that her real name is Mitch Conner, a con man who has been moving around from town to town. Conner apologizes to Ben for playing with his heart and states that he will die because he has recently consumed a cyanide pill. Conner then &quot;dies&quot; (Cartman makes it look like he &quot;flutters away&quot; into the wind), and everyone goes away except for the boys.

Sai Kyle ya tambayi Cartman ya yi wa Mitch Conner bayani. Cartman ya ce, &quot;Duba, ban damu da abin da kuke yi imani da shi ba. Amma da duk abubuwan ban mamaki da ke faruwa a wannan garin, shin ba zai yiwu ba, kawai dai wani abu da ban fahimta ya faru a nan?&quot; Lokacin da Kyle ya yarda cewa yana yiwuwa, Cartman ya fara waƙa, &quot;Ha ha ha ha ha ha haa! Na same ku, kamar! Na same ku, kamar!&quot;, abin da ya ɓata wa Kyle rai sosai. Wannan shirin ya ƙare da Jennifer Lopez tana aiki a gidan cin abinci na La Taco yayin da take kan gwaji. Ta yi korafin cewa tana da rikodin platinum guda shida kuma ta fito a fina-finan Hollywood guda biyar. Ma'aikaciyar Mexico da ke kusa da ita ta amsa, &quot;Eh, ni ma.&quot;

== Samarwa ==
Wannan shirin ya samo asali ne daga ra'ayoyi biyu; a lokacin da wani marubuci ya yi ritaya, suna da ra'ayin bai wa Cartman ɗan tsana, wanda sakamakonsa na ƙarshe ya samo asali ne daga wani ɗan tsana ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya. Su biyun kuma suna son yin wani shiri da ke yi wa Jennifer Lopez da Ben Affleck ba'a. Sashe na ƙarshe na taken yana nufin &quot;kai mai faɗi&quot; na Affleck a cewar Parker da Stone. 

== Gado ==

* Fim ɗin Cartman na Mitch Conner/Jennifer Lopez ya dawo a cikin shirye -shiryen &quot; 200 &quot; da &quot; 201 &quot;. Ya kuma dawo a cikin wasan bidiyo ''na South Park: The Fractured but Whole'', tare da Cartman da daga baya Kyle suka jagoranci Mitch Connor. An bayyana a nan cewa Cartman, a zahiri, shine ke da cikakken iko akan Mitch.
* A cikin sharhin, Trey Parker ya bayyana cewa wannan shirin yana da ƙarshen da ya fi so saboda abin mamaki ne kuma &quot;ba ka ma san ko Cartman yana ƙarya ko a'a ba&quot;. 
* A cikin sharhin kakar wasa ta 7 {{'}} ''South Park'', Parker ya tuna cewa watanni biyar bayan an watsa shirin, ya &quot;ji daga wasu abokai da ke cikin wani shirin fim ɗin Jennifer Lopez da take yi kuma suka ce idan za ta wuce, wasu daga cikin mutanen da ba su da ƙarfi kamar PA za su ce, 'Oooh tacos, ina son tacos…'. Kuma ta yi fushi sosai har ta kori mutane… Amma ta ci gaba da jin sa daga nesa&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stromsodd |first=Jan |date=2021-03-21 |title=How Jennifer Lopez Reacted To Her South Park Episode |url=https://www.yournextshoes.com/south-park-jennifer-lopez/ |access-date=2022-02-10 |website=Your Next Shoes |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Na’urar rarraba ruwa</title>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: [[File:Clickon Water Dispenser.jpg|thumb|upright|Injin rarraba ruwa tare da kwalaben ruwa na sake cikawa]] '''Injin rarraba ruwa''' (water dispenser), wanda wani lokacin ake kira da '''injin sanyaya ruwa''' (idan ana amfani da shi don sanyaya ruwa kawai), wata inji ce da ke rarraba ruwa, kuma galibi tana sanyayawa ko ɗumama ruwa ta hanyar amfani da sashen sanyawa na na'ura. Yawanci ana samun ta kusa da banɗaki saboda samun sauƙin hanyoyin bututun ruwa. Hakanan ana samar da m...</comment>
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      <text bytes="4537" sha1="4gm54qnrv329balkg4av2q15g714mng" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Clickon Water Dispenser.jpg|thumb|upright|Injin rarraba ruwa tare da kwalaben ruwa na sake cikawa]]
'''Injin rarraba ruwa''' (water dispenser), wanda wani lokacin ake kira da '''injin sanyaya ruwa''' (idan ana amfani da shi don sanyaya ruwa kawai), wata inji ce da ke rarraba ruwa, kuma galibi tana sanyayawa ko ɗumama ruwa ta hanyar amfani da sashen sanyawa na na'ura. Yawanci ana samun ta kusa da banɗaki saboda samun sauƙin hanyoyin bututun ruwa. Hakanan ana samar da magudanar ruwa daga injin sanyaya ruwan zuwa tsarin magudanar datti na gari.

Injinan rarraba ruwa suna zuwa da sifofi daban-daban, kama daga waɗanda ake maƙala a bango zuwa haɗakar injinan cika kwalba, da injuna masu hawa biyu da sauran sifofi. Gabaɗaya an raba su zuwa gida biyu: injinan rarraba ruwa na daidai wurin amfani (point-of-use ko POU) da kuma injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba. Injinan rarraba ruwa na POU suna haɗe ne kai tsaye da tsarin samar da ruwa na gari, yayin da injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba ke buƙatar kawo ruwa (ko zuwa a ɗauko da kansa) a cikin manyan kwalabe daga wurin masu siyarwa. Injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba suna iya kasancewa na ɗora kwalba ta sama ko na sa kwalba ta ƙasa, ya danganta da tsarin kera samfurin.

Injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba yawanci suna amfani da kwalaben galan 5 (lita 18.9) waɗanda galibi ake ɗorawa a saman injin. Injinan sanyaya ruwa masu matsa lamba (pressure coolers) wani rukuni ne na injinan rarraba ruwa da suka haɗa da mabuɓɓugar ruwan sha na gari da injinan rarraba ruwa na haɗin bututu kai tsaye. Injin sanyaya ruwa kuma yana iya nufin wata tsohuwar na'ura ta gargajiya da ake amfani da ita don kiyaye ruwa ya kasance mai sanyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Water cooler|url = http://www.horniman.ac.uk/object/34.67|access-date = 2015-07-20|publisher = Horniman Museum and Gardens}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Luther Haws ne ya fara ƙirƙirar injin rarraba ruwa a shekara ta 1906.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Parisi |first=ByKristen |title=A brief history of the water cooler |url=https://www.hr-brew.com/stories/2023/01/09/a-brief-history-of-the-water-cooler |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=HR Brew |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nau'ukan injinan rarraba ruwa ==
=== Na jikin bango / sassauƙa ===
[[File:Two Types Of Sunroc Water Coolers.JPG|thumb|Injinan rarraba ruwa na jikin bango]]

Nau'in da ake maƙalawa a bango yana haɗe ne da tsarin samar da ruwa na ginin don samun ruwa akai-akai da kuma wutar lantarki don gudanar da sashen sanyaya ruwa da ke shigo ciki, sannan yana haɗe da tsarin zubar da sharar gida na ginin don zubar da ruwan da ba a amfani da shi. Ana yawan amfani da injinan sanyaya ruwa na bango a gine-ginen kasuwanci kamar asibitoci, makarantu, wuraren kasuwanci, da sauran gine-gine inda akwai manajan kula da gini don duba yadda ake girkawa da kuma kula da su.

A cikin daidaitaccen injin sanyaya ruwa na bango, wanda kuma galibi ake kira da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ko famfon sha, akwai wani ƙaramin tanki a cikin injin da ke ɗauke da sanyayyen ruwa domin mai amfani kada ya jira ruwan ya yi sanyi. Ana fitar da ruwa ta hanyar juyawa ko danna maɓallin da ke kan bawul mai gudanarwa da ke saman injin, wanda ke kashe ruwan lokacin da aka saki maɓallin. Wasu na'urorin suna samar da babban maɓallin dannawa a gaba ko a gefe. Sabbin injuna ma ba su da maɓalli ko kaɗan; maimakon haka, suna amfani da na'urar gano motsi (sensor) wacce ke gano lokacin da mutum ke kusa kuma ta kunna ruwan. Ana fitar da ruwa a cikin wani siririn ruwa mai lankwasa zuwa sama, wanda ke ba mai amfani damar sha kai tsaye daga saman ruwan da ke bulbula. Waɗannan na'urori yawanci suna rarraba ruwa ne kai tsaye daga tsarin samar da ruwa na hukuma, ba tare da wani tace ruwa ko gyara inganci ba.

Injinan sanyaya ruwa na bango suna zuwa da salo daban-daban masu faɗi, tun daga samfura na cikin bango zuwa kwanukan kariya daga fantsama, kwanukan sifa na musamman da ke fitowa daga bango, tsarin kusurwa masu zagaye na gargajiya, haɗakar injin cika kwalba da sanyaya ruwa, tsarin hawa biyu, da sauran fasaloli da zaɓuka. Wani lokaci ana girka waɗannan ne don cika ƙa'idodin dokoki na gida, jiha ko na tarayya.

=== Injin rarraba ruwa na sa kwalba ta ƙasa ===
[[File:Bottom Load Water Dispenser.png|thumb|Injin rarraba ruwa na sa kwalba ta ƙasa yana nuna kwalbar galan 5, tare da buɗe kofarsa]]
Injinan rarraba ruwa yawanci suna da akwatin ajiyar ruwa da ake ɗorawa a saman injin. Injinan rarraba ruwa na sa kwalba ta ƙasa suna da akwatin ajiyar a ƙasan injin don sauƙaƙa ɗora kwalbar.</text>
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      <comment>/* Injin rarraba ruwa na sa kwalba ta ƙasa */</comment>
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      <text bytes="8735" sha1="k4u8xew9zftb7tfdsi42k44fckui25p" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Clickon Water Dispenser.jpg|thumb|upright|Injin rarraba ruwa tare da kwalaben ruwa na sake cikawa]]
'''Injin rarraba ruwa''' (water dispenser), wanda wani lokacin ake kira da '''injin sanyaya ruwa''' (idan ana amfani da shi don sanyaya ruwa kawai), wata inji ce da ke rarraba ruwa, kuma galibi tana sanyayawa ko ɗumama ruwa ta hanyar amfani da sashen sanyawa na na'ura. Yawanci ana samun ta kusa da banɗaki saboda samun sauƙin hanyoyin bututun ruwa. Hakanan ana samar da magudanar ruwa daga injin sanyaya ruwan zuwa tsarin magudanar datti na gari.

Injinan rarraba ruwa suna zuwa da sifofi daban-daban, kama daga waɗanda ake maƙala a bango zuwa haɗakar injinan cika kwalba, da injuna masu hawa biyu da sauran sifofi. Gabaɗaya an raba su zuwa gida biyu: injinan rarraba ruwa na daidai wurin amfani (point-of-use ko POU) da kuma injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba. Injinan rarraba ruwa na POU suna haɗe ne kai tsaye da tsarin samar da ruwa na gari, yayin da injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba ke buƙatar kawo ruwa (ko zuwa a ɗauko da kansa) a cikin manyan kwalabe daga wurin masu siyarwa. Injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba suna iya kasancewa na ɗora kwalba ta sama ko na sa kwalba ta ƙasa, ya danganta da tsarin kera samfurin.

Injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba yawanci suna amfani da kwalaben galan 5 (lita 18.9) waɗanda galibi ake ɗorawa a saman injin. Injinan sanyaya ruwa masu matsa lamba (pressure coolers) wani rukuni ne na injinan rarraba ruwa da suka haɗa da mabuɓɓugar ruwan sha na gari da injinan rarraba ruwa na haɗin bututu kai tsaye. Injin sanyaya ruwa kuma yana iya nufin wata tsohuwar na'ura ta gargajiya da ake amfani da ita don kiyaye ruwa ya kasance mai sanyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Water cooler|url = http://www.horniman.ac.uk/object/34.67|access-date = 2015-07-20|publisher = Horniman Museum and Gardens}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Luther Haws ne ya fara ƙirƙirar injin rarraba ruwa a shekara ta 1906.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Parisi |first=ByKristen |title=A brief history of the water cooler |url=https://www.hr-brew.com/stories/2023/01/09/a-brief-history-of-the-water-cooler |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=HR Brew |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nau'ukan injinan rarraba ruwa ==
=== Na jikin bango / sassauƙa ===
[[File:Two Types Of Sunroc Water Coolers.JPG|thumb|Injinan rarraba ruwa na jikin bango]]

Nau'in da ake maƙalawa a bango yana haɗe ne da tsarin samar da ruwa na ginin don samun ruwa akai-akai da kuma wutar lantarki don gudanar da sashen sanyaya ruwa da ke shigo ciki, sannan yana haɗe da tsarin zubar da sharar gida na ginin don zubar da ruwan da ba a amfani da shi. Ana yawan amfani da injinan sanyaya ruwa na bango a gine-ginen kasuwanci kamar asibitoci, makarantu, wuraren kasuwanci, da sauran gine-gine inda akwai manajan kula da gini don duba yadda ake girkawa da kuma kula da su.

A cikin daidaitaccen injin sanyaya ruwa na bango, wanda kuma galibi ake kira da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ko famfon sha, akwai wani ƙaramin tanki a cikin injin da ke ɗauke da sanyayyen ruwa domin mai amfani kada ya jira ruwan ya yi sanyi. Ana fitar da ruwa ta hanyar juyawa ko danna maɓallin da ke kan bawul mai gudanarwa da ke saman injin, wanda ke kashe ruwan lokacin da aka saki maɓallin. Wasu na'urorin suna samar da babban maɓallin dannawa a gaba ko a gefe. Sabbin injuna ma ba su da maɓalli ko kaɗan; maimakon haka, suna amfani da na'urar gano motsi (sensor) wacce ke gano lokacin da mutum ke kusa kuma ta kunna ruwan. Ana fitar da ruwa a cikin wani siririn ruwa mai lankwasa zuwa sama, wanda ke ba mai amfani damar sha kai tsaye daga saman ruwan da ke bulbula. Waɗannan na'urori yawanci suna rarraba ruwa ne kai tsaye daga tsarin samar da ruwa na hukuma, ba tare da wani tace ruwa ko gyara inganci ba.

Injinan sanyaya ruwa na bango suna zuwa da salo daban-daban masu faɗi, tun daga samfura na cikin bango zuwa kwanukan kariya daga fantsama, kwanukan sifa na musamman da ke fitowa daga bango, tsarin kusurwa masu zagaye na gargajiya, haɗakar injin cika kwalba da sanyaya ruwa, tsarin hawa biyu, da sauran fasaloli da zaɓuka. Wani lokaci ana girka waɗannan ne don cika ƙa'idodin dokoki na gida, jiha ko na tarayya.

=== Injin rarraba ruwa na sa kwalba ta ƙasa ===
[[File:Bottom Load Water Dispenser.png|thumb|Injin rarraba ruwa na sa kwalba ta ƙasa yana nuna kwalbar galan 5, tare da buɗe kofarsa]]
Injinan rarraba ruwa yawanci suna da akwatin ajiyar ruwa da ake ɗorawa a saman injin. Injinan rarraba ruwa na sa kwalba ta ƙasa suna da akwatin ajiyar a ƙasan injin don sauƙaƙa ɗora kwalbar.

=== Injin rarraba ruwa na kan tebur ===
[[File:Water dispenser with lemons.JPG|thumb|upright|Injin rarraba ruwa na kan tebur]]
Akwai kuma ƙananan nau'ukan injinan rarraba ruwa inda za a iya ajiye injin ɗin kai tsaye a saman tebur. Waɗannan injinan yawanci ana karkasa su azaman kayan aikin gida kuma ana iya samun su a dafa-dafe na gida da ma'ajiyar abinci ta ofis.

=== Injin rarraba ruwa na haɗin bututu kai tsaye (POU) ===
Ana iya haɗa injinan rarraba ruwa kai tsaye zuwa tushen ruwa na cikin gida don rarraba ruwan sha mai zafi da sanyi akai-akai.
Galibi ana kiran sa da injinan rarraba ruwa na POU (point of use). Na'urorin POU gabaɗaya sun fi tsafta fiye da injinan sanyaya ruwa na kwalba, muddin mai amfani yana da damar yin amfani da ingantaccen tushen ruwa mai tsafta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rdehospital.nhs.uk/documents/policies/water-coolers-and-ice-making-machines-policy.pdf|title=Water Coolers and Ice - Making Machines Policy|date=2015-01-13|publisher=Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust|access-date=2018-02-25|archive-date=2019-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117013249/https://www.rdehospital.nhs.uk/documents/policies/water-coolers-and-ice-making-machines-policy.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Na kansa (Freestanding) ===
[[File:Bebedoro.JPG|thumb|upright|Injin sanyaya ruwa na kansa tare da kwalba]]

Tsarin na kansa gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi kwalaben ruwa da ake juyawa da bakinsu zuwa ƙasa a cikin injin rarraba ruwan.

Akwai samfuran kan tebur ko na kan maajiyar kicin waɗanda ke amfani da kwalaben ruwa na lita biyar da ake samu cikin sauƙi daga manyan kantuna. Waɗannan injinan sanyaya ruwa suna amfani da famfunan iska don tura ruwa zuwa rukunin sanyayar ruwa da kuma na'urorin Peltier don sanyaya ruwan.

Sabuwar ci gaba a cikin kasuwar injinan sanyaya ruwa ita ce zuwan kayan aikin kan tebur waɗanda ke haɗe da manyan bututun ruwa kuma suna ba da damar samun ruwa nan take, ba wai sanyayyen ruwa kawai ba, har ma da ruwa mai zafi da tafasasshe. Wannan galibi ana samun sa a masana'antar horeca (hote-hote da gidajen abinci).

Ruwa zai gudana da sauri lokacin da madaurin ke a tsaye. Ana sanya iska a cikin ruwan wanda ke ba shi damar fitowa ta bakin famfon cikin sauri.

== Tushen ruwa ==
Ruwan da ake samu daga injinan sanyaya ruwa na iya fitowa daga wurare daban-daban, amma masana galibi suna karkasa su zuwa manyan rukunoni biyu, wato ruwan ma'adinai na halitta da na maɓuɓɓuga (natural mineral and spring water), da kuma taceccen ruwa (purified water).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Technology of Bottled Water|last=Senior|first=Dorothy|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4051-9932-2|editor-last=Dege|editor-first=Nicholas|edition=3rd|location=Chichester, UK|pages=299}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ruwan ma'adinai na halitta da na maɓuɓɓuga ===
Ruwan ma'adinai na halitta da na maɓuɓɓuga sune ruwan da ke fitowa daga sassan duwatsu na ƙarƙashin ƙasa waɗanda ake tarawa daga rijiyoyin burtsatse ko maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da ke ɓulbulowa. Dokokin kowace ƙasa suna ƙara rarrabe tsakanin waɗannan nau'ikan ruwa guda biyu kuma suna tsara tsauraran sharuɗɗan sanya suna da lakabi bisa kariya ta tushen halitta, daukacin daskararrun sinadarai da suka narke (total dissolved solids), da kuma yawan tace ruwan da za a iya yi kafin a saka shi a kwalba.

=== Taceccen ruwa (Purified water) ===
Taceccen ruwa shine ruwa daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa ko tsarin samar da ruwa na hukuma kuma ana kera shi ta kowace hanya ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin tacewa da suka haɗa da reverse osmosis, distillation, deionization, da tace ruwa na yau da kullum. Galibi ana amfani da hasken ultraviolet ko ozone don magance ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ruwan sannan a sake mayar da ma'adinai ta hanyar sanya gishirin inorganic mai narkewa.

== Isar da ruwa ==
Isar da ruwa a cikin injin sanyaya ruwa yana zuwa ta manyan hanyoyi biyu, wato nau'ikan kwalba, ko ta hanyar haɗa bututu kai tsaye daga babban tsarin samar da ruwa. Yawanci ana tura ruwan zuwa cikin tankin ruwa don a ɗumama shi ko a sanyaya shi, ya danganta da samfurin injin sanyaya ruwan. Sabbin samfura sun haɗa da nau'ikan haɗaka (hybrid) waɗanda ke iya amfani da duka hanyoyin biyu.</text>
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        <id>20447</id>
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      <comment>/* Isar da ruwa */</comment>
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      <text bytes="13402" sha1="gcwatiktrr2p33268yrajnn0gzmllr2" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Clickon Water Dispenser.jpg|thumb|upright|Injin rarraba ruwa tare da kwalaben ruwa na sake cikawa]]
'''Injin rarraba ruwa''' (water dispenser), wanda wani lokacin ake kira da '''injin sanyaya ruwa''' (idan ana amfani da shi don sanyaya ruwa kawai), wata inji ce da ke rarraba ruwa, kuma galibi tana sanyayawa ko ɗumama ruwa ta hanyar amfani da sashen sanyawa na na'ura. Yawanci ana samun ta kusa da banɗaki saboda samun sauƙin hanyoyin bututun ruwa. Hakanan ana samar da magudanar ruwa daga injin sanyaya ruwan zuwa tsarin magudanar datti na gari.

Injinan rarraba ruwa suna zuwa da sifofi daban-daban, kama daga waɗanda ake maƙala a bango zuwa haɗakar injinan cika kwalba, da injuna masu hawa biyu da sauran sifofi. Gabaɗaya an raba su zuwa gida biyu: injinan rarraba ruwa na daidai wurin amfani (point-of-use ko POU) da kuma injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba. Injinan rarraba ruwa na POU suna haɗe ne kai tsaye da tsarin samar da ruwa na gari, yayin da injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba ke buƙatar kawo ruwa (ko zuwa a ɗauko da kansa) a cikin manyan kwalabe daga wurin masu siyarwa. Injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba suna iya kasancewa na ɗora kwalba ta sama ko na sa kwalba ta ƙasa, ya danganta da tsarin kera samfurin.

Injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba yawanci suna amfani da kwalaben galan 5 (lita 18.9) waɗanda galibi ake ɗorawa a saman injin. Injinan sanyaya ruwa masu matsa lamba (pressure coolers) wani rukuni ne na injinan rarraba ruwa da suka haɗa da mabuɓɓugar ruwan sha na gari da injinan rarraba ruwa na haɗin bututu kai tsaye. Injin sanyaya ruwa kuma yana iya nufin wata tsohuwar na'ura ta gargajiya da ake amfani da ita don kiyaye ruwa ya kasance mai sanyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Water cooler|url = http://www.horniman.ac.uk/object/34.67|access-date = 2015-07-20|publisher = Horniman Museum and Gardens}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Luther Haws ne ya fara ƙirƙirar injin rarraba ruwa a shekara ta 1906.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Parisi |first=ByKristen |title=A brief history of the water cooler |url=https://www.hr-brew.com/stories/2023/01/09/a-brief-history-of-the-water-cooler |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=HR Brew |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nau'ukan injinan rarraba ruwa ==
=== Na jikin bango / sassauƙa ===
[[File:Two Types Of Sunroc Water Coolers.JPG|thumb|Injinan rarraba ruwa na jikin bango]]

Nau'in da ake maƙalawa a bango yana haɗe ne da tsarin samar da ruwa na ginin don samun ruwa akai-akai da kuma wutar lantarki don gudanar da sashen sanyaya ruwa da ke shigo ciki, sannan yana haɗe da tsarin zubar da sharar gida na ginin don zubar da ruwan da ba a amfani da shi. Ana yawan amfani da injinan sanyaya ruwa na bango a gine-ginen kasuwanci kamar asibitoci, makarantu, wuraren kasuwanci, da sauran gine-gine inda akwai manajan kula da gini don duba yadda ake girkawa da kuma kula da su.

A cikin daidaitaccen injin sanyaya ruwa na bango, wanda kuma galibi ake kira da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ko famfon sha, akwai wani ƙaramin tanki a cikin injin da ke ɗauke da sanyayyen ruwa domin mai amfani kada ya jira ruwan ya yi sanyi. Ana fitar da ruwa ta hanyar juyawa ko danna maɓallin da ke kan bawul mai gudanarwa da ke saman injin, wanda ke kashe ruwan lokacin da aka saki maɓallin. Wasu na'urorin suna samar da babban maɓallin dannawa a gaba ko a gefe. Sabbin injuna ma ba su da maɓalli ko kaɗan; maimakon haka, suna amfani da na'urar gano motsi (sensor) wacce ke gano lokacin da mutum ke kusa kuma ta kunna ruwan. Ana fitar da ruwa a cikin wani siririn ruwa mai lankwasa zuwa sama, wanda ke ba mai amfani damar sha kai tsaye daga saman ruwan da ke bulbula. Waɗannan na'urori yawanci suna rarraba ruwa ne kai tsaye daga tsarin samar da ruwa na hukuma, ba tare da wani tace ruwa ko gyara inganci ba.

Injinan sanyaya ruwa na bango suna zuwa da salo daban-daban masu faɗi, tun daga samfura na cikin bango zuwa kwanukan kariya daga fantsama, kwanukan sifa na musamman da ke fitowa daga bango, tsarin kusurwa masu zagaye na gargajiya, haɗakar injin cika kwalba da sanyaya ruwa, tsarin hawa biyu, da sauran fasaloli da zaɓuka. Wani lokaci ana girka waɗannan ne don cika ƙa'idodin dokoki na gida, jiha ko na tarayya.

=== Injin rarraba ruwa na sa kwalba ta ƙasa ===
[[File:Bottom Load Water Dispenser.png|thumb|Injin rarraba ruwa na sa kwalba ta ƙasa yana nuna kwalbar galan 5, tare da buɗe kofarsa]]
Injinan rarraba ruwa yawanci suna da akwatin ajiyar ruwa da ake ɗorawa a saman injin. Injinan rarraba ruwa na sa kwalba ta ƙasa suna da akwatin ajiyar a ƙasan injin don sauƙaƙa ɗora kwalbar.

=== Injin rarraba ruwa na kan tebur ===
[[File:Water dispenser with lemons.JPG|thumb|upright|Injin rarraba ruwa na kan tebur]]
Akwai kuma ƙananan nau'ukan injinan rarraba ruwa inda za a iya ajiye injin ɗin kai tsaye a saman tebur. Waɗannan injinan yawanci ana karkasa su azaman kayan aikin gida kuma ana iya samun su a dafa-dafe na gida da ma'ajiyar abinci ta ofis.

=== Injin rarraba ruwa na haɗin bututu kai tsaye (POU) ===
Ana iya haɗa injinan rarraba ruwa kai tsaye zuwa tushen ruwa na cikin gida don rarraba ruwan sha mai zafi da sanyi akai-akai.
Galibi ana kiran sa da injinan rarraba ruwa na POU (point of use). Na'urorin POU gabaɗaya sun fi tsafta fiye da injinan sanyaya ruwa na kwalba, muddin mai amfani yana da damar yin amfani da ingantaccen tushen ruwa mai tsafta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rdehospital.nhs.uk/documents/policies/water-coolers-and-ice-making-machines-policy.pdf|title=Water Coolers and Ice - Making Machines Policy|date=2015-01-13|publisher=Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust|access-date=2018-02-25|archive-date=2019-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117013249/https://www.rdehospital.nhs.uk/documents/policies/water-coolers-and-ice-making-machines-policy.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Na kansa (Freestanding) ===
[[File:Bebedoro.JPG|thumb|upright|Injin sanyaya ruwa na kansa tare da kwalba]]

Tsarin na kansa gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi kwalaben ruwa da ake juyawa da bakinsu zuwa ƙasa a cikin injin rarraba ruwan.

Akwai samfuran kan tebur ko na kan maajiyar kicin waɗanda ke amfani da kwalaben ruwa na lita biyar da ake samu cikin sauƙi daga manyan kantuna. Waɗannan injinan sanyaya ruwa suna amfani da famfunan iska don tura ruwa zuwa rukunin sanyayar ruwa da kuma na'urorin Peltier don sanyaya ruwan.

Sabuwar ci gaba a cikin kasuwar injinan sanyaya ruwa ita ce zuwan kayan aikin kan tebur waɗanda ke haɗe da manyan bututun ruwa kuma suna ba da damar samun ruwa nan take, ba wai sanyayyen ruwa kawai ba, har ma da ruwa mai zafi da tafasasshe. Wannan galibi ana samun sa a masana'antar horeca (hote-hote da gidajen abinci).

Ruwa zai gudana da sauri lokacin da madaurin ke a tsaye. Ana sanya iska a cikin ruwan wanda ke ba shi damar fitowa ta bakin famfon cikin sauri.

== Tushen ruwa ==
Ruwan da ake samu daga injinan sanyaya ruwa na iya fitowa daga wurare daban-daban, amma masana galibi suna karkasa su zuwa manyan rukunoni biyu, wato ruwan ma'adinai na halitta da na maɓuɓɓuga (natural mineral and spring water), da kuma taceccen ruwa (purified water).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Technology of Bottled Water|last=Senior|first=Dorothy|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4051-9932-2|editor-last=Dege|editor-first=Nicholas|edition=3rd|location=Chichester, UK|pages=299}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ruwan ma'adinai na halitta da na maɓuɓɓuga ===
Ruwan ma'adinai na halitta da na maɓuɓɓuga sune ruwan da ke fitowa daga sassan duwatsu na ƙarƙashin ƙasa waɗanda ake tarawa daga rijiyoyin burtsatse ko maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da ke ɓulbulowa. Dokokin kowace ƙasa suna ƙara rarrabe tsakanin waɗannan nau'ikan ruwa guda biyu kuma suna tsara tsauraran sharuɗɗan sanya suna da lakabi bisa kariya ta tushen halitta, daukacin daskararrun sinadarai da suka narke (total dissolved solids), da kuma yawan tace ruwan da za a iya yi kafin a saka shi a kwalba.

=== Taceccen ruwa (Purified water) ===
Taceccen ruwa shine ruwa daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa ko tsarin samar da ruwa na hukuma kuma ana kera shi ta kowace hanya ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin tacewa da suka haɗa da reverse osmosis, distillation, deionization, da tace ruwa na yau da kullum. Galibi ana amfani da hasken ultraviolet ko ozone don magance ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ruwan sannan a sake mayar da ma'adinai ta hanyar sanya gishirin inorganic mai narkewa.

== Isar da ruwa ==
Isar da ruwa a cikin injin sanyaya ruwa yana zuwa ta manyan hanyoyi biyu, wato nau'ikan kwalba, ko ta hanyar haɗa bututu kai tsaye daga babban tsarin samar da ruwa. Yawanci ana tura ruwan zuwa cikin tankin ruwa don a ɗumama shi ko a sanyaya shi, ya danganta da samfurin injin sanyaya ruwan. Sabbin samfura sun haɗa da nau'ikan haɗaka (hybrid) waɗanda ke iya amfani da duka hanyoyin biyu.

=== Injinan sanyaya ruwa na kwalba ===
{{see also|Carboy}}
Don saka kwalbar, ana juyar da bakinta ƙasa sannan a ɗora ta a saman injin rarraba ruwan; wata ƙararrawa tana huda murfin kwalbar hakan kuma yana ba da damar ruwa ya kwarara zuwa cikin madaurin ruwa na cikin injin. Waɗannan tsare-tsare masu amfani da ƙarfin magana (gravity) suna da na'urar da ke rarraba ruwa a cikin tsari mai kyau.

Waɗannan injina suna zuwa da girma dabam-dabam kuma sun bambanta tun daga na'urorin kan tebur, waɗanda aka yi niyya don amfani na lokaci-lokaci, zuwa na'urorin da ake ijiye wa a ƙasa waɗanda aka yi niyya don amfani mai yawa. Yawanci ana kai ruwan kwalba zuwa gidaje ko wuraren kasuwanci akai-akai, inda ake musanya kofofin kwalaben polycarbonate da suka wofinta da cikakkun kwalabe. A cikin kasuwanni masu tasowa, galibi ana amfani da robobin PET don manyan kwalabe duk da cewa takurewa da ƙarancin yanayin zafi lokacin wanke-wanke zai sa ya zama abu mai wahalar amfani.

Girman kwalbar ya danganta da girman injin ɗin, inda manyan samfura a Amurka ke amfani da kwalabe na galan 5 (lita 18.9). Wannan kuma shine mafi yawan girman da ake amfani da shi a sauran wurare, wanda aka lakaba shi da lita 18.9 a ƙasajen da ke amfani da tsarin auna na metric. Da fari, an kera waɗannan kwalabe da ƙarfin lita 11.4, 18.9 ko 22.7 (galan 3, 5 ko 6 na Amurka) kuma ana rarraba su zuwa rukunin injinan sanyaya ruwa na haya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Technology of Bottled Water|last=Senior|first=Dorothy|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4051-9932-2|editor-last=Dege|editor-first=Nicholas|edition=3rd|location=Chichester, UK|pages=8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan injina yawanci ba su da wurin zubar da ruwa da ya fantsama, suna samar da wani ƙaramin kwanon kwatami ne kawai don tare ɗan fantsamar ruwa kalilan. A gaba, akwai madauri ko maɓallin dannawa da ke fitar da ruwa zuwa cikin kofi da aka riƙe a ƙarƙashin famfon. Lokacin da kwalbar ruwan ta wofinta, ana ɗage ta daga saman injin, kuma ta kan rufe kanta ta atomatik don hana duk wani sauran ruwa da ke cikin kwalbar daga zuba.

==== Kayayyaki ====
A tsawon shekaru da yawa da kuma cikin daukacin ƙarni na 20, gilashi ne babban kayan aiki da ake amfani da shi wajen zuba ruwa a kwalba har zuwa lokacin da aka sami ci gaban robobin thermoplastics bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Robar PVC ta haɓaka azaman kayan roba mai amfani da yawa kuma ta sami karɓuwa sosai azaman kayan aiki mafi dacewa don kera abubuwa da yawa. Kwalaben gilashi masu koren duhu ne kawai aka riƙe don sanya ruwa mai kumfa (carbonated waters). Shekarun 1980 sun ga sake haɓakar kwalaben PVC saboda rage farashi. Ci gaba a fannin kera abubuwa da fasahar kayayyaki kamar sabbin fasahohin busawa da allurar gyaran sifa sun rage kauri da nauyin kwalabe yayin da suka inganta dorewa da ƙara tsawon lokacin amfani.

=== Haɗin bututu kai tsaye ===
Injinan sanyaya ruwa na haɗin bututu kai tsaye suna amfani da ruwan fanfo saboda haka ba sa buƙatar kwalabe sakamakon amfani da babban tsarin samar da ruwa na gari. Yawanci, ana amfani da wata hanya ta tace ruwa. Ana amfani da ma'aunin Log reduction (misali raguwar log-6 ko 99.9999% mai tasiri) azaman ma'auni na ingancin tsabtace muhalli da kashe ƙwayoyin cuta.

=== Tacewa (Filtration) ===
Hanyoyin tacewa sun haɗa da reverse osmosis, musayar ion (ion exchange), da kuma sinadarin activated carbon. Tsarin reverse osmosis yana aiki ne daban da kariyar sinadarai ko ta hasken ultraviolet, inda yake amfani da wani siririn kyalle (membrane) mai ƙananan ramuka, wanda ke barin H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O ta wuce yayin da yake hana manyan kwayoyin halitta kamar gishiri, carbonates, da sauran ƙananan halittu (micro-organisms) wucewa ta cikinsa. Idan babu isasshen ƙarfi na halitta da zai tura ruwan ta cikin kyallen, ana buƙatar famfo mai ƙarfi, wanda hakan na iya haifar da tsadar amfani da wutar lantarki. Bugu da ƙari, na'urorin RO suna da ikon sanyaya gishirin ruwa (water softening). Wasu ƙananan halittu masu rai, gami da ƙwayoyin cuta na virus, suna da ikon wucewa ta cikin matacin na'urar RO.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Water Quality and Systems: A Guide for Facility Managers|last=Reid|first=Robert|publisher=The Fairmont Press|year=2004|isbn=0-88173-332-6|edition=2nd|location=Georgia, USA|pages=187}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na'urorin Deionizers ko demineralizers suna amfani da musayar resins (resins exchange) don cire ions daga kwararar ruwa, kuma galibi sune twin-bed ko mixed-bed deionizers. Ana yawan amfani da su a wuraren da ake kera kayayyaki masu tsafta na musamman kamar guntuwar kwamfuta (computer chips), inda deionized water ke kasancewa maras ƙarfi wajen gudanar da wutar lantarki.</text>
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      <text bytes="13383" sha1="1425as70u1q22rblh64g7ut32ubk8hu" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Clickon Water Dispenser.jpg|thumb|upright|Injin rarraba ruwa tare da kwalaben ruwa na sake cikawa]]
'''Injin rarraba ruwa''' (water dispenser), wanda wani lokacin ake kira da '''injin sanyaya ruwa''' (idan ana amfani da shi don sanyaya ruwa kawai), wata inji ce da ke rarraba ruwa, kuma galibi tana sanyayawa ko ɗumama ruwa ta hanyar amfani da sashen sanyawa na na'ura. Yawanci ana samun ta kusa da banɗaki saboda samun sauƙin hanyoyin bututun ruwa. Hakanan ana samar da magudanar ruwa daga injin sanyaya ruwan zuwa tsarin magudanar datti na gari.

Injinan rarraba ruwa suna zuwa da sifofi daban-daban, kama daga waɗanda ake maƙala a bango zuwa haɗakar injinan cika kwalba, da injuna masu hawa biyu da sauran sifofi. Gabaɗaya an raba su zuwa gida biyu: injinan rarraba ruwa na daidai wurin amfani (point-of-use ko POU) da kuma injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba. Injinan rarraba ruwa na POU suna haɗe ne kai tsaye da tsarin samar da ruwa na gari, yayin da injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba ke buƙatar kawo ruwa (ko zuwa a ɗauko da kansa) a cikin manyan kwalabe daga wurin masu siyarwa. Injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba suna iya kasancewa na ɗora kwalba ta sama ko na sa kwalba ta ƙasa, ya danganta da tsarin kera samfurin.

Injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba yawanci suna amfani da kwalaben galan 5 (lita 18.9) waɗanda galibi ake ɗorawa a saman injin. Injinan sanyaya ruwa masu matsa lamba (pressure coolers) wani rukuni ne na injinan rarraba ruwa da suka haɗa da mabuɓɓugar ruwan sha na gari da injinan rarraba ruwa na haɗin bututu kai tsaye. Injin sanyaya ruwa kuma yana iya nufin wata tsohuwar na'ura ta gargajiya da ake amfani da ita don kiyaye ruwa ya kasance mai sanyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Water cooler|url = http://www.horniman.ac.uk/object/34.67|access-date = 2015-07-20|publisher = Horniman Museum and Gardens}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Luther Haws ne ya fara ƙirƙirar injin rarraba ruwa a shekara ta 1906.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Parisi |first=ByKristen |title=A brief history of the water cooler |url=https://www.hr-brew.com/stories/2023/01/09/a-brief-history-of-the-water-cooler |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=HR Brew |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nau'ukan injinan rarraba ruwa ==
=== Na jikin bango / sassauƙa ===
[[File:Two Types Of Sunroc Water Coolers.JPG|thumb|Injinan rarraba ruwa na jikin bango]]

Nau'in da ake maƙalawa a bango yana haɗe ne da tsarin samar da ruwa na ginin don samun ruwa akai-akai da kuma wutar lantarki don gudanar da sashen sanyaya ruwa da ke shigo ciki, sannan yana haɗe da tsarin zubar da sharar gida na ginin don zubar da ruwan da ba a amfani da shi. Ana yawan amfani da injinan sanyaya ruwa na bango a gine-ginen kasuwanci kamar asibitoci, makarantu, wuraren kasuwanci, da sauran gine-gine inda akwai manajan kula da gini don duba yadda ake girkawa da kuma kula da su.

A cikin daidaitaccen injin sanyaya ruwa na bango, wanda kuma galibi ake kira da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ko famfon sha, akwai wani ƙaramin tanki a cikin injin da ke ɗauke da sanyayyen ruwa domin mai amfani kada ya jira ruwan ya yi sanyi. Ana fitar da ruwa ta hanyar juyawa ko danna maɓallin da ke kan bawul mai gudanarwa da ke saman injin, wanda ke kashe ruwan lokacin da aka saki maɓallin. Wasu na'urorin suna samar da babban maɓallin dannawa a gaba ko a gefe. Sabbin injuna ma ba su da maɓalli ko kaɗan; maimakon haka, suna amfani da na'urar gano motsi (sensor) wacce ke gano lokacin da mutum ke kusa kuma ta kunna ruwan. Ana fitar da ruwa a cikin wani siririn ruwa mai lankwasa zuwa sama, wanda ke ba mai amfani damar sha kai tsaye daga saman ruwan da ke bulbula. Waɗannan na'urori yawanci suna rarraba ruwa ne kai tsaye daga tsarin samar da ruwa na hukuma, ba tare da wani tace ruwa ko gyara inganci ba.

Injinan sanyaya ruwa na bango suna zuwa da salo daban-daban masu faɗi, tun daga samfura na cikin bango zuwa kwanukan kariya daga fantsama, kwanukan sifa na musamman da ke fitowa daga bango, tsarin kusurwa masu zagaye na gargajiya, haɗakar injin cika kwalba da sanyaya ruwa, tsarin hawa biyu, da sauran fasaloli da zaɓuka. Wani lokaci ana girka waɗannan ne don cika ƙa'idodin dokoki na gida, jiha ko na tarayya.

=== Injin rarraba ruwa na sa kwalba ta ƙasa ===
[[File:Bottom Load Water Dispenser.png|thumb|Injin rarraba ruwa na sa kwalba ta ƙasa yana nuna kwalbar galan 5, tare da buɗe kofarsa]]
Injinan rarraba ruwa yawanci suna da akwatin ajiyar ruwa da ake ɗorawa a saman injin. Injinan rarraba ruwa na sa kwalba ta ƙasa suna da akwatin ajiyar a ƙasan injin don sauƙaƙa ɗora kwalbar.

=== Injin rarraba ruwa na kan tebur ===
[[File:Water dispenser with lemons.JPG|thumb|upright|Injin rarraba ruwa na kan tebur]]
Akwai kuma ƙananan nau'ukan injinan rarraba ruwa inda za a iya ajiye injin ɗin kai tsaye a saman tebur. Waɗannan injinan yawanci ana karkasa su azaman kayan aikin gida kuma ana iya samun su a dafa-dafe na gida da ma'ajiyar abinci ta ofis.

=== Injin rarraba ruwa na haɗin bututu kai tsaye (POU) ===
Ana iya haɗa injinan rarraba ruwa kai tsaye zuwa tushen ruwa na cikin gida don rarraba ruwan sha mai zafi da sanyi akai-akai.
Galibi ana kiran sa da injinan rarraba ruwa na POU (point of use). Na'urorin POU gabaɗaya sun fi tsafta fiye da injinan sanyaya ruwa na kwalba, muddin mai amfani yana da damar yin amfani da ingantaccen tushen ruwa mai tsafta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rdehospital.nhs.uk/documents/policies/water-coolers-and-ice-making-machines-policy.pdf|title=Water Coolers and Ice - Making Machines Policy|date=2015-01-13|publisher=Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust|access-date=2018-02-25|archive-date=2019-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117013249/https://www.rdehospital.nhs.uk/documents/policies/water-coolers-and-ice-making-machines-policy.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Na kansa (Freestanding) ===
[[File:Bebedoro.JPG|thumb|upright|Injin sanyaya ruwa na kansa tare da kwalba]]

Tsarin na kansa gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi kwalaben ruwa da ake juyawa da bakinsu zuwa ƙasa a cikin injin rarraba ruwan.

Akwai samfuran kan tebur ko na kan maajiyar kicin waɗanda ke amfani da kwalaben ruwa na lita biyar da ake samu cikin sauƙi daga manyan kantuna. Waɗannan injinan sanyaya ruwa suna amfani da famfunan iska don tura ruwa zuwa rukunin sanyayar ruwa da kuma na'urorin Peltier don sanyaya ruwan.

Sabuwar ci gaba a cikin kasuwar injinan sanyaya ruwa ita ce zuwan kayan aikin kan tebur waɗanda ke haɗe da manyan bututun ruwa kuma suna ba da damar samun ruwa nan take, ba wai sanyayyen ruwa kawai ba, har ma da ruwa mai zafi da tafasasshe. Wannan galibi ana samun sa a masana'antar horeca (hote-hote da gidajen abinci).

Ruwa zai gudana da sauri lokacin da madaurin ke a tsaye. Ana sanya iska a cikin ruwan wanda ke ba shi damar fitowa ta bakin famfon cikin sauri.

== Tushen ruwa ==
Ruwan da ake samu daga injinan sanyaya ruwa na iya fitowa daga wurare daban-daban, amma masana galibi suna karkasa su zuwa manyan rukunoni biyu, wato ruwan ma'adinai na halitta da na maɓuɓɓuga (natural mineral and spring water), da kuma taceccen ruwa (purified water).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Technology of Bottled Water|last=Senior|first=Dorothy|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4051-9932-2|editor-last=Dege|editor-first=Nicholas|edition=3rd|location=Chichester, UK|pages=299}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ruwan ma'adinai na halitta da na maɓuɓɓuga ===
Ruwan ma'adinai na halitta da na maɓuɓɓuga sune ruwan da ke fitowa daga sassan duwatsu na ƙarƙashin ƙasa waɗanda ake tarawa daga rijiyoyin burtsatse ko maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da ke ɓulbulowa. Dokokin kowace ƙasa suna ƙara rarrabe tsakanin waɗannan nau'ikan ruwa guda biyu kuma suna tsara tsauraran sharuɗɗan sanya suna da lakabi bisa kariya ta tushen halitta, daukacin daskararrun sinadarai da suka narke (total dissolved solids), da kuma yawan tace ruwan da za a iya yi kafin a saka shi a kwalba.

=== Taceccen ruwa (Purified water) ===
Taceccen ruwa shine ruwa daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa ko tsarin samar da ruwa na hukuma kuma ana kera shi ta kowace hanya ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin tacewa da suka haɗa da reverse osmosis, distillation, deionization, da tace ruwa na yau da kullum. Galibi ana amfani da hasken ultraviolet ko ozone don magance ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ruwan sannan a sake mayar da ma'adinai ta hanyar sanya gishirin inorganic mai narkewa.

== Isar da ruwa ==
Isar da ruwa a cikin injin sanyaya ruwa yana zuwa ta manyan hanyoyi biyu, wato nau'ikan kwalba, ko ta hanyar haɗa bututu kai tsaye daga babban tsarin samar da ruwa. Yawanci ana tura ruwan zuwa cikin tankin ruwa don a ɗumama shi ko a sanyaya shi, ya danganta da samfurin injin sanyaya ruwan. Sabbin samfura sun haɗa da nau'ikan haɗaka (hybrid) waɗanda ke iya amfani da duka hanyoyin biyu.

=== Injinan sanyaya ruwa na kwalba ===

Don saka kwalbar, ana juyar da bakinta ƙasa sannan a ɗora ta a saman injin rarraba ruwan; wata ƙararrawa tana huda murfin kwalbar hakan kuma yana ba da damar ruwa ya kwarara zuwa cikin madaurin ruwa na cikin injin. Waɗannan tsare-tsare masu amfani da ƙarfin magana (gravity) suna da na'urar da ke rarraba ruwa a cikin tsari mai kyau.

Waɗannan injina suna zuwa da girma dabam-dabam kuma sun bambanta tun daga na'urorin kan tebur, waɗanda aka yi niyya don amfani na lokaci-lokaci, zuwa na'urorin da ake ijiye wa a ƙasa waɗanda aka yi niyya don amfani mai yawa. Yawanci ana kai ruwan kwalba zuwa gidaje ko wuraren kasuwanci akai-akai, inda ake musanya kofofin kwalaben polycarbonate da suka wofinta da cikakkun kwalabe. A cikin kasuwanni masu tasowa, galibi ana amfani da robobin PET don manyan kwalabe duk da cewa takurewa da ƙarancin yanayin zafi lokacin wanke-wanke zai sa ya zama abu mai wahalar amfani.

Girman kwalbar ya danganta da girman injin ɗin, inda manyan samfura a Amurka ke amfani da kwalabe na galan 5 (lita 18.9). Wannan kuma shine mafi yawan girman da ake amfani da shi a sauran wurare, wanda aka lakaba shi da lita 18.9 a ƙasajen da ke amfani da tsarin auna na metric. Da fari, an kera waɗannan kwalabe da ƙarfin lita 11.4, 18.9 ko 22.7 (galan 3, 5 ko 6 na Amurka) kuma ana rarraba su zuwa rukunin injinan sanyaya ruwa na haya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Technology of Bottled Water|last=Senior|first=Dorothy|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4051-9932-2|editor-last=Dege|editor-first=Nicholas|edition=3rd|location=Chichester, UK|pages=8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan injina yawanci ba su da wurin zubar da ruwa da ya fantsama, suna samar da wani ƙaramin kwanon kwatami ne kawai don tare ɗan fantsamar ruwa kalilan. A gaba, akwai madauri ko maɓallin dannawa da ke fitar da ruwa zuwa cikin kofi da aka riƙe a ƙarƙashin famfon. Lokacin da kwalbar ruwan ta wofinta, ana ɗage ta daga saman injin, kuma ta kan rufe kanta ta atomatik don hana duk wani sauran ruwa da ke cikin kwalbar daga zuba.

==== Kayayyaki ====
A tsawon shekaru da yawa da kuma cikin daukacin ƙarni na 20, gilashi ne babban kayan aiki da ake amfani da shi wajen zuba ruwa a kwalba har zuwa lokacin da aka sami ci gaban robobin thermoplastics bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Robar PVC ta haɓaka azaman kayan roba mai amfani da yawa kuma ta sami karɓuwa sosai azaman kayan aiki mafi dacewa don kera abubuwa da yawa. Kwalaben gilashi masu koren duhu ne kawai aka riƙe don sanya ruwa mai kumfa (carbonated waters). Shekarun 1980 sun ga sake haɓakar kwalaben PVC saboda rage farashi. Ci gaba a fannin kera abubuwa da fasahar kayayyaki kamar sabbin fasahohin busawa da allurar gyaran sifa sun rage kauri da nauyin kwalabe yayin da suka inganta dorewa da ƙara tsawon lokacin amfani.

=== Haɗin bututu kai tsaye ===
Injinan sanyaya ruwa na haɗin bututu kai tsaye suna amfani da ruwan fanfo saboda haka ba sa buƙatar kwalabe sakamakon amfani da babban tsarin samar da ruwa na gari. Yawanci, ana amfani da wata hanya ta tace ruwa. Ana amfani da ma'aunin Log reduction (misali raguwar log-6 ko 99.9999% mai tasiri) azaman ma'auni na ingancin tsabtace muhalli da kashe ƙwayoyin cuta.

=== Tacewa (Filtration) ===
Hanyoyin tacewa sun haɗa da reverse osmosis, musayar ion (ion exchange), da kuma sinadarin activated carbon. Tsarin reverse osmosis yana aiki ne daban da kariyar sinadarai ko ta hasken ultraviolet, inda yake amfani da wani siririn kyalle (membrane) mai ƙananan ramuka, wanda ke barin H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O ta wuce yayin da yake hana manyan kwayoyin halitta kamar gishiri, carbonates, da sauran ƙananan halittu (micro-organisms) wucewa ta cikinsa. Idan babu isasshen ƙarfi na halitta da zai tura ruwan ta cikin kyallen, ana buƙatar famfo mai ƙarfi, wanda hakan na iya haifar da tsadar amfani da wutar lantarki. Bugu da ƙari, na'urorin RO suna da ikon sanyaya gishirin ruwa (water softening). Wasu ƙananan halittu masu rai, gami da ƙwayoyin cuta na virus, suna da ikon wucewa ta cikin matacin na'urar RO.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Water Quality and Systems: A Guide for Facility Managers|last=Reid|first=Robert|publisher=The Fairmont Press|year=2004|isbn=0-88173-332-6|edition=2nd|location=Georgia, USA|pages=187}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na'urorin Deionizers ko demineralizers suna amfani da musayar resins (resins exchange) don cire ions daga kwararar ruwa, kuma galibi sune twin-bed ko mixed-bed deionizers. Ana yawan amfani da su a wuraren da ake kera kayayyaki masu tsafta na musamman kamar guntuwar kwamfuta (computer chips), inda deionized water ke kasancewa maras ƙarfi wajen gudanar da wutar lantarki.</text>
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      <text bytes="13975" sha1="fw5e2nuf1or825970kcnpcsui4wp8c7" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Clickon Water Dispenser.jpg|thumb|upright|Injin rarraba ruwa tare da kwalaben ruwa na sake cikawa]]
'''Injin rarraba ruwa''' (water dispenser), wanda wani lokacin ake kira da '''injin sanyaya ruwa''' (idan ana amfani da shi don sanyaya ruwa kawai), wata inji ce da ke rarraba ruwa, kuma galibi tana sanyayawa ko ɗumama ruwa ta hanyar amfani da sashen sanyawa na na'ura. Yawanci ana samun ta kusa da banɗaki saboda samun sauƙin hanyoyin bututun ruwa. Hakanan ana samar da magudanar ruwa daga injin sanyaya ruwan zuwa tsarin magudanar datti na gari.

Injinan rarraba ruwa suna zuwa da sifofi daban-daban, kama daga waɗanda ake maƙala a bango zuwa haɗakar injinan cika kwalba, da injuna masu hawa biyu da sauran sifofi. Gabaɗaya an raba su zuwa gida biyu: injinan rarraba ruwa na daidai wurin amfani (point-of-use ko POU) da kuma injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba. Injinan rarraba ruwa na POU suna haɗe ne kai tsaye da tsarin samar da ruwa na gari, yayin da injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba ke buƙatar kawo ruwa (ko zuwa a ɗauko da kansa) a cikin manyan kwalabe daga wurin masu siyarwa. Injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba suna iya kasancewa na ɗora kwalba ta sama ko na sa kwalba ta ƙasa, ya danganta da tsarin kera samfurin.

Injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba yawanci suna amfani da kwalaben galan 5 (lita 18.9) waɗanda galibi ake ɗorawa a saman injin. Injinan sanyaya ruwa masu matsa lamba (pressure coolers) wani rukuni ne na injinan rarraba ruwa da suka haɗa da mabuɓɓugar ruwan sha na gari da injinan rarraba ruwa na haɗin bututu kai tsaye. Injin sanyaya ruwa kuma yana iya nufin wata tsohuwar na'ura ta gargajiya da ake amfani da ita don kiyaye ruwa ya kasance mai sanyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Water cooler|url = http://www.horniman.ac.uk/object/34.67|access-date = 2015-07-20|publisher = Horniman Museum and Gardens}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Luther Haws ne ya fara ƙirƙirar injin rarraba ruwa a shekara ta 1906.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Parisi |first=ByKristen |title=A brief history of the water cooler |url=https://www.hr-brew.com/stories/2023/01/09/a-brief-history-of-the-water-cooler |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=HR Brew |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nau'ukan injinan rarraba ruwa ==
=== Na jikin bango / sassauƙa ===
[[File:Two Types Of Sunroc Water Coolers.JPG|thumb|Injinan rarraba ruwa na jikin bango]]

Nau'in da ake maƙalawa a bango yana haɗe ne da tsarin samar da ruwa na ginin don samun ruwa akai-akai da kuma wutar lantarki don gudanar da sashen sanyaya ruwa da ke shigo ciki, sannan yana haɗe da tsarin zubar da sharar gida na ginin don zubar da ruwan da ba a amfani da shi. Ana yawan amfani da injinan sanyaya ruwa na bango a gine-ginen kasuwanci kamar asibitoci, makarantu, wuraren kasuwanci, da sauran gine-gine inda akwai manajan kula da gini don duba yadda ake girkawa da kuma kula da su.

A cikin daidaitaccen injin sanyaya ruwa na bango, wanda kuma galibi ake kira da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ko famfon sha, akwai wani ƙaramin tanki a cikin injin da ke ɗauke da sanyayyen ruwa domin mai amfani kada ya jira ruwan ya yi sanyi. Ana fitar da ruwa ta hanyar juyawa ko danna maɓallin da ke kan bawul mai gudanarwa da ke saman injin, wanda ke kashe ruwan lokacin da aka saki maɓallin. Wasu na'urorin suna samar da babban maɓallin dannawa a gaba ko a gefe. Sabbin injuna ma ba su da maɓalli ko kaɗan; maimakon haka, suna amfani da na'urar gano motsi (sensor) wacce ke gano lokacin da mutum ke kusa kuma ta kunna ruwan. Ana fitar da ruwa a cikin wani siririn ruwa mai lankwasa zuwa sama, wanda ke ba mai amfani damar sha kai tsaye daga saman ruwan da ke bulbula. Waɗannan na'urori yawanci suna rarraba ruwa ne kai tsaye daga tsarin samar da ruwa na hukuma, ba tare da wani tace ruwa ko gyara inganci ba.

Injinan sanyaya ruwa na bango suna zuwa da salo daban-daban masu faɗi, tun daga samfura na cikin bango zuwa kwanukan kariya daga fantsama, kwanukan sifa na musamman da ke fitowa daga bango, tsarin kusurwa masu zagaye na gargajiya, haɗakar injin cika kwalba da sanyaya ruwa, tsarin hawa biyu, da sauran fasaloli da zaɓuka. Wani lokaci ana girka waɗannan ne don cika ƙa'idodin dokoki na gida, jiha ko na tarayya.

=== Injin rarraba ruwa na sa kwalba ta ƙasa ===
[[File:Bottom Load Water Dispenser.png|thumb|Injin rarraba ruwa na sa kwalba ta ƙasa yana nuna kwalbar galan 5, tare da buɗe kofarsa]]
Injinan rarraba ruwa yawanci suna da akwatin ajiyar ruwa da ake ɗorawa a saman injin. Injinan rarraba ruwa na sa kwalba ta ƙasa suna da akwatin ajiyar a ƙasan injin don sauƙaƙa ɗora kwalbar.

=== Injin rarraba ruwa na kan tebur ===
[[File:Water dispenser with lemons.JPG|thumb|upright|Injin rarraba ruwa na kan tebur]]
Akwai kuma ƙananan nau'ukan injinan rarraba ruwa inda za a iya ajiye injin ɗin kai tsaye a saman tebur. Waɗannan injinan yawanci ana karkasa su azaman kayan aikin gida kuma ana iya samun su a dafa-dafe na gida da ma'ajiyar abinci ta ofis.

=== Injin rarraba ruwa na haɗin bututu kai tsaye (POU) ===
Ana iya haɗa injinan rarraba ruwa kai tsaye zuwa tushen ruwa na cikin gida don rarraba ruwan sha mai zafi da sanyi akai-akai.
Galibi ana kiran sa da injinan rarraba ruwa na POU (point of use). Na'urorin POU gabaɗaya sun fi tsafta fiye da injinan sanyaya ruwa na kwalba, muddin mai amfani yana da damar yin amfani da ingantaccen tushen ruwa mai tsafta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rdehospital.nhs.uk/documents/policies/water-coolers-and-ice-making-machines-policy.pdf|title=Water Coolers and Ice - Making Machines Policy|date=2015-01-13|publisher=Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust|access-date=2018-02-25|archive-date=2019-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117013249/https://www.rdehospital.nhs.uk/documents/policies/water-coolers-and-ice-making-machines-policy.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Na kansa (Freestanding) ===
[[File:Bebedoro.JPG|thumb|upright|Injin sanyaya ruwa na kansa tare da kwalba]]

Tsarin na kansa gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi kwalaben ruwa da ake juyawa da bakinsu zuwa ƙasa a cikin injin rarraba ruwan.

Akwai samfuran kan tebur ko na kan maajiyar kicin waɗanda ke amfani da kwalaben ruwa na lita biyar da ake samu cikin sauƙi daga manyan kantuna. Waɗannan injinan sanyaya ruwa suna amfani da famfunan iska don tura ruwa zuwa rukunin sanyayar ruwa da kuma na'urorin Peltier don sanyaya ruwan.

Sabuwar ci gaba a cikin kasuwar injinan sanyaya ruwa ita ce zuwan kayan aikin kan tebur waɗanda ke haɗe da manyan bututun ruwa kuma suna ba da damar samun ruwa nan take, ba wai sanyayyen ruwa kawai ba, har ma da ruwa mai zafi da tafasasshe. Wannan galibi ana samun sa a masana'antar horeca (hote-hote da gidajen abinci).

Ruwa zai gudana da sauri lokacin da madaurin ke a tsaye. Ana sanya iska a cikin ruwan wanda ke ba shi damar fitowa ta bakin famfon cikin sauri.

== Tushen ruwa ==
Ruwan da ake samu daga injinan sanyaya ruwa na iya fitowa daga wurare daban-daban, amma masana galibi suna karkasa su zuwa manyan rukunoni biyu, wato ruwan ma'adinai na halitta da na maɓuɓɓuga (natural mineral and spring water), da kuma taceccen ruwa (purified water).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Technology of Bottled Water|last=Senior|first=Dorothy|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4051-9932-2|editor-last=Dege|editor-first=Nicholas|edition=3rd|location=Chichester, UK|pages=299}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ruwan ma'adinai na halitta da na maɓuɓɓuga ===
Ruwan ma'adinai na halitta da na maɓuɓɓuga sune ruwan da ke fitowa daga sassan duwatsu na ƙarƙashin ƙasa waɗanda ake tarawa daga rijiyoyin burtsatse ko maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da ke ɓulbulowa. Dokokin kowace ƙasa suna ƙara rarrabe tsakanin waɗannan nau'ikan ruwa guda biyu kuma suna tsara tsauraran sharuɗɗan sanya suna da lakabi bisa kariya ta tushen halitta, daukacin daskararrun sinadarai da suka narke (total dissolved solids), da kuma yawan tace ruwan da za a iya yi kafin a saka shi a kwalba.

=== Taceccen ruwa (Purified water) ===
Taceccen ruwa shine ruwa daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa ko tsarin samar da ruwa na hukuma kuma ana kera shi ta kowace hanya ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin tacewa da suka haɗa da reverse osmosis, distillation, deionization, da tace ruwa na yau da kullum. Galibi ana amfani da hasken ultraviolet ko ozone don magance ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ruwan sannan a sake mayar da ma'adinai ta hanyar sanya gishirin inorganic mai narkewa.

== Isar da ruwa ==
Isar da ruwa a cikin injin sanyaya ruwa yana zuwa ta manyan hanyoyi biyu, wato nau'ikan kwalba, ko ta hanyar haɗa bututu kai tsaye daga babban tsarin samar da ruwa. Yawanci ana tura ruwan zuwa cikin tankin ruwa don a ɗumama shi ko a sanyaya shi, ya danganta da samfurin injin sanyaya ruwan. Sabbin samfura sun haɗa da nau'ikan haɗaka (hybrid) waɗanda ke iya amfani da duka hanyoyin biyu.

=== Injinan sanyaya ruwa na kwalba ===

Don saka kwalbar, ana juyar da bakinta ƙasa sannan a ɗora ta a saman injin rarraba ruwan; wata ƙararrawa tana huda murfin kwalbar hakan kuma yana ba da damar ruwa ya kwarara zuwa cikin madaurin ruwa na cikin injin. Waɗannan tsare-tsare masu amfani da ƙarfin magana (gravity) suna da na'urar da ke rarraba ruwa a cikin tsari mai kyau.

Waɗannan injina suna zuwa da girma dabam-dabam kuma sun bambanta tun daga na'urorin kan tebur, waɗanda aka yi niyya don amfani na lokaci-lokaci, zuwa na'urorin da ake ijiye wa a ƙasa waɗanda aka yi niyya don amfani mai yawa. Yawanci ana kai ruwan kwalba zuwa gidaje ko wuraren kasuwanci akai-akai, inda ake musanya kofofin kwalaben polycarbonate da suka wofinta da cikakkun kwalabe. A cikin kasuwanni masu tasowa, galibi ana amfani da robobin PET don manyan kwalabe duk da cewa takurewa da ƙarancin yanayin zafi lokacin wanke-wanke zai sa ya zama abu mai wahalar amfani.

Girman kwalbar ya danganta da girman injin ɗin, inda manyan samfura a Amurka ke amfani da kwalabe na galan 5 (lita 18.9). Wannan kuma shine mafi yawan girman da ake amfani da shi a sauran wurare, wanda aka lakaba shi da lita 18.9 a ƙasajen da ke amfani da tsarin auna na metric. Da fari, an kera waɗannan kwalabe da ƙarfin lita 11.4, 18.9 ko 22.7 (galan 3, 5 ko 6 na Amurka) kuma ana rarraba su zuwa rukunin injinan sanyaya ruwa na haya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Technology of Bottled Water|last=Senior|first=Dorothy|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4051-9932-2|editor-last=Dege|editor-first=Nicholas|edition=3rd|location=Chichester, UK|pages=8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan injina yawanci ba su da wurin zubar da ruwa da ya fantsama, suna samar da wani ƙaramin kwanon kwatami ne kawai don tare ɗan fantsamar ruwa kalilan. A gaba, akwai madauri ko maɓallin dannawa da ke fitar da ruwa zuwa cikin kofi da aka riƙe a ƙarƙashin famfon. Lokacin da kwalbar ruwan ta wofinta, ana ɗage ta daga saman injin, kuma ta kan rufe kanta ta atomatik don hana duk wani sauran ruwa da ke cikin kwalbar daga zuba.

==== Kayayyaki ====
A tsawon shekaru da yawa da kuma cikin daukacin ƙarni na 20, gilashi ne babban kayan aiki da ake amfani da shi wajen zuba ruwa a kwalba har zuwa lokacin da aka sami ci gaban robobin thermoplastics bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Robar PVC ta haɓaka azaman kayan roba mai amfani da yawa kuma ta sami karɓuwa sosai azaman kayan aiki mafi dacewa don kera abubuwa da yawa. Kwalaben gilashi masu koren duhu ne kawai aka riƙe don sanya ruwa mai kumfa (carbonated waters). Shekarun 1980 sun ga sake haɓakar kwalaben PVC saboda rage farashi. Ci gaba a fannin kera abubuwa da fasahar kayayyaki kamar sabbin fasahohin busawa da allurar gyaran sifa sun rage kauri da nauyin kwalabe yayin da suka inganta dorewa da ƙara tsawon lokacin amfani.

=== Haɗin bututu kai tsaye ===
Injinan sanyaya ruwa na haɗin bututu kai tsaye suna amfani da ruwan fanfo saboda haka ba sa buƙatar kwalabe sakamakon amfani da babban tsarin samar da ruwa na gari. Yawanci, ana amfani da wata hanya ta tace ruwa. Ana amfani da ma'aunin Log reduction (misali raguwar log-6 ko 99.9999% mai tasiri) azaman ma'auni na ingancin tsabtace muhalli da kashe ƙwayoyin cuta.

=== Tacewa (Filtration) ===
Hanyoyin tacewa sun haɗa da reverse osmosis, musayar ion (ion exchange), da kuma sinadarin activated carbon. Tsarin reverse osmosis yana aiki ne daban da kariyar sinadarai ko ta hasken ultraviolet, inda yake amfani da wani siririn kyalle (membrane) mai ƙananan ramuka, wanda ke barin H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O ta wuce yayin da yake hana manyan kwayoyin halitta kamar gishiri, carbonates, da sauran ƙananan halittu (micro-organisms) wucewa ta cikinsa. Idan babu isasshen ƙarfi na halitta da zai tura ruwan ta cikin kyallen, ana buƙatar famfo mai ƙarfi, wanda hakan na iya haifar da tsadar amfani da wutar lantarki. Bugu da ƙari, na'urorin RO suna da ikon sanyaya gishirin ruwa (water softening). Wasu ƙananan halittu masu rai, gami da ƙwayoyin cuta na virus, suna da ikon wucewa ta cikin matacin na'urar RO.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Water Quality and Systems: A Guide for Facility Managers|last=Reid|first=Robert|publisher=The Fairmont Press|year=2004|isbn=0-88173-332-6|edition=2nd|location=Georgia, USA|pages=187}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na'urorin Deionizers ko demineralizers suna amfani da musayar resins (resins exchange) don cire ions daga kwararar ruwa, kuma galibi sune twin-bed ko mixed-bed deionizers. Ana yawan amfani da su a wuraren da ake kera kayayyaki masu tsafta na musamman kamar guntuwar kwamfuta (computer chips), inda deionized water ke kasancewa maras ƙarfi wajen gudanar da wutar lantarki.
A cikin tsarin activated carbon, ana amfani da danyun kayayyaki kamar lignite, gawayi, gawayin ƙashi, bawoyin kwokwo, da gawayin itace, waɗanda ke samar da ƙananan ramuka yayin kunna su lokacin da aka ƙone sassan carbon ɗin. A mafi yawan lokuta, activated carbon abu ne da ake amfani da shi sau ɗaya kawai, tunda sake sabunta shi galibi ba zai yuba a ainihin wurin amfanin. Granular activated carbon (GAC) shine aka fi amfani da shi wajen tacewa a injin sanyaya ruwa. Ana buƙatar tsaftacewa akai-akai ta amfani da ruwan zafi da tururi don taƙaita haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta na bacteria.</text>
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'''Injin rarraba ruwa''' (water dispenser), wanda wani lokacin ake kira da '''injin sanyaya ruwa''' (idan ana amfani da shi don sanyaya ruwa kawai), wata inji ce da ke rarraba ruwa, kuma galibi tana sanyayawa ko ɗumama ruwa ta hanyar amfani da sashen sanyawa na na'ura. Yawanci ana samun ta kusa da banɗaki saboda samun sauƙin hanyoyin bututun ruwa. Hakanan ana samar da magudanar ruwa daga injin sanyaya ruwan zuwa tsarin magudanar datti na gari.

Injinan rarraba ruwa suna zuwa da sifofi daban-daban, kama daga waɗanda ake maƙala a bango zuwa haɗakar injinan cika kwalba, da injuna masu hawa biyu da sauran sifofi. Gabaɗaya an raba su zuwa gida biyu: injinan rarraba ruwa na daidai wurin amfani (point-of-use ko POU) da kuma injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba. Injinan rarraba ruwa na POU suna haɗe ne kai tsaye da tsarin samar da ruwa na gari, yayin da injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba ke buƙatar kawo ruwa (ko zuwa a ɗauko da kansa) a cikin manyan kwalabe daga wurin masu siyarwa. Injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba suna iya kasancewa na ɗora kwalba ta sama ko na sa kwalba ta ƙasa, ya danganta da tsarin kera samfurin.

Injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba yawanci suna amfani da kwalaben galan 5 (lita 18.9) waɗanda galibi ake ɗorawa a saman injin. Injinan sanyaya ruwa masu matsa lamba (pressure coolers) wani rukuni ne na injinan rarraba ruwa da suka haɗa da mabuɓɓugar ruwan sha na gari da injinan rarraba ruwa na haɗin bututu kai tsaye. Injin sanyaya ruwa kuma yana iya nufin wata tsohuwar na'ura ta gargajiya da ake amfani da ita don kiyaye ruwa ya kasance mai sanyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Water cooler|url = http://www.horniman.ac.uk/object/34.67|access-date = 2015-07-20|publisher = Horniman Museum and Gardens}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Luther Haws ne ya fara ƙirƙirar injin rarraba ruwa a shekara ta 1906.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Parisi |first=ByKristen |title=A brief history of the water cooler |url=https://www.hr-brew.com/stories/2023/01/09/a-brief-history-of-the-water-cooler |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=HR Brew |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nau'ukan injinan rarraba ruwa ==
=== Na jikin bango / sassauƙa ===
[[File:Two Types Of Sunroc Water Coolers.JPG|thumb|Injinan rarraba ruwa na jikin bango]]

Nau'in da ake maƙalawa a bango yana haɗe ne da tsarin samar da ruwa na ginin don samun ruwa akai-akai da kuma wutar lantarki don gudanar da sashen sanyaya ruwa da ke shigo ciki, sannan yana haɗe da tsarin zubar da sharar gida na ginin don zubar da ruwan da ba a amfani da shi. Ana yawan amfani da injinan sanyaya ruwa na bango a gine-ginen kasuwanci kamar asibitoci, makarantu, wuraren kasuwanci, da sauran gine-gine inda akwai manajan kula da gini don duba yadda ake girkawa da kuma kula da su.

A cikin daidaitaccen injin sanyaya ruwa na bango, wanda kuma galibi ake kira da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ko famfon sha, akwai wani ƙaramin tanki a cikin injin da ke ɗauke da sanyayyen ruwa domin mai amfani kada ya jira ruwan ya yi sanyi. Ana fitar da ruwa ta hanyar juyawa ko danna maɓallin da ke kan bawul mai gudanarwa da ke saman injin, wanda ke kashe ruwan lokacin da aka saki maɓallin. Wasu na'urorin suna samar da babban maɓallin dannawa a gaba ko a gefe. Sabbin injuna ma ba su da maɓalli ko kaɗan; maimakon haka, suna amfani da na'urar gano motsi (sensor) wacce ke gano lokacin da mutum ke kusa kuma ta kunna ruwan. Ana fitar da ruwa a cikin wani siririn ruwa mai lankwasa zuwa sama, wanda ke ba mai amfani damar sha kai tsaye daga saman ruwan da ke bulbula. Waɗannan na'urori yawanci suna rarraba ruwa ne kai tsaye daga tsarin samar da ruwa na hukuma, ba tare da wani tace ruwa ko gyara inganci ba.

Injinan sanyaya ruwa na bango suna zuwa da salo daban-daban masu faɗi, tun daga samfura na cikin bango zuwa kwanukan kariya daga fantsama, kwanukan sifa na musamman da ke fitowa daga bango, tsarin kusurwa masu zagaye na gargajiya, haɗakar injin cika kwalba da sanyaya ruwa, tsarin hawa biyu, da sauran fasaloli da zaɓuka. Wani lokaci ana girka waɗannan ne don cika ƙa'idodin dokoki na gida, jiha ko na tarayya.

=== Injin rarraba ruwa na sa kwalba ta ƙasa ===
[[File:Bottom Load Water Dispenser.png|thumb|Injin rarraba ruwa na sa kwalba ta ƙasa yana nuna kwalbar galan 5, tare da buɗe kofarsa]]
Injinan rarraba ruwa yawanci suna da akwatin ajiyar ruwa da ake ɗorawa a saman injin. Injinan rarraba ruwa na sa kwalba ta ƙasa suna da akwatin ajiyar a ƙasan injin don sauƙaƙa ɗora kwalbar.

=== Injin rarraba ruwa na kan tebur ===
[[File:Water dispenser with lemons.JPG|thumb|upright|Injin rarraba ruwa na kan tebur]]
Akwai kuma ƙananan nau'ukan injinan rarraba ruwa inda za a iya ajiye injin ɗin kai tsaye a saman tebur. Waɗannan injinan yawanci ana karkasa su azaman kayan aikin gida kuma ana iya samun su a dafa-dafe na gida da ma'ajiyar abinci ta ofis.

=== Injin rarraba ruwa na haɗin bututu kai tsaye (POU) ===
Ana iya haɗa injinan rarraba ruwa kai tsaye zuwa tushen ruwa na cikin gida don rarraba ruwan sha mai zafi da sanyi akai-akai.
Galibi ana kiran sa da injinan rarraba ruwa na POU (point of use). Na'urorin POU gabaɗaya sun fi tsafta fiye da injinan sanyaya ruwa na kwalba, muddin mai amfani yana da damar yin amfani da ingantaccen tushen ruwa mai tsafta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rdehospital.nhs.uk/documents/policies/water-coolers-and-ice-making-machines-policy.pdf|title=Water Coolers and Ice - Making Machines Policy|date=2015-01-13|publisher=Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust|access-date=2018-02-25|archive-date=2019-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117013249/https://www.rdehospital.nhs.uk/documents/policies/water-coolers-and-ice-making-machines-policy.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Na kansa (Freestanding) ===
[[File:Bebedoro.JPG|thumb|upright|Injin sanyaya ruwa na kansa tare da kwalba]]

Tsarin na kansa gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi kwalaben ruwa da ake juyawa da bakinsu zuwa ƙasa a cikin injin rarraba ruwan.

Akwai samfuran kan tebur ko na kan maajiyar kicin waɗanda ke amfani da kwalaben ruwa na lita biyar da ake samu cikin sauƙi daga manyan kantuna. Waɗannan injinan sanyaya ruwa suna amfani da famfunan iska don tura ruwa zuwa rukunin sanyayar ruwa da kuma na'urorin Peltier don sanyaya ruwan.

Sabuwar ci gaba a cikin kasuwar injinan sanyaya ruwa ita ce zuwan kayan aikin kan tebur waɗanda ke haɗe da manyan bututun ruwa kuma suna ba da damar samun ruwa nan take, ba wai sanyayyen ruwa kawai ba, har ma da ruwa mai zafi da tafasasshe. Wannan galibi ana samun sa a masana'antar horeca (hote-hote da gidajen abinci).

Ruwa zai gudana da sauri lokacin da madaurin ke a tsaye. Ana sanya iska a cikin ruwan wanda ke ba shi damar fitowa ta bakin famfon cikin sauri.

== Tushen ruwa ==
Ruwan da ake samu daga injinan sanyaya ruwa na iya fitowa daga wurare daban-daban, amma masana galibi suna karkasa su zuwa manyan rukunoni biyu, wato ruwan ma'adinai na halitta da na maɓuɓɓuga (natural mineral and spring water), da kuma taceccen ruwa (purified water).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Technology of Bottled Water|last=Senior|first=Dorothy|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4051-9932-2|editor-last=Dege|editor-first=Nicholas|edition=3rd|location=Chichester, UK|pages=299}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ruwan ma'adinai na halitta da na maɓuɓɓuga ===
Ruwan ma'adinai na halitta da na maɓuɓɓuga sune ruwan da ke fitowa daga sassan duwatsu na ƙarƙashin ƙasa waɗanda ake tarawa daga rijiyoyin burtsatse ko maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da ke ɓulbulowa. Dokokin kowace ƙasa suna ƙara rarrabe tsakanin waɗannan nau'ikan ruwa guda biyu kuma suna tsara tsauraran sharuɗɗan sanya suna da lakabi bisa kariya ta tushen halitta, daukacin daskararrun sinadarai da suka narke (total dissolved solids), da kuma yawan tace ruwan da za a iya yi kafin a saka shi a kwalba.

=== Taceccen ruwa (Purified water) ===
Taceccen ruwa shine ruwa daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa ko tsarin samar da ruwa na hukuma kuma ana kera shi ta kowace hanya ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin tacewa da suka haɗa da reverse osmosis, distillation, deionization, da tace ruwa na yau da kullum. Galibi ana amfani da hasken ultraviolet ko ozone don magance ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ruwan sannan a sake mayar da ma'adinai ta hanyar sanya gishirin inorganic mai narkewa.

== Isar da ruwa ==
Isar da ruwa a cikin injin sanyaya ruwa yana zuwa ta manyan hanyoyi biyu, wato nau'ikan kwalba, ko ta hanyar haɗa bututu kai tsaye daga babban tsarin samar da ruwa. Yawanci ana tura ruwan zuwa cikin tankin ruwa don a ɗumama shi ko a sanyaya shi, ya danganta da samfurin injin sanyaya ruwan. Sabbin samfura sun haɗa da nau'ikan haɗaka (hybrid) waɗanda ke iya amfani da duka hanyoyin biyu.

=== Injinan sanyaya ruwa na kwalba ===

Don saka kwalbar, ana juyar da bakinta ƙasa sannan a ɗora ta a saman injin rarraba ruwan; wata ƙararrawa tana huda murfin kwalbar hakan kuma yana ba da damar ruwa ya kwarara zuwa cikin madaurin ruwa na cikin injin. Waɗannan tsare-tsare masu amfani da ƙarfin magana (gravity) suna da na'urar da ke rarraba ruwa a cikin tsari mai kyau.

Waɗannan injina suna zuwa da girma dabam-dabam kuma sun bambanta tun daga na'urorin kan tebur, waɗanda aka yi niyya don amfani na lokaci-lokaci, zuwa na'urorin da ake ijiye wa a ƙasa waɗanda aka yi niyya don amfani mai yawa. Yawanci ana kai ruwan kwalba zuwa gidaje ko wuraren kasuwanci akai-akai, inda ake musanya kofofin kwalaben polycarbonate da suka wofinta da cikakkun kwalabe. A cikin kasuwanni masu tasowa, galibi ana amfani da robobin PET don manyan kwalabe duk da cewa takurewa da ƙarancin yanayin zafi lokacin wanke-wanke zai sa ya zama abu mai wahalar amfani.

Girman kwalbar ya danganta da girman injin ɗin, inda manyan samfura a Amurka ke amfani da kwalabe na galan 5 (lita 18.9). Wannan kuma shine mafi yawan girman da ake amfani da shi a sauran wurare, wanda aka lakaba shi da lita 18.9 a ƙasajen da ke amfani da tsarin auna na metric. Da fari, an kera waɗannan kwalabe da ƙarfin lita 11.4, 18.9 ko 22.7 (galan 3, 5 ko 6 na Amurka) kuma ana rarraba su zuwa rukunin injinan sanyaya ruwa na haya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Technology of Bottled Water|last=Senior|first=Dorothy|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4051-9932-2|editor-last=Dege|editor-first=Nicholas|edition=3rd|location=Chichester, UK|pages=8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan injina yawanci ba su da wurin zubar da ruwa da ya fantsama, suna samar da wani ƙaramin kwanon kwatami ne kawai don tare ɗan fantsamar ruwa kalilan. A gaba, akwai madauri ko maɓallin dannawa da ke fitar da ruwa zuwa cikin kofi da aka riƙe a ƙarƙashin famfon. Lokacin da kwalbar ruwan ta wofinta, ana ɗage ta daga saman injin, kuma ta kan rufe kanta ta atomatik don hana duk wani sauran ruwa da ke cikin kwalbar daga zuba.

==== Kayayyaki ====
A tsawon shekaru da yawa da kuma cikin daukacin ƙarni na 20, gilashi ne babban kayan aiki da ake amfani da shi wajen zuba ruwa a kwalba har zuwa lokacin da aka sami ci gaban robobin thermoplastics bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Robar PVC ta haɓaka azaman kayan roba mai amfani da yawa kuma ta sami karɓuwa sosai azaman kayan aiki mafi dacewa don kera abubuwa da yawa. Kwalaben gilashi masu koren duhu ne kawai aka riƙe don sanya ruwa mai kumfa (carbonated waters). Shekarun 1980 sun ga sake haɓakar kwalaben PVC saboda rage farashi. Ci gaba a fannin kera abubuwa da fasahar kayayyaki kamar sabbin fasahohin busawa da allurar gyaran sifa sun rage kauri da nauyin kwalabe yayin da suka inganta dorewa da ƙara tsawon lokacin amfani.

=== Haɗin bututu kai tsaye ===
Injinan sanyaya ruwa na haɗin bututu kai tsaye suna amfani da ruwan fanfo saboda haka ba sa buƙatar kwalabe sakamakon amfani da babban tsarin samar da ruwa na gari. Yawanci, ana amfani da wata hanya ta tace ruwa. Ana amfani da ma'aunin Log reduction (misali raguwar log-6 ko 99.9999% mai tasiri) azaman ma'auni na ingancin tsabtace muhalli da kashe ƙwayoyin cuta.

=== Tacewa (Filtration) ===
Hanyoyin tacewa sun haɗa da reverse osmosis, musayar ion (ion exchange), da kuma sinadarin activated carbon. Tsarin reverse osmosis yana aiki ne daban da kariyar sinadarai ko ta hasken ultraviolet, inda yake amfani da wani siririn kyalle (membrane) mai ƙananan ramuka, wanda ke barin H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O ta wuce yayin da yake hana manyan kwayoyin halitta kamar gishiri, carbonates, da sauran ƙananan halittu (micro-organisms) wucewa ta cikinsa. Idan babu isasshen ƙarfi na halitta da zai tura ruwan ta cikin kyallen, ana buƙatar famfo mai ƙarfi, wanda hakan na iya haifar da tsadar amfani da wutar lantarki. Bugu da ƙari, na'urorin RO suna da ikon sanyaya gishirin ruwa (water softening). Wasu ƙananan halittu masu rai, gami da ƙwayoyin cuta na virus, suna da ikon wucewa ta cikin matacin na'urar RO.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Water Quality and Systems: A Guide for Facility Managers|last=Reid|first=Robert|publisher=The Fairmont Press|year=2004|isbn=0-88173-332-6|edition=2nd|location=Georgia, USA|pages=187}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na'urorin Deionizers ko demineralizers suna amfani da musayar resins (resins exchange) don cire ions daga kwararar ruwa, kuma galibi sune twin-bed ko mixed-bed deionizers. Ana yawan amfani da su a wuraren da ake kera kayayyaki masu tsafta na musamman kamar guntuwar kwamfuta (computer chips), inda deionized water ke kasancewa maras ƙarfi wajen gudanar da wutar lantarki.
A cikin tsarin activated carbon, ana amfani da danyun kayayyaki kamar lignite, gawayi, gawayin ƙashi, bawoyin kwokwo, da gawayin itace, waɗanda ke samar da ƙananan ramuka yayin kunna su lokacin da aka ƙone sassan carbon ɗin. A mafi yawan lokuta, activated carbon abu ne da ake amfani da shi sau ɗaya kawai, tunda sake sabunta shi galibi ba zai yuba a ainihin wurin amfanin. Granular activated carbon (GAC) shine aka fi amfani da shi wajen tacewa a injin sanyaya ruwa. Ana buƙatar tsaftacewa akai-akai ta amfani da ruwan zafi da tururi don taƙaita haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta na bacteria.
== Hanyoyin sanyayawa da ɗumamawa ==
=== Sanyayawa ===
Mafi yawan na'urorin zamani suna ba da aikin sanyayawa don sanyaya ruwa, ta hanyar amfani da tsarin Vapor compression refrigeration ko Thermoelectric cooling.

==== Vapor compression refrigeration ====
Injinan sanyaya ruwa da ke amfani da vapor compression refrigeration suna zuwa ne a cikin ɗayan tsare-tsare masu zuwa:
* '''Tsarin Akwatin Ajiyar Ruwa (Reservoir System)''' - Wani tanki ne inda ake adana ruwa domin amfani da shi wajen sanyayawa ko ɗumamawa, kuma yana sanye da na'urar iyo (float mechanism) don hana ruwa ambaliya.
** Akwatin Ajiyar Ruwa Mai Cirewa (Removable Reservoir) - Wannan wani tanki ne mai buɗe baki wanda ke sanye da damben sanyayawa (cooling coils) waɗanda ke taɓa saman dandalin waje na tankin. Yana aiki ne a kan tsarin fasaltawa (modular system), wanda ke ba mutum damar cirewa da sake cika ruwa cikin sauƙi maimakon ijiye shi a rufe. Ɗaya daga cikin fa'idodin amfani da akwatin ajiyar ruwa mai cirewa shine sauƙin tsaftacewa. Wannan yana ba masu amfani damar sauya akwatin gaba ɗaya maimakon mayar da daukacin injin sanyaya ruwan don gyara. Ana iya samun irin wannan fasaha a yawancin injinan rarraba ruwa na zamani da injinan kofi (coffee machines).
** Bakin Ƙarfe (Stainless Steel) - Tanki mai buɗe baki tare da damben sanyayawa waɗanda ke taɓa saman dandalin waje na tankin.
* '''Tsarin Sanyaya Tsaye na Akwatin Matsatson Ruwa (Pressure Vessel Direct Chill System)''' - Haɗakar akwatin matsatson ruwa, wanda ke kare ruwan da ke cikin tanki daga gurɓataccen iska, da kuma tsarin sanyayawa kai tsaye wanda ke sanyaya ruwan da ke fitowa daga babban bututun ruwa cikin sauri.
** Akwatin Matsatson Ruwa (Pressure Vessel) - Ana cika rufaffiyar akwatin matsatson ruwa (pressure vessel) a ƙarƙashin ƙaramin matsa lamba a cikin injin sanyaya ruwa. Don haka, ruwan ba ya haɗuwa da sararin samaniya, wanda ke ba da damar fitar da babban adadin ruwan sanyi (ya danganta da girman tankin) a madadin tsarin sanyayawa mai jinkiri.
** Sanyayawa Kai Tsaye (Direct Chill) - A cikin daidaitaccen tsarin sanyayawa kai tsaye, ana wuce da ruwa ta cikin damben bakin ƙarfe (stainless steel coil) wanda ke taɓa na'urar copper evaporator mai rarraba iskar gas na sanyayawa. An haɗa tsarin sanyayar a wajen damben kuma sanyin yana ratsawa ta bangon bututun don sanyaya ruwan da ke cikin damben ta hanyar conduction. Lokacin da aka buɗe fanfunan, ana fitar da sanyayyen ruwan a ƙarƙashin matsin lambar burtala. Ruwan ba ya taɓa haɗuwa da sararin samaniya domin sanyin da iskar gas ɗin ke fitarwa ana canza shi ne ta cikin damben jan ƙarfe (copper coil), wanda ke canza sanyin zuwa ruwan da ke wucewa ta cikin damben bakin ƙarfe ba tare da sun taɓa juna ba. Wannan yana ba ruwan damar yin sanyi cikin sauri kuma, a madadin samun ƙaramin adadin ruwan sanyi da ke akwai.
* '''Tsarin Sanyaya na Ice-bank (Ice-bank Cooling System)''' - Damben bakin ƙarfe mai matsa lamba da damben jan ƙarfe ana nutsar da su a cikin akwatin ajiyar ruwa da ke cike da ruwan da aka riga aka sanyaya. Damben jan ƙarfe da ke ɗauke da iskar gas na sanyayawa yana daskare ruwan da ke cikin akwatin ajiyar, wanda hakan ke samar da sanyi, wanda kuma ke sanyaya ruwan sha da ke kwarara ta cikin damben bakin ƙarfe.

==== Thermoelectric cooling ====
Sanyaya na Thermoelectric wata hanya ce mai kyau ga muhalli maimakon amfani da sanyayar HFC, wacce ke amfani da na'urar solid state da ke aiki azaman famfon zafi don canza zafi daga wani gefe na na'urar zuwa wani ta hanyar amfani da Peltier effect. An kera ta ne da nau'ikan semiconductors da dama da aka nade da fale-falen yumbu (ceramic wafers). Injinan sanyayawa na Thermoelectric suna amfani da wutar lantarki ta direct current maimakon iskar gas na sanyayawa da compressor, kuma ba su da sassa masu motsi ko haɗari masu rikitarwa.

=== Ɗumamawa ===
Wasu samfuran kuma suna da fanfo na biyu wanda ke ba da ruwa mai daidaitaccen yanayin zafi na ɗaki ko ma ruwa mai zafi wanda za a iya amfani da shi don shayi, koko mai zafi (hot chocolate) ko sauran amfani. Ruwan da ke cikin fanfo mai zafi yawanci ana ɗumama shi ne da sinadarin ɗumamawa (heating element) kuma ana adana shi a cikin tanki mai zafi (kamar yadda ake amfani da injinan ɗumama ruwa na gargajiya a gidajen zama). Bugu da ƙari, fanfo mai zafi yawanci ana sanye shi da bawul ɗin tsaro na dannawa don hana ƙonewa sakamakon danna madaurin da gangan ko cikin rashin sani.</text>
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      <text bytes="21821" sha1="hdhr5ua0743a5nqec2l2wyla7izoh2i" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Clickon Water Dispenser.jpg|thumb|upright|Injin rarraba ruwa tare da kwalaben ruwa na sake cikawa]]
'''Injin rarraba ruwa''' (water dispenser), wanda wani lokacin ake kira da '''injin sanyaya ruwa''' (idan ana amfani da shi don sanyaya ruwa kawai), wata inji ce da ke rarraba ruwa, kuma galibi tana sanyayawa ko ɗumama ruwa ta hanyar amfani da sashen sanyawa na na'ura. Yawanci ana samun ta kusa da banɗaki saboda samun sauƙin hanyoyin bututun ruwa. Hakanan ana samar da magudanar ruwa daga injin sanyaya ruwan zuwa tsarin magudanar datti na gari.

Injinan rarraba ruwa suna zuwa da sifofi daban-daban, kama daga waɗanda ake maƙala a bango zuwa haɗakar injinan cika kwalba, da injuna masu hawa biyu da sauran sifofi. Gabaɗaya an raba su zuwa gida biyu: injinan rarraba ruwa na daidai wurin amfani (point-of-use ko POU) da kuma injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba. Injinan rarraba ruwa na POU suna haɗe ne kai tsaye da tsarin samar da ruwa na gari, yayin da injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba ke buƙatar kawo ruwa (ko zuwa a ɗauko da kansa) a cikin manyan kwalabe daga wurin masu siyarwa. Injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba suna iya kasancewa na ɗora kwalba ta sama ko na sa kwalba ta ƙasa, ya danganta da tsarin kera samfurin.

Injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba yawanci suna amfani da kwalaben galan 5 (lita 18.9) waɗanda galibi ake ɗorawa a saman injin. Injinan sanyaya ruwa masu matsa lamba (pressure coolers) wani rukuni ne na injinan rarraba ruwa da suka haɗa da mabuɓɓugar ruwan sha na gari da injinan rarraba ruwa na haɗin bututu kai tsaye. Injin sanyaya ruwa kuma yana iya nufin wata tsohuwar na'ura ta gargajiya da ake amfani da ita don kiyaye ruwa ya kasance mai sanyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Water cooler|url = http://www.horniman.ac.uk/object/34.67|access-date = 2015-07-20|publisher = Horniman Museum and Gardens}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Luther Haws ne ya fara ƙirƙirar injin rarraba ruwa a shekara ta 1906.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Parisi |first=ByKristen |title=A brief history of the water cooler |url=https://www.hr-brew.com/stories/2023/01/09/a-brief-history-of-the-water-cooler |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=HR Brew |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nau'ukan injinan rarraba ruwa ==
=== Na jikin bango / sassauƙa ===
[[File:Two Types Of Sunroc Water Coolers.JPG|thumb|Injinan rarraba ruwa na jikin bango]]

Nau'in da ake maƙalawa a bango yana haɗe ne da tsarin samar da ruwa na ginin don samun ruwa akai-akai da kuma wutar lantarki don gudanar da sashen sanyaya ruwa da ke shigo ciki, sannan yana haɗe da tsarin zubar da sharar gida na ginin don zubar da ruwan da ba a amfani da shi. Ana yawan amfani da injinan sanyaya ruwa na bango a gine-ginen kasuwanci kamar asibitoci, makarantu, wuraren kasuwanci, da sauran gine-gine inda akwai manajan kula da gini don duba yadda ake girkawa da kuma kula da su.

A cikin daidaitaccen injin sanyaya ruwa na bango, wanda kuma galibi ake kira da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ko famfon sha, akwai wani ƙaramin tanki a cikin injin da ke ɗauke da sanyayyen ruwa domin mai amfani kada ya jira ruwan ya yi sanyi. Ana fitar da ruwa ta hanyar juyawa ko danna maɓallin da ke kan bawul mai gudanarwa da ke saman injin, wanda ke kashe ruwan lokacin da aka saki maɓallin. Wasu na'urorin suna samar da babban maɓallin dannawa a gaba ko a gefe. Sabbin injuna ma ba su da maɓalli ko kaɗan; maimakon haka, suna amfani da na'urar gano motsi (sensor) wacce ke gano lokacin da mutum ke kusa kuma ta kunna ruwan. Ana fitar da ruwa a cikin wani siririn ruwa mai lankwasa zuwa sama, wanda ke ba mai amfani damar sha kai tsaye daga saman ruwan da ke bulbula. Waɗannan na'urori yawanci suna rarraba ruwa ne kai tsaye daga tsarin samar da ruwa na hukuma, ba tare da wani tace ruwa ko gyara inganci ba.

Injinan sanyaya ruwa na bango suna zuwa da salo daban-daban masu faɗi, tun daga samfura na cikin bango zuwa kwanukan kariya daga fantsama, kwanukan sifa na musamman da ke fitowa daga bango, tsarin kusurwa masu zagaye na gargajiya, haɗakar injin cika kwalba da sanyaya ruwa, tsarin hawa biyu, da sauran fasaloli da zaɓuka. Wani lokaci ana girka waɗannan ne don cika ƙa'idodin dokoki na gida, jiha ko na tarayya.

=== Injin rarraba ruwa na sa kwalba ta ƙasa ===
[[File:Bottom Load Water Dispenser.png|thumb|Injin rarraba ruwa na sa kwalba ta ƙasa yana nuna kwalbar galan 5, tare da buɗe kofarsa]]
Injinan rarraba ruwa yawanci suna da akwatin ajiyar ruwa da ake ɗorawa a saman injin. Injinan rarraba ruwa na sa kwalba ta ƙasa suna da akwatin ajiyar a ƙasan injin don sauƙaƙa ɗora kwalbar.

=== Injin rarraba ruwa na kan tebur ===
[[File:Water dispenser with lemons.JPG|thumb|upright|Injin rarraba ruwa na kan tebur]]
Akwai kuma ƙananan nau'ukan injinan rarraba ruwa inda za a iya ajiye injin ɗin kai tsaye a saman tebur. Waɗannan injinan yawanci ana karkasa su azaman kayan aikin gida kuma ana iya samun su a dafa-dafe na gida da ma'ajiyar abinci ta ofis.

=== Injin rarraba ruwa na haɗin bututu kai tsaye (POU) ===
Ana iya haɗa injinan rarraba ruwa kai tsaye zuwa tushen ruwa na cikin gida don rarraba ruwan sha mai zafi da sanyi akai-akai.
Galibi ana kiran sa da injinan rarraba ruwa na POU (point of use). Na'urorin POU gabaɗaya sun fi tsafta fiye da injinan sanyaya ruwa na kwalba, muddin mai amfani yana da damar yin amfani da ingantaccen tushen ruwa mai tsafta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rdehospital.nhs.uk/documents/policies/water-coolers-and-ice-making-machines-policy.pdf|title=Water Coolers and Ice - Making Machines Policy|date=2015-01-13|publisher=Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust|access-date=2018-02-25|archive-date=2019-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117013249/https://www.rdehospital.nhs.uk/documents/policies/water-coolers-and-ice-making-machines-policy.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Na kansa (Freestanding) ===
[[File:Bebedoro.JPG|thumb|upright|Injin sanyaya ruwa na kansa tare da kwalba]]

Tsarin na kansa gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi kwalaben ruwa da ake juyawa da bakinsu zuwa ƙasa a cikin injin rarraba ruwan.

Akwai samfuran kan tebur ko na kan maajiyar kicin waɗanda ke amfani da kwalaben ruwa na lita biyar da ake samu cikin sauƙi daga manyan kantuna. Waɗannan injinan sanyaya ruwa suna amfani da famfunan iska don tura ruwa zuwa rukunin sanyayar ruwa da kuma na'urorin Peltier don sanyaya ruwan.

Sabuwar ci gaba a cikin kasuwar injinan sanyaya ruwa ita ce zuwan kayan aikin kan tebur waɗanda ke haɗe da manyan bututun ruwa kuma suna ba da damar samun ruwa nan take, ba wai sanyayyen ruwa kawai ba, har ma da ruwa mai zafi da tafasasshe. Wannan galibi ana samun sa a masana'antar horeca (hote-hote da gidajen abinci).

Ruwa zai gudana da sauri lokacin da madaurin ke a tsaye. Ana sanya iska a cikin ruwan wanda ke ba shi damar fitowa ta bakin famfon cikin sauri.

== Tushen ruwa ==
Ruwan da ake samu daga injinan sanyaya ruwa na iya fitowa daga wurare daban-daban, amma masana galibi suna karkasa su zuwa manyan rukunoni biyu, wato ruwan ma'adinai na halitta da na maɓuɓɓuga (natural mineral and spring water), da kuma taceccen ruwa (purified water).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Technology of Bottled Water|last=Senior|first=Dorothy|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4051-9932-2|editor-last=Dege|editor-first=Nicholas|edition=3rd|location=Chichester, UK|pages=299}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ruwan ma'adinai na halitta da na maɓuɓɓuga ===
Ruwan ma'adinai na halitta da na maɓuɓɓuga sune ruwan da ke fitowa daga sassan duwatsu na ƙarƙashin ƙasa waɗanda ake tarawa daga rijiyoyin burtsatse ko maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da ke ɓulbulowa. Dokokin kowace ƙasa suna ƙara rarrabe tsakanin waɗannan nau'ikan ruwa guda biyu kuma suna tsara tsauraran sharuɗɗan sanya suna da lakabi bisa kariya ta tushen halitta, daukacin daskararrun sinadarai da suka narke (total dissolved solids), da kuma yawan tace ruwan da za a iya yi kafin a saka shi a kwalba.

=== Taceccen ruwa (Purified water) ===
Taceccen ruwa shine ruwa daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa ko tsarin samar da ruwa na hukuma kuma ana kera shi ta kowace hanya ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin tacewa da suka haɗa da reverse osmosis, distillation, deionization, da tace ruwa na yau da kullum. Galibi ana amfani da hasken ultraviolet ko ozone don magance ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ruwan sannan a sake mayar da ma'adinai ta hanyar sanya gishirin inorganic mai narkewa.

== Isar da ruwa ==
Isar da ruwa a cikin injin sanyaya ruwa yana zuwa ta manyan hanyoyi biyu, wato nau'ikan kwalba, ko ta hanyar haɗa bututu kai tsaye daga babban tsarin samar da ruwa. Yawanci ana tura ruwan zuwa cikin tankin ruwa don a ɗumama shi ko a sanyaya shi, ya danganta da samfurin injin sanyaya ruwan. Sabbin samfura sun haɗa da nau'ikan haɗaka (hybrid) waɗanda ke iya amfani da duka hanyoyin biyu.

=== Injinan sanyaya ruwa na kwalba ===

Don saka kwalbar, ana juyar da bakinta ƙasa sannan a ɗora ta a saman injin rarraba ruwan; wata ƙararrawa tana huda murfin kwalbar hakan kuma yana ba da damar ruwa ya kwarara zuwa cikin madaurin ruwa na cikin injin. Waɗannan tsare-tsare masu amfani da ƙarfin magana (gravity) suna da na'urar da ke rarraba ruwa a cikin tsari mai kyau.

Waɗannan injina suna zuwa da girma dabam-dabam kuma sun bambanta tun daga na'urorin kan tebur, waɗanda aka yi niyya don amfani na lokaci-lokaci, zuwa na'urorin da ake ijiye wa a ƙasa waɗanda aka yi niyya don amfani mai yawa. Yawanci ana kai ruwan kwalba zuwa gidaje ko wuraren kasuwanci akai-akai, inda ake musanya kofofin kwalaben polycarbonate da suka wofinta da cikakkun kwalabe. A cikin kasuwanni masu tasowa, galibi ana amfani da robobin PET don manyan kwalabe duk da cewa takurewa da ƙarancin yanayin zafi lokacin wanke-wanke zai sa ya zama abu mai wahalar amfani.

Girman kwalbar ya danganta da girman injin ɗin, inda manyan samfura a Amurka ke amfani da kwalabe na galan 5 (lita 18.9). Wannan kuma shine mafi yawan girman da ake amfani da shi a sauran wurare, wanda aka lakaba shi da lita 18.9 a ƙasajen da ke amfani da tsarin auna na metric. Da fari, an kera waɗannan kwalabe da ƙarfin lita 11.4, 18.9 ko 22.7 (galan 3, 5 ko 6 na Amurka) kuma ana rarraba su zuwa rukunin injinan sanyaya ruwa na haya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Technology of Bottled Water|last=Senior|first=Dorothy|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4051-9932-2|editor-last=Dege|editor-first=Nicholas|edition=3rd|location=Chichester, UK|pages=8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan injina yawanci ba su da wurin zubar da ruwa da ya fantsama, suna samar da wani ƙaramin kwanon kwatami ne kawai don tare ɗan fantsamar ruwa kalilan. A gaba, akwai madauri ko maɓallin dannawa da ke fitar da ruwa zuwa cikin kofi da aka riƙe a ƙarƙashin famfon. Lokacin da kwalbar ruwan ta wofinta, ana ɗage ta daga saman injin, kuma ta kan rufe kanta ta atomatik don hana duk wani sauran ruwa da ke cikin kwalbar daga zuba.

==== Kayayyaki ====
A tsawon shekaru da yawa da kuma cikin daukacin ƙarni na 20, gilashi ne babban kayan aiki da ake amfani da shi wajen zuba ruwa a kwalba har zuwa lokacin da aka sami ci gaban robobin thermoplastics bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Robar PVC ta haɓaka azaman kayan roba mai amfani da yawa kuma ta sami karɓuwa sosai azaman kayan aiki mafi dacewa don kera abubuwa da yawa. Kwalaben gilashi masu koren duhu ne kawai aka riƙe don sanya ruwa mai kumfa (carbonated waters). Shekarun 1980 sun ga sake haɓakar kwalaben PVC saboda rage farashi. Ci gaba a fannin kera abubuwa da fasahar kayayyaki kamar sabbin fasahohin busawa da allurar gyaran sifa sun rage kauri da nauyin kwalabe yayin da suka inganta dorewa da ƙara tsawon lokacin amfani.

=== Haɗin bututu kai tsaye ===
Injinan sanyaya ruwa na haɗin bututu kai tsaye suna amfani da ruwan fanfo saboda haka ba sa buƙatar kwalabe sakamakon amfani da babban tsarin samar da ruwa na gari. Yawanci, ana amfani da wata hanya ta tace ruwa. Ana amfani da ma'aunin Log reduction (misali raguwar log-6 ko 99.9999% mai tasiri) azaman ma'auni na ingancin tsabtace muhalli da kashe ƙwayoyin cuta.

=== Tacewa (Filtration) ===
Hanyoyin tacewa sun haɗa da reverse osmosis, musayar ion (ion exchange), da kuma sinadarin activated carbon. Tsarin reverse osmosis yana aiki ne daban da kariyar sinadarai ko ta hasken ultraviolet, inda yake amfani da wani siririn kyalle (membrane) mai ƙananan ramuka, wanda ke barin H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O ta wuce yayin da yake hana manyan kwayoyin halitta kamar gishiri, carbonates, da sauran ƙananan halittu (micro-organisms) wucewa ta cikinsa. Idan babu isasshen ƙarfi na halitta da zai tura ruwan ta cikin kyallen, ana buƙatar famfo mai ƙarfi, wanda hakan na iya haifar da tsadar amfani da wutar lantarki. Bugu da ƙari, na'urorin RO suna da ikon sanyaya gishirin ruwa (water softening). Wasu ƙananan halittu masu rai, gami da ƙwayoyin cuta na virus, suna da ikon wucewa ta cikin matacin na'urar RO.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Water Quality and Systems: A Guide for Facility Managers|last=Reid|first=Robert|publisher=The Fairmont Press|year=2004|isbn=0-88173-332-6|edition=2nd|location=Georgia, USA|pages=187}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na'urorin Deionizers ko demineralizers suna amfani da musayar resins (resins exchange) don cire ions daga kwararar ruwa, kuma galibi sune twin-bed ko mixed-bed deionizers. Ana yawan amfani da su a wuraren da ake kera kayayyaki masu tsafta na musamman kamar guntuwar kwamfuta (computer chips), inda deionized water ke kasancewa maras ƙarfi wajen gudanar da wutar lantarki.
A cikin tsarin activated carbon, ana amfani da danyun kayayyaki kamar lignite, gawayi, gawayin ƙashi, bawoyin kwokwo, da gawayin itace, waɗanda ke samar da ƙananan ramuka yayin kunna su lokacin da aka ƙone sassan carbon ɗin. A mafi yawan lokuta, activated carbon abu ne da ake amfani da shi sau ɗaya kawai, tunda sake sabunta shi galibi ba zai yuba a ainihin wurin amfanin. Granular activated carbon (GAC) shine aka fi amfani da shi wajen tacewa a injin sanyaya ruwa. Ana buƙatar tsaftacewa akai-akai ta amfani da ruwan zafi da tururi don taƙaita haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta na bacteria.
== Hanyoyin sanyayawa da ɗumamawa ==
=== Sanyayawa ===
Mafi yawan na'urorin zamani suna ba da aikin sanyayawa don sanyaya ruwa, ta hanyar amfani da tsarin Vapor compression refrigeration ko Thermoelectric cooling.

==== Vapor compression refrigeration ====
Injinan sanyaya ruwa da ke amfani da vapor compression refrigeration suna zuwa ne a cikin ɗayan tsare-tsare masu zuwa:
* '''Tsarin Akwatin Ajiyar Ruwa (Reservoir System)''' - Wani tanki ne inda ake adana ruwa domin amfani da shi wajen sanyayawa ko ɗumamawa, kuma yana sanye da na'urar iyo (float mechanism) don hana ruwa ambaliya.
** Akwatin Ajiyar Ruwa Mai Cirewa (Removable Reservoir) - Wannan wani tanki ne mai buɗe baki wanda ke sanye da damben sanyayawa (cooling coils) waɗanda ke taɓa saman dandalin waje na tankin. Yana aiki ne a kan tsarin fasaltawa (modular system), wanda ke ba mutum damar cirewa da sake cika ruwa cikin sauƙi maimakon ijiye shi a rufe. Ɗaya daga cikin fa'idodin amfani da akwatin ajiyar ruwa mai cirewa shine sauƙin tsaftacewa. Wannan yana ba masu amfani damar sauya akwatin gaba ɗaya maimakon mayar da daukacin injin sanyaya ruwan don gyara. Ana iya samun irin wannan fasaha a yawancin injinan rarraba ruwa na zamani da injinan kofi (coffee machines).
** Bakin Ƙarfe (Stainless Steel) - Tanki mai buɗe baki tare da damben sanyayawa waɗanda ke taɓa saman dandalin waje na tankin.
* '''Tsarin Sanyaya Tsaye na Akwatin Matsatson Ruwa (Pressure Vessel Direct Chill System)''' - Haɗakar akwatin matsatson ruwa, wanda ke kare ruwan da ke cikin tanki daga gurɓataccen iska, da kuma tsarin sanyayawa kai tsaye wanda ke sanyaya ruwan da ke fitowa daga babban bututun ruwa cikin sauri.
** Akwatin Matsatson Ruwa (Pressure Vessel) - Ana cika rufaffiyar akwatin matsatson ruwa (pressure vessel) a ƙarƙashin ƙaramin matsa lamba a cikin injin sanyaya ruwa. Don haka, ruwan ba ya haɗuwa da sararin samaniya, wanda ke ba da damar fitar da babban adadin ruwan sanyi (ya danganta da girman tankin) a madadin tsarin sanyayawa mai jinkiri.
** Sanyayawa Kai Tsaye (Direct Chill) - A cikin daidaitaccen tsarin sanyayawa kai tsaye, ana wuce da ruwa ta cikin damben bakin ƙarfe (stainless steel coil) wanda ke taɓa na'urar copper evaporator mai rarraba iskar gas na sanyayawa. An haɗa tsarin sanyayar a wajen damben kuma sanyin yana ratsawa ta bangon bututun don sanyaya ruwan da ke cikin damben ta hanyar conduction. Lokacin da aka buɗe fanfunan, ana fitar da sanyayyen ruwan a ƙarƙashin matsin lambar burtala. Ruwan ba ya taɓa haɗuwa da sararin samaniya domin sanyin da iskar gas ɗin ke fitarwa ana canza shi ne ta cikin damben jan ƙarfe (copper coil), wanda ke canza sanyin zuwa ruwan da ke wucewa ta cikin damben bakin ƙarfe ba tare da sun taɓa juna ba. Wannan yana ba ruwan damar yin sanyi cikin sauri kuma, a madadin samun ƙaramin adadin ruwan sanyi da ke akwai.
* '''Tsarin Sanyaya na Ice-bank (Ice-bank Cooling System)''' - Damben bakin ƙarfe mai matsa lamba da damben jan ƙarfe ana nutsar da su a cikin akwatin ajiyar ruwa da ke cike da ruwan da aka riga aka sanyaya. Damben jan ƙarfe da ke ɗauke da iskar gas na sanyayawa yana daskare ruwan da ke cikin akwatin ajiyar, wanda hakan ke samar da sanyi, wanda kuma ke sanyaya ruwan sha da ke kwarara ta cikin damben bakin ƙarfe.

==== Thermoelectric cooling ====
Sanyaya na Thermoelectric wata hanya ce mai kyau ga muhalli maimakon amfani da sanyayar HFC, wacce ke amfani da na'urar solid state da ke aiki azaman famfon zafi don canza zafi daga wani gefe na na'urar zuwa wani ta hanyar amfani da Peltier effect. An kera ta ne da nau'ikan semiconductors da dama da aka nade da fale-falen yumbu (ceramic wafers). Injinan sanyayawa na Thermoelectric suna amfani da wutar lantarki ta direct current maimakon iskar gas na sanyayawa da compressor, kuma ba su da sassa masu motsi ko haɗari masu rikitarwa.

=== Ɗumamawa ===
Wasu samfuran kuma suna da fanfo na biyu wanda ke ba da ruwa mai daidaitaccen yanayin zafi na ɗaki ko ma ruwa mai zafi wanda za a iya amfani da shi don shayi, koko mai zafi (hot chocolate) ko sauran amfani. Ruwan da ke cikin fanfo mai zafi yawanci ana ɗumama shi ne da sinadarin ɗumamawa (heating element) kuma ana adana shi a cikin tanki mai zafi (kamar yadda ake amfani da injinan ɗumama ruwa na gargajiya a gidajen zama). Bugu da ƙari, fanfo mai zafi yawanci ana sanye shi da bawul ɗin tsaro na dannawa don hana ƙonewa sakamakon danna madaurin da gangan ko cikin rashin sani.
== Ƙarin fasaloli ==
=== Injin cika ƙwalba (Bottle filler) ===
[[File:Water cooler with bottle filling functionality.jpg|alt=|thumb|upright|Samfuri na zamani tare da fasahar cika ƙwalba]]

Sabbin samfuran injinan sanyaya ruwa sun haɗa da ƙarin hanyar rarraba ruwa da aka tsara don cika ƙwalaben ruwa kai tsaye a jikin na'urorin da ke jikin bango. Wannan yana ƙara zama ruwan dare a injinan sanyaya ruwa na jama'a domin an kuma gan su a wuraren taron jama'a kamar filayen jiragen sama&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ajc.com/business/water-bottle-filling-stations-coming-airport/3Y6RKtDqzs8TBJWIqYTqBO/|title=Water bottle filling stations coming to airport|last=Yamanouchi|first=Kelly|date=2013-06-21|website=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution|access-date=2018-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/20/business/water-bottle-airports-filling-stations.html|title=Instead of That $5 Water Bottle at Airports, Filling Stations|last=Brockman|first=Joshua|date=2017-11-20|website=The New York Times|access-date=2018-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; da tashoshin jirgin ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-42818453|title=Scotland's railway stations to offer drinking water|date=2018-01-25|website=BBC News|access-date=2018-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan na'urori na cika ƙwalba suna iya nuna adadin ƙwalaben robobi na amfani-sau-ɗaya (single-use) da aka kiyaye a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin jama'a da ake yi na rage gurɓatar muhalli ta hanyar robobi.

=== Sanya Kumfa (Carbonation) ===
Samfuran zamani na injinan sanyaya ruwa an sanye su da zaɓuka na samar da ruwa mai kumfa (sparkling water) sakamakon ƙaruwar buƙatar abubuwan sha masu kumfa da kuma fadin wayar da kan jama'a game da rayuwa mai inganci, wanda hakan ya haifar da fifita ruwa mai kumfa fiye da abubuwan sha masu kumfa da aka zaƙi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2014/01/14/coca-cola-eyes-growth-in-the-sparkling-bottled-water-market/#495b6d2a699f|title=Coca-Cola Eyes Growth In The Sparkling Bottled Water Market|last=Team|first=Trefis|date=2014-01-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2018-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan yana aiki ne tare da ƙarin tankin mahaɗa da aka cika shi da matsatson CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (Carbon dioxide) da ke cikin tankin sanyaya ruwan. Wannan yana sauƙar da yanayin zafi na iskar gas na CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; zuwa yanayin zafi na tankin sanyayar. Yayin da ake fitar da ruwa mai kumfa, tankin mahaɗa yana sake cika kansa ta atomatik da ruwan sanyi da carbon dioxide, yana mai tabbatar da cewa ana samun wadatar ruwa mai kumfa akai-akai cikin sauƙi.

== Kula da Injin (Maintenance) ==
Duk injinan sanyaya ruwa na ƙwalba suna buƙatar tsaftacewa akai-akai don hana taruwar ma'adinai a cikin tanki mai ɗumama ruwa, wanda kuma aka sani da scaling. Ana iya ƙayyade yawan tsaftacewar ta hanyar yawa ko ƙarfin ma'adinan da kuma adadin ruwan da aka amfani da shi. Ana iya amfani da sinadarai masu cire datti (descaling agents) kamar citric acid don wannan tsari na tsaftacewa.

Tankunan ɗumama ruwa za su buƙaci tsaftacewa lokacin da kwararar ruwan zafi na yau da kullum ta bayyana a matsayin mai wahala ko kuma lokacin da ake jin karar surutu na damben ɗumama ruwa yayin aiki. Ƙarin alamomin sun haɗa da ruwan da ke fitowa daga tankin sanyaya ruwa yana kasancewa da ɗumi sosai, gami da canjin ɗanɗanon ruwan sakamakon taruwar ma'adinai.</text>
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      <text bytes="21852" sha1="7gx4dum3sd610pfc272yg2nc6rs4yqt" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Clickon Water Dispenser.jpg|thumb|upright|Injin rarraba ruwa tare da kwalaben ruwa na sake cikawa]]
'''Injin rarraba ruwa''' (water dispenser), wanda wani lokacin ake kira da '''injin sanyaya ruwa''' (idan ana amfani da shi don sanyaya ruwa kawai), wata inji ce da ke rarraba ruwa, kuma galibi tana sanyayawa ko ɗumama ruwa ta hanyar amfani da sashen sanyawa na na'ura. Yawanci ana samun ta kusa da banɗaki saboda samun sauƙin hanyoyin bututun ruwa. Hakanan ana samar da magudanar ruwa daga injin sanyaya ruwan zuwa tsarin magudanar datti na gari.

Injinan rarraba ruwa suna zuwa da sifofi daban-daban, kama daga waɗanda ake maƙala a bango zuwa haɗakar injinan cika kwalba, da injuna masu hawa biyu da sauran sifofi. Gabaɗaya an raba su zuwa gida biyu: injinan rarraba ruwa na daidai wurin amfani (point-of-use ko POU) da kuma injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba. Injinan rarraba ruwa na POU suna haɗe ne kai tsaye da tsarin samar da ruwa na gari, yayin da injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba ke buƙatar kawo ruwa (ko zuwa a ɗauko da kansa) a cikin manyan kwalabe daga wurin masu siyarwa. Injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba suna iya kasancewa na ɗora kwalba ta sama ko na sa kwalba ta ƙasa, ya danganta da tsarin kera samfurin.

Injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba yawanci suna amfani da kwalaben galan 5 (lita 18.9) waɗanda galibi ake ɗorawa a saman injin. Injinan sanyaya ruwa masu matsa lamba (pressure coolers) wani rukuni ne na injinan rarraba ruwa da suka haɗa da mabuɓɓugar ruwan sha na gari da injinan rarraba ruwa na haɗin bututu kai tsaye. Injin sanyaya ruwa kuma yana iya nufin wata tsohuwar na'ura ta gargajiya da ake amfani da ita don kiyaye ruwa ya kasance mai sanyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Water cooler|url = http://www.horniman.ac.uk/object/34.67|access-date = 2015-07-20|publisher = Horniman Museum and Gardens}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Luther Haws ne ya fara ƙirƙirar injin rarraba ruwa a shekara ta 1906.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Parisi |first=ByKristen |title=A brief history of the water cooler |url=https://www.hr-brew.com/stories/2023/01/09/a-brief-history-of-the-water-cooler |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=HR Brew |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nau'ukan injinan rarraba ruwa ==
=== Na jikin bango / sassauƙa ===
[[File:Two Types Of Sunroc Water Coolers.JPG|thumb|Injinan rarraba ruwa na jikin bango]]

Nau'in da ake maƙalawa a bango yana haɗe ne da tsarin samar da ruwa na ginin don samun ruwa akai-akai da kuma wutar lantarki don gudanar da sashen sanyaya ruwa da ke shigo ciki, sannan yana haɗe da tsarin zubar da sharar gida na ginin don zubar da ruwan da ba a amfani da shi. Ana yawan amfani da injinan sanyaya ruwa na bango a gine-ginen kasuwanci kamar asibitoci, makarantu, wuraren kasuwanci, da sauran gine-gine inda akwai manajan kula da gini don duba yadda ake girkawa da kuma kula da su.

A cikin daidaitaccen injin sanyaya ruwa na bango, wanda kuma galibi ake kira da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ko famfon sha, akwai wani ƙaramin tanki a cikin injin da ke ɗauke da sanyayyen ruwa domin mai amfani kada ya jira ruwan ya yi sanyi. Ana fitar da ruwa ta hanyar juyawa ko danna maɓallin da ke kan bawul mai gudanarwa da ke saman injin, wanda ke kashe ruwan lokacin da aka saki maɓallin. Wasu na'urorin suna samar da babban maɓallin dannawa a gaba ko a gefe. Sabbin injuna ma ba su da maɓalli ko kaɗan; maimakon haka, suna amfani da na'urar gano motsi (sensor) wacce ke gano lokacin da mutum ke kusa kuma ta kunna ruwan. Ana fitar da ruwa a cikin wani siririn ruwa mai lankwasa zuwa sama, wanda ke ba mai amfani damar sha kai tsaye daga saman ruwan da ke bulbula. Waɗannan na'urori yawanci suna rarraba ruwa ne kai tsaye daga tsarin samar da ruwa na hukuma, ba tare da wani tace ruwa ko gyara inganci ba.

Injinan sanyaya ruwa na bango suna zuwa da salo daban-daban masu faɗi, tun daga samfura na cikin bango zuwa kwanukan kariya daga fantsama, kwanukan sifa na musamman da ke fitowa daga bango, tsarin kusurwa masu zagaye na gargajiya, haɗakar injin cika kwalba da sanyaya ruwa, tsarin hawa biyu, da sauran fasaloli da zaɓuka. Wani lokaci ana girka waɗannan ne don cika ƙa'idodin dokoki na gida, jiha ko na tarayya.

=== Injin rarraba ruwa na sa kwalba ta ƙasa ===
[[File:Bottom Load Water Dispenser.png|thumb|Injin rarraba ruwa na sa kwalba ta ƙasa yana nuna kwalbar galan 5, tare da buɗe kofarsa]]
Injinan rarraba ruwa yawanci suna da akwatin ajiyar ruwa da ake ɗorawa a saman injin. Injinan rarraba ruwa na sa kwalba ta ƙasa suna da akwatin ajiyar a ƙasan injin don sauƙaƙa ɗora kwalbar.

=== Injin rarraba ruwa na kan tebur ===
[[File:Water dispenser with lemons.JPG|thumb|upright|Injin rarraba ruwa na kan tebur]]
Akwai kuma ƙananan nau'ukan injinan rarraba ruwa inda za a iya ajiye injin ɗin kai tsaye a saman tebur. Waɗannan injinan yawanci ana karkasa su azaman kayan aikin gida kuma ana iya samun su a dafa-dafe na gida da ma'ajiyar abinci ta ofis.

=== Injin rarraba ruwa na haɗin bututu kai tsaye (POU) ===
Ana iya haɗa injinan rarraba ruwa kai tsaye zuwa tushen ruwa na cikin gida don rarraba ruwan sha mai zafi da sanyi akai-akai.
Galibi ana kiran sa da injinan rarraba ruwa na POU (point of use). Na'urorin POU gabaɗaya sun fi tsafta fiye da injinan sanyaya ruwa na kwalba, muddin mai amfani yana da damar yin amfani da ingantaccen tushen ruwa mai tsafta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rdehospital.nhs.uk/documents/policies/water-coolers-and-ice-making-machines-policy.pdf|title=Water Coolers and Ice - Making Machines Policy|date=2015-01-13|publisher=Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust|access-date=2018-02-25|archive-date=2019-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117013249/https://www.rdehospital.nhs.uk/documents/policies/water-coolers-and-ice-making-machines-policy.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Na kansa (Freestanding) ===
[[File:Bebedoro.JPG|thumb|upright|Injin sanyaya ruwa na kansa tare da kwalba]]

Tsarin na kansa gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi kwalaben ruwa da ake juyawa da bakinsu zuwa ƙasa a cikin injin rarraba ruwan.

Akwai samfuran kan tebur ko na kan maajiyar kicin waɗanda ke amfani da kwalaben ruwa na lita biyar da ake samu cikin sauƙi daga manyan kantuna. Waɗannan injinan sanyaya ruwa suna amfani da famfunan iska don tura ruwa zuwa rukunin sanyayar ruwa da kuma na'urorin Peltier don sanyaya ruwan.

Sabuwar ci gaba a cikin kasuwar injinan sanyaya ruwa ita ce zuwan kayan aikin kan tebur waɗanda ke haɗe da manyan bututun ruwa kuma suna ba da damar samun ruwa nan take, ba wai sanyayyen ruwa kawai ba, har ma da ruwa mai zafi da tafasasshe. Wannan galibi ana samun sa a masana'antar horeca (hote-hote da gidajen abinci).

Ruwa zai gudana da sauri lokacin da madaurin ke a tsaye. Ana sanya iska a cikin ruwan wanda ke ba shi damar fitowa ta bakin famfon cikin sauri.

== Tushen ruwa ==
Ruwan da ake samu daga injinan sanyaya ruwa na iya fitowa daga wurare daban-daban, amma masana galibi suna karkasa su zuwa manyan rukunoni biyu, wato ruwan ma'adinai na halitta da na maɓuɓɓuga (natural mineral and spring water), da kuma taceccen ruwa (purified water).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Technology of Bottled Water|last=Senior|first=Dorothy|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4051-9932-2|editor-last=Dege|editor-first=Nicholas|edition=3rd|location=Chichester, UK|pages=299}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ruwan ma'adinai na halitta da na maɓuɓɓuga ===
Ruwan ma'adinai na halitta da na maɓuɓɓuga sune ruwan da ke fitowa daga sassan duwatsu na ƙarƙashin ƙasa waɗanda ake tarawa daga rijiyoyin burtsatse ko maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da ke ɓulbulowa. Dokokin kowace ƙasa suna ƙara rarrabe tsakanin waɗannan nau'ikan ruwa guda biyu kuma suna tsara tsauraran sharuɗɗan sanya suna da lakabi bisa kariya ta tushen halitta, daukacin daskararrun sinadarai da suka narke (total dissolved solids), da kuma yawan tace ruwan da za a iya yi kafin a saka shi a kwalba.

=== Taceccen ruwa (Purified water) ===
Taceccen ruwa shine ruwa daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa ko tsarin samar da ruwa na hukuma kuma ana kera shi ta kowace hanya ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin tacewa da suka haɗa da reverse osmosis, distillation, deionization, da tace ruwa na yau da kullum. Galibi ana amfani da hasken ultraviolet ko ozone don magance ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ruwan sannan a sake mayar da ma'adinai ta hanyar sanya gishirin inorganic mai narkewa.

== Isar da ruwa ==
Isar da ruwa a cikin injin sanyaya ruwa yana zuwa ta manyan hanyoyi biyu, wato nau'ikan kwalba, ko ta hanyar haɗa bututu kai tsaye daga babban tsarin samar da ruwa. Yawanci ana tura ruwan zuwa cikin tankin ruwa don a ɗumama shi ko a sanyaya shi, ya danganta da samfurin injin sanyaya ruwan. Sabbin samfura sun haɗa da nau'ikan haɗaka (hybrid) waɗanda ke iya amfani da duka hanyoyin biyu.

=== Injinan sanyaya ruwa na kwalba ===

Don saka kwalbar, ana juyar da bakinta ƙasa sannan a ɗora ta a saman injin rarraba ruwan; wata ƙararrawa tana huda murfin kwalbar hakan kuma yana ba da damar ruwa ya kwarara zuwa cikin madaurin ruwa na cikin injin. Waɗannan tsare-tsare masu amfani da ƙarfin magana (gravity) suna da na'urar da ke rarraba ruwa a cikin tsari mai kyau.

Waɗannan injina suna zuwa da girma dabam-dabam kuma sun bambanta tun daga na'urorin kan tebur, waɗanda aka yi niyya don amfani na lokaci-lokaci, zuwa na'urorin da ake ijiye wa a ƙasa waɗanda aka yi niyya don amfani mai yawa. Yawanci ana kai ruwan kwalba zuwa gidaje ko wuraren kasuwanci akai-akai, inda ake musanya kofofin kwalaben polycarbonate da suka wofinta da cikakkun kwalabe. A cikin kasuwanni masu tasowa, galibi ana amfani da robobin PET don manyan kwalabe duk da cewa takurewa da ƙarancin yanayin zafi lokacin wanke-wanke zai sa ya zama abu mai wahalar amfani.

Girman kwalbar ya danganta da girman injin ɗin, inda manyan samfura a Amurka ke amfani da kwalabe na galan 5 (lita 18.9). Wannan kuma shine mafi yawan girman da ake amfani da shi a sauran wurare, wanda aka lakaba shi da lita 18.9 a ƙasajen da ke amfani da tsarin auna na metric. Da fari, an kera waɗannan kwalabe da ƙarfin lita 11.4, 18.9 ko 22.7 (galan 3, 5 ko 6 na Amurka) kuma ana rarraba su zuwa rukunin injinan sanyaya ruwa na haya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Technology of Bottled Water|last=Senior|first=Dorothy|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4051-9932-2|editor-last=Dege|editor-first=Nicholas|edition=3rd|location=Chichester, UK|pages=8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan injina yawanci ba su da wurin zubar da ruwa da ya fantsama, suna samar da wani ƙaramin kwanon kwatami ne kawai don tare ɗan fantsamar ruwa kalilan. A gaba, akwai madauri ko maɓallin dannawa da ke fitar da ruwa zuwa cikin kofi da aka riƙe a ƙarƙashin famfon. Lokacin da kwalbar ruwan ta wofinta, ana ɗage ta daga saman injin, kuma ta kan rufe kanta ta atomatik don hana duk wani sauran ruwa da ke cikin kwalbar daga zuba.

==== Kayayyaki ====
A tsawon shekaru da yawa da kuma cikin daukacin ƙarni na 20, gilashi ne babban kayan aiki da ake amfani da shi wajen zuba ruwa a kwalba har zuwa lokacin da aka sami ci gaban robobin thermoplastics bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Robar PVC ta haɓaka azaman kayan roba mai amfani da yawa kuma ta sami karɓuwa sosai azaman kayan aiki mafi dacewa don kera abubuwa da yawa. Kwalaben gilashi masu koren duhu ne kawai aka riƙe don sanya ruwa mai kumfa (carbonated waters). Shekarun 1980 sun ga sake haɓakar kwalaben PVC saboda rage farashi. Ci gaba a fannin kera abubuwa da fasahar kayayyaki kamar sabbin fasahohin busawa da allurar gyaran sifa sun rage kauri da nauyin kwalabe yayin da suka inganta dorewa da ƙara tsawon lokacin amfani.

=== Haɗin bututu kai tsaye ===
Injinan sanyaya ruwa na haɗin bututu kai tsaye suna amfani da ruwan fanfo saboda haka ba sa buƙatar kwalabe sakamakon amfani da babban tsarin samar da ruwa na gari. Yawanci, ana amfani da wata hanya ta tace ruwa. Ana amfani da ma'aunin Log reduction (misali raguwar log-6 ko 99.9999% mai tasiri) azaman ma'auni na ingancin tsabtace muhalli da kashe ƙwayoyin cuta.

=== Tacewa (Filtration) ===
Hanyoyin tacewa sun haɗa da reverse osmosis, musayar ion (ion exchange), da kuma sinadarin activated carbon. Tsarin reverse osmosis yana aiki ne daban da kariyar sinadarai ko ta hasken ultraviolet, inda yake amfani da wani siririn kyalle (membrane) mai ƙananan ramuka, wanda ke barin H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O ta wuce yayin da yake hana manyan kwayoyin halitta kamar gishiri, carbonates, da sauran ƙananan halittu (micro-organisms) wucewa ta cikinsa. Idan babu isasshen ƙarfi na halitta da zai tura ruwan ta cikin kyallen, ana buƙatar famfo mai ƙarfi, wanda hakan na iya haifar da tsadar amfani da wutar lantarki. Bugu da ƙari, na'urorin RO suna da ikon sanyaya gishirin ruwa (water softening). Wasu ƙananan halittu masu rai, gami da ƙwayoyin cuta na virus, suna da ikon wucewa ta cikin matacin na'urar RO.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Water Quality and Systems: A Guide for Facility Managers|last=Reid|first=Robert|publisher=The Fairmont Press|year=2004|isbn=0-88173-332-6|edition=2nd|location=Georgia, USA|pages=187}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na'urorin Deionizers ko demineralizers suna amfani da musayar resins (resins exchange) don cire ions daga kwararar ruwa, kuma galibi sune twin-bed ko mixed-bed deionizers. Ana yawan amfani da su a wuraren da ake kera kayayyaki masu tsafta na musamman kamar guntuwar kwamfuta (computer chips), inda deionized water ke kasancewa maras ƙarfi wajen gudanar da wutar lantarki.
A cikin tsarin activated carbon, ana amfani da danyun kayayyaki kamar lignite, gawayi, gawayin ƙashi, bawoyin kwokwo, da gawayin itace, waɗanda ke samar da ƙananan ramuka yayin kunna su lokacin da aka ƙone sassan carbon ɗin. A mafi yawan lokuta, activated carbon abu ne da ake amfani da shi sau ɗaya kawai, tunda sake sabunta shi galibi ba zai yuba a ainihin wurin amfanin. Granular activated carbon (GAC) shine aka fi amfani da shi wajen tacewa a injin sanyaya ruwa. Ana buƙatar tsaftacewa akai-akai ta amfani da ruwan zafi da tururi don taƙaita haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta na bacteria.
== Hanyoyin sanyayawa da ɗumamawa ==
=== Sanyayawa ===
Mafi yawan na'urorin zamani suna ba da aikin sanyayawa don sanyaya ruwa, ta hanyar amfani da tsarin Vapor compression refrigeration ko Thermoelectric cooling.

==== Vapor compression refrigeration ====
Injinan sanyaya ruwa da ke amfani da vapor compression refrigeration suna zuwa ne a cikin ɗayan tsare-tsare masu zuwa:
* '''Tsarin Akwatin Ajiyar Ruwa (Reservoir System)''' - Wani tanki ne inda ake adana ruwa domin amfani da shi wajen sanyayawa ko ɗumamawa, kuma yana sanye da na'urar iyo (float mechanism) don hana ruwa ambaliya.
** Akwatin Ajiyar Ruwa Mai Cirewa (Removable Reservoir) - Wannan wani tanki ne mai buɗe baki wanda ke sanye da damben sanyayawa (cooling coils) waɗanda ke taɓa saman dandalin waje na tankin. Yana aiki ne a kan tsarin fasaltawa (modular system), wanda ke ba mutum damar cirewa da sake cika ruwa cikin sauƙi maimakon ijiye shi a rufe. Ɗaya daga cikin fa'idodin amfani da akwatin ajiyar ruwa mai cirewa shine sauƙin tsaftacewa. Wannan yana ba masu amfani damar sauya akwatin gaba ɗaya maimakon mayar da daukacin injin sanyaya ruwan don gyara. Ana iya samun irin wannan fasaha a yawancin injinan rarraba ruwa na zamani da injinan kofi (coffee machines).
** Bakin Ƙarfe (Stainless Steel) - Tanki mai buɗe baki tare da damben sanyayawa waɗanda ke taɓa saman dandalin waje na tankin.
* '''Tsarin Sanyaya Tsaye na Akwatin Matsatson Ruwa (Pressure Vessel Direct Chill System)''' - Haɗakar akwatin matsatson ruwa, wanda ke kare ruwan da ke cikin tanki daga gurɓataccen iska, da kuma tsarin sanyayawa kai tsaye wanda ke sanyaya ruwan da ke fitowa daga babban bututun ruwa cikin sauri.
** Akwatin Matsatson Ruwa (Pressure Vessel) - Ana cika rufaffiyar akwatin matsatson ruwa (pressure vessel) a ƙarƙashin ƙaramin matsa lamba a cikin injin sanyaya ruwa. Don haka, ruwan ba ya haɗuwa da sararin samaniya, wanda ke ba da damar fitar da babban adadin ruwan sanyi (ya danganta da girman tankin) a madadin tsarin sanyayawa mai jinkiri.
** Sanyayawa Kai Tsaye (Direct Chill) - A cikin daidaitaccen tsarin sanyayawa kai tsaye, ana wuce da ruwa ta cikin damben bakin ƙarfe (stainless steel coil) wanda ke taɓa na'urar copper evaporator mai rarraba iskar gas na sanyayawa. An haɗa tsarin sanyayar a wajen damben kuma sanyin yana ratsawa ta bangon bututun don sanyaya ruwan da ke cikin damben ta hanyar conduction. Lokacin da aka buɗe fanfunan, ana fitar da sanyayyen ruwan a ƙarƙashin matsin lambar burtala. Ruwan ba ya taɓa haɗuwa da sararin samaniya domin sanyin da iskar gas ɗin ke fitarwa ana canza shi ne ta cikin damben jan ƙarfe (copper coil), wanda ke canza sanyin zuwa ruwan da ke wucewa ta cikin damben bakin ƙarfe ba tare da sun taɓa juna ba. Wannan yana ba ruwan damar yin sanyi cikin sauri kuma, a madadin samun ƙaramin adadin ruwan sanyi da ke akwai.
* '''Tsarin Sanyaya na Ice-bank (Ice-bank Cooling System)''' - Damben bakin ƙarfe mai matsa lamba da damben jan ƙarfe ana nutsar da su a cikin akwatin ajiyar ruwa da ke cike da ruwan da aka riga aka sanyaya. Damben jan ƙarfe da ke ɗauke da iskar gas na sanyayawa yana daskare ruwan da ke cikin akwatin ajiyar, wanda hakan ke samar da sanyi, wanda kuma ke sanyaya ruwan sha da ke kwarara ta cikin damben bakin ƙarfe.

==== Thermoelectric cooling ====
Sanyaya na Thermoelectric wata hanya ce mai kyau ga muhalli maimakon amfani da sanyayar HFC, wacce ke amfani da na'urar solid state da ke aiki azaman famfon zafi don canza zafi daga wani gefe na na'urar zuwa wani ta hanyar amfani da Peltier effect. An kera ta ne da nau'ikan semiconductors da dama da aka nade da fale-falen yumbu (ceramic wafers). Injinan sanyayawa na Thermoelectric suna amfani da wutar lantarki ta direct current maimakon iskar gas na sanyayawa da compressor, kuma ba su da sassa masu motsi ko haɗari masu rikitarwa.

=== Ɗumamawa ===
Wasu samfuran kuma suna da fanfo na biyu wanda ke ba da ruwa mai daidaitaccen yanayin zafi na ɗaki ko ma ruwa mai zafi wanda za a iya amfani da shi don shayi, koko mai zafi (hot chocolate) ko sauran amfani. Ruwan da ke cikin fanfo mai zafi yawanci ana ɗumama shi ne da sinadarin ɗumamawa (heating element) kuma ana adana shi a cikin tanki mai zafi (kamar yadda ake amfani da injinan ɗumama ruwa na gargajiya a gidajen zama). Bugu da ƙari, fanfo mai zafi yawanci ana sanye shi da bawul ɗin tsaro na dannawa don hana ƙonewa sakamakon danna madaurin da gangan ko cikin rashin sani.
== Ƙarin fasaloli ==
=== Injin cika ƙwalba (Bottle filler) ===
[[File:Water cooler with bottle filling functionality.jpg|alt=|thumb|upright|Samfuri na zamani tare da fasahar cika ƙwalba]]

Sabbin samfuran injinan sanyaya ruwa sun haɗa da ƙarin hanyar rarraba ruwa da aka tsara don cika ƙwalaben ruwa kai tsaye a jikin na'urorin da ke jikin bango. Wannan yana ƙara zama ruwan dare a injinan sanyaya ruwa na jama'a domin an kuma gan su a wuraren taron jama'a kamar filayen jiragen sama&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ajc.com/business/water-bottle-filling-stations-coming-airport/3Y6RKtDqzs8TBJWIqYTqBO/|title=Water bottle filling stations coming to airport|last=Yamanouchi|first=Kelly|date=2013-06-21|website=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution|access-date=2018-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/20/business/water-bottle-airports-filling-stations.html|title=Instead of That $5 Water Bottle at Airports, Filling Stations|last=Brockman|first=Joshua|date=2017-11-20|website=The New York Times|access-date=2018-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; da tashoshin jirgin ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-42818453|title=Scotland's railway stations to offer drinking water|date=2018-01-25|website=BBC News|access-date=2018-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan na'urori na cika ƙwalba suna iya nuna adadin ƙwalaben robobi na amfani-sau-ɗaya (single-use) da aka kiyaye a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin jama'a da ake yi na rage gurɓatar muhalli ta hanyar robobi.

=== Sanya Kumfa (Carbonation) ===
Samfuran zamani na injinan sanyaya ruwa an sanye su da zaɓuka na samar da ruwa mai kumfa (sparkling water) sakamakon ƙaruwar buƙatar abubuwan sha masu kumfa da kuma fadin wayar da kan jama'a game da rayuwa mai inganci, wanda hakan ya haifar da fifita ruwa mai kumfa fiye da abubuwan sha masu kumfa da aka zaƙi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2014/01/14/coca-cola-eyes-growth-in-the-sparkling-bottled-water-market/#495b6d2a699f|title=Coca-Cola Eyes Growth In The Sparkling Bottled Water Market|last=Team|first=Trefis|date=2014-01-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2018-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan yana aiki ne tare da ƙarin tankin mahaɗa da aka cika shi da matsatson CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (Carbon dioxide) da ke cikin tankin sanyaya ruwan. Wannan yana sauƙar da yanayin zafi na iskar gas na CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; zuwa yanayin zafi na tankin sanyayar. Yayin da ake fitar da ruwa mai kumfa, tankin mahaɗa yana sake cika kansa ta atomatik da ruwan sanyi da carbon dioxide, yana mai tabbatar da cewa ana samun wadatar ruwa mai kumfa akai-akai cikin sauƙi.

== Kula da Injin (Maintenance) ==
Duk injinan sanyaya ruwa na ƙwalba suna buƙatar tsaftacewa akai-akai don hana taruwar ma'adinai a cikin tanki mai ɗumama ruwa, wanda kuma aka sani da scaling. Ana iya ƙayyade yawan tsaftacewar ta hanyar yawa ko ƙarfin ma'adinan da kuma adadin ruwan da aka amfani da shi. Ana iya amfani da sinadarai masu cire datti (descaling agents) kamar citric acid don wannan tsari na tsaftacewa.

Tankunan ɗumama ruwa za su buƙaci tsaftacewa lokacin da kwararar ruwan zafi na yau da kullum ta bayyana a matsayin mai wahala ko kuma lokacin da ake jin karar surutu na damben ɗumama ruwa yayin aiki. Ƙarin alamomin sun haɗa da ruwan da ke fitowa daga tankin sanyaya ruwa yana kasancewa da ɗumi sosai, gami da canjin ɗanɗanon ruwan sakamakon taruwar ma'adinai.

== Manazarta ==
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[[File:Clickon Water Dispenser.jpg|thumb|upright|Injin rarraba ruwa tare da kwalaben ruwa na sake cikawa]]
'''Injin rarraba ruwa''' (water dispenser), wanda wani lokacin ake kira da '''injin sanyaya ruwa''' (idan ana amfani da shi don sanyaya ruwa kawai), wata inji ce da ke rarraba ruwa, kuma galibi tana sanyayawa ko ɗumama ruwa ta hanyar amfani da sashen sanyawa na na'ura. Yawanci ana samun ta kusa da banɗaki saboda samun sauƙin hanyoyin bututun ruwa. Hakanan ana samar da magudanar ruwa daga injin sanyaya ruwan zuwa tsarin magudanar datti na gari.

Injinan rarraba ruwa suna zuwa da sifofi daban-daban, kama daga waɗanda ake maƙala a bango zuwa haɗakar injinan cika kwalba, da injuna masu hawa biyu da sauran sifofi. Gabaɗaya an raba su zuwa gida biyu: injinan rarraba ruwa na daidai wurin amfani (point-of-use ko POU) da kuma injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba. Injinan rarraba ruwa na POU suna haɗe ne kai tsaye da tsarin samar da ruwa na gari, yayin da injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba ke buƙatar kawo ruwa (ko zuwa a ɗauko da kansa) a cikin manyan kwalabe daga wurin masu siyarwa. Injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba suna iya kasancewa na ɗora kwalba ta sama ko na sa kwalba ta ƙasa, ya danganta da tsarin kera samfurin.

Injinan rarraba ruwa na kwalba yawanci suna amfani da kwalaben galan 5 (lita 18.9) waɗanda galibi ake ɗorawa a saman injin. Injinan sanyaya ruwa masu matsa lamba (pressure coolers) wani rukuni ne na injinan rarraba ruwa da suka haɗa da mabuɓɓugar ruwan sha na gari da injinan rarraba ruwa na haɗin bututu kai tsaye. Injin sanyaya ruwa kuma yana iya nufin wata tsohuwar na'ura ta gargajiya da ake amfani da ita don kiyaye ruwa ya kasance mai sanyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Water cooler|url = http://www.horniman.ac.uk/object/34.67|access-date = 2015-07-20|publisher = Horniman Museum and Gardens}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Luther Haws ne ya fara ƙirƙirar injin rarraba ruwa a shekara ta 1906.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Parisi |first=ByKristen |title=A brief history of the water cooler |url=https://www.hr-brew.com/stories/2023/01/09/a-brief-history-of-the-water-cooler |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=HR Brew |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nau'ukan injinan rarraba ruwa ==
=== Na jikin bango / sassauƙa ===
[[File:Two Types Of Sunroc Water Coolers.JPG|thumb|Injinan rarraba ruwa na jikin bango]]

Nau'in da ake maƙalawa a bango yana haɗe ne da tsarin samar da ruwa na ginin don samun ruwa akai-akai da kuma wutar lantarki don gudanar da sashen sanyaya ruwa da ke shigo ciki, sannan yana haɗe da tsarin zubar da sharar gida na ginin don zubar da ruwan da ba a amfani da shi. Ana yawan amfani da injinan sanyaya ruwa na bango a gine-ginen kasuwanci kamar asibitoci, makarantu, wuraren kasuwanci, da sauran gine-gine inda akwai manajan kula da gini don duba yadda ake girkawa da kuma kula da su.

A cikin daidaitaccen injin sanyaya ruwa na bango, wanda kuma galibi ake kira da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ko famfon sha, akwai wani ƙaramin tanki a cikin injin da ke ɗauke da sanyayyen ruwa domin mai amfani kada ya jira ruwan ya yi sanyi. Ana fitar da ruwa ta hanyar juyawa ko danna maɓallin da ke kan bawul mai gudanarwa da ke saman injin, wanda ke kashe ruwan lokacin da aka saki maɓallin. Wasu na'urorin suna samar da babban maɓallin dannawa a gaba ko a gefe. Sabbin injuna ma ba su da maɓalli ko kaɗan; maimakon haka, suna amfani da na'urar gano motsi (sensor) wacce ke gano lokacin da mutum ke kusa kuma ta kunna ruwan. Ana fitar da ruwa a cikin wani siririn ruwa mai lankwasa zuwa sama, wanda ke ba mai amfani damar sha kai tsaye daga saman ruwan da ke bulbula. Waɗannan na'urori yawanci suna rarraba ruwa ne kai tsaye daga tsarin samar da ruwa na hukuma, ba tare da wani tace ruwa ko gyara inganci ba.

Injinan sanyaya ruwa na bango suna zuwa da salo daban-daban masu faɗi, tun daga samfura na cikin bango zuwa kwanukan kariya daga fantsama, kwanukan sifa na musamman da ke fitowa daga bango, tsarin kusurwa masu zagaye na gargajiya, haɗakar injin cika kwalba da sanyaya ruwa, tsarin hawa biyu, da sauran fasaloli da zaɓuka. Wani lokaci ana girka waɗannan ne don cika ƙa'idodin dokoki na gida, jiha ko na tarayya.

=== Injin rarraba ruwa na sa kwalba ta ƙasa ===
[[File:Bottom Load Water Dispenser.png|thumb|Injin rarraba ruwa na sa kwalba ta ƙasa yana nuna kwalbar galan 5, tare da buɗe kofarsa]]
Injinan rarraba ruwa yawanci suna da akwatin ajiyar ruwa da ake ɗorawa a saman injin. Injinan rarraba ruwa na sa kwalba ta ƙasa suna da akwatin ajiyar a ƙasan injin don sauƙaƙa ɗora kwalbar.

=== Injin rarraba ruwa na kan tebur ===
[[File:Water dispenser with lemons.JPG|thumb|upright|Injin rarraba ruwa na kan tebur]]
Akwai kuma ƙananan nau'ukan injinan rarraba ruwa inda za a iya ajiye injin ɗin kai tsaye a saman tebur. Waɗannan injinan yawanci ana karkasa su azaman kayan aikin gida kuma ana iya samun su a dafa-dafe na gida da ma'ajiyar abinci ta ofis.

=== Injin rarraba ruwa na haɗin bututu kai tsaye (POU) ===
Ana iya haɗa injinan rarraba ruwa kai tsaye zuwa tushen ruwa na cikin gida don rarraba ruwan sha mai zafi da sanyi akai-akai.
Galibi ana kiran sa da injinan rarraba ruwa na POU (point of use). Na'urorin POU gabaɗaya sun fi tsafta fiye da injinan sanyaya ruwa na kwalba, muddin mai amfani yana da damar yin amfani da ingantaccen tushen ruwa mai tsafta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rdehospital.nhs.uk/documents/policies/water-coolers-and-ice-making-machines-policy.pdf|title=Water Coolers and Ice - Making Machines Policy|date=2015-01-13|publisher=Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust|access-date=2018-02-25|archive-date=2019-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117013249/https://www.rdehospital.nhs.uk/documents/policies/water-coolers-and-ice-making-machines-policy.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Na kansa (Freestanding) ===
[[File:Bebedoro.JPG|thumb|upright|Injin sanyaya ruwa na kansa tare da kwalba]]

Tsarin na kansa gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi kwalaben ruwa da ake juyawa da bakinsu zuwa ƙasa a cikin injin rarraba ruwan.

Akwai samfuran kan tebur ko na kan maajiyar kicin waɗanda ke amfani da kwalaben ruwa na lita biyar da ake samu cikin sauƙi daga manyan kantuna. Waɗannan injinan sanyaya ruwa suna amfani da famfunan iska don tura ruwa zuwa rukunin sanyayar ruwa da kuma na'urorin Peltier don sanyaya ruwan.

Sabuwar ci gaba a cikin kasuwar injinan sanyaya ruwa ita ce zuwan kayan aikin kan tebur waɗanda ke haɗe da manyan bututun ruwa kuma suna ba da damar samun ruwa nan take, ba wai sanyayyen ruwa kawai ba, har ma da ruwa mai zafi da tafasasshe. Wannan galibi ana samun sa a masana'antar horeca (hote-hote da gidajen abinci).

Ruwa zai gudana da sauri lokacin da madaurin ke a tsaye. Ana sanya iska a cikin ruwan wanda ke ba shi damar fitowa ta bakin famfon cikin sauri.

== Tushen ruwa ==
Ruwan da ake samu daga injinan sanyaya ruwa na iya fitowa daga wurare daban-daban, amma masana galibi suna karkasa su zuwa manyan rukunoni biyu, wato ruwan ma'adinai na halitta da na maɓuɓɓuga (natural mineral and spring water), da kuma taceccen ruwa (purified water).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Technology of Bottled Water|last=Senior|first=Dorothy|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4051-9932-2|editor-last=Dege|editor-first=Nicholas|edition=3rd|location=Chichester, UK|pages=299}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ruwan ma'adinai na halitta da na maɓuɓɓuga ===
Ruwan ma'adinai na halitta da na maɓuɓɓuga sune ruwan da ke fitowa daga sassan duwatsu na ƙarƙashin ƙasa waɗanda ake tarawa daga rijiyoyin burtsatse ko maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da ke ɓulbulowa. Dokokin kowace ƙasa suna ƙara rarrabe tsakanin waɗannan nau'ikan ruwa guda biyu kuma suna tsara tsauraran sharuɗɗan sanya suna da lakabi bisa kariya ta tushen halitta, daukacin daskararrun sinadarai da suka narke (total dissolved solids), da kuma yawan tace ruwan da za a iya yi kafin a saka shi a kwalba.

=== Taceccen ruwa (Purified water) ===
Taceccen ruwa shine ruwa daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa ko tsarin samar da ruwa na hukuma kuma ana kera shi ta kowace hanya ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin tacewa da suka haɗa da reverse osmosis, distillation, deionization, da tace ruwa na yau da kullum. Galibi ana amfani da hasken ultraviolet ko ozone don magance ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ruwan sannan a sake mayar da ma'adinai ta hanyar sanya gishirin inorganic mai narkewa.

== Isar da ruwa ==
Isar da ruwa a cikin injin sanyaya ruwa yana zuwa ta manyan hanyoyi biyu, wato nau'ikan kwalba, ko ta hanyar haɗa bututu kai tsaye daga babban tsarin samar da ruwa. Yawanci ana tura ruwan zuwa cikin tankin ruwa don a ɗumama shi ko a sanyaya shi, ya danganta da samfurin injin sanyaya ruwan. Sabbin samfura sun haɗa da nau'ikan haɗaka (hybrid) waɗanda ke iya amfani da duka hanyoyin biyu.

=== Injinan sanyaya ruwa na kwalba ===

Don saka kwalbar, ana juyar da bakinta ƙasa sannan a ɗora ta a saman injin rarraba ruwan; wata ƙararrawa tana huda murfin kwalbar hakan kuma yana ba da damar ruwa ya kwarara zuwa cikin madaurin ruwa na cikin injin. Waɗannan tsare-tsare masu amfani da ƙarfin magana (gravity) suna da na'urar da ke rarraba ruwa a cikin tsari mai kyau.

Waɗannan injina suna zuwa da girma dabam-dabam kuma sun bambanta tun daga na'urorin kan tebur, waɗanda aka yi niyya don amfani na lokaci-lokaci, zuwa na'urorin da ake ijiye wa a ƙasa waɗanda aka yi niyya don amfani mai yawa. Yawanci ana kai ruwan kwalba zuwa gidaje ko wuraren kasuwanci akai-akai, inda ake musanya kofofin kwalaben polycarbonate da suka wofinta da cikakkun kwalabe. A cikin kasuwanni masu tasowa, galibi ana amfani da robobin PET don manyan kwalabe duk da cewa takurewa da ƙarancin yanayin zafi lokacin wanke-wanke zai sa ya zama abu mai wahalar amfani.

Girman kwalbar ya danganta da girman injin ɗin, inda manyan samfura a Amurka ke amfani da kwalabe na galan 5 (lita 18.9). Wannan kuma shine mafi yawan girman da ake amfani da shi a sauran wurare, wanda aka lakaba shi da lita 18.9 a ƙasajen da ke amfani da tsarin auna na metric. Da fari, an kera waɗannan kwalabe da ƙarfin lita 11.4, 18.9 ko 22.7 (galan 3, 5 ko 6 na Amurka) kuma ana rarraba su zuwa rukunin injinan sanyaya ruwa na haya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Technology of Bottled Water|last=Senior|first=Dorothy|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4051-9932-2|editor-last=Dege|editor-first=Nicholas|edition=3rd|location=Chichester, UK|pages=8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan injina yawanci ba su da wurin zubar da ruwa da ya fantsama, suna samar da wani ƙaramin kwanon kwatami ne kawai don tare ɗan fantsamar ruwa kalilan. A gaba, akwai madauri ko maɓallin dannawa da ke fitar da ruwa zuwa cikin kofi da aka riƙe a ƙarƙashin famfon. Lokacin da kwalbar ruwan ta wofinta, ana ɗage ta daga saman injin, kuma ta kan rufe kanta ta atomatik don hana duk wani sauran ruwa da ke cikin kwalbar daga zuba.

==== Kayayyaki ====
A tsawon shekaru da yawa da kuma cikin daukacin ƙarni na 20, gilashi ne babban kayan aiki da ake amfani da shi wajen zuba ruwa a kwalba har zuwa lokacin da aka sami ci gaban robobin thermoplastics bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Robar PVC ta haɓaka azaman kayan roba mai amfani da yawa kuma ta sami karɓuwa sosai azaman kayan aiki mafi dacewa don kera abubuwa da yawa. Kwalaben gilashi masu koren duhu ne kawai aka riƙe don sanya ruwa mai kumfa (carbonated waters). Shekarun 1980 sun ga sake haɓakar kwalaben PVC saboda rage farashi. Ci gaba a fannin kera abubuwa da fasahar kayayyaki kamar sabbin fasahohin busawa da allurar gyaran sifa sun rage kauri da nauyin kwalabe yayin da suka inganta dorewa da ƙara tsawon lokacin amfani.

=== Haɗin bututu kai tsaye ===
Injinan sanyaya ruwa na haɗin bututu kai tsaye suna amfani da ruwan fanfo saboda haka ba sa buƙatar kwalabe sakamakon amfani da babban tsarin samar da ruwa na gari. Yawanci, ana amfani da wata hanya ta tace ruwa. Ana amfani da ma'aunin Log reduction (misali raguwar log-6 ko 99.9999% mai tasiri) azaman ma'auni na ingancin tsabtace muhalli da kashe ƙwayoyin cuta.

=== Tacewa (Filtration) ===
Hanyoyin tacewa sun haɗa da reverse osmosis, musayar ion (ion exchange), da kuma sinadarin activated carbon. Tsarin reverse osmosis yana aiki ne daban da kariyar sinadarai ko ta hasken ultraviolet, inda yake amfani da wani siririn kyalle (membrane) mai ƙananan ramuka, wanda ke barin H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O ta wuce yayin da yake hana manyan kwayoyin halitta kamar gishiri, carbonates, da sauran ƙananan halittu (micro-organisms) wucewa ta cikinsa. Idan babu isasshen ƙarfi na halitta da zai tura ruwan ta cikin kyallen, ana buƙatar famfo mai ƙarfi, wanda hakan na iya haifar da tsadar amfani da wutar lantarki. Bugu da ƙari, na'urorin RO suna da ikon sanyaya gishirin ruwa (water softening). Wasu ƙananan halittu masu rai, gami da ƙwayoyin cuta na virus, suna da ikon wucewa ta cikin matacin na'urar RO.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Water Quality and Systems: A Guide for Facility Managers|last=Reid|first=Robert|publisher=The Fairmont Press|year=2004|isbn=0-88173-332-6|edition=2nd|location=Georgia, USA|pages=187}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na'urorin Deionizers ko demineralizers suna amfani da musayar resins (resins exchange) don cire ions daga kwararar ruwa, kuma galibi sune twin-bed ko mixed-bed deionizers. Ana yawan amfani da su a wuraren da ake kera kayayyaki masu tsafta na musamman kamar guntuwar kwamfuta (computer chips), inda deionized water ke kasancewa maras ƙarfi wajen gudanar da wutar lantarki.
A cikin tsarin activated carbon, ana amfani da danyun kayayyaki kamar lignite, gawayi, gawayin ƙashi, bawoyin kwokwo, da gawayin itace, waɗanda ke samar da ƙananan ramuka yayin kunna su lokacin da aka ƙone sassan carbon ɗin. A mafi yawan lokuta, activated carbon abu ne da ake amfani da shi sau ɗaya kawai, tunda sake sabunta shi galibi ba zai yuba a ainihin wurin amfanin. Granular activated carbon (GAC) shine aka fi amfani da shi wajen tacewa a injin sanyaya ruwa. Ana buƙatar tsaftacewa akai-akai ta amfani da ruwan zafi da tururi don taƙaita haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta na bacteria.
== Hanyoyin sanyayawa da ɗumamawa ==
=== Sanyayawa ===
Mafi yawan na'urorin zamani suna ba da aikin sanyayawa don sanyaya ruwa, ta hanyar amfani da tsarin Vapor compression refrigeration ko Thermoelectric cooling.

==== Vapor compression refrigeration ====
Injinan sanyaya ruwa da ke amfani da vapor compression refrigeration suna zuwa ne a cikin ɗayan tsare-tsare masu zuwa:
* '''Tsarin Akwatin Ajiyar Ruwa (Reservoir System)''' - Wani tanki ne inda ake adana ruwa domin amfani da shi wajen sanyayawa ko ɗumamawa, kuma yana sanye da na'urar iyo (float mechanism) don hana ruwa ambaliya.
** Akwatin Ajiyar Ruwa Mai Cirewa (Removable Reservoir) - Wannan wani tanki ne mai buɗe baki wanda ke sanye da damben sanyayawa (cooling coils) waɗanda ke taɓa saman dandalin waje na tankin. Yana aiki ne a kan tsarin fasaltawa (modular system), wanda ke ba mutum damar cirewa da sake cika ruwa cikin sauƙi maimakon ijiye shi a rufe. Ɗaya daga cikin fa'idodin amfani da akwatin ajiyar ruwa mai cirewa shine sauƙin tsaftacewa. Wannan yana ba masu amfani damar sauya akwatin gaba ɗaya maimakon mayar da daukacin injin sanyaya ruwan don gyara. Ana iya samun irin wannan fasaha a yawancin injinan rarraba ruwa na zamani da injinan kofi (coffee machines).
** Bakin Ƙarfe (Stainless Steel) - Tanki mai buɗe baki tare da damben sanyayawa waɗanda ke taɓa saman dandalin waje na tankin.
* '''Tsarin Sanyaya Tsaye na Akwatin Matsatson Ruwa (Pressure Vessel Direct Chill System)''' - Haɗakar akwatin matsatson ruwa, wanda ke kare ruwan da ke cikin tanki daga gurɓataccen iska, da kuma tsarin sanyayawa kai tsaye wanda ke sanyaya ruwan da ke fitowa daga babban bututun ruwa cikin sauri.
** Akwatin Matsatson Ruwa (Pressure Vessel) - Ana cika rufaffiyar akwatin matsatson ruwa (pressure vessel) a ƙarƙashin ƙaramin matsa lamba a cikin injin sanyaya ruwa. Don haka, ruwan ba ya haɗuwa da sararin samaniya, wanda ke ba da damar fitar da babban adadin ruwan sanyi (ya danganta da girman tankin) a madadin tsarin sanyayawa mai jinkiri.
** Sanyayawa Kai Tsaye (Direct Chill) - A cikin daidaitaccen tsarin sanyayawa kai tsaye, ana wuce da ruwa ta cikin damben bakin ƙarfe (stainless steel coil) wanda ke taɓa na'urar copper evaporator mai rarraba iskar gas na sanyayawa. An haɗa tsarin sanyayar a wajen damben kuma sanyin yana ratsawa ta bangon bututun don sanyaya ruwan da ke cikin damben ta hanyar conduction. Lokacin da aka buɗe fanfunan, ana fitar da sanyayyen ruwan a ƙarƙashin matsin lambar burtala. Ruwan ba ya taɓa haɗuwa da sararin samaniya domin sanyin da iskar gas ɗin ke fitarwa ana canza shi ne ta cikin damben jan ƙarfe (copper coil), wanda ke canza sanyin zuwa ruwan da ke wucewa ta cikin damben bakin ƙarfe ba tare da sun taɓa juna ba. Wannan yana ba ruwan damar yin sanyi cikin sauri kuma, a madadin samun ƙaramin adadin ruwan sanyi da ke akwai.
* '''Tsarin Sanyaya na Ice-bank (Ice-bank Cooling System)''' - Damben bakin ƙarfe mai matsa lamba da damben jan ƙarfe ana nutsar da su a cikin akwatin ajiyar ruwa da ke cike da ruwan da aka riga aka sanyaya. Damben jan ƙarfe da ke ɗauke da iskar gas na sanyayawa yana daskare ruwan da ke cikin akwatin ajiyar, wanda hakan ke samar da sanyi, wanda kuma ke sanyaya ruwan sha da ke kwarara ta cikin damben bakin ƙarfe.

==== Thermoelectric cooling ====
Sanyaya na Thermoelectric wata hanya ce mai kyau ga muhalli maimakon amfani da sanyayar HFC, wacce ke amfani da na'urar solid state da ke aiki azaman famfon zafi don canza zafi daga wani gefe na na'urar zuwa wani ta hanyar amfani da Peltier effect. An kera ta ne da nau'ikan semiconductors da dama da aka nade da fale-falen yumbu (ceramic wafers). Injinan sanyayawa na Thermoelectric suna amfani da wutar lantarki ta direct current maimakon iskar gas na sanyayawa da compressor, kuma ba su da sassa masu motsi ko haɗari masu rikitarwa.

=== Ɗumamawa ===
Wasu samfuran kuma suna da fanfo na biyu wanda ke ba da ruwa mai daidaitaccen yanayin zafi na ɗaki ko ma ruwa mai zafi wanda za a iya amfani da shi don shayi, koko mai zafi (hot chocolate) ko sauran amfani. Ruwan da ke cikin fanfo mai zafi yawanci ana ɗumama shi ne da sinadarin ɗumamawa (heating element) kuma ana adana shi a cikin tanki mai zafi (kamar yadda ake amfani da injinan ɗumama ruwa na gargajiya a gidajen zama). Bugu da ƙari, fanfo mai zafi yawanci ana sanye shi da bawul ɗin tsaro na dannawa don hana ƙonewa sakamakon danna madaurin da gangan ko cikin rashin sani.
== Ƙarin fasaloli ==
=== Injin cika ƙwalba (Bottle filler) ===
[[File:Water cooler with bottle filling functionality.jpg|alt=|thumb|upright|Samfuri na zamani tare da fasahar cika ƙwalba]]

Sabbin samfuran injinan sanyaya ruwa sun haɗa da ƙarin hanyar rarraba ruwa da aka tsara don cika ƙwalaben ruwa kai tsaye a jikin na'urorin da ke jikin bango. Wannan yana ƙara zama ruwan dare a injinan sanyaya ruwa na jama'a domin an kuma gan su a wuraren taron jama'a kamar filayen jiragen sama&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ajc.com/business/water-bottle-filling-stations-coming-airport/3Y6RKtDqzs8TBJWIqYTqBO/|title=Water bottle filling stations coming to airport|last=Yamanouchi|first=Kelly|date=2013-06-21|website=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution|access-date=2018-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/20/business/water-bottle-airports-filling-stations.html|title=Instead of That $5 Water Bottle at Airports, Filling Stations|last=Brockman|first=Joshua|date=2017-11-20|website=The New York Times|access-date=2018-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; da tashoshin jirgin ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-42818453|title=Scotland's railway stations to offer drinking water|date=2018-01-25|website=BBC News|access-date=2018-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan na'urori na cika ƙwalba suna iya nuna adadin ƙwalaben robobi na amfani-sau-ɗaya (single-use) da aka kiyaye a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin jama'a da ake yi na rage gurɓatar muhalli ta hanyar robobi.

=== Sanya Kumfa (Carbonation) ===
Samfuran zamani na injinan sanyaya ruwa an sanye su da zaɓuka na samar da ruwa mai kumfa (sparkling water) sakamakon ƙaruwar buƙatar abubuwan sha masu kumfa da kuma fadin wayar da kan jama'a game da rayuwa mai inganci, wanda hakan ya haifar da fifita ruwa mai kumfa fiye da abubuwan sha masu kumfa da aka zaƙi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2014/01/14/coca-cola-eyes-growth-in-the-sparkling-bottled-water-market/#495b6d2a699f|title=Coca-Cola Eyes Growth In The Sparkling Bottled Water Market|last=Team|first=Trefis|date=2014-01-14|website=Forbes|access-date=2018-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan yana aiki ne tare da ƙarin tankin mahaɗa da aka cika shi da matsatson CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (Carbon dioxide) da ke cikin tankin sanyaya ruwan. Wannan yana sauƙar da yanayin zafi na iskar gas na CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; zuwa yanayin zafi na tankin sanyayar. Yayin da ake fitar da ruwa mai kumfa, tankin mahaɗa yana sake cika kansa ta atomatik da ruwan sanyi da carbon dioxide, yana mai tabbatar da cewa ana samun wadatar ruwa mai kumfa akai-akai cikin sauƙi.

== Kula da Injin (Maintenance) ==
Duk injinan sanyaya ruwa na ƙwalba suna buƙatar tsaftacewa akai-akai don hana taruwar ma'adinai a cikin tanki mai ɗumama ruwa, wanda kuma aka sani da scaling. Ana iya ƙayyade yawan tsaftacewar ta hanyar yawa ko ƙarfin ma'adinan da kuma adadin ruwan da aka amfani da shi. Ana iya amfani da sinadarai masu cire datti (descaling agents) kamar citric acid don wannan tsari na tsaftacewa.

Tankunan ɗumama ruwa za su buƙaci tsaftacewa lokacin da kwararar ruwan zafi na yau da kullum ta bayyana a matsayin mai wahala ko kuma lokacin da ake jin karar surutu na damben ɗumama ruwa yayin aiki. Ƙarin alamomin sun haɗa da ruwan da ke fitowa daga tankin sanyaya ruwa yana kasancewa da ɗumi sosai, gami da canjin ɗanɗanon ruwan sakamakon taruwar ma'adinai.

== Manazarta ==
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350009185|Jubreel Abdulkareem]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Jubreel Ayodeji Abdulkareem''' ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ke wakiltar mazabar [[Agege]] 2 a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Legas .(((((, Lagos State, to Alhaji and Alhaja Abdul Kareem. He attended Bishop Oluwole Memorial Primary School, Agege, from 1971 to 1977. He subsequently enrolled at the Islamic Institute, Markaz Agege, where he completed both the lower and higher school certificate programmes between 1977 and 1984. He later studied at Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, earning

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Jubreel Ayodeji Abdulkareem a Agege, [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], ga Alhaji da Alhaja Abdul Kareem . Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Bishop Oluwole Memorial, Agege, daga 1971 zuwa 1977. Daga baya ya shiga Cibiyar Musulunci, Markaz Agege, inda ya kammala shirye-shiryen takardar shaidar makaranta tsakanin 1977 da 1984. Daga baya ya yi karatu a [[Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo]], Ago-Iwoye, inda ya sami digiri na farko (BSc) a cikin hadin gwiwa da Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga 2005 zuwa 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Countdown to 2019: Profile of 'Jubi', the Accord Party candidate for Agege Constituency 1 |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/03/07/countdown-to-march-9-profile-of-jubi-the-accord-party-candidate-for-agege-constituency-1/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[P.M. News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Abdulkareem ya fara aikinsa a matsayin malami a makarantar sakandare ta Oke‐Ira kafin ya koma makarantar sakandare na Agidingbi, [[Ikeja]], inda ya koyar da [[Larabci]] da [[Ilimin Musulunci|Nazarin Musulunci]] daga 1984 zuwa 1990. Daga baya ya yi aiki a kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da farko a matsayin wakilin tallace-tallace sannan kuma a matsayin manajan a Draco Nigeria Limited tsakanin 1990 da 1991.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Countdown to 2019: Profile of 'Jubi', the Accord Party candidate for Agege Constituency 1 |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/03/07/countdown-to-march-9-profile-of-jubi-the-accord-party-candidate-for-agege-constituency-1/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[P.M. News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan siyasa ===
Abdulkareem ya shiga siyasa a shekarar 1998. A shekara ta 2000, an nada shi mai kula da kiwon lafiya da ayyukan muhalli a karamar hukumar Agege.&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Countdown to 2019: Profile of 'Jubi', the Accord Party candidate for Agege Constituency 1 |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/03/07/countdown-to-march-9-profile-of-jubi-the-accord-party-candidate-for-agege-constituency-1/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[P.M. News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An zabe shi Shugaban zartarwa na Karamar Hukumar Agege a shekarar 2008 a karkashin Action Congress (AC). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Record |first=Ikeja |title=Legislative profile: Jubreel Ayodeji Abdulkareem |url=https://www.ikejarecord.com/p/legislative-profile-jubreel-ayodeji-abdulkareem |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=www.ikejarecord.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2019, ya yi takara don zama a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Legas wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Agege a karkashin jam'iyyar Accord Party (AP), amma daga baya ya janye.&lt;ref name=&quot;j361&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 March 2019 |title=Breaking: Jubreel withdraws from Lagos Assembly race, urges support base to vote Obasa, Sanwo-Olu, others |url=https://thedefenderngr.com/breaking-jubreel-withdraws-from-lagos-assembly-race-urges-support-base-to-vote-obasa-sanwo-olu-others/ |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=The DEFENDER}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga baya aka zabe shi a 2023 don wakiltar mazabar Agege 2 a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Legas a karkashin All Progressives Congress . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Record |first=Ikeja |title=Legislative profile: Jubreel Ayodeji Abdulkareem |url=https://www.ikejarecord.com/p/legislative-profile-jubreel-ayodeji-abdulkareem |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=www.ikejarecord.com |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRecord&quot;&gt;Record, Ikeja. [https://www.ikejarecord.com/p/legislative-profile-jubreel-ayodeji-abdulkareem &quot;Legislative profile: Jubreel Ayodeji Abdulkareem&quot;]. ''www.ikejarecord.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 November&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hon. Abdulkareem Jubreel Ayodeji – Lagos House Of Assembly |url=https://lagoshouseofassembly.gov.ng/home/hon-abdulkareem-jubreel-ayodeji/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==
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{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Hon.
| name             = Jubreel Ayodeji Abdulkareem
| image            =
| image_size       = 
| caption          = 
| birth_name       = Jubreel Ayodeji Abdulkareem
| birth_date       = 
| birth_place      = Agege, Lagos State, Nigeria
| citizenship      = Nigerian
| alma_mater       = [[Olabisi Onabanjo University]]
| education        = 
| occupation       = Politician, lawmaker, teacher
| party            = [[All Progressives Congress]]
| other_party      = [[Action Congress]]; [[Accord (Nigeria)|Accord]]
| office           = Member of the [[Lagos State House of Assembly]]
| constituency     = [[Agege|Agege Constituency]] 2
| term_start       = 2023
| term_end         = 
| predecessor      = 
| successor        = 
| office1          = Executive Chairman, [[Agege]]
| constituency1    = Agege Local Government
| term_start1      = 2008
| term_end1        = 2022
| predecessor1     = 
| successor1       = 
| office2          = Supervisor for Health and Environmental Services, Agege Local Government
| term_start2      = 2000
| term_end2        = 2007
| spouse           = 
| children         = 
| profession       = Educationist, public administrator 
}}
'''Jubreel Ayodeji Abdulkareem''' ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ke wakiltar mazabar [[Agege]] 2 a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Legas.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Jubreel Ayodeji Abdulkareem a Agege, [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], ga Alhaji da Alhaja Abdul Kareem . Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Bishop Oluwole Memorial, Agege, daga 1971 zuwa 1977. Daga baya ya shiga Cibiyar Musulunci, Markaz Agege, inda ya kammala shirye-shiryen takardar shaidar makaranta tsakanin 1977 da 1984. Daga baya ya yi karatu a [[Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo]], Ago-Iwoye, inda ya sami digiri na farko (BSc) a cikin hadin gwiwa da Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga 2005 zuwa 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Countdown to 2019: Profile of 'Jubi', the Accord Party candidate for Agege Constituency 1 |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/03/07/countdown-to-march-9-profile-of-jubi-the-accord-party-candidate-for-agege-constituency-1/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[P.M. News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Abdulkareem ya fara aikinsa a matsayin malami a makarantar sakandare ta Oke‐Ira kafin ya koma makarantar sakandare na Agidingbi, [[Ikeja]], inda ya koyar da [[Larabci]] da [[Ilimin Musulunci|Nazarin Musulunci]] daga 1984 zuwa 1990. Daga baya ya yi aiki a kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da farko a matsayin wakilin tallace-tallace sannan kuma a matsayin manajan a Draco Nigeria Limited tsakanin 1990 da 1991.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Countdown to 2019: Profile of 'Jubi', the Accord Party candidate for Agege Constituency 1 |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/03/07/countdown-to-march-9-profile-of-jubi-the-accord-party-candidate-for-agege-constituency-1/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[P.M. News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ayyukan siyasa ===
Abdulkareem ya shiga siyasa a shekarar 1998. A shekara ta 2000, an nada shi mai kula da kiwon lafiya da ayyukan muhalli a karamar hukumar Agege.&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Countdown to 2019: Profile of 'Jubi', the Accord Party candidate for Agege Constituency 1 |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/03/07/countdown-to-march-9-profile-of-jubi-the-accord-party-candidate-for-agege-constituency-1/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[P.M. News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An zabe shi Shugaban zartarwa na Karamar Hukumar Agege a shekarar 2008 a karkashin Action Congress (AC). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Record |first=Ikeja |title=Legislative profile: Jubreel Ayodeji Abdulkareem |url=https://www.ikejarecord.com/p/legislative-profile-jubreel-ayodeji-abdulkareem |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=www.ikejarecord.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 2019, ya yi takara don zama a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Legas wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Agege a karkashin jam'iyyar Accord Party (AP), amma daga baya ya janye.&lt;ref name=&quot;j361&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 March 2019 |title=Breaking: Jubreel withdraws from Lagos Assembly race, urges support base to vote Obasa, Sanwo-Olu, others |url=https://thedefenderngr.com/breaking-jubreel-withdraws-from-lagos-assembly-race-urges-support-base-to-vote-obasa-sanwo-olu-others/ |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=The DEFENDER}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga baya aka zabe shi a 2023 don wakiltar mazabar Agege 2 a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Legas a karkashin All Progressives Congress . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Record |first=Ikeja |title=Legislative profile: Jubreel Ayodeji Abdulkareem |url=https://www.ikejarecord.com/p/legislative-profile-jubreel-ayodeji-abdulkareem |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=www.ikejarecord.com |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRecord&quot;&gt;Record, Ikeja. [https://www.ikejarecord.com/p/legislative-profile-jubreel-ayodeji-abdulkareem &quot;Legislative profile: Jubreel Ayodeji Abdulkareem&quot;]. ''www.ikejarecord.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 November&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hon. Abdulkareem Jubreel Ayodeji – Lagos House Of Assembly |url=https://lagoshouseofassembly.gov.ng/home/hon-abdulkareem-jubreel-ayodeji/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fiddle na biyu (fim na 1939)</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342480865|Second Fiddle (1939 film)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Second Fiddle''''' fim ne na soyayya na Amurka na shekarar 1939 wanda Sidney Lanfield ya jagoranta, tare da jaruman Sonja Henie, Tyrone Power, Rudy Vallée da Lyle Talbot kuma 20th Century Fox ne ya fitar da shi. Irving Berlin ne ya tsara waƙar.  Rubutun da aka yi, wanda ya dogara ne akan labarin George Bradshaw mai suna ''Heart Interest'' ,  ya ƙunshi wani wakilin talla na Hollywood wanda ya kamu da soyayya da sabuwar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo da ya taimaka wajen gano. Fim ɗin ya haɗa da barkwanci na neman wata 'yar wasan kwaikwayo don ta taka rawar Scarlett O'Hara a cikin ''Gone with the Wind'' tare da labarin Cyrano de Bergerac .  Wani lokaci ana kiransa da '''''fim ɗin Second Fiddle na Irving Berlin''''' .

== Labari ==
Jimmy Sutton, wakilin talla na wani babban gidan talabijin na Hollywood, yana shiga cikin neman 'yar wasan kwaikwayo da za ta fito a cikin wani sabon littafin labari mai kayatarwa, ''Girl of the North'' . Bayan an gwada 'yan wasan kwaikwayo sama da 400 kuma an ƙi su, an tura shi zuwa ƙaramin garin Bergen, [[Minnesota]] don ganawa da Trudi Hovland, wata malamar makaranta wacce aka gabatar da hotonta da cikakkun bayanai zuwa ɗakin studio ba tare da sani ba. Tana da shakku, amma da yake duk garin yana goyon bayanta, Jimmy ya shawo kanta ta koma Hollywood tare da shi. Bayan ya mayar da ita [[Los Angeles]], ta yi ƙoƙarin tabbatar da matsayin.

A ƙoƙarin ƙara shahararsu, Jimmy ya shirya wata soyayya ta bogi tsakanin Trudi da wani tauraron Hollywood, Roger Maxwell. Ya yi sakaci ya gaya wa Trudi cewa Roger ya riga ya fara soyayya da wata 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma yana sha'awar tallata jama'a ne kawai.

Matsaloli sun taso lokacin da Trudi, ba tare da sanin cewa soyayyar ta bogi ba, ta kamu da soyayyar Roger a daidai lokacin da Jimmy ya fara fahimtar cewa yana son Trudi da kansa. Ya yi ƙoƙarinsa wajen rubuta waƙoƙinta da waƙoƙinta, waɗanda ake zargin Roger ne ya yi mata. Lokacin da ta gano cewa soyayyar ta bogi ce, sai ta gudu zuwa Minnesota. Ta rasa fitowar fim ɗinta, wanda ya zama abin mamaki. Jimmy ya yi tafiya don ganinta, yana fatan ya yafe mata ya kuma gaya mata yadda yake ji. Abin da ya firgita shi, ya gano cewa ta yi tafiya ta mota don yin aure a lokacin da ta dawo gida ga wani ɗan gari da ba ta ƙaunace shi ba. Ya yi sauri ya bi ta don hana auren amma da alama ya zo a makare.

== 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo ==
[[Fayil:Mary_Healy-Rudy_Vallee_in_Second_Fiddle_still.jpg|thumb|Mary Healy da Rudy Vallée a cikin ''Second Fiddle'']]

* Sonja Henie – Trudi Hovland
* Tyrone Power – Jimmy Sutton
* Rudy Vallée – Roger Maxwell
* Edna May Oliver - Goggo Phoebe
* Mary Healy - Jean Varick
* Lyle Talbot - Willie Hogger
* Alan Dinehart – George 'Whit' Whitney
* Minna Gombell – Jenny
* Stewart Reburn - Abokin Hulɗar Skating
* Spencer Charters – Joe Clayton
* George Chandler – Direban Taxi
* Irving Bacon - Alkalin Farko na Zaman Lafiya
* Maurice Cass – Alkali na Biyu na Zaman Lafiya
* John Hiestand - Mai Sanarwa
* Charles Lane – Muryar Shugaban Studio
* 'Yan'uwan Brian - Kansu
* Leyland Hodgson - Henry

== Nazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Littattafan tarihi ==

* Hemming, Roy. ''The Melody Ya Daɗe Akan: Manyan Marubutan Waƙoƙi da Waƙoƙin Fina-finansu'' . Newmarket Press, 1999.

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* {{IMDb title|0031907}}
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'''''Second Fiddle''''' fim ne na soyayya na Amurka na shekarar 1939 wanda Sidney Lanfield ya jagoranta, tare da jaruman Sonja Henie, Tyrone Power, Rudy Vallée da Lyle Talbot kuma 20th Century Fox ne ya fitar da shi. Irving Berlin ne ya tsara waƙar.  Rubutun da aka yi, wanda ya dogara ne akan labarin George Bradshaw mai suna ''Heart Interest'' ,  ya ƙunshi wani wakilin talla na Hollywood wanda ya kamu da soyayya da sabuwar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo da ya taimaka wajen gano. Fim ɗin ya haɗa da barkwanci na neman wata 'yar wasan kwaikwayo don ta taka rawar Scarlett O'Hara a cikin ''Gone with the Wind'' tare da labarin Cyrano de Bergerac .  Wani lokaci ana kiransa da '''''fim ɗin Second Fiddle na Irving Berlin''''' .

== Labari ==
Jimmy Sutton, wakilin talla na wani babban gidan talabijin na Hollywood, yana shiga cikin neman 'yar wasan kwaikwayo da za ta fito a cikin wani sabon littafin labari mai kayatarwa, ''Girl of the North'' . Bayan an gwada 'yan wasan kwaikwayo sama da 400 kuma an ƙi su, an tura shi zuwa ƙaramin garin Bergen, [[Minnesota]] don ganawa da Trudi Hovland, wata malamar makaranta wacce aka gabatar da hotonta da cikakkun bayanai zuwa ɗakin studio ba tare da sani ba. Tana da shakku, amma da yake duk garin yana goyon bayanta, Jimmy ya shawo kanta ta koma Hollywood tare da shi. Bayan ya mayar da ita [[Los Angeles]], ta yi ƙoƙarin tabbatar da matsayin.

A ƙoƙarin ƙara shahararsu, Jimmy ya shirya wata soyayya ta bogi tsakanin Trudi da wani tauraron Hollywood, Roger Maxwell. Ya yi sakaci ya gaya wa Trudi cewa Roger ya riga ya fara soyayya da wata 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma yana sha'awar tallata jama'a ne kawai.

Matsaloli sun taso lokacin da Trudi, ba tare da sanin cewa soyayyar ta bogi ba, ta kamu da soyayyar Roger a daidai lokacin da Jimmy ya fara fahimtar cewa yana son Trudi da kansa. Ya yi ƙoƙarinsa wajen rubuta waƙoƙinta da waƙoƙinta, waɗanda ake zargin Roger ne ya yi mata. Lokacin da ta gano cewa soyayyar ta bogi ce, sai ta gudu zuwa Minnesota. Ta rasa fitowar fim ɗinta, wanda ya zama abin mamaki. Jimmy ya yi tafiya don ganinta, yana fatan ya yafe mata ya kuma gaya mata yadda yake ji. Abin da ya firgita shi, ya gano cewa ta yi tafiya ta mota don yin aure a lokacin da ta dawo gida ga wani ɗan gari da ba ta ƙaunace shi ba. Ya yi sauri ya bi ta don hana auren amma da alama ya zo a makare.

== 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo ==
[[Fayil:Mary_Healy-Rudy_Vallee_in_Second_Fiddle_still.jpg|thumb|Mary Healy da Rudy Vallée a cikin ''Second Fiddle'']]

* Sonja Henie – Trudi Hovland
* Tyrone Power – Jimmy Sutton
* Rudy Vallée – Roger Maxwell
* Edna May Oliver - Goggo Phoebe
* Mary Healy - Jean Varick
* Lyle Talbot - Willie Hogger
* Alan Dinehart – George 'Whit' Whitney
* Minna Gombell – Jenny
* Stewart Reburn - Abokin Hulɗar Skating
* Spencer Charters – Joe Clayton
* George Chandler – Direban Taxi
* Irving Bacon - Alkalin Farko na Zaman Lafiya
* Maurice Cass – Alkali na Biyu na Zaman Lafiya
* John Hiestand - Mai Sanarwa
* Charles Lane – Muryar Shugaban Studio
* 'Yan'uwan Brian - Kansu
* Leyland Hodgson - Henry

== Nazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Littattafan tarihi ==

* Hemming, Roy. ''The Melody Ya Daɗe Akan: Manyan Marubutan Waƙoƙi da Waƙoƙin Fina-finansu'' . Newmarket Press, 1999.

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* {{IMDb title|0031907}}
{{Irving Berlin}}</text>
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    <title>Rikici na Biopsychiatry</title>
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        <username>Rahama Buhari Sani</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353178538|Biopsychiatry controversy]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Rikicin biopsy dialogy''' jayayya ce kan wane ra'ayi ya kamata ya mamaye kuma ya zama tushen ka'idar tabin hankali da ayyukanta. Muhawarar ta soki [[Magungunan kwakwalwa|ra'ayin halitta]] mai tsauri game da tunanin tabin hankali. Masu sukarta sun haɗa da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban kamar ƙungiyar hana tabin hankali da wasu masana ilimi.

== Bayani game da adawa da biopsychiatry ==
Binciken ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ko biopsychiatry yana nufin bincika abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtukan kwakwalwa waɗanda ke tsara matakan gyara na wani nau'in ciwon kwakwalwa na musamman.  yanayi.

Alvin Pam ya soki wannan da cewa &quot;ra'ayi ne na duniya mai sarkakiya, mara bambanci, kuma mai tsari&quot;, don haka &quot;bincike a fannin ilimin tabin hankali ya mayar da hankali ne kan gano waɗanne abubuwa marasa kyau na kwayoyin halitta ko na jijiyoyi ne ke haifar da karkacewar zamantakewa&quot;.  A cewar Pam, hanyar &quot;zargin jiki&quot;, wacce yawanci ke bayar da magani ga matsalolin kwakwalwa, tana mayar da hankali daga halaye masu rikitarwa a cikin iyali zuwa rashin daidaiton sinadarai.

== Matsalolin bincike ==

=== Matsayin 2003 a cikin binciken biopsychiatric ===
Binciken biopsychiatric ya haifar da rashin daidaituwar tsarin kwakwalwa da aikin kwakwalwa, da kuma wani sinadari mai ƙarfi na kwayoyin halitta ga wasu cututtukan tabin hankali (kodayake an nuna cewa na ƙarshen yana da alaƙa maimakon haifar da shi). Ya kuma bayyana wasu hanyoyin aikin magunguna waɗanda ke magance wasu daga cikin waɗannan cututtukan yadda ya kamata. Duk da haka, ta hanyar su.  yarda da kansa, wannan binciken bai kai matsayin da za a iya gano alamun bayyanar waɗannan cututtuka ba.

=== Mayar da hankali kan abubuwan da suka shafi kwayoyin halitta ===
Masu bincike sun ba da shawarar cewa yawancin cututtukan tabin hankali da shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ana iya gano su ne zuwa ga ƙaramin adadin haɗarin kwayoyin halitta  kuma rahotannin sun nuna alaƙa mai mahimmanci tsakanin takamaiman yankuna na kwayoyin halitta da cututtukan tabin hankali. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pickard BS, Malloy MP, Clark L, Lehellard S, Ewald HL, Mors O, Porteous DJ, Blackwood DH, Muir WJ |date=March 2005 |title=Candidate psychiatric illness genes identified in patients with pericentric inversions of chromosome 18 |journal=Psychiatric Genetics |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=37–44 |doi=10.1097/00041444-200503000-00007 |pmid=15722956 |s2cid=46458951}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Macgregor S, Visscher PM, Knott SA, Thomson P, Porteous DJ, Millar JK, Devon RS, Blackwood D, Muir WJ |date=December 2004 |title=A genome scan and follow-up study identify a bipolar disorder susceptibility locus on chromosome 1q42 |journal=Molecular Psychiatry |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=1083–90 |doi=10.1038/sj.mp.4001544 |pmid=15249933 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, zuwa yanzu, , an nuna cewa raunukan kwayoyin halitta kaɗan ne kawai ke da alhakin yanayin tabin hankali. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=van Belzen MJ, Heutink P |year=2006 |title=Genetic analysis of psychiatric disorders in humans |journal=Genes, Brain and Behavior |volume=5 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=25–33 |doi=10.1111/j.1601-183X.2006.00223.x |pmid=16681798 |s2cid=22726139}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Meyer-Lindenberg A, Weinberger DR |date=October 2006 |title=Intermediate phenotypes and genetic mechanisms of psychiatric disorders |journal=Nature Reviews. Neuroscience |volume=7 |issue=10 |pages=818–27 |doi=10.1038/nrn1993 |pmid=16988657 |s2cid=10966780}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, wani bincike da aka ruwaito ya nuna cewa a cikin mutanen da aka gano suna da cutar schizophrenia da kuma a cikin danginsu da ke fama da cututtukan tabin hankali na yau da kullun, kwayar halittar da ke ɗauke da phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B) tana lalacewa ta hanyar daidaitaccen canjin wuri . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Millar JK, Pickard BS, Mackie S, James R, Christie S, Buchanan SR, Malloy MP, Chubb JE, Huston E, Baillie GS, Thomson PA, Hill EV, Brandon NJ, Rain JC, Camargo LM, Whiting PJ, Houslay MD, Blackwood DH, Muir WJ, Porteous DJ |date=November 2005 |title=DISC1 and PDE4B are interacting genetic factors in schizophrenia that regulate cAMP signaling |journal=Science |volume=310 |issue=5751 |pages=1187–91 |bibcode=2005Sci...310.1187M |doi=10.1126/science.1112915 |pmid=16293762 |s2cid=3060031}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dalilan rashin fahimtar kwayoyin halitta shine cewa alaƙar da ke tsakanin kwayoyin halitta da yanayin tunani da aka ayyana a matsayin rashin daidaituwa tana bayyana sosai, tana ƙunshe da tasirin muhalli mai yawa, kuma ana iya shiga tsakani ta hanyoyi daban-daban, misali, ta hanyar hali, hali, ko abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kates WR |date=April 2007 |title=Inroads to mechanisms of disease in child psychiatric disorders |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=164 |issue=4 |pages=547–51 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.164.4.547 |pmid=17403964}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda haka, yayin da bincike biyu da wasu bincike suka nuna cewa hali yana da gado har zuwa wani mataki, gano tushen kwayoyin halitta don takamaiman halayen mutum ko yanayi, da alaƙarsu da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa, &quot;yana da wahala kamar neman kwayoyin halitta da ke cikin wasu cututtuka masu rikitarwa.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Van Gestel S, Van Broeckhoven C |date=October 2003 |title=Genetics of personality: are we making progress? |journal=Molecular Psychiatry |volume=8 |issue=10 |pages=840–52 |doi=10.1038/sj.mp.4001367 |pmid=14515135 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Theodore Lidz &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lidz T, Blatt S |date=April 1983 |title=Critique of the Danish-American studies of the biological and adoptive relatives of adoptees who became schizophrenic |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=140 |issue=4 |pages=426–34 |doi=10.1176/ajp.140.4.426 |pmid=6837778}}&lt;/ref&gt; da ''The Gene Illusion'' .   sun yi jayayya cewa likitocin biopsychiatrist suna amfani da kalmomin kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar da ba kimiyya ba don ƙarfafa hanyarsu. Joseph ya dage cewa likitocin biopsychiatrist suna mai da hankali sosai kan fahimtar kwayoyin halittar waɗannan mutanen da ke da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa, suna mai da hankali kan magance matsalolin rayuwa a cikin wasu iyalai ko al'ummomi masu cin zarafi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jay Joseph The Missing Gene |url=http://www.jayjoseph.net/MissingGene.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417170900/http://www.jayjoseph.net/MissingGene.html |archive-date=2009-04-17 |access-date=2006-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mayar da hankali kan abubuwan biochemical ===
Hasashe na rashin daidaiton sinadarai ya bayyana cewa rashin daidaiton sinadarai a cikin kwakwalwa shine babban dalilin matsalolin tabin hankali kuma ana iya inganta waɗannan yanayi ta hanyar maganin da ke gyara wannan rashin daidaiton. A cikin hakan, motsin rai a cikin yanayin &quot;al'ada&quot; yana nuna daidaiton aikin neurotransmitter daidai. Duk da haka, motsin rai mai tsanani wanda ya isa ya shafi aikin yau da kullun na marasa lafiya (kamar yadda aka gani a cikin schizophrenia) yana nuna rashin daidaito mai zurfi. Saboda haka, manufar shiga tsakani na tabin hankali shine don dawo da yanayin gida (ta hanyar hanyoyin psychopharmacological) wanda ya kasance kafin farkon cutar.

Al'ummar kimiyya sun yi muhawara kan wannan tsarin tunani, kodayake babu wani hasashe mai kyau da ya bayyana. Kwanan nan, an nuna cewa [[Tsarin zamantakewar halittu|hanyar biopsychosocial ga cututtukan kwakwalwa]] ita ce ka'idar da ta fi dacewa kuma mafi dacewa wajen fahimtar cututtukan tabin hankali. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai abubuwa da yawa da za a gano a wannan fanni na bincike. A matsayin babban misali, yayin da aka sami manyan ci gaba a fannin fahimtar wasu cututtukan tabin hankali (kamar schizophrenia), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=McEwen BS, Chattarji S, Diamond DM, Jay TM, Reagan LP, Svenningsson P, Fuchs E |date=March 2010 |title=The neurobiological properties of tianeptine (Stablon): from monoamine hypothesis to glutamatergic modulation |journal=Molecular Psychiatry |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=237–49 |doi=10.1038/mp.2009.80 |pmc=2902200 |pmid=19704408}}&lt;/ref&gt; wasu (kamar babban rashin jin daɗi) suna aiki ta hanyar neurotransmitters daban-daban kuma suna hulɗa a cikin jerin tsare-tsare masu rikitarwa waɗanda (har yanzu) ba a fahimce su gaba ɗaya ba.

=== Rage Ragewa ===
Niall McLaren ya jaddada a cikin littattafansa ''Humanizing Madness'' da ''Humanizing Psychiatry'' cewa babbar matsalar da ke tattare da tabin hankali ita ce rashin tsarin tunani iri ɗaya kuma ya shiga cikin tsarin rage ilimin halittu. Dalilan wannan canjin ilimin halittu suna da sauƙin fahimta, saboda rage ilimin ya yi tasiri sosai a wasu fannoni na kimiyya da magani. Duk da haka, duk da ingancin rage ilimin halittar jiki wajen bayyana ƙananan sassan kwakwalwa, wannan bai bayyana tunanin ba, wanda shine inda yake jayayya cewa yawancin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ya samo asali daga. Misali zai zama cewa kowane fanni na kwamfuta za a iya fahimtarsa a kimiyyance har zuwa atom na ƙarshe; duk da haka, wannan ba ya bayyana shirin da ke jagorantar wannan kayan aikin. Ya kuma yi jayayya cewa karɓuwa da tsarin rage ilimin halittar jiki ya haifar da rashin buɗewa ga sukar kai, &quot;wani girman kai wanda ke dakatar da injin ci gaban kimiyya.&quot; Ya gabatar da nasa tsarin tunani na halitta na dualism, [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21178154/ samfurin biocognitive], wanda ya samo asali ne daga ka'idodin [[David Chalmers]] da [[Alan Turing]] kuma baya faɗawa cikin &quot;tarkon dualist&quot; na ruhaniya . 

== Tasirin tattalin arziki kan ayyukan tabin hankali ==
Shugaban Ƙungiyar Masu tabin hankali ta Amurka Steven S. Sharfstein, MD ya bayyana cewa idan aka daidaita manufar ribar kamfanonin magunguna da kuma amfanin ɗan adam, sakamakon yana da amfani ga kowa: &quot;Kamfanonin magunguna sun ƙirƙiro kuma sun kawo magunguna kasuwa waɗanda suka canza rayuwar miliyoyin marasa lafiya masu tabin hankali. Ingancin magungunan rage radadi, daidaita yanayi, da kuma magungunan rage radadi da aka tabbatar ya taimaka wa jama'a su fahimci gaskiyar cututtukan tabin hankali kuma ya koya musu cewa magani yana aiki.&quot;  . Ta wannan hanyar, Big Pharma ta taimaka wajen rage kyamar da ke tattare da maganin tabin hankali da kuma likitocin tabin hankali.&quot; Duk da haka, Sharfstein ya yarda cewa manufofin likitocin da ke ba da kulawar marasa lafiya kai tsaye na iya bambanta da masana'antar magunguna da na'urorin likitanci. Rikice-rikicen da ke tasowa daga wannan rashin daidaituwa suna haifar da damuwa ta halitta a wannan fanni, gami da: &lt;ref name=&quot;Sharfstein&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sharfstein |first=Steven S. |name-list-style=vanc |date=August 2005 |title=Big Pharma and American Psychiatry: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly |url=http://pn.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/40/16/3 |url-status=dead |journal=Psychiatric News |publisher=[[American Psychiatric Association]] |volume=40 |issue=16 |pages=3 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20071119004226/http://pn.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/40/16/3 |archive-date=19 November 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* &quot;tsarin kula da lafiya da ya lalace&quot; wanda ke ba da damar &quot;a rubuta wa marasa lafiya da yawa magunguna ko magungunan da ba su buƙata ba&quot;;
* &quot;Damar samun ilimin likitanci da kamfanonin magunguna ke ɗaukar nauyinsu [waɗanda] galibi suna nuna son kai ga wani samfuri ko wani&quot;;
* &quot;[d] yin tallan kai tsaye ga masu amfani [wanda] hakan ke haifar da karuwar bukatar magunguna da kuma kara yawan tsammanin fa'idodin magunguna&quot;;
* &quot;kamfanonin magunguna [suna biyan] likitoci don ba wa wakilan kamfanoni damar zama a zaman marasa lafiya don ƙarin koyo game da kula da marasa lafiya.&quot;

Duk da haka, Sharfstein ya yarda cewa ba tare da kamfanonin magunguna ba suna haɓakawa da samar da magunguna na zamani - kusan kowace ƙwararren likita za ta sami ƙarancin magani (idan akwai) ga marasa lafiya da suke kula da su. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sharfstein&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sharfstein |first=Steven S. |name-list-style=vanc |date=August 2005 |title=Big Pharma and American Psychiatry: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly |url=http://pn.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/40/16/3 |url-status=dead |journal=Psychiatric News |publisher=[[American Psychiatric Association]] |volume=40 |issue=16 |pages=3 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20071119004226/http://pn.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/40/16/3 |archive-date=19 November 2007}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSharfstein2005&quot;&gt;Sharfstein SS (August 2005). [http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20071119004226/http://pn.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/40/16/3 &quot;Big Pharma and American Psychiatry: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly&quot;]. ''Psychiatric News''. '''40''' (16). [[American Psychiatric Association]]: 3. Archived from [http://pn.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/40/16/3 the original] on 19 November 2007.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Masana'antar magunguna na tasiri a fannin ilimin tabin hankali ===
Bincike ya nuna cewa tallan tallan magunguna da sauran kamfanoni na iya rinjayar yanke shawara ga likitoci . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dana J, Loewenstein G |date=July 2003 |title=A social science perspective on gifts to physicians from industry |journal=JAMA |volume=290 |issue=2 |pages=252–5 |doi=10.1001/jama.290.2.252 |pmid=12851281}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masana'antun magunguna (da sauran masu fafutuka) za su yi jayayya cewa a duniyar zamani ta yau, likitoci ba su da lokacin da za su ci gaba da sabunta tushen iliminsu kan matsayin sabon binciken; cewa ta hanyar samar da kayan ilimi ga likitoci da marasa lafiya, suna ba da hangen nesa na ilimi;  kuma cewa ya rage ga likita ɗaya ya yanke shawara kan wane magani ne ya fi dacewa ga marasa lafiyarsu. An maye gurbinsa da ayyukan da suka dogara da ilimi waɗanda suka zama tushen gyare-gyaren shari'a da masana'antu waɗanda suka haɗa da kyaututtukan likita, tasiri a cikin ilimin likitanci na digiri, bayyana rikice-rikicen sha'awa ga likita, da sauran ayyukan talla. &lt;ref name=&quot;Interactions&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zipkin DA, Steinman MA |date=August 2005 |title=Interactions between pharmaceutical representatives and doctors in training. A thematic review |journal=Journal of General Internal Medicine |volume=20 |issue=8 |pages=777–86 |doi=10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.0134.x |pmc=1490177 |pmid=16050893}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin wani rubutu da aka yi kan tasirin tallace-tallace kan tallace-tallace na magungunan rage damuwa da ake sayarwa, shaidu sun nuna cewa tallace-tallacen kafofin watsa labarai na iya shafar marasa lafiya da likitoci, kuma wannan tasirin yana da yuwuwar ƙara yawan wasu magunguna da ake rubutawa fiye da wasu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Huskamp HA, Donohue JM, Koss C, Berndt ER, Frank RG |date=2008 |title=Generic entry, reformulations and promotion of SSRIs in the US |journal=PharmacoEconomics |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=603–16 |doi=10.2165/00019053-200826070-00007 |pmc=2719790 |pmid=18563951}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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'''Rikicin biopsy dialogy''' jayayya ce kan wane ra'ayi ya kamata ya mamaye kuma ya zama tushen ka'idar tabin hankali da ayyukanta. Muhawarar ta soki [[Magungunan kwakwalwa|ra'ayin halitta]] mai tsauri game da tunanin tabin hankali. Masu sukarta sun haɗa da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban kamar ƙungiyar hana tabin hankali da wasu masana ilimi.

== Bayani game da adawa da biopsychiatry ==
Binciken ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ko biopsychiatry yana nufin bincika abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtukan kwakwalwa waɗanda ke tsara matakan gyara na wani nau'in ciwon kwakwalwa na musamman.  yanayi.

Alvin Pam ya soki wannan da cewa &quot;ra'ayi ne na duniya mai sarkakiya, mara bambanci, kuma mai tsari&quot;, don haka &quot;bincike a fannin ilimin tabin hankali ya mayar da hankali ne kan gano waɗanne abubuwa marasa kyau na kwayoyin halitta ko na jijiyoyi ne ke haifar da karkacewar zamantakewa&quot;.  A cewar Pam, hanyar &quot;zargin jiki&quot;, wacce yawanci ke bayar da magani ga matsalolin kwakwalwa, tana mayar da hankali daga halaye masu rikitarwa a cikin iyali zuwa rashin daidaiton sinadarai.

== Matsalolin bincike ==

=== Matsayin 2003 a cikin binciken biopsychiatric ===
Binciken biopsychiatric ya haifar da rashin daidaituwar tsarin kwakwalwa da aikin kwakwalwa, da kuma wani sinadari mai ƙarfi na kwayoyin halitta ga wasu cututtukan tabin hankali (kodayake an nuna cewa na ƙarshen yana da alaƙa maimakon haifar da shi). Ya kuma bayyana wasu hanyoyin aikin magunguna waɗanda ke magance wasu daga cikin waɗannan cututtukan yadda ya kamata. Duk da haka, ta hanyar su.  yarda da kansa, wannan binciken bai kai matsayin da za a iya gano alamun bayyanar waɗannan cututtuka ba.

=== Mayar da hankali kan abubuwan da suka shafi kwayoyin halitta ===
Masu bincike sun ba da shawarar cewa yawancin cututtukan tabin hankali da shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ana iya gano su ne zuwa ga ƙaramin adadin haɗarin kwayoyin halitta  kuma rahotannin sun nuna alaƙa mai mahimmanci tsakanin takamaiman yankuna na kwayoyin halitta da cututtukan tabin hankali. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pickard BS, Malloy MP, Clark L, Lehellard S, Ewald HL, Mors O, Porteous DJ, Blackwood DH, Muir WJ |date=March 2005 |title=Candidate psychiatric illness genes identified in patients with pericentric inversions of chromosome 18 |journal=Psychiatric Genetics |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=37–44 |doi=10.1097/00041444-200503000-00007 |pmid=15722956 |s2cid=46458951}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Macgregor S, Visscher PM, Knott SA, Thomson P, Porteous DJ, Millar JK, Devon RS, Blackwood D, Muir WJ |date=December 2004 |title=A genome scan and follow-up study identify a bipolar disorder susceptibility locus on chromosome 1q42 |journal=Molecular Psychiatry |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=1083–90 |doi=10.1038/sj.mp.4001544 |pmid=15249933 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, zuwa yanzu, , an nuna cewa raunukan kwayoyin halitta kaɗan ne kawai ke da alhakin yanayin tabin hankali. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=van Belzen MJ, Heutink P |year=2006 |title=Genetic analysis of psychiatric disorders in humans |journal=Genes, Brain and Behavior |volume=5 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=25–33 |doi=10.1111/j.1601-183X.2006.00223.x |pmid=16681798 |s2cid=22726139}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Meyer-Lindenberg A, Weinberger DR |date=October 2006 |title=Intermediate phenotypes and genetic mechanisms of psychiatric disorders |journal=Nature Reviews. Neuroscience |volume=7 |issue=10 |pages=818–27 |doi=10.1038/nrn1993 |pmid=16988657 |s2cid=10966780}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, wani bincike da aka ruwaito ya nuna cewa a cikin mutanen da aka gano suna da cutar schizophrenia da kuma a cikin danginsu da ke fama da cututtukan tabin hankali na yau da kullun, kwayar halittar da ke ɗauke da phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B) tana lalacewa ta hanyar daidaitaccen canjin wuri . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Millar JK, Pickard BS, Mackie S, James R, Christie S, Buchanan SR, Malloy MP, Chubb JE, Huston E, Baillie GS, Thomson PA, Hill EV, Brandon NJ, Rain JC, Camargo LM, Whiting PJ, Houslay MD, Blackwood DH, Muir WJ, Porteous DJ |date=November 2005 |title=DISC1 and PDE4B are interacting genetic factors in schizophrenia that regulate cAMP signaling |journal=Science |volume=310 |issue=5751 |pages=1187–91 |bibcode=2005Sci...310.1187M |doi=10.1126/science.1112915 |pmid=16293762 |s2cid=3060031}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dalilan rashin fahimtar kwayoyin halitta shine cewa alaƙar da ke tsakanin kwayoyin halitta da yanayin tunani da aka ayyana a matsayin rashin daidaituwa tana bayyana sosai, tana ƙunshe da tasirin muhalli mai yawa, kuma ana iya shiga tsakani ta hanyoyi daban-daban, misali, ta hanyar hali, hali, ko abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kates WR |date=April 2007 |title=Inroads to mechanisms of disease in child psychiatric disorders |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=164 |issue=4 |pages=547–51 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.164.4.547 |pmid=17403964}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda haka, yayin da bincike biyu da wasu bincike suka nuna cewa hali yana da gado har zuwa wani mataki, gano tushen kwayoyin halitta don takamaiman halayen mutum ko yanayi, da alaƙarsu da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa, &quot;yana da wahala kamar neman kwayoyin halitta da ke cikin wasu cututtuka masu rikitarwa.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Van Gestel S, Van Broeckhoven C |date=October 2003 |title=Genetics of personality: are we making progress? |journal=Molecular Psychiatry |volume=8 |issue=10 |pages=840–52 |doi=10.1038/sj.mp.4001367 |pmid=14515135 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Theodore Lidz &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lidz T, Blatt S |date=April 1983 |title=Critique of the Danish-American studies of the biological and adoptive relatives of adoptees who became schizophrenic |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=140 |issue=4 |pages=426–34 |doi=10.1176/ajp.140.4.426 |pmid=6837778}}&lt;/ref&gt; da ''The Gene Illusion'' .   sun yi jayayya cewa likitocin biopsychiatrist suna amfani da kalmomin kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar da ba kimiyya ba don ƙarfafa hanyarsu. Joseph ya dage cewa likitocin biopsychiatrist suna mai da hankali sosai kan fahimtar kwayoyin halittar waɗannan mutanen da ke da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa, suna mai da hankali kan magance matsalolin rayuwa a cikin wasu iyalai ko al'ummomi masu cin zarafi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jay Joseph The Missing Gene |url=http://www.jayjoseph.net/MissingGene.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417170900/http://www.jayjoseph.net/MissingGene.html |archive-date=2009-04-17 |access-date=2006-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mayar da hankali kan abubuwan biochemical ===
Hasashe na rashin daidaiton sinadarai ya bayyana cewa rashin daidaiton sinadarai a cikin kwakwalwa shine babban dalilin matsalolin tabin hankali kuma ana iya inganta waɗannan yanayi ta hanyar maganin da ke gyara wannan rashin daidaiton. A cikin hakan, motsin rai a cikin yanayin &quot;al'ada&quot; yana nuna daidaiton aikin neurotransmitter daidai. Duk da haka, motsin rai mai tsanani wanda ya isa ya shafi aikin yau da kullun na marasa lafiya (kamar yadda aka gani a cikin schizophrenia) yana nuna rashin daidaito mai zurfi. Saboda haka, manufar shiga tsakani na tabin hankali shine don dawo da yanayin gida (ta hanyar hanyoyin psychopharmacological) wanda ya kasance kafin farkon cutar.

Al'ummar kimiyya sun yi muhawara kan wannan tsarin tunani, kodayake babu wani hasashe mai kyau da ya bayyana. Kwanan nan, an nuna cewa [[Tsarin zamantakewar halittu|hanyar biopsychosocial ga cututtukan kwakwalwa]] ita ce ka'idar da ta fi dacewa kuma mafi dacewa wajen fahimtar cututtukan tabin hankali. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai abubuwa da yawa da za a gano a wannan fanni na bincike. A matsayin babban misali, yayin da aka sami manyan ci gaba a fannin fahimtar wasu cututtukan tabin hankali (kamar schizophrenia), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=McEwen BS, Chattarji S, Diamond DM, Jay TM, Reagan LP, Svenningsson P, Fuchs E |date=March 2010 |title=The neurobiological properties of tianeptine (Stablon): from monoamine hypothesis to glutamatergic modulation |journal=Molecular Psychiatry |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=237–49 |doi=10.1038/mp.2009.80 |pmc=2902200 |pmid=19704408}}&lt;/ref&gt; wasu (kamar babban rashin jin daɗi) suna aiki ta hanyar neurotransmitters daban-daban kuma suna hulɗa a cikin jerin tsare-tsare masu rikitarwa waɗanda (har yanzu) ba a fahimce su gaba ɗaya ba.

=== Rage Ragewa ===
Niall McLaren ya jaddada a cikin littattafansa ''Humanizing Madness'' da ''Humanizing Psychiatry'' cewa babbar matsalar da ke tattare da tabin hankali ita ce rashin tsarin tunani iri ɗaya kuma ya shiga cikin tsarin rage ilimin halittu. Dalilan wannan canjin ilimin halittu suna da sauƙin fahimta, saboda rage ilimin ya yi tasiri sosai a wasu fannoni na kimiyya da magani. Duk da haka, duk da ingancin rage ilimin halittar jiki wajen bayyana ƙananan sassan kwakwalwa, wannan bai bayyana tunanin ba, wanda shine inda yake jayayya cewa yawancin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ya samo asali daga. Misali zai zama cewa kowane fanni na kwamfuta za a iya fahimtarsa a kimiyyance har zuwa atom na ƙarshe; duk da haka, wannan ba ya bayyana shirin da ke jagorantar wannan kayan aikin. Ya kuma yi jayayya cewa karɓuwa da tsarin rage ilimin halittar jiki ya haifar da rashin buɗewa ga sukar kai, &quot;wani girman kai wanda ke dakatar da injin ci gaban kimiyya.&quot; Ya gabatar da nasa tsarin tunani na halitta na dualism, [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21178154/ samfurin biocognitive], wanda ya samo asali ne daga ka'idodin [[David Chalmers]] da [[Alan Turing]] kuma baya faɗawa cikin &quot;tarkon dualist&quot; na ruhaniya . 

== Tasirin tattalin arziki kan ayyukan tabin hankali ==
Shugaban Ƙungiyar Masu tabin hankali ta Amurka Steven S. Sharfstein, MD ya bayyana cewa idan aka daidaita manufar ribar kamfanonin magunguna da kuma amfanin ɗan adam, sakamakon yana da amfani ga kowa: &quot;Kamfanonin magunguna sun ƙirƙiro kuma sun kawo magunguna kasuwa waɗanda suka canza rayuwar miliyoyin marasa lafiya masu tabin hankali. Ingancin magungunan rage radadi, daidaita yanayi, da kuma magungunan rage radadi da aka tabbatar ya taimaka wa jama'a su fahimci gaskiyar cututtukan tabin hankali kuma ya koya musu cewa magani yana aiki.&quot;  . Ta wannan hanyar, Big Pharma ta taimaka wajen rage kyamar da ke tattare da maganin tabin hankali da kuma likitocin tabin hankali.&quot; Duk da haka, Sharfstein ya yarda cewa manufofin likitocin da ke ba da kulawar marasa lafiya kai tsaye na iya bambanta da masana'antar magunguna da na'urorin likitanci. Rikice-rikicen da ke tasowa daga wannan rashin daidaituwa suna haifar da damuwa ta halitta a wannan fanni, gami da: &lt;ref name=&quot;Sharfstein&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sharfstein |first=Steven S. |name-list-style=vanc |date=August 2005 |title=Big Pharma and American Psychiatry: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly |url=http://pn.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/40/16/3 |url-status=dead |journal=Psychiatric News |publisher=[[American Psychiatric Association]] |volume=40 |issue=16 |pages=3 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20071119004226/http://pn.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/40/16/3 |archive-date=19 November 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* &quot;tsarin kula da lafiya da ya lalace&quot; wanda ke ba da damar &quot;a rubuta wa marasa lafiya da yawa magunguna ko magungunan da ba su buƙata ba&quot;;
* &quot;Damar samun ilimin likitanci da kamfanonin magunguna ke ɗaukar nauyinsu [waɗanda] galibi suna nuna son kai ga wani samfuri ko wani&quot;;
* &quot;[d] yin tallan kai tsaye ga masu amfani [wanda] hakan ke haifar da karuwar bukatar magunguna da kuma kara yawan tsammanin fa'idodin magunguna&quot;;
* &quot;kamfanonin magunguna [suna biyan] likitoci don ba wa wakilan kamfanoni damar zama a zaman marasa lafiya don ƙarin koyo game da kula da marasa lafiya.&quot;

Duk da haka, Sharfstein ya yarda cewa ba tare da kamfanonin magunguna ba suna haɓakawa da samar da magunguna na zamani - kusan kowace ƙwararren likita za ta sami ƙarancin magani (idan akwai) ga marasa lafiya da suke kula da su. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sharfstein&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sharfstein |first=Steven S. |name-list-style=vanc |date=August 2005 |title=Big Pharma and American Psychiatry: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly |url=http://pn.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/40/16/3 |url-status=dead |journal=Psychiatric News |publisher=[[American Psychiatric Association]] |volume=40 |issue=16 |pages=3 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20071119004226/http://pn.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/40/16/3 |archive-date=19 November 2007}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSharfstein2005&quot;&gt;Sharfstein SS (August 2005). [http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20071119004226/http://pn.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/40/16/3 &quot;Big Pharma and American Psychiatry: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly&quot;]. ''Psychiatric News''. '''40''' (16). [[American Psychiatric Association]]: 3. Archived from [http://pn.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/40/16/3 the original] on 19 November 2007.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Masana'antar magunguna na tasiri a fannin ilimin tabin hankali ===
Bincike ya nuna cewa tallan tallan magunguna da sauran kamfanoni na iya rinjayar yanke shawara ga likitoci . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dana J, Loewenstein G |date=July 2003 |title=A social science perspective on gifts to physicians from industry |journal=JAMA |volume=290 |issue=2 |pages=252–5 |doi=10.1001/jama.290.2.252 |pmid=12851281}}&lt;/ref&gt; Masana'antun magunguna (da sauran masu fafutuka) za su yi jayayya cewa a duniyar zamani ta yau, likitoci ba su da lokacin da za su ci gaba da sabunta tushen iliminsu kan matsayin sabon binciken; cewa ta hanyar samar da kayan ilimi ga likitoci da marasa lafiya, suna ba da hangen nesa na ilimi;  kuma cewa ya rage ga likita ɗaya ya yanke shawara kan wane magani ne ya fi dacewa ga marasa lafiyarsu. An maye gurbinsa da ayyukan da suka dogara da ilimi waɗanda suka zama tushen gyare-gyaren shari'a da masana'antu waɗanda suka haɗa da kyaututtukan likita, tasiri a cikin ilimin likitanci na digiri, bayyana rikice-rikicen sha'awa ga likita, da sauran ayyukan talla. &lt;ref name=&quot;Interactions&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zipkin DA, Steinman MA |date=August 2005 |title=Interactions between pharmaceutical representatives and doctors in training. A thematic review |journal=Journal of General Internal Medicine |volume=20 |issue=8 |pages=777–86 |doi=10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.0134.x |pmc=1490177 |pmid=16050893}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin wani rubutu da aka yi kan tasirin tallace-tallace kan tallace-tallace na magungunan rage damuwa da ake sayarwa, shaidu sun nuna cewa tallace-tallacen kafofin watsa labarai na iya shafar marasa lafiya da likitoci, kuma wannan tasirin yana da yuwuwar ƙara yawan wasu magunguna da ake rubutawa fiye da wasu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Huskamp HA, Donohue JM, Koss C, Berndt ER, Frank RG |date=2008 |title=Generic entry, reformulations and promotion of SSRIs in the US |journal=PharmacoEconomics |volume=26 |issue=7 |pages=603–16 |doi=10.2165/00019053-200826070-00007 |pmc=2719790 |pmid=18563951}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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    <title>Orthorexia nervosa</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352991884|Orthorexia nervosa]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Orthorexia''' / ( / ˌ ɔːr θə ˈrəks iə )​​ nər ˈvoʊsə / ; ON ; wanda '''aka''' fi sani da '''orthorexia''' ) wata matsala ce ta cin abinci da aka gabatar wadda ke da alaƙa da yawan damuwa da cin [[Abinci mai kyau|abinci mai kyau.]]    Likitan Amurka Steven Bratman ne ya gabatar da wannan kalmar a shekarar 1997, wanda ya ba da shawarar cewa ƙuntatawa kan abincin da wasu mutane ke ci don inganta lafiya na iya haifar da sakamako mara kyau, kamar ware kai daga jama'a, [[Anxiety|damuwa]], rashin iya cin abinci ta hanyar da ta dace, da kuma rage sha'awar sauran [[Halin ɗan adam|ayyukan lafiya na ɗan adam]], da kuma, a lokuta da ba kasafai ake samun su ba, [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki|rashin abinci mai gina jiki mai tsanani]] ko ma mutuwa. 

A shekara ta 2009, Ursula Philpot, shugabar ƙungiyar abinci mai gina jiki ta Birtaniya kuma babbar malamar jami'a a Jami'ar Leeds Metropolitan, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 April 2011 |title=Supersize vs Superskinny - Expert Profiles - Ursula Philpot |url=http://www.channel4.com/programmes/supersize-vs-superskinny/articles/ursula-philpot |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128001913/http://www.channel4.com/programmes/supersize-vs-superskinny/articles/ursula-philpot |archive-date=28 January 2013 |access-date=19 October 2010 |website=[[Channel 4]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta bayyana mutanen da ke fama da ciwon orthorexia a matsayin &quot;masu damuwa kawai da ingancin abincin da suke sakawa a jikinsu, suna tacewa da kuma takaita abincin da suke ci bisa ga fahimtarsu ta kansu game da waɗanne abinci ne masu 'tsarkakakku'.&quot; Wannan ya bambanta da sauran matsalolin cin abinci, kamar anorexia nervosa da bulimia nervosa, inda waɗanda abin ya shafa suka fi mai da hankali kan yawan abincin da ake ci. 

Ciwon Orthorexia kuma ya bambanta da ciwon anorexia nervosa domin ba ya shafar jinsi ɗaya. Bincike ya gano cewa ciwon orthorexia nervosa yana samuwa daidai a cikin maza da mata ba tare da wani bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin jinsi ba kwata-kwata. Bugu da ƙari, bincike ya gano alaƙa mai kyau tsakanin ciwon orthorexia nervosa da narcissism da kamala, amma babu wata alaƙa mai mahimmanci tsakanin ciwon orthorexia nervosa da girman kai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Oberle CD, Samaghabadi RO, Hughes EM |date=January 2017 |title=Orthorexia nervosa: Assessment and correlates with gender, BMI, and personality |journal=Appetite |volume=108 |pages=303–310 |doi=10.1016/j.appet.2016.10.021 |pmid=27756637 |s2cid=24263386}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan yana nuna cewa mutanen da ke fama da ciwon orthorexia mai tsanani suna iya alfahari da halayen cin abinci masu kyau fiye da wasu kuma wannan shine abin da ke haifar da ciwon orthorexia maimakon siffar jiki kamar anorexia. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Ƙungiyar Masu Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka ba ta amince da Orthorexia nervosa a matsayin matsalar cin abinci ba, don haka ba a ambaci shi a matsayin wata cuta ta hukuma a cikin ''Littafin Bincike da Ƙididdiga na Cututtukan Hankali'' (DSM) da ake amfani da shi sosai ba. {{Efn|Medical manuals that do not recognise orthorexia nervosa include [[ICD-10]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://priory.com/psych/ICD.htm
 | title = ICD10 Codes
 | work = Psychiatry On-Line
 | access-date = 16 October 2010
}}&lt;/ref&gt; the [[DSM-IV]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url = http://www.behavenet.com/capsules/disorders/dsm4TRclassification.htm
 |title = APA Diagnostic Classification
 |publisher = BehaveNet
 |access-date = 16 October 2010
 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111026155340/http://www.behavenet.com/capsules/disorders/dsm4TRclassification.htm
 |archive-date = 26 October 2011
}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[DSM-5]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevisions/Pages/InfancyChildhoodAdolescence.aspx
 | title = Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence
 | publisher = [[American Psychiatric Association]]
 | access-date = 16 October 2010
}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

== Alamomi da Alamomi ==
Alamomin orthorexia nervosa sun haɗa da &quot;mayar da hankali kan zaɓin abinci, tsarawa, siye, shiri, da cin abinci; abincin da ake ɗauka a matsayin tushen lafiya maimakon jin daɗi; damuwa ko ƙyama idan ana kusa da abincin da aka haramta; ƙarin imani cewa haɗa ko kawar da wasu nau'ikan abinci na iya hana ko warkar da cututtuka ko shafar jin daɗin yau da kullun; sauye-sauye lokaci-lokaci a cikin imani na abinci yayin da wasu hanyoyin ba su canzawa ba; hukuncin ɗabi'a ga wasu bisa ga zaɓin abinci; rikitar da hoton jiki game da jin &quot;ƙazanta&quot; ta jiki maimakon nauyi; dagewa da imani cewa ayyukan abinci suna inganta lafiya duk da shaidar rashin abinci mai gina jiki.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Dunn, T.M 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dunn TM, Bratman S |date=April 2016 |title=On orthorexia nervosa: A review of the literature and proposed diagnostic criteria |journal=Eating Behaviors |volume=21 |pages=11–7 |doi=10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006 |pmid=26724459}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalili ==
Duk da cewa binciken da ake yi a yanzu kan musabbabin cutar orthorexia nervosa ba shi da iyaka, shaidu masu yawa suna goyon bayan ra'ayin abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari. Gabaɗaya, matsalolin cin abinci suna shafar abubuwa da dama, ciki har da: tasirin halittu, tunani, da kuma al'adun zamantakewa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Polivy |first=Janet |last2=Herman |first2=C. Peter |date=February 2002 |title=Causes of Eating Disorders |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135103 |journal=Annual Review of Psychology |language=en |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=187–213 |doi=10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135103 |issn=0066-4308 |pmid=11752484 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

; Tasirin Halittu

Ba a gano ainihin abubuwan da suka shafi orthorexia nervosa kai tsaye ba. Duk da haka, nazarin wasu matsalolin cin abinci kamar anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, da kuma [[Rashin cin abinci mai yawa|matsalar cin abinci mai yawa]] sun lura da tasirin halittu da dama. Waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da matakan hormones, neurotransmitters, har ma da abubuwan da suka shafi kwayoyin halitta. Bugu da ƙari, masu bincike sun gano alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin orthorexia nervosa da obsessive-compulsive disorder . &lt;ref name=&quot;Getz2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 2009 |title=Orthorexia: When eating healthy becomes an unhealthy obsession |url=http://www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/060109p40.shtml |access-date=2009-10-13 |publisher=Today's Dietitian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

; Tasirin Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam

Halayyar Orthorexic yawanci tana faruwa ne a cikin mutanen da ke da ƙarancin girman kai, wanda ya samo asali daga kwatancen zamantakewa. Cin abinci mai yawa na iya nuna alamun kamala da buƙatar iko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bóna |first=Enikő |last2=Erdész |first2=Anett |last3=Túry |first3=Ferenc |date=2021-12-01 |title=Low self-esteem predicts orthorexia nervosa, mediated by spiritual attitudes among frequent exercisers |journal=Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity |language=en |volume=26 |issue=8 |pages=2481–2489 |doi=10.1007/s40519-020-01095-z |issn=1590-1262 |pmc=8602160 |pmid=33502732}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan halaye iri ɗaya kuma suna aiki a matsayin hanyoyin magance matsalolin motsin rai ko abubuwan da suka faru masu ban tausayi. Wasu ma sun lura da alaƙa tsakanin orthorexia nervosa da shan muggan kwayoyi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Oberle |first=Crystal D. |last2=Marcell |first2=Haley S. |last3=Noebel |first3=Natalie A. |date=2022-03-01 |title=Orthorexia nervosa and substance use for the purposes of weight control, conformity, and emotional coping |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40519-021-01190-9 |journal=Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity |language=en |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=553–561 |doi=10.1007/s40519-021-01190-9 |issn=1590-1262 |pmid=33866529}}&lt;/ref&gt;

; Tasirin Al'adu

Kamar anorexia nervosa da bulimia nervosa, orthorexia nervosa yawanci yana samo asali ne daga matsin lamba na zamantakewa, mummunan hoton jiki, da sha'awar zama siriri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=McComb |first=Sarah E. |last2=Mills |first2=Jennifer S. |date=September 2019 |title=Orthorexia nervosa: A review of psychosocial risk factors |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195666318315290 |journal=Appetite |language=en |volume=140 |pages=50–75 |doi=10.1016/j.appet.2019.05.005 |pmid=31075324 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin Tasirin Uku ya gano iyaye, takwarorinsu, da kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin manyan tasirin da ke kan hoton jiki da rashin cin abinci mai kyau. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=van den Berg |first=Patricia |last2=Thompson |first2=J. Kevin |last3=Obremski-Brandon |first3=Karen |last4=Coovert |first4=Michael |date=2002-11-01 |title=The Tripartite Influence model of body image and eating disturbance: A covariance structure modeling investigation testing the mediational role of appearance comparison |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022399902004993 |journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research |volume=53 |issue=5 |pages=1007–1020 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00499-3 |issn=0022-3999 |pmid=12445590 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ganewar Ganewa ==
A shekarar 2016, an gabatar da ka'idoji na yau da kullun don maganin orthorexia a cikin mujallar ''Cin Behaviors'' ta Thom Dunn da Steven Bratman suka yi bita. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dunn, T.M 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dunn TM, Bratman S |date=April 2016 |title=On orthorexia nervosa: A review of the literature and proposed diagnostic criteria |journal=Eating Behaviors |volume=21 |pages=11–7 |doi=10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006 |pmid=26724459}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDunnBratman2016&quot;&gt;Dunn TM, Bratman S (April 2016). &quot;On orthorexia nervosa: A review of the literature and proposed diagnostic criteria&quot;. ''Eating Behaviors''. '''21''': &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11–&lt;/span&gt;7. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006|10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26724459 26724459].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan sharuɗɗan sune kamar haka:

'''Ma'auni A.''' Mayar da hankali kan cin abinci mai &quot;lafiya&quot;, kamar yadda aka bayyana ta hanyar ka'idar abinci ko wasu imani waɗanda takamaiman bayanai na iya bambanta; wanda aka nuna ta hanyar damuwa mai yawa dangane da zaɓin abinci da ake ganin ba shi da lafiya; asarar nauyi na iya faruwa, amma an fahimci wannan a matsayin wani ɓangare na lafiya mai kyau maimakon babban burin. Kamar yadda aka tabbatar ta hanyar waɗannan:

# Halayyar tilastawa da/ko damuwa ta hankali game da hanyoyin cin abinci masu inganci da ƙuntatawa waɗanda mutum ke yarda da su don inganta lafiya mafi kyau. (Bayanan da ke ƙasa sun ƙara da cewa: Ayyukan abinci na iya haɗawa da amfani da &quot; karin abinci mai yawa&quot;. Ana iya ɗaukar aikin motsa jiki da/ko yanayin jiki a matsayin wani ɓangare ko alamar lafiya.)
# Keta dokokin abinci da kai ya sanya wa mutum yana haifar da fargabar cuta mai yawa, jin rashin tsarkin jiki da/ko kuma mummunan jin daɗin jiki, tare da damuwa da kunya.
# Takaitawar abinci yana ƙaruwa akan lokaci, kuma yana iya haɗawa da kawar da dukkan rukunin abinci kuma yana iya haɗawa da &quot;tsarkakewa&quot; akai-akai da/ko tsananin azumi (na ɗan lokaci) wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin tsarkakewa ko kawar da guba. Wannan ƙaruwar yawanci yakan haifar da raguwar nauyi, amma sha'awar rage kiba ba ta nan, ɓoye ko ƙarƙashin ra'ayin abinci mai kyau.

'''Ma'auni na B.''' Halayyar tilastawa da kuma sha'awar tunani suna zama masu illa ga asibiti ta hanyar ɗayan waɗannan:

# Rashin abinci mai gina jiki, raguwar nauyi mai tsanani ko wasu matsalolin lafiya da suka taso sakamakon takaitaccen abinci mai gina jiki
# Damuwa ko rashin aikin zamantakewa, ilimi ko sana'a a tsakanin mutane ya biyo bayan imani ko halaye game da abinci mai kyau.
# Kyakkyawan siffar jiki, darajar kai, asali da/ko gamsuwa ya dogara ne da bin ƙa'idodin cin abinci mai &quot;lafiya&quot; da aka ayyana.

An ƙirƙiro wata takardar tambayoyi game da ganewar asali ga masu fama da orthorexia, kamar tambayoyin wasu matsalolin cin abinci, mai suna ORTO-15. &lt;ref name=&quot;Donini 2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Donini LM, Marsili D, Graziani MP, Imbriale M, Cannella C |date=June 2005 |title=Orthorexia nervosa: validation of a diagnosis questionnaire |journal=Eating and Weight Disorders |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=e28-32 |doi=10.1007/bf03327537 |pmid=16682853 |s2cid=18145686}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, Dunn da Bratman sun yi suka ga wannan kayan aikin binciken a matsayin wanda bai da ingantaccen inganci na ciki da na waje. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dunn, T.M 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dunn TM, Bratman S |date=April 2016 |title=On orthorexia nervosa: A review of the literature and proposed diagnostic criteria |journal=Eating Behaviors |volume=21 |pages=11–7 |doi=10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006 |pmid=26724459}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDunnBratman2016&quot;&gt;Dunn TM, Bratman S (April 2016). &quot;On orthorexia nervosa: A review of the literature and proposed diagnostic criteria&quot;. ''Eating Behaviors''. '''21''': &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11–&lt;/span&gt;7. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006|10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26724459 26724459].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin Cututtuka ==
Sakamakon binciken kimiyya bai sami cikakkiyar ƙarshe ba tukuna don tallafawa ko ɗaliban abinci mai gina jiki da ƙwararru suna cikin haɗari mafi girma fiye da sauran ƙungiyoyin jama'a, saboda bambance-bambancen sakamako a cikin littattafan bincike. Akwai wasu shahararrun ayyukan kimiyya waɗanda, a cikin yunƙurin bincika faɗin da zurfin cutar da har yanzu ba a fahimce ta ba, suka yi ƙoƙarin gano waɗanne ƙungiyoyi a cikin al'umma ne suka fi fuskantar haɗarin kamuwa da ita. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Varga M, Dukay-Szabó S, Túry F, van Furth EF, van Furth Eric F |date=June 2013 |title=Evidence and gaps in the literature on orthorexia nervosa |url=http://repo.lib.semmelweis.hu//bitstream/123456789/1475/1/Evidence_and_gaps_Eat_Weight_Disord_2013_u_130007.828135.pdf |journal=Eating and Weight Disorders |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=103–11 |doi=10.1007/s40519-013-0026-y |pmid=23760837 |s2cid=35709655}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya haɗa da wani bincike na Jamusanci na 2008, &lt;ref name=&quot;Korinth et al 2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Korinth A, Schiess S, Westenhoefer J |date=January 2010 |title=Eating behaviour and eating disorders in students of nutrition sciences |journal=Public Health Nutrition |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=32–7 |doi=10.1017/S1368980009005709 |pmid=19433007 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya dogara da bincikensa kan zato da ake yi cewa waɗanda suka fi sanin abinci mai gina jiki, kamar ɗaliban abinci mai gina jiki na jami'a, rukuni ne mai yuwuwar haɗarin kamuwa da matsalar cin abinci, saboda tarin ilimi mai yawa game da abinci da alaƙarsa da lafiya; ra'ayin shine cewa da zarar mutum ya san game da lafiya, da yuwuwar kamuwa da rashin lafiya game da kasancewa cikin koshin lafiya zai iya haɓaka. Wannan binciken ya kuma yi hasashen cewa sha'awar orthorexic na iya haifar da sha'awar nazarin kimiyya, yana nuna cewa da yawa a cikin wannan fanni na iya fama da matsalar kafin fara karatun. Duk da haka, sakamakon ya gano cewa ɗaliban da ke cikin binciken, bayan fara karatunsu na farko, ba su da ƙimar orthorexic mafi girma fiye da sauran ɗaliban jami'a marasa abinci mai gina jiki, don haka rahoton ya kammala da cewa ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don fayyace alaƙar da ke tsakanin ilimin abinci da kuma farkon ON. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Hakazalika, a wani bincike da aka yi a Portugal kan ɗaliban jami'a masu abinci mai gina jiki, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mealha V, Ferreira C, Guerra I, Ravasco P |year=2013 |title=Students of dietetics &amp; nutrition; a high risk group for eating disorders? |journal=Nutricion Hospitalaria |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=1558–66 |doi=10.3305/nh.2013.28.5.6695 |pmid=24160216 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; sakamakon orthorexic na mahalarta (bisa ga tambayoyin bincike na ORTO-15 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Donini LM, Marsili D, Graziani MP, Imbriale M, Cannella C |date=June 2005 |title=Orthorexia nervosa: validation of a diagnosis questionnaire |journal=Eating and Weight Disorders |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=e28-32 |doi=10.1007/BF03327537 |pmid=16682853 |s2cid=18145686}}&lt;/ref&gt; ) ya ragu yayin da suke ci gaba da karatunsu, haka kuma haɗarin kamuwa da matsalar cin abinci ya kai kashi 4.2 cikin ɗari, wanda marubutan suka rarraba a matsayin ƙaramin matakin. Mahalarta sun kuma amsa tambayoyi don ba da haske game da halayen cin abincinsu da halayensu, kuma duk da wannan binciken ya gano cewa ɗaliban kimiyyar abinci mai gina jiki da lafiya suna da halaye na cin abinci masu tsauri, duk da haka, waɗannan binciken ba su sami wata shaida da ke nuna cewa waɗannan ɗaliban suna da &quot;tsarin cin abinci mai rikitarwa ko rashin tsari fiye da sauran ɗalibai&quot; ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Korinth et al 2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Korinth A, Schiess S, Westenhoefer J |date=January 2010 |title=Eating behaviour and eating disorders in students of nutrition sciences |journal=Public Health Nutrition |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=32–7 |doi=10.1017/S1368980009005709 |pmid=19433007 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKorinthSchiessWestenhoefer2010&quot;&gt;Korinth A, Schiess S, Westenhoefer J (January 2010). [[doi:10.1017/S1368980009005709|&quot;Eating behaviour and eating disorders in students of nutrition sciences&quot;]]. ''Public Health Nutrition''. '''13''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;32–&lt;/span&gt;7. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1017/S1368980009005709|10.1017/S1368980009005709]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19433007 19433007].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan binciken guda biyu da aka ambata sun kammala da cewa fahimtar abincin da mutum yake ci ba lallai ba ne ya zama babban abin haɗari ga ON, yana mai bayanin cewa bayanan da aka tattara sun nuna cewa ƙwararrun masu cin abinci ba sa cikin haɗarin hakan.

Duk da haka, an yi suka ga waɗannan nazarin cututtuka a matsayin amfani da kayan aikin bincike mai inganci wanda ke ƙara yawan kamuwa da cuta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dunn, T.M 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dunn TM, Bratman S |date=April 2016 |title=On orthorexia nervosa: A review of the literature and proposed diagnostic criteria |journal=Eating Behaviors |volume=21 |pages=11–7 |doi=10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006 |pmid=26724459}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDunnBratman2016&quot;&gt;Dunn TM, Bratman S (April 2016). &quot;On orthorexia nervosa: A review of the literature and proposed diagnostic criteria&quot;. ''Eating Behaviors''. '''21''': &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11–&lt;/span&gt;7. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006|10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26724459 26724459].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Masana sun yi tambaya game da inganci da ingancin ORTO-15. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Missbach B, Hinterbuchinger B, Dreiseitl V, Zellhofer S, Kurz C, König J |year=2015 |title=When Eating Right, Is Measured Wrong! A Validation and Critical Examination of the ORTO-15 Questionnaire in German |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=8 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1035772M |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0135772 |pmc=4539204 |pmid=26280449 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawancin binciken kimiyya sun yarda, duk da haka, matasa da matasa suna da matuƙar saurin kamuwa da matsalar cin abinci. Wani bincike ya gano cewa babu wata alaƙa tsakanin maki na BOT da babban digiri na kwaleji, wanda zai iya nuna yawan matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa da matsalolin cin abinci a harabar jami'a kuma cewa manyan fannoni na lafiya da kimiyya ba su ne kawai abin ya shafa ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bundros J, Clifford D, Silliman K, Neyman Morris M |date=June 2016 |title=Prevalence of Orthorexia nervosa among college students based on Bratman's test and associated tendencies |journal=Appetite |volume=101 |pages=86–94 |doi=10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.144 |pmid=26923745 |s2cid=10301614}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma gudanar da ƙarin bincike kan alaƙar da ke tsakanin ƙaruwar amfani da Instagram da Orthorexia nervosa. Al'ummar lafiya da ke da tushe a shafukan sada zumunta kwanan nan ta shahara musamman a dandamali kamar Instagram. hashtag #food yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan hashtags 25 mafi shahara a Instagram. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Ofcom Internet Use and attitudes |url=https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0025/54682/internet_use_and_attitudes_bulletin.pdf |website=Ofcom}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bincike da ya binciki wannan alaƙar ya gano cewa ƙaruwar amfani da Instagram yana da alaƙa da alamun ON ba tare da wani dandamali na kafofin sada zumunta da ke da irin wannan tasiri ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Turner PG, Lefevre CE |date=June 2017 |title=Instagram use is linked to increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa |journal=Eating and Weight Disorders |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=277–284 |doi=10.1007/s40519-017-0364-2 |pmc=5440477 |pmid=28251592}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ganin cewa matasa da matasa sun zama mafi yawan masu amfani da kafofin sada zumunta, fallasa ga wannan nau'in abun ciki na iya haifar da haɓaka halaye marasa kyau.

== Tarihi ==
A cikin wani kasidar da aka buga a mujallar ''Yoga Journal'' a shekarar 1997, likitan Amurka Steven Bratman ya ƙirƙiro kalmar &quot;orthorexia nervosa&quot; daga kalmar Helenanci ὀρθο- ( ''ortho'', &quot;daidai&quot; ko &quot;daidai&quot;), da kuma ὄρεξις ( ''orexis'', &quot;ci&quot;), wanda a zahiri yana nufin 'ciwon da ya dace', amma a aikace yana nufin 'abinci mai kyau'. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=42–50}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi amfani da kalmar a kan ''anorexia'', wanda a zahiri yana nufin &quot;ba tare da ci ba&quot;, kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ma'anar yanayin anorexia nervosa. (A duka kalmomin biyu, &quot;nervosa&quot; yana nufin yanayin tunani mara kyau.) Bratman ya bayyana orthorexia a matsayin rashin lafiyan da ya dace da abin da mutum ke ɗauka a matsayin [[Abinci mai kyau|cin abinci mai kyau]] . Imani game da abin da ya ƙunshi cin abinci mai kyau yawanci yana farawa ne daga ka'idar abinci ɗaya ko wata kamar rashin abinci mai kyau ko macrobiotics, amma sai a kai shi ga matsanancin matsayi, wanda ke haifar da rashin daidaituwar tsarin cin abinci da nakasa ta hankali da/ko ta jiki. Bratman ya dogara ne akan wannan yanayin da aka gabatar bisa ga abubuwan da ya fuskanta a shekarun 1970, da kuma halayen da ya lura da su a tsakanin marasa lafiyarsa a shekarun 1990.

Bayan buga littafin, a shekara ta 2004, wata ƙungiyar masu bincike ta Italiya daga Jami'ar La Sapienza ta Rome, ta buga wani bincike na farko da aka gudanar wanda ke ƙoƙarin samar da kayan aiki don auna yawan orthorexia, wanda aka sani da ORTO-15. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Donini LM, Marsili D, Graziani MP, Imbriale M, Cannella C |date=June 2004 |title=Orthorexia nervosa: a preliminary study with a proposal for diagnosis and an attempt to measure the dimension of the phenomenon |journal=Eating and Weight Disorders |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=151–7 |doi=10.1007/BF03325060 |pmid=15330084 |s2cid=39557383 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2015, yayin da take mayar da martani ga labaran labarai inda aka yi amfani da kalmar orthorexia ga mutanen da ke bin ka'idar cin abinci mai kyau wadda ba ta da tushe, Bratman ya bayyana haka: &quot;Ka'ida na iya zama ta al'ada ko ta al'ada, mai tsauri ko kuma mai laushi, mai hankali ko kuma mai wayo gaba ɗaya, amma, ba tare da la'akari da cikakkun bayanai ba, masu bin ka'idar ba lallai bane su kamu da orthorexia. Kawai masu bin ka'idar cin abinci ne. Kalmar 'orthorexia' tana aiki ne kawai lokacin da matsalar cin abinci ta taso a kusa da wannan ka'idar.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Healthy Eating vs. Orthorexia |url=http://www.orthorexia.com/healthy-eating-vs-orthorexia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110203604/http://www.orthorexia.com/healthy-eating-vs-orthorexia/ |archive-date=10 November 2017 |access-date=1 January 2016 |website=orthorexia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bratman a wani wuri ya bayyana cewa ban da wasu 'yan kaɗan, yawancin masu bin ka'idodin cin abinci mai kyau suna bin su lafiya; duk da haka, &quot;ga wasu mutane, bin hanyar cin abinci mai ƙuntatawa don neman lafiya na iya ƙarawa zuwa kamalar abinci.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Orthorexia Nervosa |url=http://www.mirror-mirror.org/orthorexia-nervosa.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921013204/http://www.mirror-mirror.org/orthorexia-nervosa.htm |archive-date=21 September 2017 |access-date=1 January 2016 |website=Mirror-Mirror.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Karin Kratina]], PhD, tana rubutu ga Ƙungiyar Cututtukan Cin Abinci ta Ƙasa, ta taƙaita wannan tsari kamar haka: &quot;A ƙarshe zaɓin abinci ya zama mai takurawa, a cikin nau'i da adadin kuzari, har lafiya ta sha wahala - wani abin ban mamaki ga mutumin da ya sadaukar da kansa ga cin abinci mai lafiya.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Orthorexia Nervosa |url=https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/orthorexia-nervosa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224124432/http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/orthorexia-nervosa |archive-date=2015-12-24 |access-date=1 January 2016 |website=NationalEatingDisorders.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da cewa Ƙungiyar Masu Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka ba ta amince da cutar orthorexia a matsayin matsalar tabin hankali ba, kuma ba a lissafa ta a cikin DSM-5,  kamar yadda aka rubuta a watan Janairun 2016 ba, an buga rahotannin shari'o'i huɗu da wasu labarai sama da 40 kan wannan batu a cikin mujallu daban-daban da takwarorinsu suka yi nazari a kansu a ƙasashen duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dunn, T.M 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dunn TM, Bratman S |date=April 2016 |title=On orthorexia nervosa: A review of the literature and proposed diagnostic criteria |journal=Eating Behaviors |volume=21 |pages=11–7 |doi=10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006 |pmid=26724459}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDunnBratman2016&quot;&gt;Dunn TM, Bratman S (April 2016). &quot;On orthorexia nervosa: A review of the literature and proposed diagnostic criteria&quot;. ''Eating Behaviors''. '''21''': &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11–&lt;/span&gt;7. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006|10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26724459 26724459].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wani bincike da aka buga a shekarar 2011, kashi biyu bisa uku na samfurin ƙwararrun masana matsalar cin abinci 111 da ke magana da harshen Holland sun ji cewa sun lura da wannan cuta a cikin aikinsu na asibiti. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Vandereycken W |year=2011 |title=Media hype, diagnostic fad or genuine disorder? Professionals' opinions about night eating syndrome, orthorexia, muscle dysmorphia, and emetophobia |journal=Eating Disorders |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=145–55 |doi=10.1080/10640266.2011.551634 |pmid=21360365 |s2cid=9697551}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar ''Macmillan English Dictionary,'' kalmar tana shiga cikin ƙamus ɗin [[Turanci]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Macmillan English Dictionary entry for ''Orthorexia Nervosa'' |url=http://www.macmillandictionary.com/New-Words/040103-orthorexia.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416105415/http://www.macmillandictionary.com/New-Words/040103-orthorexia.htm |archive-date=2007-04-16 |access-date=2007-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manufar orthorexia a matsayin sabuwar matsalar cin abinci da ta bulla ta jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai sosai a ƙarni na 21.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-08-30 |title=Orthorexia nervosa: How becoming obsessed with healthy eating can lead to malnutrition |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/orthorexia-nervosa-how-becoming-obsessed-with-healthy-eating-can-lead-to-malnutrition-10479149.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/orthorexia-nervosa-how-becoming-obsessed-with-healthy-eating-can-lead-to-malnutrition-10479149.html |archive-date=2022-05-24 |access-date=30 August 2015 |website=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-11-04 |title=My Life With Orthorexia |url=http://www.refinery29.com/jordan-younger-vegan-orthorexia |access-date=1 January 2016 |website=Refinery29}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Orthorexia da sauran cututtuka ==
Orthorexia ta bambanta da anorexia da bulimia a alaƙarta da abinci. Maimakon mai da hankali kan cin abinci don ƙoƙarin rage nauyi da rage cin abinci, orthorexia &quot;sha'awa ce game da ingancin cin abinci&quot; kuma ana ƙarfafa ta ta hanyar jin cimma kamala da tsarki ta hanyar cin abinci &quot;masu lafiya&quot; kawai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Brytek-Matera_2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brytek-Matera A |date=March 2012 |title=Orthorexia Nervosa – an Eating Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, or Disturbed Eating Habit? |journal=Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy |pages=55–60 |via=EBSCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Halayen Orthorexic sau da yawa na iya haifar da rashin abinci mai gina jiki da raguwar nauyi, kuma galibi ana danganta shi da anorexia nervosa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Parra Carriedo A, Tena-Suck A, Barajas-Márquez MW, Bilbao Y, Morcelle GM, Díaz Gutiérrez MC, Flores Galicia I, Ruiz-Shuayre A |date=2020-10-26 |title=When clean eating isn't as faultless: the dangerous obsession with healthy eating and the relationship between Orthorexia nervosa and eating disorders in Mexican University students |url= |journal=Journal of Eating Disorders |volume=8 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s40337-020-00331-2 |pmc=7586686 |pmid=33117538 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa halayen obsessive-compulsive suna da alaƙa da haɓakar orthorexia, kuma wasu masu bincike sun ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a gano orthorexia a matsayin OCD saboda sha'awar samun cikakken abinci yana haifar da shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Brytek-Matera_2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brytek-Matera A |date=March 2012 |title=Orthorexia Nervosa – an Eating Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, or Disturbed Eating Habit? |journal=Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy |pages=55–60 |via=EBSCO}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBrytek-Matera2012&quot;&gt;Brytek-Matera A (March 2012). &quot;Orthorexia Nervosa – an Eating Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, or Disturbed Eating Habit?&quot;. ''Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy'': &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;55–&lt;/span&gt;60 &amp;#x2013; via EBSCO.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Orthorexia''' / ( / ˌ ɔːr θə ˈrəks iə )​​ nər ˈvoʊsə / ; ON ; wanda '''aka''' fi sani da '''orthorexia''' ) wata matsala ce ta cin abinci da aka gabatar wadda ke da alaƙa da yawan damuwa da cin [[Abinci mai kyau|abinci mai kyau.]]    Likitan Amurka Steven Bratman ne ya gabatar da wannan kalmar a shekarar 1997, wanda ya ba da shawarar cewa ƙuntatawa kan abincin da wasu mutane ke ci don inganta lafiya na iya haifar da sakamako mara kyau, kamar ware kai daga jama'a, [[Anxiety|damuwa]], rashin iya cin abinci ta hanyar da ta dace, da kuma rage sha'awar sauran [[Halin ɗan adam|ayyukan lafiya na ɗan adam]], da kuma, a lokuta da ba kasafai ake samun su ba, [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki|rashin abinci mai gina jiki mai tsanani]] ko ma mutuwa. 

A shekara ta 2009, Ursula Philpot, shugabar ƙungiyar abinci mai gina jiki ta Birtaniya kuma babbar malamar jami'a a Jami'ar Leeds Metropolitan, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 April 2011 |title=Supersize vs Superskinny - Expert Profiles - Ursula Philpot |url=http://www.channel4.com/programmes/supersize-vs-superskinny/articles/ursula-philpot |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128001913/http://www.channel4.com/programmes/supersize-vs-superskinny/articles/ursula-philpot |archive-date=28 January 2013 |access-date=19 October 2010 |website=[[Channel 4]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta bayyana mutanen da ke fama da ciwon orthorexia a matsayin &quot;masu damuwa kawai da ingancin abincin da suke sakawa a jikinsu, suna tacewa da kuma takaita abincin da suke ci bisa ga fahimtarsu ta kansu game da waɗanne abinci ne masu 'tsarkakakku'.&quot; Wannan ya bambanta da sauran matsalolin cin abinci, kamar anorexia nervosa da bulimia nervosa, inda waɗanda abin ya shafa suka fi mai da hankali kan yawan abincin da ake ci. 

Ciwon Orthorexia kuma ya bambanta da ciwon anorexia nervosa domin ba ya shafar jinsi ɗaya. Bincike ya gano cewa ciwon orthorexia nervosa yana samuwa daidai a cikin maza da mata ba tare da wani bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin jinsi ba kwata-kwata. Bugu da ƙari, bincike ya gano alaƙa mai kyau tsakanin ciwon orthorexia nervosa da narcissism da kamala, amma babu wata alaƙa mai mahimmanci tsakanin ciwon orthorexia nervosa da girman kai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Oberle CD, Samaghabadi RO, Hughes EM |date=January 2017 |title=Orthorexia nervosa: Assessment and correlates with gender, BMI, and personality |journal=Appetite |volume=108 |pages=303–310 |doi=10.1016/j.appet.2016.10.021 |pmid=27756637 |s2cid=24263386}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan yana nuna cewa mutanen da ke fama da ciwon orthorexia mai tsanani suna iya alfahari da halayen cin abinci masu kyau fiye da wasu kuma wannan shine abin da ke haifar da ciwon orthorexia maimakon siffar jiki kamar anorexia. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Ƙungiyar Masu Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka ba ta amince da Orthorexia nervosa a matsayin matsalar cin abinci ba, don haka ba a ambaci shi a matsayin wata cuta ta hukuma a cikin ''Littafin Bincike da Ƙididdiga na Cututtukan Hankali'' (DSM) da ake amfani da shi sosai ba. {{Efn|Medical manuals that do not recognise orthorexia nervosa include [[ICD-10]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://priory.com/psych/ICD.htm
 | title = ICD10 Codes
 | work = Psychiatry On-Line
 | access-date = 16 October 2010
}}&lt;/ref&gt; the [[DSM-IV]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url = http://www.behavenet.com/capsules/disorders/dsm4TRclassification.htm
 |title = APA Diagnostic Classification
 |publisher = BehaveNet
 |access-date = 16 October 2010
 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111026155340/http://www.behavenet.com/capsules/disorders/dsm4TRclassification.htm
 |archive-date = 26 October 2011
}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[DSM-5]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevisions/Pages/InfancyChildhoodAdolescence.aspx
 | title = Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence
 | publisher = [[American Psychiatric Association]]
 | access-date = 16 October 2010
}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

== Alamomi da Alamomi ==
Alamomin orthorexia nervosa sun haɗa da &quot;mayar da hankali kan zaɓin abinci, tsarawa, siye, shiri, da cin abinci; abincin da ake ɗauka a matsayin tushen lafiya maimakon jin daɗi; damuwa ko ƙyama idan ana kusa da abincin da aka haramta; ƙarin imani cewa haɗa ko kawar da wasu nau'ikan abinci na iya hana ko warkar da cututtuka ko shafar jin daɗin yau da kullun; sauye-sauye lokaci-lokaci a cikin imani na abinci yayin da wasu hanyoyin ba su canzawa ba; hukuncin ɗabi'a ga wasu bisa ga zaɓin abinci; rikitar da hoton jiki game da jin &quot;ƙazanta&quot; ta jiki maimakon nauyi; dagewa da imani cewa ayyukan abinci suna inganta lafiya duk da shaidar rashin abinci mai gina jiki.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Dunn, T.M 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dunn TM, Bratman S |date=April 2016 |title=On orthorexia nervosa: A review of the literature and proposed diagnostic criteria |journal=Eating Behaviors |volume=21 |pages=11–7 |doi=10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006 |pmid=26724459}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalili ==
Duk da cewa binciken da ake yi a yanzu kan musabbabin cutar orthorexia nervosa ba shi da iyaka, shaidu masu yawa suna goyon bayan ra'ayin abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari. Gabaɗaya, matsalolin cin abinci suna shafar abubuwa da dama, ciki har da: tasirin halittu, tunani, da kuma al'adun zamantakewa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Polivy |first=Janet |last2=Herman |first2=C. Peter |date=February 2002 |title=Causes of Eating Disorders |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135103 |journal=Annual Review of Psychology |language=en |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=187–213 |doi=10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135103 |issn=0066-4308 |pmid=11752484 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

; Tasirin Halittu

Ba a gano ainihin abubuwan da suka shafi orthorexia nervosa kai tsaye ba. Duk da haka, nazarin wasu matsalolin cin abinci kamar anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, da kuma [[Rashin cin abinci mai yawa|matsalar cin abinci mai yawa]] sun lura da tasirin halittu da dama. Waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da matakan hormones, neurotransmitters, har ma da abubuwan da suka shafi kwayoyin halitta. Bugu da ƙari, masu bincike sun gano alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin orthorexia nervosa da obsessive-compulsive disorder . &lt;ref name=&quot;Getz2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 2009 |title=Orthorexia: When eating healthy becomes an unhealthy obsession |url=http://www.todaysdietitian.com/newarchives/060109p40.shtml |access-date=2009-10-13 |publisher=Today's Dietitian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

; Tasirin Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam

Halayyar Orthorexic yawanci tana faruwa ne a cikin mutanen da ke da ƙarancin girman kai, wanda ya samo asali daga kwatancen zamantakewa. Cin abinci mai yawa na iya nuna alamun kamala da buƙatar iko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bóna |first=Enikő |last2=Erdész |first2=Anett |last3=Túry |first3=Ferenc |date=2021-12-01 |title=Low self-esteem predicts orthorexia nervosa, mediated by spiritual attitudes among frequent exercisers |journal=Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity |language=en |volume=26 |issue=8 |pages=2481–2489 |doi=10.1007/s40519-020-01095-z |issn=1590-1262 |pmc=8602160 |pmid=33502732}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan halaye iri ɗaya kuma suna aiki a matsayin hanyoyin magance matsalolin motsin rai ko abubuwan da suka faru masu ban tausayi. Wasu ma sun lura da alaƙa tsakanin orthorexia nervosa da shan muggan kwayoyi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Oberle |first=Crystal D. |last2=Marcell |first2=Haley S. |last3=Noebel |first3=Natalie A. |date=2022-03-01 |title=Orthorexia nervosa and substance use for the purposes of weight control, conformity, and emotional coping |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40519-021-01190-9 |journal=Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity |language=en |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=553–561 |doi=10.1007/s40519-021-01190-9 |issn=1590-1262 |pmid=33866529}}&lt;/ref&gt;

; Tasirin Al'adu

Kamar anorexia nervosa da bulimia nervosa, orthorexia nervosa yawanci yana samo asali ne daga matsin lamba na zamantakewa, mummunan hoton jiki, da sha'awar zama siriri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=McComb |first=Sarah E. |last2=Mills |first2=Jennifer S. |date=September 2019 |title=Orthorexia nervosa: A review of psychosocial risk factors |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195666318315290 |journal=Appetite |language=en |volume=140 |pages=50–75 |doi=10.1016/j.appet.2019.05.005 |pmid=31075324 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin Tasirin Uku ya gano iyaye, takwarorinsu, da kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin manyan tasirin da ke kan hoton jiki da rashin cin abinci mai kyau. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=van den Berg |first=Patricia |last2=Thompson |first2=J. Kevin |last3=Obremski-Brandon |first3=Karen |last4=Coovert |first4=Michael |date=2002-11-01 |title=The Tripartite Influence model of body image and eating disturbance: A covariance structure modeling investigation testing the mediational role of appearance comparison |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022399902004993 |journal=Journal of Psychosomatic Research |volume=53 |issue=5 |pages=1007–1020 |doi=10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00499-3 |issn=0022-3999 |pmid=12445590 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ganewar Ganewa ==
A shekarar 2016, an gabatar da ka'idoji na yau da kullun don maganin orthorexia a cikin mujallar ''Cin Behaviors'' ta Thom Dunn da Steven Bratman suka yi bita. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dunn, T.M 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dunn TM, Bratman S |date=April 2016 |title=On orthorexia nervosa: A review of the literature and proposed diagnostic criteria |journal=Eating Behaviors |volume=21 |pages=11–7 |doi=10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006 |pmid=26724459}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDunnBratman2016&quot;&gt;Dunn TM, Bratman S (April 2016). &quot;On orthorexia nervosa: A review of the literature and proposed diagnostic criteria&quot;. ''Eating Behaviors''. '''21''': &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11–&lt;/span&gt;7. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006|10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26724459 26724459].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan sharuɗɗan sune kamar haka:

'''Ma'auni A.''' Mayar da hankali kan cin abinci mai &quot;lafiya&quot;, kamar yadda aka bayyana ta hanyar ka'idar abinci ko wasu imani waɗanda takamaiman bayanai na iya bambanta; wanda aka nuna ta hanyar damuwa mai yawa dangane da zaɓin abinci da ake ganin ba shi da lafiya; asarar nauyi na iya faruwa, amma an fahimci wannan a matsayin wani ɓangare na lafiya mai kyau maimakon babban burin. Kamar yadda aka tabbatar ta hanyar waɗannan:

# Halayyar tilastawa da/ko damuwa ta hankali game da hanyoyin cin abinci masu inganci da ƙuntatawa waɗanda mutum ke yarda da su don inganta lafiya mafi kyau. (Bayanan da ke ƙasa sun ƙara da cewa: Ayyukan abinci na iya haɗawa da amfani da &quot; karin abinci mai yawa&quot;. Ana iya ɗaukar aikin motsa jiki da/ko yanayin jiki a matsayin wani ɓangare ko alamar lafiya.)
# Keta dokokin abinci da kai ya sanya wa mutum yana haifar da fargabar cuta mai yawa, jin rashin tsarkin jiki da/ko kuma mummunan jin daɗin jiki, tare da damuwa da kunya.
# Takaitawar abinci yana ƙaruwa akan lokaci, kuma yana iya haɗawa da kawar da dukkan rukunin abinci kuma yana iya haɗawa da &quot;tsarkakewa&quot; akai-akai da/ko tsananin azumi (na ɗan lokaci) wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin tsarkakewa ko kawar da guba. Wannan ƙaruwar yawanci yakan haifar da raguwar nauyi, amma sha'awar rage kiba ba ta nan, ɓoye ko ƙarƙashin ra'ayin abinci mai kyau.

'''Ma'auni na B.''' Halayyar tilastawa da kuma sha'awar tunani suna zama masu illa ga asibiti ta hanyar ɗayan waɗannan:

# Rashin abinci mai gina jiki, raguwar nauyi mai tsanani ko wasu matsalolin lafiya da suka taso sakamakon takaitaccen abinci mai gina jiki
# Damuwa ko rashin aikin zamantakewa, ilimi ko sana'a a tsakanin mutane ya biyo bayan imani ko halaye game da abinci mai kyau.
# Kyakkyawan siffar jiki, darajar kai, asali da/ko gamsuwa ya dogara ne da bin ƙa'idodin cin abinci mai &quot;lafiya&quot; da aka ayyana.

An ƙirƙiro wata takardar tambayoyi game da ganewar asali ga masu fama da orthorexia, kamar tambayoyin wasu matsalolin cin abinci, mai suna ORTO-15. &lt;ref name=&quot;Donini 2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Donini LM, Marsili D, Graziani MP, Imbriale M, Cannella C |date=June 2005 |title=Orthorexia nervosa: validation of a diagnosis questionnaire |journal=Eating and Weight Disorders |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=e28-32 |doi=10.1007/bf03327537 |pmid=16682853 |s2cid=18145686}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, Dunn da Bratman sun yi suka ga wannan kayan aikin binciken a matsayin wanda bai da ingantaccen inganci na ciki da na waje. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dunn, T.M 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dunn TM, Bratman S |date=April 2016 |title=On orthorexia nervosa: A review of the literature and proposed diagnostic criteria |journal=Eating Behaviors |volume=21 |pages=11–7 |doi=10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006 |pmid=26724459}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDunnBratman2016&quot;&gt;Dunn TM, Bratman S (April 2016). &quot;On orthorexia nervosa: A review of the literature and proposed diagnostic criteria&quot;. ''Eating Behaviors''. '''21''': &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11–&lt;/span&gt;7. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006|10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26724459 26724459].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin Cututtuka ==
Sakamakon binciken kimiyya bai sami cikakkiyar ƙarshe ba tukuna don tallafawa ko ɗaliban abinci mai gina jiki da ƙwararru suna cikin haɗari mafi girma fiye da sauran ƙungiyoyin jama'a, saboda bambance-bambancen sakamako a cikin littattafan bincike. Akwai wasu shahararrun ayyukan kimiyya waɗanda, a cikin yunƙurin bincika faɗin da zurfin cutar da har yanzu ba a fahimce ta ba, suka yi ƙoƙarin gano waɗanne ƙungiyoyi a cikin al'umma ne suka fi fuskantar haɗarin kamuwa da ita. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Varga M, Dukay-Szabó S, Túry F, van Furth EF, van Furth Eric F |date=June 2013 |title=Evidence and gaps in the literature on orthorexia nervosa |url=http://repo.lib.semmelweis.hu//bitstream/123456789/1475/1/Evidence_and_gaps_Eat_Weight_Disord_2013_u_130007.828135.pdf |journal=Eating and Weight Disorders |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=103–11 |doi=10.1007/s40519-013-0026-y |pmid=23760837 |s2cid=35709655}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ya haɗa da wani bincike na Jamusanci na 2008, &lt;ref name=&quot;Korinth et al 2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Korinth A, Schiess S, Westenhoefer J |date=January 2010 |title=Eating behaviour and eating disorders in students of nutrition sciences |journal=Public Health Nutrition |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=32–7 |doi=10.1017/S1368980009005709 |pmid=19433007 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ya dogara da bincikensa kan zato da ake yi cewa waɗanda suka fi sanin abinci mai gina jiki, kamar ɗaliban abinci mai gina jiki na jami'a, rukuni ne mai yuwuwar haɗarin kamuwa da matsalar cin abinci, saboda tarin ilimi mai yawa game da abinci da alaƙarsa da lafiya; ra'ayin shine cewa da zarar mutum ya san game da lafiya, da yuwuwar kamuwa da rashin lafiya game da kasancewa cikin koshin lafiya zai iya haɓaka. Wannan binciken ya kuma yi hasashen cewa sha'awar orthorexic na iya haifar da sha'awar nazarin kimiyya, yana nuna cewa da yawa a cikin wannan fanni na iya fama da matsalar kafin fara karatun. Duk da haka, sakamakon ya gano cewa ɗaliban da ke cikin binciken, bayan fara karatunsu na farko, ba su da ƙimar orthorexic mafi girma fiye da sauran ɗaliban jami'a marasa abinci mai gina jiki, don haka rahoton ya kammala da cewa ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don fayyace alaƙar da ke tsakanin ilimin abinci da kuma farkon ON. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Hakazalika, a wani bincike da aka yi a Portugal kan ɗaliban jami'a masu abinci mai gina jiki, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mealha V, Ferreira C, Guerra I, Ravasco P |year=2013 |title=Students of dietetics &amp; nutrition; a high risk group for eating disorders? |journal=Nutricion Hospitalaria |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=1558–66 |doi=10.3305/nh.2013.28.5.6695 |pmid=24160216 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; sakamakon orthorexic na mahalarta (bisa ga tambayoyin bincike na ORTO-15 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Donini LM, Marsili D, Graziani MP, Imbriale M, Cannella C |date=June 2005 |title=Orthorexia nervosa: validation of a diagnosis questionnaire |journal=Eating and Weight Disorders |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=e28-32 |doi=10.1007/BF03327537 |pmid=16682853 |s2cid=18145686}}&lt;/ref&gt; ) ya ragu yayin da suke ci gaba da karatunsu, haka kuma haɗarin kamuwa da matsalar cin abinci ya kai kashi 4.2 cikin ɗari, wanda marubutan suka rarraba a matsayin ƙaramin matakin. Mahalarta sun kuma amsa tambayoyi don ba da haske game da halayen cin abincinsu da halayensu, kuma duk da wannan binciken ya gano cewa ɗaliban kimiyyar abinci mai gina jiki da lafiya suna da halaye na cin abinci masu tsauri, duk da haka, waɗannan binciken ba su sami wata shaida da ke nuna cewa waɗannan ɗaliban suna da &quot;tsarin cin abinci mai rikitarwa ko rashin tsari fiye da sauran ɗalibai&quot; ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Korinth et al 2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Korinth A, Schiess S, Westenhoefer J |date=January 2010 |title=Eating behaviour and eating disorders in students of nutrition sciences |journal=Public Health Nutrition |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=32–7 |doi=10.1017/S1368980009005709 |pmid=19433007 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKorinthSchiessWestenhoefer2010&quot;&gt;Korinth A, Schiess S, Westenhoefer J (January 2010). [[doi:10.1017/S1368980009005709|&quot;Eating behaviour and eating disorders in students of nutrition sciences&quot;]]. ''Public Health Nutrition''. '''13''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;32–&lt;/span&gt;7. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1017/S1368980009005709|10.1017/S1368980009005709]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19433007 19433007].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan binciken guda biyu da aka ambata sun kammala da cewa fahimtar abincin da mutum yake ci ba lallai ba ne ya zama babban abin haɗari ga ON, yana mai bayanin cewa bayanan da aka tattara sun nuna cewa ƙwararrun masu cin abinci ba sa cikin haɗarin hakan.

Duk da haka, an yi suka ga waɗannan nazarin cututtuka a matsayin amfani da kayan aikin bincike mai inganci wanda ke ƙara yawan kamuwa da cuta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dunn, T.M 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dunn TM, Bratman S |date=April 2016 |title=On orthorexia nervosa: A review of the literature and proposed diagnostic criteria |journal=Eating Behaviors |volume=21 |pages=11–7 |doi=10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006 |pmid=26724459}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDunnBratman2016&quot;&gt;Dunn TM, Bratman S (April 2016). &quot;On orthorexia nervosa: A review of the literature and proposed diagnostic criteria&quot;. ''Eating Behaviors''. '''21''': &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11–&lt;/span&gt;7. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006|10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26724459 26724459].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Masana sun yi tambaya game da inganci da ingancin ORTO-15. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Missbach B, Hinterbuchinger B, Dreiseitl V, Zellhofer S, Kurz C, König J |year=2015 |title=When Eating Right, Is Measured Wrong! A Validation and Critical Examination of the ORTO-15 Questionnaire in German |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=8 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1035772M |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0135772 |pmc=4539204 |pmid=26280449 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawancin binciken kimiyya sun yarda, duk da haka, matasa da matasa suna da matuƙar saurin kamuwa da matsalar cin abinci. Wani bincike ya gano cewa babu wata alaƙa tsakanin maki na BOT da babban digiri na kwaleji, wanda zai iya nuna yawan matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa da matsalolin cin abinci a harabar jami'a kuma cewa manyan fannoni na lafiya da kimiyya ba su ne kawai abin ya shafa ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bundros J, Clifford D, Silliman K, Neyman Morris M |date=June 2016 |title=Prevalence of Orthorexia nervosa among college students based on Bratman's test and associated tendencies |journal=Appetite |volume=101 |pages=86–94 |doi=10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.144 |pmid=26923745 |s2cid=10301614}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma gudanar da ƙarin bincike kan alaƙar da ke tsakanin ƙaruwar amfani da Instagram da Orthorexia nervosa. Al'ummar lafiya da ke da tushe a shafukan sada zumunta kwanan nan ta shahara musamman a dandamali kamar Instagram. hashtag #food yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan hashtags 25 mafi shahara a Instagram. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Ofcom Internet Use and attitudes |url=https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0025/54682/internet_use_and_attitudes_bulletin.pdf |website=Ofcom}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani bincike da ya binciki wannan alaƙar ya gano cewa ƙaruwar amfani da Instagram yana da alaƙa da alamun ON ba tare da wani dandamali na kafofin sada zumunta da ke da irin wannan tasiri ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Turner PG, Lefevre CE |date=June 2017 |title=Instagram use is linked to increased symptoms of orthorexia nervosa |journal=Eating and Weight Disorders |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=277–284 |doi=10.1007/s40519-017-0364-2 |pmc=5440477 |pmid=28251592}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ganin cewa matasa da matasa sun zama mafi yawan masu amfani da kafofin sada zumunta, fallasa ga wannan nau'in abun ciki na iya haifar da haɓaka halaye marasa kyau.

== Tarihi ==
A cikin wani kasidar da aka buga a mujallar ''Yoga Journal'' a shekarar 1997, likitan Amurka Steven Bratman ya ƙirƙiro kalmar &quot;orthorexia nervosa&quot; daga kalmar Helenanci ὀρθο- ( ''ortho'', &quot;daidai&quot; ko &quot;daidai&quot;), da kuma ὄρεξις ( ''orexis'', &quot;ci&quot;), wanda a zahiri yana nufin 'ciwon da ya dace', amma a aikace yana nufin 'abinci mai kyau'. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=42–50}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi amfani da kalmar a kan ''anorexia'', wanda a zahiri yana nufin &quot;ba tare da ci ba&quot;, kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ma'anar yanayin anorexia nervosa. (A duka kalmomin biyu, &quot;nervosa&quot; yana nufin yanayin tunani mara kyau.) Bratman ya bayyana orthorexia a matsayin rashin lafiyan da ya dace da abin da mutum ke ɗauka a matsayin [[Abinci mai kyau|cin abinci mai kyau]] . Imani game da abin da ya ƙunshi cin abinci mai kyau yawanci yana farawa ne daga ka'idar abinci ɗaya ko wata kamar rashin abinci mai kyau ko macrobiotics, amma sai a kai shi ga matsanancin matsayi, wanda ke haifar da rashin daidaituwar tsarin cin abinci da nakasa ta hankali da/ko ta jiki. Bratman ya dogara ne akan wannan yanayin da aka gabatar bisa ga abubuwan da ya fuskanta a shekarun 1970, da kuma halayen da ya lura da su a tsakanin marasa lafiyarsa a shekarun 1990.

Bayan buga littafin, a shekara ta 2004, wata ƙungiyar masu bincike ta Italiya daga Jami'ar La Sapienza ta Rome, ta buga wani bincike na farko da aka gudanar wanda ke ƙoƙarin samar da kayan aiki don auna yawan orthorexia, wanda aka sani da ORTO-15. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Donini LM, Marsili D, Graziani MP, Imbriale M, Cannella C |date=June 2004 |title=Orthorexia nervosa: a preliminary study with a proposal for diagnosis and an attempt to measure the dimension of the phenomenon |journal=Eating and Weight Disorders |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=151–7 |doi=10.1007/BF03325060 |pmid=15330084 |s2cid=39557383 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2015, yayin da take mayar da martani ga labaran labarai inda aka yi amfani da kalmar orthorexia ga mutanen da ke bin ka'idar cin abinci mai kyau wadda ba ta da tushe, Bratman ya bayyana haka: &quot;Ka'ida na iya zama ta al'ada ko ta al'ada, mai tsauri ko kuma mai laushi, mai hankali ko kuma mai wayo gaba ɗaya, amma, ba tare da la'akari da cikakkun bayanai ba, masu bin ka'idar ba lallai bane su kamu da orthorexia. Kawai masu bin ka'idar cin abinci ne. Kalmar 'orthorexia' tana aiki ne kawai lokacin da matsalar cin abinci ta taso a kusa da wannan ka'idar.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Healthy Eating vs. Orthorexia |url=http://www.orthorexia.com/healthy-eating-vs-orthorexia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110203604/http://www.orthorexia.com/healthy-eating-vs-orthorexia/ |archive-date=10 November 2017 |access-date=1 January 2016 |website=orthorexia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bratman a wani wuri ya bayyana cewa ban da wasu 'yan kaɗan, yawancin masu bin ka'idodin cin abinci mai kyau suna bin su lafiya; duk da haka, &quot;ga wasu mutane, bin hanyar cin abinci mai ƙuntatawa don neman lafiya na iya ƙarawa zuwa kamalar abinci.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Orthorexia Nervosa |url=http://www.mirror-mirror.org/orthorexia-nervosa.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921013204/http://www.mirror-mirror.org/orthorexia-nervosa.htm |archive-date=21 September 2017 |access-date=1 January 2016 |website=Mirror-Mirror.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Karin Kratina]], PhD, tana rubutu ga Ƙungiyar Cututtukan Cin Abinci ta Ƙasa, ta taƙaita wannan tsari kamar haka: &quot;A ƙarshe zaɓin abinci ya zama mai takurawa, a cikin nau'i da adadin kuzari, har lafiya ta sha wahala - wani abin ban mamaki ga mutumin da ya sadaukar da kansa ga cin abinci mai lafiya.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Orthorexia Nervosa |url=https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/orthorexia-nervosa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224124432/http://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/orthorexia-nervosa |archive-date=2015-12-24 |access-date=1 January 2016 |website=NationalEatingDisorders.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da cewa Ƙungiyar Masu Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka ba ta amince da cutar orthorexia a matsayin matsalar tabin hankali ba, kuma ba a lissafa ta a cikin DSM-5,  kamar yadda aka rubuta a watan Janairun 2016 ba, an buga rahotannin shari'o'i huɗu da wasu labarai sama da 40 kan wannan batu a cikin mujallu daban-daban da takwarorinsu suka yi nazari a kansu a ƙasashen duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dunn, T.M 2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dunn TM, Bratman S |date=April 2016 |title=On orthorexia nervosa: A review of the literature and proposed diagnostic criteria |journal=Eating Behaviors |volume=21 |pages=11–7 |doi=10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006 |pmid=26724459}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDunnBratman2016&quot;&gt;Dunn TM, Bratman S (April 2016). &quot;On orthorexia nervosa: A review of the literature and proposed diagnostic criteria&quot;. ''Eating Behaviors''. '''21''': &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;11–&lt;/span&gt;7. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006|10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26724459 26724459].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wani bincike da aka buga a shekarar 2011, kashi biyu bisa uku na samfurin ƙwararrun masana matsalar cin abinci 111 da ke magana da harshen Holland sun ji cewa sun lura da wannan cuta a cikin aikinsu na asibiti. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Vandereycken W |year=2011 |title=Media hype, diagnostic fad or genuine disorder? Professionals' opinions about night eating syndrome, orthorexia, muscle dysmorphia, and emetophobia |journal=Eating Disorders |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=145–55 |doi=10.1080/10640266.2011.551634 |pmid=21360365 |s2cid=9697551}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cewar ''Macmillan English Dictionary,'' kalmar tana shiga cikin ƙamus ɗin [[Turanci]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Macmillan English Dictionary entry for ''Orthorexia Nervosa'' |url=http://www.macmillandictionary.com/New-Words/040103-orthorexia.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416105415/http://www.macmillandictionary.com/New-Words/040103-orthorexia.htm |archive-date=2007-04-16 |access-date=2007-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manufar orthorexia a matsayin sabuwar matsalar cin abinci da ta bulla ta jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai sosai a ƙarni na 21.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-08-30 |title=Orthorexia nervosa: How becoming obsessed with healthy eating can lead to malnutrition |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/orthorexia-nervosa-how-becoming-obsessed-with-healthy-eating-can-lead-to-malnutrition-10479149.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/orthorexia-nervosa-how-becoming-obsessed-with-healthy-eating-can-lead-to-malnutrition-10479149.html |archive-date=2022-05-24 |access-date=30 August 2015 |website=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-11-04 |title=My Life With Orthorexia |url=http://www.refinery29.com/jordan-younger-vegan-orthorexia |access-date=1 January 2016 |website=Refinery29}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Orthorexia da sauran cututtuka ==
Orthorexia ta bambanta da anorexia da bulimia a alaƙarta da abinci. Maimakon mai da hankali kan cin abinci don ƙoƙarin rage nauyi da rage cin abinci, orthorexia &quot;sha'awa ce game da ingancin cin abinci&quot; kuma ana ƙarfafa ta ta hanyar jin cimma kamala da tsarki ta hanyar cin abinci &quot;masu lafiya&quot; kawai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Brytek-Matera_2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brytek-Matera A |date=March 2012 |title=Orthorexia Nervosa – an Eating Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, or Disturbed Eating Habit? |journal=Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy |pages=55–60 |via=EBSCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Halayen Orthorexic sau da yawa na iya haifar da rashin abinci mai gina jiki da raguwar nauyi, kuma galibi ana danganta shi da anorexia nervosa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Parra Carriedo A, Tena-Suck A, Barajas-Márquez MW, Bilbao Y, Morcelle GM, Díaz Gutiérrez MC, Flores Galicia I, Ruiz-Shuayre A |date=2020-10-26 |title=When clean eating isn't as faultless: the dangerous obsession with healthy eating and the relationship between Orthorexia nervosa and eating disorders in Mexican University students |url= |journal=Journal of Eating Disorders |volume=8 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s40337-020-00331-2 |pmc=7586686 |pmid=33117538 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa halayen obsessive-compulsive suna da alaƙa da haɓakar orthorexia, kuma wasu masu bincike sun ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a gano orthorexia a matsayin OCD saboda sha'awar samun cikakken abinci yana haifar da shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Brytek-Matera_2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brytek-Matera A |date=March 2012 |title=Orthorexia Nervosa – an Eating Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, or Disturbed Eating Habit? |journal=Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy |pages=55–60 |via=EBSCO}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBrytek-Matera2012&quot;&gt;Brytek-Matera A (March 2012). &quot;Orthorexia Nervosa – an Eating Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, or Disturbed Eating Habit?&quot;. ''Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy'': &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;55–&lt;/span&gt;60 &amp;#x2013; via EBSCO.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Ƙofar ji</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351346559|Sensory gating]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Gating na jijiyoyi''' yana bayyana hanyoyin da ake bi wajen tace abubuwan da ba su da amfani ko kuma marasa amfani daga duk abubuwan da ke haifar da muhalli da ke kaiwa ga [[kwakwalwa]] . Haka kuma ana kiransa gating ko filtering, gating na jijiyoyi yana hana yawan bayanai a manyan cibiyoyin kwakwalwa. Gating na jijiyoyi na iya faruwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban ta hanyar canje-canje a fahimta da ji, wanda abubuwa daban-daban kamar &quot; tashin hankali, fallasa abubuwan da ke haifar da motsi na baya-bayan nan, da kuma kulawa ta zaɓi.&quot; 

Duk da cewa gating na jijiyoyi galibi yana aiki ta atomatik, yana kuma faruwa ne a cikin mahallin sarrafa hankali yayin da kwakwalwa ke neman bayanai masu dacewa da manufa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=L.A. |last2=Hills |first2=P.J. |last3=Dick |first3=K.M. |last4=Jones |first4=S.P. |last5=Bright |first5=P. |date=February 2016 |title=Cognitive mechanisms associated with auditory sensory gating |journal=Brain and Cognition |volume=102 |pages=33–45 |doi=10.1016/j.bandc.2015.12.005 |issn=0278-2626 |pmc=4727785 |pmid=26716891}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nazarin da aka yi a baya sun nuna alaƙa tsakanin gating na jijiyoyi da ayyukan fahimta daban-daban, amma har yanzu babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi da ke nuna cewa dangantakar da ke tsakanin gating na jijiyoyi da ayyukan fahimi ba ta dogara da tsari ba.

== Tasirin bikin hadaddiyar giya ==
Tasirin bikin hadaddiyar giyar ya nuna yadda kwakwalwa ke hana shigar da abubuwa daga abubuwan da ke motsa muhalli, yayin da har yanzu take sarrafa abubuwan da ke motsa jiki daga abubuwan da ke motsa jiki. Tasirin bikin hadaddiyar giyar yana nuna hanyoyin ji a ji, amma sauran gabobin kuma suna bin wannan tsari don kare manyan sassan kwakwalwa daga mamaye su.

== Yankunan jijiyoyi da abin ya shafa ==
Bayanai daga masu karɓar jijiyoyi suna shiga kwakwalwa ta hanyar jijiyoyi da synapse a thalamus. Pulvinar nucleus na thalamus yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin kulawa, kuma yana da babban rawa wajen tace bayanai marasa amfani game da gate na jijiyoyi. A cikin wani bincike na asibiti da aka tabbatar, an gano cewa abubuwan ƙarfafawa guda biyu (S1 da S2) ana jigilar su cikin 500ms tsakanin dannawa da daƙiƙa 8 tsakanin ma'auratan, inda aka san S1 yana samar da ɗan ƙaramin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya wanda ake tsammanin yana nan a yankin hippocampal yayin da S2 ya zo daga baya don a kwatanta shi da abubuwan ƙarfafawa na farko saboda ana hana shi idan ba a ba shi sabon bayani ba. (Ana kiran S1 da S2 duka su ne abubuwan ƙarfafawa na ji da injinan da ake amfani da su don gwada gate na ji ke haifarwa.) Pulvinar nucleus a cikin thalamus yana aiki a matsayin mai tsaron ƙofa, yana yanke shawara kan wane bayani ya kamata a hana, da kuma wanne ya kamata a aika zuwa wasu sassan cortical. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cromwell |first=Howard C. |last2=Mears |first2=Ryan P. |last3=Wan |first3=Li |last4=Boutros |first4=Nash N. |date=April 2008 |title=Sensory Gating: A Translational Effort From Basic to Clinical Science |journal=Clinical EEG and Neuroscience |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=69–72 |doi=10.1177/155005940803900209 |issn=1550-0594 |pmc=4127047 |pmid=18450171}}&lt;/ref&gt; CNS ( Tsarin Jijiyoyin Tsakiya ), bayan ƙwayoyin pulvinar, suna ɗaukar bayanan a matsayin marasa mahimmanci, suna aiki a matsayin wata hanya mai mahimmanci ta hana bayanai shiga cikin manyan cibiyoyin cortical.

Ana yin aikin gating ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa a cikin kwakwalwa wanda ya haɗa da cortex na ji (AC), cortex na gaba, hippocampus, da kuma cortex na olfactory, wanda ke taka rawa a cikin abin da ke faruwa a cikin gating na ji. Sauran sassan kwakwalwa da ke da alaƙa da gating na ji sun haɗa da amygdala, striatum, medial prefrontal cortex, da yankin ƙwayoyin dopamine na tsakiya (ƙwayoyin GABAergic kawai). Bincike kan gating na ji yana faruwa ne galibi a yankunan cortical inda aka gano abin da ke motsa jiki da gangan saboda hanya ce mai ƙarancin shiga tsakani ta nazarin gating na ji. Nazarin kan beraye kuma ya nuna cewa tushen kwakwalwa, thalamus, da primary auditory cortex suna taka rawa a gating na ji don abubuwan da ke motsa ji. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cheng |first=Chia-Hsiung |last2=Chan |first2=Pei-Ying S. |last3=Niddam |first3=David M. |last4=Tsai |first4=Shang-Yueh |last5=Hsu |first5=Shih-Chieh |last6=Liu |first6=Chia-Yih |date=2016-02-04 |title=Sensory gating, inhibition control and gamma oscillations in the human somatosensory cortex |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |bibcode=2016NatSR...620437C |doi=10.1038/srep20437 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=4740805 |pmid=26843358 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dabaru don aunawa ==

=== Tsarin dannawa guda biyu ===
Tsarin dannawa mai haɗin kai wata dabara ce da ba ta da haɗari da ake amfani da ita don auna gating na ji, wani nau'in damar da ke da alaƙa da abubuwan da suka faru . Ga gating na ji na al'ada, idan mutum ya ji dannawa biyu cikin 500 ms na juna, mutumin zai fita daga dannawa ta biyu saboda ana ganinsa a matsayin mai aiki. Ana iya ganin shaidar gating a cikin wave na P50, wanda ke faruwa a cikin kwakwalwa 50 ms bayan dannawa. Ƙananan ƙimar wave na P50 suna nuna cewa gating na ji na al'ada ya faru. Babban ƙimar wave na P50 yana nuna rashin gating na ji na al'ada. Mutanen da ke fama da [[Hauka|schizophrenia]] suna rage girman S2 da 10-20% kawai, yayin da mutanen da ba su da schizophrenia suna rage girman S2 da 80-90%.

=== Sauran dabaru ===
Ana amfani da electroencephalography (EEG) da magnetoencephalographies (MEG) don auna martanin kwakwalwa kuma su ne dabarun da aka saba amfani da su don nazarin gating na ji. Wani nau'in ma'aunin EEG da ake amfani da shi don binciken gating na ji shine yuwuwar da ke da alaƙa da taron (ERP). Binciken EEG akan gating na ji yana nuna cewa gating yana farawa kusan nan da nan bayan an sami wani abu mai ƙarfafawa. Nazarin Positron emission tomography (PET) ya nuna cewa ƙara buƙatar ƙofa bayanai yana tare da ƙaruwar hulɗar thalamus. Gwajin raƙuman P50 yana ɗaya daga cikin nazarin yuwuwar da suka shafi abubuwan da suka faru na ji.

== Rashin lafiyar jijiyoyin jini da kuma rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa ==

=== Ciwon Schizophrenia ===
Babban sha'awa ga binciken gating na jijiyoyi yana mai da hankali ne kan inganta ƙarancin mutane da aka gano suna da cutar [[Hauka|schizophrenia]] . Mutanen da ke da cutar schizophrenia galibi suna da ƙarancin amsawar jijiyoyi na P50 wave, shi ya sa P50 ita ce hanyar da ta fi yaduwa wajen gano cutar. Ana gudanar da gwajin ta hanyar sa marasa lafiya su ji sautuka guda biyu iri ɗaya tare da tazara na milise seconds 500. Yayin da marasa lafiya ke jin sautin, ana amfani da murfin EEG don auna aikin kwakwalwa dangane da waɗannan sautuka. Mutumin da ke da yanayin aiki yana nuna raguwar aikin kwakwalwa yayin da yake jin sauti na biyu, yayin da mutumin da ke nuna aikin kwakwalwa daidai da sautin farko zai fi iya kamuwa da cutar schizophrenia. Tunda mutanen da ke da cutar schizophrenia galibi suna da yawan abubuwan da ke haifar da hakan, P50 wave na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haskaka gating na jijiyoyi a matakin jijiyoyi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kim |first=Stefani |date=2019-09-09 |title=Researchers Study Mechanism behind Auditory Sensory Gating -... |url=https://www.hearingreview.com/hearing-loss/health-wellness/researchers-study-mechanism-behind-auditory-sensory-gating |access-date=2020-06-22 |website=Hearing Review |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A halin yanzu an gudanar da gwajin a kan beraye, kuma sakamakon ya yi daidai da na ɗan adam, domin aikin kwakwalwa ya ragu a kan sauti na biyu. A gwaji na biyu, masana kimiyya sun sanya electrodes na ciki a yankunan ji na kwakwalwa. An gano cewa lokacin da aka yi sauti na biyu, raguwar ayyukan kwakwalwa ya riga ya fara daga tushen kwakwalwa. An gano cewa tasirin tacewa yana kunnawa da zarar tushen kwakwalwa ya ga wani sauti an yi shi ne a kan beraye masu &quot;ciwon sharewa na 22q11,&quot; wata cuta da ke da alaƙa da schizophrenia a cikin mutane. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kim |first=Stefani |date=2019-09-09 |title=Researchers Study Mechanism behind Auditory Sensory Gating -... |url=https://www.hearingreview.com/hearing-loss/health-wellness/researchers-study-mechanism-behind-auditory-sensory-gating |access-date=2020-06-22 |website=Hearing Review |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKim2019&quot;&gt;Kim, Stefani (2019-09-09). [https://www.hearingreview.com/hearing-loss/health-wellness/researchers-study-mechanism-behind-auditory-sensory-gating &quot;Researchers Study Mechanism behind Auditory Sensory Gating -...&quot;] ''Hearing Review''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-06-22&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken da ake ci gaba da yi, wanda za a tabbatar, ya nuna cewa tsarin tacewa yana cikin tushen kwakwalwa, yana ba da bege don gano tushen jijiyoyi na schizophrenia.

=== Matsalar Damuwa Bayan Tashin Hankali (PTSD) ===
Waɗanda ke da [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|PTSD]] suma suna nuna raunin gate na ji. Idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ke da [[Matsalan damuwa na gaba ɗaya|Matsalar Damuwa ta Gabaɗaya]] da ƙungiyoyin kulawa, waɗanda ke da PTSD suna nuna yawan aiki mai yawa na ji da kuma raguwar hana jin daɗi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Clancy |first=Kevin |last2=Ding |first2=Mingzhou |last3=Bernat |first3=Edward |last4=Schmidt |first4=Norman B. |last5=Li |first5=Wen |date=2017-07-01 |title=Restless 'rest': intrinsic sensory hyperactivity and disinhibition in post-traumatic stress disorder |journal=Brain |volume=140 |issue=7 |pages=2041–2050 |doi=10.1093/brain/awx116 |issn=0006-8950 |pmc=6059177 |pmid=28582479 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nazarin da aka yi kan tasirin PTSD akan gate na P50 ya haifar da sakamako iri ɗaya, inda wasu suka gano irin wannan yanayin kamar schizophrenia, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ghisolfi |first=Eduardo S. |last2=Margis |first2=Regina |last3=Becker |first3=Jefferson |last4=Zanardo |first4=Ana Paula |last5=Strimitzer |first5=Ivo M. |last6=Lara |first6=Diogo R. |date=2004-02-01 |title=Impaired P50 sensory gating in post-traumatic stress disorder secondary to urban violence |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167876003002174 |journal=International Journal of Psychophysiology |language=en |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=209–214 |doi=10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2003.09.002 |issn=0167-8760 |pmid=14962572 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; wasu sun gano cewa an iyakance shi ga motsa ji kawai, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Neylan |first=Thomas C. |last2=Fletcher |first2=Daniel J. |last3=Lenoci |first3=Maryann |last4=McCallin |first4=Keith |last5=Weiss |first5=Daniel S. |last6=Schoenfeld |first6=Frank B. |last7=Marmar |first7=Charles R. |last8=Fein |first8=George |date=1999-12-15 |title=Sensory gating in chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: reduced auditory p50 suppression in combat veterans |url=https://www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/article/S0006-3223(99)00047-5/abstract |journal=Biological Psychiatry |language=English |volume=46 |issue=12 |pages=1656–1664 |doi=10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00047-5 |issn=0006-3223 |pmid=10624547 |s2cid=5011944 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; wasu kuma ba su sami wani tasiri ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Meteran |first=Hanieh |last2=Vindbjerg |first2=Erik |last3=Uldall |first3=Sigurd Wiingaard |last4=Glenthøj |first4=Birte |last5=Carlsson |first5=Jessica |last6=Oranje |first6=Bob |date=March 2019 |title=Startle habituation, sensory, and sensorimotor gating in trauma-affected refugees with posttraumatic stress disorder |journal=Psychological Medicine |language=en |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=581–589 |doi=10.1017/S003329171800123X |issn=0033-2917 |pmid=29769152 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma lura da raguwar gate na N100 da P200. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Tasirin ƙwayoyi ==

=== Nikotin ===
Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa mutane ke ba da rahoton cewa suna son shan sigari shine ikon nicotine na taimaka musu wajen zaɓar hankali. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cromwell |first=Howard C. |last2=Mears |first2=Ryan P. |last3=Wan |first3=Li |last4=Boutros |first4=Nash N. |date=April 2008 |title=Sensory Gating: A Translational Effort From Basic to Clinical Science |journal=Clinical EEG and Neuroscience |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=69–72 |doi=10.1177/155005940803900209 |issn=1550-0594 |pmc=4127047 |pmid=18450171}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCromwellMearsWanBoutros2008&quot;&gt;Cromwell, Howard C.; Mears, Ryan P.; Wan, Li; Boutros, Nash N. (April 2008). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4127047 &quot;Sensory Gating: A Translational Effort From Basic to Clinical Science&quot;]. ''Clinical EEG and Neuroscience''. '''39''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;69–&lt;/span&gt;72. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/155005940803900209|10.1177/155005940803900209]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1550-0594 1550-0594]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4127047 4127047]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18450171 18450171].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Nicotin yana sa masu karɓa su fitar da nitric oxide, wanda ke rage hana ji, wanda ke haifar da danne abubuwan da ke haifar da hakan. Saboda tasirinsa, nicotine na iya gyara ƙarancin ganuwa ga mutanen da ke fama da schizophrenia (80% na mutanen da ke fama da schizophrenia suna shan taba har zuwa sigari 30 a rana), &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; kodayake tasirin yana ɗaukar kimanin mintuna 30 ne kawai tunda masu karɓar nicotine suna daina jin daɗi da sauri. Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa [[Magani da kai|magani]] iri ɗaya yana nan a tsakanin waɗanda ke da [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|matsalar rashin hankali]] (ADHD) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Symmes |first=Amanda |last2=Winters |first2=Ken C. |last3=Fahnhorst |first3=Tamara |last4=Botzet |first4=Andria M. |last5=Lee |first5=Susanne |last6=August |first6=Gerald J. |last7=Realmuto |first7=George M. |date=2015-01-02 |title=The Association Between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Nicotine Use Among Adolescents and Young Adults |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1067828X.2012.756442 |journal=Journal of Child &amp; Adolescent Substance Abuse |language=en |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=37–45 |doi=10.1080/1067828X.2012.756442 |issn=1067-828X |pmc=4306279}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-12-12 |title=Young Adults with ADHD are At Higher Risk for Developing Nicotine Addiction |url=https://medschool.duke.edu/news/young-adults-adhd-are-higher-risk-developing-nicotine-addiction |access-date=2025-11-29 |website=Duke University School of Medicine |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma waɗanda ke da cutar autism . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Gating na ji da kuma kerawa ==
Wasu bincike sun nuna shaidar alaƙa tsakanin gating na ji da tunani mai ƙirƙira. Wani gwaji da aka gudanar a shekarar 2015 ya nuna cewa abin da ake kira &quot;zubar da hankali&quot; a cikin mutanen da ke da babban matakin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na iya haifar da ƙaruwar kerawa. A lokacin binciken, masu binciken sun gano cewa mutanen kirkire-kirkire suna nuna raguwar gating na ji, suna tace sauti ƙasa da na al'ada. Rage ikon hana bayanai na biyu ya haifar da faɗaɗɗen abubuwan da ba a tace ba sun fito ta cikin kwakwalwa mai hankali, wanda ke ba wa mutum mai kirkire-kirkire damar haɗa ra'ayoyi daban-daban, yana ba da tunani mai ƙirƙira. Mahalarta 97 ne suka gudanar da gwajin, waɗanda aka auna kerawarsu ta hanyar yin rikodin nasarorin da suka samu da kuma yin gwajin tunani mai bambanci . Bayan haka, an auna gating na ji ta hanyar EEG da dannawa na ji. Sakamakon ya tabbatar da cewa mutanen da suka sami nasarorin ƙirƙira sun nuna raguwar hana ɓoye idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin mahalarta. Don haka, binciken ya nuna shaidar alaƙar da ke tsakanin kerawa da gating na ji tare da rage tacewa wanda ke tabbatar da cewa hanya ce ta karɓar ƙarin abubuwan da ke haifar da kerawa wanda ke haifar da ƙarin kerawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Creativity and Sensory Gating |url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/finding-butterfly/201501/creativity-and-sensory-gating |access-date=2020-06-22 |website=Psychology Today |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Gating na jijiyoyi''' yana bayyana hanyoyin da ake bi wajen tace abubuwan da ba su da amfani ko kuma marasa amfani daga duk abubuwan da ke haifar da muhalli da ke kaiwa ga [[kwakwalwa]] . Haka kuma ana kiransa gating ko filtering, gating na jijiyoyi yana hana yawan bayanai a manyan cibiyoyin kwakwalwa. Gating na jijiyoyi na iya faruwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban ta hanyar canje-canje a fahimta da ji, wanda abubuwa daban-daban kamar &quot; tashin hankali, fallasa abubuwan da ke haifar da motsi na baya-bayan nan, da kuma kulawa ta zaɓi.&quot; 

Duk da cewa gating na jijiyoyi galibi yana aiki ta atomatik, yana kuma faruwa ne a cikin mahallin sarrafa hankali yayin da kwakwalwa ke neman bayanai masu dacewa da manufa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=L.A. |last2=Hills |first2=P.J. |last3=Dick |first3=K.M. |last4=Jones |first4=S.P. |last5=Bright |first5=P. |date=February 2016 |title=Cognitive mechanisms associated with auditory sensory gating |journal=Brain and Cognition |volume=102 |pages=33–45 |doi=10.1016/j.bandc.2015.12.005 |issn=0278-2626 |pmc=4727785 |pmid=26716891}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nazarin da aka yi a baya sun nuna alaƙa tsakanin gating na jijiyoyi da ayyukan fahimta daban-daban, amma har yanzu babu wata shaida mai ƙarfi da ke nuna cewa dangantakar da ke tsakanin gating na jijiyoyi da ayyukan fahimi ba ta dogara da tsari ba.

== Tasirin bikin hadaddiyar giya ==
Tasirin bikin hadaddiyar giyar ya nuna yadda kwakwalwa ke hana shigar da abubuwa daga abubuwan da ke motsa muhalli, yayin da har yanzu take sarrafa abubuwan da ke motsa jiki daga abubuwan da ke motsa jiki. Tasirin bikin hadaddiyar giyar yana nuna hanyoyin ji a ji, amma sauran gabobin kuma suna bin wannan tsari don kare manyan sassan kwakwalwa daga mamaye su.

== Yankunan jijiyoyi da abin ya shafa ==
Bayanai daga masu karɓar jijiyoyi suna shiga kwakwalwa ta hanyar jijiyoyi da synapse a thalamus. Pulvinar nucleus na thalamus yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin kulawa, kuma yana da babban rawa wajen tace bayanai marasa amfani game da gate na jijiyoyi. A cikin wani bincike na asibiti da aka tabbatar, an gano cewa abubuwan ƙarfafawa guda biyu (S1 da S2) ana jigilar su cikin 500ms tsakanin dannawa da daƙiƙa 8 tsakanin ma'auratan, inda aka san S1 yana samar da ɗan ƙaramin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya wanda ake tsammanin yana nan a yankin hippocampal yayin da S2 ya zo daga baya don a kwatanta shi da abubuwan ƙarfafawa na farko saboda ana hana shi idan ba a ba shi sabon bayani ba. (Ana kiran S1 da S2 duka su ne abubuwan ƙarfafawa na ji da injinan da ake amfani da su don gwada gate na ji ke haifarwa.) Pulvinar nucleus a cikin thalamus yana aiki a matsayin mai tsaron ƙofa, yana yanke shawara kan wane bayani ya kamata a hana, da kuma wanne ya kamata a aika zuwa wasu sassan cortical. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cromwell |first=Howard C. |last2=Mears |first2=Ryan P. |last3=Wan |first3=Li |last4=Boutros |first4=Nash N. |date=April 2008 |title=Sensory Gating: A Translational Effort From Basic to Clinical Science |journal=Clinical EEG and Neuroscience |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=69–72 |doi=10.1177/155005940803900209 |issn=1550-0594 |pmc=4127047 |pmid=18450171}}&lt;/ref&gt; CNS ( Tsarin Jijiyoyin Tsakiya ), bayan ƙwayoyin pulvinar, suna ɗaukar bayanan a matsayin marasa mahimmanci, suna aiki a matsayin wata hanya mai mahimmanci ta hana bayanai shiga cikin manyan cibiyoyin cortical.

Ana yin aikin gating ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa a cikin kwakwalwa wanda ya haɗa da cortex na ji (AC), cortex na gaba, hippocampus, da kuma cortex na olfactory, wanda ke taka rawa a cikin abin da ke faruwa a cikin gating na ji. Sauran sassan kwakwalwa da ke da alaƙa da gating na ji sun haɗa da amygdala, striatum, medial prefrontal cortex, da yankin ƙwayoyin dopamine na tsakiya (ƙwayoyin GABAergic kawai). Bincike kan gating na ji yana faruwa ne galibi a yankunan cortical inda aka gano abin da ke motsa jiki da gangan saboda hanya ce mai ƙarancin shiga tsakani ta nazarin gating na ji. Nazarin kan beraye kuma ya nuna cewa tushen kwakwalwa, thalamus, da primary auditory cortex suna taka rawa a gating na ji don abubuwan da ke motsa ji. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cheng |first=Chia-Hsiung |last2=Chan |first2=Pei-Ying S. |last3=Niddam |first3=David M. |last4=Tsai |first4=Shang-Yueh |last5=Hsu |first5=Shih-Chieh |last6=Liu |first6=Chia-Yih |date=2016-02-04 |title=Sensory gating, inhibition control and gamma oscillations in the human somatosensory cortex |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |bibcode=2016NatSR...620437C |doi=10.1038/srep20437 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=4740805 |pmid=26843358 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dabaru don aunawa ==

=== Tsarin dannawa guda biyu ===
Tsarin dannawa mai haɗin kai wata dabara ce da ba ta da haɗari da ake amfani da ita don auna gating na ji, wani nau'in damar da ke da alaƙa da abubuwan da suka faru . Ga gating na ji na al'ada, idan mutum ya ji dannawa biyu cikin 500 ms na juna, mutumin zai fita daga dannawa ta biyu saboda ana ganinsa a matsayin mai aiki. Ana iya ganin shaidar gating a cikin wave na P50, wanda ke faruwa a cikin kwakwalwa 50 ms bayan dannawa. Ƙananan ƙimar wave na P50 suna nuna cewa gating na ji na al'ada ya faru. Babban ƙimar wave na P50 yana nuna rashin gating na ji na al'ada. Mutanen da ke fama da [[Hauka|schizophrenia]] suna rage girman S2 da 10-20% kawai, yayin da mutanen da ba su da schizophrenia suna rage girman S2 da 80-90%.

=== Sauran dabaru ===
Ana amfani da electroencephalography (EEG) da magnetoencephalographies (MEG) don auna martanin kwakwalwa kuma su ne dabarun da aka saba amfani da su don nazarin gating na ji. Wani nau'in ma'aunin EEG da ake amfani da shi don binciken gating na ji shine yuwuwar da ke da alaƙa da taron (ERP). Binciken EEG akan gating na ji yana nuna cewa gating yana farawa kusan nan da nan bayan an sami wani abu mai ƙarfafawa. Nazarin Positron emission tomography (PET) ya nuna cewa ƙara buƙatar ƙofa bayanai yana tare da ƙaruwar hulɗar thalamus. Gwajin raƙuman P50 yana ɗaya daga cikin nazarin yuwuwar da suka shafi abubuwan da suka faru na ji.

== Rashin lafiyar jijiyoyin jini da kuma rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa ==

=== Ciwon Schizophrenia ===
Babban sha'awa ga binciken gating na jijiyoyi yana mai da hankali ne kan inganta ƙarancin mutane da aka gano suna da cutar [[Hauka|schizophrenia]] . Mutanen da ke da cutar schizophrenia galibi suna da ƙarancin amsawar jijiyoyi na P50 wave, shi ya sa P50 ita ce hanyar da ta fi yaduwa wajen gano cutar. Ana gudanar da gwajin ta hanyar sa marasa lafiya su ji sautuka guda biyu iri ɗaya tare da tazara na milise seconds 500. Yayin da marasa lafiya ke jin sautin, ana amfani da murfin EEG don auna aikin kwakwalwa dangane da waɗannan sautuka. Mutumin da ke da yanayin aiki yana nuna raguwar aikin kwakwalwa yayin da yake jin sauti na biyu, yayin da mutumin da ke nuna aikin kwakwalwa daidai da sautin farko zai fi iya kamuwa da cutar schizophrenia. Tunda mutanen da ke da cutar schizophrenia galibi suna da yawan abubuwan da ke haifar da hakan, P50 wave na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haskaka gating na jijiyoyi a matakin jijiyoyi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kim |first=Stefani |date=2019-09-09 |title=Researchers Study Mechanism behind Auditory Sensory Gating -... |url=https://www.hearingreview.com/hearing-loss/health-wellness/researchers-study-mechanism-behind-auditory-sensory-gating |access-date=2020-06-22 |website=Hearing Review |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A halin yanzu an gudanar da gwajin a kan beraye, kuma sakamakon ya yi daidai da na ɗan adam, domin aikin kwakwalwa ya ragu a kan sauti na biyu. A gwaji na biyu, masana kimiyya sun sanya electrodes na ciki a yankunan ji na kwakwalwa. An gano cewa lokacin da aka yi sauti na biyu, raguwar ayyukan kwakwalwa ya riga ya fara daga tushen kwakwalwa. An gano cewa tasirin tacewa yana kunnawa da zarar tushen kwakwalwa ya ga wani sauti an yi shi ne a kan beraye masu &quot;ciwon sharewa na 22q11,&quot; wata cuta da ke da alaƙa da schizophrenia a cikin mutane. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kim |first=Stefani |date=2019-09-09 |title=Researchers Study Mechanism behind Auditory Sensory Gating -... |url=https://www.hearingreview.com/hearing-loss/health-wellness/researchers-study-mechanism-behind-auditory-sensory-gating |access-date=2020-06-22 |website=Hearing Review |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKim2019&quot;&gt;Kim, Stefani (2019-09-09). [https://www.hearingreview.com/hearing-loss/health-wellness/researchers-study-mechanism-behind-auditory-sensory-gating &quot;Researchers Study Mechanism behind Auditory Sensory Gating -...&quot;] ''Hearing Review''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-06-22&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken da ake ci gaba da yi, wanda za a tabbatar, ya nuna cewa tsarin tacewa yana cikin tushen kwakwalwa, yana ba da bege don gano tushen jijiyoyi na schizophrenia.

=== Matsalar Damuwa Bayan Tashin Hankali (PTSD) ===
Waɗanda ke da [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|PTSD]] suma suna nuna raunin gate na ji. Idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ke da [[Matsalan damuwa na gaba ɗaya|Matsalar Damuwa ta Gabaɗaya]] da ƙungiyoyin kulawa, waɗanda ke da PTSD suna nuna yawan aiki mai yawa na ji da kuma raguwar hana jin daɗi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Clancy |first=Kevin |last2=Ding |first2=Mingzhou |last3=Bernat |first3=Edward |last4=Schmidt |first4=Norman B. |last5=Li |first5=Wen |date=2017-07-01 |title=Restless 'rest': intrinsic sensory hyperactivity and disinhibition in post-traumatic stress disorder |journal=Brain |volume=140 |issue=7 |pages=2041–2050 |doi=10.1093/brain/awx116 |issn=0006-8950 |pmc=6059177 |pmid=28582479 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nazarin da aka yi kan tasirin PTSD akan gate na P50 ya haifar da sakamako iri ɗaya, inda wasu suka gano irin wannan yanayin kamar schizophrenia, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ghisolfi |first=Eduardo S. |last2=Margis |first2=Regina |last3=Becker |first3=Jefferson |last4=Zanardo |first4=Ana Paula |last5=Strimitzer |first5=Ivo M. |last6=Lara |first6=Diogo R. |date=2004-02-01 |title=Impaired P50 sensory gating in post-traumatic stress disorder secondary to urban violence |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167876003002174 |journal=International Journal of Psychophysiology |language=en |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=209–214 |doi=10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2003.09.002 |issn=0167-8760 |pmid=14962572 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; wasu sun gano cewa an iyakance shi ga motsa ji kawai, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Neylan |first=Thomas C. |last2=Fletcher |first2=Daniel J. |last3=Lenoci |first3=Maryann |last4=McCallin |first4=Keith |last5=Weiss |first5=Daniel S. |last6=Schoenfeld |first6=Frank B. |last7=Marmar |first7=Charles R. |last8=Fein |first8=George |date=1999-12-15 |title=Sensory gating in chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: reduced auditory p50 suppression in combat veterans |url=https://www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/article/S0006-3223(99)00047-5/abstract |journal=Biological Psychiatry |language=English |volume=46 |issue=12 |pages=1656–1664 |doi=10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00047-5 |issn=0006-3223 |pmid=10624547 |s2cid=5011944 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; wasu kuma ba su sami wani tasiri ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Meteran |first=Hanieh |last2=Vindbjerg |first2=Erik |last3=Uldall |first3=Sigurd Wiingaard |last4=Glenthøj |first4=Birte |last5=Carlsson |first5=Jessica |last6=Oranje |first6=Bob |date=March 2019 |title=Startle habituation, sensory, and sensorimotor gating in trauma-affected refugees with posttraumatic stress disorder |journal=Psychological Medicine |language=en |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=581–589 |doi=10.1017/S003329171800123X |issn=0033-2917 |pmid=29769152 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma lura da raguwar gate na N100 da P200. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Tasirin ƙwayoyi ==

=== Nikotin ===
Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa mutane ke ba da rahoton cewa suna son shan sigari shine ikon nicotine na taimaka musu wajen zaɓar hankali. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cromwell |first=Howard C. |last2=Mears |first2=Ryan P. |last3=Wan |first3=Li |last4=Boutros |first4=Nash N. |date=April 2008 |title=Sensory Gating: A Translational Effort From Basic to Clinical Science |journal=Clinical EEG and Neuroscience |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=69–72 |doi=10.1177/155005940803900209 |issn=1550-0594 |pmc=4127047 |pmid=18450171}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCromwellMearsWanBoutros2008&quot;&gt;Cromwell, Howard C.; Mears, Ryan P.; Wan, Li; Boutros, Nash N. (April 2008). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4127047 &quot;Sensory Gating: A Translational Effort From Basic to Clinical Science&quot;]. ''Clinical EEG and Neuroscience''. '''39''' (2): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;69–&lt;/span&gt;72. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/155005940803900209|10.1177/155005940803900209]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1550-0594 1550-0594]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4127047 4127047]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18450171 18450171].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Nicotin yana sa masu karɓa su fitar da nitric oxide, wanda ke rage hana ji, wanda ke haifar da danne abubuwan da ke haifar da hakan. Saboda tasirinsa, nicotine na iya gyara ƙarancin ganuwa ga mutanen da ke fama da schizophrenia (80% na mutanen da ke fama da schizophrenia suna shan taba har zuwa sigari 30 a rana), &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; kodayake tasirin yana ɗaukar kimanin mintuna 30 ne kawai tunda masu karɓar nicotine suna daina jin daɗi da sauri. Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa [[Magani da kai|magani]] iri ɗaya yana nan a tsakanin waɗanda ke da [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|matsalar rashin hankali]] (ADHD) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Symmes |first=Amanda |last2=Winters |first2=Ken C. |last3=Fahnhorst |first3=Tamara |last4=Botzet |first4=Andria M. |last5=Lee |first5=Susanne |last6=August |first6=Gerald J. |last7=Realmuto |first7=George M. |date=2015-01-02 |title=The Association Between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Nicotine Use Among Adolescents and Young Adults |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1067828X.2012.756442 |journal=Journal of Child &amp; Adolescent Substance Abuse |language=en |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=37–45 |doi=10.1080/1067828X.2012.756442 |issn=1067-828X |pmc=4306279}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-12-12 |title=Young Adults with ADHD are At Higher Risk for Developing Nicotine Addiction |url=https://medschool.duke.edu/news/young-adults-adhd-are-higher-risk-developing-nicotine-addiction |access-date=2025-11-29 |website=Duke University School of Medicine |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma waɗanda ke da cutar autism . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Gating na ji da kuma kerawa ==
Wasu bincike sun nuna shaidar alaƙa tsakanin gating na ji da tunani mai ƙirƙira. Wani gwaji da aka gudanar a shekarar 2015 ya nuna cewa abin da ake kira &quot;zubar da hankali&quot; a cikin mutanen da ke da babban matakin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na iya haifar da ƙaruwar kerawa. A lokacin binciken, masu binciken sun gano cewa mutanen kirkire-kirkire suna nuna raguwar gating na ji, suna tace sauti ƙasa da na al'ada. Rage ikon hana bayanai na biyu ya haifar da faɗaɗɗen abubuwan da ba a tace ba sun fito ta cikin kwakwalwa mai hankali, wanda ke ba wa mutum mai kirkire-kirkire damar haɗa ra'ayoyi daban-daban, yana ba da tunani mai ƙirƙira. Mahalarta 97 ne suka gudanar da gwajin, waɗanda aka auna kerawarsu ta hanyar yin rikodin nasarorin da suka samu da kuma yin gwajin tunani mai bambanci . Bayan haka, an auna gating na ji ta hanyar EEG da dannawa na ji. Sakamakon ya tabbatar da cewa mutanen da suka sami nasarorin ƙirƙira sun nuna raguwar hana ɓoye idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin mahalarta. Don haka, binciken ya nuna shaidar alaƙar da ke tsakanin kerawa da gating na ji tare da rage tacewa wanda ke tabbatar da cewa hanya ce ta karɓar ƙarin abubuwan da ke haifar da kerawa wanda ke haifar da ƙarin kerawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Creativity and Sensory Gating |url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/finding-butterfly/201501/creativity-and-sensory-gating |access-date=2020-06-22 |website=Psychology Today |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Brandon Jefferson</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352876436|Brandon Jefferson]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Brandon Jefferson''' (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 1991) ƙwararren ɗan wasan [[Kwallon kwando|ƙwallon kwando]] ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda ke buga ƙwallon kwando a ƙungiyar Dreamland Gran Canaria ta La Liga ACB .

== Sana'ar ƙwararru ==
Bayan an cire shi daga cikin jerin 'yan wasan NBA na 2014, Jefferson ya shiga Denver Nuggets don gasar NBA ta bazara ta 2014.  A watan Yulin 2014, Jefferson ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru tare da ƙungiyar KTP-Basket ta ƙasar Finland. 

A watan Yulin 2015, Jefferson ya sanya hannu da German Club Phoenix Hagen . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Brandon Jefferson moves to Phoenix Hagen. |url=http://www.sportando.com/en/europe/germany/170248/brandon-jefferson-moves-to-phoenix-hagen.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919202050/http://www.sportando.com/en/europe/germany/170248/brandon-jefferson-moves-to-phoenix-hagen.html |archive-date=2015-09-19 |access-date=2017-05-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2016, Jefferson ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara ɗaya da ƙungiyar Slovenia Union Olimpija . 

A ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2017, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara ɗaya da kulob din Pallacanestro Trapani na Italiya. 

Jefferson ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da Orléans Loiret Basket na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta biyu ta Faransa LNB Pro B a ranar 9 ga Agusta, 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Brandon Jefferson signs with Orleans |url=https://sportando.basketball/en/france/pro-b/285181/brandon-jefferson-signs-with-orleans.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809215257/https://sportando.basketball/en/france/pro-b/285181/brandon-jefferson-signs-with-orleans.html |archive-date=August 9, 2018 |access-date=August 9, 2018 |website=Sportando}}&lt;/ref&gt; An naɗa shi ɗan wasa mafi daraja na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Pro B a kakar wasa ta 2018-19. A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2019-20, Jefferson ya samu matsakaicin maki 16.1 da kuma taimako 3.9 a kowane wasa. A ranar 30 ga Agusta, 2020, ya sanya hannu da SIG Strasbourg . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 30, 2020 |title=SIG Strasbourg inks Brandon Jefferson |url=https://sportando.basketball/en/sig-strasbourg-inks-brandon-jefferson/ |access-date=August 30, 2020 |website=Sportando}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jefferson ya samu matsakaicin maki 16.2 da taimako 3.4 a kowane wasa.

A ranar 9 ga Agusta, 2021, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu da Élan Béarnais . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 9, 2021 |title=Elan Bernais Pau Orthez announces 2-year deal with Brandon Jefferson |url=https://sportando.basketball/en/elan-bernais-pau-orthez-announces-2-year-deal-with-brandon-jefferson/ |access-date=August 9, 2021 |website=Sportando}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2022, ya sanya hannu tare da Tianjin Pioneers na Ƙungiyar Kwando ta China . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Brandon Jefferson (Pau-Orthez) jouera en Chine la saison prochaine |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Basket/Actualites/Brandon-jefferson-pau-orthez-jouera-en-chine-la-saison-prochaine/1338482 |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 23 ga Disamba, 2023, ya sanya hannu da Dinamo Sassari na Lega Basket Serie A (LBA). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=December 23, 2023 |title=La Dinamo firma Jefferson |url=https://www.dinamobasket.com/blog/la-dinamo-firma-jefferson |access-date=January 24, 2024 |website=dinamobasket.com |publisher= |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2024, ya sanya hannu da JL Bourg na LNB Pro A. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=December 18, 2024 |title=Bourg inks sharpshooter Brandon Jefferson |url=https://www.euroleaguebasketball.net/en/eurocup/news/bourg-inks-sharpshooter-brandon-jefferson/ |access-date=January 24, 2025 |website=euroleaguebasketball.net |publisher= |language=En}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 8 ga Agusta, 2025, Jefferson ya sanya hannu da kulob din Karditsa na Girka. 

A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2026, Jefferson ya sanya hannu da Dreamland Gran Canaria na Liga ACB . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carchia |first=Emiliano |date=2026-04-27 |title=El Dreamland Gran Canaria se refuerza con Brandon Jefferson |url=https://acb.com/es/liga/noticias/el-dreamland-gran-canaria-se-refuerza-con-brandon-jefferson-144924 |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=acb.com |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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{{Databox}}

'''Brandon Jefferson''' (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 1991) ƙwararren ɗan wasan [[Kwallon kwando|ƙwallon kwando]] ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda ke buga ƙwallon kwando a ƙungiyar Dreamland Gran Canaria ta La Liga ACB .

== Sana'ar ƙwararru ==
Bayan an cire shi daga cikin jerin 'yan wasan NBA na 2014, Jefferson ya shiga Denver Nuggets don gasar NBA ta bazara ta 2014.  A watan Yulin 2014, Jefferson ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru tare da ƙungiyar KTP-Basket ta ƙasar Finland. 

A watan Yulin 2015, Jefferson ya sanya hannu da German Club Phoenix Hagen . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Brandon Jefferson moves to Phoenix Hagen. |url=http://www.sportando.com/en/europe/germany/170248/brandon-jefferson-moves-to-phoenix-hagen.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919202050/http://www.sportando.com/en/europe/germany/170248/brandon-jefferson-moves-to-phoenix-hagen.html |archive-date=2015-09-19 |access-date=2017-05-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2016, Jefferson ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara ɗaya da ƙungiyar Slovenia Union Olimpija . 

A ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2017, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara ɗaya da kulob din Pallacanestro Trapani na Italiya. 

Jefferson ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da Orléans Loiret Basket na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta biyu ta Faransa LNB Pro B a ranar 9 ga Agusta, 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Brandon Jefferson signs with Orleans |url=https://sportando.basketball/en/france/pro-b/285181/brandon-jefferson-signs-with-orleans.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809215257/https://sportando.basketball/en/france/pro-b/285181/brandon-jefferson-signs-with-orleans.html |archive-date=August 9, 2018 |access-date=August 9, 2018 |website=Sportando}}&lt;/ref&gt; An naɗa shi ɗan wasa mafi daraja na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Pro B a kakar wasa ta 2018-19. A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2019-20, Jefferson ya samu matsakaicin maki 16.1 da kuma taimako 3.9 a kowane wasa. A ranar 30 ga Agusta, 2020, ya sanya hannu da SIG Strasbourg . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 30, 2020 |title=SIG Strasbourg inks Brandon Jefferson |url=https://sportando.basketball/en/sig-strasbourg-inks-brandon-jefferson/ |access-date=August 30, 2020 |website=Sportando}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jefferson ya samu matsakaicin maki 16.2 da taimako 3.4 a kowane wasa.

A ranar 9 ga Agusta, 2021, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu da Élan Béarnais . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 9, 2021 |title=Elan Bernais Pau Orthez announces 2-year deal with Brandon Jefferson |url=https://sportando.basketball/en/elan-bernais-pau-orthez-announces-2-year-deal-with-brandon-jefferson/ |access-date=August 9, 2021 |website=Sportando}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2022, ya sanya hannu tare da Tianjin Pioneers na Ƙungiyar Kwando ta China . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Brandon Jefferson (Pau-Orthez) jouera en Chine la saison prochaine |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Basket/Actualites/Brandon-jefferson-pau-orthez-jouera-en-chine-la-saison-prochaine/1338482 |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 23 ga Disamba, 2023, ya sanya hannu da Dinamo Sassari na Lega Basket Serie A (LBA). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=December 23, 2023 |title=La Dinamo firma Jefferson |url=https://www.dinamobasket.com/blog/la-dinamo-firma-jefferson |access-date=January 24, 2024 |website=dinamobasket.com |publisher= |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2024, ya sanya hannu da JL Bourg na LNB Pro A. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=December 18, 2024 |title=Bourg inks sharpshooter Brandon Jefferson |url=https://www.euroleaguebasketball.net/en/eurocup/news/bourg-inks-sharpshooter-brandon-jefferson/ |access-date=January 24, 2025 |website=euroleaguebasketball.net |publisher= |language=En}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 8 ga Agusta, 2025, Jefferson ya sanya hannu da kulob din Karditsa na Girka. 

A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2026, Jefferson ya sanya hannu da Dreamland Gran Canaria na Liga ACB . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Carchia |first=Emiliano |date=2026-04-27 |title=El Dreamland Gran Canaria se refuerza con Brandon Jefferson |url=https://acb.com/es/liga/noticias/el-dreamland-gran-canaria-se-refuerza-con-brandon-jefferson-144924 |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=acb.com |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Ciwon daji na Adrenocortical</title>
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        <username>Rahama Buhari Sani</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350118600|Adrenocortical carcinoma]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Ciwon daji na Adrenocortical''' ( '''ACC''' ) wani [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] ne mai tsanani wanda ya samo asali daga cortex (nama mai samar da hormones na steroid ) na glandar adrenal .

Ciwon daji na Adrenocortical abu ne mai ban mamaki ga yawancin cututtukan hormonal da ke faruwa a cikin marasa lafiya da ke da ciwon daji na steroid (&quot;aiki&quot;), ciki har da [[Ciwon Cushing|cutar Cushing]], Conn syndrome, virilization, da feminization . Ciwon daji na Adrenocortical sau da yawa yakan mamaye kyallen da ke kusa ko kuma [[Metastasis|ya bazu]] zuwa ga gabobin da ke nesa a lokacin ganewar asali, kuma jimillar adadin rayuwa na shekaru 5 shine kusan kashi 50%. &lt;ref name=&quot;CancerNet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 June 2012 |title=Adrenal Gland Tumor: Statistics |url=https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/adrenal-gland-tumor/statistics |access-date=2020-07-01 |website=Cancer.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciwon daji na Adrenocortical ƙari ne mai wuya, wanda ke faruwa tsakanin mutum ɗaya zuwa biyu a kowace miliyan a kowace shekara. &lt;ref name=&quot;WangSun2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wang C, Sun Y, Wu H, Zhao D, Chen J |date=March 2014 |title=Distinguishing adrenal cortical carcinomas and adenomas: a study of clinicopathological features and biomarkers |journal=Histopathology |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=567–576 |doi=10.1111/his.12283 |pmc=4282325 |pmid=24102952}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Fassnacht18&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fassnacht M, Dekkers OM, Else T, Baudin E, Berruti A, de Krijger R, Haak HR, Mihai R, Assie G, Terzolo M |date=October 2018 |title=European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of adrenocortical carcinoma in adults, in collaboration with the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors |journal=European Journal of Endocrinology |language=en-US |volume=179 |issue=4 |pages=G1–G46 |doi=10.1530/EJE-18-0608 |pmid=30299884 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Fassnacht12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fassnacht M, Terzolo M, Allolio B, Baudin E, Haak H, Berruti A, Welin S, Schade-Brittinger C, Lacroix A, Jarzab B, Sorbye H, Torpy DJ, Stepan V, Schteingart DE, Arlt W, Kroiss M, Leboulleux S, Sperone P, Sundin A, Hermsen I, Hahner S, Willenberg HS, Tabarin A, Quinkler M, de la Fouchardière C, Schlumberger M, Mantero F, Weismann D, Beuschlein F, Gelderblom H, Wilmink H, Sender M, Edgerly M, Kenn W, Fojo T, Müller HH, Skogseid B |date=June 2012 |title=Combination chemotherapy in advanced adrenocortical carcinoma |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=366 |issue=23 |pages=2189–97 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1200966 |pmid=22551107 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;UTDACC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2006-08-08 |title=Clinical presentation and evaluation of adrenocortical tumors |url=http://www.uptodateonline.com/utd/content/topic.do?topicKey=adrenal/17707&amp;type=A&amp;selectedTitle=1~16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929002439/http://www.uptodateonline.com/utd/content/topic.do?topicKey=adrenal%2F17707&amp;type=A&amp;selectedTitle=1~16 |archive-date=2007-09-29 |access-date=2007-06-05 |website=UpToDate Online v. 15.1 |publisher=UpToDate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da rarrabawar bimodal bisa ga shekaru, tare da kamuwa da cuta a cikin yara 'yan ƙasa da shekara 5 da kuma manya 'yan shekara 30-40. &lt;ref name=&quot;DeVita&quot; /&gt; An gano nau'in ƙwayar halittar da ke samar da [[steroid]] mai amsawa ga angiotensin-II H295R da aka fi amfani da shi sosai daga ciwon da aka gano a matsayin ciwon daji na adrenocortical. &lt;ref name=&quot;TP-160129-001&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wang T, Rainey WE |date=March 2012 |title=Human adrenocortical carcinoma cell lines |journal=Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology |volume=351 |issue=1 |pages=58–65 |doi=10.1016/j.mce.2011.08.041 |pmc=3288152 |pmid=21924324}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;TP-150519-002&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gazdar AF, Oie HK, Shackleton CH, Chen TR, Triche TJ, Myers CE, Chrousos GP, Brennan MF, Stein CA, La Rocca RV |date=September 1990 |title=Establishment and characterization of a human adrenocortical carcinoma cell line that expresses multiple pathways of steroid biosynthesis |url=http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/50/17/5488.long |journal=Cancer Research |volume=50 |issue=17 |pages=5488–96 |pmid=2386954}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciwon daji na Adrenocortical na iya faruwa a kowane zamani, inda mafi yawan kamuwa da cutar ke tsakanin shekaru 40 zuwa 60. Mata sun fi kamuwa da cutar (55 zuwa 60%) fiye da maza (40 zuwa 45%). Ciwon daji na Adrenocortical yawanci yakan faru ne lokaci-lokaci a cikin manya. Duk da haka, wani lokacin suna faruwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na cututtukan gado, kamar:

* Ciwon Li-Fraumeni
* Ciwon Lynch
* Ciwon daji na endocrine da yawa (MEN)
* Ciwon polyposis na iyali (duba kuma ciwon adenomatous ) &lt;ref name=&quot;Fassnacht18&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fassnacht M, Dekkers OM, Else T, Baudin E, Berruti A, de Krijger R, Haak HR, Mihai R, Assie G, Terzolo M |date=October 2018 |title=European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of adrenocortical carcinoma in adults, in collaboration with the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors |journal=European Journal of Endocrinology |language=en-US |volume=179 |issue=4 |pages=G1–G46 |doi=10.1530/EJE-18-0608 |pmid=30299884 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFassnachtDekkersElseBaudin2018&quot;&gt;Fassnacht M, Dekkers OM, Else T, Baudin E, Berruti A, de Krijger R, et&amp;nbsp;al. (October 2018). [[doi:10.1530/EJE-18-0608|&quot;European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of adrenocortical carcinoma in adults, in collaboration with the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors&quot;]]. ''European Journal of Endocrinology''. '''179''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;G1–&lt;/span&gt;G46. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1530/EJE-18-0608|10.1530/EJE-18-0608]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[hdl:2318/1650497|2318/1650497]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30299884 30299884].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alamomi da Alamomi ==
Ciwon daji na Adrenocortical na iya bayyana ta hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin yara da manya. Yawancin ciwace-ciwacen da ke cikin yara suna aiki, kuma kamuwa da cutar virilization shine mafi yawan alamun da ke bayyana, sai kuma [[ciwon Cushing]] da kuma balaga kafin lokacin balaga .  Daga cikin manya da ke da ciwon hormonal, cutar Cushing ita ce ta fi yawa, sai kuma kamuwa da Cushing da virilization ( glucocorticoid da androgen overproduction). Ciwon Feminization da Conn syndrome (yawan mineralocorticoid ) suna faruwa a ƙasa da kashi 10% na lokuta. Ba kasafai ake samun rahoton yawan fitar catecholamines kamar pheochromocytoma a cikin ciwon daji na adrenocortical ba.  Ciwon daji marasa aiki (kusan kashi 40%, hukumomi sun bambanta) yawanci yana tare da ciwon ciki ko gefen jiki, varicocele, da thrombosis na jijiyoyin koda &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cheungpasitporn W, Horne JM, Howarth CB |date=August 2011 |title=Adrenocortical carcinoma presenting as varicocele and renal vein thrombosis: a case report |journal=Journal of Medical Case Reports |volume=5 |doi=10.1186/1752-1947-5-337 |pmc=3160386 |pmid=21806824 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; ko kuma suna iya zama marasa alamun cutar kuma an gano su ba zato ba tsammani. &lt;ref name=&quot;UTDACC&quot; /&gt;

Ya kamata a yi wa duk marasa lafiya da ake zargin suna da ACC cikakken bayani don gano alamun da ke tattare da cututtukan hormonal. Ga cutar Cushing (yawan glucocorticoid), waɗannan sun haɗa da [[Ƙara nauyi|ƙaruwar nauyi]], ɓatar da tsoka, layukan shunayya a ciki, &quot; ƙugu mai kitse &quot; a wuya, fuska mai kama da wata, da kuma siririn fata mai rauni. Ƙwayar cuta (yawan androgen) ta fi bayyana a cikin mata, kuma tana iya haifar da yawan gashi a fuska da jiki, kuraje, faɗaɗa clitoris, zurfafa murya, ƙaiƙayin fuska, daina haila . Ciwon Conn (yawan mineralcorticoid) yana da alaƙa da [[hawan jini]], wanda zai iya haifar da [[ciwon kai]] da rashin isasshen sinadarin potassium a cikin jini, wanda hakan zai iya haifar da rauni a tsoka, ruɗani, da bugun zuciya ), ƙarancin aikin renin a cikin jini, da kuma yawan aldosterone a cikin jini. Ana iya ganin Feminization (yawan estrogen ) a cikin maza cikin sauƙi, kuma ya haɗa da faɗaɗa nono, raguwar sha'awa, da [[Rashin aiki na erectile|rashin ƙarfi]] .  &lt;ref name=&quot;UTDACC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2006-08-08 |title=Clinical presentation and evaluation of adrenocortical tumors |url=http://www.uptodateonline.com/utd/content/topic.do?topicKey=adrenal/17707&amp;type=A&amp;selectedTitle=1~16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929002439/http://www.uptodateonline.com/utd/content/topic.do?topicKey=adrenal%2F17707&amp;type=A&amp;selectedTitle=1~16 |archive-date=2007-09-29 |access-date=2007-06-05 |website=UpToDate Online v. 15.1 |publisher=UpToDate}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSavareseNieman2006&quot;&gt;Savarese DM, Nieman LK (2006-08-08). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929002439/http://www.uptodateonline.com/utd/content/topic.do?topicKey=adrenal%2F17707&amp;type=A&amp;selectedTitle=1~16 &quot;Clinical presentation and evaluation of adrenocortical tumors&quot;]. ''UpToDate Online v. 15.1''. UpToDate. Archived from [http://www.uptodateonline.com/utd/content/topic.do?topicKey=adrenal/17707&amp;type=A&amp;selectedTitle=1~16 the original] on 2007-09-29&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2007-06-05&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL. ''Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine''. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005. {{ISBN|0-07-139140-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin Halittar Jiki ==
Ba a san babban abin da ke haifar da cutar ACC ba, duk da cewa iyalai masu fama da cutar Li–Fraumeni, wadda maye gurbi na rashin aiki da aka gada a cikin ''TP53'' ke haifarwa, suna da ƙarin haɗari. An nuna cewa kwayoyin halitta da dama suna canzawa akai-akai, ciki har da &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwkA&quot;&gt;TP53&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ''CTNNB1'', ''MEN1'', ''PRKAR1A'', ''RPL22'', da ''DAXX'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zheng S, Cherniack AD, Dewal N, Moffitt RA, Danilova L, Murray BA, Lerario AM, Else T, Knijnenburg TA, Ciriello G, Kim S, Assie G, Morozova O, Akbani R, Shih J, Hoadley KA, Choueiri TK, Waldmann J, Mete O, Robertson AG, Wu HT, Raphael BJ, Shao L, Meyerson M, Demeure MJ, Beuschlein F, Gill AJ, Sidhu SB, Almeida MQ, Fragoso MC, Cope LM, Kebebew E, Habra MA, Whitsett TG, Bussey KJ, Rainey WE, Asa SL, Bertherat J, Fassnacht M, Wheeler DA, Hammer GD, Giordano TJ, Verhaak RG |date=May 2016 |title=Comprehensive Pan-Genomic Characterization of Adrenocortical Carcinoma |journal=Cancer Cell |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=723–736 |doi=10.1016/j.ccell.2016.04.002 |pmc=4864952 |pmid=27165744}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Assié G, Letouzé E, Fassnacht M, Jouinot A, Luscap W, Barreau O, Omeiri H, Rodriguez S, Perlemoine K, René-Corail F, Elarouci N, Sbiera S, Kroiss M, Allolio B, Waldmann J, Quinkler M, Mannelli M, Mantero F, Papathomas T, De Krijger R, Tabarin A, Kerlan V, Baudin E, Tissier F, Dousset B, Groussin L, Amar L, Clauser E, Bertagna X, Ragazzon B, Beuschlein F, Libé R, de Reyniès A, Bertherat J |date=June 2014 |title=Integrated genomic characterization of adrenocortical carcinoma |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=607–612 |doi=10.1038/ng.2953 |pmid=24747642 |s2cid=13089427}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ƙara yawan kwayar halittar telomerase ''TERT'' yayin da ake cire ''[[ZNRF3]]'' da ''CDKN2A'' ta hanyar homozyg. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Kwayoyin halittar ''h19'', insulin-like growth factor II ( &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwsA&quot;&gt;IGF-II&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ), da ''p57 &lt;sup&gt;kip2&lt;/sup&gt;'' suna da mahimmanci ga girma da ci gaban tayi. Suna kan chromosome 11p. Bayyanar kwayar halittar ''h19'' yana raguwa sosai a cikin carcinomas na adrenal cortical marasa aiki da aiki, musamman a cikin ciwace-ciwacen da ke samar da [[cortisol]] da aldosterone . Haka kuma, asarar aiki na samfurin kwayar halittar ''p57 &lt;small&gt;kip2&lt;/small&gt;'' a cikin adenomas masu kama da virilizing da adrenal cortical carcinomas. Sabanin haka, an nuna cewa bayyanar kwayar halittar ''IGF-II'' tana da yawa a cikin adrenal cortical carcinomas. A ƙarshe, bayyanar kwayar halittar ''c-myc'' tana da yawa a cikin neoplasms, kuma sau da yawa ana danganta ta da rashin kyakkyawan hasashen. 

Ciwon adrenocortical na biyu ba shi da yawa fiye da na gefe ɗaya. Yawancin ciwon adrenocortical na biyu za a iya bambanta su gwargwadon girma da yanayin ƙwayoyin cuta: cutar adrenocortical ta farko mai launin shuɗi, wadda za ta iya zama ta lokaci-lokaci ko kuma wani ɓangare na Carney complex, da kuma babban macro nodular adrenal hyperplasia ta biyu. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; [[Metastasis|Ciwon hanta (metastasis)]] ya fi yawa a hanta da [[huhu]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=James Norman |date=16 February 2023 |title=Diseases of the Adrenal Cortex: Adrenal Cancer |url=https://www.endocrineweb.com/conditions/adrenal-cancer/diseases-adrenal-cortex-adrenal-cancer-0 |website=EndocrineWeb}} Updated on: 04/14/16&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ganewar Ganewa ==

=== Gano abin da ya faru ===
Kimanin kashi 30% na ciwon daji na glandar adrenal ana gano su ta hanyar bazata ( incidencendalomas ). Duk da haka, yuwuwar cewa ciwon daji na glandar adrenal shine ciwon daji na adrenal cortex yana da ƙasa sosai. Adenomas sun fi yawa a wannan yanayin. Sauran ciwon daji marasa lahani ko masu cutarwa suma na iya zama sanadin hakan. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fassnacht18&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fassnacht M, Dekkers OM, Else T, Baudin E, Berruti A, de Krijger R, Haak HR, Mihai R, Assie G, Terzolo M |date=October 2018 |title=European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of adrenocortical carcinoma in adults, in collaboration with the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors |journal=European Journal of Endocrinology |language=en-US |volume=179 |issue=4 |pages=G1–G46 |doi=10.1530/EJE-18-0608 |pmid=30299884 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFassnachtDekkersElseBaudin2018&quot;&gt;Fassnacht M, Dekkers OM, Else T, Baudin E, Berruti A, de Krijger R, et&amp;nbsp;al. (October 2018). [[doi:10.1530/EJE-18-0608|&quot;European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of adrenocortical carcinoma in adults, in collaboration with the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors&quot;]]. ''European Journal of Endocrinology''. '''179''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;G1–&lt;/span&gt;G46. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1530/EJE-18-0608|10.1530/EJE-18-0608]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[hdl:2318/1650497|2318/1650497]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30299884 30299884].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sakamakon dakin gwaje-gwaje ===
Ya kamata a tabbatar da cututtukan Hormonal ta hanyar gwajin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Sakamakon dakin gwaje-gwaje a cikin cutar Cushing sun haɗa da ƙaruwar glucose a cikin jini (sukarin jini) da ƙaruwar [[cortisol]] a cikin fitsari. Ana tabbatar da kasancewar adrenal virilism ta hanyar gano yawan androstenedione da dehydroepiandrosterone a cikin jini. Abubuwan da aka gano a cikin Conn syndrome sun haɗa da ƙarancin potassium a cikin jini, ƙarancin aikin renin a cikin jini, da yawan aldosterone a cikin jini. Ana tabbatar da kasancewar mace ta hanyar gano yawan estrogen a cikin jini. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Hoto ===
Nazarin rediyo a cikin ciki, kamar [[CT scan|na'urar daukar hoton CT]] da hoton maganadisu suna da amfani wajen gano wurin da ciwon yake, da bambance shi da sauran cututtuka, kamar adrenocortical adenoma, da kuma tantance girman mamayar ciwon zuwa ga gabobin da kyallen da ke kewaye. A kan CT, yana nuna bayyanar da ba ta da bambanci saboda necrosis, calcifications, da zubar jini. Bayan allurar da aka yi wa maganin, yana nuna ƙaruwar gefen jiki. Mamayar gine-gine da ke kusa da su kamar koda, vena cava, hanta, da kuma retroperitoneal lymph nodes suma sun zama ruwan dare. &lt;ref name=&quot;Albano 2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Albano D, Agnello F, Midiri F, Pecoraro G, Bruno A, Alongi P, Toia P, Di Buono G, Agrusa A, Sconfienza LM, Pardo S, La Grutta L, Midiri M, Galia M |date=January 2019 |title=Imaging features of adrenal masses |journal=Insights into Imaging |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s13244-019-0688-8 |pmc=6349247 |pmid=30684056 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana samun bayanai kan yanar gizo na gwajin CT na carcinoma adrenocortical. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adrenal-ACC-Ki67-Seg: Adrenocortical Carcinoma |url=https://dicomtube.com/playlist/adrenal-acc |website=DicomTube}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=ADRENAL-ACC-KI67-SEG |url=https://www.cancerimagingarchive.net/collection/adrenal-acc-ki67-seg/ |access-date=2026-01-30 |website=The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA) |language=en-US |doi=10.7937/1FPG-VM46}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A kan MRI, yana nuna ƙarancin ƙarfi akan hotunan T1 masu nauyin T1, da kuma siginar T2 mai girma tare da ƙarfin haɓaka bambanci daban-daban da kuma rage gudu a hankali. Yankunan zubar jini na iya nuna babban siginar T1. &lt;ref name=&quot;Albano 2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Albano D, Agnello F, Midiri F, Pecoraro G, Bruno A, Alongi P, Toia P, Di Buono G, Agrusa A, Sconfienza LM, Pardo S, La Grutta L, Midiri M, Galia M |date=January 2019 |title=Imaging features of adrenal masses |journal=Insights into Imaging |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s13244-019-0688-8 |pmc=6349247 |pmid=30684056 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAlbanoAgnelloMidiriPecoraro2019&quot;&gt;Albano D, Agnello F, Midiri F, Pecoraro G, Bruno A, Alongi P, et&amp;nbsp;al. (January 2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6349247 &quot;Imaging features of adrenal masses&quot;]. ''Insights into Imaging''. '''10''' (1) 1. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1186/s13244-019-0688-8|10.1186/s13244-019-0688-8]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6349247 6349247]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30684056 30684056].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Hoto tare da hoton positron emission tomography (PET) yana da amfani a lokacin binciken farko na ciwon daji na adrenal mai yuwuwar zama mai haɗari da kuma gano metastasis. Fluorodeoxyglucose ([ &lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; F]FDG ko FDG) yana da babban ji na ƙwarai amma ba zai iya bambance ACC da sauran ciwon daji ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wong KK, Miller BS, Viglianti BL, Dwamena BA, Gauger PG, Cook GJ, Colletti PM, Rubello D, Gross MD |date=August 2016 |title=Molecular Imaging in the Management of Adrenocortical Cancer: A Systematic Review |journal=Clinical Nuclear Medicine |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=e368–e382 |doi=10.1097/RLU.0000000000001112 |pmid=26825212}}&lt;/ref&gt; 11 Metomidate mai lakabin &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;mw-Q&quot;&gt;C&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; yana ɗaure ga enzymes da aka bayyana a cikin ƙwayoyin adrenocortical kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman mai gano rediyo tare da babban takamaiman ga ciwon daji na adrenal. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mendichovszky IA, Powlson AS, Manavaki R, Aigbirhio FI, Cheow H, Buscombe JR, Gurnell M, Gilbert FJ |date=November 2016 |title=Targeted Molecular Imaging in Adrenal Disease-An Emerging Role for Metomidate PET-CT |journal=Diagnostics |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=42 |doi=10.3390/diagnostics6040042 |pmc=5192517 |pmid=27869719 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cututtuka ===
[[Fayil:Adrenal_cortical_carcinoma.JPG|right|thumb|Babban ra'ayi na babban ACC]]
[[Fayil:Adrenal_cortical_carcinoma.jpg|thumb|Shirye-shiryen toshewar ƙwayoyin halitta daga wani babban allurar da aka yi amfani da allura wajen cire ƙwayoyin cuta, yana nuna ƙwayoyin cutar kansa masu ƙarancin ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma ƙaramin matakin ƙwayoyin cuta na nukiliya.]]
Sau da yawa ba a yin gwajin ƙwayoyin cuta na adrenal kafin a yi tiyata, don haka ana tabbatar da ganewar asali idan aka yi gwajin samfurin tiyatar ta hanyar likitan cututtuka . A takaice dai, ACCs galibi suna da girma, tare da saman da aka yanke mai launin rawaya-rawaya, da kuma wuraren zubar jini da necrosis . A lokacin gwajin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, ciwon yawanci yana nuna takaddun ƙwayoyin halitta marasa tsari waɗanda suka yi kama da ƙwayoyin adrenal cortex na yau da kullun. Kasancewar mamayewa da ayyukan mitotic suna taimakawa wajen bambance ƙananan ciwon daji daga adrenocortical adenomas .  Da yawa daga cikin nau'ikan ACC da ba kasafai ake samu ba sun haɗa da: 

* Ciwon daji na adrenal cortical
* Ciwon daji na Myxoid adrenal cortical
* Ciwon daji
* Ciwon daji na adenosquamous adrenocortical
* Ciwon daji na adrenal adrenal mai haske

=== Ganewar bambance-bambance ===
[[Fayil:Incidences_and_prognoses_of_adrenal_tumors.png|thumb|240x240px|Abubuwan da suka faru da kuma hasashen ciwace-ciwacen adrenal,  tare da cutar kansar adrenocortical a sama.]]
Bambancin ganewar asali ya haɗa da: 

* Ciwon adenoma na ƙashi
* Ciwon daji na ƙwayoyin koda
* Pheochromocytoma
* Ciwon daji na Hepatocellular

Ana iya bambanta cutar kansar Adrenocortical daga cutar adenocortical (takwaransu marasa kyau) ta hanyar tsarin Weiss, &lt;ref name=&quot;WangSun2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wang C, Sun Y, Wu H, Zhao D, Chen J |date=March 2014 |title=Distinguishing adrenal cortical carcinomas and adenomas: a study of clinicopathological features and biomarkers |journal=Histopathology |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=567–576 |doi=10.1111/his.12283 |pmc=4282325 |pmid=24102952}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWangSunWuZhao2014&quot;&gt;Wang C, Sun Y, Wu H, Zhao D, Chen J (March 2014). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282325 &quot;Distinguishing adrenal cortical carcinomas and adenomas: a study of clinicopathological features and biomarkers&quot;]. ''Histopathology''. '''64''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;567–&lt;/span&gt;576. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/his.12283|10.1111/his.12283]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282325 4282325]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24102952 24102952].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; kamar haka: &lt;ref name=&quot;AyeMyint2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Aye TT, Myint P, Myint KN |year=2015 |title=Adrenocortical Oncocytoma Presenting with Gynaecomastia |journal=Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=27–30 |doi=10.15605/jafes.030.01.08 |issn=0857-1074 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Halaye &lt;ref name=&quot;AyeMyint2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Aye TT, Myint P, Myint KN |year=2015 |title=Adrenocortical Oncocytoma Presenting with Gynaecomastia |journal=Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=27–30 |doi=10.15605/jafes.030.01.08 |issn=0857-1074 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAyeMyintMyint2015&quot;&gt;Aye TT, Myint P, Myint KN (2015). [[doi:10.15605/jafes.030.01.08|&quot;Adrenocortical Oncocytoma Presenting with Gynaecomastia&quot;]]. ''Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies''. '''30''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27–&lt;/span&gt;30. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.15605/jafes.030.01.08|10.15605/jafes.030.01.08]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0857-1074 0857-1074].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
! Ci
|-
| Babban matakin nukiliya (wanda aka faɗaɗa, oval zuwa lobated, tare da ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta zuwa hyperchromatic chromatin kuma ana iya gane shi cikin sauƙi, fitaccen nucleoli) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 December 2016 |title=Adrenocortical Cancer |url=https://oncohemakey.com/adrenocortical-cancer/ |website=Oncohema Key}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1
|-
| Karin mitoses fiye da filayen wutar lantarki masu ƙarfi 5/50
| 1
|-
| Mitoses marasa tsari
| 1
|-
| Cytoplasm na Eosinophilic a cikin fiye da kashi 75% na ƙwayoyin ƙari
| 1
|-
| Tsarin yaɗuwar ƙari na &gt;33%
| 1
|-
| Ciwon jijiyoyi
| 1
|-
| Mamayar jijiyoyin jini
| 1
|-
| Mamayar sinusoidal (babu santsi tsoka a bango)
| 1
|-
| Mamayar ƙwayoyin halitta
| 1
|}
Jimlar maki yana nuna: &lt;ref name=&quot;AyeMyint2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Aye TT, Myint P, Myint KN |year=2015 |title=Adrenocortical Oncocytoma Presenting with Gynaecomastia |journal=Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=27–30 |doi=10.15605/jafes.030.01.08 |issn=0857-1074 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAyeMyintMyint2015&quot;&gt;Aye TT, Myint P, Myint KN (2015). [[doi:10.15605/jafes.030.01.08|&quot;Adrenocortical Oncocytoma Presenting with Gynaecomastia&quot;]]. ''Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies''. '''30''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27–&lt;/span&gt;30. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.15605/jafes.030.01.08|10.15605/jafes.030.01.08]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0857-1074 0857-1074].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

* 0-2: Ciwon adenoma na ƙashin baya
* 3: Ba a tantance ba
* 4-9: Ciwon daji na Adrenocortical

== Hasashen ==
Gabaɗaya, ACC tana ɗauke da mummunan hasashen cutar, &lt;ref name=&quot;allolio&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Allolio B, Fassnacht M |date=June 2006 |title=Clinical review: Adrenocortical carcinoma: clinical update |url=https://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/91/6/2027 |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=91 |issue=6 |pages=2027–37 |doi=10.1210/jc.2005-2639 |pmid=16551738 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da jimlar tsawon shekaru 5 na rayuwa kusan kashi 50% &lt;ref name=&quot;CancerNet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 June 2012 |title=Adrenal Gland Tumor: Statistics |url=https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/adrenal-gland-tumor/statistics |access-date=2020-07-01 |website=Cancer.net}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/adrenal-gland-tumor/statistics &quot;Adrenal Gland Tumor: Statistics&quot;]. ''Cancer.net''. 25 June 2012&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-07-01&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Rayuwa ta shekaru biyar ba tare da cututtuka ba don cire cikakken [[Matakan Ciwon daji|mataki]] na I-III ACC kusan kashi 30% ne &lt;ref name=&quot;allolio&quot; /&gt; Mafi mahimmancin abubuwan hasashen cutar sune shekarun majiyyaci da matakin ciwon. Abubuwan hasashen cutar marasa kyau sun haɗa da aikin mitotic, mamayewar jijiyoyin jini, nauyin 50 g ko fiye, diamita na 6.5&amp;nbsp;cm ko fiye, ma'aunin lakabin Ki-67/MIB1 na 4% ko fiye, da kuma p53 mai kyau. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A cikin mummunan ciwon kansa, ciwon daji na adrenocortical ba kamar yawancin ciwon daji na adrenal cortex ba ne, waɗanda ba su da kyau ( adenomas ) kuma a wasu lokutan suna haifar da [[Ciwon Cushing|cutar Cushing's syndrome]] . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Magani ==
Maganin da za a iya magancewa kawai shine cire ciwon gaba ɗaya na tiyata, wanda za a iya yi ko da a cikin manyan jijiyoyin jini, kamar jijiyar koda ko kuma ƙananan jijiyoyin jini . Yawan rayuwa na shekaru 5 bayan tiyatar da ta yi nasara shine kashi 50-60%, amma abin takaici, marasa lafiya da yawa ba sa cikin waɗanda za a yi musu tiyata. Wani bita na tsari na 2018 ya nuna cewa tiyatar laparoscopic retroperotenial adrenalectomy da alama tana rage rashin lafiya a ƙarshen lokaci, lokacin zuwa ruwan baki ko cin abinci da lokacin tafiya idan aka kwatanta da tiyatar laparoscopic transperitoneal adrenalectomy, duk da haka akwai rashin tabbas game da waɗannan tasirin saboda ƙarancin inganci. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Arezzo A, Bullano A, Cochetti G, Cirocchi R, Randolph J, Mearini E, Evangelista A, Ciccone G, Bonjer HJ, Morino M |date=December 2018 |title=Transperitoneal versus retroperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy for adrenal tumours in adults |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2018 |issue=12 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD011668.pub2 |pmc=6517116 |pmid=30595004}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don sakamako kamar mace-mace mai haifar da matsala, rashin lafiya da wuri, tasirin tattalin arziki, da kuma sigogin tiyata da bayan tiyata, shaidar ba ta da tabbas game da tasirin ɗayan hanyoyin biyu fiye da ɗayan. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ana iya amfani da maganin radiation da kuma cire mitar rediyo don rage zafi ga marasa lafiya waɗanda ba sa cikin waɗanda aka yi wa tiyata.  Dabaru na tiyata marasa rinjaye har yanzu suna ci gaba da zama abin jayayya saboda rashin bayanai na dogon lokaci, tare da damuwa ta musamman game da yawan sake dawowa da cutar kansa ta peritoneal. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Tsarin [[Chemotherapy|maganin chemotherapy]] yawanci ya haɗa da maganin [[mitotane]], wani maganin hana haɗakar steroid, wanda yake da guba ga ƙwayoyin adrenal cortex, &lt;ref name=&quot;Fassnacht12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fassnacht M, Terzolo M, Allolio B, Baudin E, Haak H, Berruti A, Welin S, Schade-Brittinger C, Lacroix A, Jarzab B, Sorbye H, Torpy DJ, Stepan V, Schteingart DE, Arlt W, Kroiss M, Leboulleux S, Sperone P, Sundin A, Hermsen I, Hahner S, Willenberg HS, Tabarin A, Quinkler M, de la Fouchardière C, Schlumberger M, Mantero F, Weismann D, Beuschlein F, Gelderblom H, Wilmink H, Sender M, Edgerly M, Kenn W, Fojo T, Müller HH, Skogseid B |date=June 2012 |title=Combination chemotherapy in advanced adrenocortical carcinoma |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=366 |issue=23 |pages=2189–97 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1200966 |pmid=22551107 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFassnachtTerzoloAllolioBaudin2012&quot;&gt;Fassnacht M, Terzolo M, Allolio B, Baudin E, Haak H, Berruti A, et&amp;nbsp;al. (June 2012). [[doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1200966|&quot;Combination chemotherapy in advanced adrenocortical carcinoma&quot;]]. ''The New England Journal of Medicine''. '''366''' (23): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2189–&lt;/span&gt;97. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1200966|10.1056/NEJMoa1200966]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[hdl:2318/102217|2318/102217]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22551107 22551107].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  da kuma magungunan cytotoxic na yau da kullun. Wani bincike da aka yi a baya ya nuna fa'idar rayuwa ga mitotane ban da tiyata idan aka kwatanta da tiyata kawai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Terzolo M, Angeli A, Fassnacht M, Daffara F, Tauchmanova L, Conton PA, Rossetto R, Buci L, Sperone P, Grossrubatscher E, Reimondo G, Bollito E, Papotti M, Saeger W, Hahner S, Koschker AC, Arvat E, Ambrosi B, Loli P, Lombardi G, Mannelli M, Bruzzi P, Mantero F, Allolio B, Dogliotti L, Berruti A |date=June 2007 |title=Adjuvant mitotane treatment for adrenocortical carcinoma |url=https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa063360 |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=356 |issue=23 |pages=2372–80 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa063360 |pmid=17554118 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Magunguna guda biyu da aka fi amfani da su sune cisplatin, doxorubicin, etoposide (EDP) + mitotane, da streptozotocin + mitotane. Gwajin FIRM-ACT ya nuna cewa akwai karuwar amsawar da ake samu da kuma tsawon lokacin da ake amfani da EDP + mitotane ba tare da ci gaba ba fiye da streptozotocin + mitotane. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fassnacht12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fassnacht M, Terzolo M, Allolio B, Baudin E, Haak H, Berruti A, Welin S, Schade-Brittinger C, Lacroix A, Jarzab B, Sorbye H, Torpy DJ, Stepan V, Schteingart DE, Arlt W, Kroiss M, Leboulleux S, Sperone P, Sundin A, Hermsen I, Hahner S, Willenberg HS, Tabarin A, Quinkler M, de la Fouchardière C, Schlumberger M, Mantero F, Weismann D, Beuschlein F, Gelderblom H, Wilmink H, Sender M, Edgerly M, Kenn W, Fojo T, Müller HH, Skogseid B |date=June 2012 |title=Combination chemotherapy in advanced adrenocortical carcinoma |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=366 |issue=23 |pages=2189–97 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1200966 |pmid=22551107 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFassnachtTerzoloAllolioBaudin2012&quot;&gt;Fassnacht M, Terzolo M, Allolio B, Baudin E, Haak H, Berruti A, et&amp;nbsp;al. (June 2012). [[doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1200966|&quot;Combination chemotherapy in advanced adrenocortical carcinoma&quot;]]. ''The New England Journal of Medicine''. '''366''' (23): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2189–&lt;/span&gt;97. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1200966|10.1056/NEJMoa1200966]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[hdl:2318/102217|2318/102217]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22551107 22551107].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nazarin ilimin farfaɗowa ===
Saboda ƙarancin cutar, har yanzu ba a amsa tambayoyi masu mahimmanci game da cutar kansar adrenocortical ba. Saboda haka, ya kamata a yi wa marasa lafiya da yawa magani a cikin nazarin rajista ko nazarin magani.

=== Tallafin jinyar ===
Baya ga maganin da aka fi mayar da hankali kan magance ciwon daji, likitan da ke kula da shi zai ba da maganin tallafi. Bugu da ƙari, akwai wasu ayyukan tallafi da yawa da ake da su. Waɗannan na iya taimaka wa marasa lafiya da iyalansu su jure wa ganewar asali, maganin ciwon daji, da kuma sakamakon cutar. Jerin da ke ƙasa ba cikakken bayani ba ne game da duk ayyukan tallafi da ake da su. Ya ƙunshi misalai waɗanda za su iya sauƙaƙe neman tallafi na farko ga kowane majiyyaci.

* Shawarar kwayoyin halitta
* Ciki da cutar kansar adrenal
* Cibiyoyin ba da shawara, gabaɗaya
* Cibiyoyin ba da shawara, batutuwa na musamman
* Sauran taimako
* Ƙungiyoyin taimakon kai (misali, [[LET'S CURE ACC|MU MAGANCE ACC]], https://letscureacc.com/ )

== Yara masu cutar kansar adrenal ==

=== Janar bayani ===
Ciwon daji na Adrenocortical yana da matuƙar wuya a cikin yara (kimanin lokuta 0.2 zuwa 0.3 a kowace miliyan 1 a kowace shekara). &lt;ref name=&quot;UKW-KKuPK-PNNK&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pädiatrische Nebennierenkarzinome |trans-title=Pediatric adrenal carcinomas |url=https://www.ukw.de/kinderklinik/forschung/nebennierenkarzinome/ |publisher=Universitätsklinikum Würzburg |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hasashen ba shi da kyau. A halin yanzu babu ƙa'idodi da aka kafa don gano cutar da magani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Riedmeier M, Decarolis B, Haubitz I, Müller S, Uttinger K, Börner K, Reibetanz J, Wiegering A, Härtel C, Schlegel PG, Fassnacht M, Wiegering V |date=October 2021 |title=Adrenocortical Carcinoma in Childhood: A Systematic Review |journal=Cancers (Basel) |volume=13 |issue=21 |pages=5266 |doi=10.3390/cancers13215266 |pmc=8582500 |pmid=34771430 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda haka, an kafa ƙungiyar binciken &quot;ENSAT kids&quot; don yara masu ciwon daji na adrenocortical a cikin ENSAT. Duk da cewa kashi ɗaya ne kawai na ciwon daji na adrenocortical a cikin manya suna aiki da hormones, kusan duk waɗannan ciwon daji suna aiki da hormones a cikin yara da abin ya shafa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Glandulinchen_Glandula_55-22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wiegering V |date=December 2022 |title=Nebennierenrindentumore im Kindesalter |url=https://www.glandula-online.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Aktuelle_Meldungen/GLANDUlinchen_2-22.pdf |journal=GLANDUlinchen das Magazin für Kinder- und Jugendendokrinologie |issue=55/22 |pages=36–38}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciwon Cushing, balaga ta farko, ko virilization yawanci yakan faru. Kamar yadda yake tare da maganin manya, ana cire ciwon gaba ɗaya ta hanyar tiyata. Idan akwai wani mataki mai zurfi, ana cire ƙwayoyin lymph a cikin yara, kuma ana ba da maganin chemotherapy da mitotane.

=== Yanayin bincike ===
Kimanin kashi 70% na yaran da abin ya shafa mata ne. Daga cikin waɗannan, kusan kashi 90% na ciwon daji ne masu aiki da hormones.

* 50% na androgens
* 30% gauraye
* 10% na steroids
* 10% na hormones ba sa aiki

Matsakaicin lokaci daga farkon bayyanar cututtuka zuwa ga ganewar asali shine watanni shida. Kimanin kashi 70% na ciwace-ciwacen za a iya cire su gaba ɗaya ta hanyar tiyata.

Ana ɗaukar yanayin binciken da ake yi a yanzu bai isa ba. Kwatanta kaɗan da ake da su tsakanin ciwon daji na adrenocortical a cikin manya da yara yana nuna manyan bambance-bambance. Saboda haka, binciken da aka samu zuwa yanzu a cikin manya ba za a iya amfani da shi cikin sauƙi ga yara ba. Don rufe waɗannan gibin ilimi da kuma iya tantance hanyoyin magancewa masu dacewa ga yara, ana buƙatar fahimtar ilimin halittar ƙwayoyin halitta game da hasashen da ilimin halittar ciwon daji na adrenocortical a cikin yara.

A halin yanzu, manyan tambayoyin bincike sune:

# Asibiti: Kimantawa ta ƙasa da ƙasa game da ganewar asali da magani da nufin inganta fahimtar asibiti da hanyoyin magani.
# Nazari a Asibiti: Nazarin mahimmancin bayanan plasma da fitsari na steroid / biopsy na ruwa da nufin gano alamun ƙari masu dacewa.
# Gwaji: Gano halayen immunohistochemical da kuma jerin DNA da nufin gano abubuwan da za a iya amfani da su wajen magance ƙwayoyin ciwon daji, wato, abubuwan da za a yi amfani da su wajen magance ƙwayoyin ciwon daji. Wannan ya kamata ya tabbatar da cewa an kare ƙwayoyin lafiya daga maganin gwargwadon iko. &lt;ref name=&quot;UKW-KKuPK-PNNK&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pädiatrische Nebennierenkarzinome |trans-title=Pediatric adrenal carcinomas |url=https://www.ukw.de/kinderklinik/forschung/nebennierenkarzinome/ |publisher=Universitätsklinikum Würzburg |language=de}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.ukw.de/kinderklinik/forschung/nebennierenkarzinome/ &quot;Pädiatrische Nebennierenkarzinome&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Pediatric adrenal carcinomas&amp;#x5D; (in German). Universitätsklinikum Würzburg.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="39030" sha1="srd4eran3722hlunxyz72czih30mezi" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Ciwon daji na Adrenocortical''' ( '''ACC''' ) wani [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] ne mai tsanani wanda ya samo asali daga cortex (nama mai samar da hormones na steroid ) na glandar adrenal .

Ciwon daji na Adrenocortical abu ne mai ban mamaki ga yawancin cututtukan hormonal da ke faruwa a cikin marasa lafiya da ke da ciwon daji na steroid (&quot;aiki&quot;), ciki har da [[Ciwon Cushing|cutar Cushing]], Conn syndrome, virilization, da feminization . Ciwon daji na Adrenocortical sau da yawa yakan mamaye kyallen da ke kusa ko kuma [[Metastasis|ya bazu]] zuwa ga gabobin da ke nesa a lokacin ganewar asali, kuma jimillar adadin rayuwa na shekaru 5 shine kusan kashi 50%. &lt;ref name=&quot;CancerNet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 June 2012 |title=Adrenal Gland Tumor: Statistics |url=https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/adrenal-gland-tumor/statistics |access-date=2020-07-01 |website=Cancer.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciwon daji na Adrenocortical ƙari ne mai wuya, wanda ke faruwa tsakanin mutum ɗaya zuwa biyu a kowace miliyan a kowace shekara. &lt;ref name=&quot;WangSun2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wang C, Sun Y, Wu H, Zhao D, Chen J |date=March 2014 |title=Distinguishing adrenal cortical carcinomas and adenomas: a study of clinicopathological features and biomarkers |journal=Histopathology |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=567–576 |doi=10.1111/his.12283 |pmc=4282325 |pmid=24102952}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Fassnacht18&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fassnacht M, Dekkers OM, Else T, Baudin E, Berruti A, de Krijger R, Haak HR, Mihai R, Assie G, Terzolo M |date=October 2018 |title=European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of adrenocortical carcinoma in adults, in collaboration with the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors |journal=European Journal of Endocrinology |language=en-US |volume=179 |issue=4 |pages=G1–G46 |doi=10.1530/EJE-18-0608 |pmid=30299884 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Fassnacht12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fassnacht M, Terzolo M, Allolio B, Baudin E, Haak H, Berruti A, Welin S, Schade-Brittinger C, Lacroix A, Jarzab B, Sorbye H, Torpy DJ, Stepan V, Schteingart DE, Arlt W, Kroiss M, Leboulleux S, Sperone P, Sundin A, Hermsen I, Hahner S, Willenberg HS, Tabarin A, Quinkler M, de la Fouchardière C, Schlumberger M, Mantero F, Weismann D, Beuschlein F, Gelderblom H, Wilmink H, Sender M, Edgerly M, Kenn W, Fojo T, Müller HH, Skogseid B |date=June 2012 |title=Combination chemotherapy in advanced adrenocortical carcinoma |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=366 |issue=23 |pages=2189–97 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1200966 |pmid=22551107 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;UTDACC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2006-08-08 |title=Clinical presentation and evaluation of adrenocortical tumors |url=http://www.uptodateonline.com/utd/content/topic.do?topicKey=adrenal/17707&amp;type=A&amp;selectedTitle=1~16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929002439/http://www.uptodateonline.com/utd/content/topic.do?topicKey=adrenal%2F17707&amp;type=A&amp;selectedTitle=1~16 |archive-date=2007-09-29 |access-date=2007-06-05 |website=UpToDate Online v. 15.1 |publisher=UpToDate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da rarrabawar bimodal bisa ga shekaru, tare da kamuwa da cuta a cikin yara 'yan ƙasa da shekara 5 da kuma manya 'yan shekara 30-40. &lt;ref name=&quot;DeVita&quot; /&gt; An gano nau'in ƙwayar halittar da ke samar da [[steroid]] mai amsawa ga angiotensin-II H295R da aka fi amfani da shi sosai daga ciwon da aka gano a matsayin ciwon daji na adrenocortical. &lt;ref name=&quot;TP-160129-001&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wang T, Rainey WE |date=March 2012 |title=Human adrenocortical carcinoma cell lines |journal=Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology |volume=351 |issue=1 |pages=58–65 |doi=10.1016/j.mce.2011.08.041 |pmc=3288152 |pmid=21924324}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;TP-150519-002&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gazdar AF, Oie HK, Shackleton CH, Chen TR, Triche TJ, Myers CE, Chrousos GP, Brennan MF, Stein CA, La Rocca RV |date=September 1990 |title=Establishment and characterization of a human adrenocortical carcinoma cell line that expresses multiple pathways of steroid biosynthesis |url=http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/50/17/5488.long |journal=Cancer Research |volume=50 |issue=17 |pages=5488–96 |pmid=2386954}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciwon daji na Adrenocortical na iya faruwa a kowane zamani, inda mafi yawan kamuwa da cutar ke tsakanin shekaru 40 zuwa 60. Mata sun fi kamuwa da cutar (55 zuwa 60%) fiye da maza (40 zuwa 45%). Ciwon daji na Adrenocortical yawanci yakan faru ne lokaci-lokaci a cikin manya. Duk da haka, wani lokacin suna faruwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na cututtukan gado, kamar:

* Ciwon Li-Fraumeni
* Ciwon Lynch
* Ciwon daji na endocrine da yawa (MEN)
* Ciwon polyposis na iyali (duba kuma ciwon adenomatous ) &lt;ref name=&quot;Fassnacht18&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fassnacht M, Dekkers OM, Else T, Baudin E, Berruti A, de Krijger R, Haak HR, Mihai R, Assie G, Terzolo M |date=October 2018 |title=European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of adrenocortical carcinoma in adults, in collaboration with the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors |journal=European Journal of Endocrinology |language=en-US |volume=179 |issue=4 |pages=G1–G46 |doi=10.1530/EJE-18-0608 |pmid=30299884 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFassnachtDekkersElseBaudin2018&quot;&gt;Fassnacht M, Dekkers OM, Else T, Baudin E, Berruti A, de Krijger R, et&amp;nbsp;al. (October 2018). [[doi:10.1530/EJE-18-0608|&quot;European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of adrenocortical carcinoma in adults, in collaboration with the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors&quot;]]. ''European Journal of Endocrinology''. '''179''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;G1–&lt;/span&gt;G46. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1530/EJE-18-0608|10.1530/EJE-18-0608]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[hdl:2318/1650497|2318/1650497]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30299884 30299884].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alamomi da Alamomi ==
Ciwon daji na Adrenocortical na iya bayyana ta hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin yara da manya. Yawancin ciwace-ciwacen da ke cikin yara suna aiki, kuma kamuwa da cutar virilization shine mafi yawan alamun da ke bayyana, sai kuma [[ciwon Cushing]] da kuma balaga kafin lokacin balaga .  Daga cikin manya da ke da ciwon hormonal, cutar Cushing ita ce ta fi yawa, sai kuma kamuwa da Cushing da virilization ( glucocorticoid da androgen overproduction). Ciwon Feminization da Conn syndrome (yawan mineralocorticoid ) suna faruwa a ƙasa da kashi 10% na lokuta. Ba kasafai ake samun rahoton yawan fitar catecholamines kamar pheochromocytoma a cikin ciwon daji na adrenocortical ba.  Ciwon daji marasa aiki (kusan kashi 40%, hukumomi sun bambanta) yawanci yana tare da ciwon ciki ko gefen jiki, varicocele, da thrombosis na jijiyoyin koda &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cheungpasitporn W, Horne JM, Howarth CB |date=August 2011 |title=Adrenocortical carcinoma presenting as varicocele and renal vein thrombosis: a case report |journal=Journal of Medical Case Reports |volume=5 |doi=10.1186/1752-1947-5-337 |pmc=3160386 |pmid=21806824 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; ko kuma suna iya zama marasa alamun cutar kuma an gano su ba zato ba tsammani. &lt;ref name=&quot;UTDACC&quot; /&gt;

Ya kamata a yi wa duk marasa lafiya da ake zargin suna da ACC cikakken bayani don gano alamun da ke tattare da cututtukan hormonal. Ga cutar Cushing (yawan glucocorticoid), waɗannan sun haɗa da [[Ƙara nauyi|ƙaruwar nauyi]], ɓatar da tsoka, layukan shunayya a ciki, &quot; ƙugu mai kitse &quot; a wuya, fuska mai kama da wata, da kuma siririn fata mai rauni. Ƙwayar cuta (yawan androgen) ta fi bayyana a cikin mata, kuma tana iya haifar da yawan gashi a fuska da jiki, kuraje, faɗaɗa clitoris, zurfafa murya, ƙaiƙayin fuska, daina haila . Ciwon Conn (yawan mineralcorticoid) yana da alaƙa da [[hawan jini]], wanda zai iya haifar da [[ciwon kai]] da rashin isasshen sinadarin potassium a cikin jini, wanda hakan zai iya haifar da rauni a tsoka, ruɗani, da bugun zuciya ), ƙarancin aikin renin a cikin jini, da kuma yawan aldosterone a cikin jini. Ana iya ganin Feminization (yawan estrogen ) a cikin maza cikin sauƙi, kuma ya haɗa da faɗaɗa nono, raguwar sha'awa, da [[Rashin aiki na erectile|rashin ƙarfi]] .  &lt;ref name=&quot;UTDACC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2006-08-08 |title=Clinical presentation and evaluation of adrenocortical tumors |url=http://www.uptodateonline.com/utd/content/topic.do?topicKey=adrenal/17707&amp;type=A&amp;selectedTitle=1~16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929002439/http://www.uptodateonline.com/utd/content/topic.do?topicKey=adrenal%2F17707&amp;type=A&amp;selectedTitle=1~16 |archive-date=2007-09-29 |access-date=2007-06-05 |website=UpToDate Online v. 15.1 |publisher=UpToDate}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSavareseNieman2006&quot;&gt;Savarese DM, Nieman LK (2006-08-08). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929002439/http://www.uptodateonline.com/utd/content/topic.do?topicKey=adrenal%2F17707&amp;type=A&amp;selectedTitle=1~16 &quot;Clinical presentation and evaluation of adrenocortical tumors&quot;]. ''UpToDate Online v. 15.1''. UpToDate. Archived from [http://www.uptodateonline.com/utd/content/topic.do?topicKey=adrenal/17707&amp;type=A&amp;selectedTitle=1~16 the original] on 2007-09-29&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2007-06-05&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL. ''Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine''. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005. {{ISBN|0-07-139140-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin Halittar Jiki ==
Ba a san babban abin da ke haifar da cutar ACC ba, duk da cewa iyalai masu fama da cutar Li–Fraumeni, wadda maye gurbi na rashin aiki da aka gada a cikin ''TP53'' ke haifarwa, suna da ƙarin haɗari. An nuna cewa kwayoyin halitta da dama suna canzawa akai-akai, ciki har da &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwkA&quot;&gt;TP53&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, ''CTNNB1'', ''MEN1'', ''PRKAR1A'', ''RPL22'', da ''DAXX'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zheng S, Cherniack AD, Dewal N, Moffitt RA, Danilova L, Murray BA, Lerario AM, Else T, Knijnenburg TA, Ciriello G, Kim S, Assie G, Morozova O, Akbani R, Shih J, Hoadley KA, Choueiri TK, Waldmann J, Mete O, Robertson AG, Wu HT, Raphael BJ, Shao L, Meyerson M, Demeure MJ, Beuschlein F, Gill AJ, Sidhu SB, Almeida MQ, Fragoso MC, Cope LM, Kebebew E, Habra MA, Whitsett TG, Bussey KJ, Rainey WE, Asa SL, Bertherat J, Fassnacht M, Wheeler DA, Hammer GD, Giordano TJ, Verhaak RG |date=May 2016 |title=Comprehensive Pan-Genomic Characterization of Adrenocortical Carcinoma |journal=Cancer Cell |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=723–736 |doi=10.1016/j.ccell.2016.04.002 |pmc=4864952 |pmid=27165744}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Assié G, Letouzé E, Fassnacht M, Jouinot A, Luscap W, Barreau O, Omeiri H, Rodriguez S, Perlemoine K, René-Corail F, Elarouci N, Sbiera S, Kroiss M, Allolio B, Waldmann J, Quinkler M, Mannelli M, Mantero F, Papathomas T, De Krijger R, Tabarin A, Kerlan V, Baudin E, Tissier F, Dousset B, Groussin L, Amar L, Clauser E, Bertagna X, Ragazzon B, Beuschlein F, Libé R, de Reyniès A, Bertherat J |date=June 2014 |title=Integrated genomic characterization of adrenocortical carcinoma |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=607–612 |doi=10.1038/ng.2953 |pmid=24747642 |s2cid=13089427}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ƙara yawan kwayar halittar telomerase ''TERT'' yayin da ake cire ''[[ZNRF3]]'' da ''CDKN2A'' ta hanyar homozyg. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Kwayoyin halittar ''h19'', insulin-like growth factor II ( &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwsA&quot;&gt;IGF-II&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ), da ''p57 &lt;sup&gt;kip2&lt;/sup&gt;'' suna da mahimmanci ga girma da ci gaban tayi. Suna kan chromosome 11p. Bayyanar kwayar halittar ''h19'' yana raguwa sosai a cikin carcinomas na adrenal cortical marasa aiki da aiki, musamman a cikin ciwace-ciwacen da ke samar da [[cortisol]] da aldosterone . Haka kuma, asarar aiki na samfurin kwayar halittar ''p57 &lt;small&gt;kip2&lt;/small&gt;'' a cikin adenomas masu kama da virilizing da adrenal cortical carcinomas. Sabanin haka, an nuna cewa bayyanar kwayar halittar ''IGF-II'' tana da yawa a cikin adrenal cortical carcinomas. A ƙarshe, bayyanar kwayar halittar ''c-myc'' tana da yawa a cikin neoplasms, kuma sau da yawa ana danganta ta da rashin kyakkyawan hasashen. 

Ciwon adrenocortical na biyu ba shi da yawa fiye da na gefe ɗaya. Yawancin ciwon adrenocortical na biyu za a iya bambanta su gwargwadon girma da yanayin ƙwayoyin cuta: cutar adrenocortical ta farko mai launin shuɗi, wadda za ta iya zama ta lokaci-lokaci ko kuma wani ɓangare na Carney complex, da kuma babban macro nodular adrenal hyperplasia ta biyu. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; [[Metastasis|Ciwon hanta (metastasis)]] ya fi yawa a hanta da [[huhu]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=James Norman |date=16 February 2023 |title=Diseases of the Adrenal Cortex: Adrenal Cancer |url=https://www.endocrineweb.com/conditions/adrenal-cancer/diseases-adrenal-cortex-adrenal-cancer-0 |website=EndocrineWeb}} Updated on: 04/14/16&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ganewar Ganewa ==

=== Gano abin da ya faru ===
Kimanin kashi 30% na ciwon daji na glandar adrenal ana gano su ta hanyar bazata ( incidencendalomas ). Duk da haka, yuwuwar cewa ciwon daji na glandar adrenal shine ciwon daji na adrenal cortex yana da ƙasa sosai. Adenomas sun fi yawa a wannan yanayin. Sauran ciwon daji marasa lahani ko masu cutarwa suma na iya zama sanadin hakan. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fassnacht18&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fassnacht M, Dekkers OM, Else T, Baudin E, Berruti A, de Krijger R, Haak HR, Mihai R, Assie G, Terzolo M |date=October 2018 |title=European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of adrenocortical carcinoma in adults, in collaboration with the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors |journal=European Journal of Endocrinology |language=en-US |volume=179 |issue=4 |pages=G1–G46 |doi=10.1530/EJE-18-0608 |pmid=30299884 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFassnachtDekkersElseBaudin2018&quot;&gt;Fassnacht M, Dekkers OM, Else T, Baudin E, Berruti A, de Krijger R, et&amp;nbsp;al. (October 2018). [[doi:10.1530/EJE-18-0608|&quot;European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of adrenocortical carcinoma in adults, in collaboration with the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors&quot;]]. ''European Journal of Endocrinology''. '''179''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;G1–&lt;/span&gt;G46. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1530/EJE-18-0608|10.1530/EJE-18-0608]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[hdl:2318/1650497|2318/1650497]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30299884 30299884].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sakamakon dakin gwaje-gwaje ===
Ya kamata a tabbatar da cututtukan Hormonal ta hanyar gwajin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Sakamakon dakin gwaje-gwaje a cikin cutar Cushing sun haɗa da ƙaruwar glucose a cikin jini (sukarin jini) da ƙaruwar [[cortisol]] a cikin fitsari. Ana tabbatar da kasancewar adrenal virilism ta hanyar gano yawan androstenedione da dehydroepiandrosterone a cikin jini. Abubuwan da aka gano a cikin Conn syndrome sun haɗa da ƙarancin potassium a cikin jini, ƙarancin aikin renin a cikin jini, da yawan aldosterone a cikin jini. Ana tabbatar da kasancewar mace ta hanyar gano yawan estrogen a cikin jini. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Hoto ===
Nazarin rediyo a cikin ciki, kamar [[CT scan|na'urar daukar hoton CT]] da hoton maganadisu suna da amfani wajen gano wurin da ciwon yake, da bambance shi da sauran cututtuka, kamar adrenocortical adenoma, da kuma tantance girman mamayar ciwon zuwa ga gabobin da kyallen da ke kewaye. A kan CT, yana nuna bayyanar da ba ta da bambanci saboda necrosis, calcifications, da zubar jini. Bayan allurar da aka yi wa maganin, yana nuna ƙaruwar gefen jiki. Mamayar gine-gine da ke kusa da su kamar koda, vena cava, hanta, da kuma retroperitoneal lymph nodes suma sun zama ruwan dare. &lt;ref name=&quot;Albano 2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Albano D, Agnello F, Midiri F, Pecoraro G, Bruno A, Alongi P, Toia P, Di Buono G, Agrusa A, Sconfienza LM, Pardo S, La Grutta L, Midiri M, Galia M |date=January 2019 |title=Imaging features of adrenal masses |journal=Insights into Imaging |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s13244-019-0688-8 |pmc=6349247 |pmid=30684056 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana samun bayanai kan yanar gizo na gwajin CT na carcinoma adrenocortical. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adrenal-ACC-Ki67-Seg: Adrenocortical Carcinoma |url=https://dicomtube.com/playlist/adrenal-acc |website=DicomTube}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=ADRENAL-ACC-KI67-SEG |url=https://www.cancerimagingarchive.net/collection/adrenal-acc-ki67-seg/ |access-date=2026-01-30 |website=The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA) |language=en-US |doi=10.7937/1FPG-VM46}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A kan MRI, yana nuna ƙarancin ƙarfi akan hotunan T1 masu nauyin T1, da kuma siginar T2 mai girma tare da ƙarfin haɓaka bambanci daban-daban da kuma rage gudu a hankali. Yankunan zubar jini na iya nuna babban siginar T1. &lt;ref name=&quot;Albano 2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Albano D, Agnello F, Midiri F, Pecoraro G, Bruno A, Alongi P, Toia P, Di Buono G, Agrusa A, Sconfienza LM, Pardo S, La Grutta L, Midiri M, Galia M |date=January 2019 |title=Imaging features of adrenal masses |journal=Insights into Imaging |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s13244-019-0688-8 |pmc=6349247 |pmid=30684056 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAlbanoAgnelloMidiriPecoraro2019&quot;&gt;Albano D, Agnello F, Midiri F, Pecoraro G, Bruno A, Alongi P, et&amp;nbsp;al. (January 2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6349247 &quot;Imaging features of adrenal masses&quot;]. ''Insights into Imaging''. '''10''' (1) 1. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1186/s13244-019-0688-8|10.1186/s13244-019-0688-8]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6349247 6349247]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30684056 30684056].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Hoto tare da hoton positron emission tomography (PET) yana da amfani a lokacin binciken farko na ciwon daji na adrenal mai yuwuwar zama mai haɗari da kuma gano metastasis. Fluorodeoxyglucose ([ &lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; F]FDG ko FDG) yana da babban ji na ƙwarai amma ba zai iya bambance ACC da sauran ciwon daji ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wong KK, Miller BS, Viglianti BL, Dwamena BA, Gauger PG, Cook GJ, Colletti PM, Rubello D, Gross MD |date=August 2016 |title=Molecular Imaging in the Management of Adrenocortical Cancer: A Systematic Review |journal=Clinical Nuclear Medicine |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=e368–e382 |doi=10.1097/RLU.0000000000001112 |pmid=26825212}}&lt;/ref&gt; 11 Metomidate mai lakabin &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;mw-Q&quot;&gt;C&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; yana ɗaure ga enzymes da aka bayyana a cikin ƙwayoyin adrenocortical kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman mai gano rediyo tare da babban takamaiman ga ciwon daji na adrenal. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mendichovszky IA, Powlson AS, Manavaki R, Aigbirhio FI, Cheow H, Buscombe JR, Gurnell M, Gilbert FJ |date=November 2016 |title=Targeted Molecular Imaging in Adrenal Disease-An Emerging Role for Metomidate PET-CT |journal=Diagnostics |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=42 |doi=10.3390/diagnostics6040042 |pmc=5192517 |pmid=27869719 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cututtuka ===
[[Fayil:Adrenal_cortical_carcinoma.JPG|right|thumb|Babban ra'ayi na babban ACC]]
[[Fayil:Adrenal_cortical_carcinoma.jpg|thumb|Shirye-shiryen toshewar ƙwayoyin halitta daga wani babban allurar da aka yi amfani da allura wajen cire ƙwayoyin cuta, yana nuna ƙwayoyin cutar kansa masu ƙarancin ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma ƙaramin matakin ƙwayoyin cuta na nukiliya.]]
Sau da yawa ba a yin gwajin ƙwayoyin cuta na adrenal kafin a yi tiyata, don haka ana tabbatar da ganewar asali idan aka yi gwajin samfurin tiyatar ta hanyar likitan cututtuka . A takaice dai, ACCs galibi suna da girma, tare da saman da aka yanke mai launin rawaya-rawaya, da kuma wuraren zubar jini da necrosis . A lokacin gwajin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, ciwon yawanci yana nuna takaddun ƙwayoyin halitta marasa tsari waɗanda suka yi kama da ƙwayoyin adrenal cortex na yau da kullun. Kasancewar mamayewa da ayyukan mitotic suna taimakawa wajen bambance ƙananan ciwon daji daga adrenocortical adenomas .  Da yawa daga cikin nau'ikan ACC da ba kasafai ake samu ba sun haɗa da: 

* Ciwon daji na adrenal cortical
* Ciwon daji na Myxoid adrenal cortical
* Ciwon daji
* Ciwon daji na adenosquamous adrenocortical
* Ciwon daji na adrenal adrenal mai haske

=== Ganewar bambance-bambance ===
[[Fayil:Incidences_and_prognoses_of_adrenal_tumors.png|thumb|240x240px|Abubuwan da suka faru da kuma hasashen ciwace-ciwacen adrenal,  tare da cutar kansar adrenocortical a sama.]]
Bambancin ganewar asali ya haɗa da: 

* Ciwon adenoma na ƙashi
* Ciwon daji na ƙwayoyin koda
* Pheochromocytoma
* Ciwon daji na Hepatocellular

Ana iya bambanta cutar kansar Adrenocortical daga cutar adenocortical (takwaransu marasa kyau) ta hanyar tsarin Weiss, &lt;ref name=&quot;WangSun2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wang C, Sun Y, Wu H, Zhao D, Chen J |date=March 2014 |title=Distinguishing adrenal cortical carcinomas and adenomas: a study of clinicopathological features and biomarkers |journal=Histopathology |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=567–576 |doi=10.1111/his.12283 |pmc=4282325 |pmid=24102952}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWangSunWuZhao2014&quot;&gt;Wang C, Sun Y, Wu H, Zhao D, Chen J (March 2014). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282325 &quot;Distinguishing adrenal cortical carcinomas and adenomas: a study of clinicopathological features and biomarkers&quot;]. ''Histopathology''. '''64''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;567–&lt;/span&gt;576. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/his.12283|10.1111/his.12283]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4282325 4282325]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24102952 24102952].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; kamar haka: &lt;ref name=&quot;AyeMyint2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Aye TT, Myint P, Myint KN |year=2015 |title=Adrenocortical Oncocytoma Presenting with Gynaecomastia |journal=Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=27–30 |doi=10.15605/jafes.030.01.08 |issn=0857-1074 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Halaye &lt;ref name=&quot;AyeMyint2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Aye TT, Myint P, Myint KN |year=2015 |title=Adrenocortical Oncocytoma Presenting with Gynaecomastia |journal=Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=27–30 |doi=10.15605/jafes.030.01.08 |issn=0857-1074 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAyeMyintMyint2015&quot;&gt;Aye TT, Myint P, Myint KN (2015). [[doi:10.15605/jafes.030.01.08|&quot;Adrenocortical Oncocytoma Presenting with Gynaecomastia&quot;]]. ''Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies''. '''30''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27–&lt;/span&gt;30. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.15605/jafes.030.01.08|10.15605/jafes.030.01.08]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0857-1074 0857-1074].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
! Ci
|-
| Babban matakin nukiliya (wanda aka faɗaɗa, oval zuwa lobated, tare da ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta zuwa hyperchromatic chromatin kuma ana iya gane shi cikin sauƙi, fitaccen nucleoli) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 December 2016 |title=Adrenocortical Cancer |url=https://oncohemakey.com/adrenocortical-cancer/ |website=Oncohema Key}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1
|-
| Karin mitoses fiye da filayen wutar lantarki masu ƙarfi 5/50
| 1
|-
| Mitoses marasa tsari
| 1
|-
| Cytoplasm na Eosinophilic a cikin fiye da kashi 75% na ƙwayoyin ƙari
| 1
|-
| Tsarin yaɗuwar ƙari na &gt;33%
| 1
|-
| Ciwon jijiyoyi
| 1
|-
| Mamayar jijiyoyin jini
| 1
|-
| Mamayar sinusoidal (babu santsi tsoka a bango)
| 1
|-
| Mamayar ƙwayoyin halitta
| 1
|}
Jimlar maki yana nuna: &lt;ref name=&quot;AyeMyint2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Aye TT, Myint P, Myint KN |year=2015 |title=Adrenocortical Oncocytoma Presenting with Gynaecomastia |journal=Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=27–30 |doi=10.15605/jafes.030.01.08 |issn=0857-1074 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAyeMyintMyint2015&quot;&gt;Aye TT, Myint P, Myint KN (2015). [[doi:10.15605/jafes.030.01.08|&quot;Adrenocortical Oncocytoma Presenting with Gynaecomastia&quot;]]. ''Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies''. '''30''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27–&lt;/span&gt;30. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.15605/jafes.030.01.08|10.15605/jafes.030.01.08]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0857-1074 0857-1074].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

* 0-2: Ciwon adenoma na ƙashin baya
* 3: Ba a tantance ba
* 4-9: Ciwon daji na Adrenocortical

== Hasashen ==
Gabaɗaya, ACC tana ɗauke da mummunan hasashen cutar, &lt;ref name=&quot;allolio&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Allolio B, Fassnacht M |date=June 2006 |title=Clinical review: Adrenocortical carcinoma: clinical update |url=https://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/91/6/2027 |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=91 |issue=6 |pages=2027–37 |doi=10.1210/jc.2005-2639 |pmid=16551738 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da jimlar tsawon shekaru 5 na rayuwa kusan kashi 50% &lt;ref name=&quot;CancerNet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 June 2012 |title=Adrenal Gland Tumor: Statistics |url=https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/adrenal-gland-tumor/statistics |access-date=2020-07-01 |website=Cancer.net}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/adrenal-gland-tumor/statistics &quot;Adrenal Gland Tumor: Statistics&quot;]. ''Cancer.net''. 25 June 2012&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-07-01&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Rayuwa ta shekaru biyar ba tare da cututtuka ba don cire cikakken [[Matakan Ciwon daji|mataki]] na I-III ACC kusan kashi 30% ne &lt;ref name=&quot;allolio&quot; /&gt; Mafi mahimmancin abubuwan hasashen cutar sune shekarun majiyyaci da matakin ciwon. Abubuwan hasashen cutar marasa kyau sun haɗa da aikin mitotic, mamayewar jijiyoyin jini, nauyin 50 g ko fiye, diamita na 6.5&amp;nbsp;cm ko fiye, ma'aunin lakabin Ki-67/MIB1 na 4% ko fiye, da kuma p53 mai kyau. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A cikin mummunan ciwon kansa, ciwon daji na adrenocortical ba kamar yawancin ciwon daji na adrenal cortex ba ne, waɗanda ba su da kyau ( adenomas ) kuma a wasu lokutan suna haifar da [[Ciwon Cushing|cutar Cushing's syndrome]] . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Magani ==
Maganin da za a iya magancewa kawai shine cire ciwon gaba ɗaya na tiyata, wanda za a iya yi ko da a cikin manyan jijiyoyin jini, kamar jijiyar koda ko kuma ƙananan jijiyoyin jini . Yawan rayuwa na shekaru 5 bayan tiyatar da ta yi nasara shine kashi 50-60%, amma abin takaici, marasa lafiya da yawa ba sa cikin waɗanda za a yi musu tiyata. Wani bita na tsari na 2018 ya nuna cewa tiyatar laparoscopic retroperotenial adrenalectomy da alama tana rage rashin lafiya a ƙarshen lokaci, lokacin zuwa ruwan baki ko cin abinci da lokacin tafiya idan aka kwatanta da tiyatar laparoscopic transperitoneal adrenalectomy, duk da haka akwai rashin tabbas game da waɗannan tasirin saboda ƙarancin inganci. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Arezzo A, Bullano A, Cochetti G, Cirocchi R, Randolph J, Mearini E, Evangelista A, Ciccone G, Bonjer HJ, Morino M |date=December 2018 |title=Transperitoneal versus retroperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy for adrenal tumours in adults |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2018 |issue=12 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD011668.pub2 |pmc=6517116 |pmid=30595004}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don sakamako kamar mace-mace mai haifar da matsala, rashin lafiya da wuri, tasirin tattalin arziki, da kuma sigogin tiyata da bayan tiyata, shaidar ba ta da tabbas game da tasirin ɗayan hanyoyin biyu fiye da ɗayan. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ana iya amfani da maganin radiation da kuma cire mitar rediyo don rage zafi ga marasa lafiya waɗanda ba sa cikin waɗanda aka yi wa tiyata.  Dabaru na tiyata marasa rinjaye har yanzu suna ci gaba da zama abin jayayya saboda rashin bayanai na dogon lokaci, tare da damuwa ta musamman game da yawan sake dawowa da cutar kansa ta peritoneal. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Tsarin [[Chemotherapy|maganin chemotherapy]] yawanci ya haɗa da maganin [[mitotane]], wani maganin hana haɗakar steroid, wanda yake da guba ga ƙwayoyin adrenal cortex, &lt;ref name=&quot;Fassnacht12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fassnacht M, Terzolo M, Allolio B, Baudin E, Haak H, Berruti A, Welin S, Schade-Brittinger C, Lacroix A, Jarzab B, Sorbye H, Torpy DJ, Stepan V, Schteingart DE, Arlt W, Kroiss M, Leboulleux S, Sperone P, Sundin A, Hermsen I, Hahner S, Willenberg HS, Tabarin A, Quinkler M, de la Fouchardière C, Schlumberger M, Mantero F, Weismann D, Beuschlein F, Gelderblom H, Wilmink H, Sender M, Edgerly M, Kenn W, Fojo T, Müller HH, Skogseid B |date=June 2012 |title=Combination chemotherapy in advanced adrenocortical carcinoma |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=366 |issue=23 |pages=2189–97 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1200966 |pmid=22551107 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFassnachtTerzoloAllolioBaudin2012&quot;&gt;Fassnacht M, Terzolo M, Allolio B, Baudin E, Haak H, Berruti A, et&amp;nbsp;al. (June 2012). [[doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1200966|&quot;Combination chemotherapy in advanced adrenocortical carcinoma&quot;]]. ''The New England Journal of Medicine''. '''366''' (23): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2189–&lt;/span&gt;97. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1200966|10.1056/NEJMoa1200966]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[hdl:2318/102217|2318/102217]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22551107 22551107].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  da kuma magungunan cytotoxic na yau da kullun. Wani bincike da aka yi a baya ya nuna fa'idar rayuwa ga mitotane ban da tiyata idan aka kwatanta da tiyata kawai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Terzolo M, Angeli A, Fassnacht M, Daffara F, Tauchmanova L, Conton PA, Rossetto R, Buci L, Sperone P, Grossrubatscher E, Reimondo G, Bollito E, Papotti M, Saeger W, Hahner S, Koschker AC, Arvat E, Ambrosi B, Loli P, Lombardi G, Mannelli M, Bruzzi P, Mantero F, Allolio B, Dogliotti L, Berruti A |date=June 2007 |title=Adjuvant mitotane treatment for adrenocortical carcinoma |url=https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa063360 |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=356 |issue=23 |pages=2372–80 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa063360 |pmid=17554118 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Magunguna guda biyu da aka fi amfani da su sune cisplatin, doxorubicin, etoposide (EDP) + mitotane, da streptozotocin + mitotane. Gwajin FIRM-ACT ya nuna cewa akwai karuwar amsawar da ake samu da kuma tsawon lokacin da ake amfani da EDP + mitotane ba tare da ci gaba ba fiye da streptozotocin + mitotane. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fassnacht12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fassnacht M, Terzolo M, Allolio B, Baudin E, Haak H, Berruti A, Welin S, Schade-Brittinger C, Lacroix A, Jarzab B, Sorbye H, Torpy DJ, Stepan V, Schteingart DE, Arlt W, Kroiss M, Leboulleux S, Sperone P, Sundin A, Hermsen I, Hahner S, Willenberg HS, Tabarin A, Quinkler M, de la Fouchardière C, Schlumberger M, Mantero F, Weismann D, Beuschlein F, Gelderblom H, Wilmink H, Sender M, Edgerly M, Kenn W, Fojo T, Müller HH, Skogseid B |date=June 2012 |title=Combination chemotherapy in advanced adrenocortical carcinoma |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=366 |issue=23 |pages=2189–97 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1200966 |pmid=22551107 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFassnachtTerzoloAllolioBaudin2012&quot;&gt;Fassnacht M, Terzolo M, Allolio B, Baudin E, Haak H, Berruti A, et&amp;nbsp;al. (June 2012). [[doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1200966|&quot;Combination chemotherapy in advanced adrenocortical carcinoma&quot;]]. ''The New England Journal of Medicine''. '''366''' (23): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2189–&lt;/span&gt;97. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1200966|10.1056/NEJMoa1200966]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[hdl:2318/102217|2318/102217]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22551107 22551107].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nazarin ilimin farfaɗowa ===
Saboda ƙarancin cutar, har yanzu ba a amsa tambayoyi masu mahimmanci game da cutar kansar adrenocortical ba. Saboda haka, ya kamata a yi wa marasa lafiya da yawa magani a cikin nazarin rajista ko nazarin magani.

=== Tallafin jinyar ===
Baya ga maganin da aka fi mayar da hankali kan magance ciwon daji, likitan da ke kula da shi zai ba da maganin tallafi. Bugu da ƙari, akwai wasu ayyukan tallafi da yawa da ake da su. Waɗannan na iya taimaka wa marasa lafiya da iyalansu su jure wa ganewar asali, maganin ciwon daji, da kuma sakamakon cutar. Jerin da ke ƙasa ba cikakken bayani ba ne game da duk ayyukan tallafi da ake da su. Ya ƙunshi misalai waɗanda za su iya sauƙaƙe neman tallafi na farko ga kowane majiyyaci.

* Shawarar kwayoyin halitta
* Ciki da cutar kansar adrenal
* Cibiyoyin ba da shawara, gabaɗaya
* Cibiyoyin ba da shawara, batutuwa na musamman
* Sauran taimako
* Ƙungiyoyin taimakon kai (misali, [[LET'S CURE ACC|MU MAGANCE ACC]], https://letscureacc.com/ )

== Yara masu cutar kansar adrenal ==

=== Janar bayani ===
Ciwon daji na Adrenocortical yana da matuƙar wuya a cikin yara (kimanin lokuta 0.2 zuwa 0.3 a kowace miliyan 1 a kowace shekara). &lt;ref name=&quot;UKW-KKuPK-PNNK&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pädiatrische Nebennierenkarzinome |trans-title=Pediatric adrenal carcinomas |url=https://www.ukw.de/kinderklinik/forschung/nebennierenkarzinome/ |publisher=Universitätsklinikum Würzburg |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hasashen ba shi da kyau. A halin yanzu babu ƙa'idodi da aka kafa don gano cutar da magani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Riedmeier M, Decarolis B, Haubitz I, Müller S, Uttinger K, Börner K, Reibetanz J, Wiegering A, Härtel C, Schlegel PG, Fassnacht M, Wiegering V |date=October 2021 |title=Adrenocortical Carcinoma in Childhood: A Systematic Review |journal=Cancers (Basel) |volume=13 |issue=21 |pages=5266 |doi=10.3390/cancers13215266 |pmc=8582500 |pmid=34771430 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda haka, an kafa ƙungiyar binciken &quot;ENSAT kids&quot; don yara masu ciwon daji na adrenocortical a cikin ENSAT. Duk da cewa kashi ɗaya ne kawai na ciwon daji na adrenocortical a cikin manya suna aiki da hormones, kusan duk waɗannan ciwon daji suna aiki da hormones a cikin yara da abin ya shafa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Glandulinchen_Glandula_55-22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wiegering V |date=December 2022 |title=Nebennierenrindentumore im Kindesalter |url=https://www.glandula-online.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Aktuelle_Meldungen/GLANDUlinchen_2-22.pdf |journal=GLANDUlinchen das Magazin für Kinder- und Jugendendokrinologie |issue=55/22 |pages=36–38}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciwon Cushing, balaga ta farko, ko virilization yawanci yakan faru. Kamar yadda yake tare da maganin manya, ana cire ciwon gaba ɗaya ta hanyar tiyata. Idan akwai wani mataki mai zurfi, ana cire ƙwayoyin lymph a cikin yara, kuma ana ba da maganin chemotherapy da mitotane.

=== Yanayin bincike ===
Kimanin kashi 70% na yaran da abin ya shafa mata ne. Daga cikin waɗannan, kusan kashi 90% na ciwon daji ne masu aiki da hormones.

* 50% na androgens
* 30% gauraye
* 10% na steroids
* 10% na hormones ba sa aiki

Matsakaicin lokaci daga farkon bayyanar cututtuka zuwa ga ganewar asali shine watanni shida. Kimanin kashi 70% na ciwace-ciwacen za a iya cire su gaba ɗaya ta hanyar tiyata.

Ana ɗaukar yanayin binciken da ake yi a yanzu bai isa ba. Kwatanta kaɗan da ake da su tsakanin ciwon daji na adrenocortical a cikin manya da yara yana nuna manyan bambance-bambance. Saboda haka, binciken da aka samu zuwa yanzu a cikin manya ba za a iya amfani da shi cikin sauƙi ga yara ba. Don rufe waɗannan gibin ilimi da kuma iya tantance hanyoyin magancewa masu dacewa ga yara, ana buƙatar fahimtar ilimin halittar ƙwayoyin halitta game da hasashen da ilimin halittar ciwon daji na adrenocortical a cikin yara.

A halin yanzu, manyan tambayoyin bincike sune:

# Asibiti: Kimantawa ta ƙasa da ƙasa game da ganewar asali da magani da nufin inganta fahimtar asibiti da hanyoyin magani.
# Nazari a Asibiti: Nazarin mahimmancin bayanan plasma da fitsari na steroid / biopsy na ruwa da nufin gano alamun ƙari masu dacewa.
# Gwaji: Gano halayen immunohistochemical da kuma jerin DNA da nufin gano abubuwan da za a iya amfani da su wajen magance ƙwayoyin ciwon daji, wato, abubuwan da za a yi amfani da su wajen magance ƙwayoyin ciwon daji. Wannan ya kamata ya tabbatar da cewa an kare ƙwayoyin lafiya daga maganin gwargwadon iko. &lt;ref name=&quot;UKW-KKuPK-PNNK&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pädiatrische Nebennierenkarzinome |trans-title=Pediatric adrenal carcinomas |url=https://www.ukw.de/kinderklinik/forschung/nebennierenkarzinome/ |publisher=Universitätsklinikum Würzburg |language=de}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.ukw.de/kinderklinik/forschung/nebennierenkarzinome/ &quot;Pädiatrische Nebennierenkarzinome&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Pediatric adrenal carcinomas&amp;#x5D; (in German). Universitätsklinikum Würzburg.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>srd4eran3722hlunxyz72czih30mezi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Famfon nono</title>
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        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356513087|Breast pump]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="26354" sha1="n4aauk4icnrsywcsyjbigk0y8rjgl1w" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition
| name          = Breast pump
| image         = Infant Nutrition (Team Nutrition) (20210805-FNS-UNC-0011).jpg
| caption       = An electric breast pump in use
| specialty     = Lactation and breastfeeding; milk storage for breastfeeding
}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{External media|width=210px|float=right|headerimage=[[File:Omega manual breast reliever with red bulb 2018.018.jpg|210px]]|video1=[https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/video/distilled-7-bicycle-horn-or-breast-pump Distilled #7: Bicycle Horn or Breast Pump?], ''Distillations'' Podcast, [[Science History Institute]], January 18, 2019.}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;'''Famfon nono''' na'ura ce ta injiniya da mata masu shayarwa ke amfani da ita don fitar da madara daga [[Nono|nononsu]] . Suna iya zama na'urori da hannu ke amfani da su ta hanyar motsa hannu ko ƙafa, ko na'urori masu sarrafa kansu ta hanyar wutar lantarki.

Famfon nono suna zuwa da nau'o'i daban-daban don dacewa da buƙatun uwaye daban-daban. Famfon hannu, waɗanda ake amfani da su da hannu, suna da sauƙin ɗauka kuma suna da shiru, wanda hakan ya sa suka dace da amfani lokaci-lokaci. Famfon lantarki, waɗanda ke amfani da batura ko wutar lantarki ta hanyar babban bututu, suna ba da ƙarin inganci kuma galibi ana fifita su don yin amfani da su akai-akai. Famfon nono na asibiti sune mafi ƙarfi, waɗanda aka tsara don amfani akai-akai, masu nauyi, musamman ga uwayen jarirai da ba su kai lokacin haihuwa ba ko waɗanda ke da ƙalubalen shayarwa. Famfon nono na zamani da yawa suna haɗa matakan tsotsa daidaitacce da saurin hawa keke don kwaikwayon yanayin ciyar da jariri, da nufin inganta jin daɗi da samar da madara ga mai amfani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Education - Breast Pumps Hub |url=https://breastpumpshub.com/ |access-date=2024-10-18 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi amfani da famfunan nono tun zamanin da, tare da shaidu da ke nuna amfani da su a cikin wayewar zamani kamar Masar da Roma ta dā. Hanyoyin farko sun haɗa da na'urori da dabaru daban-daban don fitar da madara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=p-themes |title=From Clay Pots to Wearable Pumps: A Brief History of Breast Pumping |url=https://www.healthyhorizons.com/blogs/blog/from-clay-pots-to-wearable-pumps-a-brief-history-of-breast-pumping?srsltid=AfmBOorWSsEhE2PBiVJqHRW1zj-Qgpr6uKcxDEkWo-CLYxKrhR1d-Imv |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=Healthy Horizons Breastfeeding Centers, Inc. |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magazine |first=Smithsonian |last2=Courage |first2=Katherine Harmon |title=The Sucky History of the Breast Pump |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/sucky-history-of-the-breast-pump-180980653/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Obladen |first=Michael |date=2012-11-01 |title=Guttus, tiralatte and téterelle: a history of breast pumps |journal=Journal of Perinatal Medicine |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=669–675 |doi=10.1515/jpm-2012-0120 |issn=1619-3997 |pmid=23095190}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
 
A ranar 20 ga Yuni, 1854, Ofishin Patent na Amurka ya ba da Patent mai lamba 11,135 ga OH Needham don famfon nono.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Breas |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US11135/en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Scientific American'' (1863) ya amince da LO Colbin a matsayin wanda ya ƙirƙira kuma ya nemi patent na famfon nono.  A cikin 1921-23, injiniya kuma ƙwararren dara Edward Lasker ya samar da famfon nono na injiniya wanda ya kwaikwayi aikin tsotsar jariri kuma likitoci suka ɗauke shi a matsayin ci gaba mai kyau akan famfon nono da ake amfani da su da hannu, wanda ya kasa cire duk madarar daga nonon.  Ofishin Patent na Amurka ya ba da U.S. patent 1,644,257 don famfon nono na Lasker. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Patent No. 1,644,257 issued by U.S. Patent Office |url=http://patentpdf.net/US1644257.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928143621/http://patentpdf.net/US1644257.pdf |archive-date=September 28, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 1956, Einar Egnell ya buga aikinsa mai ban mamaki, &quot;Ra'ayoyi kan abin da ke faruwa ta hanyar injiniya a cikin nonon mace yayin hanyoyi daban-daban na tattara madara&quot;.  Wannan labarin ya ba da haske game da fannoni na fasaha na fitar da madara daga nono. Yawancin famfunan nono na Egnell SMB da aka tsara ta wannan binciken har yanzu suna aiki sama da shekaru 50 bayan wallafa su.
[[Fayil:Muttermilch_-_Saugglocke_-_DDR_-_um_1980_-_Bild_001.jpg|thumb|Muttermilch - Saugglocke - DDR - um 1980 - Bild 001]]
Masana ilmin kayan tarihi da ke aiki a wani wurin masana'antar gilashi a [[Philadelphia|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], sun haƙa wani bututun nono na ƙarni na 19 wanda ya dace da kayan aikin famfo na nono a cikin tallace-tallace na lokacin al'ada. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=White |first=Rebecca |date=2013-08-07 |title=Symbols of motherhood: breast pipe and nursing bottle. Artifact of the month August 2013. |url=http://www.phillyarchaeology.net/philly-archaeology/artifactindex/august-2013-artifact-of-the-month |access-date=2 August 2014 |publisher=Philadelphia Archaeological Forum}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 4 ga Oktoba, 1927, Edward Lasker ya sami takardar izinin mallakar famfon nono na farko mai amfani da wutar lantarki. 

== Dalilan amfani ==
Ana amfani da famfon nono saboda dalilai da yawa. Iyaye da yawa suna amfani da su don ci gaba [[Shayarwa|da shayarwa]] bayan sun koma aiki. Suna ba da madarar su a wurin aiki, wanda daga baya mai kula da yara ke ba wa ɗansu ta kwalba. Wannan amfani da madarar nono ya yaɗu a Amurka, inda [[Hutun iyaye|hutun iyali na albashi]] yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi guntu a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba. Masanin tarihi na Amurka Jill Lepore ya yi jayayya cewa buƙatar abin da ake kira &quot; ɗakunan shayarwa &quot; da famfon nono yana faruwa ne saboda sha'awar kamfanoni ga iyaye su koma aiki nan da nan maimakon buƙatun uwaye ko buƙatun jarirai. 

Ana iya amfani da famfon nono don magance ƙalubale iri-iri da iyaye za su iya fuskanta wajen shayarwa, waɗanda suka haɗa da wahalhalun ɗaurewa, rabuwa da jariri a cikin kulawa mai zurfi, don ciyar da jariri wanda ba zai iya cire isasshen madara daga nono ba, don guje wa ba wa jariri magani ta hanyar nono, ko don rage yawan shayarwa, wani yanayi mai raɗaɗi wanda nonon ke cika da yawa. Haka kuma famfon nono yana da kyau don ci gaba da shayarwa da hormones ɗin da ke tattare da shi don taimakawa wajen murmurewa daga [[Juna biyu|ciki]], koda kuwa ba a yi amfani da madarar da aka yi wa famfon ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Johns12 |first=Helene M |last2=Forster |first2=Della A |last3=Amir1 |first3=Lisa H |last4=McLachlan |first4=Helen L |date=2013-11-19 |title=Prevalence and outcomes of breast milk expressing in women with healthy term infants: a systematic review |journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth |volume=13 |issue=212 |pages=212 |doi=10.1186/1471-2393-13-212 |pmc=4225568 |pmid=24246046 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rasmussen |first=Kathleen M. |last2=Geraghty |first2=Sheela R. |date=August 2011 |title=The Quiet Revolution: Breastfeeding Transformed With the Use of Breast Pumps |journal=Am J Public Health |volume=101 |issue=8 |pages=1356–1359 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2011.300136 |pmc=3134520 |pmid=21680919}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin wata sanarwa ta manufofin shekarar 2012, Cibiyar Nazarin Yara ta Amurka ta ba da shawarar ciyar da jarirai nonon ɗan adam kafin lokacin haihuwa, inda ta gano &quot;mahimman sakamako masu amfani na ɗan gajeren lokaci da na dogon lokaci,&quot; gami da ƙarancin ƙimar cutar enterocolitis (NEC). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=American Academy of Pediatrics, Section on Breastfeeding |year=2012 |title=Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk |journal=Pediatrics |volume=129 |issue=3 |pages=e827–e841 |doi=10.1542/peds.2011-3552 |pmid=22371471 |quote=Meta-analyses of 4 randomized clinical trials performed over the period 1983 to 2005 support the conclusion that feeding preterm infants human milk is associated with a significant reduction (58%) in the incidence of NEC. |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da jarirai ba su iya shayarwa ba, iyaye mata za su iya yin famfo idan suna son a ciyar da jariransu (ta hanyar bututun naso-gastric ) da madarar uwaye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Feeding Your Baby in the NICU |url=http://www.marchofdimes.org/baby/feeding-your-baby-in-the-nicu.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906214119/http://www.marchofdimes.org/baby/feeding-your-baby-in-the-nicu.aspx |archive-date=2014-09-06 |access-date=2014-03-14 |publisher=March of Dimes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shafa madara don bayarwa wani amfani ne ga famfunan nono. Ana iya samun madarar mai bayarwa daga bankunan madara ga jarirai waɗanda ba za su iya karɓar madarar uwayensu ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Milk Donation FAQ |url=http://www.breastmilkproject.org/give-milk/milk-donation-faq.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910102453/http://www.breastmilkproject.org/give-milk/milk-donation-faq.php |archive-date=10 September 2015 |access-date=21 September 2015 |website=International Breast Milk Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Pampo da dump&quot; yana nufin yin zubar da nono maimakon yin famfo don amfani. Ana iya yin hakan ne saboda uwa tana samar da madara da yawa, ko kuma saboda uwa za ta yi nisa da jaririn na dogon lokaci ba tare da hanyar adana madarar ba, ko kuma saboda damuwa game da barasa ko wani abu da bai kamata jaririn ya ci ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 March 2021 |title='Pump and Dump': What Is It? |url=https://www.webmd.com/baby/pump-and-dump-what-is-it#:~:text=need%20to%20do.-,What%20Does%20Pump%20and%20Dump%20Mean%3F,it%20out%20in%20a%20sink |access-date=2 June 2022 |publisher=[[WebMD]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inganci da hanya ==
Binciken da aka yi a [[Jami'ar Stanford]] a shekarar 2009 ya nuna alaƙar abubuwa daban-daban da yawan samar da madara a cikin uwayen jarirai kafin lokacin haihuwa (wanda aka haifa kafin makonni 31 na ciki). &lt;ref name=&quot;j093&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Morton |first=J |last2=Hall |first2=J Y |last3=Wong |first3=R J |last4=Thairu |first4=L |last5=Benitz |first5=W E |last6=Rhine |first6=W D |date=2009-07-02 |title=Combining hand techniques with electric pumping increases milk production in mothers of preterm infants |journal=Journal of Perinatology |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=757–764 |doi=10.1038/jp.2009.87 |issn=0743-8346 |pmid=19571815}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken ya gano cewa bayyanar hannu baya ga famfon nono (wani dabara da ake kira &quot;famfo da hannu&quot;, ko HOP), tare da wasu dalilai, yana da alaƙa da yawan samar da madara. Binciken ya gano cewa uwayen da suka yi amfani da dabarun tausa da kuma bayyanar hannu fiye da sau biyar a rana a cikin kwanaki uku na farko bayan haihuwa sun ƙara samar da madarar su makonni 8 bayan haka, kuma samar da madara ya karu da kashi 48%. Marubutan sun samar da bidiyo da ke nuna dabarar kuma sun bayyana cewa wannan dabarar tana da kyau ga uwayen jarirai kafin lokacin haihuwa da kuma uwayen da suka koma aiki ko famfo don wasu dalilai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 2023 |title=Home |url=http://newborns.stanford.edu/Breastfeeding/MaxProduction.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622171605/http://newborns.stanford.edu/Breastfeeding/MaxProduction.html |archive-date=2014-06-22 |access-date=2013-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani kasida ta biyu kan wannan binciken ya gano cewa haɗakar dabarun HOP yana ƙara yawan kitsen da ke cikin madarar da aka nuna. &lt;ref name=&quot;t153&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Morton |first=J |last2=Wong |first2=R J |last3=Hall |first3=J Y |last4=Pang |first4=W W |last5=Lai |first5=C T |last6=Lui |first6=J |last7=Hartmann |first7=P E |last8=Rhine |first8=W D |date=2012-01-05 |title=Combining hand techniques with electric pumping increases the caloric content of milk in mothers of preterm infants |journal=Journal of Perinatology |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=32 |issue=10 |pages=791–796 |doi=10.1038/jp.2011.195 |issn=0743-8346 |pmid=22222549}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Clear}}

== Nau'ikan famfon nono na zamani ==

=== Jagora ===
Ana sarrafa famfunan nono da hannu ta hanyar matsewa ko jan maƙala akai-akai, wanda ke bawa mai amfani damar sarrafa matsin lamba da yawan fitar madara kai tsaye. Duk da cewa famfunan hannu ƙanana ne kuma masu araha, suna iya buƙatar ƙoƙari mai yawa kuma suna iya zama masu gajiya saboda mai amfani yana ba da duk ƙarfin. Waɗannan famfunan ba za su iya samar da isasshen kuzari da fitar da nono ba. famfunan hannu na &quot;ƙaho-kekuna&quot; na iya lalata kyallen nono da kuma adana ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin kwan fitilar tsotsa roba, wanda yake da wahalar tsaftacewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Womenshealth.gov (archive)&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Breastfeeding and Pumping Accessories |url=http://www.4woman.gov/breastfeeding/index.cfm?page=238 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114212054/http://www.4woman.gov/breastfeeding/index.cfm?page=238 |archive-date=14 January 2009 |website=Breastfeeding Made Easier At Home And Work |publisher=Womenshealth.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Womenshealth.gov (current)&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 August 2010 |title=Pumping and milk storage |url=http://www.womenshealth.gov/breastfeeding/pumping-and-milk-storage |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210214412/http://womenshealth.gov/breastfeeding/pumping-and-milk-storage/ |archive-date=10 February 2012 |website=Breastfeeding |publisher=Womenshealth.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Corley |first=Heather |title=Before You Buy A Breast Pump |url=http://babyproducts.about.com/od/feedingdrinks/bb/breastpumpbuy.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217030027/http://babyproducts.about.com/od/feedingdrinks/bb/breastpumpbuy.htm |archive-date=17 February 2012 |access-date=9 March 2012 |publisher=About.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Famfon nono masu amfani da ƙafa suna amfani da bututun tattarawa da ƙahonin nono iri ɗaya kamar famfon nono na lantarki, amma ana amfani da feda na ƙafa. Wannan yana kawar da aikin famfo da hannu ko buƙatar neman hanyar lantarki mai sirri. 

=== Lantarki ===
[[Fayil:WIC_Overseas_offers_free_supplemental_services_amid_pandemic_(6387713).jpg|thumb|Famfon nono na lantarki na asibiti wanda ake amfani da shi don nuna madara da adanawa.]]
Akwai nau'ikan famfunan nono na lantarki guda biyu, na asibiti da na mutum. Famfon da aka yi a asibiti sun fi girma kuma an yi su ne don masu amfani da yawa. Famfon da aka yi a asibiti gabaɗaya an yi su ne don mai amfani ɗaya. Famfon nono na lantarki ana amfani da su ta hanyar injin da ke ba da tsotsa ta bututun filastik zuwa ƙaho da ya dace da kan nono. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wireless Charging Breast Pump |url=https://momcozy.com/products/momcozy-air-1-ultra-slim-breast-pump?variant=44479007621318}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dole ne a tsaftace sassan famfon da suka taɓa nonon da aka bayyana kai tsaye don hana gurɓatawa . Wannan salon yana ba da ƙarin tsotsa, yana sa famfon ya fi sauri, kuma yana ba masu amfani damar famfo duka nonon su a lokaci guda. Famfon nono na lantarki sun fi na hannu girma, amma samfuran da aka ɗauka ana iya ɗauka ana iya amfani da su (misali, a cikin jakar baya ko jakar kafada). Wasu samfuran sun haɗa da fakitin baturi ko batura da aka gina a ciki don ba da damar aiki da famfon. Wasu famfunan lantarki suna ba da damar aiki da masu amfani da yawa, amma suna ba da shawarar kayan haɗi ga kowane mai amfani don kiyaye tsabta. &lt;ref name=&quot;FDARent&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Buying or Renting a Breast Pump |url=https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/HomeHealthandConsumer/ConsumerProducts/BreastPumps/ucm061952.htm |access-date=21 September 2015 |website=fda.gov |publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration]]}}{{Dead link|date=May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana iya ba da shawarar famfunan haya idan yanayin lafiya ya hana shayarwa na ɗan lokaci. &lt;ref name=&quot;FDARent&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Buying or Renting a Breast Pump |url=https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/HomeHealthandConsumer/ConsumerProducts/BreastPumps/ucm061952.htm |access-date=21 September 2015 |website=fda.gov |publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/HomeHealthandConsumer/ConsumerProducts/BreastPumps/ucm061952.htm &quot;Buying or Renting a Breast Pump&quot;]. ''fda.gov''. [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|Food and Drug Administration]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 September&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;{{Dead link|date=May 2025}}
[[Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2025]]
&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[Wikipedia:Link rot|&lt;span title=&quot; Dead link tagged May 2025&quot;&gt;dead link&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

An tsara wasu famfunan nono don zama wani ɓangare na &quot;tsarin ciyarwa&quot; don haka ɓangaren ajiyar madara na famfon shine kwalbar jariri da ake amfani da ita don ciyar da jariri. Wannan yana ba da damar tattara madarar a cikin kwalba ɗaya da za ta ciyar da jariri, wanda hakan ke kawar da buƙatar canja wurin madarar. Ana samun jakunkunan ajiyar madarar nono masu daskarewa waɗanda ke haɗuwa kai tsaye zuwa wasu famfunan nono kuma ana iya amfani da su tare da tsarin ciyar da kwalba.

==== Matsi da aminci da kewayon matsi ====
[[File:Chart_from_J_Kent_Hale_Hartman_Conference_Amarillo_2009.png|right|thumb|Jadawalin da ke nuna matsakaicin matsin lamba mafi mahimmanci]]
Egnell a shekarar 1956 ya kafa matsakaicin matsakaicin 220 mmHg don famfunan kekuna na atomatik; duk da haka, an sami rahotannin nono masu laushi da nonuwa a ƙasan matsin lamba. Hartman et al., a cikin wani bincike na 2008, &lt;ref name=&quot;j894&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kent |first=Jacqueline C. |last2=Mitoulas |first2=Leon R. |last3=Cregan |first3=Mark D. |last4=Geddes |first4=Donna T. |last5=Larsson |first5=Michael |last6=Doherty |first6=Dorota A. |last7=Hartmann |first7=Peter E. |year=2008 |title=Importance of Vacuum for Breastmilk Expression |journal=Breastfeeding Medicine |publisher=Mary Ann Liebert Inc |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=11–19 |doi=10.1089/bfm.2007.0028 |issn=1556-8253 |pmid=18333764}}&lt;/ref&gt; sun nuna cewa mafi girman injin tsotsar nono yana ƙara yawan kwararar madara da yawan madara.

== Tsarin tattarawa a buɗe idan aka kwatanta da tsarin tattarawa a rufe ==
Ana kiran ƙirar famfo a matsayin ko dai a buɗe ko a rufe bisa ga ko akwai shinge tsakanin inda bututun ke haɗuwa da famfon da kuma inda madara ke shiga cikin famfon. Ana kiran bututun filastik da ƙaho na famfon nono na lantarki a matsayin tsarin tattarawa kuma yawanci suna samar da tsotsar famfon.

Tsarin tattarawa a rufe yana da shinge ko diaphragm wanda ke raba bututun famfo daga ƙaho. A cikin wannan ƙira, tsotsar injin famfo yana ɗaga diaphragm don ƙirƙirar injin tsotsa a cikin tsarin tattarawa don fitar da madara.

Sabanin haka, tsarin buɗewa ba shi da shinge tsakanin bututun da ƙaho. Matatun ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta na iya kasancewa don hana gurɓatawa ko kwarara cikin motar famfo. Tsotsar motar famfo ana wucewa kai tsaye zuwa nono idan aka kwatanta da tsarin rufewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Opensys&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shu. |first=Dr. Jennifer |date=2011-06-13 |title=Is a used breast pump safe? |url=http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/06/13/is-a-used-breast-pump-safe/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614131812/http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/06/13/is-a-used-breast-pump-safe/ |archive-date=June 14, 2011 |access-date=21 September 2015 |website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin tattarawa a buɗe na iya sa madara ta cika bututun tsarin tattarawa, kuma ana iya jawo ƙwayoyin madara cikin injin famfo. Idan madara ta zube a cikin bututun famfo, ya kamata a wanke bututun, a tsaftace su, sannan a busar da su da iska kafin a sake amfani da famfon. Rashin tsaftace bututun tattarawa sosai na iya haifar da haɓakar mold a cikin bututun. Wasu samfuran famfo suna da ƙwayoyin cuta da matatun ruwa da ke hana madara shiga bututun. &lt;ref name=&quot;Opensys&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shu. |first=Dr. Jennifer |date=2011-06-13 |title=Is a used breast pump safe? |url=http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/06/13/is-a-used-breast-pump-safe/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614131812/http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/06/13/is-a-used-breast-pump-safe/ |archive-date=June 14, 2011 |access-date=21 September 2015 |website=CNN}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFShu.2011&quot;&gt;Shu., Dr. Jennifer (2011-06-13). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110614131812/http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/06/13/is-a-used-breast-pump-safe/ &quot;Is a used breast pump safe?&quot;]. ''CNN''. Archived from [http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/06/13/is-a-used-breast-pump-safe/ the original] on June 14, 2011&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 September&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani nau'in tsarin tattarawa na buɗewa shine tushen tsotsar nonon mai amfani ɗaya. Waɗannan famfunan sun ƙara fa'ida mai kyau ta yadda duk sassan da ke haifar da tsotsar nonon da kuma taɓa nonon uwa suna tare da uwa. Sassan da ke haifar da tsotsar nonon suna waje ne da famfon kuma ana iya cire su, suna hana gurɓatar juna. Ana ɗaukar waɗannan famfunan a matsayin &quot;matakin asibiti&quot; kuma kusan suna kawar da damar gurɓatar famfon daga mai amfani zuwa mai amfani. &lt;ref name=&quot;Opensys&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shu. |first=Dr. Jennifer |date=2011-06-13 |title=Is a used breast pump safe? |url=http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/06/13/is-a-used-breast-pump-safe/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614131812/http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/06/13/is-a-used-breast-pump-safe/ |archive-date=June 14, 2011 |access-date=21 September 2015 |website=CNN}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFShu.2011&quot;&gt;Shu., Dr. Jennifer (2011-06-13). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110614131812/http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/06/13/is-a-used-breast-pump-safe/ &quot;Is a used breast pump safe?&quot;]. ''CNN''. Archived from [http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/06/13/is-a-used-breast-pump-safe/ the original] on June 14, 2011&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 September&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, yana da mahimmanci a tsaftace diaphragm domin danshi ko madarar da ta isa wannan ɓangaren na iya haifar da gurɓatar ƙwayoyin cuta.

Wani rashin amfani da diaphragm shine yana iya iyakance yawan iska/tsotsar madara da ake samu don cire madara daga nono. Hakanan yana iya kasa iya biyan girman garkuwar da ta fi girma.

Babu wani bincike da aka yi kan tsarin da aka tsara a bude ko rufe. Yawancin bayanai a cikin kayan tallan da masana'antun famfon nono ke bayarwa ana bayar da su ne ba tare da wani bincike da zai tabbatar da hakan ba.

== Tattara da adana madara da kuma adana ta ==
Yawancin famfunan nono suna tura madarar da aka yi amfani da ita zuwa cikin akwati wanda za a iya amfani da shi don ajiya da ciyarwa. Wasu masana'antun suna ba da adaftar da za su dace da nau'ikan kwalabe iri-iri da girma dabam-dabam, wanda ke ba da damar ƙarin sassauci don haɗa da daidaita samfuran samfuran daban-daban.

Ana iya adana madarar nono da aka tace (EBM) sannan a ciyar da jariri ta kwalba. Ko dai a daskare ta kai tsaye a cikin kwalba, ko kuma a adana ta a cikin jakunkunan madarar nono da za a iya zubarwa, waɗanda suka fi ƙanƙanta idan aka daskare, don haka suna adana sarari a cikin injin daskarewa. Ana iya ajiye madarar da aka tace a zafin ɗaki har zuwa awanni shida (a digiri 66-72 na Fahrenheit, kusan digiri 20 na Celsius), a cikin injin sanyaya mai rufi tare da fakitin kankara har zuwa kwana ɗaya, a sanya a cikin firiji a bayan firiji har zuwa kwanaki 5 (mafi kyau: yi amfani ko daskare madarar cikin kwanaki 3), ko kuma a daskare ta tsawon watanni 12 a cikin daskare mai zurfi daban da firiji da aka ajiye a zafin digiri 0 na Fahrenheit ko digiri −18 na Celsius (mafi kyau: yi amfani da wannan madarar cikin watanni 6). &lt;ref name=&quot;The Mayo Clinic&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mayo Clinic Staff |date=2020-04-01 |title=Breast milk storage: Do's and don'ts |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/infant-and-toddler-health/in-depth/breast-milk-storage/art-20046350 |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=mayoclinic.org |publisher=[[The Mayo Clinic]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan ana amfani da madarar da aka daskarewa, ya kamata a narke madarar da ta fi tsufa a fara amfani da ita. Ana iya narke ta hanyar sanya madarar da aka daskarewa a cikin firiji daren da aka yi niyya, ko kuma ta hanyar sanya madarar a cikin kwano na ruwan dumi. Bai kamata a taɓa sanya madarar nono a cikin microwave ba domin wannan zai iya haifar da wurare masu zafi masu haɗari kuma yana iya lalata ƙwayoyin cuta na madarar. Masana da yawa sun ba da shawarar a zubar da madarar da aka narke wadda ba a yi amfani da ita cikin awanni 24 ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;The Mayo Clinic&quot; /&gt; Nonon uwa yana canzawa don biyan buƙatun jariri, ta yadda nonon uwa da aka sha lokacin da jariri ya zama jariri ba zai cika buƙatun jariri ɗaya ba idan ya girma 'yan watanni. Haka kuma, jagororin ajiya na iya bambanta ga jarirai da ba su cika haihuwa ba, marasa lafiya ko waɗanda aka kwantar da su a asibiti.

Ana iya bayar da madarar da aka tace ga wuraren adana madara, waɗanda ke ba da madarar nono ga jarirai da ba su cika haihuwa ba da sauran yaran da uwayensu ba za su iya kula da su ba. 

== Duba kuma ==

* Ajiye da sarrafa madarar mama
* Danganta nono
* Yin tausa
* Mai shayarwa, mace mai shayar da jariri wanda ba nata ba

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist|30em}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Commonscat|Breast pumps}}

* [http://www.wicworks.ca.gov/breastfeeding/EmployeeResources/CollectStoreMilk.html Tattara da adana nonon uwa] - Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta California
* [http://www.toronto.ca/health/breastfeeding/storing.htm Ajiyar Madarar Nono/Narke Madarar Nono Mai Daskarewa] – Sashen Lafiya na Birnin Toronto
* [http://www.lalecheleague.org Ƙungiyar La Leche League ta Duniya]
{{Infants and their care}}
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| specialty     = Lactation and breastfeeding; milk storage for breastfeeding
}}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{External media|width=210px|float=right|headerimage=[[File:Omega manual breast reliever with red bulb 2018.018.jpg|210px]]|video1=[https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/video/distilled-7-bicycle-horn-or-breast-pump Distilled #7: Bicycle Horn or Breast Pump?], ''Distillations'' Podcast, [[Science History Institute]], January 18, 2019.}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;'''Famfon nono''' na'ura ce ta injiniya da mata masu shayarwa ke amfani da ita don fitar da madara daga [[Nono|nononsu]] . Suna iya zama na'urori da hannu ke amfani da su ta hanyar motsa hannu ko ƙafa, ko na'urori masu sarrafa kansu ta hanyar wutar lantarki.

Famfon nono suna zuwa da nau'o'i daban-daban don dacewa da buƙatun uwaye daban-daban. Famfon hannu, waɗanda ake amfani da su da hannu, suna da sauƙin ɗauka kuma suna da shiru, wanda hakan ya sa suka dace da amfani lokaci-lokaci. Famfon lantarki, waɗanda ke amfani da batura ko wutar lantarki ta hanyar babban bututu, suna ba da ƙarin inganci kuma galibi ana fifita su don yin amfani da su akai-akai. Famfon nono na asibiti sune mafi ƙarfi, waɗanda aka tsara don amfani akai-akai, masu nauyi, musamman ga uwayen jarirai da ba su kai lokacin haihuwa ba ko waɗanda ke da ƙalubalen shayarwa. Famfon nono na zamani da yawa suna haɗa matakan tsotsa daidaitacce da saurin hawa keke don kwaikwayon yanayin ciyar da jariri, da nufin inganta jin daɗi da samar da madara ga mai amfani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Education - Breast Pumps Hub |url=https://breastpumpshub.com/ |access-date=2024-10-18 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An yi amfani da famfunan nono tun zamanin da, tare da shaidu da ke nuna amfani da su a cikin wayewar zamani kamar Masar da Roma ta dā. Hanyoyin farko sun haɗa da na'urori da dabaru daban-daban don fitar da madara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=p-themes |title=From Clay Pots to Wearable Pumps: A Brief History of Breast Pumping |url=https://www.healthyhorizons.com/blogs/blog/from-clay-pots-to-wearable-pumps-a-brief-history-of-breast-pumping?srsltid=AfmBOorWSsEhE2PBiVJqHRW1zj-Qgpr6uKcxDEkWo-CLYxKrhR1d-Imv |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=Healthy Horizons Breastfeeding Centers, Inc. |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Magazine |first=Smithsonian |last2=Courage |first2=Katherine Harmon |title=The Sucky History of the Breast Pump |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/sucky-history-of-the-breast-pump-180980653/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Obladen |first=Michael |date=2012-11-01 |title=Guttus, tiralatte and téterelle: a history of breast pumps |journal=Journal of Perinatal Medicine |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=669–675 |doi=10.1515/jpm-2012-0120 |issn=1619-3997 |pmid=23095190}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
 
A ranar 20 ga Yuni, 1854, Ofishin Patent na Amurka ya ba da Patent mai lamba 11,135 ga OH Needham don famfon nono.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Breas |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US11135/en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Scientific American'' (1863) ya amince da LO Colbin a matsayin wanda ya ƙirƙira kuma ya nemi patent na famfon nono.  A cikin 1921-23, injiniya kuma ƙwararren dara Edward Lasker ya samar da famfon nono na injiniya wanda ya kwaikwayi aikin tsotsar jariri kuma likitoci suka ɗauke shi a matsayin ci gaba mai kyau akan famfon nono da ake amfani da su da hannu, wanda ya kasa cire duk madarar daga nonon.  Ofishin Patent na Amurka ya ba da U.S. patent 1,644,257 don famfon nono na Lasker. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Patent No. 1,644,257 issued by U.S. Patent Office |url=http://patentpdf.net/US1644257.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928143621/http://patentpdf.net/US1644257.pdf |archive-date=September 28, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 1956, Einar Egnell ya buga aikinsa mai ban mamaki, &quot;Ra'ayoyi kan abin da ke faruwa ta hanyar injiniya a cikin nonon mace yayin hanyoyi daban-daban na tattara madara&quot;.  Wannan labarin ya ba da haske game da fannoni na fasaha na fitar da madara daga nono. Yawancin famfunan nono na Egnell SMB da aka tsara ta wannan binciken har yanzu suna aiki sama da shekaru 50 bayan wallafa su.
[[Fayil:Muttermilch_-_Saugglocke_-_DDR_-_um_1980_-_Bild_001.jpg|thumb|Muttermilch - Saugglocke - DDR - um 1980 - Bild 001]]
Masana ilmin kayan tarihi da ke aiki a wani wurin masana'antar gilashi a [[Philadelphia|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], sun haƙa wani bututun nono na ƙarni na 19 wanda ya dace da kayan aikin famfo na nono a cikin tallace-tallace na lokacin al'ada. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=White |first=Rebecca |date=2013-08-07 |title=Symbols of motherhood: breast pipe and nursing bottle. Artifact of the month August 2013. |url=http://www.phillyarchaeology.net/philly-archaeology/artifactindex/august-2013-artifact-of-the-month |access-date=2 August 2014 |publisher=Philadelphia Archaeological Forum}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 4 ga Oktoba, 1927, Edward Lasker ya sami takardar izinin mallakar famfon nono na farko mai amfani da wutar lantarki. 

== Dalilan amfani ==
Ana amfani da famfon nono saboda dalilai da yawa. Iyaye da yawa suna amfani da su don ci gaba [[Shayarwa|da shayarwa]] bayan sun koma aiki. Suna ba da madarar su a wurin aiki, wanda daga baya mai kula da yara ke ba wa ɗansu ta kwalba. Wannan amfani da madarar nono ya yaɗu a Amurka, inda [[Hutun iyaye|hutun iyali na albashi]] yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi guntu a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba. Masanin tarihi na Amurka Jill Lepore ya yi jayayya cewa buƙatar abin da ake kira &quot; ɗakunan shayarwa &quot; da famfon nono yana faruwa ne saboda sha'awar kamfanoni ga iyaye su koma aiki nan da nan maimakon buƙatun uwaye ko buƙatun jarirai. 

Ana iya amfani da famfon nono don magance ƙalubale iri-iri da iyaye za su iya fuskanta wajen shayarwa, waɗanda suka haɗa da wahalhalun ɗaurewa, rabuwa da jariri a cikin kulawa mai zurfi, don ciyar da jariri wanda ba zai iya cire isasshen madara daga nono ba, don guje wa ba wa jariri magani ta hanyar nono, ko don rage yawan shayarwa, wani yanayi mai raɗaɗi wanda nonon ke cika da yawa. Haka kuma famfon nono yana da kyau don ci gaba da shayarwa da hormones ɗin da ke tattare da shi don taimakawa wajen murmurewa daga [[Juna biyu|ciki]], koda kuwa ba a yi amfani da madarar da aka yi wa famfon ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Johns12 |first=Helene M |last2=Forster |first2=Della A |last3=Amir1 |first3=Lisa H |last4=McLachlan |first4=Helen L |date=2013-11-19 |title=Prevalence and outcomes of breast milk expressing in women with healthy term infants: a systematic review |journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth |volume=13 |issue=212 |pages=212 |doi=10.1186/1471-2393-13-212 |pmc=4225568 |pmid=24246046 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rasmussen |first=Kathleen M. |last2=Geraghty |first2=Sheela R. |date=August 2011 |title=The Quiet Revolution: Breastfeeding Transformed With the Use of Breast Pumps |journal=Am J Public Health |volume=101 |issue=8 |pages=1356–1359 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2011.300136 |pmc=3134520 |pmid=21680919}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin wata sanarwa ta manufofin shekarar 2012, Cibiyar Nazarin Yara ta Amurka ta ba da shawarar ciyar da jarirai nonon ɗan adam kafin lokacin haihuwa, inda ta gano &quot;mahimman sakamako masu amfani na ɗan gajeren lokaci da na dogon lokaci,&quot; gami da ƙarancin ƙimar cutar enterocolitis (NEC). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=American Academy of Pediatrics, Section on Breastfeeding |year=2012 |title=Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk |journal=Pediatrics |volume=129 |issue=3 |pages=e827–e841 |doi=10.1542/peds.2011-3552 |pmid=22371471 |quote=Meta-analyses of 4 randomized clinical trials performed over the period 1983 to 2005 support the conclusion that feeding preterm infants human milk is associated with a significant reduction (58%) in the incidence of NEC. |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da jarirai ba su iya shayarwa ba, iyaye mata za su iya yin famfo idan suna son a ciyar da jariransu (ta hanyar bututun naso-gastric ) da madarar uwaye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Feeding Your Baby in the NICU |url=http://www.marchofdimes.org/baby/feeding-your-baby-in-the-nicu.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906214119/http://www.marchofdimes.org/baby/feeding-your-baby-in-the-nicu.aspx |archive-date=2014-09-06 |access-date=2014-03-14 |publisher=March of Dimes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shafa madara don bayarwa wani amfani ne ga famfunan nono. Ana iya samun madarar mai bayarwa daga bankunan madara ga jarirai waɗanda ba za su iya karɓar madarar uwayensu ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Milk Donation FAQ |url=http://www.breastmilkproject.org/give-milk/milk-donation-faq.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910102453/http://www.breastmilkproject.org/give-milk/milk-donation-faq.php |archive-date=10 September 2015 |access-date=21 September 2015 |website=International Breast Milk Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Pampo da dump&quot; yana nufin yin zubar da nono maimakon yin famfo don amfani. Ana iya yin hakan ne saboda uwa tana samar da madara da yawa, ko kuma saboda uwa za ta yi nisa da jaririn na dogon lokaci ba tare da hanyar adana madarar ba, ko kuma saboda damuwa game da barasa ko wani abu da bai kamata jaririn ya ci ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 March 2021 |title='Pump and Dump': What Is It? |url=https://www.webmd.com/baby/pump-and-dump-what-is-it#:~:text=need%20to%20do.-,What%20Does%20Pump%20and%20Dump%20Mean%3F,it%20out%20in%20a%20sink |access-date=2 June 2022 |publisher=[[WebMD]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inganci da hanya ==
Binciken da aka yi a [[Jami'ar Stanford]] a shekarar 2009 ya nuna alaƙar abubuwa daban-daban da yawan samar da madara a cikin uwayen jarirai kafin lokacin haihuwa (wanda aka haifa kafin makonni 31 na ciki). &lt;ref name=&quot;j093&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Morton |first=J |last2=Hall |first2=J Y |last3=Wong |first3=R J |last4=Thairu |first4=L |last5=Benitz |first5=W E |last6=Rhine |first6=W D |date=2009-07-02 |title=Combining hand techniques with electric pumping increases milk production in mothers of preterm infants |journal=Journal of Perinatology |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=757–764 |doi=10.1038/jp.2009.87 |issn=0743-8346 |pmid=19571815}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken ya gano cewa bayyanar hannu baya ga famfon nono (wani dabara da ake kira &quot;famfo da hannu&quot;, ko HOP), tare da wasu dalilai, yana da alaƙa da yawan samar da madara. Binciken ya gano cewa uwayen da suka yi amfani da dabarun tausa da kuma bayyanar hannu fiye da sau biyar a rana a cikin kwanaki uku na farko bayan haihuwa sun ƙara samar da madarar su makonni 8 bayan haka, kuma samar da madara ya karu da kashi 48%. Marubutan sun samar da bidiyo da ke nuna dabarar kuma sun bayyana cewa wannan dabarar tana da kyau ga uwayen jarirai kafin lokacin haihuwa da kuma uwayen da suka koma aiki ko famfo don wasu dalilai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 2023 |title=Home |url=http://newborns.stanford.edu/Breastfeeding/MaxProduction.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622171605/http://newborns.stanford.edu/Breastfeeding/MaxProduction.html |archive-date=2014-06-22 |access-date=2013-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani kasida ta biyu kan wannan binciken ya gano cewa haɗakar dabarun HOP yana ƙara yawan kitsen da ke cikin madarar da aka nuna. &lt;ref name=&quot;t153&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Morton |first=J |last2=Wong |first2=R J |last3=Hall |first3=J Y |last4=Pang |first4=W W |last5=Lai |first5=C T |last6=Lui |first6=J |last7=Hartmann |first7=P E |last8=Rhine |first8=W D |date=2012-01-05 |title=Combining hand techniques with electric pumping increases the caloric content of milk in mothers of preterm infants |journal=Journal of Perinatology |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=32 |issue=10 |pages=791–796 |doi=10.1038/jp.2011.195 |issn=0743-8346 |pmid=22222549}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Clear}}

== Nau'ikan famfon nono na zamani ==

=== Jagora ===
Ana sarrafa famfunan nono da hannu ta hanyar matsewa ko jan maƙala akai-akai, wanda ke bawa mai amfani damar sarrafa matsin lamba da yawan fitar madara kai tsaye. Duk da cewa famfunan hannu ƙanana ne kuma masu araha, suna iya buƙatar ƙoƙari mai yawa kuma suna iya zama masu gajiya saboda mai amfani yana ba da duk ƙarfin. Waɗannan famfunan ba za su iya samar da isasshen kuzari da fitar da nono ba. famfunan hannu na &quot;ƙaho-kekuna&quot; na iya lalata kyallen nono da kuma adana ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin kwan fitilar tsotsa roba, wanda yake da wahalar tsaftacewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Womenshealth.gov (archive)&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Breastfeeding and Pumping Accessories |url=http://www.4woman.gov/breastfeeding/index.cfm?page=238 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114212054/http://www.4woman.gov/breastfeeding/index.cfm?page=238 |archive-date=14 January 2009 |website=Breastfeeding Made Easier At Home And Work |publisher=Womenshealth.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Womenshealth.gov (current)&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 August 2010 |title=Pumping and milk storage |url=http://www.womenshealth.gov/breastfeeding/pumping-and-milk-storage |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210214412/http://womenshealth.gov/breastfeeding/pumping-and-milk-storage/ |archive-date=10 February 2012 |website=Breastfeeding |publisher=Womenshealth.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Corley |first=Heather |title=Before You Buy A Breast Pump |url=http://babyproducts.about.com/od/feedingdrinks/bb/breastpumpbuy.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217030027/http://babyproducts.about.com/od/feedingdrinks/bb/breastpumpbuy.htm |archive-date=17 February 2012 |access-date=9 March 2012 |publisher=About.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Famfon nono masu amfani da ƙafa suna amfani da bututun tattarawa da ƙahonin nono iri ɗaya kamar famfon nono na lantarki, amma ana amfani da feda na ƙafa. Wannan yana kawar da aikin famfo da hannu ko buƙatar neman hanyar lantarki mai sirri. 

=== Lantarki ===
[[Fayil:WIC_Overseas_offers_free_supplemental_services_amid_pandemic_(6387713).jpg|thumb|Famfon nono na lantarki na asibiti wanda ake amfani da shi don nuna madara da adanawa.]]
Akwai nau'ikan famfunan nono na lantarki guda biyu, na asibiti da na mutum. Famfon da aka yi a asibiti sun fi girma kuma an yi su ne don masu amfani da yawa. Famfon da aka yi a asibiti gabaɗaya an yi su ne don mai amfani ɗaya. Famfon nono na lantarki ana amfani da su ta hanyar injin da ke ba da tsotsa ta bututun filastik zuwa ƙaho da ya dace da kan nono. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wireless Charging Breast Pump |url=https://momcozy.com/products/momcozy-air-1-ultra-slim-breast-pump?variant=44479007621318}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dole ne a tsaftace sassan famfon da suka taɓa nonon da aka bayyana kai tsaye don hana gurɓatawa . Wannan salon yana ba da ƙarin tsotsa, yana sa famfon ya fi sauri, kuma yana ba masu amfani damar famfo duka nonon su a lokaci guda. Famfon nono na lantarki sun fi na hannu girma, amma samfuran da aka ɗauka ana iya ɗauka ana iya amfani da su (misali, a cikin jakar baya ko jakar kafada). Wasu samfuran sun haɗa da fakitin baturi ko batura da aka gina a ciki don ba da damar aiki da famfon. Wasu famfunan lantarki suna ba da damar aiki da masu amfani da yawa, amma suna ba da shawarar kayan haɗi ga kowane mai amfani don kiyaye tsabta. &lt;ref name=&quot;FDARent&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Buying or Renting a Breast Pump |url=https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/HomeHealthandConsumer/ConsumerProducts/BreastPumps/ucm061952.htm |access-date=21 September 2015 |website=fda.gov |publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration]]}}{{Dead link|date=May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana iya ba da shawarar famfunan haya idan yanayin lafiya ya hana shayarwa na ɗan lokaci. &lt;ref name=&quot;FDARent&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Buying or Renting a Breast Pump |url=https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/HomeHealthandConsumer/ConsumerProducts/BreastPumps/ucm061952.htm |access-date=21 September 2015 |website=fda.gov |publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/HomeHealthandConsumer/ConsumerProducts/BreastPumps/ucm061952.htm &quot;Buying or Renting a Breast Pump&quot;]. ''fda.gov''. [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|Food and Drug Administration]]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 September&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;{{Dead link|date=May 2025}}
[[Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2025]]
&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[Wikipedia:Link rot|&lt;span title=&quot; Dead link tagged May 2025&quot;&gt;dead link&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

An tsara wasu famfunan nono don zama wani ɓangare na &quot;tsarin ciyarwa&quot; don haka ɓangaren ajiyar madara na famfon shine kwalbar jariri da ake amfani da ita don ciyar da jariri. Wannan yana ba da damar tattara madarar a cikin kwalba ɗaya da za ta ciyar da jariri, wanda hakan ke kawar da buƙatar canja wurin madarar. Ana samun jakunkunan ajiyar madarar nono masu daskarewa waɗanda ke haɗuwa kai tsaye zuwa wasu famfunan nono kuma ana iya amfani da su tare da tsarin ciyar da kwalba.

==== Matsi da aminci da kewayon matsi ====
[[File:Chart_from_J_Kent_Hale_Hartman_Conference_Amarillo_2009.png|right|thumb|Jadawalin da ke nuna matsakaicin matsin lamba mafi mahimmanci]]
Egnell a shekarar 1956 ya kafa matsakaicin matsakaicin 220 mmHg don famfunan kekuna na atomatik; duk da haka, an sami rahotannin nono masu laushi da nonuwa a ƙasan matsin lamba. Hartman et al., a cikin wani bincike na 2008, &lt;ref name=&quot;j894&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kent |first=Jacqueline C. |last2=Mitoulas |first2=Leon R. |last3=Cregan |first3=Mark D. |last4=Geddes |first4=Donna T. |last5=Larsson |first5=Michael |last6=Doherty |first6=Dorota A. |last7=Hartmann |first7=Peter E. |year=2008 |title=Importance of Vacuum for Breastmilk Expression |journal=Breastfeeding Medicine |publisher=Mary Ann Liebert Inc |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=11–19 |doi=10.1089/bfm.2007.0028 |issn=1556-8253 |pmid=18333764}}&lt;/ref&gt; sun nuna cewa mafi girman injin tsotsar nono yana ƙara yawan kwararar madara da yawan madara.

== Tsarin tattarawa a buɗe idan aka kwatanta da tsarin tattarawa a rufe ==
Ana kiran ƙirar famfo a matsayin ko dai a buɗe ko a rufe bisa ga ko akwai shinge tsakanin inda bututun ke haɗuwa da famfon da kuma inda madara ke shiga cikin famfon. Ana kiran bututun filastik da ƙaho na famfon nono na lantarki a matsayin tsarin tattarawa kuma yawanci suna samar da tsotsar famfon.

Tsarin tattarawa a rufe yana da shinge ko diaphragm wanda ke raba bututun famfo daga ƙaho. A cikin wannan ƙira, tsotsar injin famfo yana ɗaga diaphragm don ƙirƙirar injin tsotsa a cikin tsarin tattarawa don fitar da madara.

Sabanin haka, tsarin buɗewa ba shi da shinge tsakanin bututun da ƙaho. Matatun ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta na iya kasancewa don hana gurɓatawa ko kwarara cikin motar famfo. Tsotsar motar famfo ana wucewa kai tsaye zuwa nono idan aka kwatanta da tsarin rufewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Opensys&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shu. |first=Dr. Jennifer |date=2011-06-13 |title=Is a used breast pump safe? |url=http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/06/13/is-a-used-breast-pump-safe/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614131812/http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/06/13/is-a-used-breast-pump-safe/ |archive-date=June 14, 2011 |access-date=21 September 2015 |website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin tattarawa a buɗe na iya sa madara ta cika bututun tsarin tattarawa, kuma ana iya jawo ƙwayoyin madara cikin injin famfo. Idan madara ta zube a cikin bututun famfo, ya kamata a wanke bututun, a tsaftace su, sannan a busar da su da iska kafin a sake amfani da famfon. Rashin tsaftace bututun tattarawa sosai na iya haifar da haɓakar mold a cikin bututun. Wasu samfuran famfo suna da ƙwayoyin cuta da matatun ruwa da ke hana madara shiga bututun. &lt;ref name=&quot;Opensys&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shu. |first=Dr. Jennifer |date=2011-06-13 |title=Is a used breast pump safe? |url=http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/06/13/is-a-used-breast-pump-safe/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614131812/http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/06/13/is-a-used-breast-pump-safe/ |archive-date=June 14, 2011 |access-date=21 September 2015 |website=CNN}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFShu.2011&quot;&gt;Shu., Dr. Jennifer (2011-06-13). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110614131812/http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/06/13/is-a-used-breast-pump-safe/ &quot;Is a used breast pump safe?&quot;]. ''CNN''. Archived from [http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/06/13/is-a-used-breast-pump-safe/ the original] on June 14, 2011&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 September&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani nau'in tsarin tattarawa na buɗewa shine tushen tsotsar nonon mai amfani ɗaya. Waɗannan famfunan sun ƙara fa'ida mai kyau ta yadda duk sassan da ke haifar da tsotsar nonon da kuma taɓa nonon uwa suna tare da uwa. Sassan da ke haifar da tsotsar nonon suna waje ne da famfon kuma ana iya cire su, suna hana gurɓatar juna. Ana ɗaukar waɗannan famfunan a matsayin &quot;matakin asibiti&quot; kuma kusan suna kawar da damar gurɓatar famfon daga mai amfani zuwa mai amfani. &lt;ref name=&quot;Opensys&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shu. |first=Dr. Jennifer |date=2011-06-13 |title=Is a used breast pump safe? |url=http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/06/13/is-a-used-breast-pump-safe/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614131812/http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/06/13/is-a-used-breast-pump-safe/ |archive-date=June 14, 2011 |access-date=21 September 2015 |website=CNN}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFShu.2011&quot;&gt;Shu., Dr. Jennifer (2011-06-13). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110614131812/http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/06/13/is-a-used-breast-pump-safe/ &quot;Is a used breast pump safe?&quot;]. ''CNN''. Archived from [http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/06/13/is-a-used-breast-pump-safe/ the original] on June 14, 2011&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 September&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, yana da mahimmanci a tsaftace diaphragm domin danshi ko madarar da ta isa wannan ɓangaren na iya haifar da gurɓatar ƙwayoyin cuta.

Wani rashin amfani da diaphragm shine yana iya iyakance yawan iska/tsotsar madara da ake samu don cire madara daga nono. Hakanan yana iya kasa iya biyan girman garkuwar da ta fi girma.

Babu wani bincike da aka yi kan tsarin da aka tsara a bude ko rufe. Yawancin bayanai a cikin kayan tallan da masana'antun famfon nono ke bayarwa ana bayar da su ne ba tare da wani bincike da zai tabbatar da hakan ba.

== Tattara da adana madara da kuma adana ta ==
Yawancin famfunan nono suna tura madarar da aka yi amfani da ita zuwa cikin akwati wanda za a iya amfani da shi don ajiya da ciyarwa. Wasu masana'antun suna ba da adaftar da za su dace da nau'ikan kwalabe iri-iri da girma dabam-dabam, wanda ke ba da damar ƙarin sassauci don haɗa da daidaita samfuran samfuran daban-daban.

Ana iya adana madarar nono da aka tace (EBM) sannan a ciyar da jariri ta kwalba. Ko dai a daskare ta kai tsaye a cikin kwalba, ko kuma a adana ta a cikin jakunkunan madarar nono da za a iya zubarwa, waɗanda suka fi ƙanƙanta idan aka daskare, don haka suna adana sarari a cikin injin daskarewa. Ana iya ajiye madarar da aka tace a zafin ɗaki har zuwa awanni shida (a digiri 66-72 na Fahrenheit, kusan digiri 20 na Celsius), a cikin injin sanyaya mai rufi tare da fakitin kankara har zuwa kwana ɗaya, a sanya a cikin firiji a bayan firiji har zuwa kwanaki 5 (mafi kyau: yi amfani ko daskare madarar cikin kwanaki 3), ko kuma a daskare ta tsawon watanni 12 a cikin daskare mai zurfi daban da firiji da aka ajiye a zafin digiri 0 na Fahrenheit ko digiri −18 na Celsius (mafi kyau: yi amfani da wannan madarar cikin watanni 6). &lt;ref name=&quot;The Mayo Clinic&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mayo Clinic Staff |date=2020-04-01 |title=Breast milk storage: Do's and don'ts |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/infant-and-toddler-health/in-depth/breast-milk-storage/art-20046350 |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=mayoclinic.org |publisher=[[The Mayo Clinic]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan ana amfani da madarar da aka daskarewa, ya kamata a narke madarar da ta fi tsufa a fara amfani da ita. Ana iya narke ta hanyar sanya madarar da aka daskarewa a cikin firiji daren da aka yi niyya, ko kuma ta hanyar sanya madarar a cikin kwano na ruwan dumi. Bai kamata a taɓa sanya madarar nono a cikin microwave ba domin wannan zai iya haifar da wurare masu zafi masu haɗari kuma yana iya lalata ƙwayoyin cuta na madarar. Masana da yawa sun ba da shawarar a zubar da madarar da aka narke wadda ba a yi amfani da ita cikin awanni 24 ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;The Mayo Clinic&quot; /&gt; Nonon uwa yana canzawa don biyan buƙatun jariri, ta yadda nonon uwa da aka sha lokacin da jariri ya zama jariri ba zai cika buƙatun jariri ɗaya ba idan ya girma 'yan watanni. Haka kuma, jagororin ajiya na iya bambanta ga jarirai da ba su cika haihuwa ba, marasa lafiya ko waɗanda aka kwantar da su a asibiti.

Ana iya bayar da madarar da aka tace ga wuraren adana madara, waɗanda ke ba da madarar nono ga jarirai da ba su cika haihuwa ba da sauran yaran da uwayensu ba za su iya kula da su ba. 

== Duba kuma ==

* Ajiye da sarrafa madarar mama
* Danganta nono
* Yin tausa
* Mai shayarwa, mace mai shayar da jariri wanda ba nata ba

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist|30em}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Commonscat|Breast pumps}}

* [http://www.wicworks.ca.gov/breastfeeding/EmployeeResources/CollectStoreMilk.html Tattara da adana nonon uwa] - Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta California
* [http://www.toronto.ca/health/breastfeeding/storing.htm Ajiyar Madarar Nono/Narke Madarar Nono Mai Daskarewa] – Sashen Lafiya na Birnin Toronto
* [http://www.lalecheleague.org Ƙungiyar La Leche League ta Duniya]
{{Infants and their care}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Labidochromis freibergi</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645388|Labidochromis freibergi]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Labidochromis freibergi''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], inda aka san yana faruwa ne kawai a kusa da Tsibirin Likoma a yankunan da ke da duwatsu. Wannan nau'in yana girma har zuwa {{Convert|8|cm|in}} TL .  Sunan wannan nau'in ya girmama mai shigo da kifi [[Tarayyar Amurka|na Amurka]] [[Jacob Freiberg]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=4 December 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (l-o) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae4/ |access-date=16 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''''Labidochromis freibergi''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], inda aka san yana faruwa ne kawai a kusa da Tsibirin Likoma a yankunan da ke da duwatsu. Wannan nau'in yana girma har zuwa {{Convert|8|cm|in}} TL .  Sunan wannan nau'in ya girmama mai shigo da kifi [[Tarayyar Amurka|na Amurka]] [[Jacob Freiberg]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=4 December 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (l-o) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae4/ |access-date=16 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645581|Malawi gar]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Garin Malawi''' ( '''''Lichnochromis acuticeps''''' ) nau'in cichlid ne mai farauta wanda ke rayuwa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|30|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . Shi ne kawai nau'in da aka sani a cikin nau'in halittarsa. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Garin Malawi''' ( '''''Lichnochromis acuticeps''''' ) nau'in cichlid ne mai farauta wanda ke rayuwa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|30|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . Shi ne kawai nau'in da aka sani a cikin nau'in halittarsa. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1324026174|Differential diagnoses of depression]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="51410" sha1="njsj7s8c22cs4uguipy5piwpx6c0fac" xml:space="preserve">'''Baƙin ciki''', ɗaya daga cikin cututtukan tabin hankali da aka fi ganowa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sharp LK, Lipsky MS |date=September 2002 |title=Screening for depression across the lifespan: a review of measures for use in primary care settings |journal=American Family Physician |volume=66 |issue=6 |pages=1001–8 |pmid=12358212}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Torzsa P, Szeifert L, Dunai K, Kalabay L, Novák M |date=September 2009 |title=A depresszió diagnosztikája és kezelése a családorvosi gyakorlatban |journal=Orvosi Hetilap |volume=150 |issue=36 |pages=1684–93 |doi=10.1556/OH.2009.28675 |pmid=19709983 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; ana gano shi a cikin adadi mai yawa a sassa daban-daban na al'umma a duk duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=College Students Exhibiting More Severe Mental Illness, Study Finds |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2010/08/students-mental-illness.aspx |access-date=14 August 2010 |website=[[American Psychological Association]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lambert KG |year=2006 |title=Rising rates of depression in today's society: Consideration of the roles of effort-based rewards and enhanced resilience in day-to-day functioning |journal=Neuroscience &amp; Biobehavioral Reviews |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=497–510 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.09.002 |pmid=16253328 |s2cid=12525915}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baƙin ciki a Amurka kaɗai yana shafar Amurkawa miliyan 17.6 kowace shekara ko mutum 1 cikin 6. Marasa lafiya masu baƙin ciki suna fuskantar haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon suga na nau'in 2, cututtukan zuciya da kuma kashe kansu. A cikin shekaru ashirin masu zuwa, ana sa ran ɓacin rai zai zama babban sanadin nakasa na biyu a duniya kuma babban sanadin a ƙasashe masu kuɗi mai yawa, ciki har da Amurka. A cikin kusan kashi 75% na kashe kansu, mutanen sun ga likita a cikin shekarar da ta gabata kafin mutuwarsu, kashi 45-66% a cikin watan da ya gabata. Kimanin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na waɗanda suka mutu sakamakon kashe kansu sun taɓa tuntuɓar hukumomin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin shekarar da ta gabata, kashi ɗaya bisa biyar a cikin watan da ya gabata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=19 August 2010 |title=Depression and Suicide: Overview, Etiology of Depression and Suicidality, Epidemiology of Depression and Suicide |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/805459-overview |journal=Medscape |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=González HM |last2=Vega WA |last3=Williams DR |last4=Tarraf W |last5=West BT |last6=Neighbors HW |date=January 2010 |title=Depression Care in the United States: Too Little for Too Few |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=37–46 |doi=10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.168 |pmc=2887749 |pmid=20048221}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Luoma JB, Martin CE, Pearson JL |date=June 2002 |title=Contact with mental health and primary care providers before suicide: a review of the evidence |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=159 |issue=6 |pages=909–16 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.159.6.909 |pmc=5072576 |pmid=12042175}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lee HC, Lin HC, Liu TC, Lin SY |date=June 2008 |title=Contact of mental and nonmental health care providers prior to suicide in Taiwan: a population-based study |journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=377–83 |doi=10.1177/070674370805300607 |pmid=18616858 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pirkis J, Burgess P |date=December 1998 |title=Suicide and recency of health care contacts. A systematic review |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=173 |issue=6 |pages=462–74 |doi=10.1192/bjp.173.6.462 |pmid=9926074 |s2cid=43144463}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwai cututtuka da dama na tabin hankali da na lafiya waɗanda za su iya kama da wasu ko duk alamun baƙin ciki ko kuma suna iya faruwa da juna . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Busko |first=Marlene |title=Adults Admitted to a Mood-Disorder Clinic Are Often Misdiagnosed |url=https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/582125 |url-access=registration |access-date=16 August 2010 |website=Medscape}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jones DR, Macias C, Barreira PJ, Fisher WH, Hargreaves WA, Harding CM |date=November 2004 |title=Prevalence, Severity, and Co-occurrence of Chronic Physical Health Problems of Persons with Serious Mental Illness |journal=Psychiatric Services |volume=55 |issue=11 |pages=1250–7 |doi=10.1176/appi.ps.55.11.1250 |pmc=2759895 |pmid=15534013}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Felker B, Yazel JJ, Short D |date=December 1996 |title=Mortality and medical comorbidity among psychiatric patients: a review |journal=Psychiatric Services |volume=47 |issue=12 |pages=1356–63 |doi=10.1176/ps.47.12.1356 |pmid=9117475}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cutar tabin hankali ko ta likita wacce ke da alamomi da halaye na wata cuta, kuma wataƙila ita ce ainihin sanadin bayyanar cututtuka da aka ambata ana kiranta da ganewar asali daban-daban .  Ana gano yawancin cututtukan tabin hankali kamar baƙin ciki ta hanyar ƙwararrun likitoci waɗanda ba su da horo sosai ko kuma ba su da ilimin likitanci,  kuma ana yin su ne bisa ga bayyanar cututtuka ba tare da la'akari da ainihin dalilin ba, yawanci ba a yin cikakken bincike na ganewar asali daban-daban. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=Singh H, Thomas EJ, Wilson L |date=July 2010 |title=Errors of Diagnosis in Pediatric Practice: A Multisite Survey |journal=Pediatrics |volume=126 |issue=1 |pages=70–9 |doi=10.1542/peds.2009-3218 |pmc=2921702 |pmid=20566604}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Margolis RL |year=1994 |title=Nonpsychiatrist house staff frequently misdiagnose psychiatric disorders in general hospital inpatients |journal=Psychosomatics |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=485–91 |doi=10.1016/S0033-3182(94)71743-6 |pmid=7972664 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;  [9 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Scheinbaum BW |year=1979 |title=Psychiatric diagnostic error |journal=Schizophrenia Bulletin |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=560–3 |doi=10.1093/schbul/5.4.560 |pmid=515705 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hall RC, Popkin MK, Devaul RA, Faillace LA, Stickney SK |date=November 1978 |title=Physical illness presenting as psychiatric disease |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=1315–20 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1978.01770350041003 |pmid=568461}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Small GW |date=December 2009 |title=Differential Diagnoses and Assessment of Depression in Elderly Patients |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=70 |issue=12 |pages=e47 |doi=10.4088/JCP.8001tx20c |pmid=20141704}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wani bincike, &quot;masu ba da kulawar lafiyar kwakwalwa marasa lafiya na iya fuskantar haɗarin rashin gane cututtukan likita da aka rufe a cikin marasa lafiyarsu.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grace GD, Christensen RC |year=2007 |title=Recognizing psychologically masked illnesses: the need for collaborative relationships in mental health care |journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=433–6 |doi=10.4088/pcc.v09n0605 |pmc=2139921 |pmid=18185822}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuskuren ganewar asali ko kuma rashin ganewar asali na iya haifar da rashin magani ko rashin ingantaccen magani kuma mai yuwuwar cutarwa wanda zai iya ƙara ta'azzara matsalar da ke haifar da ita. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Witztum E, Margolin J, Bar-On R, Levy A |year=1995 |title=Stigma, labelling and psychiatric misdiagnosis: origins and outcomes |journal=Medicine and Law |volume=14 |issue=7–8 |pages=659–69 |pmid=8668014}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Margolin J, Witztum E, Levy A |date=June 1995 |title=Consequences of misdiagnosis and labeling in psychiatry |journal=Harefuah |volume=128 |issue=12 |pages=763–7, 823 |pmid=7557684}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani kiyasi mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ya nuna cewa kashi 10% na dukkan alamomin tabin hankali na iya zama saboda dalilai na likita, &lt;ref&gt;When Psychological Problems Mask Medical Disorders: A Guide for Psychotherapists. Morrison J: New York, Guilford, 1997 {{ISBN|1-57230-539-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da sakamakon wani bincike da ke nuna cewa kusan rabin mutanen da ke da mummunar rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa &quot;suna da yanayin lafiya na gabaɗaya waɗanda ba a gano su ba kuma ba a yi musu magani ba kuma suna iya haifar da ko ƙara ta'azzara alamun tabin hankali&quot;.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hall RC, Gardner ER, Stickney SK, LeCann AF, Popkin MK |date=September 1980 |title=Physical illness manifesting as psychiatric disease. II. Analysis of a state hospital inpatient population |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=37 |issue=9 |pages=989–95 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1980.01780220027002 |pmid=7416911}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wani lamari na ɓacin rai da aka ruwaito a cikin ''Newsweek'', wata marubuciya ta sami maganin baƙin ciki na tsawon shekaru; a cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata na ɓacin rai, alamun sun tsananta, wanda ya haifar da yunƙurin kashe kanta da yawa da kuma kwantar da hankalin mutane a asibiti. Lokacin da aka yi mata gwajin MRI a ƙarshe, ya nuna kasancewar ƙari. Duk da haka, wani likitan kwakwalwa ya gaya mata cewa ba shi da lahani. Bayan ta ƙara fuskantar mummunan alamun, kuma bayan wani likitan kwakwalwa ya sake ganinta, an cire ƙari. Bayan tiyatar, ba ta sake samun alamun baƙin ciki ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;newsweek.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 November 2007 |title=Is It Depression--or a Tumor? |url=https://www.newsweek.com/it-depression-or-tumor-96663 |access-date=20 July 2010 |website=Newsweek}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cututtukan garkuwar jiki ==

* Cutar Celiac ; cuta ce ta garkuwar jiki wadda jiki ba ya iya narke gluten wanda ake samu a cikin [[Hatsi|hatsi daban-daban na abinci]], musamman alkama, da kuma hatsin rai da sha'ir. Binciken da aka gudanar a yanzu ya nuna cewa alamun cutar kwakwalwa na iya bayyana ba tare da alamun ciki ba.

: &quot;Duk da haka, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya jaddada cewa yawancin cututtukan jijiyoyi na iya zama bayyanar da ke nuna rashin jin daɗin gluten tare da ko ba tare da cututtukan hanji ba.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bushara KO |date=April 2005 |title=Neurologic presentation of celiac disease. |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=128 |issue=4 Suppl 1 |pages=S92–7 |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2005.02.018 |pmid=15825133 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Lupus]] : Ciwon lupus erythematosus na tsarin jiki (SLE), cuta ce ta haɗin kai ta jiki wadda ke iya shafar kowane ɓangare na jiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Andrews&quot;&gt;James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). ''Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology''. (10th ed.). Saunders. {{ISBN|0-7216-2921-0}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Lupus na iya haifar da ko kuma ta ƙara ta'azzara baƙin ciki. 

== Kamuwa da cuta ta ƙwayoyin cuta-viral-parasite ==

* Cutar Lyme ; kamuwa da cuta ce ta ƙwayoyin cuta da Borrelia burgdorferi, [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayar cuta]] mai suna spirochete da Deer tick ( Ixodes scapularis ) ke ɗauka. Cutar Lyme tana ɗaya daga cikin rukuni na cututtuka waɗanda suka sami sunan &quot;babban mai kwaikwayon&quot; saboda yadda suke kwaikwayon alamun cututtuka daban-daban na likitanci da na tabin hankali. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fallon BA, Nields JA |date=November 1994 |title=Lyme disease: a neuropsychiatric illness. |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=151 |issue=11 |pages=1571–83 |doi=10.1176/ajp.151.11.1571 |pmid=7943444 |s2cid=22568915}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=Hájek T, Pasková B, Janovská D |date=February 2002 |title=Higher prevalence of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in psychiatric patients than in healthy subjects. |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=159 |issue=2 |pages=297–301 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.159.2.297 |pmid=11823274}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cutar Lyme cuta ce da ba a gano ta sosai ba, wani ɓangare sakamakon rikitarwa da rashin dogaro da gwajin serologic . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fallon BA, Kochevar JM, Gaito A, Nields JA |date=September 1998 |title=The underdiagnosis of neuropsychiatric Lyme disease in children and adults. |journal=The Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=693–703, viii |doi=10.1016/s0193-953x(05)70032-0 |pmid=9774805 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

: &quot;Saboda ƙaruwar cutar Lyme borreliosis cikin sauri a duk faɗin ƙasar da kuma buƙatar maganin rigakafi don hana mummunan lalacewar jijiyoyi, ƙwararrun likitocin kwakwalwa suna buƙatar sanin yiwuwar bayyanarta ta tabin hankali. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fallon BA, Nields JA, Parsons B, Liebowitz MR, Klein DF |date=July 1993 |title=Psychiatric manifestations of Lyme borreliosis. |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=54 |issue=7 |pages=263–8 |pmid=8335653}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Tunjere|Ciwon Syphilis]] ; wanda yawansa ke ƙaruwa, wani &quot;masu koyi da kyau&quot;, wanda idan ba a yi masa magani ba zai iya zama ciwon [[neurosyphilis]] kuma ya shafi kwakwalwa, zai iya bayyana tare da alamun cututtukan kwakwalwa kawai. &quot;Wannan shari'ar ta jaddada cewa har yanzu dole ne a yi la'akari da cututtukan neurosyphilis a cikin ganewar asali daban-daban a cikin mahallin yanayin tabin hankali da cututtuka. Saboda bayanan cututtuka na yanzu da matsaloli wajen gano cutar syphilis, gwaje-gwajen tantancewa na yau da kullun a fannin tabin hankali ya zama dole.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Friedrich F, Geusau A, Greisenegger S, Ossege M, Aigner M |year=2009 |title=Manifest psychosis in neurosyphilis |journal=General Hospital Psychiatry |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=379–81 |doi=10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2008.09.010 |pmid=19555800}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Neurocysticercosis (NCC): kamuwa da cuta ce ta kwakwalwa ko kashin baya wadda matakin tsutsar [[Farin tsusa|alade]], ''Taenia solium'', ke haifarwa. NCC ita ce cutar da ta fi kamari a tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya a duk duniya. Mutane suna kamuwa da cutar cysticercosis lokacin da suka ci ƙwai na tsutsar alade ta hanyar hulɗa da najasa mai gurbatacce ko cin kayan lambu da suka kamu da cutar ko naman alade da ba a dafa shi sosai ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid12364377&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=García HH, Evans CA, Nash TE |date=October 2002 |title=Current consensus guidelines for treatment of neurocysticercosis |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=747–56 |doi=10.1128/CMR.15.4.747-756.2002 |pmc=126865 |pmid=12364377}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Yayin da cutar cysticercosis ta zama ruwan dare a Latin Amurka, cuta ce da ke tasowa tare da ƙaruwar yaɗuwa a Amurka.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sorvillo FJ, DeGiorgio C, Waterman SH |date=February 2007 |title=Deaths from cysticercosis, United States. |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=230–5 |doi=10.3201/eid1302.060527 |pmc=2725874 |pmid=17479884}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Yawan baƙin ciki a cikin waɗanda ke fama da cutar neurocysticercosis ya fi na sauran jama'a.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Almeida SM, Gurjão SA |date=February 2010 |title=Frequency of depression among patients with neurocysticercosis. |journal=Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=76–80 |doi=10.1590/s0004-282x2010000100017 |pmid=20339658 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Toxoplasmosis ; kamuwa ne da ''Toxoplasma gondii'' wani kwayar cuta ce ta cikin ƙwayoyin cuta ta cikin ƙwayoyin halitta . Ana iya kamuwa da mutane ta hanyoyi uku daban-daban: shan [[Ƙullutu|ƙurar]] nama, shan oocysts, ko kuma kamuwa da cutar tachyzoites a cikin mahaifa . Ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin da ake bi wajen yaɗa cutar ga mutane shine saduwa da najasar nau'in halittar da ke cikin gida, wato kyanwa mai gida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Carruthers VB, Suzuki Y |date=May 2007 |title=Effects of Toxoplasma gondii Infection on the Brain |journal=Schizophrenia Bulletin |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=745–51 |doi=10.1093/schbul/sbm008 |pmc=2526127 |pmid=17322557}}&lt;/ref&gt; Toxoplasma gondii yana kamuwa da kusan kashi 30% na mutanen duniya, amma yana haifar da alamun cutar a cikin ƙaramin ɓangare na waɗanda suka kamu da cutar. An tabbatar da cewa kamuwa da cutar Toxoplasma gondii ( seropositivity ) ba tare da kamuwa da cutar Toxoplasmosis yana canza halaye daban-daban na halayen ɗan adam ba, kuma yana haifar da sanadin wasu matsalolin baƙin ciki, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Henriquez SA, Brett R, Alexander J, Pratt J, Roberts CW |year=2009 |title=Neuropsychiatric Disease and ''Toxoplasma gondii'' Infection |journal=Neuroimmunomodulation |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=122–33 |doi=10.1159/000180267 |pmid=19212132 |s2cid=7382051}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nilamadhab Karl |last2=Baikunthanath Misra |date=February 2004 |title=Toxoplasma gondii serpositivity and depression: a case report |journal=BMC Psychiatry |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1 |doi=10.1186/1471-244X-4-1 |pmc=356918 |pmid=15018628 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, bincike ya danganta cutar seropositivity da ƙaruwar kashe kai &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yagmur |first=F |last2=Yazar |first2=S |last3=Temel |first3=HO |last4=Cavusoglu |first4=M |year=2010 |title=May Toxoplasma gondii increase suicide attempt-preliminary results in Turkish subjects? |journal=Forensic Science International |volume=199 |issue=1–3 |pages=15–7 |doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.02.020 |pmid=20219300}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* An ruwaito cewa kwayar cutar West Nile (WNV); wacce ke iya haifar da [[Cutar ƙwaƙwalwa|cutar encephalitis]] ita ce sanadin kamuwa da baƙin ciki a cikin kashi 31% na waɗanda suka kamu da cutar a cikin wani bincike da aka gudanar a Houston, Texas kuma aka ba da rahoto ga Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka (CDC). Manyan [[Mai yaduwar cuta|cututtukan]] da ke yaɗa cutar ga mutane nau'ikan sauro ne daban-daban.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Berg PJ, Smallfield S, Svien L |date=April 2010 |title=An investigation of depression and fatigue post West Nile virus infection. |journal=South Dakota Medicine |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=127–9, 131–3 |pmid=20397375}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara gano WNV wanda ke yaɗuwa a Kudancin Turai, Afirka Gabas ta Tsakiya da Asiya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zeller HG, Schuffenecker I |date=March 2004 |title=West Nile Virus: An Overview of Its Spread in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin in Contrast to Its Spread in the Americas |journal=European Journal of Clinical Microbiology &amp; Infectious Diseases |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=147–56 |doi=10.1007/s10096-003-1085-1 |pmid=14986160 |s2cid=24372103}}&lt;/ref&gt; a Amurka a cikin 1999. Tsakanin 1999 da 2006, an ruwaito mutane 20,000 da aka tabbatar suna da alamun cutar WNV a Amurka, tare da kimantawa cewa har zuwa miliyan 1 suna kamuwa da cutar. &quot;WNV yanzu ita ce sanadin cutar encephalitis ta kwayar cuta a Amurka, kuma wataƙila za ta ci gaba da zama muhimmiyar sanadin cututtukan jijiyoyi nan gaba.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=Carson PJ, Konewko P, Wold KS |date=September 2006 |title=Long-Term Clinical and Neuropsychological Outcomes of West Nile Virus Infection |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=723–30 |doi=10.1086/506939 |pmid=16912946 |s2cid=2765866 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsalolin Jini ==

* [[Rashin jini]] : raguwar adadin ƙwayoyin jinin ja (RBCs) ko ƙasa da adadin haemoglobin na yau da kullun a cikin jini. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MedicineNet.com Definition of Anemia |url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=15491 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123013008/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=15491 |archive-date=2014-01-23 |access-date=2010-07-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alamomin damuwa suna da alaƙa da rashin jini a cikin yawan tsofaffi da ke zaune a cikin al'umma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=Onder G, Penninx BW, Cesari M |date=September 2005 |title=Anemia is associated with depression in older adults: results from the InCHIANTI study. |url=https://research.vu.nl/files/2124857/186770.pdf |journal=The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences |volume=60 |issue=9 |pages=1168–72 |doi=10.1093/gerona/60.9.1168 |pmid=16183958 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ciwon gajiya na yau da kullun ==
Ana kyautata zaton tsakanin Amurkawa miliyan 1 zuwa 4 suna da [[Myalgic encephalomyelitis / ciwon gajiya mai tsanani|ciwon gajiya mai tsanani]] (CFS), duk da haka kashi 50% ne kawai suka nemi likita don gano alamun CFS. Bugu da ƙari, mutanen da ke da alamun CFS galibi suna da matsalar lafiya ko ta tabin hankali da ba a gano ba kamar ciwon suga, cutar thyroid ko shan muggan kwayoyi. CFS, a wani lokaci ana ɗaukarta a matsayin yanayin psychosomatic a yanayi, yanzu ana ɗaukarta a matsayin wata cuta mai inganci wadda ganewar asali da magani da wuri za su iya taimakawa wajen rage ko magance alamun gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ME/CFS Basics |url=https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/about/index.html |access-date=20 July 2010 |website=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa sau da yawa ana gane ta a matsayin ɓacin rai, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Griffith JP, Zarrouf FA |year=2008 |title=A Systematic Review of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Don't Assume It's Depression. |journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=120–8 |doi=10.4088/pcc.v10n0206 |pmc=2292451 |pmid=18458765}}&lt;/ref&gt; an lura da bambance-bambance a cikin yadda jini ke kwarara a kwakwalwa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=MacHale SM, Lawŕie SM, Cavanagh JT |date=June 2000 |title=Cerebral perfusion in chronic fatigue syndrome and depression. |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=176 |issue=6 |pages=550–6 |doi=10.1192/bjp.176.6.550 |pmid=10974961 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba a gano cutar CFS sosai a cikin fiye da kashi 80% na mutanen da ke dauke da ita ba; a lokaci guda kuma, sau da yawa ba a gane ta a matsayin baƙin ciki ba. 

== Matsalolin abinci ==

* Rashin shan fructose da rashin jure lactose ; ƙarancin jigilar fructose ta hanyar duodenum, ko kuma ta hanyar ƙarancin enzyme, lactase a cikin layin mucosal, bi da bi. Sakamakon wannan rashin shan saccharides yana isa ga hanji kuma ƙwayoyin cuta suna narkewa ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke canza su zuwa gajerun sarƙoƙi masu kitse, CO2, da kuma &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwATs&quot;&gt;H2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; . Kimanin kashi 50% na waɗanda abin ya shafa suna nuna alamun cutar hanji mai ɓacin rai . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ledochowski M, Widner B, Sperner-Unterweger B, Propst T, Vogel W, Fuchs D |date=July 2000 |title=Carbohydrate malabsorption syndromes and early signs of mental depression in females. |journal=Digestive Diseases and Sciences |volume=45 |issue=7 |pages=1255–9 |doi=10.1023/A:1005527230346 |pmid=10961700 |s2cid=25720361}}&lt;/ref&gt;

: &quot;Rashin shan fructose na iya taka rawa wajen ci gaban yanayin damuwa. Ya kamata a yi la'akari da rashin shan fructose ga marasa lafiya da ke da alamun babban baƙin ciki....&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ledochowski M, Sperner-Unterweger B, Widner B, Fuchs D |date=June 1998 |title=Fructose malabsorption is associated with early signs of mental depression. |journal=European Journal of Medical Research |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=295–8 |pmid=9620891}}&lt;/ref&gt;

: &quot;Rage cin abinci mai ɗauke da fructose da sorbitol ga mutanen da ke fama da matsalar rashin narkewar fructose ba wai kawai yana rage alamun ciwon ciki ba, har ma yana inganta yanayi da alamun farko na baƙin ciki.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ledochowski M, Widner B, Bair H, Probst T, Fuchs D |date=October 2000 |title=Fructose- and Sorbitol-reduced Diet Improves Mood and Gastrointestinal Disturbances in Fructose Malabsorbers |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology |volume=35 |issue=10 |pages=1048–52 |citeseerx=10.1.1.491.1764 |doi=10.1080/003655200451162 |pmid=11099057 |s2cid=218909742}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsalolin tsarin endocrine ==
Rashin daidaituwar tsarin endocrine na iya kasancewa tare da alamu daban-daban na tabin hankali; an nuna rashin daidaituwa a cikin axis na hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal (HPA) da kuma axis na hypothalamic-pituitary - thyroid (HPT) a cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da baƙin ciki na farko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Musselman DL, Nemeroff CB |date=June 1996 |title=Depression and endocrine disorders: focus on the thyroid and adrenal system. |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry. Supplement |volume=168 |issue=30 |pages=123–8 |doi=10.1192/S0007125000298504 |pmid=8864158 |s2cid=38909762}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto&quot;
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |'''HPT da HPA suna nuna alamun rashin daidaituwa a cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da damuwa'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{Small|(Musselman DL, Nemeroff CB. 1996)}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; | '''HPT yana kawar da rashin daidaituwa:'''

* canje-canje a cikin amsawar hormone mai motsa thyroid (TSH) ga hormone mai sakin thyrotropin (TRH)
* yawan ƙwayoyin rigakafi na antithyroid
* yawan ruwan cerebrospinal (CSF) mai yawa (TRH).

'''HPA tana kawar da rashin daidaito:'''

* ƙara yawan sinadarin adrenocorticoid
* girman pituitary da adrenal gland ( organomegaly )
* yawan sinadarin corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)
|}

=== Ciwon adrenal ===

* Cutar Addison : wadda aka fi sani da rashin isasshen adrenal na yau da kullun, [[Cortisol|rashin isasshen cortisone, da kuma rashin isasshen cortisation]] ) cuta ce ta endocrine mai wuya inda glandar adrenal, waɗanda ke saman kodan, ke samar da isasshen hormones na steroid ( glucocorticoids da kuma sau da yawa mineralocorticoids ). &quot;Cutar Addison da ke nuna alamun tabin hankali a farkon matakin yana da saurin yin watsi da ita kuma a gano ta ba daidai ba.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Iwata M, Hazama GI, Shirayama Y, Ueta T, Yoshioka S, Kawahara R |year=2004 |title=A case of Addison's disease presented with depression as a first symptom. |journal=Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi = Psychiatria et Neurologia Japonica |volume=106 |issue=9 |pages=1110–6 |pmid=15580869}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ciwon Cushing]], wanda aka fi sani da [[Ciwon Cushing|hypercortisolism]], cuta ce ta endocrine wadda ke da alaƙa da yawan [[cortisol]] . Idan babu magungunan steroid da aka rubuta, yana faruwa ne sakamakon ƙari a glandar pituitary ko adrenal, ko kuma mafi yawan lokuta, ciwon da ke fitar da sinadarin hormone na ectopic . Bacin rai abu ne da aka saba gani a cikin marasa lafiya da aka gano cutar kuma sau da yawa yana inganta da magani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sonino, N |year=2001 |title=Psychiatric disorders associated with Cushing's syndrome. Epidemiology, pathophysiology and treatment. |journal=CNS Drugs |volume=15 |issue=1172–7047 |pages=361–73 |doi=10.2165/00023210-200115050-00003 |pmid=11475942 |s2cid=34438879}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Thyroid da parathyroid glands ===
[[Fayil:Illu_thyroid_parathyroid.jpg|alt=Location of the thyroid and parathyroid glands in front of the layrnx.|thumb|180x180px]]

* Cutar Graves : cuta ce ta garkuwar jiki inda thyroid ke aiki fiye da kima, wanda ke haifar da hyperthyroidism da thyrotoxicosis .
* Hashimoto's thyroiditis : wanda kuma aka sani da lymphocytic thyroiditis na yau da kullun cuta ce ta autoimmune inda glandar thyroid ke lalacewa a hankali ta hanyar ƙwayoyin halitta da ƙwayoyin rigakafi iri-iri. Hashimoto's thyroiditis yana da alaƙa da thyroid peroxidase da thyroglobulin autoantibodies &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=McLachlan SM, Nagayama Y, Pichurin PN |date=December 2007 |title=The Link between Graves' Disease and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: A Role for Regulatory T Cells |journal=Endocrinology |volume=148 |issue=12 |pages=5724–33 |doi=10.1210/en.2007-1024 |pmid=17823263 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hashitoxicosis
* Ciwon thyroid
* Ciwon thyroid
* Hypoparathyroidism ; na iya shafar sinadarin calcium homeostasis, wanda ƙarinsa ya magance matsalolin baƙin ciki wanda hypoparathyroidism shine kawai abin da ke haifar da shi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bohrer T, Krannich JH |year=2007 |title=Depression as a manifestation of latent chronic hypoparathyroidism |journal=World Journal of Biological Psychiatry |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=56–9 |doi=10.1080/15622970600995146 |pmid=17366354 |s2cid=23319026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ciwon Pituitary ===
Ciwon daji na glandar pituitary ya zama ruwan dare a cikin al'umma baki ɗaya, inda kiyasin ya kai har zuwa kashi 25%. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Pituitary Macroadenomas: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123223-overview |journal=Medscape |url-access=registration |access-date=14 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin ciwon daji ana ɗaukar su marasa lahani kuma galibi ana gano su ne a lokacin gwajin gawawwaki ko kuma lokacin da ake ɗaukar hoton jijiyoyi, wanda hakan ke sa a yi musu lakabi da &quot; incidentalomas &quot;. Ko da a cikin mawuyacin hali, ciwon daji na pituitary na iya shafar canje-canjen fahimta, hali da motsin rai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Meyers CA |year=1998 |title=Neurobehavioral functioning of adults with pituitary disease. |journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=168–72 |doi=10.1159/000012277 |pmid=9667064 |s2cid=46806241}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |author-link3=William T. Couldwell |display-authors=etal |vauthors=Ezzat S, Asa SL, Couldwell WT |date=August 2004 |title=The prevalence of pituitary adenomas |journal=Cancer |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=613–9 |doi=10.1002/cncr.20412 |pmid=15274075 |s2cid=16595581 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na pituitary ba su wuce 10 ba&amp;nbsp;diamita na mm kuma gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar su marasa lahani, duk da haka kasancewar microadenoma an tabbatar da cewa yana da haɗarin kashe kansa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Alicja Furgal-Borzycha |display-authors=etal |date=October 2007 |title=Increased Incidence of Pituitary Microadenomas in Suicide Victims |journal=Neuropsychobiology |volume=55 |issue=3–4 |pages=163–166 |doi=10.1159/000106475 |pmid=17657169 |s2cid=34408650}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

&quot;... an gano marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar pituitary kuma an yi musu magani saboda baƙin ciki kuma ba su nuna wata amsa ba ga maganin baƙin ciki&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Weitzner MA, Kanfer S, Booth-Jones M |year=2005 |title=Apathy and Pituitary Disease: It Has Nothing to Do With Depression |journal=Journal of Neuropsychiatry |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=159–66 |doi=10.1176/appi.neuropsych.17.2.159 |pmid=15939968}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pancreas ===

* Hawan jini : yawan samar da insulin yana haifar da raguwar matakan glucose a jini. A wani bincike da aka yi kan marasa lafiya da ke murmurewa daga mummunan rauni a cikin huhu a cikin kulawa mai zurfi, waɗanda suka kamu da rashin isasshen jini yayin da suke asibiti sun nuna ƙaruwar baƙin ciki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=Dowdy DW, Dinglas V, Mendez-Tellez PA |date=October 2008 |title=Intensive care unit hypoglycemia predicts depression during early recovery from acute lung injury* |journal=Critical Care Medicine |volume=36 |issue=10 |pages=2726–33 |doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e31818781f5 |pmc=2605796 |pmid=18766087}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin Jijiyoyi ==

=== Ciwon CNS ===
Baya ga ciwon pituitary, ciwon daji a wurare daban-daban a cikin tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya na iya haifar da alamun damuwa kuma a gano su a matsayin baƙin ciki mara kyau. &lt;ref name=&quot;newsweek.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 November 2007 |title=Is It Depression--or a Tumor? |url=https://www.newsweek.com/it-depression-or-tumor-96663 |access-date=20 July 2010 |website=Newsweek}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.newsweek.com/it-depression-or-tumor-96663 &quot;Is It Depression--or a Tumor?&quot;]. ''Newsweek''. 21 November 2007&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 July&lt;/span&gt; 2010&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lahmeyer HW |date=June 1982 |title=Frontal lobe meningioma and depression. |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=254–5 |pmid=7085582}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ciwon bayan bugun jini ===
'''Ciwon Bayan Rushewar Jijiyoyi''' (PCS), wani rukuni ne na alamun da mutum zai iya fuskanta na tsawon makonni, watanni, ko kuma wasu lokuta bayan ruɗewar jijiyoyi tare da yawan kamuwa da cutar da kashi 38-80% a cikin raunin kwakwalwa mai rauni, kuma yana iya faruwa a cikin mawuyacin hali na raunin kwakwalwa mai tsanani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rao V, Lyketsos C |year=2000 |title=Neuropsychiatric sequelae of traumatic brain injury |journal=Psychosomatics |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=95–103 |doi=10.1176/appi.psy.41.2.95 |pmid=10749946 |s2cid=6717589 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya gano cutar lokacin da alamun da suka samo asali daga ruɗewar jijiyoyi, dangane da sharuɗɗa, suka wuce watanni uku zuwa shida bayan raunin, wanda a wannan yanayin ana kiransa da ciwon bayan ruɗewar jijiyoyi mai ɗorewa (PPCS). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=McHugh T, Laforce R, Gallagher P, Quinn S, Diggle P, Buchanan L |year=2006 |title=Natural history of the long-term cognitive, affective, and physical sequelae of mild traumatic brain injury |journal=Brain and Cognition |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=209–211 |doi=10.1016/j.bandc.2004.09.018 |pmid=16646125 |s2cid=53190838}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |year=2006 |title=Postconcussion Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/828904-overview |journal=Medscape |url-access=registration |access-date=11 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schnadower D, Vazquez H, Lee J, Dayan P, Roskind CG |year=2007 |title=Controversies in the evaluation and management of minor blunt head trauma in children |journal=Current Opinion in Pediatrics |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=258–264 |doi=10.1097/MOP.0b013e3281084e85 |pmid=17505183 |s2cid=20231463}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bigler ED |year=2008 |title=Neuropsychology and clinical neuroscience of persistent post-concussive syndrome |journal=Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1017/S135561770808017X |pmid=18078527 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite journal |last=Evans RW |year=2004 |title=Post-traumatic headaches |journal=Neurologic Clinics |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=237–249 |doi=10.1016/S0733-8619(03)00097-5 |pmid=15062537 |s2cid=18249136}}
&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wani bincike kan yawan alamun ciwon bayan ruɗewar jijiyoyi a cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da baƙin ciki ta amfani da Inventory na British Columbia Postconcussion Symptom Inventory : &quot;Kusan marasa lafiya 9 cikin 10 da ke fama da baƙin ciki sun cika sharuɗɗan rahoton kansu na ciwon bayan ruɗewar jijiyoyi kuma sama da 5 cikin 10 sun cika sharuɗɗan ra'ayin mazan jiya don ganewar asali.&quot; Waɗannan ƙimar da aka bayar da kansu sun fi waɗanda aka samu a cikin hirar asibiti da aka tsara. Kulawa ta yau da kullun ta nuna alamun PCS da kuma waɗanda ke neman ayyukan kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa. Akwai muhawara mai yawa game da gano cutar PCS a wani ɓangare saboda tasirin likitanci da shari'a da kuma sakamakon kuɗi na karɓar ganewar cutar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Iverson GL |date=May 2006 |title=Misdiagnosis of the persistent postconcussion syndrome in patients with depression |journal=Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=303–10 |doi=10.1016/j.acn.2005.12.008 |pmid=16797916 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tasirin Pseudobulbar ===
Pseudobulbar affect (PBA) wata cuta ce ta hana kamuwa da cuta wadda ba a san ta sosai ba a asibiti kuma galibi ba a yi mata magani ba saboda rashin sanin alamun cutar; ana iya gane ta a matsayin ɓacin rai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=Archiniegas DB, Lauterbach EC, Anderson KE, Chow TW |year=2005 |title=The differential diagnosis of pseudobulbar affect (PBA). Distinguishing PBA among disorders of mood and affect. Proceedings of a roundtable meeting. |journal=CNS Spectr |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.1017/S1092852900026602 |pmid=15962457 |s2cid=45811704}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sau da yawa tana faruwa ne sakamakon cututtukan da ke haifar da jijiyoyi daban-daban kamar su amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, kuma tana iya faruwa ne sakamakon raunin kai. Ana siffanta PBA da dariya da/ko kuka ba tare da son rai ba. PBA tana da yawan kamuwa da cutar tare da kimantawa na mutane miliyan 1.5-2 a Amurka kaɗai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Moore SR, Gresham LS, Bromberg MB, Kasarkis EJ, Smith RA |year=1997 |title=A self report measure of affective lability |journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=89–93 |doi=10.1136/jnnp.63.1.89 |pmc=2169647 |pmid=9221973}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Magungunan sclerosis da yawa ===
[[Sclerosis da yawa|Ciwon sclerosis mai yawa]] cuta ce ta yau da kullun wadda ke haifar da lalacewar ƙwayoyin halitta na myelin a cikin [[kwakwalwa]] da kashin baya ba tare da an gyara su ba. Alamomin ɓacin rai sun zama ruwan dare a cikin marasa lafiya a kowane mataki na cutar kuma ana iya ƙara ta'azzara su ta hanyar magunguna, musamman interferon beta-1a . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=R J Siegert |last2=D A Abernethy |year=2004 |title=Depression in multiple sclerosis: a review |journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry |volume=76 |issue=4 |pages=469–475 |doi=10.1136/jnnp.2004.054635 |pmc=1739575 |pmid=15774430}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Guba ta jijiyoyi ==
An nuna cewa akwai wasu sinadarai daban-daban da ke da tasirin cutar neurotoxic, wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu suna da alaƙa da haifar da baƙin ciki.

=== Shan taba sigari ===
An gudanar da bincike wanda ke nuna alaƙa tsakanin shan sigari da baƙin ciki. Sakamakon wani bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa shan sigari na iya yin tasiri kai tsaye ga ci gaban baƙin ciki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Smoking Linked to Increased Depression Risk |url=https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/723266 |url-access=registration |access-date=14 July 2010 |website=Medscape}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gudanar da bincike daban-daban da ke nuna alaƙa mai kyau tsakanin shan sigari, tunanin kashe kai da yunƙurin kashe kai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Iwasaki M, Akechi T, Uchitomi Y, Tsugane S |date=April 2005 |title=Cigarette Smoking and Completed Suicide among Middle-aged Men: A Population-based Cohort Study in Japan |journal=Annals of Epidemiology |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=286–92 |doi=10.1016/j.annepidem.2004.08.011 |pmid=15780776}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Miller M, Hemenway D, Rimm E |date=May 2000 |title=Cigarettes and suicide: a prospective study of 50,000 men. |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=90 |issue=5 |pages=768–73 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.90.5.768 |pmc=1446219 |pmid=10800427}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wani bincike da aka gudanar tsakanin ma'aikatan jinya, wadanda ke shan taba tsakanin sigari 1-24 a rana suna da ninki biyu na barazanar kashe kansu; sigari 25 ko fiye, sau 4 na barazanar kashe kansu, fiye da wadanda ba su taba shan taba ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hemenway D, Solnick SJ, Colditz GA |date=February 1993 |title=Smoking and suicide among nurses. |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=249–51 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.83.2.249 |pmc=1694571 |pmid=8427332}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Thomas Bronischa |last2=Michael Höflerab |last3=Roselind Liebac |date=May 2008 |title=Smoking predicts suicidality: Findings from a prospective community study |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=108 |issue=1 |pages=135–145 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2007.10.010 |pmid=18023879}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wani bincike da aka yi wa sojojin Amurka maza 300,000, an lura da wata alaƙa mai karfi tsakanin kashe kansu da shan taba, inda wadanda ke shan taba a kan fakiti daya a rana suka ninka wadanda ba sa shan taba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Miller M, Hemenway D, Bell NS, Yore MM, Amoroso PJ |date=June 2000 |title=Cigarette smoking and suicide: a prospective study of 300,000 male active-duty Army soldiers. |journal=American Journal of Epidemiology |volume=151 |issue=11 |pages=1060–3 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010148 |pmid=10873129 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Quote box|title=Link Between Smoking Depression and Suicide}}

=== Magani ===
Ana zargin magunguna daban-daban da haifar da alaƙa a cikin ci gaban baƙin ciki; an rarraba wannan a matsayin &quot;ciwon yanayi na halitta&quot;. An san wasu nau'ikan magunguna kamar waɗanda ake amfani da su don magance [[Hawan jini|hauhawar jini]] tsawon shekaru da yawa a matsayin suna da alaƙa ta ƙarshe da ci gaban baƙin ciki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ried LD, Tueth MJ, Handberg E, Kupfer S, Pepine CJ |year=2005 |title=A Study of Antihypertensive Drugs and Depressive Symptoms (SADD-Sx) in Patients Treated With a Calcium Antagonist Versus an Atenolol Hypertension Treatment Strategy in the International Verapamil SR-Trandolapril Study (INVEST) |journal=Psychosomatic Medicine |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=398–406 |doi=10.1097/01.psy.0000160468.69451.7f |pmid=15911902 |s2cid=27978181}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sau da yawa ana nuna sa ido kan waɗanda ke shan magunguna waɗanda suka nuna alaƙa da baƙin ciki, da kuma buƙatar yin la'akari da amfani da irin waɗannan magunguna a cikin tsarin ganewar asali. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Patten |first=SB |last2=Love |first2=EJ |year=1993 |title=Can drugs cause depression? A review of the evidence. |journal=Journal of Psychiatry &amp; Neuroscience |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=92–102 |pmc=1188504 |pmid=8499431}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Tretinoin na shafawa (Retin-A); an samo shi ne daga Vitamin A kuma ana amfani da shi don cututtuka daban-daban kamar maganin shafawa na shafawa da ake amfani da shi don magance kuraje vulgaris . Duk da cewa ana shafawa a fata a waje, yana iya shiga cikin jini ya ketare shingen kwakwalwa na jini inda zai iya haifar da illa ga jijiyoyi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bremner JD, McCaffery P |date=February 2008 |title=The neurobiology of retinoic acid in affective disorders |journal=Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=315–31 |doi=10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.07.001 |pmc=2704911 |pmid=17707566}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* An gano nau'ikan interferons guda uku; sunadaran da jikin ɗan adam ke samarwa, nau'ikan ''alpha, beta'' da ''gamma'' . Ana amfani da nau'ikan roba a cikin magunguna daban-daban da ake amfani da su don magance cututtuka daban-daban kamar amfani da interferon-alpha a cikin [[Chemotherapy|maganin ciwon daji]] da maganin [[Hepatitis C|hepatitis C.]] Duk nau'ikan interferons guda uku na iya haifar da baƙin ciki da tunanin kashe kai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Debien C, De Chouly De Lenclave MB, Foutrein P, Bailly D |year=2001 |title=Alpha-interferon and mental disorders. |journal=L'Encéphale |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=308–17 |pmid=11686052}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shafawa na yau da kullun ga organophosphates ===
Illolin tabin hankali na yau da kullun na organophosphate sun haɗa da rikicewar yanayi, tunanin kashe kai da ɗabi'a, raunin fahimta da gajiya mai ɗorewa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Robert Davies |last2=Ghouse Ahmed |last3=Tegwedd Freer |year=2000 |title=Chronic exposure to organophosphates: background and clinical picture |url=http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/6/3/187 |journal=Advances in Psychiatric Treatment |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=187–192 |doi=10.1192/apt.6.3.187 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin Halayyar Jiki ==

=== Matsalar Bipolar ===

* Sau da yawa ana gane [[Cutar bipolar|matsalar rashin lafiyar bipolar]] a matsayin babban damuwa, don haka ana magance ta da magungunan rage damuwa kawai, wanda ba wai kawai ba shi da tasiri ba, galibi ana hana shi saboda yana iya ƙara tsananta rashin lafiyar jiki, rashin hankali, ko kuma zagayowar yanayi tsakanin yanayi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bowden CL |date=January 2001 |title=Strategies to reduce misdiagnosis of bipolar depression. |journal=Psychiatric Services |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=51–5 |doi=10.1176/appi.ps.52.1.51 |pmid=11141528}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Matza LS, Rajagopalan KS, Thompson CL, de Lissovoy G |date=November 2005 |title=Misdiagnosed patients with bipolar disorder: comorbidities, treatment patterns, and direct treatment costs. |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=66 |issue=11 |pages=1432–40 |doi=10.4088/jcp.v66n1114 |pmid=16420081}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai muhawara game da ko ya kamata a rarraba wannan a matsayin wata cuta daban saboda mutanen da aka gano suna da babban damuwa galibi suna fuskantar wasu alamun rashin lafiyar jiki, wanda ke nuna ci gaba tsakanin su biyun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Akiskal HS, Benazzi F |year=2006 |title=The DSM-IV and ICD-10 categories of recurrent [major] depressive and bipolar II disorders: Evidence that they lie on a dimensional spectrum |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=45–54 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2005.12.035 |pmid=16488021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rashin abinci mai gina jiki ==
Abinci mai gina jiki yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a kowace fuska ta kula da lafiyar jiki da ta hankali. Rashin isasshen abinci mai gina jiki ko rashin isasshen abinci mai gina jiki na iya yin tasiri sosai ga lafiyar kwakwalwa. Fannin da ke tasowa na ilimin halittar jiki mai gina jiki yana bincika alaƙar da ke tsakanin abinci, aikin jijiyoyi da lafiyar kwakwalwa.

* Bitamin &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwApM&quot;&gt;B6&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; : pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), nau'in &lt;sub&gt;B6&lt;/sub&gt; mai aiki, wani abu ne mai haɗin gwiwa a cikin hanyar dopamine serotonin, rashin bitamin &lt;sub&gt;B6&lt;/sub&gt; na iya haifar da alamun damuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hvas AM, Juul S |last2=Bech P, Nexø E |year=2004 |title=Vitamin B&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt; Level Is Associated with Symptoms of Depression |journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics |volume=73 |issue=6 |pages=340–3 |doi=10.1159/000080386 |pmid=15479988 |s2cid=37706794}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Folate (bitamin &lt;sub&gt;B9&lt;/sub&gt; ) – Vitamin B 12 cobalamin: An gano ƙarancin jini a cikin jini musamman ja cell folate da raguwar matakan bitamin B 12 a cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da matsalolin damuwa. &quot;[W]an ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi ƙoƙarin shan maganin folic acid (800 μg/(mcg) kowace rana) da bitamin B12 (1 [[Kilogram|mg]] kowace rana) don inganta sakamakon magani a cikin damuwa.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Coppen A, Bolander-Gouaille C |date=January 2005 |title=Treatment of depression: time to consider folic acid and vitamin B12 |journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=59–65 |doi=10.1177/0269881105048899 |pmid=15671130 |s2cid=4828454}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rao NP, Kumar NC, Raman BR, Sivakumar PT, Pandey RS |year=2008 |title=Role of vitamin B12 in depressive disorder — a case report☆ |journal=General Hospital Psychiatry |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=185–6 |doi=10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2007.09.002 |pmid=18291301}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Manyan kitse masu sarkakiya : an danganta matakan omega-6 mafi girma da ƙananan matakan omega-3 mai kitse da baƙin ciki da canjin hali.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kiecolt-Glaser JK. |display-authors=etal |date=April 2007 |title=Depressive symptoms, omega-6:omega-3 fatty acids, and inflammation in older adults. |journal=Psychosom. Med. |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=217–224 |doi=10.1097/PSY.0b013e3180313a45 |pmc=2856352 |pmid=17401057}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dinan T, Siggins L, Scully P, O'Brien S, Ross P, Stanton C |date=January 2009 |title=Investigating the inflammatory phenotype of major depression: Focus on cytokines and polyunsaturated fatty acids |journal=Journal of Psychiatric Research |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=471–6 |doi=10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.06.003 |pmid=18640689}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Rashin Vitamin D yana da alaƙa da baƙin ciki

== Matsalolin Barci ==

* Rashin barci : Duk da cewa rashin iya yin barci sau da yawa alama ce ta baƙin ciki, a wasu lokutan kuma yana iya zama abin da ke haifar da ciwon damuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lustberg L, Reynolds CF |date=June 2000 |title=Depression and insomnia: questions of cause and effect |journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=253–262 |doi=10.1053/smrv.1999.0075 |pmid=12531168}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Wilson&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wilson |first=S. J. |display-authors=etal |date=2 September 2010 |title=British Association for Psychopharmacology consensus statement on evidence-based treatment of insomnia, parasomnias and circadian rhythm disorders. |journal=J Psychopharm |volume=24 |issue=11 |pages=1577–601 |doi=10.1177/0269881110379307 |pmid=20813762 |s2cid=16823040}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana iya zama na ɗan lokaci, mai tsanani ko na yau da kullun. Yana iya zama babban cuta ko kuma na ciwon da ke tare da shi.
* [[Cutar kafafu marasa kwanciyar hankali|Ciwon ƙafafu marasa hutawa]] (RLS), wanda aka fi sani da ciwon ƙafafu marasa hutawa [[Cutar kafafu marasa kwanciyar hankali|(Wittmaack-Ekbom's syndrome]] ), yana da alaƙa da sha'awar motsa jikin mutum don dakatar da jin rashin jin daɗi ko na ban mamaki. Ya fi shafar ƙafafu, amma kuma yana iya shafar hannaye ko gangar jiki, har ma da gaɓoɓin fatalwa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Skidmore FM, Drago V, Foster PS, Heilman KM |year=2009 |title=Bilateral restless legs affecting a phantom limb, treated with dopamine agonists |journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry |volume=80 |issue=5 |pages=569–70 |doi=10.1136/jnnp.2008.152652 |pmid=19372293 |s2cid=23584726}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciwon ƙafa marasa hutawa yana da alaƙa da [[babban rashin damuwa]] . &quot;Raɗin rashin daidaituwa don gano babban rashin damuwa... ya nuna alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin ciwon ƙafafu marasa hutawa da babban rashin damuwa da/ko rashin tsoro.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=Lee HB, Hening WA, Allen RP |year=2008 |title=Restless Legs Syndrome is Associated with DSM-IV Major Depressive Disorder and Panic Disorder in the Community |journal=Journal of Neuropsychiatry |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=101–5 |doi=10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20.1.101 |pmid=18305292}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Bugawar bacci|Ciwon numfashi na barci (sleep apnea)]] wata matsala ce ta barci wadda ke tattare da dakatawa a lokacin [[Bacci|barci]] . Kowace matsala, da ake kira apnea, tana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo har a rasa numfashi ɗaya ko fiye; irin waɗannan abubuwan suna faruwa akai-akai a duk tsawon lokacin zagayowar barci. Ciwon numfashi na barci wanda ba a gano ba na iya haifar ko kuma ya haifar da tsananin baƙin ciki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Harris M, Glozier N, Ratnavadivel R, Grunstein RR |date=December 2009 |title=Obstructive sleep apnea and depression |journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=437–44 |doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2009.04.001 |pmid=19596599 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Matsalolin barci na Circadian rhythm, waɗanda likitoci kaɗan ne suka sani, galibi ba a yi musu magani ko kuma ana yi musu magani ba daidai ba, kamar lokacin da aka gano cewa rashin barci na farko ko kuma a matsayin yanayin tabin hankali. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dagan Y |year=2002 |title=Circadian rhythm sleep disorders (CRSD) |url=http://www.neurosono.com.br/arquivos/1155473343.pdf |url-status=dead |format=PDF: full text |journal=Sleep Med Rev |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=45–54 |doi=10.1053/smrv.2001.0190 |pmid=12531141 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227161654/http://www.neurosono.com.br/arquivos/1155473343.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-27 |access-date=2007-11-08 |quote=Early onset of CRSD, the ease of diagnosis, the high frequency of misdiagnosis and erroneous treatment, the potentially harmful psychological and adjustment consequences, and the availability of promising treatments, all indicate the importance of greater awareness of these disorders.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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Baƙin ciki''', ɗaya daga cikin cututtukan tabin hankali da aka fi ganowa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sharp LK, Lipsky MS |date=September 2002 |title=Screening for depression across the lifespan: a review of measures for use in primary care settings |journal=American Family Physician |volume=66 |issue=6 |pages=1001–8 |pmid=12358212}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Torzsa P, Szeifert L, Dunai K, Kalabay L, Novák M |date=September 2009 |title=A depresszió diagnosztikája és kezelése a családorvosi gyakorlatban |journal=Orvosi Hetilap |volume=150 |issue=36 |pages=1684–93 |doi=10.1556/OH.2009.28675 |pmid=19709983 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; ana gano shi a cikin adadi mai yawa a sassa daban-daban na al'umma a duk duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=College Students Exhibiting More Severe Mental Illness, Study Finds |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2010/08/students-mental-illness.aspx |access-date=14 August 2010 |website=[[American Psychological Association]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lambert KG |year=2006 |title=Rising rates of depression in today's society: Consideration of the roles of effort-based rewards and enhanced resilience in day-to-day functioning |journal=Neuroscience &amp; Biobehavioral Reviews |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=497–510 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.09.002 |pmid=16253328 |s2cid=12525915}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baƙin ciki a Amurka kaɗai yana shafar Amurkawa miliyan 17.6 kowace shekara ko mutum 1 cikin 6. Marasa lafiya masu baƙin ciki suna fuskantar haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon suga na nau'in 2, cututtukan zuciya da kuma kashe kansu. A cikin shekaru ashirin masu zuwa, ana sa ran ɓacin rai zai zama babban sanadin nakasa na biyu a duniya kuma babban sanadin a ƙasashe masu kuɗi mai yawa, ciki har da Amurka. A cikin kusan kashi 75% na kashe kansu, mutanen sun ga likita a cikin shekarar da ta gabata kafin mutuwarsu, kashi 45-66% a cikin watan da ya gabata. Kimanin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na waɗanda suka mutu sakamakon kashe kansu sun taɓa tuntuɓar hukumomin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin shekarar da ta gabata, kashi ɗaya bisa biyar a cikin watan da ya gabata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=19 August 2010 |title=Depression and Suicide: Overview, Etiology of Depression and Suicidality, Epidemiology of Depression and Suicide |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/805459-overview |journal=Medscape |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=González HM |last2=Vega WA |last3=Williams DR |last4=Tarraf W |last5=West BT |last6=Neighbors HW |date=January 2010 |title=Depression Care in the United States: Too Little for Too Few |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=37–46 |doi=10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.168 |pmc=2887749 |pmid=20048221}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Luoma JB, Martin CE, Pearson JL |date=June 2002 |title=Contact with mental health and primary care providers before suicide: a review of the evidence |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=159 |issue=6 |pages=909–16 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.159.6.909 |pmc=5072576 |pmid=12042175}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lee HC, Lin HC, Liu TC, Lin SY |date=June 2008 |title=Contact of mental and nonmental health care providers prior to suicide in Taiwan: a population-based study |journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=377–83 |doi=10.1177/070674370805300607 |pmid=18616858 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pirkis J, Burgess P |date=December 1998 |title=Suicide and recency of health care contacts. A systematic review |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=173 |issue=6 |pages=462–74 |doi=10.1192/bjp.173.6.462 |pmid=9926074 |s2cid=43144463}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwai cututtuka da dama na tabin hankali da na lafiya waɗanda za su iya kama da wasu ko duk alamun baƙin ciki ko kuma suna iya faruwa da juna . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Busko |first=Marlene |title=Adults Admitted to a Mood-Disorder Clinic Are Often Misdiagnosed |url=https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/582125 |url-access=registration |access-date=16 August 2010 |website=Medscape}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jones DR, Macias C, Barreira PJ, Fisher WH, Hargreaves WA, Harding CM |date=November 2004 |title=Prevalence, Severity, and Co-occurrence of Chronic Physical Health Problems of Persons with Serious Mental Illness |journal=Psychiatric Services |volume=55 |issue=11 |pages=1250–7 |doi=10.1176/appi.ps.55.11.1250 |pmc=2759895 |pmid=15534013}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Felker B, Yazel JJ, Short D |date=December 1996 |title=Mortality and medical comorbidity among psychiatric patients: a review |journal=Psychiatric Services |volume=47 |issue=12 |pages=1356–63 |doi=10.1176/ps.47.12.1356 |pmid=9117475}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cutar tabin hankali ko ta likita wacce ke da alamomi da halaye na wata cuta, kuma wataƙila ita ce ainihin sanadin bayyanar cututtuka da aka ambata ana kiranta da ganewar asali daban-daban .  Ana gano yawancin cututtukan tabin hankali kamar baƙin ciki ta hanyar ƙwararrun likitoci waɗanda ba su da horo sosai ko kuma ba su da ilimin likitanci,  kuma ana yin su ne bisa ga bayyanar cututtuka ba tare da la'akari da ainihin dalilin ba, yawanci ba a yin cikakken bincike na ganewar asali daban-daban. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=Singh H, Thomas EJ, Wilson L |date=July 2010 |title=Errors of Diagnosis in Pediatric Practice: A Multisite Survey |journal=Pediatrics |volume=126 |issue=1 |pages=70–9 |doi=10.1542/peds.2009-3218 |pmc=2921702 |pmid=20566604}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Margolis RL |year=1994 |title=Nonpsychiatrist house staff frequently misdiagnose psychiatric disorders in general hospital inpatients |journal=Psychosomatics |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=485–91 |doi=10.1016/S0033-3182(94)71743-6 |pmid=7972664 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;  [9 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Scheinbaum BW |year=1979 |title=Psychiatric diagnostic error |journal=Schizophrenia Bulletin |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=560–3 |doi=10.1093/schbul/5.4.560 |pmid=515705 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hall RC, Popkin MK, Devaul RA, Faillace LA, Stickney SK |date=November 1978 |title=Physical illness presenting as psychiatric disease |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=1315–20 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1978.01770350041003 |pmid=568461}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Small GW |date=December 2009 |title=Differential Diagnoses and Assessment of Depression in Elderly Patients |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=70 |issue=12 |pages=e47 |doi=10.4088/JCP.8001tx20c |pmid=20141704}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wani bincike, &quot;masu ba da kulawar lafiyar kwakwalwa marasa lafiya na iya fuskantar haɗarin rashin gane cututtukan likita da aka rufe a cikin marasa lafiyarsu.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grace GD, Christensen RC |year=2007 |title=Recognizing psychologically masked illnesses: the need for collaborative relationships in mental health care |journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=433–6 |doi=10.4088/pcc.v09n0605 |pmc=2139921 |pmid=18185822}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuskuren ganewar asali ko kuma rashin ganewar asali na iya haifar da rashin magani ko rashin ingantaccen magani kuma mai yuwuwar cutarwa wanda zai iya ƙara ta'azzara matsalar da ke haifar da ita. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Witztum E, Margolin J, Bar-On R, Levy A |year=1995 |title=Stigma, labelling and psychiatric misdiagnosis: origins and outcomes |journal=Medicine and Law |volume=14 |issue=7–8 |pages=659–69 |pmid=8668014}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Margolin J, Witztum E, Levy A |date=June 1995 |title=Consequences of misdiagnosis and labeling in psychiatry |journal=Harefuah |volume=128 |issue=12 |pages=763–7, 823 |pmid=7557684}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani kiyasi mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ya nuna cewa kashi 10% na dukkan alamomin tabin hankali na iya zama saboda dalilai na likita, &lt;ref&gt;When Psychological Problems Mask Medical Disorders: A Guide for Psychotherapists. Morrison J: New York, Guilford, 1997 {{ISBN|1-57230-539-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da sakamakon wani bincike da ke nuna cewa kusan rabin mutanen da ke da mummunar rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa &quot;suna da yanayin lafiya na gabaɗaya waɗanda ba a gano su ba kuma ba a yi musu magani ba kuma suna iya haifar da ko ƙara ta'azzara alamun tabin hankali&quot;.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hall RC, Gardner ER, Stickney SK, LeCann AF, Popkin MK |date=September 1980 |title=Physical illness manifesting as psychiatric disease. II. Analysis of a state hospital inpatient population |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=37 |issue=9 |pages=989–95 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1980.01780220027002 |pmid=7416911}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wani lamari na ɓacin rai da aka ruwaito a cikin ''Newsweek'', wata marubuciya ta sami maganin baƙin ciki na tsawon shekaru; a cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata na ɓacin rai, alamun sun tsananta, wanda ya haifar da yunƙurin kashe kanta da yawa da kuma kwantar da hankalin mutane a asibiti. Lokacin da aka yi mata gwajin MRI a ƙarshe, ya nuna kasancewar ƙari. Duk da haka, wani likitan kwakwalwa ya gaya mata cewa ba shi da lahani. Bayan ta ƙara fuskantar mummunan alamun, kuma bayan wani likitan kwakwalwa ya sake ganinta, an cire ƙari. Bayan tiyatar, ba ta sake samun alamun baƙin ciki ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;newsweek.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 November 2007 |title=Is It Depression--or a Tumor? |url=https://www.newsweek.com/it-depression-or-tumor-96663 |access-date=20 July 2010 |website=Newsweek}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cututtukan garkuwar jiki ==

* Cutar Celiac ; cuta ce ta garkuwar jiki wadda jiki ba ya iya narke gluten wanda ake samu a cikin [[Hatsi|hatsi daban-daban na abinci]], musamman alkama, da kuma hatsin rai da sha'ir. Binciken da aka gudanar a yanzu ya nuna cewa alamun cutar kwakwalwa na iya bayyana ba tare da alamun ciki ba.

: &quot;Duk da haka, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya jaddada cewa yawancin cututtukan jijiyoyi na iya zama bayyanar da ke nuna rashin jin daɗin gluten tare da ko ba tare da cututtukan hanji ba.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bushara KO |date=April 2005 |title=Neurologic presentation of celiac disease. |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=128 |issue=4 Suppl 1 |pages=S92–7 |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2005.02.018 |pmid=15825133 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Lupus]] : Ciwon lupus erythematosus na tsarin jiki (SLE), cuta ce ta haɗin kai ta jiki wadda ke iya shafar kowane ɓangare na jiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Andrews&quot;&gt;James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). ''Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology''. (10th ed.). Saunders. {{ISBN|0-7216-2921-0}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Lupus na iya haifar da ko kuma ta ƙara ta'azzara baƙin ciki. 

== Kamuwa da cuta ta ƙwayoyin cuta-viral-parasite ==

* Cutar Lyme ; kamuwa da cuta ce ta ƙwayoyin cuta da Borrelia burgdorferi, [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayar cuta]] mai suna spirochete da Deer tick ( Ixodes scapularis ) ke ɗauka. Cutar Lyme tana ɗaya daga cikin rukuni na cututtuka waɗanda suka sami sunan &quot;babban mai kwaikwayon&quot; saboda yadda suke kwaikwayon alamun cututtuka daban-daban na likitanci da na tabin hankali. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fallon BA, Nields JA |date=November 1994 |title=Lyme disease: a neuropsychiatric illness. |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=151 |issue=11 |pages=1571–83 |doi=10.1176/ajp.151.11.1571 |pmid=7943444 |s2cid=22568915}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=Hájek T, Pasková B, Janovská D |date=February 2002 |title=Higher prevalence of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in psychiatric patients than in healthy subjects. |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=159 |issue=2 |pages=297–301 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.159.2.297 |pmid=11823274}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cutar Lyme cuta ce da ba a gano ta sosai ba, wani ɓangare sakamakon rikitarwa da rashin dogaro da gwajin serologic . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fallon BA, Kochevar JM, Gaito A, Nields JA |date=September 1998 |title=The underdiagnosis of neuropsychiatric Lyme disease in children and adults. |journal=The Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=693–703, viii |doi=10.1016/s0193-953x(05)70032-0 |pmid=9774805 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

: &quot;Saboda ƙaruwar cutar Lyme borreliosis cikin sauri a duk faɗin ƙasar da kuma buƙatar maganin rigakafi don hana mummunan lalacewar jijiyoyi, ƙwararrun likitocin kwakwalwa suna buƙatar sanin yiwuwar bayyanarta ta tabin hankali. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fallon BA, Nields JA, Parsons B, Liebowitz MR, Klein DF |date=July 1993 |title=Psychiatric manifestations of Lyme borreliosis. |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=54 |issue=7 |pages=263–8 |pmid=8335653}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Tunjere|Ciwon Syphilis]] ; wanda yawansa ke ƙaruwa, wani &quot;masu koyi da kyau&quot;, wanda idan ba a yi masa magani ba zai iya zama ciwon [[neurosyphilis]] kuma ya shafi kwakwalwa, zai iya bayyana tare da alamun cututtukan kwakwalwa kawai. &quot;Wannan shari'ar ta jaddada cewa har yanzu dole ne a yi la'akari da cututtukan neurosyphilis a cikin ganewar asali daban-daban a cikin mahallin yanayin tabin hankali da cututtuka. Saboda bayanan cututtuka na yanzu da matsaloli wajen gano cutar syphilis, gwaje-gwajen tantancewa na yau da kullun a fannin tabin hankali ya zama dole.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Friedrich F, Geusau A, Greisenegger S, Ossege M, Aigner M |year=2009 |title=Manifest psychosis in neurosyphilis |journal=General Hospital Psychiatry |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=379–81 |doi=10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2008.09.010 |pmid=19555800}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Neurocysticercosis (NCC): kamuwa da cuta ce ta kwakwalwa ko kashin baya wadda matakin tsutsar [[Farin tsusa|alade]], ''Taenia solium'', ke haifarwa. NCC ita ce cutar da ta fi kamari a tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya a duk duniya. Mutane suna kamuwa da cutar cysticercosis lokacin da suka ci ƙwai na tsutsar alade ta hanyar hulɗa da najasa mai gurbatacce ko cin kayan lambu da suka kamu da cutar ko naman alade da ba a dafa shi sosai ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid12364377&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=García HH, Evans CA, Nash TE |date=October 2002 |title=Current consensus guidelines for treatment of neurocysticercosis |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=747–56 |doi=10.1128/CMR.15.4.747-756.2002 |pmc=126865 |pmid=12364377}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Yayin da cutar cysticercosis ta zama ruwan dare a Latin Amurka, cuta ce da ke tasowa tare da ƙaruwar yaɗuwa a Amurka.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sorvillo FJ, DeGiorgio C, Waterman SH |date=February 2007 |title=Deaths from cysticercosis, United States. |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=230–5 |doi=10.3201/eid1302.060527 |pmc=2725874 |pmid=17479884}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Yawan baƙin ciki a cikin waɗanda ke fama da cutar neurocysticercosis ya fi na sauran jama'a.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Almeida SM, Gurjão SA |date=February 2010 |title=Frequency of depression among patients with neurocysticercosis. |journal=Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=76–80 |doi=10.1590/s0004-282x2010000100017 |pmid=20339658 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Toxoplasmosis ; kamuwa ne da ''Toxoplasma gondii'' wani kwayar cuta ce ta cikin ƙwayoyin cuta ta cikin ƙwayoyin halitta . Ana iya kamuwa da mutane ta hanyoyi uku daban-daban: shan [[Ƙullutu|ƙurar]] nama, shan oocysts, ko kuma kamuwa da cutar tachyzoites a cikin mahaifa . Ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin da ake bi wajen yaɗa cutar ga mutane shine saduwa da najasar nau'in halittar da ke cikin gida, wato kyanwa mai gida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Carruthers VB, Suzuki Y |date=May 2007 |title=Effects of Toxoplasma gondii Infection on the Brain |journal=Schizophrenia Bulletin |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=745–51 |doi=10.1093/schbul/sbm008 |pmc=2526127 |pmid=17322557}}&lt;/ref&gt; Toxoplasma gondii yana kamuwa da kusan kashi 30% na mutanen duniya, amma yana haifar da alamun cutar a cikin ƙaramin ɓangare na waɗanda suka kamu da cutar. An tabbatar da cewa kamuwa da cutar Toxoplasma gondii ( seropositivity ) ba tare da kamuwa da cutar Toxoplasmosis yana canza halaye daban-daban na halayen ɗan adam ba, kuma yana haifar da sanadin wasu matsalolin baƙin ciki, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Henriquez SA, Brett R, Alexander J, Pratt J, Roberts CW |year=2009 |title=Neuropsychiatric Disease and ''Toxoplasma gondii'' Infection |journal=Neuroimmunomodulation |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=122–33 |doi=10.1159/000180267 |pmid=19212132 |s2cid=7382051}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nilamadhab Karl |last2=Baikunthanath Misra |date=February 2004 |title=Toxoplasma gondii serpositivity and depression: a case report |journal=BMC Psychiatry |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1 |doi=10.1186/1471-244X-4-1 |pmc=356918 |pmid=15018628 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, bincike ya danganta cutar seropositivity da ƙaruwar kashe kai &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yagmur |first=F |last2=Yazar |first2=S |last3=Temel |first3=HO |last4=Cavusoglu |first4=M |year=2010 |title=May Toxoplasma gondii increase suicide attempt-preliminary results in Turkish subjects? |journal=Forensic Science International |volume=199 |issue=1–3 |pages=15–7 |doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.02.020 |pmid=20219300}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* An ruwaito cewa kwayar cutar West Nile (WNV); wacce ke iya haifar da [[Cutar ƙwaƙwalwa|cutar encephalitis]] ita ce sanadin kamuwa da baƙin ciki a cikin kashi 31% na waɗanda suka kamu da cutar a cikin wani bincike da aka gudanar a Houston, Texas kuma aka ba da rahoto ga Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka (CDC). Manyan [[Mai yaduwar cuta|cututtukan]] da ke yaɗa cutar ga mutane nau'ikan sauro ne daban-daban.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Berg PJ, Smallfield S, Svien L |date=April 2010 |title=An investigation of depression and fatigue post West Nile virus infection. |journal=South Dakota Medicine |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=127–9, 131–3 |pmid=20397375}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara gano WNV wanda ke yaɗuwa a Kudancin Turai, Afirka Gabas ta Tsakiya da Asiya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zeller HG, Schuffenecker I |date=March 2004 |title=West Nile Virus: An Overview of Its Spread in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin in Contrast to Its Spread in the Americas |journal=European Journal of Clinical Microbiology &amp; Infectious Diseases |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=147–56 |doi=10.1007/s10096-003-1085-1 |pmid=14986160 |s2cid=24372103}}&lt;/ref&gt; a Amurka a cikin 1999. Tsakanin 1999 da 2006, an ruwaito mutane 20,000 da aka tabbatar suna da alamun cutar WNV a Amurka, tare da kimantawa cewa har zuwa miliyan 1 suna kamuwa da cutar. &quot;WNV yanzu ita ce sanadin cutar encephalitis ta kwayar cuta a Amurka, kuma wataƙila za ta ci gaba da zama muhimmiyar sanadin cututtukan jijiyoyi nan gaba.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=Carson PJ, Konewko P, Wold KS |date=September 2006 |title=Long-Term Clinical and Neuropsychological Outcomes of West Nile Virus Infection |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=723–30 |doi=10.1086/506939 |pmid=16912946 |s2cid=2765866 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsalolin Jini ==

* [[Rashin jini]] : raguwar adadin ƙwayoyin jinin ja (RBCs) ko ƙasa da adadin haemoglobin na yau da kullun a cikin jini. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MedicineNet.com Definition of Anemia |url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=15491 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123013008/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=15491 |archive-date=2014-01-23 |access-date=2010-07-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alamomin damuwa suna da alaƙa da rashin jini a cikin yawan tsofaffi da ke zaune a cikin al'umma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=Onder G, Penninx BW, Cesari M |date=September 2005 |title=Anemia is associated with depression in older adults: results from the InCHIANTI study. |url=https://research.vu.nl/files/2124857/186770.pdf |journal=The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences |volume=60 |issue=9 |pages=1168–72 |doi=10.1093/gerona/60.9.1168 |pmid=16183958 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ciwon gajiya na yau da kullun ==
Ana kyautata zaton tsakanin Amurkawa miliyan 1 zuwa 4 suna da [[Myalgic encephalomyelitis / ciwon gajiya mai tsanani|ciwon gajiya mai tsanani]] (CFS), duk da haka kashi 50% ne kawai suka nemi likita don gano alamun CFS. Bugu da ƙari, mutanen da ke da alamun CFS galibi suna da matsalar lafiya ko ta tabin hankali da ba a gano ba kamar ciwon suga, cutar thyroid ko shan muggan kwayoyi. CFS, a wani lokaci ana ɗaukarta a matsayin yanayin psychosomatic a yanayi, yanzu ana ɗaukarta a matsayin wata cuta mai inganci wadda ganewar asali da magani da wuri za su iya taimakawa wajen rage ko magance alamun gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ME/CFS Basics |url=https://www.cdc.gov/me-cfs/about/index.html |access-date=20 July 2010 |website=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa sau da yawa ana gane ta a matsayin ɓacin rai, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Griffith JP, Zarrouf FA |year=2008 |title=A Systematic Review of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Don't Assume It's Depression. |journal=Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=120–8 |doi=10.4088/pcc.v10n0206 |pmc=2292451 |pmid=18458765}}&lt;/ref&gt; an lura da bambance-bambance a cikin yadda jini ke kwarara a kwakwalwa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=MacHale SM, Lawŕie SM, Cavanagh JT |date=June 2000 |title=Cerebral perfusion in chronic fatigue syndrome and depression. |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=176 |issue=6 |pages=550–6 |doi=10.1192/bjp.176.6.550 |pmid=10974961 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba a gano cutar CFS sosai a cikin fiye da kashi 80% na mutanen da ke dauke da ita ba; a lokaci guda kuma, sau da yawa ba a gane ta a matsayin baƙin ciki ba. 

== Matsalolin abinci ==

* Rashin shan fructose da rashin jure lactose ; ƙarancin jigilar fructose ta hanyar duodenum, ko kuma ta hanyar ƙarancin enzyme, lactase a cikin layin mucosal, bi da bi. Sakamakon wannan rashin shan saccharides yana isa ga hanji kuma ƙwayoyin cuta suna narkewa ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke canza su zuwa gajerun sarƙoƙi masu kitse, CO2, da kuma &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwATs&quot;&gt;H2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; . Kimanin kashi 50% na waɗanda abin ya shafa suna nuna alamun cutar hanji mai ɓacin rai . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ledochowski M, Widner B, Sperner-Unterweger B, Propst T, Vogel W, Fuchs D |date=July 2000 |title=Carbohydrate malabsorption syndromes and early signs of mental depression in females. |journal=Digestive Diseases and Sciences |volume=45 |issue=7 |pages=1255–9 |doi=10.1023/A:1005527230346 |pmid=10961700 |s2cid=25720361}}&lt;/ref&gt;

: &quot;Rashin shan fructose na iya taka rawa wajen ci gaban yanayin damuwa. Ya kamata a yi la'akari da rashin shan fructose ga marasa lafiya da ke da alamun babban baƙin ciki....&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ledochowski M, Sperner-Unterweger B, Widner B, Fuchs D |date=June 1998 |title=Fructose malabsorption is associated with early signs of mental depression. |journal=European Journal of Medical Research |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=295–8 |pmid=9620891}}&lt;/ref&gt;

: &quot;Rage cin abinci mai ɗauke da fructose da sorbitol ga mutanen da ke fama da matsalar rashin narkewar fructose ba wai kawai yana rage alamun ciwon ciki ba, har ma yana inganta yanayi da alamun farko na baƙin ciki.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ledochowski M, Widner B, Bair H, Probst T, Fuchs D |date=October 2000 |title=Fructose- and Sorbitol-reduced Diet Improves Mood and Gastrointestinal Disturbances in Fructose Malabsorbers |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology |volume=35 |issue=10 |pages=1048–52 |citeseerx=10.1.1.491.1764 |doi=10.1080/003655200451162 |pmid=11099057 |s2cid=218909742}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsalolin tsarin endocrine ==
Rashin daidaituwar tsarin endocrine na iya kasancewa tare da alamu daban-daban na tabin hankali; an nuna rashin daidaituwa a cikin axis na hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal (HPA) da kuma axis na hypothalamic-pituitary - thyroid (HPT) a cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da baƙin ciki na farko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Musselman DL, Nemeroff CB |date=June 1996 |title=Depression and endocrine disorders: focus on the thyroid and adrenal system. |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry. Supplement |volume=168 |issue=30 |pages=123–8 |doi=10.1192/S0007125000298504 |pmid=8864158 |s2cid=38909762}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.5em auto&quot;
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |'''HPT da HPA suna nuna alamun rashin daidaituwa a cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da damuwa'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; {{Small|(Musselman DL, Nemeroff CB. 1996)}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; | '''HPT yana kawar da rashin daidaituwa:'''

* canje-canje a cikin amsawar hormone mai motsa thyroid (TSH) ga hormone mai sakin thyrotropin (TRH)
* yawan ƙwayoyin rigakafi na antithyroid
* yawan ruwan cerebrospinal (CSF) mai yawa (TRH).

'''HPA tana kawar da rashin daidaito:'''

* ƙara yawan sinadarin adrenocorticoid
* girman pituitary da adrenal gland ( organomegaly )
* yawan sinadarin corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)
|}

=== Ciwon adrenal ===

* Cutar Addison : wadda aka fi sani da rashin isasshen adrenal na yau da kullun, [[Cortisol|rashin isasshen cortisone, da kuma rashin isasshen cortisation]] ) cuta ce ta endocrine mai wuya inda glandar adrenal, waɗanda ke saman kodan, ke samar da isasshen hormones na steroid ( glucocorticoids da kuma sau da yawa mineralocorticoids ). &quot;Cutar Addison da ke nuna alamun tabin hankali a farkon matakin yana da saurin yin watsi da ita kuma a gano ta ba daidai ba.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Iwata M, Hazama GI, Shirayama Y, Ueta T, Yoshioka S, Kawahara R |year=2004 |title=A case of Addison's disease presented with depression as a first symptom. |journal=Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi = Psychiatria et Neurologia Japonica |volume=106 |issue=9 |pages=1110–6 |pmid=15580869}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ciwon Cushing]], wanda aka fi sani da [[Ciwon Cushing|hypercortisolism]], cuta ce ta endocrine wadda ke da alaƙa da yawan [[cortisol]] . Idan babu magungunan steroid da aka rubuta, yana faruwa ne sakamakon ƙari a glandar pituitary ko adrenal, ko kuma mafi yawan lokuta, ciwon da ke fitar da sinadarin hormone na ectopic . Bacin rai abu ne da aka saba gani a cikin marasa lafiya da aka gano cutar kuma sau da yawa yana inganta da magani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sonino, N |year=2001 |title=Psychiatric disorders associated with Cushing's syndrome. Epidemiology, pathophysiology and treatment. |journal=CNS Drugs |volume=15 |issue=1172–7047 |pages=361–73 |doi=10.2165/00023210-200115050-00003 |pmid=11475942 |s2cid=34438879}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Thyroid da parathyroid glands ===
[[Fayil:Illu_thyroid_parathyroid.jpg|alt=Location of the thyroid and parathyroid glands in front of the layrnx.|thumb|180x180px]]

* Cutar Graves : cuta ce ta garkuwar jiki inda thyroid ke aiki fiye da kima, wanda ke haifar da hyperthyroidism da thyrotoxicosis .
* Hashimoto's thyroiditis : wanda kuma aka sani da lymphocytic thyroiditis na yau da kullun cuta ce ta autoimmune inda glandar thyroid ke lalacewa a hankali ta hanyar ƙwayoyin halitta da ƙwayoyin rigakafi iri-iri. Hashimoto's thyroiditis yana da alaƙa da thyroid peroxidase da thyroglobulin autoantibodies &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=McLachlan SM, Nagayama Y, Pichurin PN |date=December 2007 |title=The Link between Graves' Disease and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: A Role for Regulatory T Cells |journal=Endocrinology |volume=148 |issue=12 |pages=5724–33 |doi=10.1210/en.2007-1024 |pmid=17823263 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hashitoxicosis
* Ciwon thyroid
* Ciwon thyroid
* Hypoparathyroidism ; na iya shafar sinadarin calcium homeostasis, wanda ƙarinsa ya magance matsalolin baƙin ciki wanda hypoparathyroidism shine kawai abin da ke haifar da shi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bohrer T, Krannich JH |year=2007 |title=Depression as a manifestation of latent chronic hypoparathyroidism |journal=World Journal of Biological Psychiatry |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=56–9 |doi=10.1080/15622970600995146 |pmid=17366354 |s2cid=23319026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ciwon Pituitary ===
Ciwon daji na glandar pituitary ya zama ruwan dare a cikin al'umma baki ɗaya, inda kiyasin ya kai har zuwa kashi 25%. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Pituitary Macroadenomas: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/123223-overview |journal=Medscape |url-access=registration |access-date=14 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin ciwon daji ana ɗaukar su marasa lahani kuma galibi ana gano su ne a lokacin gwajin gawawwaki ko kuma lokacin da ake ɗaukar hoton jijiyoyi, wanda hakan ke sa a yi musu lakabi da &quot; incidentalomas &quot;. Ko da a cikin mawuyacin hali, ciwon daji na pituitary na iya shafar canje-canjen fahimta, hali da motsin rai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Meyers CA |year=1998 |title=Neurobehavioral functioning of adults with pituitary disease. |journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=168–72 |doi=10.1159/000012277 |pmid=9667064 |s2cid=46806241}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |author-link3=William T. Couldwell |display-authors=etal |vauthors=Ezzat S, Asa SL, Couldwell WT |date=August 2004 |title=The prevalence of pituitary adenomas |journal=Cancer |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=613–9 |doi=10.1002/cncr.20412 |pmid=15274075 |s2cid=16595581 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na pituitary ba su wuce 10 ba&amp;nbsp;diamita na mm kuma gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar su marasa lahani, duk da haka kasancewar microadenoma an tabbatar da cewa yana da haɗarin kashe kansa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Alicja Furgal-Borzycha |display-authors=etal |date=October 2007 |title=Increased Incidence of Pituitary Microadenomas in Suicide Victims |journal=Neuropsychobiology |volume=55 |issue=3–4 |pages=163–166 |doi=10.1159/000106475 |pmid=17657169 |s2cid=34408650}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

&quot;... an gano marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar pituitary kuma an yi musu magani saboda baƙin ciki kuma ba su nuna wata amsa ba ga maganin baƙin ciki&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Weitzner MA, Kanfer S, Booth-Jones M |year=2005 |title=Apathy and Pituitary Disease: It Has Nothing to Do With Depression |journal=Journal of Neuropsychiatry |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=159–66 |doi=10.1176/appi.neuropsych.17.2.159 |pmid=15939968}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pancreas ===

* Hawan jini : yawan samar da insulin yana haifar da raguwar matakan glucose a jini. A wani bincike da aka yi kan marasa lafiya da ke murmurewa daga mummunan rauni a cikin huhu a cikin kulawa mai zurfi, waɗanda suka kamu da rashin isasshen jini yayin da suke asibiti sun nuna ƙaruwar baƙin ciki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=Dowdy DW, Dinglas V, Mendez-Tellez PA |date=October 2008 |title=Intensive care unit hypoglycemia predicts depression during early recovery from acute lung injury* |journal=Critical Care Medicine |volume=36 |issue=10 |pages=2726–33 |doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e31818781f5 |pmc=2605796 |pmid=18766087}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin Jijiyoyi ==

=== Ciwon CNS ===
Baya ga ciwon pituitary, ciwon daji a wurare daban-daban a cikin tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya na iya haifar da alamun damuwa kuma a gano su a matsayin baƙin ciki mara kyau. &lt;ref name=&quot;newsweek.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 November 2007 |title=Is It Depression--or a Tumor? |url=https://www.newsweek.com/it-depression-or-tumor-96663 |access-date=20 July 2010 |website=Newsweek}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.newsweek.com/it-depression-or-tumor-96663 &quot;Is It Depression--or a Tumor?&quot;]. ''Newsweek''. 21 November 2007&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 July&lt;/span&gt; 2010&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lahmeyer HW |date=June 1982 |title=Frontal lobe meningioma and depression. |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=254–5 |pmid=7085582}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ciwon bayan bugun jini ===
'''Ciwon Bayan Rushewar Jijiyoyi''' (PCS), wani rukuni ne na alamun da mutum zai iya fuskanta na tsawon makonni, watanni, ko kuma wasu lokuta bayan ruɗewar jijiyoyi tare da yawan kamuwa da cutar da kashi 38-80% a cikin raunin kwakwalwa mai rauni, kuma yana iya faruwa a cikin mawuyacin hali na raunin kwakwalwa mai tsanani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rao V, Lyketsos C |year=2000 |title=Neuropsychiatric sequelae of traumatic brain injury |journal=Psychosomatics |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=95–103 |doi=10.1176/appi.psy.41.2.95 |pmid=10749946 |s2cid=6717589 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya gano cutar lokacin da alamun da suka samo asali daga ruɗewar jijiyoyi, dangane da sharuɗɗa, suka wuce watanni uku zuwa shida bayan raunin, wanda a wannan yanayin ana kiransa da ciwon bayan ruɗewar jijiyoyi mai ɗorewa (PPCS). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=McHugh T, Laforce R, Gallagher P, Quinn S, Diggle P, Buchanan L |year=2006 |title=Natural history of the long-term cognitive, affective, and physical sequelae of mild traumatic brain injury |journal=Brain and Cognition |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=209–211 |doi=10.1016/j.bandc.2004.09.018 |pmid=16646125 |s2cid=53190838}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |year=2006 |title=Postconcussion Syndrome: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/828904-overview |journal=Medscape |url-access=registration |access-date=11 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schnadower D, Vazquez H, Lee J, Dayan P, Roskind CG |year=2007 |title=Controversies in the evaluation and management of minor blunt head trauma in children |journal=Current Opinion in Pediatrics |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=258–264 |doi=10.1097/MOP.0b013e3281084e85 |pmid=17505183 |s2cid=20231463}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bigler ED |year=2008 |title=Neuropsychology and clinical neuroscience of persistent post-concussive syndrome |journal=Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1017/S135561770808017X |pmid=18078527 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite journal |last=Evans RW |year=2004 |title=Post-traumatic headaches |journal=Neurologic Clinics |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=237–249 |doi=10.1016/S0733-8619(03)00097-5 |pmid=15062537 |s2cid=18249136}}
&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wani bincike kan yawan alamun ciwon bayan ruɗewar jijiyoyi a cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da baƙin ciki ta amfani da Inventory na British Columbia Postconcussion Symptom Inventory : &quot;Kusan marasa lafiya 9 cikin 10 da ke fama da baƙin ciki sun cika sharuɗɗan rahoton kansu na ciwon bayan ruɗewar jijiyoyi kuma sama da 5 cikin 10 sun cika sharuɗɗan ra'ayin mazan jiya don ganewar asali.&quot; Waɗannan ƙimar da aka bayar da kansu sun fi waɗanda aka samu a cikin hirar asibiti da aka tsara. Kulawa ta yau da kullun ta nuna alamun PCS da kuma waɗanda ke neman ayyukan kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa. Akwai muhawara mai yawa game da gano cutar PCS a wani ɓangare saboda tasirin likitanci da shari'a da kuma sakamakon kuɗi na karɓar ganewar cutar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Iverson GL |date=May 2006 |title=Misdiagnosis of the persistent postconcussion syndrome in patients with depression |journal=Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=303–10 |doi=10.1016/j.acn.2005.12.008 |pmid=16797916 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tasirin Pseudobulbar ===
Pseudobulbar affect (PBA) wata cuta ce ta hana kamuwa da cuta wadda ba a san ta sosai ba a asibiti kuma galibi ba a yi mata magani ba saboda rashin sanin alamun cutar; ana iya gane ta a matsayin ɓacin rai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=Archiniegas DB, Lauterbach EC, Anderson KE, Chow TW |year=2005 |title=The differential diagnosis of pseudobulbar affect (PBA). Distinguishing PBA among disorders of mood and affect. Proceedings of a roundtable meeting. |journal=CNS Spectr |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.1017/S1092852900026602 |pmid=15962457 |s2cid=45811704}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sau da yawa tana faruwa ne sakamakon cututtukan da ke haifar da jijiyoyi daban-daban kamar su amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, kuma tana iya faruwa ne sakamakon raunin kai. Ana siffanta PBA da dariya da/ko kuka ba tare da son rai ba. PBA tana da yawan kamuwa da cutar tare da kimantawa na mutane miliyan 1.5-2 a Amurka kaɗai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Moore SR, Gresham LS, Bromberg MB, Kasarkis EJ, Smith RA |year=1997 |title=A self report measure of affective lability |journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=89–93 |doi=10.1136/jnnp.63.1.89 |pmc=2169647 |pmid=9221973}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Magungunan sclerosis da yawa ===
[[Sclerosis da yawa|Ciwon sclerosis mai yawa]] cuta ce ta yau da kullun wadda ke haifar da lalacewar ƙwayoyin halitta na myelin a cikin [[kwakwalwa]] da kashin baya ba tare da an gyara su ba. Alamomin ɓacin rai sun zama ruwan dare a cikin marasa lafiya a kowane mataki na cutar kuma ana iya ƙara ta'azzara su ta hanyar magunguna, musamman interferon beta-1a . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=R J Siegert |last2=D A Abernethy |year=2004 |title=Depression in multiple sclerosis: a review |journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry |volume=76 |issue=4 |pages=469–475 |doi=10.1136/jnnp.2004.054635 |pmc=1739575 |pmid=15774430}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Guba ta jijiyoyi ==
An nuna cewa akwai wasu sinadarai daban-daban da ke da tasirin cutar neurotoxic, wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu suna da alaƙa da haifar da baƙin ciki.

=== Shan taba sigari ===
An gudanar da bincike wanda ke nuna alaƙa tsakanin shan sigari da baƙin ciki. Sakamakon wani bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa shan sigari na iya yin tasiri kai tsaye ga ci gaban baƙin ciki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Smoking Linked to Increased Depression Risk |url=https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/723266 |url-access=registration |access-date=14 July 2010 |website=Medscape}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gudanar da bincike daban-daban da ke nuna alaƙa mai kyau tsakanin shan sigari, tunanin kashe kai da yunƙurin kashe kai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Iwasaki M, Akechi T, Uchitomi Y, Tsugane S |date=April 2005 |title=Cigarette Smoking and Completed Suicide among Middle-aged Men: A Population-based Cohort Study in Japan |journal=Annals of Epidemiology |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=286–92 |doi=10.1016/j.annepidem.2004.08.011 |pmid=15780776}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Miller M, Hemenway D, Rimm E |date=May 2000 |title=Cigarettes and suicide: a prospective study of 50,000 men. |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=90 |issue=5 |pages=768–73 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.90.5.768 |pmc=1446219 |pmid=10800427}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wani bincike da aka gudanar tsakanin ma'aikatan jinya, wadanda ke shan taba tsakanin sigari 1-24 a rana suna da ninki biyu na barazanar kashe kansu; sigari 25 ko fiye, sau 4 na barazanar kashe kansu, fiye da wadanda ba su taba shan taba ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hemenway D, Solnick SJ, Colditz GA |date=February 1993 |title=Smoking and suicide among nurses. |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=249–51 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.83.2.249 |pmc=1694571 |pmid=8427332}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Thomas Bronischa |last2=Michael Höflerab |last3=Roselind Liebac |date=May 2008 |title=Smoking predicts suicidality: Findings from a prospective community study |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=108 |issue=1 |pages=135–145 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2007.10.010 |pmid=18023879}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wani bincike da aka yi wa sojojin Amurka maza 300,000, an lura da wata alaƙa mai karfi tsakanin kashe kansu da shan taba, inda wadanda ke shan taba a kan fakiti daya a rana suka ninka wadanda ba sa shan taba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Miller M, Hemenway D, Bell NS, Yore MM, Amoroso PJ |date=June 2000 |title=Cigarette smoking and suicide: a prospective study of 300,000 male active-duty Army soldiers. |journal=American Journal of Epidemiology |volume=151 |issue=11 |pages=1060–3 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010148 |pmid=10873129 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Quote box|title=Link Between Smoking Depression and Suicide}}

=== Magani ===
Ana zargin magunguna daban-daban da haifar da alaƙa a cikin ci gaban baƙin ciki; an rarraba wannan a matsayin &quot;ciwon yanayi na halitta&quot;. An san wasu nau'ikan magunguna kamar waɗanda ake amfani da su don magance [[Hawan jini|hauhawar jini]] tsawon shekaru da yawa a matsayin suna da alaƙa ta ƙarshe da ci gaban baƙin ciki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ried LD, Tueth MJ, Handberg E, Kupfer S, Pepine CJ |year=2005 |title=A Study of Antihypertensive Drugs and Depressive Symptoms (SADD-Sx) in Patients Treated With a Calcium Antagonist Versus an Atenolol Hypertension Treatment Strategy in the International Verapamil SR-Trandolapril Study (INVEST) |journal=Psychosomatic Medicine |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=398–406 |doi=10.1097/01.psy.0000160468.69451.7f |pmid=15911902 |s2cid=27978181}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sau da yawa ana nuna sa ido kan waɗanda ke shan magunguna waɗanda suka nuna alaƙa da baƙin ciki, da kuma buƙatar yin la'akari da amfani da irin waɗannan magunguna a cikin tsarin ganewar asali. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Patten |first=SB |last2=Love |first2=EJ |year=1993 |title=Can drugs cause depression? A review of the evidence. |journal=Journal of Psychiatry &amp; Neuroscience |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=92–102 |pmc=1188504 |pmid=8499431}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Tretinoin na shafawa (Retin-A); an samo shi ne daga Vitamin A kuma ana amfani da shi don cututtuka daban-daban kamar maganin shafawa na shafawa da ake amfani da shi don magance kuraje vulgaris . Duk da cewa ana shafawa a fata a waje, yana iya shiga cikin jini ya ketare shingen kwakwalwa na jini inda zai iya haifar da illa ga jijiyoyi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bremner JD, McCaffery P |date=February 2008 |title=The neurobiology of retinoic acid in affective disorders |journal=Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=315–31 |doi=10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.07.001 |pmc=2704911 |pmid=17707566}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* An gano nau'ikan interferons guda uku; sunadaran da jikin ɗan adam ke samarwa, nau'ikan ''alpha, beta'' da ''gamma'' . Ana amfani da nau'ikan roba a cikin magunguna daban-daban da ake amfani da su don magance cututtuka daban-daban kamar amfani da interferon-alpha a cikin [[Chemotherapy|maganin ciwon daji]] da maganin [[Hepatitis C|hepatitis C.]] Duk nau'ikan interferons guda uku na iya haifar da baƙin ciki da tunanin kashe kai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Debien C, De Chouly De Lenclave MB, Foutrein P, Bailly D |year=2001 |title=Alpha-interferon and mental disorders. |journal=L'Encéphale |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=308–17 |pmid=11686052}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Shafawa na yau da kullun ga organophosphates ===
Illolin tabin hankali na yau da kullun na organophosphate sun haɗa da rikicewar yanayi, tunanin kashe kai da ɗabi'a, raunin fahimta da gajiya mai ɗorewa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Robert Davies |last2=Ghouse Ahmed |last3=Tegwedd Freer |year=2000 |title=Chronic exposure to organophosphates: background and clinical picture |url=http://apt.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/6/3/187 |journal=Advances in Psychiatric Treatment |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=187–192 |doi=10.1192/apt.6.3.187 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin Halayyar Jiki ==

=== Matsalar Bipolar ===

* Sau da yawa ana gane [[Cutar bipolar|matsalar rashin lafiyar bipolar]] a matsayin babban damuwa, don haka ana magance ta da magungunan rage damuwa kawai, wanda ba wai kawai ba shi da tasiri ba, galibi ana hana shi saboda yana iya ƙara tsananta rashin lafiyar jiki, rashin hankali, ko kuma zagayowar yanayi tsakanin yanayi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bowden CL |date=January 2001 |title=Strategies to reduce misdiagnosis of bipolar depression. |journal=Psychiatric Services |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=51–5 |doi=10.1176/appi.ps.52.1.51 |pmid=11141528}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Matza LS, Rajagopalan KS, Thompson CL, de Lissovoy G |date=November 2005 |title=Misdiagnosed patients with bipolar disorder: comorbidities, treatment patterns, and direct treatment costs. |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=66 |issue=11 |pages=1432–40 |doi=10.4088/jcp.v66n1114 |pmid=16420081}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai muhawara game da ko ya kamata a rarraba wannan a matsayin wata cuta daban saboda mutanen da aka gano suna da babban damuwa galibi suna fuskantar wasu alamun rashin lafiyar jiki, wanda ke nuna ci gaba tsakanin su biyun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Akiskal HS, Benazzi F |year=2006 |title=The DSM-IV and ICD-10 categories of recurrent [major] depressive and bipolar II disorders: Evidence that they lie on a dimensional spectrum |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=45–54 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2005.12.035 |pmid=16488021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rashin abinci mai gina jiki ==
Abinci mai gina jiki yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a kowace fuska ta kula da lafiyar jiki da ta hankali. Rashin isasshen abinci mai gina jiki ko rashin isasshen abinci mai gina jiki na iya yin tasiri sosai ga lafiyar kwakwalwa. Fannin da ke tasowa na ilimin halittar jiki mai gina jiki yana bincika alaƙar da ke tsakanin abinci, aikin jijiyoyi da lafiyar kwakwalwa.

* Bitamin &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwApM&quot;&gt;B6&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; : pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), nau'in &lt;sub&gt;B6&lt;/sub&gt; mai aiki, wani abu ne mai haɗin gwiwa a cikin hanyar dopamine serotonin, rashin bitamin &lt;sub&gt;B6&lt;/sub&gt; na iya haifar da alamun damuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hvas AM, Juul S |last2=Bech P, Nexø E |year=2004 |title=Vitamin B&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt; Level Is Associated with Symptoms of Depression |journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics |volume=73 |issue=6 |pages=340–3 |doi=10.1159/000080386 |pmid=15479988 |s2cid=37706794}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Folate (bitamin &lt;sub&gt;B9&lt;/sub&gt; ) – Vitamin B 12 cobalamin: An gano ƙarancin jini a cikin jini musamman ja cell folate da raguwar matakan bitamin B 12 a cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da matsalolin damuwa. &quot;[W]an ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi ƙoƙarin shan maganin folic acid (800 μg/(mcg) kowace rana) da bitamin B12 (1 [[Kilogram|mg]] kowace rana) don inganta sakamakon magani a cikin damuwa.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Coppen A, Bolander-Gouaille C |date=January 2005 |title=Treatment of depression: time to consider folic acid and vitamin B12 |journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=59–65 |doi=10.1177/0269881105048899 |pmid=15671130 |s2cid=4828454}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rao NP, Kumar NC, Raman BR, Sivakumar PT, Pandey RS |year=2008 |title=Role of vitamin B12 in depressive disorder — a case report☆ |journal=General Hospital Psychiatry |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=185–6 |doi=10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2007.09.002 |pmid=18291301}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Manyan kitse masu sarkakiya : an danganta matakan omega-6 mafi girma da ƙananan matakan omega-3 mai kitse da baƙin ciki da canjin hali.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kiecolt-Glaser JK. |display-authors=etal |date=April 2007 |title=Depressive symptoms, omega-6:omega-3 fatty acids, and inflammation in older adults. |journal=Psychosom. Med. |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=217–224 |doi=10.1097/PSY.0b013e3180313a45 |pmc=2856352 |pmid=17401057}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dinan T, Siggins L, Scully P, O'Brien S, Ross P, Stanton C |date=January 2009 |title=Investigating the inflammatory phenotype of major depression: Focus on cytokines and polyunsaturated fatty acids |journal=Journal of Psychiatric Research |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=471–6 |doi=10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.06.003 |pmid=18640689}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Rashin Vitamin D yana da alaƙa da baƙin ciki

== Matsalolin Barci ==

* Rashin barci : Duk da cewa rashin iya yin barci sau da yawa alama ce ta baƙin ciki, a wasu lokutan kuma yana iya zama abin da ke haifar da ciwon damuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lustberg L, Reynolds CF |date=June 2000 |title=Depression and insomnia: questions of cause and effect |journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=253–262 |doi=10.1053/smrv.1999.0075 |pmid=12531168}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Wilson&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wilson |first=S. J. |display-authors=etal |date=2 September 2010 |title=British Association for Psychopharmacology consensus statement on evidence-based treatment of insomnia, parasomnias and circadian rhythm disorders. |journal=J Psychopharm |volume=24 |issue=11 |pages=1577–601 |doi=10.1177/0269881110379307 |pmid=20813762 |s2cid=16823040}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana iya zama na ɗan lokaci, mai tsanani ko na yau da kullun. Yana iya zama babban cuta ko kuma na ciwon da ke tare da shi.
* [[Cutar kafafu marasa kwanciyar hankali|Ciwon ƙafafu marasa hutawa]] (RLS), wanda aka fi sani da ciwon ƙafafu marasa hutawa [[Cutar kafafu marasa kwanciyar hankali|(Wittmaack-Ekbom's syndrome]] ), yana da alaƙa da sha'awar motsa jikin mutum don dakatar da jin rashin jin daɗi ko na ban mamaki. Ya fi shafar ƙafafu, amma kuma yana iya shafar hannaye ko gangar jiki, har ma da gaɓoɓin fatalwa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Skidmore FM, Drago V, Foster PS, Heilman KM |year=2009 |title=Bilateral restless legs affecting a phantom limb, treated with dopamine agonists |journal=J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry |volume=80 |issue=5 |pages=569–70 |doi=10.1136/jnnp.2008.152652 |pmid=19372293 |s2cid=23584726}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciwon ƙafa marasa hutawa yana da alaƙa da [[babban rashin damuwa]] . &quot;Raɗin rashin daidaituwa don gano babban rashin damuwa... ya nuna alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin ciwon ƙafafu marasa hutawa da babban rashin damuwa da/ko rashin tsoro.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=Lee HB, Hening WA, Allen RP |year=2008 |title=Restless Legs Syndrome is Associated with DSM-IV Major Depressive Disorder and Panic Disorder in the Community |journal=Journal of Neuropsychiatry |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=101–5 |doi=10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20.1.101 |pmid=18305292}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Bugawar bacci|Ciwon numfashi na barci (sleep apnea)]] wata matsala ce ta barci wadda ke tattare da dakatawa a lokacin [[Bacci|barci]] . Kowace matsala, da ake kira apnea, tana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo har a rasa numfashi ɗaya ko fiye; irin waɗannan abubuwan suna faruwa akai-akai a duk tsawon lokacin zagayowar barci. Ciwon numfashi na barci wanda ba a gano ba na iya haifar ko kuma ya haifar da tsananin baƙin ciki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Harris M, Glozier N, Ratnavadivel R, Grunstein RR |date=December 2009 |title=Obstructive sleep apnea and depression |journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=437–44 |doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2009.04.001 |pmid=19596599 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Matsalolin barci na Circadian rhythm, waɗanda likitoci kaɗan ne suka sani, galibi ba a yi musu magani ko kuma ana yi musu magani ba daidai ba, kamar lokacin da aka gano cewa rashin barci na farko ko kuma a matsayin yanayin tabin hankali. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dagan Y |year=2002 |title=Circadian rhythm sleep disorders (CRSD) |url=http://www.neurosono.com.br/arquivos/1155473343.pdf |url-status=dead |format=PDF: full text |journal=Sleep Med Rev |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=45–54 |doi=10.1053/smrv.2001.0190 |pmid=12531141 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227161654/http://www.neurosono.com.br/arquivos/1155473343.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-27 |access-date=2007-11-08 |quote=Early onset of CRSD, the ease of diagnosis, the high frequency of misdiagnosis and erroneous treatment, the potentially harmful psychological and adjustment consequences, and the availability of promising treatments, all indicate the importance of greater awareness of these disorders.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Magudanar ruwan sama da ambaliya ta Soweto</title>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: '''Matafiyar Ruwan Sama ta Soweto''' (Soweto Stormwater Channel) wani tsarin magudanar ruwan sama da kula da ambaliyar ruwa ne da ke a Soweto, Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu. Yana daga cikin kayan aikin magudanar ruwa na gari na Hukumar Birnin Johannesburg kuma Hukumar Kula da Hanyoyi ta Johannesburg (JRA) ce ke tafiyar da shi. An tsara tsarin ne don rage ambaliyar ruwa, sarrafa ruwan da ke gudu a sarari lokacin da aka yi ruwa mai ƙarfi, da kuma kare hanyoyi, gidaje, da sauran k...</comment>
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      <text bytes="4631" sha1="baifulwqr6qihf9ucacbu3kjnx9zt0d" xml:space="preserve">'''Matafiyar Ruwan Sama ta Soweto''' (Soweto Stormwater Channel) wani tsarin magudanar ruwan sama da kula da ambaliyar ruwa ne da ke a Soweto, Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu. Yana daga cikin kayan aikin magudanar ruwa na gari na Hukumar Birnin Johannesburg kuma Hukumar Kula da Hanyoyi ta Johannesburg (JRA) ce ke tafiyar da shi. An tsara tsarin ne don rage ambaliyar ruwa, sarrafa ruwan da ke gudu a sarari lokacin da aka yi ruwa mai ƙarfi, da kuma kare hanyoyi, gidaje, da sauran kayan aikin gwamnati a Soweto.

== Bayanin Baya ==
Soweto ya daɗe yana fuskantar matsalar ambaliyar ruwa saboda saurin haɓakar birane, yawan jama'a, da kuma rashi ko gazawar tsofaffin kayan aikin magudanar ruwan sama. Ruwa mai ƙarfi da ake yi a Gauteng na yawan matsa lamba ga tsarin magudanar ruwa, wanda ke haifar da ambaliya a wasu yankuna, lalacewar hanyoyi, da cikas ga ayyukan yau da kullum. Hukumar Birnin Johannesburg ta ayyana kula da ruwan sama a matsayin babban fifiko na kayan aiki a Soweto, musamman don mayar da martani ga aukuwar ambaliyar ruwa akai-akai lokacin damina.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=JRA undertakes major stormwater upgrades in Soweto |url=https://joburg.org.za/media_/Newsroom/Pages/2024%20News%20Article/April/JRA-undertakes-major-stormwater-upgrades-in-Soweto.aspx |publisher=City of Johannesburg}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsari da Aiki ==
Matafiyar Ruwan Sama ta Soweto ta ƙunshi injiniyoyin kayan aikin magudanar ruwa da suka haɗa da madatsun ruwa (canals), magudanun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (culverts), bututun ruwan sama, da ingantattun hanyoyin magudanar ruwa na halitta. Babban manufarta ita ce karkatar da ruwan sama nesa da mazaunin mutane da kuma jigilar shi lafiya zuwa manyan tsarin magudanar ruwa. Kamar yadda toshewar magudanun ruwa ke ƙara haɗarin ambaliya lokacin ruwa mai ƙarfi, JRA tana jaddada mahimmancin tsaftace tsarin ruwan sama daga shara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=JRA warning: Heavy floods advisory |url=https://jra.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/JRA_WARNING_HEAVY_FLOODS_1-1.pdf |publisher=Johannesburg Roads Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=JRA advises against throwing rubbish in stormwater drains |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/soweto-urban/news-headlines/local-news/2021/02/07/jra-advises-against-throwing-rubbish-in-stormwater-drains/ |publisher=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ambaliya da Kalubalen Aiki ==
Ambaliyar ruwa ta kasance ƙalubale mai dorewa a sassan Soweto, musamman a lokutan da aka yi ruwan sama mai tsananin gaske. Tsarin magudanar ruwan sama na yawan cika ya ambaliya, wanda ke haifar da rufe hanyoyi, lalacewar kaddarori, da kuma sa baki na gaggawa. Ma'aikatar Agajin Gidaje ta Gauteng (GHSD) tana fitar da gargaɗi game da ambaliyar ruwa ta lokaci-lokaci akai-akai saboda ƙaruwar haɗarin ruwan sama lokacin damina.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gauteng Human Settlements Department issues flood warning as rainy season begins |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/soweto-urban/news-headlines/local-news/2025/10/14/gauteng-human-settlements-department-issues-flood-warning-as-rainy-season-begins/ |publisher=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wasu lokuta, lalacewar kayan aiki ya bukaci rufe hanyoyi na ɗan lokaci don yin gyare-gyare, gami da manyan hanyoyin da zaizayar ƙasa da ambaliyar ruwa suka shafa.

A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2009, 'yan mata biyu sun rasa rayukansu sannan gidaje da dama sun ambaliya, sannan a watan Fabrairun 2012, an lalata gidajen kwanoli (shacks) a Soweto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Adegun |first=Olumuyiwa Bayode |date=11 June 2026 |title=State-led versus community-initiated: stormwater drainage and informal settlement intervention in Johannesburg, South Africa |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0956247815569700 |journal=Environment and Urbanization |language=en |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=407–420 |doi=10.1177/0956247815569700 |issn=0956-2478 |via=Sage Journals}}&lt;/ref&gt; A farkon watan Disamba na shekarar 2022, yanayi mai tsanani da ruwa mai ƙarfi sun haifar da gagarumar ambaliyar ruwa a fadin Soweto da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi, wanda ya yi sanadin raba mutane da yawa da gidajensu da kuma lalata kayan aiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mthethwa |first=Mbalenhle |date=12 December 2022 |title=Several people displaced in Soweto, surrounding areas due to heavy flooding |url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/several-people-displaced-in-soweto-surrounding-areas-due-to-heavy-flooding/ |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240623102847/https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/several-people-displaced-in-soweto-surrounding-areas-due-to-heavy-flooding/ |archive-date=23 June 2024 |access-date=11 June 2026 |work=SABC News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <comment>/* Ambaliya da Kalubalen Aiki */</comment>
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      <text bytes="7225" sha1="q00dvo40ulead3nijkll287afae6ski" xml:space="preserve">'''Matafiyar Ruwan Sama ta Soweto''' (Soweto Stormwater Channel) wani tsarin magudanar ruwan sama da kula da ambaliyar ruwa ne da ke a Soweto, Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu. Yana daga cikin kayan aikin magudanar ruwa na gari na Hukumar Birnin Johannesburg kuma Hukumar Kula da Hanyoyi ta Johannesburg (JRA) ce ke tafiyar da shi. An tsara tsarin ne don rage ambaliyar ruwa, sarrafa ruwan da ke gudu a sarari lokacin da aka yi ruwa mai ƙarfi, da kuma kare hanyoyi, gidaje, da sauran kayan aikin gwamnati a Soweto.

== Bayanin Baya ==
Soweto ya daɗe yana fuskantar matsalar ambaliyar ruwa saboda saurin haɓakar birane, yawan jama'a, da kuma rashi ko gazawar tsofaffin kayan aikin magudanar ruwan sama. Ruwa mai ƙarfi da ake yi a Gauteng na yawan matsa lamba ga tsarin magudanar ruwa, wanda ke haifar da ambaliya a wasu yankuna, lalacewar hanyoyi, da cikas ga ayyukan yau da kullum. Hukumar Birnin Johannesburg ta ayyana kula da ruwan sama a matsayin babban fifiko na kayan aiki a Soweto, musamman don mayar da martani ga aukuwar ambaliyar ruwa akai-akai lokacin damina.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=JRA undertakes major stormwater upgrades in Soweto |url=https://joburg.org.za/media_/Newsroom/Pages/2024%20News%20Article/April/JRA-undertakes-major-stormwater-upgrades-in-Soweto.aspx |publisher=City of Johannesburg}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsari da Aiki ==
Matafiyar Ruwan Sama ta Soweto ta ƙunshi injiniyoyin kayan aikin magudanar ruwa da suka haɗa da madatsun ruwa (canals), magudanun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (culverts), bututun ruwan sama, da ingantattun hanyoyin magudanar ruwa na halitta. Babban manufarta ita ce karkatar da ruwan sama nesa da mazaunin mutane da kuma jigilar shi lafiya zuwa manyan tsarin magudanar ruwa. Kamar yadda toshewar magudanun ruwa ke ƙara haɗarin ambaliya lokacin ruwa mai ƙarfi, JRA tana jaddada mahimmancin tsaftace tsarin ruwan sama daga shara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=JRA warning: Heavy floods advisory |url=https://jra.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/JRA_WARNING_HEAVY_FLOODS_1-1.pdf |publisher=Johannesburg Roads Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=JRA advises against throwing rubbish in stormwater drains |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/soweto-urban/news-headlines/local-news/2021/02/07/jra-advises-against-throwing-rubbish-in-stormwater-drains/ |publisher=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ambaliya da Kalubalen Aiki ==
Ambaliyar ruwa ta kasance ƙalubale mai dorewa a sassan Soweto, musamman a lokutan da aka yi ruwan sama mai tsananin gaske. Tsarin magudanar ruwan sama na yawan cika ya ambaliya, wanda ke haifar da rufe hanyoyi, lalacewar kaddarori, da kuma sa baki na gaggawa. Ma'aikatar Agajin Gidaje ta Gauteng (GHSD) tana fitar da gargaɗi game da ambaliyar ruwa ta lokaci-lokaci akai-akai saboda ƙaruwar haɗarin ruwan sama lokacin damina.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gauteng Human Settlements Department issues flood warning as rainy season begins |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/soweto-urban/news-headlines/local-news/2025/10/14/gauteng-human-settlements-department-issues-flood-warning-as-rainy-season-begins/ |publisher=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wasu lokuta, lalacewar kayan aiki ya bukaci rufe hanyoyi na ɗan lokaci don yin gyare-gyare, gami da manyan hanyoyin da zaizayar ƙasa da ambaliyar ruwa suka shafa.

A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2009, 'yan mata biyu sun rasa rayukansu sannan gidaje da dama sun ambaliya, sannan a watan Fabrairun 2012, an lalata gidajen kwanoli (shacks) a Soweto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Adegun |first=Olumuyiwa Bayode |date=11 June 2026 |title=State-led versus community-initiated: stormwater drainage and informal settlement intervention in Johannesburg, South Africa |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0956247815569700 |journal=Environment and Urbanization |language=en |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=407–420 |doi=10.1177/0956247815569700 |issn=0956-2478 |via=Sage Journals}}&lt;/ref&gt; A farkon watan Disamba na shekarar 2022, yanayi mai tsanani da ruwa mai ƙarfi sun haifar da gagarumar ambaliyar ruwa a fadin Soweto da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi, wanda ya yi sanadin raba mutane da yawa da gidajensu da kuma lalata kayan aiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mthethwa |first=Mbalenhle |date=12 December 2022 |title=Several people displaced in Soweto, surrounding areas due to heavy flooding |url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/several-people-displaced-in-soweto-surrounding-areas-due-to-heavy-flooding/ |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240623102847/https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/several-people-displaced-in-soweto-surrounding-areas-due-to-heavy-flooding/ |archive-date=23 June 2024 |access-date=11 June 2026 |work=SABC News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inganta Kayan Aiki ==
Hukumar Birnin Johannesburg, ta hanyar JRA, ta aiwatar da ayyukan inganta magudanar ruwan sama da dama a Soweto da nufin ƙara ƙarfin magudanar ruwa da rage haɗarin ambaliya. An gudanar da ingantawa a yankuna kamar su Diepkloof da Orlando East, inda aka canza ko gyara tsofaffin kayan aiki don inganta kwararar ruwan sama.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=JRA undertakes major stormwater upgrades in Diepkloof and Orlando East, Soweto |url=https://jraweb.azurewebsites.net/jra-undertakes-major-stormwater-upgrades-in-diepkloof-and-orlando-east-soweto/ |publisher=Johannesburg Roads Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma gudanar da ƙarin ayyuka a Senoane biyo bayan faruwar ruwan sama mai ƙarfi, gami da inganta magudanar ruwa da gyaran kayan aiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=JRA jerks up service delivery in Senoane following torrential rains |url=https://joburg.org.za/media_/Newsroom/Pages/2022%20News%20Articles/March/JRA-jerks-up-service-delivery-in-Senoane-following-torrential-rains.aspx |publisher=City of Johannesburg}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma sanar da manyan ayyukan saka hannun jari na ruwan sama a yankunan da ke kewaye kamar Braamfisherville, da nufin rage ambaliya da sauya tsarin kayan aiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=CoJ prioritises public safety with R23m major stormwater conversion in Braamfisherville |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/soweto-urban/news-headlines/local-news/2025/06/10/coj-prioritises-public-safety-with-r23m-major-stormwater-conversion-in-braamfisherville-2/ |publisher=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt; An rufe hanyar Klipspruit Valley ta Soweto na tsawon watanni 3 don sake gina matafiyar ruwan saman.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Soweto's Klipspruit Valley Road will be closed for 3 months for repairs |url=https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/sowetos-klipspruit-valley-road-will-be-closed-for-3-months-for-repairs-20220816 |publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasiri ga Muhalli da Al'umma ==
Tasiri ko ingancin Matafiyar Ruwan Sama ta Soweto ya dogara ne da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli da halayyar ɗan adam, gami da al'adun zubar da shara. Toshewar magudanun ruwa da ke faruwa saboda jifa da shara da kuma zubar da datti ba bisa ƙa'ida ba yana rage ingancin tsarin kuma yana ƙara haɗarin ambaliya. Hukumomin birni suna ci gaba da gudanar da kamfen na wayar da kan jama'a don ƙarfafa mazauna yankin su guji zubar da shara a cikin tsarin magudanar ruwan sama.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=JRA warning: Heavy floods advisory |url=https://jra.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/JRA_WARNING_HEAVY_FLOODS_1-1.pdf |publisher=Johannesburg Roads Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Nassoshi (References) ==
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'''Matafiyar Ruwan Sama ta Soweto''' (Soweto Stormwater Channel) wani tsarin magudanar ruwan sama da kula da ambaliyar ruwa ne da ke a Soweto, Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu. Yana daga cikin kayan aikin magudanar ruwa na gari na Hukumar Birnin Johannesburg kuma Hukumar Kula da Hanyoyi ta Johannesburg (JRA) ce ke tafiyar da shi. An tsara tsarin ne don rage ambaliyar ruwa, sarrafa ruwan da ke gudu a sarari lokacin da aka yi ruwa mai ƙarfi, da kuma kare hanyoyi, gidaje, da sauran kayan aikin gwamnati a Soweto.

== Bayanin Baya ==
Soweto ya daɗe yana fuskantar matsalar ambaliyar ruwa saboda saurin haɓakar birane, yawan jama'a, da kuma rashi ko gazawar tsofaffin kayan aikin magudanar ruwan sama. Ruwa mai ƙarfi da ake yi a Gauteng na yawan matsa lamba ga tsarin magudanar ruwa, wanda ke haifar da ambaliya a wasu yankuna, lalacewar hanyoyi, da cikas ga ayyukan yau da kullum. Hukumar Birnin Johannesburg ta ayyana kula da ruwan sama a matsayin babban fifiko na kayan aiki a Soweto, musamman don mayar da martani ga aukuwar ambaliyar ruwa akai-akai lokacin damina.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=JRA undertakes major stormwater upgrades in Soweto |url=https://joburg.org.za/media_/Newsroom/Pages/2024%20News%20Article/April/JRA-undertakes-major-stormwater-upgrades-in-Soweto.aspx |publisher=City of Johannesburg}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsari da Aiki ==
Matafiyar Ruwan Sama ta Soweto ta ƙunshi injiniyoyin kayan aikin magudanar ruwa da suka haɗa da madatsun ruwa (canals), magudanun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (culverts), bututun ruwan sama, da ingantattun hanyoyin magudanar ruwa na halitta. Babban manufarta ita ce karkatar da ruwan sama nesa da mazaunin mutane da kuma jigilar shi lafiya zuwa manyan tsarin magudanar ruwa. Kamar yadda toshewar magudanun ruwa ke ƙara haɗarin ambaliya lokacin ruwa mai ƙarfi, JRA tana jaddada mahimmancin tsaftace tsarin ruwan sama daga shara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=JRA warning: Heavy floods advisory |url=https://jra.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/JRA_WARNING_HEAVY_FLOODS_1-1.pdf |publisher=Johannesburg Roads Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=JRA advises against throwing rubbish in stormwater drains |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/soweto-urban/news-headlines/local-news/2021/02/07/jra-advises-against-throwing-rubbish-in-stormwater-drains/ |publisher=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ambaliya da Kalubalen Aiki ==
Ambaliyar ruwa ta kasance ƙalubale mai dorewa a sassan Soweto, musamman a lokutan da aka yi ruwan sama mai tsananin gaske. Tsarin magudanar ruwan sama na yawan cika ya ambaliya, wanda ke haifar da rufe hanyoyi, lalacewar kaddarori, da kuma sa baki na gaggawa. Ma'aikatar Agajin Gidaje ta Gauteng (GHSD) tana fitar da gargaɗi game da ambaliyar ruwa ta lokaci-lokaci akai-akai saboda ƙaruwar haɗarin ruwan sama lokacin damina.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gauteng Human Settlements Department issues flood warning as rainy season begins |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/soweto-urban/news-headlines/local-news/2025/10/14/gauteng-human-settlements-department-issues-flood-warning-as-rainy-season-begins/ |publisher=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wasu lokuta, lalacewar kayan aiki ya bukaci rufe hanyoyi na ɗan lokaci don yin gyare-gyare, gami da manyan hanyoyin da zaizayar ƙasa da ambaliyar ruwa suka shafa.

A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2009, 'yan mata biyu sun rasa rayukansu sannan gidaje da dama sun ambaliya, sannan a watan Fabrairun 2012, an lalata gidajen kwanoli (shacks) a Soweto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Adegun |first=Olumuyiwa Bayode |date=11 June 2026 |title=State-led versus community-initiated: stormwater drainage and informal settlement intervention in Johannesburg, South Africa |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0956247815569700 |journal=Environment and Urbanization |language=en |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=407–420 |doi=10.1177/0956247815569700 |issn=0956-2478 |via=Sage Journals}}&lt;/ref&gt; A farkon watan Disamba na shekarar 2022, yanayi mai tsanani da ruwa mai ƙarfi sun haifar da gagarumar ambaliyar ruwa a fadin Soweto da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi, wanda ya yi sanadin raba mutane da yawa da gidajensu da kuma lalata kayan aiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mthethwa |first=Mbalenhle |date=12 December 2022 |title=Several people displaced in Soweto, surrounding areas due to heavy flooding |url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/several-people-displaced-in-soweto-surrounding-areas-due-to-heavy-flooding/ |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240623102847/https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/several-people-displaced-in-soweto-surrounding-areas-due-to-heavy-flooding/ |archive-date=23 June 2024 |access-date=11 June 2026 |work=SABC News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inganta Kayan Aiki ==
Hukumar Birnin Johannesburg, ta hanyar JRA, ta aiwatar da ayyukan inganta magudanar ruwan sama da dama a Soweto da nufin ƙara ƙarfin magudanar ruwa da rage haɗarin ambaliya. An gudanar da ingantawa a yankuna kamar su Diepkloof da Orlando East, inda aka canza ko gyara tsofaffin kayan aiki don inganta kwararar ruwan sama.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=JRA undertakes major stormwater upgrades in Diepkloof and Orlando East, Soweto |url=https://jraweb.azurewebsites.net/jra-undertakes-major-stormwater-upgrades-in-diepkloof-and-orlando-east-soweto/ |publisher=Johannesburg Roads Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma gudanar da ƙarin ayyuka a Senoane biyo bayan faruwar ruwan sama mai ƙarfi, gami da inganta magudanar ruwa da gyaran kayan aiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=JRA jerks up service delivery in Senoane following torrential rains |url=https://joburg.org.za/media_/Newsroom/Pages/2022%20News%20Articles/March/JRA-jerks-up-service-delivery-in-Senoane-following-torrential-rains.aspx |publisher=City of Johannesburg}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma sanar da manyan ayyukan saka hannun jari na ruwan sama a yankunan da ke kewaye kamar Braamfisherville, da nufin rage ambaliya da sauya tsarin kayan aiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=CoJ prioritises public safety with R23m major stormwater conversion in Braamfisherville |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/soweto-urban/news-headlines/local-news/2025/06/10/coj-prioritises-public-safety-with-r23m-major-stormwater-conversion-in-braamfisherville-2/ |publisher=The Citizen}}&lt;/ref&gt; An rufe hanyar Klipspruit Valley ta Soweto na tsawon watanni 3 don sake gina matafiyar ruwan saman.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Soweto's Klipspruit Valley Road will be closed for 3 months for repairs |url=https://www.news24.com/southafrica/news/sowetos-klipspruit-valley-road-will-be-closed-for-3-months-for-repairs-20220816 |publisher=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasiri ga Muhalli da Al'umma ==
Tasiri ko ingancin Matafiyar Ruwan Sama ta Soweto ya dogara ne da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli da halayyar ɗan adam, gami da al'adun zubar da shara. Toshewar magudanun ruwa da ke faruwa saboda jifa da shara da kuma zubar da datti ba bisa ƙa'ida ba yana rage ingancin tsarin kuma yana ƙara haɗarin ambaliya. Hukumomin birni suna ci gaba da gudanar da kamfen na wayar da kan jama'a don ƙarfafa mazauna yankin su guji zubar da shara a cikin tsarin magudanar ruwan sama.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=JRA warning: Heavy floods advisory |url=https://jra.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/JRA_WARNING_HEAVY_FLOODS_1-1.pdf |publisher=Johannesburg Roads Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Nassoshi (References) ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Matsalolin da ba a warware su ba a magani</title>
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        <username>Rahama Buhari Sani</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1313031503|Unsolved problems in medicine]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855404</origin>
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      <text bytes="10892" sha1="d9emi2a5frlmty566etal7njjevnmvp" xml:space="preserve">== Ma'anar &quot;cuta&quot; ==
Babu wani cikakken bayani mai zurfi game da abin da cuta take nufi. A gefe guda, akwai ma'anar kimiyya wadda ke da alaƙa da tsarin ilimin halittar jiki, a gefe guda kuma, akwai wahalar da majiyyaci ke sha da kuma asarar ingancin rayuwarsa. Duk hanyoyin biyu ba sa buƙatar daidaitawa, kuma suna iya zama masu karo da juna.

Misali, idan majiyyaci ya nemi taimakon likita saboda [[Influenza|mura]] mai tsanani, likita ba zai damu da takamaiman tsarin ƙwayoyin cuta da na rigakafi da ke bayan wahalar da ake gani a bayyane ba. Wannan ya bambanta da yawancin marasa lafiya da ke ɗauke da cutar haemochromatosis waɗanda ba za su ga wahala ko canji a cikin ingancin rayuwarsu ba, yayin da tsarin da ke haifar da cutar yana da tsanani kuma sau da yawa yana da kisa idan ba a yi musu magani ba. Hakazalika, yawancin [[Sankara|cututtukan daji]] a farkon matakansu ba su da alamun cutar (misali [[Ciwon Daji na Pancreatic|ciwon daji na pancreas]] ) kuma majiyyaci har yanzu yana jin lafiya, wanda ke jinkirta neman magani.

A wasu lokutan, al'adu ma suna taka rawa wajen bayyana &quot;cuta&quot;. An daɗe ana ɗaukar [[Rashin aiki na erectile|matsalar rashin daidaituwar miji]] a matsayin yanayi mara kyau amma ba tare da la'akari da cututtuka ba. Gabatar da magunguna masu inganci ya haifar da karɓuwa a matsayin cuta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chiong |first=Winston |year=2001 |title=Diagnosing and defining disease |journal=JAMA |volume=285 |page=89 |doi=10.1001/jama.285.1.89-JMS0103-2-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwai ƙarin matsaloli idan ana maganar matsalolin kwakwalwa . Damuwa da [[Matsalar damuwa|rashin kwanciyar hankali]] suna haifar da matsaloli masu yawa ga majiyyaci, amma ba sa cutar da mutum na uku. Akasin haka, rashin kwanciyar hankali ko rashin kwanciyar hankali ba ya haifar da wata matsala ga majiyyaci, kodayake kiyaye kyakkyawar alaƙar da ke tsakanin mutane zai shafi, kuma ana iya cutar da mutum na uku.

Akwai kuma muhawara kan ko ya kamata a rarraba halaye marasa kyau ko waɗanda aka haramta a zamantakewa a matsayin cuta idan ba sa haifar da wahala ga majiyyaci ko kuma ba sa haifar da haɗari ga wasu mutane. Irin waɗannan halaye na iya haɗawa da paraphilias, hali da ake ganin kawai &quot;bai dace ba&quot; ko kuma wanda ba shi da alaƙa da shekarun ko jinsi na majiyyaci, ko wasu alamun rashin lafiyar autism (kamar motsin da ake maimaitawa, abubuwan da aka tsara, abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba, rashin ganin ido, da sauransu).

Ganewar kwandon shara wata cuta ce da aka gano bisa ga alamun rashin tabbas na asali, wani lokacin ana amfani da ita azaman tsari don inshora don rufe maganin da zai iya magance rashin lafiyar ko inganta alamun majiyyaci ko ingancin rayuwa. Ko akwai wata cuta da ta fi muhimmanci a tattauna. Misalin gano cutar fibromyalgia ta hanyar ciwon tsoka wanda ba a san asalinsa ba.

== Maganin da ya dogara da shaida ==
Magungunan da ke da tushen shaida (EBM) ya zama babban tsari a fannin aikin likitanci da bincike. Duk da haka, ana ci gaba da muhawara game da EBM da kuma yadda sakamakon da aka samu daga manyan samfuran marasa lafiya za a iya amfani da shi ga mutum ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kulkarni |first=Abhaya V. |year=2005 |title=The challenges of evidence-based medicine: A philosophical perspective |journal=Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=255–260 |doi=10.1007/s11019-004-7345-8 |pmid=16215804}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Greenhalgh |first=Trisha |year=2012 |title=Why do we always end up here? Evidence-based medicine's conceptual cul-de-sacs and some off-road alternative routes |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225276822 |journal=Journal of Primary Health Care |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=92–7 |doi=10.1071/HC12092 |pmid=22675691 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wieringa |first=Sietse |last2=Engebretsen |first2=Eivind |last3=Heggen |first3=Kristin |last4=Greenhalgh |first4=Trish |year=2017 |title=Has evidence-based medicine ever been modern? A Latour-inspired understanding of a changing EBM |journal=Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=964–970 |doi=10.1111/jep.12752 |pmc=5655926 |pmid=28508440}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Loughlin |first=Michael |last2=Lewith |first2=George |last3=Falkenberg |first3=Torkel |year=2013 |title=Science, Practice and Mythology: A Definition and Examination of the Implications of Scientism in Medicine |journal=Health Care Analysis |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=130–145 |doi=10.1007/s10728-012-0211-6 |pmid=22622355}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin halin dan Adam da ilimin halayyar dan adam ==

=== Rashin ingantattun ganewar asali a wasu cututtuka ===
Duk da cewa littattafai kamar ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders'' (DSM) sun yi bayani dalla-dalla game da fayyace cututtukan kwakwalwa, a wasu cututtuka, amincin ganewar asali har yanzu ba shi da kyau. Misali, amincin da ke tsakanin mutane a lokuta na [[dementia]] yana da yawa, tare da ƙimar kappa na 0.78, yayin da [[Babban rashin damuwa|kwararru masu zaman kansu ke gano babban rashin jin daɗi]] ta hanyoyi daban-daban ta hanyar kwararru masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke ganin majiyyaci ɗaya, tare da ƙimar kappa na 0.28 kawai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Freedman |first=Lewis |year=2013 |title=The Initial Field Trials of DSM-5: New Blooms and Old Thorns |journal=American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=170 |issue=1 |pages=1–5 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12091189 |pmid=23288382}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Matsalolin al'adu wajen bayyana matsalolin tunani ===
Wasu cututtukan kwakwalwa kamar su paraphilia, halayen jima'i na tilastawa, matsalolin halayen mutum, da sauransu, har yanzu aƙalla an bayyana su kaɗan ta hanyar ƙa'idodin zamantakewa da al'adu, maimakon barazana ga lafiyar mutum.

Misali, DSM ta bayyana [[Jima'in jinsi|luwaɗi]] a matsayin rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa, har sai da Ƙungiyar Masu Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka ta yanke shawara akasin haka a shekarar 1973. Kamar yadda Richard Green ya nuna a cikin wani bita kan lalata yara, ya kamata ilimin hauka ya gano hanyoyin tunani marasa kyau kuma ya magance su, kuma ba ya mai da hankali kan ƙa'idodin al'adu, tambayoyin ɗabi'a ko batutuwan shari'a ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Green |first=Richard |year=2002 |title=Is pedophilia a mental disorder? |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=467–471 |doi=10.1023/a:1020699013309 |pmid=12462476}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ganin cewa galibi marubutan Yamma ne ke rubuta littattafan karatu da littattafai masu alaƙa da DSM, ma'anar cututtukan kwakwalwa ba ta da alaƙa da al'ada matsala ce da ba a warware ba. Duk da cewa sabbin bugu na DSM suna &quot;girmama&quot; al'adun da ba na Yamma ba ta hanyar ambaton gabatarwar alamomin al'ada (misali dogon lokaci na makoki ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin alamar baƙin ciki a wasu al'adu, amma ba a cikin wasu ba), haɗa abubuwan al'adu cikin sharuɗɗan ganewar asali ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin shawara ta siyasa, amma ba wacce aka kafa a kimiyyance ba. Ra'ayin Yamma lokacin da ake bayyana cututtukan kwakwalwa kuma yana haifar da makantar al'adu: Littattafai ba sa tattauna yadda salon rayuwa da al'adun Yamma za su iya gyara ko ɓoye alamun cututtukan kwakwalwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Widiger |first=T. |year=2000 |title=Adult Psychopathology: Issues and Controversies |journal=Annual Review of Psychology |volume=51 |pages=377–404 |doi=10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.377 |pmid=10751976}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Har yanzu babu rarrabuwar cututtukan kwakwalwa da ke haifar da hakan ===
Ana tura majiyyaci da ke fama da gurguwar jiki zuwa ga [[Oncology|likitan kansa]] idan matsalar ta samo asali ne daga ciwon daji a cikin kashin baya ; maganin da likitan jijiyoyi ke bayarwa abu ne na biyu da za a yi la'akari da shi. Haka nan, rashin isasshen koda wani lokacin yana faruwa ne sakamakon matsalolin zuciya, don haka likitan zuciya ne ke jagorantar maganin. Duk da haka, a fannin ilimin tabin hankali, haɗa matsalolin kwakwalwa ta hanyar dalilinsu har yanzu matsala ce da ba a warware ba. Littattafan ilimin tabin hankali da littattafai suna tattara rikice-rikice ta hanyar alamu, wanda ake ganin yana kawo cikas ga neman magunguna masu inganci. An kwatanta wannan da jagorar filin likitan tsuntsaye: Yana ba ku damar gano tsuntsaye, amma bai gaya muku dalilin da yasa wani nau'in halitta yake wanzuwa a cikin biotope A amma ba B ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=McHugh |first=P. R. |year=2005 |title=Striving for Coherence: Psychiatry's Efforts over classification |journal=JAMA |volume=293 |issue=20 |pages=2526–2528 |doi=10.1001/jama.293.20.2526 |pmid=15914753}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, ana ta muhawara kan yadda wani magani zai iya taimaka wa majiyyaci, ko yana magance wani takamaiman rashin daidaiton sinadarai a cikin kwakwalwa, kawai yana canza daidaiton aiki ta hanyar da za ta inganta rayuwarsu, ko kuma kawai yana riƙe majiyyacin cikin yanayi mai sauƙi da/ko kuma yana tsoma baki ga hanyoyin da ke ba da damar alamun, kamar amfani da magungunan rashin lafiyar jiki don magance cutar paraphilia da ba a so ta hanyar danne sha'awar jima'i gaba ɗaya, ba tare da mayar da shi zuwa ga fifiko mafi dacewa ba.

== Cututtukan da ba a san dalili ba ==
Akwai cututtuka da yawa da ba a san musabbabinsu ba. Akwai wasu kuma waɗanda aka fahimci ainihin dalilin ko kuma aka ɗan fahimci su, amma waɗanda ba a sami ingantattun magunguna ba tukuna.

''Idiopathic'' kalma ce ta bayanin da ake amfani da ita a magani don nuna cututtuka waɗanda ba a san dalili ba ko kuma hanyar da ta bayyana [[wiktionary:spontaneous|a fili]] .  Misalan cututtukan idiopathic sun haɗa da: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, Idiopathic intracranial hypertension, da Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis . Wani misali kuma shi ne cewa har yanzu ba a san musabbabin ciwon periodontitis mai tsanani ba - wanda ke haifar da asarar ƙashi cikin sauri da kuma haƙoran da ke buƙatar cirewa - har yanzu ba a san su ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Clark |first=Danielle |date=2017 |title=Aggressive periodontitis: The unsolved mystery |url=http://www.quintpub.com/userhome/qi/qi_48_2_clark_p103.pdf |journal=Quintessence International |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=103–111 |doi=10.3290/j.qi.a37387 |pmid=28133644}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin aiki ==
Wani lokaci ba a san yadda magunguna ke aiki ba. Sau da yawa yana yiwuwa a yi nazarin bayyanar kwayoyin halitta a cikin wani samfurin halitta, da kuma tantance kwayoyin halittar da wani abu ke hanawa, da kuma yin ƙarin bincike daga wannan bayanan. Misali na gargajiya na tsarin aiki da ba a sani ba shine tsarin maganin sa barci na gaba ɗaya . Sauran misalai sune [[paracetamol]], antidepressants da lithium . Ko da an san magani yana shafar wani takamaiman tsari na halitta, kamar sake dawo da serotonin daga synapse zuwa tashar axon, har yanzu ba a san yadda wannan tsari ke shafar ci gaban alamun ba.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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        <username>Rahama Buhari Sani</username>
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== Ma'anar &quot;cuta&quot; ==
Babu wani cikakken bayani mai zurfi game da abin da cuta take nufi. A gefe guda, akwai ma'anar kimiyya wadda ke da alaƙa da tsarin ilimin halittar jiki, a gefe guda kuma, akwai wahalar da majiyyaci ke sha da kuma asarar ingancin rayuwarsa. Duk hanyoyin biyu ba sa buƙatar daidaitawa, kuma suna iya zama masu karo da juna.

Misali, idan majiyyaci ya nemi taimakon likita saboda [[Influenza|mura]] mai tsanani, likita ba zai damu da takamaiman tsarin ƙwayoyin cuta da na rigakafi da ke bayan wahalar da ake gani a bayyane ba. Wannan ya bambanta da yawancin marasa lafiya da ke ɗauke da cutar haemochromatosis waɗanda ba za su ga wahala ko canji a cikin ingancin rayuwarsu ba, yayin da tsarin da ke haifar da cutar yana da tsanani kuma sau da yawa yana da kisa idan ba a yi musu magani ba. Hakazalika, yawancin [[Sankara|cututtukan daji]] a farkon matakansu ba su da alamun cutar (misali [[Ciwon Daji na Pancreatic|ciwon daji na pancreas]] ) kuma majiyyaci har yanzu yana jin lafiya, wanda ke jinkirta neman magani.

A wasu lokutan, al'adu ma suna taka rawa wajen bayyana &quot;cuta&quot;. An daɗe ana ɗaukar [[Rashin aiki na erectile|matsalar rashin daidaituwar miji]] a matsayin yanayi mara kyau amma ba tare da la'akari da cututtuka ba. Gabatar da magunguna masu inganci ya haifar da karɓuwa a matsayin cuta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chiong |first=Winston |year=2001 |title=Diagnosing and defining disease |journal=JAMA |volume=285 |page=89 |doi=10.1001/jama.285.1.89-JMS0103-2-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwai ƙarin matsaloli idan ana maganar matsalolin kwakwalwa . Damuwa da [[Matsalar damuwa|rashin kwanciyar hankali]] suna haifar da matsaloli masu yawa ga majiyyaci, amma ba sa cutar da mutum na uku. Akasin haka, rashin kwanciyar hankali ko rashin kwanciyar hankali ba ya haifar da wata matsala ga majiyyaci, kodayake kiyaye kyakkyawar alaƙar da ke tsakanin mutane zai shafi, kuma ana iya cutar da mutum na uku.

Akwai kuma muhawara kan ko ya kamata a rarraba halaye marasa kyau ko waɗanda aka haramta a zamantakewa a matsayin cuta idan ba sa haifar da wahala ga majiyyaci ko kuma ba sa haifar da haɗari ga wasu mutane. Irin waɗannan halaye na iya haɗawa da paraphilias, hali da ake ganin kawai &quot;bai dace ba&quot; ko kuma wanda ba shi da alaƙa da shekarun ko jinsi na majiyyaci, ko wasu alamun rashin lafiyar autism (kamar motsin da ake maimaitawa, abubuwan da aka tsara, abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba, rashin ganin ido, da sauransu).

Ganewar kwandon shara wata cuta ce da aka gano bisa ga alamun rashin tabbas na asali, wani lokacin ana amfani da ita azaman tsari don inshora don rufe maganin da zai iya magance rashin lafiyar ko inganta alamun majiyyaci ko ingancin rayuwa. Ko akwai wata cuta da ta fi muhimmanci a tattauna. Misalin gano cutar fibromyalgia ta hanyar ciwon tsoka wanda ba a san asalinsa ba.

== Maganin da ya dogara da shaida ==
Magungunan da ke da tushen shaida (EBM) ya zama babban tsari a fannin aikin likitanci da bincike. Duk da haka, ana ci gaba da muhawara game da EBM da kuma yadda sakamakon da aka samu daga manyan samfuran marasa lafiya za a iya amfani da shi ga mutum ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kulkarni |first=Abhaya V. |year=2005 |title=The challenges of evidence-based medicine: A philosophical perspective |journal=Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=255–260 |doi=10.1007/s11019-004-7345-8 |pmid=16215804}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Greenhalgh |first=Trisha |year=2012 |title=Why do we always end up here? Evidence-based medicine's conceptual cul-de-sacs and some off-road alternative routes |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225276822 |journal=Journal of Primary Health Care |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=92–7 |doi=10.1071/HC12092 |pmid=22675691 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wieringa |first=Sietse |last2=Engebretsen |first2=Eivind |last3=Heggen |first3=Kristin |last4=Greenhalgh |first4=Trish |year=2017 |title=Has evidence-based medicine ever been modern? A Latour-inspired understanding of a changing EBM |journal=Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=964–970 |doi=10.1111/jep.12752 |pmc=5655926 |pmid=28508440}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Loughlin |first=Michael |last2=Lewith |first2=George |last3=Falkenberg |first3=Torkel |year=2013 |title=Science, Practice and Mythology: A Definition and Examination of the Implications of Scientism in Medicine |journal=Health Care Analysis |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=130–145 |doi=10.1007/s10728-012-0211-6 |pmid=22622355}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin halin dan Adam da ilimin halayyar dan adam ==

=== Rashin ingantattun ganewar asali a wasu cututtuka ===
Duk da cewa littattafai kamar ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders'' (DSM) sun yi bayani dalla-dalla game da fayyace cututtukan kwakwalwa, a wasu cututtuka, amincin ganewar asali har yanzu ba shi da kyau. Misali, amincin da ke tsakanin mutane a lokuta na [[dementia]] yana da yawa, tare da ƙimar kappa na 0.78, yayin da [[Babban rashin damuwa|kwararru masu zaman kansu ke gano babban rashin jin daɗi]] ta hanyoyi daban-daban ta hanyar kwararru masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke ganin majiyyaci ɗaya, tare da ƙimar kappa na 0.28 kawai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Freedman |first=Lewis |year=2013 |title=The Initial Field Trials of DSM-5: New Blooms and Old Thorns |journal=American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=170 |issue=1 |pages=1–5 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12091189 |pmid=23288382}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Matsalolin al'adu wajen bayyana matsalolin tunani ===
Wasu cututtukan kwakwalwa kamar su paraphilia, halayen jima'i na tilastawa, matsalolin halayen mutum, da sauransu, har yanzu aƙalla an bayyana su kaɗan ta hanyar ƙa'idodin zamantakewa da al'adu, maimakon barazana ga lafiyar mutum.

Misali, DSM ta bayyana [[Jima'in jinsi|luwaɗi]] a matsayin rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa, har sai da Ƙungiyar Masu Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka ta yanke shawara akasin haka a shekarar 1973. Kamar yadda Richard Green ya nuna a cikin wani bita kan lalata yara, ya kamata ilimin hauka ya gano hanyoyin tunani marasa kyau kuma ya magance su, kuma ba ya mai da hankali kan ƙa'idodin al'adu, tambayoyin ɗabi'a ko batutuwan shari'a ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Green |first=Richard |year=2002 |title=Is pedophilia a mental disorder? |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=467–471 |doi=10.1023/a:1020699013309 |pmid=12462476}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ganin cewa galibi marubutan Yamma ne ke rubuta littattafan karatu da littattafai masu alaƙa da DSM, ma'anar cututtukan kwakwalwa ba ta da alaƙa da al'ada matsala ce da ba a warware ba. Duk da cewa sabbin bugu na DSM suna &quot;girmama&quot; al'adun da ba na Yamma ba ta hanyar ambaton gabatarwar alamomin al'ada (misali dogon lokaci na makoki ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin alamar baƙin ciki a wasu al'adu, amma ba a cikin wasu ba), haɗa abubuwan al'adu cikin sharuɗɗan ganewar asali ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin shawara ta siyasa, amma ba wacce aka kafa a kimiyyance ba. Ra'ayin Yamma lokacin da ake bayyana cututtukan kwakwalwa kuma yana haifar da makantar al'adu: Littattafai ba sa tattauna yadda salon rayuwa da al'adun Yamma za su iya gyara ko ɓoye alamun cututtukan kwakwalwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Widiger |first=T. |year=2000 |title=Adult Psychopathology: Issues and Controversies |journal=Annual Review of Psychology |volume=51 |pages=377–404 |doi=10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.377 |pmid=10751976}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Har yanzu babu rarrabuwar cututtukan kwakwalwa da ke haifar da hakan ===
Ana tura majiyyaci da ke fama da gurguwar jiki zuwa ga [[Oncology|likitan kansa]] idan matsalar ta samo asali ne daga ciwon daji a cikin kashin baya ; maganin da likitan jijiyoyi ke bayarwa abu ne na biyu da za a yi la'akari da shi. Haka nan, rashin isasshen koda wani lokacin yana faruwa ne sakamakon matsalolin zuciya, don haka likitan zuciya ne ke jagorantar maganin. Duk da haka, a fannin ilimin tabin hankali, haɗa matsalolin kwakwalwa ta hanyar dalilinsu har yanzu matsala ce da ba a warware ba. Littattafan ilimin tabin hankali da littattafai suna tattara rikice-rikice ta hanyar alamu, wanda ake ganin yana kawo cikas ga neman magunguna masu inganci. An kwatanta wannan da jagorar filin likitan tsuntsaye: Yana ba ku damar gano tsuntsaye, amma bai gaya muku dalilin da yasa wani nau'in halitta yake wanzuwa a cikin biotope A amma ba B ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=McHugh |first=P. R. |year=2005 |title=Striving for Coherence: Psychiatry's Efforts over classification |journal=JAMA |volume=293 |issue=20 |pages=2526–2528 |doi=10.1001/jama.293.20.2526 |pmid=15914753}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bugu da ƙari, ana ta muhawara kan yadda wani magani zai iya taimaka wa majiyyaci, ko yana magance wani takamaiman rashin daidaiton sinadarai a cikin kwakwalwa, kawai yana canza daidaiton aiki ta hanyar da za ta inganta rayuwarsu, ko kuma kawai yana riƙe majiyyacin cikin yanayi mai sauƙi da/ko kuma yana tsoma baki ga hanyoyin da ke ba da damar alamun, kamar amfani da magungunan rashin lafiyar jiki don magance cutar paraphilia da ba a so ta hanyar danne sha'awar jima'i gaba ɗaya, ba tare da mayar da shi zuwa ga fifiko mafi dacewa ba.

== Cututtukan da ba a san dalili ba ==
Akwai cututtuka da yawa da ba a san musabbabinsu ba. Akwai wasu kuma waɗanda aka fahimci ainihin dalilin ko kuma aka ɗan fahimci su, amma waɗanda ba a sami ingantattun magunguna ba tukuna.

''Idiopathic'' kalma ce ta bayanin da ake amfani da ita a magani don nuna cututtuka waɗanda ba a san dalili ba ko kuma hanyar da ta bayyana [[wiktionary:spontaneous|a fili]] .  Misalan cututtukan idiopathic sun haɗa da: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, Idiopathic intracranial hypertension, da Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis . Wani misali kuma shi ne cewa har yanzu ba a san musabbabin ciwon periodontitis mai tsanani ba - wanda ke haifar da asarar ƙashi cikin sauri da kuma haƙoran da ke buƙatar cirewa - har yanzu ba a san su ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Clark |first=Danielle |date=2017 |title=Aggressive periodontitis: The unsolved mystery |url=http://www.quintpub.com/userhome/qi/qi_48_2_clark_p103.pdf |journal=Quintessence International |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=103–111 |doi=10.3290/j.qi.a37387 |pmid=28133644}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin aiki ==
Wani lokaci ba a san yadda magunguna ke aiki ba. Sau da yawa yana yiwuwa a yi nazarin bayyanar kwayoyin halitta a cikin wani samfurin halitta, da kuma tantance kwayoyin halittar da wani abu ke hanawa, da kuma yin ƙarin bincike daga wannan bayanan. Misali na gargajiya na tsarin aiki da ba a sani ba shine tsarin maganin sa barci na gaba ɗaya . Sauran misalai sune [[paracetamol]], antidepressants da lithium . Ko da an san magani yana shafar wani takamaiman tsari na halitta, kamar sake dawo da serotonin daga synapse zuwa tashar axon, har yanzu ba a san yadda wannan tsari ke shafar ci gaban alamun ba.

== Manazarta ==

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    <title>BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY</title>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: Baragi Vikram Reddy (wanda kuma aka sani da sunansa na shahara Takur R Baragi) mawakin rap ne na Indiya, mawaki, mai shirya kida, kuma jarumi daga Jamakhandi, Karnataka. An haife shi a ranar 26 ga Janairu, 2000, ya gina gagarumin aiki na kera abubuwa daban-daban wanda ya hada samar da kida mai zaman kansa da kuma fitowa a fina-finai na yanki. Lokacin Aikin Kida Reddy yana aiki ne musamman a matsayin mai zaman kansa na mawakin hip-hop da mai shirya kida, yana kera wani salo na m...</comment>
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      <text bytes="1086" sha1="6mzvi0wqs188b7r2cv6jxhlue8ha2km" xml:space="preserve">Baragi Vikram Reddy (wanda kuma aka sani da sunansa na shahara Takur R Baragi) mawakin rap ne na Indiya, mawaki, mai shirya kida, kuma jarumi daga Jamakhandi, Karnataka. An haife shi a ranar 26 ga Janairu, 2000, ya gina gagarumin aiki na kera abubuwa daban-daban wanda ya hada samar da kida mai zaman kansa da kuma fitowa a fina-finai na yanki.
Lokacin Aikin Kida
Reddy yana aiki ne musamman a matsayin mai zaman kansa na mawakin hip-hop da mai shirya kida, yana kera wani salo na musamman da ya mayar da hankali kan rap na tunani, waƙoƙi masu daɗi, da kidan drill. Shi da kansa yake rubutawa, rerawa, da kuma tsara waƙoƙinsa.
Shahararrun Wakoki: Wasu daga cikin sanannun waƙoƙinsa sun haɗa da The Jamkhandi Anthem, Revenage, da Call her to the J block.
Jigogi: Tarin kidansa—wanda ke ɗauke da guda-guda kamar My Struggle, Death Note, Inner Pain, da Drill Devil—yana binciko abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwarsa, wahalhalu, da kuma yanayin mofofin ɗan adam sosai.
Idan kana buƙatar ƙarin fassarar wani sashi ko kana son canza salon yaren zuwa na yau da kullum, sanar da ni.</text>
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      <text bytes="1450" sha1="2rq5m027yxpvg3k9y1l3k9wxmzvwpae" xml:space="preserve">Baragi Vikram Reddy (wanda kuma aka sani da sunansa na shahara Takur R Baragi) mawakin rap ne na Indiya, mawaki, mai shirya kida, kuma jarumi daga Jamakhandi, Karnataka. An haife shi a ranar 26 ga Janairu, 2000, ya gina gagarumin aiki na kera abubuwa daban-daban wanda ya hada samar da kida mai zaman kansa da kuma fitowa a fina-finai na yanki.
Lokacin Aikin Kida
Reddy yana aiki ne musamman a matsayin mai zaman kansa na mawakin hip-hop da mai shirya kida, yana kera wani salo na musamman da ya mayar da hankali kan rap na tunani, waƙoƙi masu daɗi, da kidan drill. Shi da kansa yake rubutawa, rerawa, da kuma tsara waƙoƙinsa.
Shahararrun Wakoki: Wasu daga cikin sanannun waƙoƙinsa sun haɗa da The Jamkhandi Anthem, Revenage, da Call her to the J block.
Jigogi: Tarin kidansa—wanda ke ɗauke da guda-guda kamar My Struggle, Death Note, Inner Pain, da Drill Devil—yana binciko abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwarsa, wahalhalu, da kuma yanayin mofofin ɗan adam sosai.
Idan kana buƙatar ƙarin fassarar wani sashi ko kana son canza salon yaren zuwa na yau da kullum, sanar da ni.

{{Short description|Indian actor  and singer}}
{{Infobox person
| name         = BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY
| image        =BARAGI VIKRAM REDDY
| caption      =  2020
| birth_name   = 
| birth_date   = 
| birth_place  = [[NAGANUR]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| occupation   = {{hlist|Actor|Singer}}
| relatives    = 
| honours      = 
| years_active = 2019–present 
}}</text>
      <sha1>2rq5m027yxpvg3k9y1l3k9wxmzvwpae</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Wajja</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358364240|Wajja River]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Wajja''' kogi ne na yammacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]] . Yana da magudanar ruwa ta [[Kogin Hanger]], kuma wani ɓangare ne na magudanar ruwa ta [[Blue Nile]], wani lokacin ana kiransa da ƙaramin kwarin Waja-Golesha. &lt;ref name=&quot;t655&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kidane |first=Seyoum Bezabih |date=2023-05-24 |title=Groundwater-recharge estimation in Waja-Golesha Sub-basin, Northern Ethiopia: An approach using WetSpass Model |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jaes/article/download/258911/244510 |journal=Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.4314/jaes.v8i1.1 |issn=2616-3721 |access-date=2025-02-16 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin koguna na Habasha|Jerin kogunan Habasha]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="769" sha1="ftl85t4es7a6t345j1d2j8q5y5ohmli" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Wajja''' kogi ne na yammacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]] . Yana da magudanar ruwa ta [[Kogin Hanger]], kuma wani ɓangare ne na magudanar ruwa ta [[Blue Nile]], wani lokacin ana kiransa da ƙaramin kwarin Waja-Golesha. &lt;ref name=&quot;t655&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kidane |first=Seyoum Bezabih |date=2023-05-24 |title=Groundwater-recharge estimation in Waja-Golesha Sub-basin, Northern Ethiopia: An approach using WetSpass Model |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jaes/article/download/258911/244510 |journal=Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.4314/jaes.v8i1.1 |issn=2616-3721 |access-date=2025-02-16 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin koguna na Habasha|Jerin kogunan Habasha]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gedunin</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1307219488|Gedunin]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="8600" sha1="m3e8p6j1ze4lzwcog8hwhdlzxomyuag" xml:space="preserve">Gedunin7&quot; href=&quot;./Triterpenoid&quot; id=&quot;mwCA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Triterpenoid&quot;&gt;triterpenoid ne na pentacyclic tare da Tsarin kwayoyin C&lt;sub&gt;28&lt;/sub&gt; O7. An fi samunsa a Azadirachta indica, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hallur |first=Gurulingappa |last2=Sivramakrishnan |first2=Apoorba |last3=Bhat |first3=Sujata V. |date=2002-08-01 |title=Three New Tetranortriterpenoids from Neem Seed Oil |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/np0105174 |journal=Journal of Natural Products |language=en |volume=65 |issue=8 |pages=1177–1179 |bibcode=2002JNAtP..65.1177H |doi=10.1021/np0105174 |issn=0163-3864 |pmid=12193026 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma yana cikin wasu tsire-tsire da yawa. Gedunin ya nuna damar warkarwa a cikin maganin cutar sankara, da [[Cutar Parkinson]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kikuchi |first=Takashi |last2=Ishii |first2=Koichi |last3=Noto |first3=Taisuke |last4=Takahashi |first4=Akitomo |last5=Tabata |first5=Keiichi |last6=Suzuki |first6=Takashi |last7=Akihisa |first7=Toshihiro |date=2011-04-25 |title=Cytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing activities of limonoids from the seeds of Azadirachta indica (neem) |journal=Journal of Natural Products |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=866–870 |bibcode=2011JNAtP..74..866K |doi=10.1021/np100783k |issn=1520-6025 |pmid=21381696}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rane |first=Anand |last2=Rajagopalan |first2=Subramanian |last3=Ahuja |first3=Manuj |last4=Thomas |first4=Bobby |last5=Chinta |first5=Shankar J. |last6=Andersen |first6=Julie K. |date=March 2018 |title=Hsp90 Co-chaperone p23 contributes to dopaminergic mitochondrial stress via stabilization of PHD2: Implications for Parkinson's disease |journal=Neurotoxicology |volume=65 |pages=166–173 |bibcode=2018NeuTx..65..166R |doi=10.1016/j.neuro.2018.02.012 |issn=1872-9711 |pmc=5857252 |pmid=29471019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Zhou |first=Heying |last2=Li |first2=Fengxia |last3=Li |first3=Yanli |date=November 2022 |title=Anti-Cancer Activity of Gedunin by Induction of Apoptosis in Human Gastric Cancer AGS Cells |journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology |volume=194 |issue=11 |pages=5322–5332 |doi=10.1007/s12010-022-04001-8 |issn=1559-0291 |pmid=35759172 |s2cid=250065297}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abubuwan da suka faru na halitta ==
Azadirachta indica [1] shine sanannen tushen gedunin, amma kuma an samo shi a cikin tsire-tsire masu zuwa:

* Cedar fissilis&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Leite |first=Ana |last2=Ambrozin |first2=Alessandra |last3=Fernandes |first3=João |last4=Vieira |first4=Paulo |last5=da Silva |first5=Maria |last6=de Albuquerque |first6=Sérgio |date=December 2008 |title=Trypanocidal Activity of Limonoids and Triterpenes from Cedrela fissilis |url=http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-0028-1088323 |journal=Planta Medica |language=en |volume=74 |issue=15 |pages=1795–1799 |bibcode=2008PlMed..74.1795L |doi=10.1055/s-0028-1088323 |issn=0032-0943 |pmid=18991203 |s2cid=260248307 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Cedrela odorata&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Campos |first=Angela M. |last2=Oliveira |first2=Francisco S. |last3=Machado |first3=Maria Iracema L. |last4=Matos |first4=Francisco J.A. |last5=Braz-Filho |first5=Raimundo |date=January 1991 |title=Triterpenes from Cedrela odorata |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031942200952063 |journal=Phytochemistry |language=en |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=1225–1229 |bibcode=1991PChem..30.1225C |doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(00)95206-3 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Carvalho |first=Paulo S. |last2=Napolitano |first2=Hamilton B. |last3=Camargo |first3=Ademir J. |last4=Silva |first4=Valter H.C. |last5=Ellena |first5=Javier A. |last6=Rocha |first6=Waldireny C. |last7=Vieira |first7=Paulo C. |date=January 2012 |title=X-ray diffraction and theoretical investigation of the Gedunin crystal structure |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022286011009057 |journal=Journal of Molecular Structure |language=en |volume=1008 |pages=83–87 |bibcode=2012JMoSt1008...83C |doi=10.1016/j.molstruc.2011.11.028 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Cedrela salvadorensis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Céspedes |first=Carlos L. |last2=Calderón |first2=José S. |last3=Lina |first3=Laura |last4=Aranda |first4=Eduardo |date=2000-05-01 |title=Growth Inhibitory Effects on Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda of Some Limonoids Isolated from Cedrela spp. (Meliaceae) |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf990443q |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |language=en |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=1903–1908 |bibcode=2000JAFC...48.1903C |doi=10.1021/jf990443q |issn=0021-8561 |pmid=10820113 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Entandrophragma na Angola&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Okorie |first=Domingo A. |last2=Taylor |first2=David A.H. |date=January 1977 |title=Triterpenes from the seed of Entandrophragma species |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0031942277801234 |journal=Phytochemistry |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=2029–2030 |bibcode=1977PChem..16.2029O |doi=10.1016/0031-9422(77)80123-4 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Male|Khaya grandifoliola]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bickii |first=Jean |last2=Njifutie |first2=Njikam |last3=Ayafor Foyere |first3=Johnson |last4=Basco |first4=Leonardo K |last5=Ringwald |first5=Pascal |date=January 2000 |title=In vitro antimalarial activity of limonoids from Khaya grandifoliola C.D.C. (Meliaceae) |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378874199001178 |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |language=en |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=27–33 |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00117-8 |pmid=10661881 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Melia azedarach&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Khalid |first=Sami A. |last2=Farouk |first2=Asim |last3=Geary |first3=Timothy G. |last4=Jensen |first4=James B. |date=February 1986 |title=Potential antimalarial candidates from African plants: An in vitro approach using Plasmodium falciparum |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/037887418690156X |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=201–209 |doi=10.1016/0378-8741(86)90156-X |pmid=3520157 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Toona sinensis&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mitsui |first=Kumiko |last2=Saito |first2=Hiroaki |last3=Yamamura |first3=Ryota |last4=Fukaya |first4=Haruhiko |last5=Hitotsuyanagi |first5=Yukio |last6=Takeya |first6=Koichi |date=2007 |title=Apotirucallane and Tirucallane Triterpenoids from Cedrela sinensis |url=http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/cpb/55/10/55_10_1442/_article |journal=Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin |language=en |volume=55 |issue=10 |pages=1442–1447 |doi=10.1248/cpb.55.1442 |issn=0009-2363 |pmid=17917286 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mitsui |first=Kumiko |last2=Saito |first2=Hiroaki |last3=Yamamura |first3=Ryota |last4=Fukaya |first4=Haruhiko |last5=Hitotsuyanagi |first5=Yukio |last6=Takeya |first6=Koichi |date=2006-09-01 |title=Hydroxylated Gedunin Derivatives from Cedrela sinensis |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/np068021f |journal=Journal of Natural Products |language=en |volume=69 |issue=9 |pages=1310–1314 |bibcode=2006JNAtP..69.1310M |doi=10.1021/np068021f |issn=0163-3864 |pmid=16989525 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Xylocarpus granatum&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Uddin |first=Shaikh J. |last2=Nahar |first2=Lutfun |last3=Shilpi |first3=Jamil A. |last4=Shoeb |first4=Mohammad |last5=Borkowski |first5=Tomasz |last6=Gibbons |first6=Simon |last7=Middleton |first7=Moira |last8=Byres |first8=Maureen |last9=Sarker |first9=Satyajit D. |date=August 2007 |title=Gedunin, a limonoid from Xylocarpus granatum, inhibits the growth of CaCo-2 colon cancer cell line In Vitro |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.2159 |journal=Phytotherapy Research |language=en |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=757–761 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2159 |pmid=17450509 |s2cid=22441840 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Min-Yi |last2=Yang |first2=Xiao-Bo |last3=Pan |first3=Jian-Yu |last4=Feng |first4=Gang |last5=Xiao |first5=Qiang |last6=Sinkkonen |first6=Jari |last7=Satyanandamurty |first7=Tirumani |last8=Wu |first8=Jun |date=2009-12-28 |title=Granatumins A−G, Limonoids from the Seeds of a Krishna Mangrove, Xylocarpus granatum |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/np900625w |journal=Journal of Natural Products |language=en |volume=72 |issue=12 |pages=2110–2114 |bibcode=2009JNAtP..72.2110L |doi=10.1021/np900625w |issn=0163-3864 |pmid=19888743 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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Gedunin7&quot; href=&quot;./Triterpenoid&quot; id=&quot;mwCA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Triterpenoid&quot;&gt;triterpenoid ne na pentacyclic tare da Tsarin kwayoyin C&lt;sub&gt;28&lt;/sub&gt; O7. An fi samunsa a Azadirachta indica, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hallur |first=Gurulingappa |last2=Sivramakrishnan |first2=Apoorba |last3=Bhat |first3=Sujata V. |date=2002-08-01 |title=Three New Tetranortriterpenoids from Neem Seed Oil |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/np0105174 |journal=Journal of Natural Products |language=en |volume=65 |issue=8 |pages=1177–1179 |bibcode=2002JNAtP..65.1177H |doi=10.1021/np0105174 |issn=0163-3864 |pmid=12193026 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma yana cikin wasu tsire-tsire da yawa. Gedunin ya nuna damar warkarwa a cikin maganin cutar sankara, da [[Cutar Parkinson]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kikuchi |first=Takashi |last2=Ishii |first2=Koichi |last3=Noto |first3=Taisuke |last4=Takahashi |first4=Akitomo |last5=Tabata |first5=Keiichi |last6=Suzuki |first6=Takashi |last7=Akihisa |first7=Toshihiro |date=2011-04-25 |title=Cytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing activities of limonoids from the seeds of Azadirachta indica (neem) |journal=Journal of Natural Products |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=866–870 |bibcode=2011JNAtP..74..866K |doi=10.1021/np100783k |issn=1520-6025 |pmid=21381696}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rane |first=Anand |last2=Rajagopalan |first2=Subramanian |last3=Ahuja |first3=Manuj |last4=Thomas |first4=Bobby |last5=Chinta |first5=Shankar J. |last6=Andersen |first6=Julie K. |date=March 2018 |title=Hsp90 Co-chaperone p23 contributes to dopaminergic mitochondrial stress via stabilization of PHD2: Implications for Parkinson's disease |journal=Neurotoxicology |volume=65 |pages=166–173 |bibcode=2018NeuTx..65..166R |doi=10.1016/j.neuro.2018.02.012 |issn=1872-9711 |pmc=5857252 |pmid=29471019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Zhou |first=Heying |last2=Li |first2=Fengxia |last3=Li |first3=Yanli |date=November 2022 |title=Anti-Cancer Activity of Gedunin by Induction of Apoptosis in Human Gastric Cancer AGS Cells |journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology |volume=194 |issue=11 |pages=5322–5332 |doi=10.1007/s12010-022-04001-8 |issn=1559-0291 |pmid=35759172 |s2cid=250065297}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abubuwan da suka faru na halitta ==
Azadirachta indica [1] shine sanannen tushen gedunin, amma kuma an samo shi a cikin tsire-tsire masu zuwa:

* Cedar fissilis&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Leite |first=Ana |last2=Ambrozin |first2=Alessandra |last3=Fernandes |first3=João |last4=Vieira |first4=Paulo |last5=da Silva |first5=Maria |last6=de Albuquerque |first6=Sérgio |date=December 2008 |title=Trypanocidal Activity of Limonoids and Triterpenes from Cedrela fissilis |url=http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-0028-1088323 |journal=Planta Medica |language=en |volume=74 |issue=15 |pages=1795–1799 |bibcode=2008PlMed..74.1795L |doi=10.1055/s-0028-1088323 |issn=0032-0943 |pmid=18991203 |s2cid=260248307 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Cedrela odorata&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Campos |first=Angela M. |last2=Oliveira |first2=Francisco S. |last3=Machado |first3=Maria Iracema L. |last4=Matos |first4=Francisco J.A. |last5=Braz-Filho |first5=Raimundo |date=January 1991 |title=Triterpenes from Cedrela odorata |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031942200952063 |journal=Phytochemistry |language=en |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=1225–1229 |bibcode=1991PChem..30.1225C |doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(00)95206-3 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Carvalho |first=Paulo S. |last2=Napolitano |first2=Hamilton B. |last3=Camargo |first3=Ademir J. |last4=Silva |first4=Valter H.C. |last5=Ellena |first5=Javier A. |last6=Rocha |first6=Waldireny C. |last7=Vieira |first7=Paulo C. |date=January 2012 |title=X-ray diffraction and theoretical investigation of the Gedunin crystal structure |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022286011009057 |journal=Journal of Molecular Structure |language=en |volume=1008 |pages=83–87 |bibcode=2012JMoSt1008...83C |doi=10.1016/j.molstruc.2011.11.028 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Cedrela salvadorensis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Céspedes |first=Carlos L. |last2=Calderón |first2=José S. |last3=Lina |first3=Laura |last4=Aranda |first4=Eduardo |date=2000-05-01 |title=Growth Inhibitory Effects on Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda of Some Limonoids Isolated from Cedrela spp. (Meliaceae) |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf990443q |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |language=en |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=1903–1908 |bibcode=2000JAFC...48.1903C |doi=10.1021/jf990443q |issn=0021-8561 |pmid=10820113 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Entandrophragma na Angola&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Okorie |first=Domingo A. |last2=Taylor |first2=David A.H. |date=January 1977 |title=Triterpenes from the seed of Entandrophragma species |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0031942277801234 |journal=Phytochemistry |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=2029–2030 |bibcode=1977PChem..16.2029O |doi=10.1016/0031-9422(77)80123-4 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Male|Khaya grandifoliola]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bickii |first=Jean |last2=Njifutie |first2=Njikam |last3=Ayafor Foyere |first3=Johnson |last4=Basco |first4=Leonardo K |last5=Ringwald |first5=Pascal |date=January 2000 |title=In vitro antimalarial activity of limonoids from Khaya grandifoliola C.D.C. (Meliaceae) |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378874199001178 |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |language=en |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=27–33 |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00117-8 |pmid=10661881 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Melia azedarach&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Khalid |first=Sami A. |last2=Farouk |first2=Asim |last3=Geary |first3=Timothy G. |last4=Jensen |first4=James B. |date=February 1986 |title=Potential antimalarial candidates from African plants: An in vitro approach using Plasmodium falciparum |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/037887418690156X |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=201–209 |doi=10.1016/0378-8741(86)90156-X |pmid=3520157 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Toona sinensis&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mitsui |first=Kumiko |last2=Saito |first2=Hiroaki |last3=Yamamura |first3=Ryota |last4=Fukaya |first4=Haruhiko |last5=Hitotsuyanagi |first5=Yukio |last6=Takeya |first6=Koichi |date=2007 |title=Apotirucallane and Tirucallane Triterpenoids from Cedrela sinensis |url=http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/cpb/55/10/55_10_1442/_article |journal=Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin |language=en |volume=55 |issue=10 |pages=1442–1447 |doi=10.1248/cpb.55.1442 |issn=0009-2363 |pmid=17917286 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mitsui |first=Kumiko |last2=Saito |first2=Hiroaki |last3=Yamamura |first3=Ryota |last4=Fukaya |first4=Haruhiko |last5=Hitotsuyanagi |first5=Yukio |last6=Takeya |first6=Koichi |date=2006-09-01 |title=Hydroxylated Gedunin Derivatives from Cedrela sinensis |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/np068021f |journal=Journal of Natural Products |language=en |volume=69 |issue=9 |pages=1310–1314 |bibcode=2006JNAtP..69.1310M |doi=10.1021/np068021f |issn=0163-3864 |pmid=16989525 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Xylocarpus granatum&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Uddin |first=Shaikh J. |last2=Nahar |first2=Lutfun |last3=Shilpi |first3=Jamil A. |last4=Shoeb |first4=Mohammad |last5=Borkowski |first5=Tomasz |last6=Gibbons |first6=Simon |last7=Middleton |first7=Moira |last8=Byres |first8=Maureen |last9=Sarker |first9=Satyajit D. |date=August 2007 |title=Gedunin, a limonoid from Xylocarpus granatum, inhibits the growth of CaCo-2 colon cancer cell line In Vitro |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.2159 |journal=Phytotherapy Research |language=en |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=757–761 |doi=10.1002/ptr.2159 |pmid=17450509 |s2cid=22441840 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Min-Yi |last2=Yang |first2=Xiao-Bo |last3=Pan |first3=Jian-Yu |last4=Feng |first4=Gang |last5=Xiao |first5=Qiang |last6=Sinkkonen |first6=Jari |last7=Satyanandamurty |first7=Tirumani |last8=Wu |first8=Jun |date=2009-12-28 |title=Granatumins A−G, Limonoids from the Seeds of a Krishna Mangrove, Xylocarpus granatum |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/np900625w |journal=Journal of Natural Products |language=en |volume=72 |issue=12 |pages=2110–2114 |bibcode=2009JNAtP..72.2110L |doi=10.1021/np900625w |issn=0163-3864 |pmid=19888743 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>p62ifnb50wiicaovs58z3fwffwhuggm</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Dihydroartemisinin</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330796591|Dihydroartemisinin]]&quot;</comment>
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'''DihydroArtemisinin''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''dihydroqinghaosu''', '''artenimol''' ko '''DHA''') magani ne da ake amfani da shi don magance [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]]. DihydroArtemisinin shine mai aiki na dukkan mahaɗan artemisinin (artemisinin, Artisunate, artemether, da dai sauransu) kuma yana samuwa azaman magani a cikin kansa. Yana da wani semi-synthetic derivative na artemisinin kuma ana amfani dashi sosai a matsayin matsakaici a cikin shirye-shiryen wasu artemisinin-derived anti-malaria magunguna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Woo SH, Parker MH, Ploypradith P, Northrop J, Posner GH |year=1998 |title=Direct conversion of pyranose anomeric OH→F→R in the artemisinin family of antimalarial trioxanes |journal=Tetrahedron Letters |volume=39 |issue=12 |pages=1533–6 |doi=10.1016/S0040-4039(98)00132-4 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sayar da shi ta hanyar kasuwanci a hade tare da piperaquine kuma an nuna shi daidai da artemether / lumefantrine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arinaitwe2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Arinaitwe E, Sandison TG, Wanzira H, Kakuru A, Homsy J, Kalamya J, Kamya MR, Vora N, Greenhouse B, Rosenthal PJ, Tappero J, Dorsey G |date=December 2009 |title=Artemether-lumefantrine versus dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for falciparum malaria: a longitudinal, randomized trial in young Ugandan children |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=49 |issue=11 |pages=1629–1637 |doi=10.1086/647946 |pmid=19877969 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amfani da magani ==
A cikin bita na tsari na gwaje-gwaje masu sarrafawa, duka dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine da artemether-lumefantrine suna da tasiri sosai wajen magance [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] (shaida mai inganci). Koyaya, dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine yana warkar da marasa lafiya kaɗan fiye da artemether-lumefantrine, kuma yana hana ƙarin kamuwa da zazzabin cizon sauro na dogon lokaci bayan magani (shaida mai inganci). Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine da artemether-lumefantrine mai yiwuwa suna da irin wannan sakamako mai illa (shaida mai inganci). An gudanar da dukkan binciken ne a Afirka. A cikin nazarin mutanen da ke zaune a Asiya, dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine yana da tasiri kamar artesunate tare da mefloquine wajen magance zazzabin cizon sauro (shaida mai inganci). Artesunate tare da mefloquine mai yiwuwa yana haifar da ƙishirwa, amai, dizziness, rashin barci, da bugun zuciya fiye da dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (shaida mai inganci). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zani B, Gathu M, Donegan S, Olliaro PL, Sinclair D |date=January 2014 |title=Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2014 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010927 |pmc=4470355 |pmid=24443033}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Magungunan magunguna da tsarin ==
Hanyar da aka gabatar na aikin artemisinin ya haɗa da rarraba gadar endoperoxide ta baƙin ƙarfe, samar da radicals kyauta (nau'in ƙarfe-oxo, epoxides, Aldehydes, da mahaɗan dicarbonyl) wanda ke lalata macromolecules na halitta wanda ke haifar da damuwa a cikin sel na kwayar cutar.[1] Malaria ya samo asali ne daga apicomplexans, da farko Plasmodium falciparum, wanda yafi zama a cikin jajayen ƙwayoyin jini kuma kansa ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin heme masu arziki da ƙarfe (a cikin nau'in hemozoin). [2] A cikin 2015 an nuna artemisinin don ɗaurewa ga yawancin manufofi da ke nuna cewa yana aiki a cikin hanyar lalata.[3] Binciken tsarin da aka yi kwanan nan ya gano cewa artemisinin yana da niyya ga nau'ikan sunadarai masu yawa a cikin furotin na kwayar cutar kansa ta hanyar heme-activated radical alkylation.[3]

== Sanyen sunadarai ==
Dihydroartemisinin yana da ƙarancin solubility a cikin ruwa na ƙasa da 0.1 g / L. Sakamakon haka, amfani da shi na iya haifar da sakamako masu illa da ƙananan, duk da haka sun fi narkewa, kayan karawa (excipients) kamar Cremophor EL.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Liu K, Dai L, Li C, Liu J, Wang L, Lei J |date=July 2016 |title=Self-assembled targeted nanoparticles based on transferrin-modified eight-arm-polyethylene glycol-dihydroartemisinin conjugate |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=6 |bibcode=2016NatSR...629461L |doi=10.1038/srep29461 |pmc=4932499 |pmid=27377918}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Al'umma da al'adu ==

* D-Artepp (GPSC) 
* Artekin (Holleykin) 
* Diphos (Genix Pharma) 
* TimeQuin (Sami Pharma) 
* Eurartesim (Sigma Tau; ta hanyar Ayyuka Masu Kyau) 
* Duocotecxin (Holley Pharm) 

== Bincike ==
Bincike mai tarawa ya nuna cewa dihydroartemisinin da sauran mahaɗan endoperoxide na artemisinin na iya nuna aiki a matsayin maganin maganin cutar kansa na gwaji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Efferth T |date=April 2006 |title=Molecular pharmacology and pharmacogenomics of artemisinin and its derivatives in cancer cells |journal=Current Drug Targets |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=407–421 |doi=10.2174/138945006776359412 |pmid=16611029}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shaidar magunguna ta baya-bayan nan ta nuna cewa dihydroartemisinin yana da niyya ga ƙwayoyin melanoma na metastatic na mutum tare da shigar da apoptosis na mitochondrial mai dogara da NOXA wanda ke faruwa a ƙasa na ƙarni mai dogara da ƙarfe na damuwa mai ƙarancin cytotoxic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cabello CM, Lamore SD, Bair WB, Qiao S, Azimian S, Lesson JL, Wondrak GT |date=August 2012 |title=The redox antimalarial dihydroartemisinin targets human metastatic melanoma cells but not primary melanocytes with induction of NOXA-dependent apoptosis |journal=Investigational New Drugs |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=1289–1301 |doi=10.1007/s10637-011-9676-7 |pmc=3203350 |pmid=21547369}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''DihydroArtemisinin''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''dihydroqinghaosu''', '''artenimol''' ko '''DHA''') magani ne da ake amfani da shi don magance [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]]. DihydroArtemisinin shine mai aiki na dukkan mahaɗan artemisinin (artemisinin, Artisunate, artemether, da dai sauransu) kuma yana samuwa azaman magani a cikin kansa. Yana da wani semi-synthetic derivative na artemisinin kuma ana amfani dashi sosai a matsayin matsakaici a cikin shirye-shiryen wasu artemisinin-derived anti-malaria magunguna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Woo SH, Parker MH, Ploypradith P, Northrop J, Posner GH |year=1998 |title=Direct conversion of pyranose anomeric OH→F→R in the artemisinin family of antimalarial trioxanes |journal=Tetrahedron Letters |volume=39 |issue=12 |pages=1533–6 |doi=10.1016/S0040-4039(98)00132-4 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana sayar da shi ta hanyar kasuwanci a hade tare da piperaquine kuma an nuna shi daidai da artemether / lumefantrine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arinaitwe2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Arinaitwe E, Sandison TG, Wanzira H, Kakuru A, Homsy J, Kalamya J, Kamya MR, Vora N, Greenhouse B, Rosenthal PJ, Tappero J, Dorsey G |date=December 2009 |title=Artemether-lumefantrine versus dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for falciparum malaria: a longitudinal, randomized trial in young Ugandan children |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=49 |issue=11 |pages=1629–1637 |doi=10.1086/647946 |pmid=19877969 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amfani da magani ==
A cikin bita na tsari na gwaje-gwaje masu sarrafawa, duka dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine da artemether-lumefantrine suna da tasiri sosai wajen magance [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] (shaida mai inganci). Koyaya, dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine yana warkar da marasa lafiya kaɗan fiye da artemether-lumefantrine, kuma yana hana ƙarin kamuwa da zazzabin cizon sauro na dogon lokaci bayan magani (shaida mai inganci). Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine da artemether-lumefantrine mai yiwuwa suna da irin wannan sakamako mai illa (shaida mai inganci). An gudanar da dukkan binciken ne a Afirka. A cikin nazarin mutanen da ke zaune a Asiya, dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine yana da tasiri kamar artesunate tare da mefloquine wajen magance zazzabin cizon sauro (shaida mai inganci). Artesunate tare da mefloquine mai yiwuwa yana haifar da ƙishirwa, amai, dizziness, rashin barci, da bugun zuciya fiye da dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (shaida mai inganci). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zani B, Gathu M, Donegan S, Olliaro PL, Sinclair D |date=January 2014 |title=Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2014 |issue=1 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010927 |pmc=4470355 |pmid=24443033}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Magungunan magunguna da tsarin ==
Hanyar da aka gabatar na aikin artemisinin ya haɗa da rarraba gadar endoperoxide ta baƙin ƙarfe, samar da radicals kyauta (nau'in ƙarfe-oxo, epoxides, Aldehydes, da mahaɗan dicarbonyl) wanda ke lalata macromolecules na halitta wanda ke haifar da damuwa a cikin sel na kwayar cutar.[1] Malaria ya samo asali ne daga apicomplexans, da farko Plasmodium falciparum, wanda yafi zama a cikin jajayen ƙwayoyin jini kuma kansa ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin heme masu arziki da ƙarfe (a cikin nau'in hemozoin). [2] A cikin 2015 an nuna artemisinin don ɗaurewa ga yawancin manufofi da ke nuna cewa yana aiki a cikin hanyar lalata.[3] Binciken tsarin da aka yi kwanan nan ya gano cewa artemisinin yana da niyya ga nau'ikan sunadarai masu yawa a cikin furotin na kwayar cutar kansa ta hanyar heme-activated radical alkylation.[3]

== Sanyen sunadarai ==
Dihydroartemisinin yana da ƙarancin solubility a cikin ruwa na ƙasa da 0.1 g / L. Sakamakon haka, amfani da shi na iya haifar da sakamako masu illa da ƙananan, duk da haka sun fi narkewa, kayan karawa (excipients) kamar Cremophor EL.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Liu K, Dai L, Li C, Liu J, Wang L, Lei J |date=July 2016 |title=Self-assembled targeted nanoparticles based on transferrin-modified eight-arm-polyethylene glycol-dihydroartemisinin conjugate |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=6 |bibcode=2016NatSR...629461L |doi=10.1038/srep29461 |pmc=4932499 |pmid=27377918}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Al'umma da al'adu ==

* D-Artepp (GPSC) 
* Artekin (Holleykin) 
* Diphos (Genix Pharma) 
* TimeQuin (Sami Pharma) 
* Eurartesim (Sigma Tau; ta hanyar Ayyuka Masu Kyau) 
* Duocotecxin (Holley Pharm) 

== Bincike ==
Bincike mai tarawa ya nuna cewa dihydroartemisinin da sauran mahaɗan endoperoxide na artemisinin na iya nuna aiki a matsayin maganin maganin cutar kansa na gwaji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Efferth T |date=April 2006 |title=Molecular pharmacology and pharmacogenomics of artemisinin and its derivatives in cancer cells |journal=Current Drug Targets |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=407–421 |doi=10.2174/138945006776359412 |pmid=16611029}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shaidar magunguna ta baya-bayan nan ta nuna cewa dihydroartemisinin yana da niyya ga ƙwayoyin melanoma na metastatic na mutum tare da shigar da apoptosis na mitochondrial mai dogara da NOXA wanda ke faruwa a ƙasa na ƙarni mai dogara da ƙarfe na damuwa mai ƙarancin cytotoxic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cabello CM, Lamore SD, Bair WB, Qiao S, Azimian S, Lesson JL, Wondrak GT |date=August 2012 |title=The redox antimalarial dihydroartemisinin targets human metastatic melanoma cells but not primary melanocytes with induction of NOXA-dependent apoptosis |journal=Investigational New Drugs |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=1289–1301 |doi=10.1007/s10637-011-9676-7 |pmc=3203350 |pmid=21547369}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chloroquine</title>
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        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357376745|Chloroquine]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Chloroquine''' magani ne na rigakafin kwayar cuta wanda ke kula da zazzabin cizon sauro. Yana aiki ta hanyar kara matakan heme a cikin jini, wani abu mai guba ga kwayar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro. Wannan yana kashe kwayar cutar kuma yana dakatar da yaduwar cutar.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aralen Phosphate |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html |archive-date=8 December 2015 |access-date=2 December 2015 |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu nau'ikan zazzabin cizon sauro, ƙwayoyin masu tsayayya, da lokuta masu rikitarwa yawanci suna buƙatar magani daban-daban ko ƙarin.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Ana kuma amfani da Chloroquine a wasu lokuta don [[Amoebiasis|amebiasis]] wanda ke faruwa a waje da hanji, rheumatoid arthritis, da lupus erythematosus . &lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Duk da yake ba a yi nazari a hukumance ba a cikin ciki, yana da aminci.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chloroquine Use During Pregnancy |url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/chloroquine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416201619/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/chloroquine.html |archive-date=16 April 2019 |access-date=16 April 2019 |website=Drugs.com |quote=There are no controlled data in human pregnancies.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana shan shi da baki.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; An yi nazarin don magance [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] a farkon [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|annobar]], amma an dakatar da waɗannan binciken a tsakiyar 2020, kuma NIH ba ta ba da shawarar amfani da shi don wannan dalili.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Chloroquine or Hydroxychloroquine |url=https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/antiviral-therapy/chloroquine-or-hydroxychloroquine-with-or-without-azithromycin/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828170647/https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/antiviral-therapy/chloroquine-or-hydroxychloroquine-with-or-without-azithromycin/ |archive-date=28 August 2020 |access-date=14 February 2021 |website=COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines |publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sakamakon cututtuka na yau da kullun sun haɗa da matsalolin tsoka, asarar abinci, zawo, da rash na fata.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aralen Phosphate |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html |archive-date=8 December 2015 |access-date=2 December 2015 |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html &quot;Aralen Phosphate&quot;]. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html Archived] from the original on 8 December 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 December&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Sakamakon sakamako masu tsanani sun haɗa da matsaloli tare da hangen nesa, lalacewar tsoka, fashewa, da ƙananan matakan ƙwayoyin jini.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Chloroquine memba ne na ajiyar miyagun ƙwayoyi 4-aminoquinoline . &lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; A matsayin maganin zazzabin cizon sauro, yana aiki ne akan nau'in kwayar cutar zazzabin sa a matakin rayuwarsa a cikin jan jini.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Ta yaya yake aiki a cikin rheumatoid arthritis da lupus erythematosus ba a bayyane yake ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;

Hans Andersag ne ya gano Chloroquine a cikin 1934. Yana cikin Jerin Magunguna Masu Muhimmanci na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana samunsa azaman magani na yau da kullun.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aralen Phosphate |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html |archive-date=8 December 2015 |access-date=2 December 2015 |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html &quot;Aralen Phosphate&quot;]. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html Archived] from the original on 8 December 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 December&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amfani da kiwon lafiya ==

=== Malaria ===
An yi amfani da Chloroquine a cikin magani da rigakafin [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] daga ''Plasmodium vivax'', ''P. Oval'', da P. malariae. Gabaɗaya ba a amfani da shi don ''Plasmodium falciparum'' saboda akwai yaduwar juriya ga shi.

An yi amfani da Chloroquine sosai a cikin gudanarwar miyagun ƙwayoyi, wanda zai iya ba da gudummawa ga fitowa da yaduwar juriya. An ba da shawarar bincika idan chloroquine har yanzu yana da tasiri a yankin kafin amfani da shi.[1] A yankunan da ke da juriya, ana iya amfani da wasu Magungunan rigakafi, kamar su mefloquine ko atovaquone, a maimakon haka. Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka suna ba da shawarar maganin zazzabin cizon sauro tare da chloroquine kadai saboda haɗuwa mafi inganci.[2]

=== Ambiasis ===
A cikin maganin amoebic hanta abscess, ana iya amfani da chloroquine maimakon ko ban da wasu magunguna idan aka gaza inganta tare da metronidazole ko wani nitroimidazole a cikin kwanaki biyar ko rashin haƙuri ga metronidazol ko nitroimitazole.

=== Cutar ƙwaƙwalwa ===
Yayinda yake rage [[Tsarin rigakafi]], ana amfani da chloroquine a wasu cututtukan rigakafi na mutum, kamar rheumatoid arthritis kuma yana da alamar alamar alamar lupus erythematosus.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aralen Phosphate |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html |archive-date=8 December 2015 |access-date=2 December 2015 |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html &quot;Aralen Phosphate&quot;]. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html Archived] from the original on 8 December 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 December&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sakamakon sakamako ==
Sakamakon sakamako sun haɗa da hangen nesa, ƙishirwa, amai, ƙuntatawa na ciki, ciwon kai, zawo, kumburi kafafu / cinya, ƙarancin numfashi, leɓuna / ƙusa / fata, raunin tsoka, sauƙin rauni / zubar jini, matsalolin ji da tunani.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Drugs &amp; Medications |url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-8633/chloroquine-oral/details |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=www.webmd.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chloroquine Side Effects: Common, Severe, Long Term |url=https://www.drugs.com/sfx/chloroquine-side-effects.html |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=Drugs.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Motsi da ba a so / wanda ba a sarrafa shi ba (ciki har da harshe da fuska, diskenesia, da Dystonia) &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Drugs &amp; Medications |url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-8633/chloroquine-oral/details |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=www.webmd.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-8633/chloroquine-oral/details &quot;Drugs &amp; Medications&quot;]. ''www.webmd.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 March&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot; /&gt;
* Kurma ko tinnitus &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* Rashin jin daɗi, amai, zawo, ƙuƙwalwar ciki &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chloroquine Side Effects: Common, Severe, Long Term |url=https://www.drugs.com/sfx/chloroquine-side-effects.html |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=Drugs.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/sfx/chloroquine-side-effects.html &quot;Chloroquine Side Effects: Common, Severe, Long Term&quot;]. ''Drugs.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 March&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ciwon kai &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* Canje-canje na tunani / yanayi (kamar rikice-rikice, canje-canje na mutum, tunani / hali mai ban mamaki, baƙin ciki, jin da ake kallo, hallucinating) &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
* Alamun kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani (kamar zazzabi mai tsanani, sanyi mai tsanani, ciwon makogwaro mai tsanani) &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* Cutar fata, canje-canjen launi na fata, asarar gashi, da rashes na fata  Cutar da aka haifar da Chloroquine ta zama ruwan dare a tsakanin baƙar fata na Afirka (70%), amma ba ta zama ruwan kasa a wasu kabilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chloroquine: MedlinePlus Drug Information |url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682318.html |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=medlineplus.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana ƙaruwa tare da shekaru, kuma yana da tsanani sosai don dakatar da bin maganin magani. Yana ƙaruwa a lokacin zazzabin zazzabin cizon sauro; tsananin sa yana da alaƙa da nauyin kwayar cutar zazzabin sauro a cikin jini. Wasu shaidu sun nuna cewa yana da tushen kwayar halitta kuma yana da alaƙa da aikin chloroquine tare da masu karɓar opiate a tsakiya ko a gefe.[5]
** Chloroquine-induced itching ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin baƙar fata na Afirka (70%), amma ba a saba gani ba a wasu kabilu. Yana ƙaruwa tare da shekaru, kuma yana da tsanani sosai don dakatar da bin maganin magani. Yana ƙaruwa a lokacin zazzabin zazzabin cizon sauro; tsananin sa yana da alaƙa da nauyin kwayar cutar zazzabin sauro a cikin jini. Wasu shaidu sun nuna cewa yana da tushen kwayar halitta kuma yana da alaƙa da aikin chloroquine tare da masu karɓar opiate a tsakiya ko a gefe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ajayi AA |date=September 2000 |title=Mechanisms of chloroquine-induced pruritus |journal=Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics |volume=68 |issue=3 |page=336 |pmid=11014416}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tashin mummunar cutar psoriasis a cikin wadanda ke fama da psoriasis &lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot; /&gt;
* Rashin ɗanɗano na ƙarfe Wannan za a iya gujewa ta hanyar &quot;masked-taste da sarrafawa saki&quot; kamar emulsions da yawa.[6]
** Ana iya kauce wa wannan ta hanyar &quot;masked-taste da sarrafa saki&quot; kamar emulsions da yawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Vaziri A, Warburton B |year=1994 |title=Slow release of chloroquine phosphate from multiple taste-masked W/O/W multiple emulsions |journal=Journal of Microencapsulation |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=641–648 |doi=10.3109/02652049409051114 |pmid=7884629}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Chloroquine retinopathy (rashin lalacewar retinal) &lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot; /&gt;
* Canje-canje na Electrocardiographic  Wannan yana bayyana kansa a matsayin ko dai rikice-rikice na gudanarwa (ƙuntata reshe, toshewar atrioventricular) ko cardiomyopathy - sau da yawa tare da hypertrophy, ƙuntataccen ilimin lissafi, da gazawar zuciya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tönnesmann2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tönnesmann E, Kandolf R, Lewalter T |date=June 2013 |title=Chloroquine cardiomyopathy - a review of the literature |journal=Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=434–442 |doi=10.3109/08923973.2013.780078 |pmid=23635029 |s2cid=37926477}}&lt;/ref&gt; Canje-canje na iya zama ba za a iya juyawa ba. An bayar da rahoton shari'o'i biyu ne kawai da ke buƙatar transplantation na zuciya, yana nuna cewa wannan haɗarin yana da ƙarancin gaske. Microscopy na lantarki na biopsies na zuciya yana nuna jikin hadawa na cytoplasmic na pathognomonic.
** Wannan yana bayyana kansa a matsayin ko dai rikice-rikice na gudanarwa (ƙuntata reshe, ƙuntataccen atrioventricular) ko cardiomyopathy - sau da yawa tare da hypertrophy, ƙuntatawa na jiki, da [[gazawar zuciya]]. Canje-canje na iya zama ba za a iya juyawa ba. An bayar da rahoton shari'o'i biyu ne kawai da ke buƙatar transplantation na zuciya, yana nuna cewa wannan haɗarin yana da ƙarancin gaske. Microscopy na lantarki na biopsies na zuciya yana nuna jikin hadawa na cytoplasmic na pathognomonic.
* Pancytopenia, aplastic anemia, reversible agranulocytosis, low blood platelets, neutropenia &lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 October 2018 |title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc |access-date=7 April 2020 |website=DailyMed}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Rashin yanayin ga waɗanda ke fama da [[Cutar jini wacce ke sanadin tabin hankali|porphyria]] &lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot; /&gt;
* An bayyana ciwon jinkirin hypersensitivity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kanny2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kanny G, Renaudin JM, Lecompte T, Moneret-Vautrin DA |date=February 2002 |title=Chloroquine hypersensitivity syndrome |url=https://www.ejinme.com/article/S0953-6205(01)00195-9/abstract |journal=Eur J Intern Med |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=75–76 |doi=10.1016/s0953-6205(01)00195-9 |pmc= |pmid=11836088 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ciki ===
Ba a nuna cewa Chloroquine yana da wani mummunan tasiri a kan tayin ba lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin allurar da aka ba da shawarar don rigakafin zazzabin cizon sauro.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Malaria – Chapter 3 – 2016 Yellow Book |url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/malaria |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114185552/http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/malaria |archive-date=14 January 2016 |access-date=11 November 2015 |website=wwwnc.cdc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙananan adadin chloroquine suna fitowa a cikin madarar nono na mata masu shayarwa. Koyaya, ana iya ba da wannan magani lafiya ga jarirai, tasirin ba su da lahani. Nazarin da aka yi da beraye ya nuna cewa chloroquine da aka yi wa lakabi da rediyo ya wuce ta cikin kwayar halitta da sauri kuma ya tara a cikin idanun tayin wanda ya kasance a nan watanni biyar bayan an share miyagun ƙwayoyi daga sauran jikin.&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 October 2018 |title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc |access-date=7 April 2020 |website=DailyMed}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc &quot;Chloroquine phosphate tablet&quot;]. ''DailyMed''. 8 October 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 April&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ullberg S, Lindquist NG, Sjòstrand SE |date=September 1970 |title=Accumulation of chorio-retinotoxic drugs in the foetal eye |journal=Nature |volume=227 |issue=5264 |pages=1257–1258 |bibcode=1970Natur.227.1257U |doi=10.1038/2271257a0 |pmid=5452818 |s2cid=4191322}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har yanzu ana ba da shawarar mata masu juna biyu ko da ke shirin yin ciki game da tafiya zuwa yankunan da ke da haɗarin zazzabin cizon sauro.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Chloroquine''' magani ne na rigakafin kwayar cuta wanda ke kula da zazzabin cizon sauro. Yana aiki ta hanyar kara matakan heme a cikin jini, wani abu mai guba ga kwayar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro. Wannan yana kashe kwayar cutar kuma yana dakatar da yaduwar cutar.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aralen Phosphate |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html |archive-date=8 December 2015 |access-date=2 December 2015 |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu nau'ikan zazzabin cizon sauro, ƙwayoyin masu tsayayya, da lokuta masu rikitarwa yawanci suna buƙatar magani daban-daban ko ƙarin.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Ana kuma amfani da Chloroquine a wasu lokuta don [[Amoebiasis|amebiasis]] wanda ke faruwa a waje da hanji, rheumatoid arthritis, da lupus erythematosus . &lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Duk da yake ba a yi nazari a hukumance ba a cikin ciki, yana da aminci.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chloroquine Use During Pregnancy |url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/chloroquine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416201619/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/chloroquine.html |archive-date=16 April 2019 |access-date=16 April 2019 |website=Drugs.com |quote=There are no controlled data in human pregnancies.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana shan shi da baki.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; An yi nazarin don magance [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] a farkon [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|annobar]], amma an dakatar da waɗannan binciken a tsakiyar 2020, kuma NIH ba ta ba da shawarar amfani da shi don wannan dalili.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Chloroquine or Hydroxychloroquine |url=https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/antiviral-therapy/chloroquine-or-hydroxychloroquine-with-or-without-azithromycin/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828170647/https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/antiviral-therapy/chloroquine-or-hydroxychloroquine-with-or-without-azithromycin/ |archive-date=28 August 2020 |access-date=14 February 2021 |website=COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines |publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sakamakon cututtuka na yau da kullun sun haɗa da matsalolin tsoka, asarar abinci, zawo, da rash na fata.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aralen Phosphate |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html |archive-date=8 December 2015 |access-date=2 December 2015 |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html &quot;Aralen Phosphate&quot;]. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html Archived] from the original on 8 December 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 December&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Sakamakon sakamako masu tsanani sun haɗa da matsaloli tare da hangen nesa, lalacewar tsoka, fashewa, da ƙananan matakan ƙwayoyin jini.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Chloroquine memba ne na ajiyar miyagun ƙwayoyi 4-aminoquinoline . &lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; A matsayin maganin zazzabin cizon sauro, yana aiki ne akan nau'in kwayar cutar zazzabin sa a matakin rayuwarsa a cikin jan jini.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Ta yaya yake aiki a cikin rheumatoid arthritis da lupus erythematosus ba a bayyane yake ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;

Hans Andersag ne ya gano Chloroquine a cikin 1934. Yana cikin Jerin Magunguna Masu Muhimmanci na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana samunsa azaman magani na yau da kullun.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aralen Phosphate |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html |archive-date=8 December 2015 |access-date=2 December 2015 |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html &quot;Aralen Phosphate&quot;]. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html Archived] from the original on 8 December 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 December&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amfani da kiwon lafiya ==

=== Malaria ===
An yi amfani da Chloroquine a cikin magani da rigakafin [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] daga ''Plasmodium vivax'', ''P. Oval'', da P. malariae. Gabaɗaya ba a amfani da shi don ''Plasmodium falciparum'' saboda akwai yaduwar juriya ga shi.

An yi amfani da Chloroquine sosai a cikin gudanarwar miyagun ƙwayoyi, wanda zai iya ba da gudummawa ga fitowa da yaduwar juriya. An ba da shawarar bincika idan chloroquine har yanzu yana da tasiri a yankin kafin amfani da shi.[1] A yankunan da ke da juriya, ana iya amfani da wasu Magungunan rigakafi, kamar su mefloquine ko atovaquone, a maimakon haka. Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka suna ba da shawarar maganin zazzabin cizon sauro tare da chloroquine kadai saboda haɗuwa mafi inganci.[2]

=== Ambiasis ===
A cikin maganin amoebic hanta abscess, ana iya amfani da chloroquine maimakon ko ban da wasu magunguna idan aka gaza inganta tare da metronidazole ko wani nitroimidazole a cikin kwanaki biyar ko rashin haƙuri ga metronidazol ko nitroimitazole.

=== Cutar ƙwaƙwalwa ===
Yayinda yake rage [[Tsarin rigakafi]], ana amfani da chloroquine a wasu cututtukan rigakafi na mutum, kamar rheumatoid arthritis kuma yana da alamar alamar alamar lupus erythematosus.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aralen Phosphate |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html |archive-date=8 December 2015 |access-date=2 December 2015 |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloroquine-phosphate.html &quot;Aralen Phosphate&quot;]. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200339/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/aralen-phosphate.html Archived] from the original on 8 December 2015&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 December&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sakamakon sakamako ==
Sakamakon sakamako sun haɗa da hangen nesa, ƙishirwa, amai, ƙuntatawa na ciki, ciwon kai, zawo, kumburi kafafu / cinya, ƙarancin numfashi, leɓuna / ƙusa / fata, raunin tsoka, sauƙin rauni / zubar jini, matsalolin ji da tunani.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Drugs &amp; Medications |url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-8633/chloroquine-oral/details |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=www.webmd.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chloroquine Side Effects: Common, Severe, Long Term |url=https://www.drugs.com/sfx/chloroquine-side-effects.html |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=Drugs.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Motsi da ba a so / wanda ba a sarrafa shi ba (ciki har da harshe da fuska, diskenesia, da Dystonia) &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Drugs &amp; Medications |url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-8633/chloroquine-oral/details |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=www.webmd.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-8633/chloroquine-oral/details &quot;Drugs &amp; Medications&quot;]. ''www.webmd.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 March&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot; /&gt;
* Kurma ko tinnitus &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* Rashin jin daɗi, amai, zawo, ƙuƙwalwar ciki &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chloroquine Side Effects: Common, Severe, Long Term |url=https://www.drugs.com/sfx/chloroquine-side-effects.html |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=Drugs.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/sfx/chloroquine-side-effects.html &quot;Chloroquine Side Effects: Common, Severe, Long Term&quot;]. ''Drugs.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 March&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ciwon kai &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* Canje-canje na tunani / yanayi (kamar rikice-rikice, canje-canje na mutum, tunani / hali mai ban mamaki, baƙin ciki, jin da ake kallo, hallucinating) &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
* Alamun kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani (kamar zazzabi mai tsanani, sanyi mai tsanani, ciwon makogwaro mai tsanani) &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* Cutar fata, canje-canjen launi na fata, asarar gashi, da rashes na fata  Cutar da aka haifar da Chloroquine ta zama ruwan dare a tsakanin baƙar fata na Afirka (70%), amma ba ta zama ruwan kasa a wasu kabilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chloroquine: MedlinePlus Drug Information |url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682318.html |access-date=22 March 2020 |website=medlineplus.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana ƙaruwa tare da shekaru, kuma yana da tsanani sosai don dakatar da bin maganin magani. Yana ƙaruwa a lokacin zazzabin zazzabin cizon sauro; tsananin sa yana da alaƙa da nauyin kwayar cutar zazzabin sauro a cikin jini. Wasu shaidu sun nuna cewa yana da tushen kwayar halitta kuma yana da alaƙa da aikin chloroquine tare da masu karɓar opiate a tsakiya ko a gefe.[5]
** Chloroquine-induced itching ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin baƙar fata na Afirka (70%), amma ba a saba gani ba a wasu kabilu. Yana ƙaruwa tare da shekaru, kuma yana da tsanani sosai don dakatar da bin maganin magani. Yana ƙaruwa a lokacin zazzabin zazzabin cizon sauro; tsananin sa yana da alaƙa da nauyin kwayar cutar zazzabin sauro a cikin jini. Wasu shaidu sun nuna cewa yana da tushen kwayar halitta kuma yana da alaƙa da aikin chloroquine tare da masu karɓar opiate a tsakiya ko a gefe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ajayi AA |date=September 2000 |title=Mechanisms of chloroquine-induced pruritus |journal=Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics |volume=68 |issue=3 |page=336 |pmid=11014416}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tashin mummunar cutar psoriasis a cikin wadanda ke fama da psoriasis &lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot; /&gt;
* Rashin ɗanɗano na ƙarfe Wannan za a iya gujewa ta hanyar &quot;masked-taste da sarrafawa saki&quot; kamar emulsions da yawa.[6]
** Ana iya kauce wa wannan ta hanyar &quot;masked-taste da sarrafa saki&quot; kamar emulsions da yawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Vaziri A, Warburton B |year=1994 |title=Slow release of chloroquine phosphate from multiple taste-masked W/O/W multiple emulsions |journal=Journal of Microencapsulation |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=641–648 |doi=10.3109/02652049409051114 |pmid=7884629}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Chloroquine retinopathy (rashin lalacewar retinal) &lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot; /&gt;
* Canje-canje na Electrocardiographic  Wannan yana bayyana kansa a matsayin ko dai rikice-rikice na gudanarwa (ƙuntata reshe, toshewar atrioventricular) ko cardiomyopathy - sau da yawa tare da hypertrophy, ƙuntataccen ilimin lissafi, da gazawar zuciya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tönnesmann2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tönnesmann E, Kandolf R, Lewalter T |date=June 2013 |title=Chloroquine cardiomyopathy - a review of the literature |journal=Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=434–442 |doi=10.3109/08923973.2013.780078 |pmid=23635029 |s2cid=37926477}}&lt;/ref&gt; Canje-canje na iya zama ba za a iya juyawa ba. An bayar da rahoton shari'o'i biyu ne kawai da ke buƙatar transplantation na zuciya, yana nuna cewa wannan haɗarin yana da ƙarancin gaske. Microscopy na lantarki na biopsies na zuciya yana nuna jikin hadawa na cytoplasmic na pathognomonic.
** Wannan yana bayyana kansa a matsayin ko dai rikice-rikice na gudanarwa (ƙuntata reshe, ƙuntataccen atrioventricular) ko cardiomyopathy - sau da yawa tare da hypertrophy, ƙuntatawa na jiki, da [[gazawar zuciya]]. Canje-canje na iya zama ba za a iya juyawa ba. An bayar da rahoton shari'o'i biyu ne kawai da ke buƙatar transplantation na zuciya, yana nuna cewa wannan haɗarin yana da ƙarancin gaske. Microscopy na lantarki na biopsies na zuciya yana nuna jikin hadawa na cytoplasmic na pathognomonic.
* Pancytopenia, aplastic anemia, reversible agranulocytosis, low blood platelets, neutropenia &lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 October 2018 |title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc |access-date=7 April 2020 |website=DailyMed}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Rashin yanayin ga waɗanda ke fama da [[Cutar jini wacce ke sanadin tabin hankali|porphyria]] &lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot; /&gt;
* An bayyana ciwon jinkirin hypersensitivity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kanny2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kanny G, Renaudin JM, Lecompte T, Moneret-Vautrin DA |date=February 2002 |title=Chloroquine hypersensitivity syndrome |url=https://www.ejinme.com/article/S0953-6205(01)00195-9/abstract |journal=Eur J Intern Med |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=75–76 |doi=10.1016/s0953-6205(01)00195-9 |pmc= |pmid=11836088 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ciki ===
Ba a nuna cewa Chloroquine yana da wani mummunan tasiri a kan tayin ba lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin allurar da aka ba da shawarar don rigakafin zazzabin cizon sauro.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Malaria – Chapter 3 – 2016 Yellow Book |url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/malaria |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114185552/http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/malaria |archive-date=14 January 2016 |access-date=11 November 2015 |website=wwwnc.cdc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙananan adadin chloroquine suna fitowa a cikin madarar nono na mata masu shayarwa. Koyaya, ana iya ba da wannan magani lafiya ga jarirai, tasirin ba su da lahani. Nazarin da aka yi da beraye ya nuna cewa chloroquine da aka yi wa lakabi da rediyo ya wuce ta cikin kwayar halitta da sauri kuma ya tara a cikin idanun tayin wanda ya kasance a nan watanni biyar bayan an share miyagun ƙwayoyi daga sauran jikin.&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA2018Label&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 October 2018 |title=Chloroquine phosphate tablet |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc |access-date=7 April 2020 |website=DailyMed}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ee944d28-f596-4163-a502-e779c0d622bc &quot;Chloroquine phosphate tablet&quot;]. ''DailyMed''. 8 October 2018&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 April&lt;/span&gt; 2020&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ullberg S, Lindquist NG, Sjòstrand SE |date=September 1970 |title=Accumulation of chorio-retinotoxic drugs in the foetal eye |journal=Nature |volume=227 |issue=5264 |pages=1257–1258 |bibcode=1970Natur.227.1257U |doi=10.1038/2271257a0 |pmid=5452818 |s2cid=4191322}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har yanzu ana ba da shawarar mata masu juna biyu ko da ke shirin yin ciki game da tafiya zuwa yankunan da ke da haɗarin zazzabin cizon sauro.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Artemether / lumefantrine</title>
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        <id>32668</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356311570|Artemether/lumefantrine]]&quot;</comment>
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'''artemether / lumefantrine''', wanda ake siyarwa a ƙarƙashin sunan kasuwanci Coartem da sauransu, haɗuwa ce ta magunguna biyu artemether da lumefantrine.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Artemether and Lumefantrine |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/artemether-and-lumefantrine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208162852/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/artemether-and-lumefantrine.html |archive-date=2015-12-08 |access-date=Dec 2, 2015 |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/artemether-and-lumefantrine.html &quot;Artemether and Lumefantrine&quot;]. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151208162852/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/artemether-and-lumefantrine.html Archived] from the original on 2015-12-08&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;Dec 2,&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ana amfani dashi don magance [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] wanda ''Plasmodium falciparum'' ya haifar wanda ba za'a iya magance shi da chloroquine ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Ba a yawan amfani dashi don hana zazzabin cizon sauro.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Ana shan shi da baki.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;

Sakamakon cututtuka na yau da kullun sun haɗa da ciwon tsoka da haɗin gwiwa, zazzabi, rashin abinci, da ciwon kai.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Artemether and Lumefantrine |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/artemether-and-lumefantrine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208162852/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/artemether-and-lumefantrine.html |archive-date=2015-12-08 |access-date=Dec 2, 2015 |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muhimman sakamako masu illa sun haɗa da tsawaita lokacin QT.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Duk da yake ba a yi nazari sosai ba, yana da aminci don amfani da ciki.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Ba ya buƙatar canzawa a cikin waɗanda ke da matsala ta koda ko hanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;

Wannan haɗuwa ta shiga amfani da magani a cikin 1992  kuma an haɓaka ta a China.  Yana cikin Jerin Magunguna Masu Muhimmanci na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya. Ba a samuwa a matsayin magani na yau da kullun.

A watan Yulin 2025 cewa Swissmedic mai kula da cutar ta sun amince da artemether-lumefantrine, maganin [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] na farko da aka tsara musamman ga jarirai da yara ƙanana. Ana sa ran maganin zai sami izinin sarrafawa cikin sauri a cikin kasashe takwas na Afirka da ke shiga cikin bita.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vinluan |first=Frank |date=2025-07-08 |title=Novartis Drug Becomes First Malaria Therapy for Newborns and Infants |url=https://medcitynews.com/2025/07/novartis-malaria-combination-drug-coartem-infectious-disease-newborns-infants-nvs/ |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=MedCity News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gabatar da shi ne a shekarar 1999 don maganin zazzabin cizon sauro, yanzu an amince da Coartem a cikin tsarin karamin sashi wanda aka tsara don jarirai masu nauyin kilo 4.5.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dunleavy |first=Kevin |date=2025-07-08 |title=Novartis' malaria drug for babies wins world-first approval {{!}} Fierce Pharma |url=https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/novartis-malaria-drug-babies-wins-world-first-approval |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=www.fiercepharma.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sabuwar sigar tana narkewa cikin sauƙi - har ma a cikin madara nono - kuma tana da dandano cherry don inganta sauƙin amfani ga masu kulawa.

== Amfani da kiwon lafiya ==
Haɗin yana da tasiri kuma yana da haƙuri sosai, yana ba da ƙimar warkarwa har ma a yankunan juriya da yawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Makanga M, Premji Z, Falade C, Karbwang J, Mueller EA, Andriano K, Hunt P, De Palacios PI |date=June 2006 |title=Efficacy and safety of the six-dose regimen of artemether-lumefantrine in pediatrics with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria: a pooled analysis of individual patient data |journal=Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. |volume=74 |issue=6 |pages=991–8 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2006.74.991 |pmid=16760509 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mueller EA, van Vugt M, Kirch W, Andriano K, Hunt P, de Palacios PI |date=November 2006 |title=Efficacy and safety of the six-dose regimen of artemether-lumefantrine for treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in adolescents and adults: a pooled analysis of individual patient data from randomized clinical trials |journal=Acta Trop. |volume=100 |issue=1–2 |pages=41–53 |doi=10.1016/j.actatropica.2006.09.007 |pmid=17045558}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sakamakon sakamako ==
Coartem na iya haifar da halayen anaphylactic. Magungunan sau da yawa suna haifar da ciwon kai, dizziness da anorexia, kodayake siffofi masu sauƙi a mafi yawan lokuta. Sauran sakamako masu illa na yau da kullun (fiye da 3% na marasa lafiya) sun haɗa da rikicewar bacci, tinnitus, girgizar ƙasa, bugun zuciya, da kuma halayen da ba a bayyana su ba kamar Vertigo, cututtukan gastrointestinal, ƙishirwa da [[Mura|nasopharyngitis]].

== Ma'amala ==
Abinci, musamman kitse, yana inganta sha na artemether da lumefantrine, kuma ana ba da shawarar marasa lafiya su ɗauki allunan tare da abinci da zaran an iya jure abinci. Coartem yana da damar Tsawaita lokacin QT, don haka haɗuwa tare da wasu magunguna da ke da wannan dukiya na iya haifar da bugun zuciya mara kyau, wanda zai iya haifar da mummunan ventricular fibrillation. Haɗuwa tare da halofantrine, wani maganin zazzabin cizon sauro, na iya haifar da tsawaita QT mai barazana ga rayuwa. Magunguna da sauran abubuwa da ke tasiri ga aikin enzyme na hanta CYP3A4, gami da ruwan inabi, na iya ƙarawa ko rage matakan jini na artemether / lumefantrine, dangane da nau'in abu. Wannan na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako ko rage inganci.[1]

== Tarihi ==
A shekara ta 2001, an kirkiro maganin haɗin Artemisinin na farko don saduwa da ka'idodin ƙwarewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) don inganci, aminci da inganci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=WHO Prequalification Programme |url=http://healthtech.who.int/pq/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513060741/http://healthtech.who.int/pq/ |archive-date=2009-05-13 |access-date=2009-05-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɗaya daga cikin samfuran da aka fi sani da su daga wannan ci gaba shine Coartem (artemether / lumefantrine), maganin rigakafin zazzabin cizon sauro wanda aka yi amfani da shi don maganin zazzabin sauro na ''Plasmodium falciparum''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Coartem 80mg/480mg Tablets (x6) |url=https://medecify.com/product/coartem-80mg-480mg-tabs-x6/ |access-date=26 February 2026 |website=MedeCify}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An amince da shi a kasashe sama da 80 a duk duniya, gami da kasashe daban-daban a Afirka, da Swissmedic, Hukumar Magunguna ta Turai (EMA) da Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA).

Coartem ya haɗu da artemether, wani abu mai saurin aiki na artemisinin wanda ke rage saurin kwayar cuta, tare da lumefantrine, wani abu ne mai saurin yin aiki wanda ke kawar da sauran kwayar cutaa kuma yana rage haɗarin sakewa. Hanyar magani ta yau da kullun ta ƙunshi allurai shida da aka ba da su a cikin kwanaki uku bisa ga jagororin maganin zazzabin cizon sauro da aka ba su.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Artemether / lumefantrine''', wanda ake siyarwa a ƙarƙashin sunan kasuwanci Coartem da sauransu, haɗuwa ce ta magunguna biyu artemether da lumefantrine.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Artemether and Lumefantrine |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/artemether-and-lumefantrine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208162852/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/artemether-and-lumefantrine.html |archive-date=2015-12-08 |access-date=Dec 2, 2015 |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana amfani dashi don magance [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] wanda ''Plasmodium falciparum'' ya haifar wanda ba za'a iya magance shi da chloroquine ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Ba a yawan amfani dashi don hana zazzabin cizon sauro.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Ana shan shi da baki.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;

Sakamakon cututtuka na yau da kullun sun haɗa da ciwon tsoka da haɗin gwiwa, zazzabi, rashin abinci, da ciwon kai.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Artemether and Lumefantrine |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/artemether-and-lumefantrine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208162852/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/artemether-and-lumefantrine.html |archive-date=2015-12-08 |access-date=Dec 2, 2015 |publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muhimman sakamako masu illa sun haɗa da tsawaita lokacin QT.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Duk da yake ba a yi nazari sosai ba, yana da aminci don amfani da ciki.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Ba ya buƙatar canzawa a cikin waɗanda ke da matsala ta koda ko hanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt;

Wannan haɗuwa ta shiga amfani da magani a cikin 1992  kuma an haɓaka ta a China.  Yana cikin Jerin Magunguna Masu Muhimmanci na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya. Ba a samuwa a matsayin magani na yau da kullun.

A watan Yulin 2025 cewa Swissmedic mai kula da cutar ta sun amince da artemether-lumefantrine, maganin [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] na farko da aka tsara musamman ga jarirai da yara ƙanana. Ana sa ran maganin zai sami izinin sarrafawa cikin sauri a cikin kasashe takwas na Afirka da ke shiga cikin bita.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vinluan |first=Frank |date=2025-07-08 |title=Novartis Drug Becomes First Malaria Therapy for Newborns and Infants |url=https://medcitynews.com/2025/07/novartis-malaria-combination-drug-coartem-infectious-disease-newborns-infants-nvs/ |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=MedCity News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An gabatar da shi ne a shekarar 1999 don maganin zazzabin cizon sauro, yanzu an amince da Coartem a cikin tsarin karamin sashi wanda aka tsara don jarirai masu nauyin kilo 4.5.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dunleavy |first=Kevin |date=2025-07-08 |title=Novartis' malaria drug for babies wins world-first approval {{!}} Fierce Pharma |url=https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/novartis-malaria-drug-babies-wins-world-first-approval |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=www.fiercepharma.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sabuwar sigar tana narkewa cikin sauƙi - har ma a cikin madara nono - kuma tana da dandano cherry don inganta sauƙin amfani ga masu kulawa.

== Amfani da kiwon lafiya ==
Haɗin yana da tasiri kuma yana da haƙuri sosai, yana ba da ƙimar warkarwa har ma a yankunan juriya da yawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Makanga M, Premji Z, Falade C, Karbwang J, Mueller EA, Andriano K, Hunt P, De Palacios PI |date=June 2006 |title=Efficacy and safety of the six-dose regimen of artemether-lumefantrine in pediatrics with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria: a pooled analysis of individual patient data |journal=Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. |volume=74 |issue=6 |pages=991–8 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2006.74.991 |pmid=16760509 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mueller EA, van Vugt M, Kirch W, Andriano K, Hunt P, de Palacios PI |date=November 2006 |title=Efficacy and safety of the six-dose regimen of artemether-lumefantrine for treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in adolescents and adults: a pooled analysis of individual patient data from randomized clinical trials |journal=Acta Trop. |volume=100 |issue=1–2 |pages=41–53 |doi=10.1016/j.actatropica.2006.09.007 |pmid=17045558}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sakamakon sakamako ==
Coartem na iya haifar da halayen anaphylactic. Magungunan sau da yawa suna haifar da ciwon kai, dizziness da anorexia, kodayake siffofi masu sauƙi a mafi yawan lokuta. Sauran sakamako masu illa na yau da kullun (fiye da 3% na marasa lafiya) sun haɗa da rikicewar bacci, tinnitus, girgizar ƙasa, bugun zuciya, da kuma halayen da ba a bayyana su ba kamar Vertigo, cututtukan gastrointestinal, ƙishirwa da [[Mura|nasopharyngitis]].

== Ma'amala ==
Abinci, musamman kitse, yana inganta sha na artemether da lumefantrine, kuma ana ba da shawarar marasa lafiya su ɗauki allunan tare da abinci da zaran an iya jure abinci. Coartem yana da damar Tsawaita lokacin QT, don haka haɗuwa tare da wasu magunguna da ke da wannan dukiya na iya haifar da bugun zuciya mara kyau, wanda zai iya haifar da mummunan ventricular fibrillation. Haɗuwa tare da halofantrine, wani maganin zazzabin cizon sauro, na iya haifar da tsawaita QT mai barazana ga rayuwa. Magunguna da sauran abubuwa da ke tasiri ga aikin enzyme na hanta CYP3A4, gami da ruwan inabi, na iya ƙarawa ko rage matakan jini na artemether / lumefantrine, dangane da nau'in abu. Wannan na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako ko rage inganci.[1]

== Tarihi ==
A shekara ta 2001, an kirkiro maganin haɗin Artemisinin na farko don saduwa da ka'idodin ƙwarewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) don inganci, aminci da inganci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=WHO Prequalification Programme |url=http://healthtech.who.int/pq/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513060741/http://healthtech.who.int/pq/ |archive-date=2009-05-13 |access-date=2009-05-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɗaya daga cikin samfuran da aka fi sani da su daga wannan ci gaba shine Coartem (artemether / lumefantrine), maganin rigakafin zazzabin cizon sauro wanda aka yi amfani da shi don maganin zazzabin sauro na ''Plasmodium falciparum''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Coartem 80mg/480mg Tablets (x6) |url=https://medecify.com/product/coartem-80mg-480mg-tabs-x6/ |access-date=26 February 2026 |website=MedeCify}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An amince da shi a kasashe sama da 80 a duk duniya, gami da kasashe daban-daban a Afirka, da Swissmedic, Hukumar Magunguna ta Turai (EMA) da Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA).

Coartem ya haɗu da artemether, wani abu mai saurin aiki na artemisinin wanda ke rage saurin kwayar cuta, tare da lumefantrine, wani abu ne mai saurin yin aiki wanda ke kawar da sauran kwayar cutaa kuma yana rage haɗarin sakewa. Hanyar magani ta yau da kullun ta ƙunshi allurai shida da aka ba da su a cikin kwanaki uku bisa ga jagororin maganin zazzabin cizon sauro da aka ba su.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Amodiaquin</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336589070|Amodiaquine]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Amodiaquin''' ('''ADQ''') magani ne da ake amfani da shi don magance zazzabin cizon sauro, gami da ''Plasmodium falciparum'' zazzabin sauro lokacin da ba shi da matsala.&lt;ref name=&quot;Na2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nair A, Abrahamsson B, Barends DM, Groot DW, Kopp S, Polli JE, Shah VP, Dressman JB |date=December 2012 |title=Biowaiver monographs for immediate release solid oral dosage forms: amodiaquine hydrochloride |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=101 |issue=12 |pages=4390–4401 |bibcode=2012JPhmS.101.4390N |doi=10.1002/jps.23312 |pmid=22949374}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Co2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Olliaro P, Mussano P |date=2003 |title=Amodiaquine for treating malaria |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2019 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000016 |pmc=6532704 |pmid=12804382}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba da shawarar a ba da shi tare da Artisunate don rage haɗarin juriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Na2012&quot; /&gt; Saboda haɗarin haɗari amma mummunan sakamako, ba a ba da shawarar hana zazzabin cizon sauro gaba ɗaya ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Na2012&quot; /&gt; Ko da yake, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) a cikin 2013 ta ba da shawarar amfani da rigakafin yanayi a cikin yara da ke cikin haɗari mai girma a hade tare da sulfadoxine da pyrimethamine.

Amodiaquine wani fili ne na 4-aminoquinoline wanda ke da alaƙa da chloroquine . &lt;ref name=&quot;Na2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nair A, Abrahamsson B, Barends DM, Groot DW, Kopp S, Polli JE, Shah VP, Dressman JB |date=December 2012 |title=Biowaiver monographs for immediate release solid oral dosage forms: amodiaquine hydrochloride |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=101 |issue=12 |pages=4390–4401 |bibcode=2012JPhmS.101.4390N |doi=10.1002/jps.23312 |pmid=22949374}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNairAbrahamssonBarendsGroot2012&quot;&gt;Nair A, Abrahamsson B, Barends DM, Groot DW, Kopp S, Polli JE, et&amp;nbsp;al. (December 2012). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Sakamakon amodiaquine gabaɗaya ƙananan ne zuwa matsakaici kuma suna kama da na chloroquine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Co2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Olliaro P, Mussano P |date=2003 |title=Amodiaquine for treating malaria |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2019 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000016 |pmc=6532704 |pmid=12804382}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOlliaroMussano2003&quot;&gt;Olliaro P, Mussano P (2003). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Matsalolin hanta da ba su da yawa ko ƙananan ƙwayoyin jini na iya faruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Na2012&quot; /&gt; Lokacin da aka ɗauka da ciwon kai, matsala ta gani, fashewa, da kuma dakatar da zuciya na iya faruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Na2012&quot; /&gt; WHO ta ba da shawarar amfani da shi ga mata masu juna biyu a lokacin watanni uku na biyu da na uku da kuma lokacin shayarwa, amma ta ba da rahoton cewa shaidar amfani a cikin watanni uku na farko har yanzu bai isa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=WHO Guidelines for malaria |url=https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/guidelines-for-malaria |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An fara yin Amodiaquine a shekarar 1948.  Yana cikin Jerin Magunguna Masu Muhimmanci na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya. Duk da yake ba a samuwa a Amurka ba,  yana samuwa a ko'ina a [[Afirka]].  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2012 |title=Amodiaquine |url=https://livertox.nih.gov/Amodiaquine.htm |pmid=31643176 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127154244/https://livertox.nih.gov/Amodiaquine.htm |archive-date=27 November 2016 |access-date=27 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Na2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nair A, Abrahamsson B, Barends DM, Groot DW, Kopp S, Polli JE, Shah VP, Dressman JB |date=December 2012 |title=Biowaiver monographs for immediate release solid oral dosage forms: amodiaquine hydrochloride |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=101 |issue=12 |pages=4390–4401 |bibcode=2012JPhmS.101.4390N |doi=10.1002/jps.23312 |pmid=22949374}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNairAbrahamssonBarendsGroot2012&quot;&gt;Nair A, Abrahamsson B, Barends DM, Groot DW, Kopp S, Polli JE, et&amp;nbsp;al. (December 2012). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC1985&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Centers for Disease Control (CDC) |date=April 1985 |title=Revised recommendations for preventing malaria in travelers to areas with chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum |journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |volume=34 |issue=14 |pages=185–90, 195 |pmid=3156271}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amfani da kiwon lafiya ==
Amodiaquine ya zama muhimmiyar magani a cikin maganin haɗuwa don maganin zazzabin cizon sauro a Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kerb R, Fux R, Mörike K, Kremsner PG, Gil JP, Gleiter CH, Schwab M |date=December 2009 |title=Pharmacogenetics of antimalarial drugs: effect on metabolism and transport |journal=The Lancet. Infectious Diseases |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=760–774 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70320-2 |pmid=19926036}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sau da yawa ana amfani dashi a hade tare da Artisunate a matsayin maganin haɗin gwiwar artemisinin (ACT) don cutar zazzabin cizon sauro mara rikitarwa. An kuma gano Amodiaquine don aiki akan nau'ikan cutar zazzabin cizon sauro masu tsayayya da chloroquine, kodayake akwai bambancin ƙasa a cikin aikinsa akan nau'in da ke tsayayya le chloroquin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Amodiaquine |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/amodiaquine#section=Top |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029043608/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/amodiaquine#section=Top |archive-date=2016-10-29 |access-date=2016-10-28 |website=PubChem |publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hakanan ana amfani dashi tare da sulfadoxine / pyrimethamine . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Staedke SG, Kamya MR, Dorsey G, Gasasira A, Ndeezi G, Charlebois ED, Rosenthal PJ |date=August 2001 |title=Amodiaquine, sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine, and combination therapy for treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Kampala, Uganda: a randomised trial |journal=Lancet |volume=358 |issue=9279 |pages=368–374 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05557-X |pmid=11502317 |s2cid=42745422}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ma'amala ==
An samu rahotanni game da karuwar guba a cikin hanta a cikin mutanen da ke da cutar kanjamau / AIDS a kan zidovudine ko efavirenz lokacin da aka kula da tsarin ACT mai dauke da amodiaquine, saboda haka ana ba da shawarar cewa waɗannan mutane su guji amodiaquin.

== Pharmacokinetics da pharmacogenetics ==
Ana kunna shi ta hanyar hanta zuwa ainihin metabolite, N-desethylamodiaquine, ta hanyar enzyme Cytochrome p450 CYP2C8. Daga cikin masu amfani da amodiaquine, an bayar da rahoton sakamako masu yawa amma masu tsanani kuma suna da alaƙa da bambance-bambance a cikin CYP2C8 alleles. CYP2C8 * 1 an bayyana shi azaman nau'Irin daji, wanda ke nuna bayanin aminci mai karɓa, yayin da CYP2C 8 * 2, * 3 da * 4 duk suna nuna kewayon &quot;matalauta&quot; phenotypes. Mutanen da ba su da ƙwayoyin cuta na amodiaquine suna nuna ƙarancin ingancin magani akan zazzabin cizon sauro, da kuma karuwar guba.[1] An gudanar da bincike da yawa don tantance yaduwar ƙwayoyin CYP2C8 tsakanin marasa lafiya na zazzabin cizon sauro a Gabashin Afirka, kuma sun nuna cewa bambancin ƙwayoyin suna da yaduwa a cikin wannan yawan.[2] Kimanin kashi 3.6% na yawan mutanen da aka yi nazari sun nuna babban haɗari don mummunar amsawa ko rage sakamakon magani lokacin da aka yi musu magani da amodiaquine. Wannan bayanin yana da amfani wajen bunkasa shirye-shiryen tsaro na magunguna a Gabashin Afirka, kuma suna da mahimman la'akari na asibiti don ba da magungunan rigakafin zazzabin cizon sauro a yankuna masu yawan bambancin CYP2C8.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Irin wannan tsari shine FGI-104

== Manazarta ==

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'''Amodiaquin''' ('''ADQ''') magani ne da ake amfani da shi don magance zazzabin cizon sauro, gami da ''Plasmodium falciparum'' zazzabin sauro lokacin da ba shi da matsala.&lt;ref name=&quot;Na2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nair A, Abrahamsson B, Barends DM, Groot DW, Kopp S, Polli JE, Shah VP, Dressman JB |date=December 2012 |title=Biowaiver monographs for immediate release solid oral dosage forms: amodiaquine hydrochloride |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=101 |issue=12 |pages=4390–4401 |bibcode=2012JPhmS.101.4390N |doi=10.1002/jps.23312 |pmid=22949374}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Co2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Olliaro P, Mussano P |date=2003 |title=Amodiaquine for treating malaria |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2019 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000016 |pmc=6532704 |pmid=12804382}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ba da shawarar a ba da shi tare da Artisunate don rage haɗarin juriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Na2012&quot; /&gt; Saboda haɗarin haɗari amma mummunan sakamako, ba a ba da shawarar hana zazzabin cizon sauro gaba ɗaya ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Na2012&quot; /&gt; Ko da yake, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) a cikin 2013 ta ba da shawarar amfani da rigakafin yanayi a cikin yara da ke cikin haɗari mai girma a hade tare da sulfadoxine da pyrimethamine.

Amodiaquine wani fili ne na 4-aminoquinoline wanda ke da alaƙa da chloroquine . &lt;ref name=&quot;Na2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nair A, Abrahamsson B, Barends DM, Groot DW, Kopp S, Polli JE, Shah VP, Dressman JB |date=December 2012 |title=Biowaiver monographs for immediate release solid oral dosage forms: amodiaquine hydrochloride |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=101 |issue=12 |pages=4390–4401 |bibcode=2012JPhmS.101.4390N |doi=10.1002/jps.23312 |pmid=22949374}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNairAbrahamssonBarendsGroot2012&quot;&gt;Nair A, Abrahamsson B, Barends DM, Groot DW, Kopp S, Polli JE, et&amp;nbsp;al. (December 2012). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Sakamakon amodiaquine gabaɗaya ƙananan ne zuwa matsakaici kuma suna kama da na chloroquine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Co2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Olliaro P, Mussano P |date=2003 |title=Amodiaquine for treating malaria |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2019 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000016 |pmc=6532704 |pmid=12804382}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOlliaroMussano2003&quot;&gt;Olliaro P, Mussano P (2003). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Matsalolin hanta da ba su da yawa ko ƙananan ƙwayoyin jini na iya faruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Na2012&quot; /&gt; Lokacin da aka ɗauka da ciwon kai, matsala ta gani, fashewa, da kuma dakatar da zuciya na iya faruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Na2012&quot; /&gt; WHO ta ba da shawarar amfani da shi ga mata masu juna biyu a lokacin watanni uku na biyu da na uku da kuma lokacin shayarwa, amma ta ba da rahoton cewa shaidar amfani a cikin watanni uku na farko har yanzu bai isa ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=WHO Guidelines for malaria |url=https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/guidelines-for-malaria |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An fara yin Amodiaquine a shekarar 1948.  Yana cikin Jerin Magunguna Masu Muhimmanci na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya. Duk da yake ba a samuwa a Amurka ba,  yana samuwa a ko'ina a [[Afirka]].  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2012 |title=Amodiaquine |url=https://livertox.nih.gov/Amodiaquine.htm |pmid=31643176 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127154244/https://livertox.nih.gov/Amodiaquine.htm |archive-date=27 November 2016 |access-date=27 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Na2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nair A, Abrahamsson B, Barends DM, Groot DW, Kopp S, Polli JE, Shah VP, Dressman JB |date=December 2012 |title=Biowaiver monographs for immediate release solid oral dosage forms: amodiaquine hydrochloride |journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences |volume=101 |issue=12 |pages=4390–4401 |bibcode=2012JPhmS.101.4390N |doi=10.1002/jps.23312 |pmid=22949374}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNairAbrahamssonBarendsGroot2012&quot;&gt;Nair A, Abrahamsson B, Barends DM, Groot DW, Kopp S, Polli JE, et&amp;nbsp;al. (December 2012). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC1985&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Centers for Disease Control (CDC) |date=April 1985 |title=Revised recommendations for preventing malaria in travelers to areas with chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum |journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |volume=34 |issue=14 |pages=185–90, 195 |pmid=3156271}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amfani da kiwon lafiya ==
Amodiaquine ya zama muhimmiyar magani a cikin maganin haɗuwa don maganin zazzabin cizon sauro a Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kerb R, Fux R, Mörike K, Kremsner PG, Gil JP, Gleiter CH, Schwab M |date=December 2009 |title=Pharmacogenetics of antimalarial drugs: effect on metabolism and transport |journal=The Lancet. Infectious Diseases |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=760–774 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70320-2 |pmid=19926036}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sau da yawa ana amfani dashi a hade tare da Artisunate a matsayin maganin haɗin gwiwar artemisinin (ACT) don cutar zazzabin cizon sauro mara rikitarwa. An kuma gano Amodiaquine don aiki akan nau'ikan cutar zazzabin cizon sauro masu tsayayya da chloroquine, kodayake akwai bambancin ƙasa a cikin aikinsa akan nau'in da ke tsayayya le chloroquin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Amodiaquine |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/amodiaquine#section=Top |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029043608/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/amodiaquine#section=Top |archive-date=2016-10-29 |access-date=2016-10-28 |website=PubChem |publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hakanan ana amfani dashi tare da sulfadoxine / pyrimethamine . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Staedke SG, Kamya MR, Dorsey G, Gasasira A, Ndeezi G, Charlebois ED, Rosenthal PJ |date=August 2001 |title=Amodiaquine, sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine, and combination therapy for treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Kampala, Uganda: a randomised trial |journal=Lancet |volume=358 |issue=9279 |pages=368–374 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05557-X |pmid=11502317 |s2cid=42745422}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ma'amala ==
An samu rahotanni game da karuwar guba a cikin hanta a cikin mutanen da ke da cutar kanjamau / AIDS a kan zidovudine ko efavirenz lokacin da aka kula da tsarin ACT mai dauke da amodiaquine, saboda haka ana ba da shawarar cewa waɗannan mutane su guji amodiaquin.

== Pharmacokinetics da pharmacogenetics ==
Ana kunna shi ta hanyar hanta zuwa ainihin metabolite, N-desethylamodiaquine, ta hanyar enzyme Cytochrome p450 CYP2C8. Daga cikin masu amfani da amodiaquine, an bayar da rahoton sakamako masu yawa amma masu tsanani kuma suna da alaƙa da bambance-bambance a cikin CYP2C8 alleles. CYP2C8 * 1 an bayyana shi azaman nau'Irin daji, wanda ke nuna bayanin aminci mai karɓa, yayin da CYP2C 8 * 2, * 3 da * 4 duk suna nuna kewayon &quot;matalauta&quot; phenotypes. Mutanen da ba su da ƙwayoyin cuta na amodiaquine suna nuna ƙarancin ingancin magani akan zazzabin cizon sauro, da kuma karuwar guba.[1] An gudanar da bincike da yawa don tantance yaduwar ƙwayoyin CYP2C8 tsakanin marasa lafiya na zazzabin cizon sauro a Gabashin Afirka, kuma sun nuna cewa bambancin ƙwayoyin suna da yaduwa a cikin wannan yawan.[2] Kimanin kashi 3.6% na yawan mutanen da aka yi nazari sun nuna babban haɗari don mummunar amsawa ko rage sakamakon magani lokacin da aka yi musu magani da amodiaquine. Wannan bayanin yana da amfani wajen bunkasa shirye-shiryen tsaro na magunguna a Gabashin Afirka, kuma suna da mahimman la'akari na asibiti don ba da magungunan rigakafin zazzabin cizon sauro a yankuna masu yawan bambancin CYP2C8.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Irin wannan tsari shine FGI-104

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Jirgin ruwa na Nilu</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358048005|Nile boat]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Nil|Kogin Nil]] babban albarkatu ne ga mutanen da ke zaune a gefensa, musamman dubban shekaru da suka gabata. Aikin Tarihin Kayan Tarihi na El Salha ya gano ɗimbin shaidu na wani tsohon jirgin ruwa da ya yi tafiya a Kogin Nil tun shekaru 3,000 da suka gabata. An gano hotunan hotuna da sassaka na duwatsu, wanda ke nuna wani jirgin ruwa da ya fi kwale-kwale mai sauƙi ci gaba. Wannan shaidar jirgin ruwan Nil mai ci gaba ta haɗa da tsarin tuƙi wanda wataƙila an yi amfani da shi a cikin Nil don kamun kifi da jigilar kaya.

== Ganowa ==
Shaidar farko ta wani jirgin ruwa na da a kan [[Nil|kogin Nilu]] ita ce hoton zane-zanen dutse da aka samo daga Mesolithic . Aikin Tarihin Kayan Tarihi na El Salha na Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka da Gabas ta Italiya yana aiki a tsakiyar [[Sudan]] tun daga kaka na 2000. Babban abin da aikin ya fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne ilmin kayan tarihi na al'adun Mesolithic da Neolithic na wannan yanki na Kwarin Nilu. Abin sha'awa ga ilmin kayan tarihi na teku akwai wani kabari mai tsayi a gefen yamma na Kogin Nilu, kilomita 25 kudu da [[Omdurman]] . A ƙarƙashin wannan binnewar bayan Meroitic da wuraren da aka rushe akwai ƙaramin yanki mai kama da juna na [[Khartoum]] Mesolithic. Gastropods na ganewar asali suna cikin wannan layi kuma binciken radiocarbon yana ƙayyade tsawon lokaci tsakanin 7050 zuwa 6820 BC.

An sami wani muhimmin kayan tarihi wanda ke magana game da tarihin farko na ƙirar jiragen ruwa da gina [[Jirgin Ruwa|jiragen ruwa]] a cikin layin Mesolithic na Khartoum. An yanke wani zane mai ban mamaki na jirgin ruwan Nilu zuwa dutse mai dutse.  Wannan shine mafi tsufa da aka sani na wakilcin jirgin ruwan Nilu, kuma mafi tsufa na hoton jirgin ruwa wanda ya fi ci gaba a ƙira fiye da [[kwale-kwale]] . Tarihin wannan hoton ya dawo da shaidar farko ta jiragen ruwan Nilu cikin shekaru 3,000.

== Tsarin jirgin ruwa / tuƙi ==
Za a iya fahimtar wasu cikakkun bayanai da fannoni na gina jirgin ruwa daga hoton da ke kan dutse mai dutse, kamar yadda D. Usai da S. Salvatori suka ruwaito a watan Disamba, 2007. Rabin bayan hoton jirgin yana cikin mafi kyawun yanayi na kiyayewa. Tsarin sitiyari da ɗakin suna tsakiyar jirgin. Ana iya gano tsarin sitiyari mai haɗaka da injin tirela da aka sanya a kusurwa sama da 45° tare da dogon sanda da ke ƙarewa da ruwan wukake. An sanya tirela da sanda mai ruwan wuka a saman karkiya a tsaye. Tsarin jirgin ruwa da tsarin sitiyari suna kama da waɗanda aka zana a bangon bukkoki na Badarian da tukwane na tukwane. Akwai kamanceceniya da wasu jiragen ruwa da aka nuna a cikin zane-zanen dutse a Nubia (Sudan); da waɗanda aka zana a bango da tukwane a cikin al'adun Gerzeh da al'adun Naqada na Masar ta Predynastic .
[[Fayil:Predynastic_boat_vase_opt451x456_Edgerton-1927_AJSLp121-c.jpg|alt=Predynastic boat|right|thumb|303x303px|Jirgin ruwa mai tsufa, petroglyph &lt;3200 BC]]
Musamman hoton sitiyarin da aka sanya a kan sandar tsaye da aka saka a cikin babban jirgin ruwa na sama, ana iya samunsa a cikin zane-zanen duwatsun jirgin ruwa daga yankin Abka a Sudan Nubia; kuma daga Akkad wanda ke kudu da Cataract na uku a gefen hagu na Kogin Nilu a Arewacin [[Zuwa Dongola|Dongola Reach]] . Ruwan ya yi kama da na jirgin ruwan El Khab sosai. Wannan irin kwalkwali mai haɗaka har yanzu ana amfani da shi a jiragen ruwan Masar da aka gina a lokacin Sabuwar Masarautar. Ɗakin da ke kama da kumfa a saman jirgin ruwa kuma sanannen fasali ne a cikin wakilcin jiragen ruwa tun zamanin Gerzean da Predynastic a Masar da Nubia.&quot;  Ana iya cewa jirgin ruwan Mesolithic na Khartoum yana wakiltar ƙarshen muhimman ci gaba a cikin ƙirar jirgin ruwa. Dole ne an tsara takamaiman fasalulluka na jirgin ruwan da aka nuna a kan dutsen daga wurin 16 D-5 a baya a cikin Nubian Mesolithic. Yayin da ake samun wannan hanyar ƙirar jirgin ruwa, tsarin ɗakin jirgi da tsarin sitiyari a kan jiragen ruwa shekaru dubbai bayan haka, an yi la'akari da shi mafi kyawun tsarin gine-gine ga ƙananan da matsakaitan jiragen ruwa na Nilu a lokacin Khartoum Mesolithic. A matsayinsa na farko kuma mafi kyawun zaɓi a cikin tsarin gine-ginen jiragen ruwa na Nilu, wannan ƙirar ta ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin al'adar gina jiragen ruwa tsawon shekaru dubbai. Ƙananan gyare-gyare za su samar da ko dai jirgin kamun kifi ko jirgin kaya.

== Jiragen kamun kifi na Mesolithic ==
W. Van Neerand ne ya gabatar da shawarar amfani da jiragen ruwa a kan kogin Nilu a Mesolithic a shekarar 1989.  da kuma Peters a shekarar 1991  da 1993.  Nazarin ichthyo-fauna a wuraren Mesolithic a Tsakiyar Sudan da kuma Atbara ta ƙasa da aka buga a shekarar 1993 ya sa Peters ya yi hasashen cewa ana amfani da jiragen ruwa na Nilu masu kyau don kamun kifi ga manya na nau'ikan ruwa masu buɗewa Synodotis, Bagrus da Lates akai-akai, sabanin yanayi na sa'a da ke faruwa a wuraren ambaliyar ruwa na yanayi. Lates shine sanannen Kogin Nilu wanda zai iya girma zuwa tsawon mita 6 da inci 7 (mita 2) da kuma tsawon mita 200.&amp;nbsp;kg (440)&amp;nbsp;lb) a cikin nauyi. Kifin mai ƙarfi mai wannan girman yana buƙatar jirgin ruwa mai ƙarancin nauyi da iya motsawa, don haka yana ba da kimantawa kai tsaye ga girma da nauyin jiragen ruwan kamun kifi na Mesolithic waɗanda ke ratsa kogin Sudan ta Tsakiya da Lower Atbara. Tsarin jirgin ruwan da aka nuna a kan dutsen daga wurin 16 D-5, da kuma fahimtar mahallin kamun kifi, shi ma yana nufin ƙarancin ƙwarewar kewayawa.

Zaɓuɓɓuka biyu ne kawai aka san suna nan: harsashin da aka gina daga babban katako (gangaren itace) ko kuma aka gina shi kamar [[Jirgin ruwa na Reed|jirgin ruwan reed]] na papyrus. Ba za a iya rubuta ainihin ginin harsashin da aka yi da katako ba kafin Daular 1 tare da binciken da aka yi a Tarkhan na allon harsashin da aka sake amfani da su azaman akwatin gawa da katakon rufi  Duk da haka, an gyara fasalin ginin jirgin ruwan Mesolithic na Khartoum kuma an aiwatar da su, sun sami karbuwa sosai tsakanin masu ginin jiragen ruwa na Masar kuma an yi amfani da su sosai a cikin gine-ginen jiragen ruwa a cikin lokutan tarihi na gaba na Masar. An wuce iyakokin damar da jirgin ruwan reed [[Papyrus|na Papyrus]] ya bayar.  Ikon ɗan adam na amfani da damar albarkatu da babban kwarin kogin Nilu ya bayar, da babban yankin Nilu na Ƙasa na Masar sun ɗauki matakin kwantenar gaba tare da wannan sabon ƙirar jirgin ruwa kamar yadda aka nuna a kan dutse na Khartoum Mesolithic.

== Naqada II ==
[[Fayil:SabuJeddi5.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Wurin zane-zane na Sabu-Jaddi Rock: Jiragen ruwa na Nilu]]
A cikin Naqada II (3500-3200 BC), akwai fasaloli na ƙirar jirgin ruwa waɗanda ke sauraron jirgin ruwan Khartoum Mesolithic. Tsarin sitiyari da ɗakin kwana suna tsakiyar jirgin. Ana iya gano tsarin sitiyari mai haɗaka tare da injin tirela da aka sanya a kusurwa sama da 45° tare da dogon sanda da ke ƙarewa da ruwan wuka mai ovoid. An sanya injin tirela da sanda mai ruwan wuka a saman karkiya a tsaye. Babban tushe mai ganye a cikin baka na waɗannan jiragen ruwa ya daɗe yana rikitar da masana tarihi na ginin jiragen ruwa na da. Wannan tsari na iya zama: a) babban reshe daga nau'in itace mai manyan ganye; ko b) ɗan itacen dabino mai girma. Kowanne zaɓi zai kama iska kuma ya samar da muhimmiyar damar tuƙi da kuma tafiya tare da Kogin Nilu. Reshen dabino (alama) yana wakiltar tsawon rai a Masar ta dā, kuma allahn Huh wanda ya bauta wa har abada wani lokacin yana ɗauke da itacen dabino a kowane hannu.

A cikin jiragen ruwan Predynastic da Naqada, an nuna ɗakunan jirgin ruwa a tsakiyar jiragen ruwa, hakika sun zama wani abu da ya zama ruwan dare a cikin ginin jiragen ruwa na Masar tsawon ƙarni da yawa. Tsarin sitiyari tare da injin tiller da aka sanya a kusurwar 45° za a iya gano shi a cikin salon zane mai salo wanda ke bayyana muhimman fasalulluka na ƙirar jirgin ruwa. A kan wasu jiragen ruwa, kamar yadda aka nuna a wurin zane-zanen duwatsu na Sabu-Jaddi, matukin jirgi yana tsaye a kan rufin ɗakin jirgin, da alama yana da mafi kyawun matsayi don daidaita babban injin tiller.  Wannan hoton kuma yana nuna cewa babban ƙirar jirgin ruwa zaɓi ne ga masu ginin jiragen ruwa na Naqada.

== Manazarta ==
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[[Nil|Kogin Nil]] babban albarkatu ne ga mutanen da ke zaune a gefensa, musamman dubban shekaru da suka gabata. Aikin Tarihin Kayan Tarihi na El Salha ya gano ɗimbin shaidu na wani tsohon jirgin ruwa da ya yi tafiya a Kogin Nil tun shekaru 3,000 da suka gabata. An gano hotunan hotuna da sassaka na duwatsu, wanda ke nuna wani jirgin ruwa da ya fi kwale-kwale mai sauƙi ci gaba. Wannan shaidar jirgin ruwan Nil mai ci gaba ta haɗa da tsarin tuƙi wanda wataƙila an yi amfani da shi a cikin Nil don kamun kifi da jigilar kaya.

== Ganowa ==
Shaidar farko ta wani jirgin ruwa na da a kan [[Nil|kogin Nilu]] ita ce hoton zane-zanen dutse da aka samo daga Mesolithic . Aikin Tarihin Kayan Tarihi na El Salha na Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka da Gabas ta Italiya yana aiki a tsakiyar [[Sudan]] tun daga kaka na 2000. Babban abin da aikin ya fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne ilmin kayan tarihi na al'adun Mesolithic da Neolithic na wannan yanki na Kwarin Nilu. Abin sha'awa ga ilmin kayan tarihi na teku akwai wani kabari mai tsayi a gefen yamma na Kogin Nilu, kilomita 25 kudu da [[Omdurman]] . A ƙarƙashin wannan binnewar bayan Meroitic da wuraren da aka rushe akwai ƙaramin yanki mai kama da juna na [[Khartoum]] Mesolithic. Gastropods na ganewar asali suna cikin wannan layi kuma binciken radiocarbon yana ƙayyade tsawon lokaci tsakanin 7050 zuwa 6820 BC.

An sami wani muhimmin kayan tarihi wanda ke magana game da tarihin farko na ƙirar jiragen ruwa da gina [[Jirgin Ruwa|jiragen ruwa]] a cikin layin Mesolithic na Khartoum. An yanke wani zane mai ban mamaki na jirgin ruwan Nilu zuwa dutse mai dutse.  Wannan shine mafi tsufa da aka sani na wakilcin jirgin ruwan Nilu, kuma mafi tsufa na hoton jirgin ruwa wanda ya fi ci gaba a ƙira fiye da [[kwale-kwale]] . Tarihin wannan hoton ya dawo da shaidar farko ta jiragen ruwan Nilu cikin shekaru 3,000.

== Tsarin jirgin ruwa / tuƙi ==
Za a iya fahimtar wasu cikakkun bayanai da fannoni na gina jirgin ruwa daga hoton da ke kan dutse mai dutse, kamar yadda D. Usai da S. Salvatori suka ruwaito a watan Disamba, 2007. Rabin bayan hoton jirgin yana cikin mafi kyawun yanayi na kiyayewa. Tsarin sitiyari da ɗakin suna tsakiyar jirgin. Ana iya gano tsarin sitiyari mai haɗaka da injin tirela da aka sanya a kusurwa sama da 45° tare da dogon sanda da ke ƙarewa da ruwan wukake. An sanya tirela da sanda mai ruwan wuka a saman karkiya a tsaye. Tsarin jirgin ruwa da tsarin sitiyari suna kama da waɗanda aka zana a bangon bukkoki na Badarian da tukwane na tukwane. Akwai kamanceceniya da wasu jiragen ruwa da aka nuna a cikin zane-zanen dutse a Nubia (Sudan); da waɗanda aka zana a bango da tukwane a cikin al'adun Gerzeh da al'adun Naqada na Masar ta Predynastic .
[[Fayil:Predynastic_boat_vase_opt451x456_Edgerton-1927_AJSLp121-c.jpg|alt=Predynastic boat|right|thumb|303x303px|Jirgin ruwa mai tsufa, petroglyph &lt;3200 BC]]
Musamman hoton sitiyarin da aka sanya a kan sandar tsaye da aka saka a cikin babban jirgin ruwa na sama, ana iya samunsa a cikin zane-zanen duwatsun jirgin ruwa daga yankin Abka a Sudan Nubia; kuma daga Akkad wanda ke kudu da Cataract na uku a gefen hagu na Kogin Nilu a Arewacin [[Zuwa Dongola|Dongola Reach]] . Ruwan ya yi kama da na jirgin ruwan El Khab sosai. Wannan irin kwalkwali mai haɗaka har yanzu ana amfani da shi a jiragen ruwan Masar da aka gina a lokacin Sabuwar Masarautar. Ɗakin da ke kama da kumfa a saman jirgin ruwa kuma sanannen fasali ne a cikin wakilcin jiragen ruwa tun zamanin Gerzean da Predynastic a Masar da Nubia.&quot;  Ana iya cewa jirgin ruwan Mesolithic na Khartoum yana wakiltar ƙarshen muhimman ci gaba a cikin ƙirar jirgin ruwa. Dole ne an tsara takamaiman fasalulluka na jirgin ruwan da aka nuna a kan dutsen daga wurin 16 D-5 a baya a cikin Nubian Mesolithic. Yayin da ake samun wannan hanyar ƙirar jirgin ruwa, tsarin ɗakin jirgi da tsarin sitiyari a kan jiragen ruwa shekaru dubbai bayan haka, an yi la'akari da shi mafi kyawun tsarin gine-gine ga ƙananan da matsakaitan jiragen ruwa na Nilu a lokacin Khartoum Mesolithic. A matsayinsa na farko kuma mafi kyawun zaɓi a cikin tsarin gine-ginen jiragen ruwa na Nilu, wannan ƙirar ta ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin al'adar gina jiragen ruwa tsawon shekaru dubbai. Ƙananan gyare-gyare za su samar da ko dai jirgin kamun kifi ko jirgin kaya.

== Jiragen kamun kifi na Mesolithic ==
W. Van Neerand ne ya gabatar da shawarar amfani da jiragen ruwa a kan kogin Nilu a Mesolithic a shekarar 1989.  da kuma Peters a shekarar 1991  da 1993.  Nazarin ichthyo-fauna a wuraren Mesolithic a Tsakiyar Sudan da kuma Atbara ta ƙasa da aka buga a shekarar 1993 ya sa Peters ya yi hasashen cewa ana amfani da jiragen ruwa na Nilu masu kyau don kamun kifi ga manya na nau'ikan ruwa masu buɗewa Synodotis, Bagrus da Lates akai-akai, sabanin yanayi na sa'a da ke faruwa a wuraren ambaliyar ruwa na yanayi. Lates shine sanannen Kogin Nilu wanda zai iya girma zuwa tsawon mita 6 da inci 7 (mita 2) da kuma tsawon mita 200.&amp;nbsp;kg (440)&amp;nbsp;lb) a cikin nauyi. Kifin mai ƙarfi mai wannan girman yana buƙatar jirgin ruwa mai ƙarancin nauyi da iya motsawa, don haka yana ba da kimantawa kai tsaye ga girma da nauyin jiragen ruwan kamun kifi na Mesolithic waɗanda ke ratsa kogin Sudan ta Tsakiya da Lower Atbara. Tsarin jirgin ruwan da aka nuna a kan dutsen daga wurin 16 D-5, da kuma fahimtar mahallin kamun kifi, shi ma yana nufin ƙarancin ƙwarewar kewayawa.

Zaɓuɓɓuka biyu ne kawai aka san suna nan: harsashin da aka gina daga babban katako (gangaren itace) ko kuma aka gina shi kamar [[Jirgin ruwa na Reed|jirgin ruwan reed]] na papyrus. Ba za a iya rubuta ainihin ginin harsashin da aka yi da katako ba kafin Daular 1 tare da binciken da aka yi a Tarkhan na allon harsashin da aka sake amfani da su azaman akwatin gawa da katakon rufi  Duk da haka, an gyara fasalin ginin jirgin ruwan Mesolithic na Khartoum kuma an aiwatar da su, sun sami karbuwa sosai tsakanin masu ginin jiragen ruwa na Masar kuma an yi amfani da su sosai a cikin gine-ginen jiragen ruwa a cikin lokutan tarihi na gaba na Masar. An wuce iyakokin damar da jirgin ruwan reed [[Papyrus|na Papyrus]] ya bayar.  Ikon ɗan adam na amfani da damar albarkatu da babban kwarin kogin Nilu ya bayar, da babban yankin Nilu na Ƙasa na Masar sun ɗauki matakin kwantenar gaba tare da wannan sabon ƙirar jirgin ruwa kamar yadda aka nuna a kan dutse na Khartoum Mesolithic.

== Naqada II ==
[[Fayil:SabuJeddi5.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Wurin zane-zane na Sabu-Jaddi Rock: Jiragen ruwa na Nilu]]
A cikin Naqada II (3500-3200 BC), akwai fasaloli na ƙirar jirgin ruwa waɗanda ke sauraron jirgin ruwan Khartoum Mesolithic. Tsarin sitiyari da ɗakin kwana suna tsakiyar jirgin. Ana iya gano tsarin sitiyari mai haɗaka tare da injin tirela da aka sanya a kusurwa sama da 45° tare da dogon sanda da ke ƙarewa da ruwan wuka mai ovoid. An sanya injin tirela da sanda mai ruwan wuka a saman karkiya a tsaye. Babban tushe mai ganye a cikin baka na waɗannan jiragen ruwa ya daɗe yana rikitar da masana tarihi na ginin jiragen ruwa na da. Wannan tsari na iya zama: a) babban reshe daga nau'in itace mai manyan ganye; ko b) ɗan itacen dabino mai girma. Kowanne zaɓi zai kama iska kuma ya samar da muhimmiyar damar tuƙi da kuma tafiya tare da Kogin Nilu. Reshen dabino (alama) yana wakiltar tsawon rai a Masar ta dā, kuma allahn Huh wanda ya bauta wa har abada wani lokacin yana ɗauke da itacen dabino a kowane hannu.

A cikin jiragen ruwan Predynastic da Naqada, an nuna ɗakunan jirgin ruwa a tsakiyar jiragen ruwa, hakika sun zama wani abu da ya zama ruwan dare a cikin ginin jiragen ruwa na Masar tsawon ƙarni da yawa. Tsarin sitiyari tare da injin tiller da aka sanya a kusurwar 45° za a iya gano shi a cikin salon zane mai salo wanda ke bayyana muhimman fasalulluka na ƙirar jirgin ruwa. A kan wasu jiragen ruwa, kamar yadda aka nuna a wurin zane-zanen duwatsu na Sabu-Jaddi, matukin jirgi yana tsaye a kan rufin ɗakin jirgin, da alama yana da mafi kyawun matsayi don daidaita babban injin tiller.  Wannan hoton kuma yana nuna cewa babban ƙirar jirgin ruwa zaɓi ne ga masu ginin jiragen ruwa na Naqada.

== Manazarta ==
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'''Saola''' ( '''''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis''''' ), wanda kuma ake kira '''spindlehorn''', '''unicorn na Asiya''', ko kuma ba kasafai ake samunsa ba, '''Vu Quang bovid''', dabba ce da ke zaune a dazuzzuka a yankin Annamite a [[Vietnam]] da [[Laos]] . An fara bayyana shi a shekarar 1993 bayan gano gawawwakin da aka samu a wurin shakatawa na kasa na Vũ Quang ta hanyar wani bincike na hadin gwiwa da Ma'aikatar Daji ta Vietnam da Asusun Kula da Yanayi na Duniya, &lt;ref name=&quot;dung&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dung |first=V. V. |last2=Giao |first2=P. M. |last3=Chinh |first3=N. N. |last4=Tuoc |first4=D. |last5=Arctander |first5=P. |last6=MacKinnon |first6=J. |name-list-style=amp |year=1993 |title=A new species of living bovid from Vietnam |journal=Nature |volume=363 |issue=6428 |pages=443–445 |bibcode=1993Natur.363..443V |doi=10.1038/363443a0 |s2cid=4243603}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;stone2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stone |first=R. |year=2006 |title=The Saola's Last Stand |journal=Science |volume=314 |issue=5804 |pages=1380–1383 |doi=10.1126/science.314.5804.1380 |pmid=17138879 |s2cid=130425782}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga lokacin an tsare Saolas a cikin bauta sau da yawa, kodayake na ɗan gajeren lokaci ne kawai saboda sun mutu cikin 'yan makonni zuwa watanni. &lt;ref name=&quot;stone18&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=18–20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saola tana zaune ne a yankunan da ke da dazuzzukan dazuzzuka masu tsayi da kuma dazuzzuka masu dausayi, kuma wataƙila koyaushe tana da ƙarancin yawan jama'a.  An ɗauki hoton farko na wani gidan saola mai rai a shekarar 1993. An ɗauki hoton na baya-bayan nan a shekarar 2013 ta hanyar kyamarar da ke motsawa a cikin dajin tsakiyar Vietnam, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Saola Rediscovered: Rare Photos of Elusive Species from Vietnam |url=http://worldwildlife.org/stories/saola-rediscovered-rare-photos-of-elusive-species-from-vietnam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215095832/https://www.worldwildlife.org/stories/saola-rediscovered-rare-photos-of-elusive-species-from-vietnam |archive-date=2016-12-15 |website=World Wildlife Fund |publisher=World Wildlife Federation}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ke wakiltar sabon rikodin gidan saola. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Esterman |first=Isabel |date=2025-09-30 |title=To track a unicorn: Laos team goes all out to find the last saolas |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2025/09/to-track-a-unicorn-laos-team-goes-all-out-to-find-the-last-saolas/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=[[Mongabay]] |language=en-US |quote=There have been multiple efforts to locate saolas in their range in the Annamite Mountains, which straddle Laos, Vietnam and northeast Cambodia — although saolas have never been recorded in the latter country. The last confirmed sighting in the wild was a 2013 camera-trap image from Central Vietnam.}}&lt;/ref&gt; An lissafa gidan saola a matsayin wanda ke cikin mawuyacin hali ta hanyar IUCN, yana fuskantar barazanar tarko da aka yi niyya don kama wasu dabbobi a cikin dajin da kuma lalata muhalli, tare da kimanin adadin mutane 50-300 kamar yadda na 2015.  Akwai damuwa cewa nau'in na iya riga ya ɓace, &lt;ref name=&quot;Garcia-Erill-2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Garcia-Erill |first=G. |last2=Liu |first2=S. |last3=Le |first3=M. D. |last4=Hurley |first4=M. M. |last5=Nguyen |first5=H. D. |last6=Nguyen |first6=D. Q. |last7=Nguyen |first7=D. H. |last8=Santander |first8=C. G. |last9=Barreiro |first9=F. S. |last10=Martins |first10=N. F. G. |last11=Hanghøj |first11=K. |last12=Salleh |first12=F. M. |last13=Ramos-Madrigal |first13=J. |last14=Wang |first14=X. |last15=Sinding |first15=M.-H. S. |date=2025 |title=Genomes of critically endangered saola are shaped by population structure and purging |journal=Cell |volume=188 |issue=12 |pages=3102–3116 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2025.03.040 |pmc=12173715 |pmid=40328258 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ko da mutane suna raye, an bayyana halaka a matsayin &quot;ba makawa&quot; cikin shekaru 10 daga 2025 ba tare da an sa baki ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Saola ita ce kawai nau'in halittar da ke cikin halittar '''''Pseudoryx''''' kuma memba na farko mai bambancin ra'ayi na kabilar Bovini, inda ta sanya barewa da shanu a matsayin danginta na kusa.

== Tarihin bincike da tsarin haraji ==
[[Fayil:Saola_skin.jpg|left|thumb|Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun abubuwan da suka rage a Saola, Gidan Tarihin Zoological na Copenhagen]]
A watan Mayun 1992, Ma'aikatar Kula da Daji, [[Vietnam]] ta aika da tawagar bincike don bincika bambancin halittu na sabuwar wurin shakatawa na ƙasa na Vu Quang . A cikin wannan tawagar akwai Do Tuoc, Le Van Cham da Vu Van Dung (na Cibiyar Kayayyakin Daji da Tsare-tsare); Nguyen Van Sang (na Cibiyar Albarkatun Halittu da Halittu); Nguyen Thai Tu (na Jami'ar Vinh ); da John MacKinnon (na Asusun Namun Daji na Duniya ). A ranar 21 ga Mayu, ƙungiyar ta sami kwanyar da ke ɗauke da ƙaho biyu masu ban mamaki, dogaye da kuma masu kaifi daga wani mafarauci na gida. Sun ci karo da wani ma'aurata iri ɗaya a cikin yankin Annamite a yankin arewa maso gabashin wurin ajiyar washegari. Ƙungiyar ta danganta waɗannan siffofi ga wani sabon nau'in dabba, suna kiransa &quot;saola&quot; ko &quot;Vu Quang bijimin&quot; don guje wa ruɗani da serow mai tausayi . WWF ta sanar da gano sabon nau'in a hukumance a ranar 17 ga Yulin 1992. 

A cewar kwararre kan bambancin halittu Tony Whitten, duk da cewa Vietnam tana da nau'ikan flora da fauna iri-iri, wadanda aka bayyana da yawa daga cikinsu kwanan nan, gano babbar dabba kamar saola abu ne da ba a zata ba. Saola ita ce babbar dabba ta farko da aka gano a yankin tsawon shekaru 50.  An lura da cewa saola mai rai ba ta da yawa, kuma tana da nisa sosai, ta takaita ga yankin Annamite . 

[[Nomenclature na binomial|Sunan kimiyya]] na saola shine ''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'' . Ita ce kaɗai mamba a cikin halittar ''Pseudoryx'' kuma an rarraba ta a ƙarƙashin dangin Bovidae . An fara bayyana nau'in a cikin 1993 ta Vu Van Dung, Do Tuoc, masana ilmin halittu Pham Mong Giao da Nguyen Ngoc Chinh, Peter Arctander na Jami'ar Copenhagen da John MacKinnon. &lt;ref name=&quot;dung&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dung |first=V. V. |last2=Giao |first2=P. M. |last3=Chinh |first3=N. N. |last4=Tuoc |first4=D. |last5=Arctander |first5=P. |last6=MacKinnon |first6=J. |name-list-style=amp |year=1993 |title=A new species of living bovid from Vietnam |journal=Nature |volume=363 |issue=6428 |pages=443–445 |bibcode=1993Natur.363..443V |doi=10.1038/363443a0 |s2cid=4243603}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDungGiaoChinhTuoc1993&quot;&gt;Dung, V. V.; Giao, P. M.; Chinh, N. N.; Tuoc, D.; Arctander, P. &amp; MacKinnon, J. (1993). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Gano saola ya kasance a cikin 1992 ya haifar da babban sha'awar kimiyya saboda halayen jiki na musamman na dabbar. Saola ya bambanta sosai da duk sauran nau'ikan halittu na bovid a cikin bayyanar da yanayin halittarsa, wanda ya isa ya sanya shi cikin nau'in halittarsa ( ''Pseudoryx'' ).

Tunda halayensa na zahiri suna da sarkakiya a rarraba su, an rarraba ''Pseudoryx'' a matsayin memba na ƙaramin iyali Caprinae kuma yana cikin kowace ƙabila uku na ƙaramin iyali Bovinae : Boselaphini, Bovini da Tragelaphini . Binciken DNA ya sa masana kimiyya suka sanya saola a matsayin memba na ƙabilar Bovini, ƙungiyar da ta haɗa da barewa, shanu, bison da yaks, da sauransu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hassanin |first=A. |last2=Douzery |first2=E. J. P. |year=1999 |title=Evolutionary affinities of the enigmatic saola (''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'') in the context of the molecular phylogeny of Bovidae |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=266 |issue=1422 |pages=893–900 |doi=10.1098/rspb.1999.0720 |pmc=1689916 |pmid=10380679}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken kwayoyin halitta na baya-bayan nan ya sanya shi a matsayin memba mafi tsufa kuma na farko da ya bambanta a cikin ƙabilar Bovini. &lt;ref name=&quot;Yang-2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Chengzhong |last2=Xiang |first2=Changkui |last3=Qi |first3=Wenhua |last4=Xia |first4=Shan |last5=Tu |first5=Feiyun |last6=Zhang |first6=Xiuyue |last7=Moermond |first7=Timothy |last8=Yue |first8=Bisong |date=2013-06-01 |title=Phylogenetic analyses and improved resolution of the family Bovidae based on complete mitochondrial genomes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305197812002670 |url-status=live |journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology |language=en |volume=48 |pages=136–143 |bibcode=2013BioSE..48..136Y |doi=10.1016/j.bse.2012.12.005 |issn=0305-1978 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131032745/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305197812002670 |archive-date=2022-01-31 |access-date=2022-01-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Calamari-2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Calamari |first=Zachary T. |date=June 2021 |title=Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis Supports New Morphological Synapomorphies for Bovidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) |url=https://bioone.org/journals/american-museum-novitates/volume-2021/issue-3970/3970.1/Total-Evidence-Phylogenetic-Analysis-Supports-New-Morphological-Synapomorphies-for-Bovidae/10.1206/3970.1.full |url-status=live |journal=American Museum Novitates |issue=3970 |pages=1–38 |doi=10.1206/3970.1 |issn=0003-0082 |s2cid=235441087 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314124448/https://bioone.org/journals/american-museum-novitates/volume-2021/issue-3970/3970.1/Total-Evidence-Phylogenetic-Analysis-Supports-New-Morphological-Synapomorphies-for-Bovidae/10.1206/3970.1.short |archive-date=2023-03-14 |access-date=2022-02-08 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana hasashen cewa saola ta bambanta da kakannin sauran membobin Bovini tsakanin shekaru miliyan 10.8 da 16.2 da suka gabata, a lokacin Miocene na Tsakiya . Wani bincike na 2021 ya nuna cewa tana da alaƙa da kwayar halittar ''Miotragocerus'' da ta ɓace, wadda aka sani daga marigayi Miocene na Eurasia. &lt;ref name=&quot;Calamari-2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Calamari |first=Zachary T. |date=June 2021 |title=Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis Supports New Morphological Synapomorphies for Bovidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) |url=https://bioone.org/journals/american-museum-novitates/volume-2021/issue-3970/3970.1/Total-Evidence-Phylogenetic-Analysis-Supports-New-Morphological-Synapomorphies-for-Bovidae/10.1206/3970.1.full |url-status=live |journal=American Museum Novitates |issue=3970 |pages=1–38 |doi=10.1206/3970.1 |issn=0003-0082 |s2cid=235441087 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314124448/https://bioone.org/journals/american-museum-novitates/volume-2021/issue-3970/3970.1/Total-Evidence-Phylogenetic-Analysis-Supports-New-Morphological-Synapomorphies-for-Bovidae/10.1206/3970.1.short |archive-date=2023-03-14 |access-date=2022-02-08 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCalamari2021&quot;&gt;Calamari, Zachary T. (June 2021). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani bincike kan kwayoyin halitta na samfuran tarihi na saola da aka buga a shekarar 2025 ya nuna cewa saola ta rabu gida biyu aƙalla shekaru 20,000 da suka gabata, amma ba ta wuce shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata ba, ɗaya daga cikinsu ya zama al'ummar arewa a yankin Vũ Quang National Park, Pù Mát National Park, duka a Vietnam, da kuma Nakai-Nam-Theun National Park da ke Laos, ɗayan kuma ya zama al'ummar kudu a yankin Huế, Đông Giang da Tây Giang, duk a Vietnam. Rabuwar na iya faruwa ne sakamakon sauyin yanayi a ƙarshen zamanin kankara da canje-canjen da ke tattare da shi a yanayin ƙasa da ciyayi. Wannan kuma yana iya faruwa ne sakamakon fara zaman lafiya a yankin. Wannan rabuwar ta kasance tare da raguwar [[yawan jama'a]], tare da an yi hasashen cewa yawan jama'a da ya yi tasiri bai wuce mutane 5,000 ba a cikin shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata. A cikin kwayar halittar da ke cikin layukan juyin halitta, akwai yankuna da ba su da bambancin ra'ayi, amma waɗannan suna yaɗuwa daban-daban kuma saboda haka ba sa raba su da al'ummomin biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Garcia-Erill-2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Garcia-Erill |first=G. |last2=Liu |first2=S. |last3=Le |first3=M. D. |last4=Hurley |first4=M. M. |last5=Nguyen |first5=H. D. |last6=Nguyen |first6=D. Q. |last7=Nguyen |first7=D. H. |last8=Santander |first8=C. G. |last9=Barreiro |first9=F. S. |last10=Martins |first10=N. F. G. |last11=Hanghøj |first11=K. |last12=Salleh |first12=F. M. |last13=Ramos-Madrigal |first13=J. |last14=Wang |first14=X. |last15=Sinding |first15=M.-H. S. |date=2025 |title=Genomes of critically endangered saola are shaped by population structure and purging |journal=Cell |volume=188 |issue=12 |pages=3102–3116 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2025.03.040 |pmc=12173715 |pmid=40328258 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGarcia-ErillLiuLeHurley2025&quot;&gt;Garcia-Erill, G.; Liu, S.; Le, M. D.; Hurley, M. M.; Nguyen, H. D.; Nguyen, D. Q.; Nguyen, D. H.; Santander, C. G.; Barreiro, F. S.; Martins, N. F. G.; Hanghøj, K.; Salleh, F. M.; Ramos-Madrigal, J.; Wang, X.; Sinding, M.-H. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asalin Ma'anar ===
An fassara sunan 'saola' a matsayin &quot; spindle [-horned]&quot;, kodayake ainihin ma'anar ita ce &quot;ƙaho mai juyawa&quot;. Sunan ya fito ne daga harshen [[Mutanen Tai|Tai]] na Vietnam.  Ma'anar iri ɗaya ce a [[Harshen Lao|yaren Lao]] ( {{Lang|lo|ເສົາຫລາ}}, kuma an rubuta {{Lang|lo|ເສົາຫຼາ}} /sǎo-lǎː/ a Lao). Sunan da aka yi amfani da shi a ''Lao'' yana nufin lardunan Vietnam guda biyu na Nghệ An da Hà Tĩnh, yayin da ''Pseudoryx'' ya yarda da kamanceceniyar dabbar da oryx na Larabawa ko na Afirka. Mutanen Hmong a Laos suna kiran dabbar da ''saht-supahp'', kalma da aka samo daga Lao ( {{Lang|lo|ສັດສຸພາບ}} /sàt supʰáːp/) ma'ana &quot;dabba mai ladabi&quot;, domin tana tafiya a hankali cikin dajin. Sauran sunayen da ƙananan ƙungiyoyin saola ke amfani da su sune ''lagiang'' ( Van Kieu ), ''ngao'' ( Ta Oi ) da ''xoong xor'' ( Katu )  A cikin manema labarai, ana kiran saolas da &quot;unicorn na Asiya&quot;,  wani suna da aka sani saboda ƙarancinsa da kuma yanayinsa mai laushi, kuma wataƙila saboda an haɗa saola da oryx da unicorn . Babu wata alaƙa da aka sani da tatsuniyar unicorn ta Yamma ko &quot;unicorn na China&quot;, qilin . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (July 2016)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar tabbatarwa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Bayani ==
[[Fayil:Saola_horns.jpg|thumb|Ƙaho a Gidan Tarihin Dabbobin Jami'ar Copenhagen]]
A cikin wani littafi da aka buga a shekarar 1998, William G. Robichaud, mai kula da Saola Working Group, ya rubuta ma'aunin jiki na wata yarinya 'yar saola da aka kama, wanda ya yi wa lakabi da 'Martha', a cikin wani gidan cin abinci na Laotian. [ 16 ] An lura da ita na tsawon kwanaki 15 har sai da ta mutu sakamakon wani abu da ba a sani ba. Robichaud ya lura da tsayin matar a matsayin {{Cvt|84|cm|in}} a kafada; bayan ya ɗan ɗaga, kusan {{Cvt|12|cm}} ya fi tsayin kafada. An rubuta tsawon kai da jiki a matsayin {{Cvt|150|cm}} . &lt;ref name=&quot;jstor&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Robichaud |first=W.G. |year=1998 |title=Physical and behavioral description of a captive saola, ''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'' |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=394–405 |doi=10.2307/1382970 |jstor=1382970 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Halayen gabaɗaya na saola, kamar yadda bincike ya nuna a lokacin 1993-5 da kuma binciken 1998, sun haɗa da farin cakulan mai launin ruwan kasa a fuska, makogwaro da gefen wuya, launin ruwan kasa mai haske a wuya da ciki, launin baƙi na baya, da kuma ƙaho biyu masu kama da juna, waɗanda ke kan jinsi biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;dung&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dung |first=V. V. |last2=Giao |first2=P. M. |last3=Chinh |first3=N. N. |last4=Tuoc |first4=D. |last5=Arctander |first5=P. |last6=MacKinnon |first6=J. |name-list-style=amp |year=1993 |title=A new species of living bovid from Vietnam |journal=Nature |volume=363 |issue=6428 |pages=443–445 |bibcode=1993Natur.363..443V |doi=10.1038/363443a0 |s2cid=4243603}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDungGiaoChinhTuoc1993&quot;&gt;Dung, V. V.; Giao, P. M.; Chinh, N. N.; Tuoc, D.; Arctander, P. &amp; MacKinnon, J. (1993). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;jstor&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Schaller&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schaller |first=G.B. |author-link=George Schaller |last2=Rabinowitz |first2=A. |date=1995 |title=The saola or spindlehorn bovid ''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'' in Laos |journal=Oryx |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=107–114 |doi=10.1017/S0030605300020974 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Robichaud ya lura cewa gashin, madaidaiciya kuma {{Cvt|1.5|–|2.5|cm}} dogo, yana da laushi da siriri - wani abu da ba a saba gani ba ga dabbar da ke da alaƙa da mazaunin tsaunuka a aƙalla wasu sassan yankinta. Duk da cewa an gano cewa gashin ya yi gajere a kai da wuya, ya yi kauri zuwa gashin ulu a cikin ƙafafuwan gaba da ciki. Nazarin da aka yi kafin 1998 ya ba da rahoton ɗan ja a cikin fatar da aka duba. Wuya da ciki suna da launin ruwan kasa mai haske idan aka kwatanta da sauran jikin. Abin da aka lura a duk binciken uku da aka ambata a sama shine {{Cvt|0.5|cm}} kauri mai kauri wanda ya miƙe daga kafadu zuwa wutsiya a tsakiyar baya. Wutsiya, wacce ta kai {{Cvt|23|cm}} a cikin samfurin Robichaud, an raba shi zuwa madauri uku a kwance, launin ruwan kasa a tushe, baƙi a ƙarshen da fari a tsakiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;dung&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dung |first=V. V. |last2=Giao |first2=P. M. |last3=Chinh |first3=N. N. |last4=Tuoc |first4=D. |last5=Arctander |first5=P. |last6=MacKinnon |first6=J. |name-list-style=amp |year=1993 |title=A new species of living bovid from Vietnam |journal=Nature |volume=363 |issue=6428 |pages=443–445 |bibcode=1993Natur.363..443V |doi=10.1038/363443a0 |s2cid=4243603}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDungGiaoChinhTuoc1993&quot;&gt;Dung, V. V.; Giao, P. M.; Chinh, N. N.; Tuoc, D.; Arctander, P. &amp; MacKinnon, J. (1993). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;jstor&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Robichaud |first=W.G. |year=1998 |title=Physical and behavioral description of a captive saola, ''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'' |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=394–405 |doi=10.2307/1382970 |jstor=1382970 |doi-access=}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRobichaud1998&quot;&gt;Robichaud, W.G. (1998). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Schaller&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schaller |first=G.B. |author-link=George Schaller |last2=Rabinowitz |first2=A. |date=1995 |title=The saola or spindlehorn bovid ''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'' in Laos |journal=Oryx |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=107–114 |doi=10.1017/S0030605300020974 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSchallerRabinowitz1995&quot;&gt;[[George Schaller|Schaller, G.B.]]; Rabinowitz, A. (1995). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Fatar Saola tana da {{Cvt|1|–|2|mm}} yana da kauri a kan mafi yawan jiki, amma yana da kauri zuwa {{Cvt|5|mm}} kusa da kusurwar wuya da kuma a saman kafadu. Ana tsammanin wannan daidaitawar tana kare daga masu farauta da ƙahonin abokan hamayya yayin faɗa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Huffman&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Huffman |first=B. |title=Saola (''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'') - Detailed information |url=http://www.ultimateungulate.com/artiodactyla/Pseudoryx_nghetinhensisFull.html |access-date=18 April 2013 |publisher=Ultimate Ungulate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saolas suna da nauyi tsakanin kimanin 80-100&amp;nbsp;kg (176–220)&amp;nbsp;lbs). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Saola {{!}} Species {{!}} WWF |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/saola |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=World Wildlife Fund}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saola tana da ƙusoshi masu zagaye masu launin ruwan kasa mai duhu waɗanda ke kama da lemu idan aka haskaka su; tarin gashin baki masu launin fari kusan {{Cvt|2|cm}} tsayi tare da aikin taɓawa da ake tsammanin yana fitowa daga ƙarshen haɓa. Samfurin da Robichaud ya lura zai iya faɗaɗa harshensa har zuwa {{Cvt|16|cm}} kuma ya isa idanunsa da sassan fuskarsa ta sama; saman harshen an rufe shi da ƙananan sanduna masu nuni da baya. Robichaud ya lura cewa ɗayan gland biyu na maxillary ( sinus ) yana da rami mai kusan murabba'i mai girman {{Cvt|9|*|3.5|*|1.5|cm}}, wanda aka rufe da {{Cvt|0.8|cm}} kauri mai kauri. Ƙwayoyin maxillary na saola wataƙila su ne mafi girma a tsakanin sauran dabbobi. Ƙwayoyin suna rufe da wani kauri, mai kauri, kore mai launin toka, mai ɗan ƙarfi a ƙasa wanda ke da gashin da ba su da faɗi. Robichaud ya lura da ramuka da yawa, waɗanda ake amfani da su don fitar da ruwa, a saman murfin. Kowane farin tabo na fuska yana ɓoye ƙusoshi ɗaya ko fiye waɗanda suka samo asali daga {{Cvt|2|–|2.5|cm}} dogayen gashi fari ko baƙi. Waɗannan abubuwan da ke fita daga jiki galibi ana shafa su a ƙasan ciyayi, suna barin wani manna mai laushi da kauri. Ɓangaren ƙafafuwan gaba ya kai {{Cvt|5|–|6|cm}} tsayi da {{Cvt|5.3|–|6.4|cm}} a ciki, da kuma {{Cvt|6|cm}} tsayi da {{Cvt|5.7|–|6|cm}} ga ƙafafuwan baya. &lt;ref name=&quot;jstor&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Robichaud |first=W.G. |year=1998 |title=Physical and behavioral description of a captive saola, ''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'' |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=394–405 |doi=10.2307/1382970 |jstor=1382970 |doi-access=}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRobichaud1998&quot;&gt;Robichaud, W.G. (1998). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Dukansu jinsi suna da ƙahoni daban-daban waɗanda suke kama da juna a kamanninsu kuma suna kama da kusurwa ɗaya da kwanyar, amma sun bambanta a tsawonsu. Ƙahoni suna kama da ginshiƙan katako masu layi ɗaya waɗanda ake amfani da su a gida don tallafawa ƙafafun juyawa (don haka sunan da aka saba da shi &quot;spindlehorn&quot;). &lt;ref name=&quot;stone2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stone |first=R. |year=2006 |title=The Saola's Last Stand |journal=Science |volume=314 |issue=5804 |pages=1380–1383 |doi=10.1126/science.314.5804.1380 |pmid=17138879 |s2cid=130425782}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFStone2006&quot;&gt;Stone, R. (2006). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan gabaɗaya launin ruwan kasa ne ko baƙi kuma kimanin 35-50&amp;nbsp;tsawon cm; ninki biyu na tsawon kansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;jstor&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Robichaud |first=W.G. |year=1998 |title=Physical and behavioral description of a captive saola, ''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'' |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=394–405 |doi=10.2307/1382970 |jstor=1382970 |doi-access=}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRobichaud1998&quot;&gt;Robichaud, W.G. (1998). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Nazarin da aka yi a 1993 da 1995 ya ba da matsakaicin tazara tsakanin ƙarshen ƙaho na samfuran daji a matsayin {{Cvt|20|cm}}, &lt;ref name=&quot;dung&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dung |first=V. V. |last2=Giao |first2=P. M. |last3=Chinh |first3=N. N. |last4=Tuoc |first4=D. |last5=Arctander |first5=P. |last6=MacKinnon |first6=J. |name-list-style=amp |year=1993 |title=A new species of living bovid from Vietnam |journal=Nature |volume=363 |issue=6428 |pages=443–445 |bibcode=1993Natur.363..443V |doi=10.1038/363443a0 |s2cid=4243603}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDungGiaoChinhTuoc1993&quot;&gt;Dung, V. V.; Giao, P. M.; Chinh, N. N.; Tuoc, D.; Arctander, P. &amp; MacKinnon, J. (1993). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Schaller&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schaller |first=G.B. |author-link=George Schaller |last2=Rabinowitz |first2=A. |date=1995 |title=The saola or spindlehorn bovid ''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'' in Laos |journal=Oryx |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=107–114 |doi=10.1017/S0030605300020974 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSchallerRabinowitz1995&quot;&gt;[[George Schaller|Schaller, G.B.]]; Rabinowitz, A. (1995). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; amma matar da Robichaud ya lura ta nuna bambancin ra'ayi na {{Cvt|25|cm}} tsakanin ƙarshen. Robichaud ya lura cewa ƙahonin sun kasance {{Cvt|7.5|cm}} a gefe a ginshiki. Yayin da aka yi bincike kafin iƙirarin Robichaud cewa ƙahonin suna da zagaye iri ɗaya a ginshiki, Robichaud ya lura cewa samfurin nasa yana da ƙahoni masu kusan siffar oval. Gefen ginshikin ƙahonin suna da ƙarfi kuma suna da lanƙwasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;jstor&quot; /&gt;

== Rarrabawa da wurin zama ==
Saola tana da ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa.  Tana zaune a dazuzzukan da ke da danshi ko kuma waɗanda ba sa yin fure a gabashin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, tana fifita kwaruruka na koguna. An ruwaito cewa an ga tsuntsayen daga kwaruruka masu tsayi a {{Cvt|300–1800|m}} sama da matakin teku. A Vietnam da Laos, nau'in halittar ya kai kimanin {{Cvt|5000|km2}}  , gami da wuraren ajiyar yanayi guda huɗu. A lokacin hunturu, yana ƙaura zuwa ƙananan wurare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Burgess |first=Neil |date=1997 |title=The Saola (''Pseudoryx Nghetinhensis'') in Vietnam - New Information on Distribution and Habitat Preferences, and Conservation Needs |journal=GreenFile}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin tsaunukan Annamite na arewacin, an ganshi galibi kusa da koguna a tsayin {{Cvt|592-1112|m}} . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Phommachanh |first=C. |last2=Ngoprasert |first2=D. |last3=Steinmetz |first3=R. |last4=Savini |first4=T. |last5=Gale |first5=George A. |date=2017 |title=Habitat use of the Saola ''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'' (Mammalia; Bovidae) based on local sightings in the northern Annamite Mountains of Lao PDR |journal=Tropical Conservation Science |volume=10 |page=194008291771301 |doi=10.1177/1940082917713014 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin Halittu da Halayya ==
Mutanen yankin sun ba da rahoton cewa saola tana aiki da rana da kuma da daddare, amma ta fi son hutawa a lokacin zafi na rana. Robichaud ya lura cewa matar da aka kama tana aiki galibi da rana, amma ya nuna cewa abin da aka lura da shi na iya faruwa ne sakamakon yanayin da dabbar ta samu kanta a ciki. Lokacin da ta huta, za ta jawo ƙafafunta zuwa ciki, ta miƙa wuyanta har haɓarta ta taɓa ƙasa, sannan ta rufe idanunta. &lt;ref name=&quot;jstor&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Robichaud |first=W.G. |year=1998 |title=Physical and behavioral description of a captive saola, ''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'' |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=394–405 |doi=10.2307/1382970 |jstor=1382970 |doi-access=}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRobichaud1998&quot;&gt;Robichaud, W.G. (1998). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa a bayyane yake cewa saola kaɗai ce, an ruwaito ta a cikin ƙungiyoyi biyu ko uku &lt;ref name=&quot;dung&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dung |first=V. V. |last2=Giao |first2=P. M. |last3=Chinh |first3=N. N. |last4=Tuoc |first4=D. |last5=Arctander |first5=P. |last6=MacKinnon |first6=J. |name-list-style=amp |year=1993 |title=A new species of living bovid from Vietnam |journal=Nature |volume=363 |issue=6428 |pages=443–445 |bibcode=1993Natur.363..443V |doi=10.1038/363443a0 |s2cid=4243603}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDungGiaoChinhTuoc1993&quot;&gt;Dung, V. V.; Giao, P. M.; Chinh, N. N.; Tuoc, D.; Arctander, P. &amp; MacKinnon, J. (1993). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma har zuwa shida ko bakwai. Tsarin rukuni na saola yana kama da na Cape bushbuck, anoa da sitatunga . &lt;ref name=&quot;Schaller&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schaller |first=G.B. |author-link=George Schaller |last2=Rabinowitz |first2=A. |date=1995 |title=The saola or spindlehorn bovid ''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'' in Laos |journal=Oryx |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=107–114 |doi=10.1017/S0030605300020974 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSchallerRabinowitz1995&quot;&gt;[[George Schaller|Schaller, G.B.]]; Rabinowitz, A. (1995). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Robichaud ta lura cewa matar da aka kama tana da nutsuwa a gaban mutane, amma tana tsoron karnuka. A lokacin da ta haɗu da kare, za ta yi ƙoƙarin yin murmushi ta tura kanta gaba, tana nuna ƙahonta ga abokin hamayyarta. Kunnuwanta a tsaye suna nuna baya, kuma tana tsaye da ƙarfi tare da bayanta a kife. A halin yanzu, ba ta kula da abin da ke kewaye da ita ba. An gano cewa wannan matar tana yin fitsari da yin bayan gida daban-daban, tana sauke ƙafafuwan baya da kuma sauke ƙasan jikinta - abin da aka saba gani a tsakanin dabbobi. Tana ɓatar da lokaci mai tsawo tana gyara kanta da harshenta mai ƙarfi. Halin nuna alama a cikin mace ya haɗa da buɗe gefen glandar mafitsara da barin wani abu mai ƙarfi a kan duwatsu da ciyayi. Tana fitar da gajerun hawaye lokaci-lokaci. &lt;ref name=&quot;jstor&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Robichaud |first=W.G. |year=1998 |title=Physical and behavioral description of a captive saola, ''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'' |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=394–405 |doi=10.2307/1382970 |jstor=1382970 |doi-access=}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRobichaud1998&quot;&gt;Robichaud, W.G. (1998). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Abinci mai gina jiki ===
Wata mace mai suna Saola da aka kama ta ci spleenwort ( ''Asplenium'' ), ''Homalomena'' da nau'ikan bishiyoyi masu faɗi ko bishiyoyi na dangin Sterculiaceae . Ta ciyar da dukkan tsirrai kuma ta nuna fifiko ga nau'in Sterculiaceae. Tana taunawa ko jawo ganye a bakinta ta amfani da dogon harshenta. Tana ciyarwa galibi da rana. &lt;ref name=&quot;jstor&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Robichaud |first=W.G. |year=1998 |title=Physical and behavioral description of a captive saola, ''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'' |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=394–405 |doi=10.2307/1382970 |jstor=1382970 |doi-access=}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRobichaud1998&quot;&gt;Robichaud, W.G. (1998). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ana kuma san Saola tana cin ''Schismatoglottis'', ba kamar sauran masu cin ganyayyaki a cikinta ba. [ 24 ]

=== Kwaikwayo ===
Ba a samu bayanai sosai game da zagayowar haihuwa ta saola ba. Ana iya cewa saola za ta sami lokacin saduwa, daga ƙarshen watan Agusta zuwa tsakiyar watan Nuwamba; haihuwar maraƙi ɗaya kawai aka rubuta, galibi a lokacin bazara tsakanin tsakiyar watan Afrilu da ƙarshen watan Yuni. &lt;ref name=&quot;jstor&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Robichaud |first=W.G. |year=1998 |title=Physical and behavioral description of a captive saola, ''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'' |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=394–405 |doi=10.2307/1382970 |jstor=1382970 |doi-access=}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRobichaud1998&quot;&gt;Robichaud, W.G. (1998). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Huffman&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Huffman |first=B. |title=Saola (''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'') - Detailed information |url=http://www.ultimateungulate.com/artiodactyla/Pseudoryx_nghetinhensisFull.html |access-date=18 April 2013 |publisher=Ultimate Ungulate}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHuffman&quot;&gt;Huffman, B. [http://www.ultimateungulate.com/artiodactyla/Pseudoryx_nghetinhensisFull.html &quot;Saola (''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'') - Detailed information&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Idan babu takamaiman bayanai, an kiyasta lokacin ɗaukar ciki yayi kama da na nau'in ''Tragelaphus'', kimanin makonni 33. &lt;ref name=&quot;jstor&quot; /&gt; Rahotanni uku na kisan saola daga ƙauyen da ke kusa sun shafi ƙananan uwaye mata masu rakiya. Ɗaya daga cikinsu yana da {{Cvt|9.5|cm}} dogayen ƙaho, wani kuma an kiyasta cewa akwai {{Cvt|15|cm}}, da kuma na uku {{Cvt|18.8|cm}} ; waɗannan tsayin ƙaho daban-daban suna nuna lokacin haihuwa wanda ya wuce akalla watanni biyu zuwa uku. &lt;ref name=&quot;Schaller&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schaller |first=G.B. |author-link=George Schaller |last2=Rabinowitz |first2=A. |date=1995 |title=The saola or spindlehorn bovid ''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'' in Laos |journal=Oryx |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=107–114 |doi=10.1017/S0030605300020974 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSchallerRabinowitz1995&quot;&gt;[[George Schaller|Schaller, G.B.]]; Rabinowitz, A. (1995). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kare Muhalli ==
A halin yanzu ana ɗaukar Saola a matsayin wurin da ke cikin mawuyacin hali .  Bukatunta na ƙuntatawa na muhalli da kuma ƙin kusanci da ɗan adam na iya haifar da haɗari ga muhalli ta hanyar [[Rashin mazaunin|asarar muhalli]] da kuma wargajewar muhalli . Saola tana fuskantar asara ta hanyar [[Farauta|farautar]] gida da kuma cinikin fur, magungunan gargajiya, da kuma amfani da nama a gidajen abinci da kasuwannin abinci.  Haka kuma wani lokacin suna kamawa a cikin tarko da aka sanya don kama dabbobi suna kai hari ga amfanin gona, kamar alade na daji, sambar, da muntjac . An cire tarko sama da 26,651 daga wuraren da ke cikin Saola ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin kiyayewa. 

Babban abin da yankin da saola ke zaune a ciki shi ne nisanta daga tarzomar ɗan adam. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kemp-2003&quot; /&gt; Ana harbin Saola saboda namansu, amma mafarauta kuma suna samun girmamawa sosai a ƙauyen saboda samar da gawa. Saboda ƙarancin, mazauna yankin suna ba da daraja ga saola fiye da nau'ikan da aka fi sani. Saboda mutanen wannan yanki mafarauta ne na gargajiya, ra'ayinsu game da kashe saola yana da wuya a canza; wannan yana sa kiyayewa ya zama da wahala. Babban sha'awar da al'ummar kimiyya ke nunawa ya motsa mafarauta su kama samfuran da ke rayuwa. An dakatar da sare bishiyoyin kasuwanci a yankin ajiyar namun daji na Bu Huong, kuma an haramta share dazuzzuka a hukumance a cikin iyakokin wurin ajiyar namun daji. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kemp-2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kemp |first=Neville |last2=Dilger |first2=Michael |last3=Burgess |first3=Neil |last4=Dung |first4=Chu Van |date=2003 |title=The saola (''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'') in Vietnam - new information on distribution and habitat preferences, and conservation needs |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227717740 |journal=Oryx |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=37–44 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-3008.1997.d01-86.x |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sau da yawa ana samun wahalar nazarin nau'ikan kiyayewa; sau da yawa akwai jinkiri wajen aiwatarwa ko gano buƙatun kiyayewa da suka wajaba saboda rashin bayanai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Turvey-2015&quot; /&gt; Saboda nau'in yana da wuya, akwai rashin isassun bayanai akai-akai; wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsalolin da ke fuskantar kiyayewar saola. Masana kimiyya da aka horar ba su taɓa lura da saola a cikin daji ba. Abin takaici, saboda da wuya a sami yawan saola a cikin daji, binciken da aka yi a fili don gano waɗannan al'ummomin ba shine fifikon kiyayewa ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Turvey-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Turvey |first=Samuel T. |last2=Trung |first2=Cao Tien |last3=Quyet |first3=Vo Dai |last4=Nhu |first4=Hoang Van |last5=Thoai |first5=Do Van |last6=Tuan |first6=Vo Cong Anh |last7=Hoa |first7=Dang Thi |last8=Kacha |first8=Kouvang |last9=Sysomphone |first9=Thongsay |date=2015-04-01 |title=Interview-based sighting histories can inform regional conservation prioritization for highly threatened cryptic species |journal=Journal of Applied Ecology |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=422–433 |bibcode=2015JApEc..52..422T |doi=10.1111/1365-2664.12382 |issn=1365-2664 |pmc=4407913 |pmid=25926709}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Shanu na Daji ta Asiya ta Hukumar Raya Nau'in IUCN ce ta kafa Ƙungiyar Aiki ta Saola, a shekara ta 2006 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-05-31 |title=Priorities for Success: 2nd Meeting of the Saola Working Group wraps up in Vietnam |url=http://www.iucn.org/about/union/secretariat/offices/asia/asia_where_work/lao/news_and_events/?7580/Priorities-for-Success--2nd-Meeting-of-the-Saola-Working-Group-wraps-up-in-Vietnam |publisher=[[IUCN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; don kare dabbobin daji da mazauninsu . Wannan haɗin gwiwar ya ƙunshi ƙwararru kusan 40 daga sassan gandun daji na Laos da Vietnam, Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu da Albarkatun Halittu ta Vietnam, Jami'ar Vinh, masana ilmin halittu da masu kiyaye muhalli daga Ƙungiyar Kula da Namun Daji, da Asusun Kula da Namun Daji na Duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Experts on the saola: The &quot;Last chance&quot; to save one of the world's rarest mammals |url=http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/extinction-countdown/2009/09/02/experts-on-the-saola-the-last-chance-to-save-one-of-the-worlds-rarest-mammals/ |website=[[Scientific American]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wata ƙungiyar masana kimiyya daga Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Vietnam da ke tsakiyar Hanoi, a cikin Cibiyar Fasahar Halittu, ta yi bincike kan wani ƙoƙari na ƙarshe na kiyaye nau'in ta hanyar yin kwafi, wata hanya mai matuƙar wahala koda kuwa a yanayin nau'ikan da aka fahimta sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;stone2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stone |first=R. |year=2006 |title=The Saola's Last Stand |journal=Science |volume=314 |issue=5804 |pages=1380–1383 |doi=10.1126/science.314.5804.1380 |pmid=17138879 |s2cid=130425782}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFStone2006&quot;&gt;Stone, R. (2006). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, rashin mata masu bayar da saola na ƙwayoyin halitta masu narkewa da mata masu karɓa, da kuma shingayen da ke tsakanin sassan jiki, suna yin illa sosai ga nasarar fasahar kwafi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Mariana |last2=Venegas |first2=Felipe |last3=Montiel |first3=Enrique |last4=Servely |first4=Jean Luc |last5=Vignon |first5=Xavier |last6=Guillomot |first6=Michel |date=2005 |title=Attempts at Applying Cloning to the Conservation of Species in Danger of Extinction |journal=International Journal of Morphology |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=329–336 |doi=10.4067/S0717-95022005000400008 |issn=0717-9502 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masu bincike sun yi aiki a cikin ƙauyuka da ke kewaye da Yankin Kare Nau'in Da Ke Fuskantar Barazana na Phou Sithon (PST) inda aka ga saola. Dangane da hirarrakin da aka yi da mutanen ƙauyen, sun bayyana cewa masu farautar namun daji suna shiga yankunan da aka hana, suna farautar namun daji na ƙarshe ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. Sun jaddada buƙatar a ƙara aiwatar da ƙa'idojin ɗan adam don kiyaye dorewar namun daji. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Phommachanh |first=Chanthasone |last2=Ngoprasert |first2=Dusit |last3=Steinmetz |first3=Robert |last4=Savini |first4=Tommaso |last5=Gale |first5=George A. |date=2017 |title=Habitat Use of the Saola ''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'' (Mammalia; Bovidae) Based on Local Sightings in the Northern Annamite Mountains of Lao PDR |journal=Tropical Conservation Science |volume=10 |doi=10.1177/1940082917713014 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2017, ƙungiyar Saola Working Group tare da Cibiyar Leibniz ta Binciken Namun Daji da Namun Daji a cikin wata buɗaɗɗiyar wasiƙa ga Kimiyya sun yi kira da a kafa shirin kiwon dabbobi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Science Magazine - September 22, 2017 - 44 |url=https://www.sciencemagazinedigital.org/sciencemagazine/22_september_2017?pg=44#pg44 |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=www.sciencemagazinedigital.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-10-10 |title=Etablierung eines Zuchtprogramms zum Schutz der letzten Saolas |trans-title=Establishment of a breeding program to protect the last saolas |url=https://www.izw-berlin.de/de/pressemitteilung/etablierung-eines-zuchtprogramms-zum-schutz-der-letzten-saolas.html |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga shekarar 2025, rikodin kamannin kyamara na shekarar 2013 shine mafi ƙarancin gani na nau'in, kodayake wani bincike na ƙididdiga na shekarar 2021 ya nuna cewa akwai ƙarancin adadin mutane da ke warwatse a raye. Masanin kare muhalli Rob Timmins ya bayyana cewa a shekarar 2025: &quot;Ina tsammanin mutane kaɗan ne za su yarda cewa ba za a iya kawar da [Saola] a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa ba (sai dai idan an yi nasarar shiga tsakani)&quot;. A wannan shekarar, an gudanar da bincike mai zurfi a Laos don ƙoƙarin nemo duk wani mutum da ya tsira daga Saola. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Esterman |first=Isabel |date=2025-09-30 |title=To track a unicorn: Laos team goes all out to find the last saolas |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2025/09/to-track-a-unicorn-laos-team-goes-all-out-to-find-the-last-saolas/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=[[Mongabay]] |language=en-US |quote=There have been multiple efforts to locate saolas in their range in the Annamite Mountains, which straddle Laos, Vietnam and northeast Cambodia — although saolas have never been recorded in the latter country. The last confirmed sighting in the wild was a 2013 camera-trap image from Central Vietnam.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEsterman2025&quot;&gt;Esterman, Isabel (2025-09-30). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Al'adu ==
Mascot ɗin Wasannin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya na 2021 shine ''Sao La'' . Wannan ƙirar da Ngô Xuân Khôi ya yi ta kayar da sauran gabatarwar mascot guda 557 wanda ya zama zakaran gasar neman 2019. &lt;ref name=&quot;contestwinner&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Công bố và trao giải cuộc thi sáng tác biểu trưng, biểu tượng vui SEA Games 31 và ASEAN Para Games 11 năm 2021, tại Việt Nam |url=http://tdtt.gov.vn/article/cong-bo-va-trao-giai-cuoc-thi-sang-tac-bieu-trung-bieu-tuong-vui-sea-games-31-va-asean-para-games-11-nam-2021-tai-viet-nam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117192331/https://tdtt.gov.vn/article/cong-bo-va-trao-giai-cuoc-thi-sang-tac-bieu-trung-bieu-tuong-vui-sea-games-31-va-asean-para-games-11-nam-2021-tai-viet-nam |archive-date=17 January 2021 |access-date=20 November 2020 |website=Vietnam Sports Administration |language=vi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="41131" sha1="jr5bkzezv0w00yn6rllxwuvvgo44pmh" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Saola''' ( '''''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis''''' ), wanda kuma ake kira '''spindlehorn''', '''unicorn na Asiya''', ko kuma ba kasafai ake samunsa ba, '''Vu Quang bovid''', dabba ce da ke zaune a dazuzzuka a yankin Annamite a [[Vietnam]] da [[Laos]] . An fara bayyana shi a shekarar 1993 bayan gano gawawwakin da aka samu a wurin shakatawa na kasa na Vũ Quang ta hanyar wani bincike na hadin gwiwa da Ma'aikatar Daji ta Vietnam da Asusun Kula da Yanayi na Duniya, &lt;ref name=&quot;dung&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dung |first=V. V. |last2=Giao |first2=P. M. |last3=Chinh |first3=N. N. |last4=Tuoc |first4=D. |last5=Arctander |first5=P. |last6=MacKinnon |first6=J. |name-list-style=amp |year=1993 |title=A new species of living bovid from Vietnam |journal=Nature |volume=363 |issue=6428 |pages=443–445 |bibcode=1993Natur.363..443V |doi=10.1038/363443a0 |s2cid=4243603}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;stone2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stone |first=R. |year=2006 |title=The Saola's Last Stand |journal=Science |volume=314 |issue=5804 |pages=1380–1383 |doi=10.1126/science.314.5804.1380 |pmid=17138879 |s2cid=130425782}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun daga lokacin an tsare Saolas a cikin bauta sau da yawa, kodayake na ɗan gajeren lokaci ne kawai saboda sun mutu cikin 'yan makonni zuwa watanni. &lt;ref name=&quot;stone18&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|url-status=18–20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saola tana zaune ne a yankunan da ke da dazuzzukan dazuzzuka masu tsayi da kuma dazuzzuka masu dausayi, kuma wataƙila koyaushe tana da ƙarancin yawan jama'a.  An ɗauki hoton farko na wani gidan saola mai rai a shekarar 1993. An ɗauki hoton na baya-bayan nan a shekarar 2013 ta hanyar kyamarar da ke motsawa a cikin dajin tsakiyar Vietnam, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Saola Rediscovered: Rare Photos of Elusive Species from Vietnam |url=http://worldwildlife.org/stories/saola-rediscovered-rare-photos-of-elusive-species-from-vietnam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215095832/https://www.worldwildlife.org/stories/saola-rediscovered-rare-photos-of-elusive-species-from-vietnam |archive-date=2016-12-15 |website=World Wildlife Fund |publisher=World Wildlife Federation}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda ke wakiltar sabon rikodin gidan saola. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Esterman |first=Isabel |date=2025-09-30 |title=To track a unicorn: Laos team goes all out to find the last saolas |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2025/09/to-track-a-unicorn-laos-team-goes-all-out-to-find-the-last-saolas/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=[[Mongabay]] |language=en-US |quote=There have been multiple efforts to locate saolas in their range in the Annamite Mountains, which straddle Laos, Vietnam and northeast Cambodia — although saolas have never been recorded in the latter country. The last confirmed sighting in the wild was a 2013 camera-trap image from Central Vietnam.}}&lt;/ref&gt; An lissafa gidan saola a matsayin wanda ke cikin mawuyacin hali ta hanyar IUCN, yana fuskantar barazanar tarko da aka yi niyya don kama wasu dabbobi a cikin dajin da kuma lalata muhalli, tare da kimanin adadin mutane 50-300 kamar yadda na 2015.  Akwai damuwa cewa nau'in na iya riga ya ɓace, &lt;ref name=&quot;Garcia-Erill-2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Garcia-Erill |first=G. |last2=Liu |first2=S. |last3=Le |first3=M. D. |last4=Hurley |first4=M. M. |last5=Nguyen |first5=H. D. |last6=Nguyen |first6=D. Q. |last7=Nguyen |first7=D. H. |last8=Santander |first8=C. G. |last9=Barreiro |first9=F. S. |last10=Martins |first10=N. F. G. |last11=Hanghøj |first11=K. |last12=Salleh |first12=F. M. |last13=Ramos-Madrigal |first13=J. |last14=Wang |first14=X. |last15=Sinding |first15=M.-H. S. |date=2025 |title=Genomes of critically endangered saola are shaped by population structure and purging |journal=Cell |volume=188 |issue=12 |pages=3102–3116 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2025.03.040 |pmc=12173715 |pmid=40328258 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ko da mutane suna raye, an bayyana halaka a matsayin &quot;ba makawa&quot; cikin shekaru 10 daga 2025 ba tare da an sa baki ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Saola ita ce kawai nau'in halittar da ke cikin halittar '''''Pseudoryx''''' kuma memba na farko mai bambancin ra'ayi na kabilar Bovini, inda ta sanya barewa da shanu a matsayin danginta na kusa.

== Tarihin bincike da tsarin haraji ==
[[Fayil:Saola_skin.jpg|left|thumb|Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun abubuwan da suka rage a Saola, Gidan Tarihin Zoological na Copenhagen]]
A watan Mayun 1992, Ma'aikatar Kula da Daji, [[Vietnam]] ta aika da tawagar bincike don bincika bambancin halittu na sabuwar wurin shakatawa na ƙasa na Vu Quang . A cikin wannan tawagar akwai Do Tuoc, Le Van Cham da Vu Van Dung (na Cibiyar Kayayyakin Daji da Tsare-tsare); Nguyen Van Sang (na Cibiyar Albarkatun Halittu da Halittu); Nguyen Thai Tu (na Jami'ar Vinh ); da John MacKinnon (na Asusun Namun Daji na Duniya ). A ranar 21 ga Mayu, ƙungiyar ta sami kwanyar da ke ɗauke da ƙaho biyu masu ban mamaki, dogaye da kuma masu kaifi daga wani mafarauci na gida. Sun ci karo da wani ma'aurata iri ɗaya a cikin yankin Annamite a yankin arewa maso gabashin wurin ajiyar washegari. Ƙungiyar ta danganta waɗannan siffofi ga wani sabon nau'in dabba, suna kiransa &quot;saola&quot; ko &quot;Vu Quang bijimin&quot; don guje wa ruɗani da serow mai tausayi . WWF ta sanar da gano sabon nau'in a hukumance a ranar 17 ga Yulin 1992. 

A cewar kwararre kan bambancin halittu Tony Whitten, duk da cewa Vietnam tana da nau'ikan flora da fauna iri-iri, wadanda aka bayyana da yawa daga cikinsu kwanan nan, gano babbar dabba kamar saola abu ne da ba a zata ba. Saola ita ce babbar dabba ta farko da aka gano a yankin tsawon shekaru 50.  An lura da cewa saola mai rai ba ta da yawa, kuma tana da nisa sosai, ta takaita ga yankin Annamite . 

[[Nomenclature na binomial|Sunan kimiyya]] na saola shine ''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'' . Ita ce kaɗai mamba a cikin halittar ''Pseudoryx'' kuma an rarraba ta a ƙarƙashin dangin Bovidae . An fara bayyana nau'in a cikin 1993 ta Vu Van Dung, Do Tuoc, masana ilmin halittu Pham Mong Giao da Nguyen Ngoc Chinh, Peter Arctander na Jami'ar Copenhagen da John MacKinnon. &lt;ref name=&quot;dung&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dung |first=V. V. |last2=Giao |first2=P. M. |last3=Chinh |first3=N. N. |last4=Tuoc |first4=D. |last5=Arctander |first5=P. |last6=MacKinnon |first6=J. |name-list-style=amp |year=1993 |title=A new species of living bovid from Vietnam |journal=Nature |volume=363 |issue=6428 |pages=443–445 |bibcode=1993Natur.363..443V |doi=10.1038/363443a0 |s2cid=4243603}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDungGiaoChinhTuoc1993&quot;&gt;Dung, V. V.; Giao, P. M.; Chinh, N. N.; Tuoc, D.; Arctander, P. &amp; MacKinnon, J. (1993). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Gano saola ya kasance a cikin 1992 ya haifar da babban sha'awar kimiyya saboda halayen jiki na musamman na dabbar. Saola ya bambanta sosai da duk sauran nau'ikan halittu na bovid a cikin bayyanar da yanayin halittarsa, wanda ya isa ya sanya shi cikin nau'in halittarsa ( ''Pseudoryx'' ).

Tunda halayensa na zahiri suna da sarkakiya a rarraba su, an rarraba ''Pseudoryx'' a matsayin memba na ƙaramin iyali Caprinae kuma yana cikin kowace ƙabila uku na ƙaramin iyali Bovinae : Boselaphini, Bovini da Tragelaphini . Binciken DNA ya sa masana kimiyya suka sanya saola a matsayin memba na ƙabilar Bovini, ƙungiyar da ta haɗa da barewa, shanu, bison da yaks, da sauransu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hassanin |first=A. |last2=Douzery |first2=E. J. P. |year=1999 |title=Evolutionary affinities of the enigmatic saola (''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'') in the context of the molecular phylogeny of Bovidae |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=266 |issue=1422 |pages=893–900 |doi=10.1098/rspb.1999.0720 |pmc=1689916 |pmid=10380679}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken kwayoyin halitta na baya-bayan nan ya sanya shi a matsayin memba mafi tsufa kuma na farko da ya bambanta a cikin ƙabilar Bovini. &lt;ref name=&quot;Yang-2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Chengzhong |last2=Xiang |first2=Changkui |last3=Qi |first3=Wenhua |last4=Xia |first4=Shan |last5=Tu |first5=Feiyun |last6=Zhang |first6=Xiuyue |last7=Moermond |first7=Timothy |last8=Yue |first8=Bisong |date=2013-06-01 |title=Phylogenetic analyses and improved resolution of the family Bovidae based on complete mitochondrial genomes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305197812002670 |url-status=live |journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology |language=en |volume=48 |pages=136–143 |bibcode=2013BioSE..48..136Y |doi=10.1016/j.bse.2012.12.005 |issn=0305-1978 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131032745/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305197812002670 |archive-date=2022-01-31 |access-date=2022-01-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Calamari-2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Calamari |first=Zachary T. |date=June 2021 |title=Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis Supports New Morphological Synapomorphies for Bovidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) |url=https://bioone.org/journals/american-museum-novitates/volume-2021/issue-3970/3970.1/Total-Evidence-Phylogenetic-Analysis-Supports-New-Morphological-Synapomorphies-for-Bovidae/10.1206/3970.1.full |url-status=live |journal=American Museum Novitates |issue=3970 |pages=1–38 |doi=10.1206/3970.1 |issn=0003-0082 |s2cid=235441087 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314124448/https://bioone.org/journals/american-museum-novitates/volume-2021/issue-3970/3970.1/Total-Evidence-Phylogenetic-Analysis-Supports-New-Morphological-Synapomorphies-for-Bovidae/10.1206/3970.1.short |archive-date=2023-03-14 |access-date=2022-02-08 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana hasashen cewa saola ta bambanta da kakannin sauran membobin Bovini tsakanin shekaru miliyan 10.8 da 16.2 da suka gabata, a lokacin Miocene na Tsakiya . Wani bincike na 2021 ya nuna cewa tana da alaƙa da kwayar halittar ''Miotragocerus'' da ta ɓace, wadda aka sani daga marigayi Miocene na Eurasia. &lt;ref name=&quot;Calamari-2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Calamari |first=Zachary T. |date=June 2021 |title=Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis Supports New Morphological Synapomorphies for Bovidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) |url=https://bioone.org/journals/american-museum-novitates/volume-2021/issue-3970/3970.1/Total-Evidence-Phylogenetic-Analysis-Supports-New-Morphological-Synapomorphies-for-Bovidae/10.1206/3970.1.full |url-status=live |journal=American Museum Novitates |issue=3970 |pages=1–38 |doi=10.1206/3970.1 |issn=0003-0082 |s2cid=235441087 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314124448/https://bioone.org/journals/american-museum-novitates/volume-2021/issue-3970/3970.1/Total-Evidence-Phylogenetic-Analysis-Supports-New-Morphological-Synapomorphies-for-Bovidae/10.1206/3970.1.short |archive-date=2023-03-14 |access-date=2022-02-08 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCalamari2021&quot;&gt;Calamari, Zachary T. (June 2021). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani bincike kan kwayoyin halitta na samfuran tarihi na saola da aka buga a shekarar 2025 ya nuna cewa saola ta rabu gida biyu aƙalla shekaru 20,000 da suka gabata, amma ba ta wuce shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata ba, ɗaya daga cikinsu ya zama al'ummar arewa a yankin Vũ Quang National Park, Pù Mát National Park, duka a Vietnam, da kuma Nakai-Nam-Theun National Park da ke Laos, ɗayan kuma ya zama al'ummar kudu a yankin Huế, Đông Giang da Tây Giang, duk a Vietnam. Rabuwar na iya faruwa ne sakamakon sauyin yanayi a ƙarshen zamanin kankara da canje-canjen da ke tattare da shi a yanayin ƙasa da ciyayi. Wannan kuma yana iya faruwa ne sakamakon fara zaman lafiya a yankin. Wannan rabuwar ta kasance tare da raguwar [[yawan jama'a]], tare da an yi hasashen cewa yawan jama'a da ya yi tasiri bai wuce mutane 5,000 ba a cikin shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata. A cikin kwayar halittar da ke cikin layukan juyin halitta, akwai yankuna da ba su da bambancin ra'ayi, amma waɗannan suna yaɗuwa daban-daban kuma saboda haka ba sa raba su da al'ummomin biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Garcia-Erill-2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Garcia-Erill |first=G. |last2=Liu |first2=S. |last3=Le |first3=M. D. |last4=Hurley |first4=M. M. |last5=Nguyen |first5=H. D. |last6=Nguyen |first6=D. Q. |last7=Nguyen |first7=D. H. |last8=Santander |first8=C. G. |last9=Barreiro |first9=F. S. |last10=Martins |first10=N. F. G. |last11=Hanghøj |first11=K. |last12=Salleh |first12=F. M. |last13=Ramos-Madrigal |first13=J. |last14=Wang |first14=X. |last15=Sinding |first15=M.-H. S. |date=2025 |title=Genomes of critically endangered saola are shaped by population structure and purging |journal=Cell |volume=188 |issue=12 |pages=3102–3116 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2025.03.040 |pmc=12173715 |pmid=40328258 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGarcia-ErillLiuLeHurley2025&quot;&gt;Garcia-Erill, G.; Liu, S.; Le, M. D.; Hurley, M. M.; Nguyen, H. D.; Nguyen, D. Q.; Nguyen, D. H.; Santander, C. G.; Barreiro, F. S.; Martins, N. F. G.; Hanghøj, K.; Salleh, F. M.; Ramos-Madrigal, J.; Wang, X.; Sinding, M.-H. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asalin Ma'anar ===
An fassara sunan 'saola' a matsayin &quot; spindle [-horned]&quot;, kodayake ainihin ma'anar ita ce &quot;ƙaho mai juyawa&quot;. Sunan ya fito ne daga harshen [[Mutanen Tai|Tai]] na Vietnam.  Ma'anar iri ɗaya ce a [[Harshen Lao|yaren Lao]] ( {{Lang|lo|ເສົາຫລາ}}, kuma an rubuta {{Lang|lo|ເສົາຫຼາ}} /sǎo-lǎː/ a Lao). Sunan da aka yi amfani da shi a ''Lao'' yana nufin lardunan Vietnam guda biyu na Nghệ An da Hà Tĩnh, yayin da ''Pseudoryx'' ya yarda da kamanceceniyar dabbar da oryx na Larabawa ko na Afirka. Mutanen Hmong a Laos suna kiran dabbar da ''saht-supahp'', kalma da aka samo daga Lao ( {{Lang|lo|ສັດສຸພາບ}} /sàt supʰáːp/) ma'ana &quot;dabba mai ladabi&quot;, domin tana tafiya a hankali cikin dajin. Sauran sunayen da ƙananan ƙungiyoyin saola ke amfani da su sune ''lagiang'' ( Van Kieu ), ''ngao'' ( Ta Oi ) da ''xoong xor'' ( Katu )  A cikin manema labarai, ana kiran saolas da &quot;unicorn na Asiya&quot;,  wani suna da aka sani saboda ƙarancinsa da kuma yanayinsa mai laushi, kuma wataƙila saboda an haɗa saola da oryx da unicorn . Babu wata alaƙa da aka sani da tatsuniyar unicorn ta Yamma ko &quot;unicorn na China&quot;, qilin . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (July 2016)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar tabbatarwa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Bayani ==
[[Fayil:Saola_horns.jpg|thumb|Ƙaho a Gidan Tarihin Dabbobin Jami'ar Copenhagen]]
A cikin wani littafi da aka buga a shekarar 1998, William G. Robichaud, mai kula da Saola Working Group, ya rubuta ma'aunin jiki na wata yarinya 'yar saola da aka kama, wanda ya yi wa lakabi da 'Martha', a cikin wani gidan cin abinci na Laotian. [ 16 ] An lura da ita na tsawon kwanaki 15 har sai da ta mutu sakamakon wani abu da ba a sani ba. Robichaud ya lura da tsayin matar a matsayin {{Cvt|84|cm|in}} a kafada; bayan ya ɗan ɗaga, kusan {{Cvt|12|cm}} ya fi tsayin kafada. An rubuta tsawon kai da jiki a matsayin {{Cvt|150|cm}} . &lt;ref name=&quot;jstor&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Robichaud |first=W.G. |year=1998 |title=Physical and behavioral description of a captive saola, ''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'' |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=394–405 |doi=10.2307/1382970 |jstor=1382970 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Halayen gabaɗaya na saola, kamar yadda bincike ya nuna a lokacin 1993-5 da kuma binciken 1998, sun haɗa da farin cakulan mai launin ruwan kasa a fuska, makogwaro da gefen wuya, launin ruwan kasa mai haske a wuya da ciki, launin baƙi na baya, da kuma ƙaho biyu masu kama da juna, waɗanda ke kan jinsi biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;dung&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dung |first=V. V. |last2=Giao |first2=P. M. |last3=Chinh |first3=N. N. |last4=Tuoc |first4=D. |last5=Arctander |first5=P. |last6=MacKinnon |first6=J. |name-list-style=amp |year=1993 |title=A new species of living bovid from Vietnam |journal=Nature |volume=363 |issue=6428 |pages=443–445 |bibcode=1993Natur.363..443V |doi=10.1038/363443a0 |s2cid=4243603}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDungGiaoChinhTuoc1993&quot;&gt;Dung, V. V.; Giao, P. M.; Chinh, N. N.; Tuoc, D.; Arctander, P. &amp; MacKinnon, J. (1993). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;jstor&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Schaller&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schaller |first=G.B. |author-link=George Schaller |last2=Rabinowitz |first2=A. |date=1995 |title=The saola or spindlehorn bovid ''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'' in Laos |journal=Oryx |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=107–114 |doi=10.1017/S0030605300020974 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Robichaud ya lura cewa gashin, madaidaiciya kuma {{Cvt|1.5|–|2.5|cm}} dogo, yana da laushi da siriri - wani abu da ba a saba gani ba ga dabbar da ke da alaƙa da mazaunin tsaunuka a aƙalla wasu sassan yankinta. Duk da cewa an gano cewa gashin ya yi gajere a kai da wuya, ya yi kauri zuwa gashin ulu a cikin ƙafafuwan gaba da ciki. Nazarin da aka yi kafin 1998 ya ba da rahoton ɗan ja a cikin fatar da aka duba. Wuya da ciki suna da launin ruwan kasa mai haske idan aka kwatanta da sauran jikin. Abin da aka lura a duk binciken uku da aka ambata a sama shine {{Cvt|0.5|cm}} kauri mai kauri wanda ya miƙe daga kafadu zuwa wutsiya a tsakiyar baya. Wutsiya, wacce ta kai {{Cvt|23|cm}} a cikin samfurin Robichaud, an raba shi zuwa madauri uku a kwance, launin ruwan kasa a tushe, baƙi a ƙarshen da fari a tsakiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;dung&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dung |first=V. V. |last2=Giao |first2=P. M. |last3=Chinh |first3=N. N. |last4=Tuoc |first4=D. |last5=Arctander |first5=P. |last6=MacKinnon |first6=J. |name-list-style=amp |year=1993 |title=A new species of living bovid from Vietnam |journal=Nature |volume=363 |issue=6428 |pages=443–445 |bibcode=1993Natur.363..443V |doi=10.1038/363443a0 |s2cid=4243603}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDungGiaoChinhTuoc1993&quot;&gt;Dung, V. V.; Giao, P. M.; Chinh, N. N.; Tuoc, D.; Arctander, P. &amp; MacKinnon, J. (1993). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;jstor&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Robichaud |first=W.G. |year=1998 |title=Physical and behavioral description of a captive saola, ''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'' |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=394–405 |doi=10.2307/1382970 |jstor=1382970 |doi-access=}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRobichaud1998&quot;&gt;Robichaud, W.G. (1998). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Schaller&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schaller |first=G.B. |author-link=George Schaller |last2=Rabinowitz |first2=A. |date=1995 |title=The saola or spindlehorn bovid ''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'' in Laos |journal=Oryx |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=107–114 |doi=10.1017/S0030605300020974 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSchallerRabinowitz1995&quot;&gt;[[George Schaller|Schaller, G.B.]]; Rabinowitz, A. (1995). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Fatar Saola tana da {{Cvt|1|–|2|mm}} yana da kauri a kan mafi yawan jiki, amma yana da kauri zuwa {{Cvt|5|mm}} kusa da kusurwar wuya da kuma a saman kafadu. Ana tsammanin wannan daidaitawar tana kare daga masu farauta da ƙahonin abokan hamayya yayin faɗa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Huffman&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Huffman |first=B. |title=Saola (''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'') - Detailed information |url=http://www.ultimateungulate.com/artiodactyla/Pseudoryx_nghetinhensisFull.html |access-date=18 April 2013 |publisher=Ultimate Ungulate}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saolas suna da nauyi tsakanin kimanin 80-100&amp;nbsp;kg (176–220)&amp;nbsp;lbs). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Saola {{!}} Species {{!}} WWF |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/saola |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=World Wildlife Fund}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saola tana da ƙusoshi masu zagaye masu launin ruwan kasa mai duhu waɗanda ke kama da lemu idan aka haskaka su; tarin gashin baki masu launin fari kusan {{Cvt|2|cm}} tsayi tare da aikin taɓawa da ake tsammanin yana fitowa daga ƙarshen haɓa. Samfurin da Robichaud ya lura zai iya faɗaɗa harshensa har zuwa {{Cvt|16|cm}} kuma ya isa idanunsa da sassan fuskarsa ta sama; saman harshen an rufe shi da ƙananan sanduna masu nuni da baya. Robichaud ya lura cewa ɗayan gland biyu na maxillary ( sinus ) yana da rami mai kusan murabba'i mai girman {{Cvt|9|*|3.5|*|1.5|cm}}, wanda aka rufe da {{Cvt|0.8|cm}} kauri mai kauri. Ƙwayoyin maxillary na saola wataƙila su ne mafi girma a tsakanin sauran dabbobi. Ƙwayoyin suna rufe da wani kauri, mai kauri, kore mai launin toka, mai ɗan ƙarfi a ƙasa wanda ke da gashin da ba su da faɗi. Robichaud ya lura da ramuka da yawa, waɗanda ake amfani da su don fitar da ruwa, a saman murfin. Kowane farin tabo na fuska yana ɓoye ƙusoshi ɗaya ko fiye waɗanda suka samo asali daga {{Cvt|2|–|2.5|cm}} dogayen gashi fari ko baƙi. Waɗannan abubuwan da ke fita daga jiki galibi ana shafa su a ƙasan ciyayi, suna barin wani manna mai laushi da kauri. Ɓangaren ƙafafuwan gaba ya kai {{Cvt|5|–|6|cm}} tsayi da {{Cvt|5.3|–|6.4|cm}} a ciki, da kuma {{Cvt|6|cm}} tsayi da {{Cvt|5.7|–|6|cm}} ga ƙafafuwan baya. &lt;ref name=&quot;jstor&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Robichaud |first=W.G. |year=1998 |title=Physical and behavioral description of a captive saola, ''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'' |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=394–405 |doi=10.2307/1382970 |jstor=1382970 |doi-access=}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRobichaud1998&quot;&gt;Robichaud, W.G. (1998). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Dukansu jinsi suna da ƙahoni daban-daban waɗanda suke kama da juna a kamanninsu kuma suna kama da kusurwa ɗaya da kwanyar, amma sun bambanta a tsawonsu. Ƙahoni suna kama da ginshiƙan katako masu layi ɗaya waɗanda ake amfani da su a gida don tallafawa ƙafafun juyawa (don haka sunan da aka saba da shi &quot;spindlehorn&quot;). &lt;ref name=&quot;stone2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stone |first=R. |year=2006 |title=The Saola's Last Stand |journal=Science |volume=314 |issue=5804 |pages=1380–1383 |doi=10.1126/science.314.5804.1380 |pmid=17138879 |s2cid=130425782}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFStone2006&quot;&gt;Stone, R. (2006). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan gabaɗaya launin ruwan kasa ne ko baƙi kuma kimanin 35-50&amp;nbsp;tsawon cm; ninki biyu na tsawon kansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;jstor&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Robichaud |first=W.G. |year=1998 |title=Physical and behavioral description of a captive saola, ''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'' |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=394–405 |doi=10.2307/1382970 |jstor=1382970 |doi-access=}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRobichaud1998&quot;&gt;Robichaud, W.G. (1998). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Nazarin da aka yi a 1993 da 1995 ya ba da matsakaicin tazara tsakanin ƙarshen ƙaho na samfuran daji a matsayin {{Cvt|20|cm}}, &lt;ref name=&quot;dung&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dung |first=V. V. |last2=Giao |first2=P. M. |last3=Chinh |first3=N. N. |last4=Tuoc |first4=D. |last5=Arctander |first5=P. |last6=MacKinnon |first6=J. |name-list-style=amp |year=1993 |title=A new species of living bovid from Vietnam |journal=Nature |volume=363 |issue=6428 |pages=443–445 |bibcode=1993Natur.363..443V |doi=10.1038/363443a0 |s2cid=4243603}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDungGiaoChinhTuoc1993&quot;&gt;Dung, V. V.; Giao, P. M.; Chinh, N. N.; Tuoc, D.; Arctander, P. &amp; MacKinnon, J. (1993). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Schaller&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schaller |first=G.B. |author-link=George Schaller |last2=Rabinowitz |first2=A. |date=1995 |title=The saola or spindlehorn bovid ''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'' in Laos |journal=Oryx |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=107–114 |doi=10.1017/S0030605300020974 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSchallerRabinowitz1995&quot;&gt;[[George Schaller|Schaller, G.B.]]; Rabinowitz, A. (1995). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; amma matar da Robichaud ya lura ta nuna bambancin ra'ayi na {{Cvt|25|cm}} tsakanin ƙarshen. Robichaud ya lura cewa ƙahonin sun kasance {{Cvt|7.5|cm}} a gefe a ginshiki. Yayin da aka yi bincike kafin iƙirarin Robichaud cewa ƙahonin suna da zagaye iri ɗaya a ginshiki, Robichaud ya lura cewa samfurin nasa yana da ƙahoni masu kusan siffar oval. Gefen ginshikin ƙahonin suna da ƙarfi kuma suna da lanƙwasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;jstor&quot; /&gt;

== Rarrabawa da wurin zama ==
Saola tana da ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa.  Tana zaune a dazuzzukan da ke da danshi ko kuma waɗanda ba sa yin fure a gabashin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, tana fifita kwaruruka na koguna. An ruwaito cewa an ga tsuntsayen daga kwaruruka masu tsayi a {{Cvt|300–1800|m}} sama da matakin teku. A Vietnam da Laos, nau'in halittar ya kai kimanin {{Cvt|5000|km2}}  , gami da wuraren ajiyar yanayi guda huɗu. A lokacin hunturu, yana ƙaura zuwa ƙananan wurare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Burgess |first=Neil |date=1997 |title=The Saola (''Pseudoryx Nghetinhensis'') in Vietnam - New Information on Distribution and Habitat Preferences, and Conservation Needs |journal=GreenFile}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin tsaunukan Annamite na arewacin, an ganshi galibi kusa da koguna a tsayin {{Cvt|592-1112|m}} . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Phommachanh |first=C. |last2=Ngoprasert |first2=D. |last3=Steinmetz |first3=R. |last4=Savini |first4=T. |last5=Gale |first5=George A. |date=2017 |title=Habitat use of the Saola ''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'' (Mammalia; Bovidae) based on local sightings in the northern Annamite Mountains of Lao PDR |journal=Tropical Conservation Science |volume=10 |page=194008291771301 |doi=10.1177/1940082917713014 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin Halittu da Halayya ==
Mutanen yankin sun ba da rahoton cewa saola tana aiki da rana da kuma da daddare, amma ta fi son hutawa a lokacin zafi na rana. Robichaud ya lura cewa matar da aka kama tana aiki galibi da rana, amma ya nuna cewa abin da aka lura da shi na iya faruwa ne sakamakon yanayin da dabbar ta samu kanta a ciki. Lokacin da ta huta, za ta jawo ƙafafunta zuwa ciki, ta miƙa wuyanta har haɓarta ta taɓa ƙasa, sannan ta rufe idanunta. &lt;ref name=&quot;jstor&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Robichaud |first=W.G. |year=1998 |title=Physical and behavioral description of a captive saola, ''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'' |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=394–405 |doi=10.2307/1382970 |jstor=1382970 |doi-access=}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRobichaud1998&quot;&gt;Robichaud, W.G. (1998). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa a bayyane yake cewa saola kaɗai ce, an ruwaito ta a cikin ƙungiyoyi biyu ko uku &lt;ref name=&quot;dung&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dung |first=V. V. |last2=Giao |first2=P. M. |last3=Chinh |first3=N. N. |last4=Tuoc |first4=D. |last5=Arctander |first5=P. |last6=MacKinnon |first6=J. |name-list-style=amp |year=1993 |title=A new species of living bovid from Vietnam |journal=Nature |volume=363 |issue=6428 |pages=443–445 |bibcode=1993Natur.363..443V |doi=10.1038/363443a0 |s2cid=4243603}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDungGiaoChinhTuoc1993&quot;&gt;Dung, V. V.; Giao, P. M.; Chinh, N. N.; Tuoc, D.; Arctander, P. &amp; MacKinnon, J. (1993). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma har zuwa shida ko bakwai. Tsarin rukuni na saola yana kama da na Cape bushbuck, anoa da sitatunga . &lt;ref name=&quot;Schaller&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schaller |first=G.B. |author-link=George Schaller |last2=Rabinowitz |first2=A. |date=1995 |title=The saola or spindlehorn bovid ''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'' in Laos |journal=Oryx |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=107–114 |doi=10.1017/S0030605300020974 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSchallerRabinowitz1995&quot;&gt;[[George Schaller|Schaller, G.B.]]; Rabinowitz, A. (1995). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Robichaud ta lura cewa matar da aka kama tana da nutsuwa a gaban mutane, amma tana tsoron karnuka. A lokacin da ta haɗu da kare, za ta yi ƙoƙarin yin murmushi ta tura kanta gaba, tana nuna ƙahonta ga abokin hamayyarta. Kunnuwanta a tsaye suna nuna baya, kuma tana tsaye da ƙarfi tare da bayanta a kife. A halin yanzu, ba ta kula da abin da ke kewaye da ita ba. An gano cewa wannan matar tana yin fitsari da yin bayan gida daban-daban, tana sauke ƙafafuwan baya da kuma sauke ƙasan jikinta - abin da aka saba gani a tsakanin dabbobi. Tana ɓatar da lokaci mai tsawo tana gyara kanta da harshenta mai ƙarfi. Halin nuna alama a cikin mace ya haɗa da buɗe gefen glandar mafitsara da barin wani abu mai ƙarfi a kan duwatsu da ciyayi. Tana fitar da gajerun hawaye lokaci-lokaci. &lt;ref name=&quot;jstor&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Robichaud |first=W.G. |year=1998 |title=Physical and behavioral description of a captive saola, ''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'' |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=394–405 |doi=10.2307/1382970 |jstor=1382970 |doi-access=}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRobichaud1998&quot;&gt;Robichaud, W.G. (1998). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Abinci mai gina jiki ===
Wata mace mai suna Saola da aka kama ta ci spleenwort ( ''Asplenium'' ), ''Homalomena'' da nau'ikan bishiyoyi masu faɗi ko bishiyoyi na dangin Sterculiaceae . Ta ciyar da dukkan tsirrai kuma ta nuna fifiko ga nau'in Sterculiaceae. Tana taunawa ko jawo ganye a bakinta ta amfani da dogon harshenta. Tana ciyarwa galibi da rana. &lt;ref name=&quot;jstor&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Robichaud |first=W.G. |year=1998 |title=Physical and behavioral description of a captive saola, ''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'' |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=394–405 |doi=10.2307/1382970 |jstor=1382970 |doi-access=}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRobichaud1998&quot;&gt;Robichaud, W.G. (1998). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ana kuma san Saola tana cin ''Schismatoglottis'', ba kamar sauran masu cin ganyayyaki a cikinta ba. [ 24 ]

=== Kwaikwayo ===
Ba a samu bayanai sosai game da zagayowar haihuwa ta saola ba. Ana iya cewa saola za ta sami lokacin saduwa, daga ƙarshen watan Agusta zuwa tsakiyar watan Nuwamba; haihuwar maraƙi ɗaya kawai aka rubuta, galibi a lokacin bazara tsakanin tsakiyar watan Afrilu da ƙarshen watan Yuni. &lt;ref name=&quot;jstor&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Robichaud |first=W.G. |year=1998 |title=Physical and behavioral description of a captive saola, ''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'' |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=394–405 |doi=10.2307/1382970 |jstor=1382970 |doi-access=}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRobichaud1998&quot;&gt;Robichaud, W.G. (1998). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Huffman&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Huffman |first=B. |title=Saola (''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'') - Detailed information |url=http://www.ultimateungulate.com/artiodactyla/Pseudoryx_nghetinhensisFull.html |access-date=18 April 2013 |publisher=Ultimate Ungulate}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHuffman&quot;&gt;Huffman, B. [http://www.ultimateungulate.com/artiodactyla/Pseudoryx_nghetinhensisFull.html &quot;Saola (''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'') - Detailed information&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Idan babu takamaiman bayanai, an kiyasta lokacin ɗaukar ciki yayi kama da na nau'in ''Tragelaphus'', kimanin makonni 33. &lt;ref name=&quot;jstor&quot; /&gt; Rahotanni uku na kisan saola daga ƙauyen da ke kusa sun shafi ƙananan uwaye mata masu rakiya. Ɗaya daga cikinsu yana da {{Cvt|9.5|cm}} dogayen ƙaho, wani kuma an kiyasta cewa akwai {{Cvt|15|cm}}, da kuma na uku {{Cvt|18.8|cm}} ; waɗannan tsayin ƙaho daban-daban suna nuna lokacin haihuwa wanda ya wuce akalla watanni biyu zuwa uku. &lt;ref name=&quot;Schaller&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Schaller |first=G.B. |author-link=George Schaller |last2=Rabinowitz |first2=A. |date=1995 |title=The saola or spindlehorn bovid ''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'' in Laos |journal=Oryx |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=107–114 |doi=10.1017/S0030605300020974 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSchallerRabinowitz1995&quot;&gt;[[George Schaller|Schaller, G.B.]]; Rabinowitz, A. (1995). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kare Muhalli ==
A halin yanzu ana ɗaukar Saola a matsayin wurin da ke cikin mawuyacin hali .  Bukatunta na ƙuntatawa na muhalli da kuma ƙin kusanci da ɗan adam na iya haifar da haɗari ga muhalli ta hanyar [[Rashin mazaunin|asarar muhalli]] da kuma wargajewar muhalli . Saola tana fuskantar asara ta hanyar [[Farauta|farautar]] gida da kuma cinikin fur, magungunan gargajiya, da kuma amfani da nama a gidajen abinci da kasuwannin abinci.  Haka kuma wani lokacin suna kamawa a cikin tarko da aka sanya don kama dabbobi suna kai hari ga amfanin gona, kamar alade na daji, sambar, da muntjac . An cire tarko sama da 26,651 daga wuraren da ke cikin Saola ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin kiyayewa. 

Babban abin da yankin da saola ke zaune a ciki shi ne nisanta daga tarzomar ɗan adam. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kemp-2003&quot; /&gt; Ana harbin Saola saboda namansu, amma mafarauta kuma suna samun girmamawa sosai a ƙauyen saboda samar da gawa. Saboda ƙarancin, mazauna yankin suna ba da daraja ga saola fiye da nau'ikan da aka fi sani. Saboda mutanen wannan yanki mafarauta ne na gargajiya, ra'ayinsu game da kashe saola yana da wuya a canza; wannan yana sa kiyayewa ya zama da wahala. Babban sha'awar da al'ummar kimiyya ke nunawa ya motsa mafarauta su kama samfuran da ke rayuwa. An dakatar da sare bishiyoyin kasuwanci a yankin ajiyar namun daji na Bu Huong, kuma an haramta share dazuzzuka a hukumance a cikin iyakokin wurin ajiyar namun daji. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kemp-2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kemp |first=Neville |last2=Dilger |first2=Michael |last3=Burgess |first3=Neil |last4=Dung |first4=Chu Van |date=2003 |title=The saola (''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'') in Vietnam - new information on distribution and habitat preferences, and conservation needs |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227717740 |journal=Oryx |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=37–44 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-3008.1997.d01-86.x |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sau da yawa ana samun wahalar nazarin nau'ikan kiyayewa; sau da yawa akwai jinkiri wajen aiwatarwa ko gano buƙatun kiyayewa da suka wajaba saboda rashin bayanai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Turvey-2015&quot; /&gt; Saboda nau'in yana da wuya, akwai rashin isassun bayanai akai-akai; wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsalolin da ke fuskantar kiyayewar saola. Masana kimiyya da aka horar ba su taɓa lura da saola a cikin daji ba. Abin takaici, saboda da wuya a sami yawan saola a cikin daji, binciken da aka yi a fili don gano waɗannan al'ummomin ba shine fifikon kiyayewa ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Turvey-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Turvey |first=Samuel T. |last2=Trung |first2=Cao Tien |last3=Quyet |first3=Vo Dai |last4=Nhu |first4=Hoang Van |last5=Thoai |first5=Do Van |last6=Tuan |first6=Vo Cong Anh |last7=Hoa |first7=Dang Thi |last8=Kacha |first8=Kouvang |last9=Sysomphone |first9=Thongsay |date=2015-04-01 |title=Interview-based sighting histories can inform regional conservation prioritization for highly threatened cryptic species |journal=Journal of Applied Ecology |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=422–433 |bibcode=2015JApEc..52..422T |doi=10.1111/1365-2664.12382 |issn=1365-2664 |pmc=4407913 |pmid=25926709}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Shanu na Daji ta Asiya ta Hukumar Raya Nau'in IUCN ce ta kafa Ƙungiyar Aiki ta Saola, a shekara ta 2006 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-05-31 |title=Priorities for Success: 2nd Meeting of the Saola Working Group wraps up in Vietnam |url=http://www.iucn.org/about/union/secretariat/offices/asia/asia_where_work/lao/news_and_events/?7580/Priorities-for-Success--2nd-Meeting-of-the-Saola-Working-Group-wraps-up-in-Vietnam |publisher=[[IUCN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; don kare dabbobin daji da mazauninsu . Wannan haɗin gwiwar ya ƙunshi ƙwararru kusan 40 daga sassan gandun daji na Laos da Vietnam, Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu da Albarkatun Halittu ta Vietnam, Jami'ar Vinh, masana ilmin halittu da masu kiyaye muhalli daga Ƙungiyar Kula da Namun Daji, da Asusun Kula da Namun Daji na Duniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Experts on the saola: The &quot;Last chance&quot; to save one of the world's rarest mammals |url=http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/extinction-countdown/2009/09/02/experts-on-the-saola-the-last-chance-to-save-one-of-the-worlds-rarest-mammals/ |website=[[Scientific American]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wata ƙungiyar masana kimiyya daga Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Vietnam da ke tsakiyar Hanoi, a cikin Cibiyar Fasahar Halittu, ta yi bincike kan wani ƙoƙari na ƙarshe na kiyaye nau'in ta hanyar yin kwafi, wata hanya mai matuƙar wahala koda kuwa a yanayin nau'ikan da aka fahimta sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;stone2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stone |first=R. |year=2006 |title=The Saola's Last Stand |journal=Science |volume=314 |issue=5804 |pages=1380–1383 |doi=10.1126/science.314.5804.1380 |pmid=17138879 |s2cid=130425782}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFStone2006&quot;&gt;Stone, R. (2006). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, rashin mata masu bayar da saola na ƙwayoyin halitta masu narkewa da mata masu karɓa, da kuma shingayen da ke tsakanin sassan jiki, suna yin illa sosai ga nasarar fasahar kwafi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rojas |first=Mariana |last2=Venegas |first2=Felipe |last3=Montiel |first3=Enrique |last4=Servely |first4=Jean Luc |last5=Vignon |first5=Xavier |last6=Guillomot |first6=Michel |date=2005 |title=Attempts at Applying Cloning to the Conservation of Species in Danger of Extinction |journal=International Journal of Morphology |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=329–336 |doi=10.4067/S0717-95022005000400008 |issn=0717-9502 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masu bincike sun yi aiki a cikin ƙauyuka da ke kewaye da Yankin Kare Nau'in Da Ke Fuskantar Barazana na Phou Sithon (PST) inda aka ga saola. Dangane da hirarrakin da aka yi da mutanen ƙauyen, sun bayyana cewa masu farautar namun daji suna shiga yankunan da aka hana, suna farautar namun daji na ƙarshe ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. Sun jaddada buƙatar a ƙara aiwatar da ƙa'idojin ɗan adam don kiyaye dorewar namun daji. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Phommachanh |first=Chanthasone |last2=Ngoprasert |first2=Dusit |last3=Steinmetz |first3=Robert |last4=Savini |first4=Tommaso |last5=Gale |first5=George A. |date=2017 |title=Habitat Use of the Saola ''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis'' (Mammalia; Bovidae) Based on Local Sightings in the Northern Annamite Mountains of Lao PDR |journal=Tropical Conservation Science |volume=10 |doi=10.1177/1940082917713014 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2017, ƙungiyar Saola Working Group tare da Cibiyar Leibniz ta Binciken Namun Daji da Namun Daji a cikin wata buɗaɗɗiyar wasiƙa ga Kimiyya sun yi kira da a kafa shirin kiwon dabbobi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Science Magazine - September 22, 2017 - 44 |url=https://www.sciencemagazinedigital.org/sciencemagazine/22_september_2017?pg=44#pg44 |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=www.sciencemagazinedigital.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-10-10 |title=Etablierung eines Zuchtprogramms zum Schutz der letzten Saolas |trans-title=Establishment of a breeding program to protect the last saolas |url=https://www.izw-berlin.de/de/pressemitteilung/etablierung-eines-zuchtprogramms-zum-schutz-der-letzten-saolas.html |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga shekarar 2025, rikodin kamannin kyamara na shekarar 2013 shine mafi ƙarancin gani na nau'in, kodayake wani bincike na ƙididdiga na shekarar 2021 ya nuna cewa akwai ƙarancin adadin mutane da ke warwatse a raye. Masanin kare muhalli Rob Timmins ya bayyana cewa a shekarar 2025: &quot;Ina tsammanin mutane kaɗan ne za su yarda cewa ba za a iya kawar da [Saola] a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa ba (sai dai idan an yi nasarar shiga tsakani)&quot;. A wannan shekarar, an gudanar da bincike mai zurfi a Laos don ƙoƙarin nemo duk wani mutum da ya tsira daga Saola. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Esterman |first=Isabel |date=2025-09-30 |title=To track a unicorn: Laos team goes all out to find the last saolas |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2025/09/to-track-a-unicorn-laos-team-goes-all-out-to-find-the-last-saolas/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=[[Mongabay]] |language=en-US |quote=There have been multiple efforts to locate saolas in their range in the Annamite Mountains, which straddle Laos, Vietnam and northeast Cambodia — although saolas have never been recorded in the latter country. The last confirmed sighting in the wild was a 2013 camera-trap image from Central Vietnam.}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEsterman2025&quot;&gt;Esterman, Isabel (2025-09-30). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Al'adu ==
Mascot ɗin Wasannin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya na 2021 shine ''Sao La'' . Wannan ƙirar da Ngô Xuân Khôi ya yi ta kayar da sauran gabatarwar mascot guda 557 wanda ya zama zakaran gasar neman 2019. &lt;ref name=&quot;contestwinner&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Công bố và trao giải cuộc thi sáng tác biểu trưng, biểu tượng vui SEA Games 31 và ASEAN Para Games 11 năm 2021, tại Việt Nam |url=http://tdtt.gov.vn/article/cong-bo-va-trao-giai-cuoc-thi-sang-tac-bieu-trung-bieu-tuong-vui-sea-games-31-va-asean-para-games-11-nam-2021-tai-viet-nam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117192331/https://tdtt.gov.vn/article/cong-bo-va-trao-giai-cuoc-thi-sang-tac-bieu-trung-bieu-tuong-vui-sea-games-31-va-asean-para-games-11-nam-2021-tai-viet-nam |archive-date=17 January 2021 |access-date=20 November 2020 |website=Vietnam Sports Administration |language=vi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330074248|Artemether]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Artemether''' magani ne da ake amfani da shi don maganin [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Esu2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Esu EB, Effa EE, Opie ON, Meremikwu MM |date=June 2019 |title=Artemether for severe malaria |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=6 |issue=6 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010678.pub3 |pmc=6580442 |pmid=31210357}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana amfani da nau'in allura musamman don zazzabin cizon sauro mai tsanani maimakon quinine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Esu2019&quot; /&gt; A cikin manya, bazai zama mai tasiri kamar Artisunate ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Esu2019&quot; /&gt; Ana ba da shi ta hanyar allurar a cikin tsoka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Esu2019&quot; /&gt; Hakanan ana samun sa ta baki a hade tare da lumefantrine, wanda aka sani da artemether / lumefantrine . &lt;ref name=&quot;drugs&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Coartem FDA label&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 August 2019 |title=Coartem- artemether and lumefantrine tablet |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=7866ec19-dfac-47d4-a53f-511a12643cbf |access-date=26 April 2020 |website=DailyMed}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Artemether yana haifar da ƙananan sakamako.[1] Rashin bugun zuciya mara kyau na iya faruwa da wuya.[1] Duk da yake akwai shaidar cewa amfani a lokacin daukar ciki na iya zama mai cutarwa a cikin dabbobi, babu wata shaidar damuwa a cikin mutane.[1] Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) don haka ta ba da shawarar amfani da ita yayin daukar ciki.[1] Yana cikin aji na Artemisinin na magani.[1]

An yi nazarin Artemether tun aƙalla 1981, kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin magani tun 1987.  Yana cikin Jerin Magunguna Masu Muhimmanci na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya.

== Amfani da kiwon lafiya ==
Artemether magani ne na rigakafin zazzabin cizon sauro wanda ba shi da matsala wanda ''P. falciparum'' (da P.''P. falciparum'' mai tsayayya da chloroquine) ko ''P. vivax'' mai tsayayyar chloroquin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Makanga M, Krudsood S |date=October 2009 |title=The clinical efficacy of artemether/lumefantrine (Coartem) |journal=Malaria Journal |volume=8 |issue=Suppl 1 |doi=10.1186/1475-2875-8-S1-S5 |pmc=2760240 |pmid=19818172 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan ana iya amfani da Artemether don magance zazzabin cizon sauro mai tsanani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Esu2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Esu EB, Effa EE, Opie ON, Meremikwu MM |date=June 2019 |title=Artemether for severe malaria |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=6 |issue=6 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010678.pub3 |pmc=6580442 |pmid=31210357}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

[[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta ba da shawarar maganin ''P. falciparum'' mara rikitarwa tare da maganin haɗin artemisinin. An ba da shi a hade tare da lumefantrine, ana iya bin tsarin kwanaki 14 na primaquine don hana sake dawowa na ''P. vivax'' ko ''P. Oval'' kwayar cutar malaria kuma samar da cikakkiyar magani.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Sakamakon sakamako ==
Sakamakon sakamako masu yuwuwa sun haɗa da tasirin zuciya kamar bradycardia da QT interval prolongation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Artemether&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Artemether |url=http://www.antimicrobe.org/drugpopup/artemether.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223123545/http://www.antimicrobe.org/drugpopup/artemether.htm |archive-date=2017-02-23 |access-date=2016-11-09 |website=www.antimicrobe.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, an nuna yiwuwar guba ta tsarin juyayi na tsakiya a cikin nazarin dabbobi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=WHO Model Prescribing Information: Drugs Used in Parasitic Diseases - Second Edition: Protozoa: Malaria: Artemether |url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Jh2922e/2.5.10.html#Jh2922e.2.5.10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110043655/http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Jh2922e/2.5.10.html#Jh2922e.2.5.10 |archive-date=2016-11-10 |access-date=2016-11-09 |website=apps.who.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Askling2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Askling HH, Bruneel F, Burchard G, Castelli F, Chiodini PL, Grobusch MP, Lopez-Vélez R, Paul M, Petersen E, Popescu C, Ramharter M, Schlagenhauf P |date=September 2012 |title=Management of imported malaria in Europe |journal=Malaria Journal |volume=11 |doi=10.1186/1475-2875-11-328 |pmc=3489857 |pmid=22985344 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ma'amala da miyagun ƙwayoyi ==
An gano matakin Plasma artemether ya zama ƙasa lokacin da aka yi amfani da samfurin haɗin tare da lopinavir / ritonavir . &lt;ref name=&quot;Askling2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Askling HH, Bruneel F, Burchard G, Castelli F, Chiodini PL, Grobusch MP, Lopez-Vélez R, Paul M, Petersen E, Popescu C, Ramharter M, Schlagenhauf P |date=September 2012 |title=Management of imported malaria in Europe |journal=Malaria Journal |volume=11 |doi=10.1186/1475-2875-11-328 |pmc=3489857 |pmid=22985344 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, akwai raguwar bayyanar miyagun ƙwayoyi da ke da alaƙa da amfani tare da efavirenz ko nevirapine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Van Geertruyden JP |date=April 2014 |title=Interactions between malaria and human immunodeficiency virus anno 2014 |journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=278–285 |doi=10.1111/1469-0691.12597 |pmc=4368411 |pmid=24528518}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kiang TK, Wilby KJ, Ensom MH |date=February 2014 |title=Clinical pharmacokinetic drug interactions associated with artemisinin derivatives and HIV-antivirals |journal=Clinical Pharmacokinetics |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=141–153 |doi=10.1007/s40262-013-0110-5 |pmid=24158666 |s2cid=1281113}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Artemether / lumefantrine bai kamata a yi amfani da shi ba tare da magungunan da ke hana CYP3A4 . &lt;ref name=&quot;Stover2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stover KR, King ST, Robinson J |date=April 2012 |title=Artemether-lumefantrine: an option for malaria |journal=The Annals of Pharmacotherapy |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=567–577 |doi=10.1345/aph.1Q539 |pmid=22496476 |s2cid=7678606}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Magungunan rigakafin hormone bazai kasance da inganci ba idan aka yi amfani da su tare da artemether / lumefantrine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stover2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stover KR, King ST, Robinson J |date=April 2012 |title=Artemether-lumefantrine: an option for malaria |journal=The Annals of Pharmacotherapy |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=567–577 |doi=10.1345/aph.1Q539 |pmid=22496476 |s2cid=7678606}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''Artemether''' magani ne da ake amfani da shi don maganin [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Esu2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Esu EB, Effa EE, Opie ON, Meremikwu MM |date=June 2019 |title=Artemether for severe malaria |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=6 |issue=6 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010678.pub3 |pmc=6580442 |pmid=31210357}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana amfani da nau'in allura musamman don zazzabin cizon sauro mai tsanani maimakon quinine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Esu2019&quot; /&gt; A cikin manya, bazai zama mai tasiri kamar Artisunate ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Esu2019&quot; /&gt; Ana ba da shi ta hanyar allurar a cikin tsoka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Esu2019&quot; /&gt; Hakanan ana samun sa ta baki a hade tare da lumefantrine, wanda aka sani da artemether / lumefantrine . &lt;ref name=&quot;drugs&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Coartem FDA label&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 August 2019 |title=Coartem- artemether and lumefantrine tablet |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=7866ec19-dfac-47d4-a53f-511a12643cbf |access-date=26 April 2020 |website=DailyMed}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Artemether yana haifar da ƙananan sakamako.[1] Rashin bugun zuciya mara kyau na iya faruwa da wuya.[1] Duk da yake akwai shaidar cewa amfani a lokacin daukar ciki na iya zama mai cutarwa a cikin dabbobi, babu wata shaidar damuwa a cikin mutane.[1] Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) don haka ta ba da shawarar amfani da ita yayin daukar ciki.[1] Yana cikin aji na Artemisinin na magani.[1]

An yi nazarin Artemether tun aƙalla 1981, kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin magani tun 1987.  Yana cikin Jerin Magunguna Masu Muhimmanci na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya.

== Amfani da kiwon lafiya ==
Artemether magani ne na rigakafin zazzabin cizon sauro wanda ba shi da matsala wanda ''P. falciparum'' (da P.''P. falciparum'' mai tsayayya da chloroquine) ko ''P. vivax'' mai tsayayyar chloroquin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Makanga M, Krudsood S |date=October 2009 |title=The clinical efficacy of artemether/lumefantrine (Coartem) |journal=Malaria Journal |volume=8 |issue=Suppl 1 |doi=10.1186/1475-2875-8-S1-S5 |pmc=2760240 |pmid=19818172 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan ana iya amfani da Artemether don magance zazzabin cizon sauro mai tsanani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Esu2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Esu EB, Effa EE, Opie ON, Meremikwu MM |date=June 2019 |title=Artemether for severe malaria |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=6 |issue=6 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010678.pub3 |pmc=6580442 |pmid=31210357}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

[[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta ba da shawarar maganin ''P. falciparum'' mara rikitarwa tare da maganin haɗin artemisinin. An ba da shi a hade tare da lumefantrine, ana iya bin tsarin kwanaki 14 na primaquine don hana sake dawowa na ''P. vivax'' ko ''P. Oval'' kwayar cutar malaria kuma samar da cikakkiyar magani.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Sakamakon sakamako ==
Sakamakon sakamako masu yuwuwa sun haɗa da tasirin zuciya kamar bradycardia da QT interval prolongation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Artemether&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Artemether |url=http://www.antimicrobe.org/drugpopup/artemether.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223123545/http://www.antimicrobe.org/drugpopup/artemether.htm |archive-date=2017-02-23 |access-date=2016-11-09 |website=www.antimicrobe.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, an nuna yiwuwar guba ta tsarin juyayi na tsakiya a cikin nazarin dabbobi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=WHO Model Prescribing Information: Drugs Used in Parasitic Diseases - Second Edition: Protozoa: Malaria: Artemether |url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Jh2922e/2.5.10.html#Jh2922e.2.5.10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110043655/http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Jh2922e/2.5.10.html#Jh2922e.2.5.10 |archive-date=2016-11-10 |access-date=2016-11-09 |website=apps.who.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Askling2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Askling HH, Bruneel F, Burchard G, Castelli F, Chiodini PL, Grobusch MP, Lopez-Vélez R, Paul M, Petersen E, Popescu C, Ramharter M, Schlagenhauf P |date=September 2012 |title=Management of imported malaria in Europe |journal=Malaria Journal |volume=11 |doi=10.1186/1475-2875-11-328 |pmc=3489857 |pmid=22985344 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ma'amala da miyagun ƙwayoyi ==
An gano matakin Plasma artemether ya zama ƙasa lokacin da aka yi amfani da samfurin haɗin tare da lopinavir / ritonavir . &lt;ref name=&quot;Askling2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Askling HH, Bruneel F, Burchard G, Castelli F, Chiodini PL, Grobusch MP, Lopez-Vélez R, Paul M, Petersen E, Popescu C, Ramharter M, Schlagenhauf P |date=September 2012 |title=Management of imported malaria in Europe |journal=Malaria Journal |volume=11 |doi=10.1186/1475-2875-11-328 |pmc=3489857 |pmid=22985344 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, akwai raguwar bayyanar miyagun ƙwayoyi da ke da alaƙa da amfani tare da efavirenz ko nevirapine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Van Geertruyden JP |date=April 2014 |title=Interactions between malaria and human immunodeficiency virus anno 2014 |journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=278–285 |doi=10.1111/1469-0691.12597 |pmc=4368411 |pmid=24528518}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kiang TK, Wilby KJ, Ensom MH |date=February 2014 |title=Clinical pharmacokinetic drug interactions associated with artemisinin derivatives and HIV-antivirals |journal=Clinical Pharmacokinetics |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=141–153 |doi=10.1007/s40262-013-0110-5 |pmid=24158666 |s2cid=1281113}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Artemether / lumefantrine bai kamata a yi amfani da shi ba tare da magungunan da ke hana CYP3A4 . &lt;ref name=&quot;Stover2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stover KR, King ST, Robinson J |date=April 2012 |title=Artemether-lumefantrine: an option for malaria |journal=The Annals of Pharmacotherapy |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=567–577 |doi=10.1345/aph.1Q539 |pmid=22496476 |s2cid=7678606}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Magungunan rigakafin hormone bazai kasance da inganci ba idan aka yi amfani da su tare da artemether / lumefantrine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stover2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stover KR, King ST, Robinson J |date=April 2012 |title=Artemether-lumefantrine: an option for malaria |journal=The Annals of Pharmacotherapy |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=567–577 |doi=10.1345/aph.1Q539 |pmid=22496476 |s2cid=7678606}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kogin Atbarah</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356797768|Atbarah River]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kogin Atbarah''' ( Arabic   ; an fassara shi : Nahr 'Atbarah), wanda kuma ake kira da '''Red Nile''' da/ko '''Black Nile''', kogi ne a arewa maso gabashin [[Afirka]] . Yana tashi a arewa maso yammacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]], kimanin 50&amp;nbsp;kilomita arewa da [[tafkin Tana]] da kuma kilomita 30&amp;nbsp;kilomita yamma da [[Gondar]] . Sannan yana kwarara kimanin kilomita 805&amp;nbsp;kilomita (500)&amp;nbsp;mi) zuwa Kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] a arewacin tsakiyar [[Sudan]], tare da shi a birnin Atbarah (

A mafi yawan lokutan shekara, ba komai ba ne illa rafi. Duk da haka, a lokacin damina (galibi daga Yuli zuwa Oktoba), Atbarah yana tashi da kusan digiri 18.&amp;nbsp;ƙafa (mita 5) sama da matakin da aka saba. A wannan lokacin, yana samar da shinge mai ƙarfi tsakanin gundumomin arewa da tsakiya na Yankin Amhara na Habasha. Baya ga Tekezé, wasu muhimman magudanan ruwa na Atbarah sun haɗa da [[Rahad River|Kogin Shinfa]] wanda ke tashi a yammacin Tafkin Tana, da kuma [[Kogin Angereb|Babban Angereb]] wanda tushensa ke arewacin birnin [[Gondar]] .

== Tarihi ==
An ambaci Atbarah da ya fi daɗewa a tarihi ta [[Strabo]] (16.4.8), wanda ya kira kogin ''Astaboras'' ( Greek   ).  Sauran tsoffin marubutan da suka ambaci sunan sun haɗa da Agatharchides, waɗanda suka kira shi ''Astabaras'' ( Greek   ), &lt;ref name=&quot;rilly&quot; /&gt; da Ptolemy ( Geography 4.7). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LacusCurtius • Ptolemy's Geography — Book IV, Chapter 7 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/4/7*.html |access-date=2013-12-10 |publisher=Penelope.uchicago.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Richard Pankhurst da wasu sun yi jayayya cewa ya kamata a fahimci sunan a matsayin &quot;Kogin mutanen Boras&quot;, inda ''asta'' za a iya danganta shi da &quot;ruwa&quot; na Proto- [[Harsunan Nubian|Nubian]] ''asti'', &lt;ref name=&quot;rilly&quot; /&gt; yayin da ''-boras'' za a iya danganta shi da wasu maganganu na Romawa game da wata ƙabila mai suna Bora (Bera), wacce ke zaune kusa da Meroe,  da wata ƙabila mai suna ''Megabares'' ( Greek   a cikin Eratosthenes da Strabo, Latin   a cikin [[Pliny Babba|Pliny the Elder]] ). &lt;ref name=&quot;rilly&quot; /&gt; Pliny the Elder ya ba da ɗan bambancin ma'anar Astaboras, yana mai cewa &quot;a cikin harshen mutanen yankin&quot; sunan yana nufin &quot;ruwa yana fitowa daga inuwar da ke ƙasa&quot; ( ''NH'' 5.10).

A watan Afrilun 1898, an yi wani babban [[Yaƙin Atbara|yaƙi]] a gefen kogin a lokacin mamayar Anglo-Masar a Sudan tsakanin 1896-1899 tsakanin sojojin Mahdist da rundunar Anglo-Masar ƙarƙashin jagorancin Lord Kitchener, wanda ya haifar da lalata rundunar Mahdist mai ƙarfi 20,000. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Winston Churchill}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:River_War_1-13_Atbara_Campaign.jpg|thumb|Yaƙin neman zaɓen kogin Atbara]]
A shekarar 1964, an rufe kogin da [[Rashin ruwa na Khashm el-Girba|madatsar ruwa ta Khashm el-Girba]] kusa da Kassala a Sudan domin samar da ban ruwa ga sabon garin Halfa Dughaym da aka gina a wani yanki mai busasshiyar hanya da kuma sake tsugunar da al'ummar Sudan da [[Babban madatsar ruwa ta Aswan|madatsar ruwa ta Aswan]] (Sad al-Aali) ta kora a Masar, wanda ya mamaye mutane 500.&amp;nbsp;kilomita na kwarin Nilu a kudancin Masar da arewacin Sudan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hurni |first=Hans |last2=Tato |first2=Kebede |last3=Zeleke |first3=Gete |date=May 2005 |title=The Implications of Changes in Population, Land Use, and Land Management for Surface Runoff in the Upper Nile Basin Area of Ethiopia |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=147–154 |doi=10.1659/0276-4741(2005)025[0147:tiocip]2.0.co;2 |issn=0276-4741 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gina aikin madatsun ruwa na tagwaye na dala biliyan 1.9 kimanin shekaru 20&amp;nbsp;kilomita daga mahadar kogunan Upper Atbara da Setit, [[Upper Atbara da Setit Dam Complex|madatsun ruwan Rumela da Burdana]], sun fara ne a shekarar 2011 kuma Shugaba [[Omar al-Bashir]] ne ya kaddamar da su a watan Fabrairun 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gregory B. Poindexter |date=2 February 2017 |title=Sudan inaugurates US$1.9 billion Upper Atbara and Setit Dam hydropower project |url=https://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2017/02/sudan-inaugurates-us-1-9-billion-upper-atbara-and-setit-dam-hydropower-project.html |access-date=4 November 2018 |publisher=HydroWorld}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin Ruwa da Ruwa ==
Matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na Atbarah na wata-wata (1912 &amp;#x2013; 1982) ya kai kimanin 25&amp;nbsp;km daga bakinsa, an auna shi da m &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; / s: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2000-02-26 |title=Nile - Kilo 3 |url=http://www.grdc.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P1664100.html |publisher=University of New Hampshire}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;timeline&gt;
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== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin koguna na Habasha|Jerin kogunan Habasha]]
* [[Jerin koguna na Sudan|Jerin kogunan Sudan]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Kogin Atbarah''' ( Arabic   ; an fassara shi : Nahr 'Atbarah), wanda kuma ake kira da '''Red Nile''' da/ko '''Black Nile''', kogi ne a arewa maso gabashin [[Afirka]] . Yana tashi a arewa maso yammacin [[Itofiya|Habasha]], kimanin 50&amp;nbsp;kilomita arewa da [[tafkin Tana]] da kuma kilomita 30&amp;nbsp;kilomita yamma da [[Gondar]] . Sannan yana kwarara kimanin kilomita 805&amp;nbsp;kilomita (500)&amp;nbsp;mi) zuwa Kogin [[Nil|Nilu]] a arewacin tsakiyar [[Sudan]], tare da shi a birnin Atbarah (

A mafi yawan lokutan shekara, ba komai ba ne illa rafi. Duk da haka, a lokacin damina (galibi daga Yuli zuwa Oktoba), Atbarah yana tashi da kusan digiri 18.&amp;nbsp;ƙafa (mita 5) sama da matakin da aka saba. A wannan lokacin, yana samar da shinge mai ƙarfi tsakanin gundumomin arewa da tsakiya na Yankin Amhara na Habasha. Baya ga Tekezé, wasu muhimman magudanan ruwa na Atbarah sun haɗa da [[Rahad River|Kogin Shinfa]] wanda ke tashi a yammacin Tafkin Tana, da kuma [[Kogin Angereb|Babban Angereb]] wanda tushensa ke arewacin birnin [[Gondar]] .

== Tarihi ==
An ambaci Atbarah da ya fi daɗewa a tarihi ta [[Strabo]] (16.4.8), wanda ya kira kogin ''Astaboras'' ( Greek   ).  Sauran tsoffin marubutan da suka ambaci sunan sun haɗa da Agatharchides, waɗanda suka kira shi ''Astabaras'' ( Greek   ), &lt;ref name=&quot;rilly&quot; /&gt; da Ptolemy ( Geography 4.7). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LacusCurtius • Ptolemy's Geography — Book IV, Chapter 7 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/4/7*.html |access-date=2013-12-10 |publisher=Penelope.uchicago.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Richard Pankhurst da wasu sun yi jayayya cewa ya kamata a fahimci sunan a matsayin &quot;Kogin mutanen Boras&quot;, inda ''asta'' za a iya danganta shi da &quot;ruwa&quot; na Proto- [[Harsunan Nubian|Nubian]] ''asti'', &lt;ref name=&quot;rilly&quot; /&gt; yayin da ''-boras'' za a iya danganta shi da wasu maganganu na Romawa game da wata ƙabila mai suna Bora (Bera), wacce ke zaune kusa da Meroe,  da wata ƙabila mai suna ''Megabares'' ( Greek   a cikin Eratosthenes da Strabo, Latin   a cikin [[Pliny Babba|Pliny the Elder]] ). &lt;ref name=&quot;rilly&quot; /&gt; Pliny the Elder ya ba da ɗan bambancin ma'anar Astaboras, yana mai cewa &quot;a cikin harshen mutanen yankin&quot; sunan yana nufin &quot;ruwa yana fitowa daga inuwar da ke ƙasa&quot; ( ''NH'' 5.10).

A watan Afrilun 1898, an yi wani babban [[Yaƙin Atbara|yaƙi]] a gefen kogin a lokacin mamayar Anglo-Masar a Sudan tsakanin 1896-1899 tsakanin sojojin Mahdist da rundunar Anglo-Masar ƙarƙashin jagorancin Lord Kitchener, wanda ya haifar da lalata rundunar Mahdist mai ƙarfi 20,000. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Winston Churchill}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:River_War_1-13_Atbara_Campaign.jpg|thumb|Yaƙin neman zaɓen kogin Atbara]]
A shekarar 1964, an rufe kogin da [[Rashin ruwa na Khashm el-Girba|madatsar ruwa ta Khashm el-Girba]] kusa da Kassala a Sudan domin samar da ban ruwa ga sabon garin Halfa Dughaym da aka gina a wani yanki mai busasshiyar hanya da kuma sake tsugunar da al'ummar Sudan da [[Babban madatsar ruwa ta Aswan|madatsar ruwa ta Aswan]] (Sad al-Aali) ta kora a Masar, wanda ya mamaye mutane 500.&amp;nbsp;kilomita na kwarin Nilu a kudancin Masar da arewacin Sudan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hurni |first=Hans |last2=Tato |first2=Kebede |last3=Zeleke |first3=Gete |date=May 2005 |title=The Implications of Changes in Population, Land Use, and Land Management for Surface Runoff in the Upper Nile Basin Area of Ethiopia |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=147–154 |doi=10.1659/0276-4741(2005)025[0147:tiocip]2.0.co;2 |issn=0276-4741 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gina aikin madatsun ruwa na tagwaye na dala biliyan 1.9 kimanin shekaru 20&amp;nbsp;kilomita daga mahadar kogunan Upper Atbara da Setit, [[Upper Atbara da Setit Dam Complex|madatsun ruwan Rumela da Burdana]], sun fara ne a shekarar 2011 kuma Shugaba [[Omar al-Bashir]] ne ya kaddamar da su a watan Fabrairun 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gregory B. Poindexter |date=2 February 2017 |title=Sudan inaugurates US$1.9 billion Upper Atbara and Setit Dam hydropower project |url=https://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2017/02/sudan-inaugurates-us-1-9-billion-upper-atbara-and-setit-dam-hydropower-project.html |access-date=4 November 2018 |publisher=HydroWorld}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin Ruwa da Ruwa ==
Matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na Atbarah na wata-wata (1912 &amp;#x2013; 1982) ya kai kimanin 25&amp;nbsp;km daga bakinsa, an auna shi da m &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; / s: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2000-02-26 |title=Nile - Kilo 3 |url=http://www.grdc.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P1664100.html |publisher=University of New Hampshire}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;timeline&gt;
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== Duba kuma ==

* [[Jerin koguna na Habasha|Jerin kogunan Habasha]]
* [[Jerin koguna na Sudan|Jerin kogunan Sudan]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Buffy coat</title>
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        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1315913138|Buffy coat]]&quot;</comment>
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Rufin buffy shine ɓangaren samfurin [[jini]] wanda ya ƙunshi mafi yawan leukocytes da thrombocytes bayan centrifugation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|journal=A John}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayyanawa ==

Bayan centrifugation, mutum na iya rarrabe wani Layer na ruwa mai haske (Plasma), Layer na jan ruwa dauke da erythrocytes, da kuma wani m Layer a tsakanin. Ya ƙunshi ƙasa da 1% na jimlar samfurin jini, rigar buff (wanda ake kira saboda yawanci yana da launi), ya ƙunshi mafi yawan leukocytes da thrombocytes. Rufin buffy yawanci fari ne a launi, amma wani lokacin kore ne idan samfurin jini ya ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na neutrophils, wanda ke da yawa a cikin myeloperoxidase mai launin kore.
[[Fayil:Krew_Frakcjonowana.jpg|thumb|320x320px|Jinin mutum bayan rabuwa ta hanyar centrifugation. Plasma (Layer na sama), buffy coat (tsakiya, fararen launi) da erythrocyte (ja jini) Layer (ƙasa) ana iya gani.]]
Ana amfani da rigar buffy don cire DNA, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mychaleckyj |first=Josyf C |last2=Farber |first2=Emily A |last3=Chmielewski |first3=Jessica |last4=Artale |first4=Jamie |last5=Light |first5=Laney S |last6=Bowden |first6=Donald W |last7=Hou |first7=Xuanlin |last8=Marcovina |first8=Santica M |date=10 June 2011 |title=Buffy coat specimens remain viable as a DNA source for highly multiplexed genome-wide genetic tests after long term storage |journal=Journal of Translational Medicine |volume=9 |doi=10.1186/1479-5876-9-91 |issn=1479-5876 |pmc=3128059 |pmid=21663644 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da leukocytes da ke ba da kusan sau 10 mafi yawan tushen ƙwayoyin nucleated. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fabre |first=Anne-Lise |last2=Luis |first2=Aurélie |last3=Colotte |first3=Marthe |last4=Tuffet |first4=Sophie |last5=Bonnet |first5=Jacques |date=30 November 2017 |title=High DNA stability in white blood cells and buffy coat lysates stored at ambient temperature under anoxic and anhydrous atmosphere |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=11 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1288547F |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0188547 |pmc=5708797 |pmid=29190767 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana cire erythrocytes na dabbobi masu shayarwa suna da anucleate kuma ba su da DNA, don haka ana cire erythrocyte don nazarin DNA. Hanyar da aka saba amfani da ita ita ce adana samfurori na rigar buffy don warewar DNA na gaba kuma waɗannan na iya kasancewa a cikin ajiyar daskarewa na shekaru da yawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gustafson |first=Sarah |last2=Proper |first2=Jacqueline A. |last3=Bowie |first3=E. J. Walter |last4=Sommer |first4=Steve S. |date=1 September 1987 |title=Parameters affecting the yield of DNA from human blood |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0003269787902727 |journal=Analytical Biochemistry |language=en |volume=165 |issue=2 |pages=294–299 |doi=10.1016/0003-2697(87)90272-7 |issn=0003-2697 |pmid=3425899 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amfani da ganewa ==
Quantitative buffy coat (QBC), wanda ya dogara da centrifugal stratification na abubuwan da ke cikin jini, gwajin dakin gwaje-gwaje ne don gano kwayar cuta zazzabin cizon sauro, da sauran kwayar cutar jini.&lt;ref name=&quot;ahmed&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Nishat Hussain |last2=Samantaray |first2=Jyotish Chandra |date=2014 |title=Quantitative Buffy Coat Analysis-An Effective Tool for Diagnosing Blood Parasites |journal=Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=DH01 |doi=10.7860/JCDR/2014/7559.4258 |issn=2249-782X |pmc=4064892 |pmid=24959448}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana ɗaukar jinin a cikin bututun capillary na QBC wanda aka rufe shi da orange na acridine (dayi mai haske) kuma an haɗa shi da centrifuged; ƙwayoyin erythrocytes masu haske suna mai da hankali a cikin wani Layer wanda za'a iya lura da shi ta hanyar microscopy na haske, [1] a ƙarƙashin radiation ultraviolet a cikin dubawa tsakanin erythroclites da buffy coat. Wannan gwajin ya fi dacewa da ƙarancin ƙwayoyin cuta na al'ada kuma a cikin sama da 90% na lokuta ana iya gano nau'in kwayar cuta.[2][3]

A lokuta na ƙarancin ƙididdigar leukocyte, yana iya zama da wahala a yi bambancin hannu na nau'ikan su daban-daban kuma yana iya zama kusan ba zai yiwu a sami bambancin atomatik ba. A irin waɗannan lokuta, masanin kimiyyar likita na iya samun rigar buffy, wanda aka yi jini. Wannan shafawa ya ƙunshi adadi mafi girma na leukocytes fiye da dukan jini.

== Binciken Kiwon Lafiya ==
Tunda tufafin buffy galibi ya ƙunshi leukocytes, yana da amfani a binciken likitancin ɗan adam, musamman a lokuta inda jini shine kawai samfurin gwaji. Ana iya cire kwayoyin mononuclear na jini (PBMCs) daga rigar buffy, kuma ana iya daskarewa don adanawa, ko amfani da su don gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na rigakafi.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Kwayoyin leukocytes
* Ficoll
* [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|Malaria]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>dtq9uy8cio8lpc9wf41u8nz21i5kn7c</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855444</id>
      <parentid>855442</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T16:07:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>855444</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4840" sha1="1wv9k51p73iklibwqid6ll15cshqyxx" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

Rufin buffy shine ɓangaren samfurin [[jini]] wanda ya ƙunshi mafi yawan leukocytes da thrombocytes bayan centrifugation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|journal=A John}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayyanawa ==

Bayan centrifugation, mutum na iya rarrabe wani Layer na ruwa mai haske (Plasma), Layer na jan ruwa dauke da erythrocytes, da kuma wani m Layer a tsakanin. Ya ƙunshi ƙasa da 1% na jimlar samfurin jini, rigar buff (wanda ake kira saboda yawanci yana da launi), ya ƙunshi mafi yawan leukocytes da thrombocytes. Rufin buffy yawanci fari ne a launi, amma wani lokacin kore ne idan samfurin jini ya ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na neutrophils, wanda ke da yawa a cikin myeloperoxidase mai launin kore.
[[Fayil:Krew_Frakcjonowana.jpg|thumb|320x320px|Jinin mutum bayan rabuwa ta hanyar centrifugation. Plasma (Layer na sama), buffy coat (tsakiya, fararen launi) da erythrocyte (ja jini) Layer (ƙasa) ana iya gani.]]
Ana amfani da rigar buffy don cire DNA, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mychaleckyj |first=Josyf C |last2=Farber |first2=Emily A |last3=Chmielewski |first3=Jessica |last4=Artale |first4=Jamie |last5=Light |first5=Laney S |last6=Bowden |first6=Donald W |last7=Hou |first7=Xuanlin |last8=Marcovina |first8=Santica M |date=10 June 2011 |title=Buffy coat specimens remain viable as a DNA source for highly multiplexed genome-wide genetic tests after long term storage |journal=Journal of Translational Medicine |volume=9 |doi=10.1186/1479-5876-9-91 |issn=1479-5876 |pmc=3128059 |pmid=21663644 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da leukocytes da ke ba da kusan sau 10 mafi yawan tushen ƙwayoyin nucleated. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fabre |first=Anne-Lise |last2=Luis |first2=Aurélie |last3=Colotte |first3=Marthe |last4=Tuffet |first4=Sophie |last5=Bonnet |first5=Jacques |date=30 November 2017 |title=High DNA stability in white blood cells and buffy coat lysates stored at ambient temperature under anoxic and anhydrous atmosphere |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=11 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1288547F |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0188547 |pmc=5708797 |pmid=29190767 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana cire erythrocytes na dabbobi masu shayarwa suna da anucleate kuma ba su da DNA, don haka ana cire erythrocyte don nazarin DNA. Hanyar da aka saba amfani da ita ita ce adana samfurori na rigar buffy don warewar DNA na gaba kuma waɗannan na iya kasancewa a cikin ajiyar daskarewa na shekaru da yawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gustafson |first=Sarah |last2=Proper |first2=Jacqueline A. |last3=Bowie |first3=E. J. Walter |last4=Sommer |first4=Steve S. |date=1 September 1987 |title=Parameters affecting the yield of DNA from human blood |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0003269787902727 |journal=Analytical Biochemistry |language=en |volume=165 |issue=2 |pages=294–299 |doi=10.1016/0003-2697(87)90272-7 |issn=0003-2697 |pmid=3425899 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amfani da ganewa ==
Quantitative buffy coat (QBC), wanda ya dogara da centrifugal stratification na abubuwan da ke cikin jini, gwajin dakin gwaje-gwaje ne don gano kwayar cuta zazzabin cizon sauro, da sauran kwayar cutar jini.&lt;ref name=&quot;ahmed&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Nishat Hussain |last2=Samantaray |first2=Jyotish Chandra |date=2014 |title=Quantitative Buffy Coat Analysis-An Effective Tool for Diagnosing Blood Parasites |journal=Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=DH01 |doi=10.7860/JCDR/2014/7559.4258 |issn=2249-782X |pmc=4064892 |pmid=24959448}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana ɗaukar jinin a cikin bututun capillary na QBC wanda aka rufe shi da orange na acridine (dayi mai haske) kuma an haɗa shi da centrifuged; ƙwayoyin erythrocytes masu haske suna mai da hankali a cikin wani Layer wanda za'a iya lura da shi ta hanyar microscopy na haske, [1] a ƙarƙashin radiation ultraviolet a cikin dubawa tsakanin erythroclites da buffy coat. Wannan gwajin ya fi dacewa da ƙarancin ƙwayoyin cuta na al'ada kuma a cikin sama da 90% na lokuta ana iya gano nau'in kwayar cuta.[2][3]

A lokuta na ƙarancin ƙididdigar leukocyte, yana iya zama da wahala a yi bambancin hannu na nau'ikan su daban-daban kuma yana iya zama kusan ba zai yiwu a sami bambancin atomatik ba. A irin waɗannan lokuta, masanin kimiyyar likita na iya samun rigar buffy, wanda aka yi jini. Wannan shafawa ya ƙunshi adadi mafi girma na leukocytes fiye da dukan jini.

== Binciken Kiwon Lafiya ==
Tunda tufafin buffy galibi ya ƙunshi leukocytes, yana da amfani a binciken likitancin ɗan adam, musamman a lokuta inda jini shine kawai samfurin gwaji. Ana iya cire kwayoyin mononuclear na jini (PBMCs) daga rigar buffy, kuma ana iya daskarewa don adanawa, ko amfani da su don gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na rigakafi.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Kwayoyin leukocytes
* Ficoll
* [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|Malaria]]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>1wv9k51p73iklibwqid6ll15cshqyxx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Scale na Blantyre coma</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>156922</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855445</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T16:07:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1280560040|Blantyre coma scale]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855445</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1471" sha1="ta2nmf21hnd4g7ccz7ptx21g1q8y59k" xml:space="preserve">Sikeli na Blantyre shine gyare-gyare na Sikeli ne na Pediatric Glasgow, wanda aka tsara don tantance [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|cutar zazzabin cizon sauro]] a cikin yara.

Terrie Taylor da Malcolm Molyneux ne suka tsara shi a cikin 1987, kuma an sanya masa suna ne don birnin [[Malawi|Malawian]] na Blantyre, shafin yanar gizon Blantyre Malaria Project . 

== Yin amfani da sikelin ==
Sakamakon da aka sanya ta hanyar sikelin Blantyre shine lamba daga 0 zuwa 5. Ana ƙayyade ƙimar ta hanyar ƙara sakamakon daga ƙungiyoyi uku: amsawar Motar, amsawar magana, da motsi na ido.

Mafi ƙarancin ci shine 0 wanda ke nuna sakamako mara kyau yayin da matsakaicin shine 5 yana nuna sakamako mai kyau. Dukkanin maki a kasa da 5 ana daukar su da ba daidai ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bcs4yc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Blantyre Coma Scale for Young Children |url=http://www.medal.org/visitor/www%5CActive%5Cch17%5Cch17.01%5Cch17.01.03.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Motsi na ido ===

* 1 - Tsaro ko biye
* 0 - Ya kasa kallo ko bi

=== Amsa mafi kyau na mota ===

* 2 - Yana gano abin da ke motsawa mai raɗaɗi (ikon mai haƙuri na cire abubuwan da ke motsa jiki) 
* 1 - Yana janye gaɓoɓin daga motsawa mai raɗaɗi
* 0 - Babu amsa ko amsa mara kyau

=== Amsa mafi kyau na baki ===

* 2 - Yana kuka yadda ya kamata tare da ciwo, ko, idan magana, yana magana
* 1 - Rashin ƙarfi ko kuka mara kyau tare da ciwo
* 0 - Babu amsawar murya ga ciwo

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>ta2nmf21hnd4g7ccz7ptx21g1q8y59k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855446</id>
      <parentid>855445</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T16:07:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>855446</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1484" sha1="p5am4awrvtyb9tq3m5iovsa4sp2nxyk" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

Sikeli na Blantyre shine gyare-gyare na Sikeli ne na Pediatric Glasgow, wanda aka tsara don tantance [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|cutar zazzabin cizon sauro]] a cikin yara.

Terrie Taylor da Malcolm Molyneux ne suka tsara shi a cikin 1987, kuma an sanya masa suna ne don birnin [[Malawi|Malawian]] na Blantyre, shafin yanar gizon Blantyre Malaria Project . 

== Yin amfani da sikelin ==
Sakamakon da aka sanya ta hanyar sikelin Blantyre shine lamba daga 0 zuwa 5. Ana ƙayyade ƙimar ta hanyar ƙara sakamakon daga ƙungiyoyi uku: amsawar Motar, amsawar magana, da motsi na ido.

Mafi ƙarancin ci shine 0 wanda ke nuna sakamako mara kyau yayin da matsakaicin shine 5 yana nuna sakamako mai kyau. Dukkanin maki a kasa da 5 ana daukar su da ba daidai ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bcs4yc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Blantyre Coma Scale for Young Children |url=http://www.medal.org/visitor/www%5CActive%5Cch17%5Cch17.01%5Cch17.01.03.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Motsi na ido ===

* 1 - Tsaro ko biye
* 0 - Ya kasa kallo ko bi

=== Amsa mafi kyau na mota ===

* 2 - Yana gano abin da ke motsawa mai raɗaɗi (ikon mai haƙuri na cire abubuwan da ke motsa jiki) 
* 1 - Yana janye gaɓoɓin daga motsawa mai raɗaɗi
* 0 - Babu amsa ko amsa mara kyau

=== Amsa mafi kyau na baki ===

* 2 - Yana kuka yadda ya kamata tare da ciwo, ko, idan magana, yana magana
* 1 - Rashin ƙarfi ko kuka mara kyau tare da ciwo
* 0 - Babu amsawar murya ga ciwo

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>p5am4awrvtyb9tq3m5iovsa4sp2nxyk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rashin zazzabin Blackwater</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>156923</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855447</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T16:08:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351356948|Blackwater fever]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855447</origin>
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Blackwater zazzabi wani mummunar rikitarwa ne na kamuwa da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] wanda kwayar cutar ''Plasmodium'' (wanda sauro ke watsawa) ke haifar da jan ƙwayoyin jini su fashe a cikin jini (hemolysis), suna sakin Haemoglobin kai tsaye a cikin jijiyoyin jini da cikin fitsari, sau da yawa yana haifar da gazawar koda. An fara danganta cutar da zazzabin cizon sauro ne daga likitan Saliyo Creole [[John Farrell Easmon]] a cikin littafinsa na 1884 mai taken The Nature and Treatment of Blackwater Fever . Easmon ya kirkiro sunan &quot;blackwater fever&quot; kuma shine na farko da ya samu nasarar magance irin waɗannan lokuta bayan bugawa da littafinsa. Cutar ba ta da yawa a yau fiye da yadda ta kasance kafin 1950.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid12355996&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bruneel, F. |last2=B. Gacho |last3=M. Wolff |display-authors=etal |year=2002 |title=Blackwater fever |journal=Presse Médicale |language=fr |volume=31 |issue=28 |pages=1329–34 |pmid=12355996}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilin da ya sa ==
Blackwater zazzabi ya samo asali ne daga mummunan kwayar cutar jan jini tare da Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium vivax&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; infection in the acquired immune deficiency syndromePlasmodium malariae, [1] ko Plasmodium knowlesi, [2] kuma mai yiwuwa wani martani na rigakafi jiki wanda ya haifar da hulɗar kwayar cutar da amfani da quinine. [3] Duk da yake quinine ya kasance mai mahimmanci don maganin zazzabin cizon sauro, ba a amfani dashi don rigakafin zazzabin sauro.[4] An kuma danganta shari'o'in ga Plasmodium vivax . [5]

== Binciken ganewa ==
Ana iya zargin zazzabin Blackwater a cikin mai haƙuri na zazzabin cizon sauro wanda ke wucewa cikin ja zuwa baƙar fata, kuma ana gano shi ta amfani da gwajin dipstick na fitsari, wanda zai kasance mai kyau ga haemoglobin. Microscopy na fitsari zai zama mara kyau ga erythrocytes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Di Biase |first=Anna Rita |last2=Buonfrate |first2=Dora |last3=Stefanelli |first3=Francesca |last4=Zavarise |first4=Giorgio |last5=Franceschini |first5=Erica |last6=Mussini |first6=Cristina |last7=Iughetti |first7=Lorenzo |last8=Gobbi |first8=Federico |date=April 2023 |title=Blackwater Fever Treated with Steroids in Nonimmune Patient, Italy |url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/29/4/22-1267_article |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=831–833 |doi=10.3201/eid2904.221267 |issn=1080-6040 |pmc=10045699 |pmid=36958024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Magani ==
Ana kula da zazzabin Blackwater tare da maganin rigakafin zazzabin cizon sauro, ruwa mai narkewa kuma wani lokacin kulawa mai tallafi kamar kulawa mai tsanani da dialysis. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2022}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

*

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>jvspladrj0043hf0lkco0vxll2l4bdw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855448</id>
      <parentid>855447</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T16:08:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>855448</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2988" sha1="29w07s61tsdbcgjuhk6v1nengk4tp9t" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

Blackwater zazzabi wani mummunar rikitarwa ne na kamuwa da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] wanda kwayar cutar ''Plasmodium'' (wanda sauro ke watsawa) ke haifar da jan ƙwayoyin jini su fashe a cikin jini (hemolysis), suna sakin Haemoglobin kai tsaye a cikin jijiyoyin jini da cikin fitsari, sau da yawa yana haifar da gazawar koda. An fara danganta cutar da zazzabin cizon sauro ne daga likitan Saliyo Creole [[John Farrell Easmon]] a cikin littafinsa na 1884 mai taken The Nature and Treatment of Blackwater Fever . Easmon ya kirkiro sunan &quot;blackwater fever&quot; kuma shine na farko da ya samu nasarar magance irin waɗannan lokuta bayan bugawa da littafinsa. Cutar ba ta da yawa a yau fiye da yadda ta kasance kafin 1950.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid12355996&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bruneel, F. |last2=B. Gacho |last3=M. Wolff |display-authors=etal |year=2002 |title=Blackwater fever |journal=Presse Médicale |language=fr |volume=31 |issue=28 |pages=1329–34 |pmid=12355996}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilin da ya sa ==
Blackwater zazzabi ya samo asali ne daga mummunan kwayar cutar jan jini tare da Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium vivax&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; infection in the acquired immune deficiency syndromePlasmodium malariae, [1] ko Plasmodium knowlesi, [2] kuma mai yiwuwa wani martani na rigakafi jiki wanda ya haifar da hulɗar kwayar cutar da amfani da quinine. [3] Duk da yake quinine ya kasance mai mahimmanci don maganin zazzabin cizon sauro, ba a amfani dashi don rigakafin zazzabin sauro.[4] An kuma danganta shari'o'in ga Plasmodium vivax . [5]

== Binciken ganewa ==
Ana iya zargin zazzabin Blackwater a cikin mai haƙuri na zazzabin cizon sauro wanda ke wucewa cikin ja zuwa baƙar fata, kuma ana gano shi ta amfani da gwajin dipstick na fitsari, wanda zai kasance mai kyau ga haemoglobin. Microscopy na fitsari zai zama mara kyau ga erythrocytes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Di Biase |first=Anna Rita |last2=Buonfrate |first2=Dora |last3=Stefanelli |first3=Francesca |last4=Zavarise |first4=Giorgio |last5=Franceschini |first5=Erica |last6=Mussini |first6=Cristina |last7=Iughetti |first7=Lorenzo |last8=Gobbi |first8=Federico |date=April 2023 |title=Blackwater Fever Treated with Steroids in Nonimmune Patient, Italy |url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/29/4/22-1267_article |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=831–833 |doi=10.3201/eid2904.221267 |issn=1080-6040 |pmc=10045699 |pmid=36958024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Magani ==
Ana kula da zazzabin Blackwater tare da maganin rigakafin zazzabin cizon sauro, ruwa mai narkewa kuma wani lokacin kulawa mai tallafi kamar kulawa mai tsanani da dialysis. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2022}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

*

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Ruwa hyacinth a cikin Tafkin Victoria</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358651078|Water hyacinth in Lake Victoria]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="17152" sha1="ph9pxpctdgz2e4iahpsqvyh2o744jw2" xml:space="preserve">'''Ruwan hyacinth''' babban nau'in shuke-shuke ne da ke mamaye '''[[Tafkin Victoria]]''' . Duk da cewa asalinsa daga nahiyar Kudancin Amurka ne, ayyukan ɗan adam sun gabatar da shukar zuwa Tafkin Victoria a shekarun 1980. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information |first=Bureau of Public Affairs |title=Case Study: Water Hyacinth |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/oes/ocns/inv/cs/2299.htm |access-date=2026-04-04 |website=2001-2009.state.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana shafar yanayin muhalli na gida da mutane. Kasancewar hyacinth na ruwa a Tafkin Victoria yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin iskar oxygen da ke narkewa a cikin ruwa da kuma ƙaruwar acidity na ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Harun |first=Irina |last2=Pushiri |first2=Hafizah |last3=Amirul-Aiman |first3=Ahmad Juhari |last4=Zulkeflee |first4=Zufarzaana |date=2021-08-06 |title=Invasive Water Hyacinth: Ecology, Impacts and Prospects for the Rural Economy |journal=Plants (Basel, Switzerland) |volume=10 |issue=8 |page=1613 |bibcode=2021Plnts..10.1613H |doi=10.3390/plants10081613 |issn=2223-7747 |pmc=8401593 |pmid=34451658 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan yana da alaƙa da haɗarin kamuwa da zazzabin cizon sauro, schistosomiasis, da kwalara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water Hyacinth in Africa and the Middle East |url=https://idrc-crdi.ca/sites/default/files/openebooks/933-x/ |access-date=2026-04-04 |website=idrc-crdi.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt; A fannin tattalin arziki, ciyawar ta lalata masana'antar kamun kifi ta hanyar rage kama kifi, da jigilar jiragen ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Hang |last2=Tan |first2=Tan |last3=Ren |first3=Gui |last4=Liu |first4=Yunli |last5=Liu |first5=Zisen |last6=Xia |first6=Shibin |last7=Wu |first7=Zhenbin |last8=Zhang |first8=Yi |date=2025-07-01 |title=The dual nature of water hyacinth (Pontederia crassipes): Environmental threats and sustainable solutions |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772735125000022 |journal=Water Biology and Security |volume=4 |issue=3 |bibcode=2025WBSec...400359Y |doi=10.1016/j.watbs.2025.100359 |issn=2772-7351}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi amfani da magungunan hana ƙwayoyin cuta don sarrafa ci gaban hyacinth na ruwa, kuma ana amfani da sa ido kan tauraron dan adam don bin diddigin yaɗuwarsa.

== Tarihi ==
Ainihin lokaci da wurin da aka shigar da hyacinth na ruwa cikin Afirka ya kasance batun muhawara. Ganin yadda ake yaba furanninsa saboda kyawunsu, wataƙila 'yan mulkin mallaka na Belgium a Rwanda da Burundi sun kawo shi a matsayin kayan ado na tafkunan lambu.  A halin yanzu ana hasashen hyacinth na ruwa ya shiga Tafkin Victoria ta hanyar [[Ruwanda]] ta [[Kogin Kagera]],  wataƙila a shekarun 1980 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Güereña |first=David |last2=Neufeldt |first2=Henry |last3=Berazneva |first3=Julia |last4=Duby |first4=Sam |date=2015-07-01 |title=Water hyacinth control in Lake Victoria: Transforming an ecological catastrophe into economic, social, and environmental benefits |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S235255091500010X |journal=Sustainable Production and Consumption |volume=3 |pages=59–69 |bibcode=2015SusPC...3...59G |doi=10.1016/j.spc.2015.06.003 |issn=2352-5509}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Tun daga lokacin hyacinth ya bazu cikin yalwa, saboda rashin masu farauta na halitta, yalwar sarari, da yanayin zafi mai kyau. Akwai wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki a cikin tafkin, wanda ya ƙara ta'azzara sakamakon ƙaruwar gurɓataccen ƙarfe mai nauyi .  

Yawan hyacinths na ruwa ya ƙaru cikin sauri tsakanin 1992 da 1998. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kateregga |first=Eseza |last2=Sterner |first2=Thomas |date=2007-04-01 |title=Indicators for an invasive species: Water hyacinths in Lake Victoria |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X06000264 |journal=Ecological Indicators |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=362–370 |bibcode=2007EcInd...7..362K |doi=10.1016/j.ecolind.2006.02.008 |issn=1470-160X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawansu ya ragu sosai a shekarar 2001, amma tun daga lokacin ya sake ƙaruwa zuwa ƙaramin mataki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indicators for an invasive species: Water Hyacinths in Lake Victoria {{!}} EfD - Initiative |url=http://www.efdinitiative.org/publications/indicators-invasive-species-water-hyacinths-lake-victoria |access-date=2026-04-04 |website=www.efdinitiative.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This statement refers to current events and needs references to newer reliable sources. (February 2025)&quot;&gt;zai iya zama tsufa kamar yadda yake a watan Fabrairun 2025&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Dabaru na kula da su sun haɗa da sarrafa kwari da kuma ƙoƙarin tsaftace bakin teku da hannu.  Ba kasafai ake kawar da kamuwa da cutar hyacinth a cikin ruwa gaba ɗaya ba; maimakon haka, dole ne a ci gaba da sarrafa su don hana sake girma da yawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;UnitedNations&quot;&gt;United Nations News Highlights, &quot;Fighting water weeds in West Africa.&quot; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 16Aug2000. United Nations. 19 May 2008 {{Dead link|date=August 2025}}
[[Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2025]]
[[Category:Articles with permanently dead external links]]
&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[Wikipedia:Link rot|&lt;span title=&quot; Dead link tagged August 2025&quot;&gt;permanent dead link&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ci gaba ==
Ruwan hyacinth yana shafar mutanen da ke zaune a kusa da Tafkin Victoria. Yaɗuwar sa ya dakatar da kamun kifi ta hanyar rage kamawa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Sage Journals: Discover world-class research |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/action/cookieAbsent |language=en |doi=10.1177/1070496508329467 |access-date=2026-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Duk da cewa wannan ya hana kamun kifi fiye da kima, ya kuma haifar da asarar tattalin arziki. Kasancewar hyacinth na ruwa ya ƙara yawan kamuwa da cututtuka, domin yana samar da wuraren kiwon [[sauro]] da sauran kwari. Wannan ya haifar da haɗarin kamuwa da kuraje a fata, tari, [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]], [[Cutar ƙwaƙwalwa|encephalitis]], matsalolin ciki, da kuma [[Masasaku|bilharzia]] / [[Masasaku|schistosomiasis]] . Ruwan hyacinth yana kuma shafar maganin ruwa, ban ruwa, da kuma [[Samar da Ruwa|samar da ruwa]] .  Yana iya shaƙe rayuwar ruwa ta hanyar cire iskar oxygen daga ruwan, kuma yana rage abubuwan gina jiki ga ƙananan kifaye a wuraren da aka killace. Ya toshe hanyoyin samar da abinci ga masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki, yana katse wutar lantarki ga birane baki ɗaya. Wannan ciyawar kuma tana katse kamun kifi na gida, yana toshe hanyoyin shiga rairayin bakin teku. 

Akwai kuma alamun cewa hyacinths na ruwa na iya samar da fa'idodi ga Yankin Tafkin Victoria.  An dasa hyacinths na ruwa a yunƙurin tsarkake ruwan eutrophic .  Da zarar an kafa shi, ana iya girbe shuke-shuken kuma a yi amfani da su don samar da biogas,  taki, da sauran abubuwa.  A cikin 2018, an sanya na'urorin tace gas guda biyu a ƙauyen Dunga da ke Kenya, tare da an shirya za a sanya wasu da yawa a Kenya.  Ana iya gwada hyacinth na ruwa don wasu amfani, kamar kokwamba na teku wanda ake amfani da shi don yin wasu magunguna daga chitin da chitosan. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Ilimin Halittu ===
Daidaiton muhallin Tafkin Victoria yana raguwa musamman saboda ruwan da ke yaɗuwa, domin yana rage ingancin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da sinadarai da kuma sinadaran da ke cikinsa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tobias |first=Vanessa D. |last2=Conrad |first2=J. Louise |last3=Mahardja |first3=Brian |last4=Khanna |first4=Shruti |date=2019-12-01 |title=Impacts of water hyacinth treatment on water quality in a tidal estuarine environment |journal=Biological Invasions |language=en |volume=21 |issue=12 |pages=3479–3490 |bibcode=2019BiInv..21.3479T |doi=10.1007/s10530-019-02061-2 |issn=1573-1464}}&lt;/ref&gt; Girmansa mai yawa yana samar da tabarmi a saman tafkin, wanda ke hana hasken rana shiga cikin ruwa, da kuma haɗa ruwa da iska ke yi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kiyemba |first=Hussein |last2=Barasa |first2=Bernard |last3=Asaba |first3=Joyfred |last4=Makoba Gudoyi |first4=Paul |last5=Akello |first5=Gertrude |date=2023-03-31 |editor-last=Vasanthavigar |editor-first=M. |title=Water Hyacinth's Extent and Its Implication on Water Quality in Lake Victoria, Uganda |journal=The Scientific World Journal |language=en |volume=2023 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1155/2023/4947272 |issn=1537-744X |pmc=10081902 |pmid=37035537 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin isasshen hasken rana yana rage yawan amfanin phytoplankton, wanda, tare da raguwar haɗakar ruwa yana haifar da raguwar iskar oxygen da ke narkewa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Villamagna |first=A. M. |last2=Murphy |first2=B. R. |date=2010 |title=Ecological and socio-economic impacts of invasive water hyacinth ( Eichhornia crassipes ): a review |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02294.x |journal=Freshwater Biology |language=en |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=282–298 |bibcode=2010FrBio..55..282V |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02294.x |issn=0046-5070}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kasancewar hyacinth na ruwa yana ƙara zafin ruwa, wanda yake da mahimmanci saboda ruwan ɗumi yana kuma ɗauke da ƙarancin iskar oxygen da ke narkewa, kuma yana ƙara narkewar sinadarai masu guba waɗanda za su iya kasancewa a cikin tafkin kamar [[zinc]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Hakanan yana ƙara yawan acidity na ruwa, wanda zai iya ƙara narkar da sinadarai masu guba da kuma canza sinadaran ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kiyemba |first=Hussein |last2=Barasa |first2=Bernard |last3=Asaba |first3=Joyfred |last4=Makoba Gudoyi |first4=Paul |last5=Akello |first5=Gertrude |date=2023 |title=Water Hyacinth's Extent and Its Implication on Water Quality in Lake Victoria, Uganda |journal=TheScientificWorldJournal |volume=2023 |doi=10.1155/2023/4947272 |issn=1537-744X |pmc=10081902 |pmid=37035537 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Waɗannan yanayi suna haifar da wahala ga halittu a cikin tafkin, musamman hypoxia da ƙarancin abinci ga kifayen planktivorous . Kasancewar hyacinth na ruwa kuma yana shafar kwari na ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=VILLAMAGNA |first=A. M. |last2=MURPHY |first2=B. R. |date=2010-01-13 |title=Ecological and socio-economic impacts of invasive water hyacinth (&lt;i&gt;Eichhornia crassipes&lt;/i&gt;): a review |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02294.x |journal=Freshwater Biology |language=en |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=282–298 |bibcode=2010FrBio..55..282V |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02294.x |issn=0046-5070 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230529213805/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02294.x |archive-date=2023-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Canje-canje a cikin yanayin yanar gizo na abinci yana canza matakan trophic mafi girma wanda ke haifar da raguwar asarar bambancin halittu. Ruwan hyacinth na iya shafar wuraren haihuwa, kamar waɗanda ake amfani da su a ƙasar da ake kira tilapia . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ogutu-Ohwayo |first=Richard |date=1990 |title=The decline of the native fishes of lakes Victoria and Kyoga (East Africa) and the impact of introduced species, especially the Nile perch, Lates niloticus, and the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus |url=https://zenodo.org/records/18179735 |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=81–96 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.18179735}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ongore |first=Collins Onyango |last2=Aura |first2=Christopher Mulanda |last3=Ogari |first3=Zachary |last4=Njiru |first4=James M. |last5=Nyamweya |first5=Chrisphine Sangara |date=2018-12-01 |title=Spatial-temporal dynamics of water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) and other macrophytes and their impact on fisheries in Lake Victoria, Kenya |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0380133018301850 |journal=Journal of Great Lakes Research |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=1273–1280 |bibcode=2018JGLR...44.1273O |doi=10.1016/j.jglr.2018.10.001 |issn=0380-1330}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lafiyar ɗan adam ===
Tarin ruwa a ƙarƙashin tabarmar ciyawa wani wuri ne da sauro na Anopheles ke taruwa, waɗanda su ne manyan masu ɗauke da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|cutar maleriya]] a yankin Tafkin Victoria. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=VILLAMAGNA |first=A. M. |last2=MURPHY |first2=B. R. |date=2010-01-13 |title=Ecological and socio-economic impacts of invasive water hyacinth (&lt;i&gt;Eichhornia crassipes&lt;/i&gt;): a review |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02294.x |journal=Freshwater Biology |language=en |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=282–298 |bibcode=2010FrBio..55..282V |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02294.x |issn=0046-5070 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230529213805/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02294.x |archive-date=2023-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Minakawa |first=Noboru |last2=Dida |first2=Gabriel O. |last3=Sonye |first3=George O. |last4=Futami |first4=Kyoko |last5=Njenga |first5=Sammy M. |date=2012-03-08 |title=Malaria Vectors in Lake Victoria and Adjacent Habitats in Western Kenya |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...732725M |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0032725 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3297610 |pmid=22412913 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gezie |first=Ayenew |last2=Assefa |first2=Workiyie Worie |last3=Getnet |first3=Belachew |last4=Anteneh |first4=Wassie |last5=Dejen |first5=Eshete |last6=Mereta |first6=Seid Tiku |date=2018 |title=Potential impacts of water hyacinth invasion and management on water quality and human health in Lake Tana watershed, Northwest Ethiopia |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10530-018-1717-0 |journal=Biological Invasions |language=en |volume=20 |issue=9 |pages=2517–2534 |bibcode=2018BiInv..20.2517G |doi=10.1007/s10530-018-1717-0 |issn=1387-3547}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan hyacinth yana da alaƙa da ƙaruwar yawan katantanwa, wanda shine masaukin ''Schistosoma mansoni.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Plummer |first=Mary L. |date=2005-03-01 |title=Impact of Invasive Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) on Snail Hosts of Schistosomiasis in Lake Victoria, East Africa |journal=EcoHealth |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=81–86 |bibcode=2005EcoH....2...81P |doi=10.1007/s10393-004-0104-8 |issn=1612-9210}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Desautels |first=Daniel J. |last2=Hartman |first2=Rachel B. |last3=Weber |first3=Maggie E. |last4=Jacob |first4=Nathan |last5=Sun |first5=Andrew |last6=Civitello |first6=David J. |date=2023 |title=Experimental water hyacinth invasion and destructive management increase human schistosome transmission potential |journal=Ecological Applications |language=en |volume=33 |issue=2 |bibcode=2023EcoAp..33E2767D |doi=10.1002/eap.2767 |issn=1051-0761 |pmc=9991957 |pmid=36268601}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan hyacinth mai sauƙi yana haifar da kamuwa da cutar schistosome ta ɗan adam, wanda aka sani da schistosomiasis. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Ruwan hyacinth kuma yana da alaƙa da yawan kamuwa da [[Amai da Gudawa|cutar kwalara]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Feikin |first=Daniel R. |last2=Tabu |first2=Collins W. |last3=Gichuki |first3=John |date=2010-08-05 |title=Does Water Hyacinth on East African Lakes Promote Cholera Outbreaks? |url=https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/83/2/article-p370.xml |journal=The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=370–373 |bibcode=2010AJTMH..83..370F |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0645 |issn=0002-9637 |pmc=2911187 |pmid=20682884}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa an sami kwalara a cikin adadi mai yawa akan hyacinths fiye da ruwan da ke kewaye, wanda zai iya ƙara rayuwa da kuma yaɗuwar cutar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Spira |first=William M. |last2=Huq |first2=Anwarul |last3=Ahmed |first3=Qazi Shafi |last4=Saeed |first4=Yusuf A. |date=1981 |title=Uptake of Vibrio cholerae Biotype eltor from Contaminated Water by Water Hyacinth ( Eichornia crassipes ) |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |language=en |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=550–553 |bibcode=1981ApEnM..42..550S |doi=10.1128/aem.42.3.550-553.1981 |issn=0099-2240 |pmc=244054 |pmid=7294788}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yin wanka a ciki da shan ruwa daga Tafkin Victoria na iya haifar da kamuwa da cutar kwalara. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Bugu da ƙari, tabarmar tana sa ya zama da wahala a sami wuraren ruwa, wanda zai iya ƙarfafa mazauna yankin su yi amfani da ruwan da aka gurbata. Don haka, haɗarin cututtuka kamar kwalara yana ƙaruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2006 |title=Lake Victoria Basin Environment Outlook: Environment and Development |url=https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3.sourceafrica.net/documents/120930/2006-Lake-Victoria-Basin-Environment-Outlook-UNEP.pdf |journal=UNEP / Pan African START Secretariat}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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      <text bytes="17164" sha1="ggearktt8uiqa6n463k56gz2nek086c" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Ruwan hyacinth''' babban nau'in shuke-shuke ne da ke mamaye '''[[Tafkin Victoria]]''' . Duk da cewa asalinsa daga nahiyar Kudancin Amurka ne, ayyukan ɗan adam sun gabatar da shukar zuwa Tafkin Victoria a shekarun 1980. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information |first=Bureau of Public Affairs |title=Case Study: Water Hyacinth |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/oes/ocns/inv/cs/2299.htm |access-date=2026-04-04 |website=2001-2009.state.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana shafar yanayin muhalli na gida da mutane. Kasancewar hyacinth na ruwa a Tafkin Victoria yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin iskar oxygen da ke narkewa a cikin ruwa da kuma ƙaruwar acidity na ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Harun |first=Irina |last2=Pushiri |first2=Hafizah |last3=Amirul-Aiman |first3=Ahmad Juhari |last4=Zulkeflee |first4=Zufarzaana |date=2021-08-06 |title=Invasive Water Hyacinth: Ecology, Impacts and Prospects for the Rural Economy |journal=Plants (Basel, Switzerland) |volume=10 |issue=8 |page=1613 |bibcode=2021Plnts..10.1613H |doi=10.3390/plants10081613 |issn=2223-7747 |pmc=8401593 |pmid=34451658 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakanan yana da alaƙa da haɗarin kamuwa da zazzabin cizon sauro, schistosomiasis, da kwalara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water Hyacinth in Africa and the Middle East |url=https://idrc-crdi.ca/sites/default/files/openebooks/933-x/ |access-date=2026-04-04 |website=idrc-crdi.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt; A fannin tattalin arziki, ciyawar ta lalata masana'antar kamun kifi ta hanyar rage kama kifi, da jigilar jiragen ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Hang |last2=Tan |first2=Tan |last3=Ren |first3=Gui |last4=Liu |first4=Yunli |last5=Liu |first5=Zisen |last6=Xia |first6=Shibin |last7=Wu |first7=Zhenbin |last8=Zhang |first8=Yi |date=2025-07-01 |title=The dual nature of water hyacinth (Pontederia crassipes): Environmental threats and sustainable solutions |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772735125000022 |journal=Water Biology and Security |volume=4 |issue=3 |bibcode=2025WBSec...400359Y |doi=10.1016/j.watbs.2025.100359 |issn=2772-7351}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi amfani da magungunan hana ƙwayoyin cuta don sarrafa ci gaban hyacinth na ruwa, kuma ana amfani da sa ido kan tauraron dan adam don bin diddigin yaɗuwarsa.

== Tarihi ==
Ainihin lokaci da wurin da aka shigar da hyacinth na ruwa cikin Afirka ya kasance batun muhawara. Ganin yadda ake yaba furanninsa saboda kyawunsu, wataƙila 'yan mulkin mallaka na Belgium a Rwanda da Burundi sun kawo shi a matsayin kayan ado na tafkunan lambu.  A halin yanzu ana hasashen hyacinth na ruwa ya shiga Tafkin Victoria ta hanyar [[Ruwanda]] ta [[Kogin Kagera]],  wataƙila a shekarun 1980 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Güereña |first=David |last2=Neufeldt |first2=Henry |last3=Berazneva |first3=Julia |last4=Duby |first4=Sam |date=2015-07-01 |title=Water hyacinth control in Lake Victoria: Transforming an ecological catastrophe into economic, social, and environmental benefits |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S235255091500010X |journal=Sustainable Production and Consumption |volume=3 |pages=59–69 |bibcode=2015SusPC...3...59G |doi=10.1016/j.spc.2015.06.003 |issn=2352-5509}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Tun daga lokacin hyacinth ya bazu cikin yalwa, saboda rashin masu farauta na halitta, yalwar sarari, da yanayin zafi mai kyau. Akwai wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki a cikin tafkin, wanda ya ƙara ta'azzara sakamakon ƙaruwar gurɓataccen ƙarfe mai nauyi .  

Yawan hyacinths na ruwa ya ƙaru cikin sauri tsakanin 1992 da 1998. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kateregga |first=Eseza |last2=Sterner |first2=Thomas |date=2007-04-01 |title=Indicators for an invasive species: Water hyacinths in Lake Victoria |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X06000264 |journal=Ecological Indicators |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=362–370 |bibcode=2007EcInd...7..362K |doi=10.1016/j.ecolind.2006.02.008 |issn=1470-160X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawansu ya ragu sosai a shekarar 2001, amma tun daga lokacin ya sake ƙaruwa zuwa ƙaramin mataki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indicators for an invasive species: Water Hyacinths in Lake Victoria {{!}} EfD - Initiative |url=http://www.efdinitiative.org/publications/indicators-invasive-species-water-hyacinths-lake-victoria |access-date=2026-04-04 |website=www.efdinitiative.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This statement refers to current events and needs references to newer reliable sources. (February 2025)&quot;&gt;zai iya zama tsufa kamar yadda yake a watan Fabrairun 2025&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Dabaru na kula da su sun haɗa da sarrafa kwari da kuma ƙoƙarin tsaftace bakin teku da hannu.  Ba kasafai ake kawar da kamuwa da cutar hyacinth a cikin ruwa gaba ɗaya ba; maimakon haka, dole ne a ci gaba da sarrafa su don hana sake girma da yawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;UnitedNations&quot;&gt;United Nations News Highlights, &quot;Fighting water weeds in West Africa.&quot; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 16Aug2000. United Nations. 19 May 2008 {{Dead link|date=August 2025}}
[[Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2025]]
[[Category:Articles with permanently dead external links]]
&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[Wikipedia:Link rot|&lt;span title=&quot; Dead link tagged August 2025&quot;&gt;permanent dead link&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ci gaba ==
Ruwan hyacinth yana shafar mutanen da ke zaune a kusa da Tafkin Victoria. Yaɗuwar sa ya dakatar da kamun kifi ta hanyar rage kamawa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Sage Journals: Discover world-class research |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/action/cookieAbsent |language=en |doi=10.1177/1070496508329467 |access-date=2026-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Duk da cewa wannan ya hana kamun kifi fiye da kima, ya kuma haifar da asarar tattalin arziki. Kasancewar hyacinth na ruwa ya ƙara yawan kamuwa da cututtuka, domin yana samar da wuraren kiwon [[sauro]] da sauran kwari. Wannan ya haifar da haɗarin kamuwa da kuraje a fata, tari, [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]], [[Cutar ƙwaƙwalwa|encephalitis]], matsalolin ciki, da kuma [[Masasaku|bilharzia]] / [[Masasaku|schistosomiasis]] . Ruwan hyacinth yana kuma shafar maganin ruwa, ban ruwa, da kuma [[Samar da Ruwa|samar da ruwa]] .  Yana iya shaƙe rayuwar ruwa ta hanyar cire iskar oxygen daga ruwan, kuma yana rage abubuwan gina jiki ga ƙananan kifaye a wuraren da aka killace. Ya toshe hanyoyin samar da abinci ga masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki, yana katse wutar lantarki ga birane baki ɗaya. Wannan ciyawar kuma tana katse kamun kifi na gida, yana toshe hanyoyin shiga rairayin bakin teku. 

Akwai kuma alamun cewa hyacinths na ruwa na iya samar da fa'idodi ga Yankin Tafkin Victoria.  An dasa hyacinths na ruwa a yunƙurin tsarkake ruwan eutrophic .  Da zarar an kafa shi, ana iya girbe shuke-shuken kuma a yi amfani da su don samar da biogas,  taki, da sauran abubuwa.  A cikin 2018, an sanya na'urorin tace gas guda biyu a ƙauyen Dunga da ke Kenya, tare da an shirya za a sanya wasu da yawa a Kenya.  Ana iya gwada hyacinth na ruwa don wasu amfani, kamar kokwamba na teku wanda ake amfani da shi don yin wasu magunguna daga chitin da chitosan. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Ilimin Halittu ===
Daidaiton muhallin Tafkin Victoria yana raguwa musamman saboda ruwan da ke yaɗuwa, domin yana rage ingancin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da sinadarai da kuma sinadaran da ke cikinsa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tobias |first=Vanessa D. |last2=Conrad |first2=J. Louise |last3=Mahardja |first3=Brian |last4=Khanna |first4=Shruti |date=2019-12-01 |title=Impacts of water hyacinth treatment on water quality in a tidal estuarine environment |journal=Biological Invasions |language=en |volume=21 |issue=12 |pages=3479–3490 |bibcode=2019BiInv..21.3479T |doi=10.1007/s10530-019-02061-2 |issn=1573-1464}}&lt;/ref&gt; Girmansa mai yawa yana samar da tabarmi a saman tafkin, wanda ke hana hasken rana shiga cikin ruwa, da kuma haɗa ruwa da iska ke yi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kiyemba |first=Hussein |last2=Barasa |first2=Bernard |last3=Asaba |first3=Joyfred |last4=Makoba Gudoyi |first4=Paul |last5=Akello |first5=Gertrude |date=2023-03-31 |editor-last=Vasanthavigar |editor-first=M. |title=Water Hyacinth's Extent and Its Implication on Water Quality in Lake Victoria, Uganda |journal=The Scientific World Journal |language=en |volume=2023 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1155/2023/4947272 |issn=1537-744X |pmc=10081902 |pmid=37035537 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rashin isasshen hasken rana yana rage yawan amfanin phytoplankton, wanda, tare da raguwar haɗakar ruwa yana haifar da raguwar iskar oxygen da ke narkewa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Villamagna |first=A. M. |last2=Murphy |first2=B. R. |date=2010 |title=Ecological and socio-economic impacts of invasive water hyacinth ( Eichhornia crassipes ): a review |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02294.x |journal=Freshwater Biology |language=en |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=282–298 |bibcode=2010FrBio..55..282V |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02294.x |issn=0046-5070}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kasancewar hyacinth na ruwa yana ƙara zafin ruwa, wanda yake da mahimmanci saboda ruwan ɗumi yana kuma ɗauke da ƙarancin iskar oxygen da ke narkewa, kuma yana ƙara narkewar sinadarai masu guba waɗanda za su iya kasancewa a cikin tafkin kamar [[zinc]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Hakanan yana ƙara yawan acidity na ruwa, wanda zai iya ƙara narkar da sinadarai masu guba da kuma canza sinadaran ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kiyemba |first=Hussein |last2=Barasa |first2=Bernard |last3=Asaba |first3=Joyfred |last4=Makoba Gudoyi |first4=Paul |last5=Akello |first5=Gertrude |date=2023 |title=Water Hyacinth's Extent and Its Implication on Water Quality in Lake Victoria, Uganda |journal=TheScientificWorldJournal |volume=2023 |doi=10.1155/2023/4947272 |issn=1537-744X |pmc=10081902 |pmid=37035537 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Waɗannan yanayi suna haifar da wahala ga halittu a cikin tafkin, musamman hypoxia da ƙarancin abinci ga kifayen planktivorous . Kasancewar hyacinth na ruwa kuma yana shafar kwari na ruwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=VILLAMAGNA |first=A. M. |last2=MURPHY |first2=B. R. |date=2010-01-13 |title=Ecological and socio-economic impacts of invasive water hyacinth (&lt;i&gt;Eichhornia crassipes&lt;/i&gt;): a review |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02294.x |journal=Freshwater Biology |language=en |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=282–298 |bibcode=2010FrBio..55..282V |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02294.x |issn=0046-5070 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230529213805/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02294.x |archive-date=2023-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Canje-canje a cikin yanayin yanar gizo na abinci yana canza matakan trophic mafi girma wanda ke haifar da raguwar asarar bambancin halittu. Ruwan hyacinth na iya shafar wuraren haihuwa, kamar waɗanda ake amfani da su a ƙasar da ake kira tilapia . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ogutu-Ohwayo |first=Richard |date=1990 |title=The decline of the native fishes of lakes Victoria and Kyoga (East Africa) and the impact of introduced species, especially the Nile perch, Lates niloticus, and the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus |url=https://zenodo.org/records/18179735 |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=81–96 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.18179735}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ongore |first=Collins Onyango |last2=Aura |first2=Christopher Mulanda |last3=Ogari |first3=Zachary |last4=Njiru |first4=James M. |last5=Nyamweya |first5=Chrisphine Sangara |date=2018-12-01 |title=Spatial-temporal dynamics of water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) and other macrophytes and their impact on fisheries in Lake Victoria, Kenya |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0380133018301850 |journal=Journal of Great Lakes Research |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=1273–1280 |bibcode=2018JGLR...44.1273O |doi=10.1016/j.jglr.2018.10.001 |issn=0380-1330}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lafiyar ɗan adam ===
Tarin ruwa a ƙarƙashin tabarmar ciyawa wani wuri ne da sauro na Anopheles ke taruwa, waɗanda su ne manyan masu ɗauke da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|cutar maleriya]] a yankin Tafkin Victoria. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=VILLAMAGNA |first=A. M. |last2=MURPHY |first2=B. R. |date=2010-01-13 |title=Ecological and socio-economic impacts of invasive water hyacinth (&lt;i&gt;Eichhornia crassipes&lt;/i&gt;): a review |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02294.x |journal=Freshwater Biology |language=en |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=282–298 |bibcode=2010FrBio..55..282V |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02294.x |issn=0046-5070 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230529213805/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02294.x |archive-date=2023-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Minakawa |first=Noboru |last2=Dida |first2=Gabriel O. |last3=Sonye |first3=George O. |last4=Futami |first4=Kyoko |last5=Njenga |first5=Sammy M. |date=2012-03-08 |title=Malaria Vectors in Lake Victoria and Adjacent Habitats in Western Kenya |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...732725M |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0032725 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3297610 |pmid=22412913 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gezie |first=Ayenew |last2=Assefa |first2=Workiyie Worie |last3=Getnet |first3=Belachew |last4=Anteneh |first4=Wassie |last5=Dejen |first5=Eshete |last6=Mereta |first6=Seid Tiku |date=2018 |title=Potential impacts of water hyacinth invasion and management on water quality and human health in Lake Tana watershed, Northwest Ethiopia |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10530-018-1717-0 |journal=Biological Invasions |language=en |volume=20 |issue=9 |pages=2517–2534 |bibcode=2018BiInv..20.2517G |doi=10.1007/s10530-018-1717-0 |issn=1387-3547}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan hyacinth yana da alaƙa da ƙaruwar yawan katantanwa, wanda shine masaukin ''Schistosoma mansoni.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Plummer |first=Mary L. |date=2005-03-01 |title=Impact of Invasive Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) on Snail Hosts of Schistosomiasis in Lake Victoria, East Africa |journal=EcoHealth |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=81–86 |bibcode=2005EcoH....2...81P |doi=10.1007/s10393-004-0104-8 |issn=1612-9210}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Desautels |first=Daniel J. |last2=Hartman |first2=Rachel B. |last3=Weber |first3=Maggie E. |last4=Jacob |first4=Nathan |last5=Sun |first5=Andrew |last6=Civitello |first6=David J. |date=2023 |title=Experimental water hyacinth invasion and destructive management increase human schistosome transmission potential |journal=Ecological Applications |language=en |volume=33 |issue=2 |bibcode=2023EcoAp..33E2767D |doi=10.1002/eap.2767 |issn=1051-0761 |pmc=9991957 |pmid=36268601}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwan hyacinth mai sauƙi yana haifar da kamuwa da cutar schistosome ta ɗan adam, wanda aka sani da schistosomiasis. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Ruwan hyacinth kuma yana da alaƙa da yawan kamuwa da [[Amai da Gudawa|cutar kwalara]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Feikin |first=Daniel R. |last2=Tabu |first2=Collins W. |last3=Gichuki |first3=John |date=2010-08-05 |title=Does Water Hyacinth on East African Lakes Promote Cholera Outbreaks? |url=https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/83/2/article-p370.xml |journal=The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=370–373 |bibcode=2010AJTMH..83..370F |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0645 |issn=0002-9637 |pmc=2911187 |pmid=20682884}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa an sami kwalara a cikin adadi mai yawa akan hyacinths fiye da ruwan da ke kewaye, wanda zai iya ƙara rayuwa da kuma yaɗuwar cutar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Spira |first=William M. |last2=Huq |first2=Anwarul |last3=Ahmed |first3=Qazi Shafi |last4=Saeed |first4=Yusuf A. |date=1981 |title=Uptake of Vibrio cholerae Biotype eltor from Contaminated Water by Water Hyacinth ( Eichornia crassipes ) |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |language=en |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=550–553 |bibcode=1981ApEnM..42..550S |doi=10.1128/aem.42.3.550-553.1981 |issn=0099-2240 |pmc=244054 |pmid=7294788}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yin wanka a ciki da shan ruwa daga Tafkin Victoria na iya haifar da kamuwa da cutar kwalara. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Bugu da ƙari, tabarmar tana sa ya zama da wahala a sami wuraren ruwa, wanda zai iya ƙarfafa mazauna yankin su yi amfani da ruwan da aka gurbata. Don haka, haɗarin cututtuka kamar kwalara yana ƙaruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2006 |title=Lake Victoria Basin Environment Outlook: Environment and Development |url=https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3.sourceafrica.net/documents/120930/2006-Lake-Victoria-Basin-Environment-Outlook-UNEP.pdf |journal=UNEP / Pan African START Secretariat}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Tsibirin Sehel</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1320578402|Sehel Island]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Location map|Egypt}}'''Tsibirin Sehel''' ( Ancient Greek   ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TM Places |url=https://www.trismegistos.org/place/2105 |access-date=2020-06-22 |website=[[Trismegistos]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; yana cikin [[Nil|kogin Nilu]], kimanin {{Convert|2|mi|km}} kudu maso yammacin [[Aswan, Egypt|Aswan]] a kudancin [[Misra|Masar]] . Babban tsibiri ne, kuma yana da kusan rabin birnin da [[Aswan Low Dam|madatsar ruwan Aswan mai]] zurfi. 

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Tsibirin Sehel, wanda ya kai faɗin Kogin Nilu 3/4, shine babban tsibiri mafi girma a ƙarƙashin [[Ruwan ruwa na Kogin Nilu|Cataract na farko]] na Nilu da kuma Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan (1902). Bayan haka, manyan tsibiran bayan Sehel sune: Saluga, Ambunarti, [[Elephantine]], sannan [[Tsibirin El Nabatat|Tsibirin Kitchener]] . Akwai ƙananan tsibirai goma sha biyu da suka warwatse a kusa da su.

== Kayan tarihi na kayan tarihi ==
{{hiero|sṯt&lt;ref name = Gauthier94&gt;{{cite book |last1=Gauthier |first1=Henri |title=Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 5 |date=1928 |pages=94–95 |url=https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1928/page/n49/}}&lt;/ref&gt;|&lt;hiero&gt;s-T:t-S22-niwt&lt;/hiero&gt;&lt;hiero&gt;S22*t&lt;/hiero&gt;|align=right|era=ok}}{{hiero|sṯt(t)&lt;ref name = Gauthier94/&gt;&lt;ref name = Budge1037&gt;{{cite book |last1=Wallis Budge |first1=E. A. |title=An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II |date=1920 |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/egyptianhierogly02budguoft/page/1037 1037] |url=https://archive.org/details/egyptianhierogly02budguoft}}&lt;/ref&gt;|&lt;hiero&gt;S22:t*t-T14-xAst&lt;/hiero&gt;|align=left|era=egypt}}An san tsibirin da tsoffin tayal da ''Setet'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Switching... |url=http://www.thaliatook.com/OGOD/anuket.html |access-date=2018-02-24 |website=www.thaliatook.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma akwai wurare da yawa na kayan tarihi, ciki har da wurare masu tsarki, kamar haikalin Anuket, allahiyar ruwa ta Masar, da allahiyar katangar kogin Nilu.

Sehel gida ne ga wurin hakar dutse da ake amfani da shi a zamanin [[Tsohuwar Masar|daular Masar]], kuma akwai rubuce-rubuce da yawa a cikin duwatsun dutse na tsibirin. Matafiya galibi suna barin waɗannan rubuce-rubucen ne waɗanda ke nuna ko dai farkon ko ƙarshen tafiyarsu zuwa Nubia . Akwai rubuce-rubuce da yawa da suka shahara waɗanda ke rubuta tsoffin abubuwan tarihi. Ɗaya shine Farin Stela, wanda asalinsa daga Girka da Romawa ne, amma yana da'awar cewa yana rubuta abubuwan da suka faru tun zamanin Djoser da [[Maheru Imhotep|Imhotep]] .

== Hotunan Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fayil:Sehel_enscriptions.jpg|alt=Sehel Inscriptions, in island's granite boulders.| Rubuce-rubucen Sehel, a cikin duwatsun dutse na tsibirin.
Fayil:Sehel-steleFamine_(cropped).jpg|alt=The Famine Stela, Sehel Island.| Dutsen Yunwa, Tsibirin Sehel.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-12T16:12:32Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Engineer014</username>
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      <text bytes="3006" sha1="621379qg33s3hj8n9gmjjimwv9g0wez" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
{{Location map|Egypt}}'''Tsibirin Sehel''' ( Ancient Greek   ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TM Places |url=https://www.trismegistos.org/place/2105 |access-date=2020-06-22 |website=[[Trismegistos]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; yana cikin [[Nil|kogin Nilu]], kimanin {{Convert|2|mi|km}} kudu maso yammacin [[Aswan, Egypt|Aswan]] a kudancin [[Misra|Masar]] . Babban tsibiri ne, kuma yana da kusan rabin birnin da [[Aswan Low Dam|madatsar ruwan Aswan mai]] zurfi. 

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Tsibirin Sehel, wanda ya kai faɗin Kogin Nilu 3/4, shine babban tsibiri mafi girma a ƙarƙashin [[Ruwan ruwa na Kogin Nilu|Cataract na farko]] na Nilu da kuma Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan (1902). Bayan haka, manyan tsibiran bayan Sehel sune: Saluga, Ambunarti, [[Elephantine]], sannan [[Tsibirin El Nabatat|Tsibirin Kitchener]] . Akwai ƙananan tsibirai goma sha biyu da suka warwatse a kusa da su.

== Kayan tarihi na kayan tarihi ==
{{hiero|sṯt&lt;ref name = Gauthier94&gt;{{cite book |last1=Gauthier |first1=Henri |title=Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 5 |date=1928 |pages=94–95 |url=https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1928/page/n49/}}&lt;/ref&gt;|&lt;hiero&gt;s-T:t-S22-niwt&lt;/hiero&gt;&lt;hiero&gt;S22*t&lt;/hiero&gt;|align=right|era=ok}}{{hiero|sṯt(t)&lt;ref name = Gauthier94/&gt;&lt;ref name = Budge1037&gt;{{cite book |last1=Wallis Budge |first1=E. A. |title=An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II |date=1920 |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/egyptianhierogly02budguoft/page/1037 1037] |url=https://archive.org/details/egyptianhierogly02budguoft}}&lt;/ref&gt;|&lt;hiero&gt;S22:t*t-T14-xAst&lt;/hiero&gt;|align=left|era=egypt}}An san tsibirin da tsoffin tayal da ''Setet'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Switching... |url=http://www.thaliatook.com/OGOD/anuket.html |access-date=2018-02-24 |website=www.thaliatook.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma akwai wurare da yawa na kayan tarihi, ciki har da wurare masu tsarki, kamar haikalin Anuket, allahiyar ruwa ta Masar, da allahiyar katangar kogin Nilu.

Sehel gida ne ga wurin hakar dutse da ake amfani da shi a zamanin [[Tsohuwar Masar|daular Masar]], kuma akwai rubuce-rubuce da yawa a cikin duwatsun dutse na tsibirin. Matafiya galibi suna barin waɗannan rubuce-rubucen ne waɗanda ke nuna ko dai farkon ko ƙarshen tafiyarsu zuwa Nubia . Akwai rubuce-rubuce da yawa da suka shahara waɗanda ke rubuta tsoffin abubuwan tarihi. Ɗaya shine Farin Stela, wanda asalinsa daga Girka da Romawa ne, amma yana da'awar cewa yana rubuta abubuwan da suka faru tun zamanin Djoser da [[Maheru Imhotep|Imhotep]] .

== Hotunan Hotuna ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fayil:Sehel_enscriptions.jpg|alt=Sehel Inscriptions, in island's granite boulders.| Rubuce-rubucen Sehel, a cikin duwatsun dutse na tsibirin.
Fayil:Sehel-steleFamine_(cropped).jpg|alt=The Famine Stela, Sehel Island.| Dutsen Yunwa, Tsibirin Sehel.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>621379qg33s3hj8n9gmjjimwv9g0wez</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Yin shayarwa</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-12T16:13:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357163291|Lactation]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855455</origin>
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      <text bytes="36437" sha1="alwlb11eqcppg7yugj9z5uzoeb141by" xml:space="preserve">'''Shayarwa''' tana bayyana fitar da [[madara]] daga glandar mama baya ga lokacin da iyaye ke shayarwa don ciyar da 'ya'yanta. Tsarin na iya faruwa ga dukkan [[Kalmar Mace|dabbobi masu shayarwa mata]] da suka girma ta hanyar jima'i, kodayake yana iya kasancewa kafin dabbobi masu shayarwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Capuco_2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Capuco AV, Akers RM |year=2009 |title=The origin and evolution of lactation |journal=Journal of Biology |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=37 |doi=10.1186/jbiol139 |pmc=2688910 |pmid=19439024 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin ciyar da madara a cikin dukkan halittun mata ana kiransa ''shayarwa'', kuma a cikin mutane ana kiransa ''[[shayarwa]]'' . Jarirai jarirai galibi suna samar da madara daga nama na mamansu, wanda aka sani da madarar mayya .

A yawancin nau'ikan halittu, shayarwa alama ce ta cewa mace ta yi ciki a wani lokaci a rayuwarta, kodayake a cikin mutane da awaki, hakan na iya faruwa ba tare da juna biyu ba.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Goats with Precocious Udder Syndrome |url=https://www.berryemporium.com/precocious-udder-maiden-milker/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114032429/https://www.berryemporium.com/precocious-udder-maiden-milker/ |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |website=berryemporium.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kusan kowace nau'in dabbobi masu shayarwa tana da nono ; sai dai monotremes, dabbobi masu shayarwa masu yin ƙwai, waɗanda maimakon haka suna fitar da madara ta hanyar bututun ciki. A cikin ƙananan nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa, wasu nau'ikan [[jemage]], samar da madara aiki ne na namiji .

''Galactopoiesis'' shine kula da samar da madara. Wannan matakin yana buƙatar prolactin . Oxytocin yana da mahimmanci ga ''amsawar rage madara'' ga [[shayarwa]] . Galactorrhea samar da madara ba shi da alaƙa da shayarwa. Yana iya faruwa a cikin maza da mata na nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa da yawa sakamakon rashin daidaiton hormones kamar hyperprolactinemia .&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Fayil:White_Cat_Nursing_Four_Kittens_HQ.jpg|alt=Kittens nursing| &lt;sup&gt;Kula da 'yan kyanwa&lt;/sup&gt;
Fayil:Lactating_Female_Coyote_-_cropped.jpg|alt=Lactating Coyote, with noticeable teats| &lt;sup&gt;Coyote mai shayarwa, tare da nonuwa masu iya gani&lt;/sup&gt;
Fayil:Collared_Peccary_lactating_towards_two_pups.jpg|alt=Collared Peccary nursing its young in the Parque de las Leyendas zoo| &lt;sup&gt;Collared Peccary yana jinyar 'ya'yanta a cikin gidan zoo na Parque de las Leyendas&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Manufa ==
Babban aikin shayarwa shine samar da [[abinci mai gina jiki]] da kariya daga garkuwar jiki ga jarirai bayan haihuwa. Saboda shayarwa, uwa da 'ya'yanta za su iya rayuwa ko da abinci yana da ƙarancin ko kuma yana da wahala ga yara su samu, wanda hakan ke faɗaɗa yanayin muhalli da nau'in zai iya jurewa. Zuba jari mai tsada na makamashi da albarkatu a cikin madara ya fi fa'idar rayuwar 'ya'ya.  Shayarwa tana tare da lokacin rashin haihuwa (a cikin mutane, rashin haihuwa ) wanda ke tabbatar da isasshen tazara tsakanin haihuwa, yana ƙara damar rayuwa ga 'ya'yan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=McNeilly AS |date=July 1997 |title=Lactation and fertility |journal=Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=291–298 |doi=10.1023/A:1026340606252 |pmid=10882312 |s2cid=30817565}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ɗan Adam ==
[[Fayil:Lactation.jpg|thumb|280x280px|Fitar da madara daga nonon ɗan adam]]

=== Tasirin Hormonal ===
Daga mako na sha takwas na [[Juna biyu|ciki]] ( [[Juna biyu|watanni biyu da uku na ciki]] ), jikin mace yana samar da hormones waɗanda ke ƙarfafa ci gaban tsarin bututun madara a cikin [[nono]] :

* Progesterone yana tasiri ga girman alveoli da lobes; yawan progesterone yana hana shayarwa kafin haihuwa. Matakan progesterone suna raguwa bayan haihuwa; wannan yana haifar da fara samar da madara mai yawa. 
* Estrogen yana motsa tsarin bututun madara don girma da bambancewa. Kamar progesterone, yawan sinadarin estrogen shima yana hana shayarwa. Matakan Estrogen suma suna raguwa a lokacin haihuwa kuma suna kasancewa ƙasa a cikin watanni da dama na farko na shayarwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mohrbacher_2003&quot; /&gt; Ya kamata mata masu shayarwa su guji hanyoyin hana haihuwa bisa ga estrogen, saboda ƙaruwar matakan estrogen na iya rage samar da madara ga uwa.
* Prolactin yana taimakawa wajen ƙara girma da bambance-bambancen alveoli, kuma yana tasiri ga bambance-bambancen tsarin bututu. Yawan matakan prolactin a lokacin daukar ciki da shayarwa suma suna ƙara juriya ga insulin, ƙara matakan abubuwan da ke haifar da girma (IGF-1) da kuma daidaita metabolism na lipid a shirye-shiryen shayarwa. A lokacin shayarwa, prolactin shine babban abin da ke kiyaye mahadar epithelium na bututu da kuma daidaita samar da madara ta hanyar osmotic balance.
* Lactogen na mahaifa na ɗan adam (HPL) – daga wata na biyu na ciki, mahaifar tana fitar da adadi mai yawa na HPL. Wannan hormone yana da alaƙa da prolactin kuma da alama yana da mahimmanci ga ci gaban nono, nono, da areola kafin haihuwa.
* Hormone mai motsa follicle (FSH), hormone luteinizing (LH), da kuma gonadotropin chorionic human (hCG), ta hanyar sarrafa samar da estrogen da progesterone, da kuma, ta hanyar faɗaɗawa, samar da prolactin da hormone girma, suna da mahimmanci.
* Hormone na girma (GH) yana kama da prolactin a tsari kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga galactopoiesis ɗinsa.
* Sinadarin Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) da glucocorticoids kamar [[cortisol]] suna da muhimmin aiki wajen samar da nono ga nau'ikan dabbobi da dama, ciki har da mutane. Glucocorticoids suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita hanyoyin da suka dace.
* Hormone mai motsa thyroid (TSH) da thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) suna da matukar muhimmanci ga lactose hormones waɗanda matakansu ke ƙaruwa a zahiri yayin daukar ciki.
* Oxytocin yana ɗaure tsokar mahaifa mai santsi a lokacin haihuwa da kuma bayan haihuwa, da kuma lokacin inzali (inzali). Bayan haihuwa, oxytocin yana ɗaure laka mai santsi na ƙwayoyin halitta masu kama da band waɗanda ke kewaye da alveoli don matse sabuwar madarar da aka samar cikin tsarin bututun. Oxytocin yana da mahimmanci don ''amsawar fitar da madara'', ko kuma ''rage gudu'', a martanin shayarwa, ya faru.

Haka kuma yana yiwuwa a haifar da shayarwa ba tare da daukar ciki ba ta hanyar haɗa ƙwayoyin hana haihuwa, galactagogues, da kuma fitar da madara ta amfani da famfon nono.
[[Fayil:Blausen_0118_Breastfeeding_CorrectLatch-On_02.png|thumb|Shayarwa (daidai wurin da ya dace a riƙe shi)]]
[[Fayil:Asymmetric_breastfeeding_latch.jpg|thumb|Shayar da jariri nono]]
[[Fayil:Zanzibar_31.JPG|thumb|240x240px|Shayar da yaro babba nono]]

==== Bambancin sirri ====
A lokacin ƙarshen ciki, nonuwanta na mace suna shiga matakin ''bambancin sirri'' . Wannan shine lokacin da nonuwa ke yin colostrum (duba ƙasa), wani ruwa mai kauri, wani lokacin rawaya. A wannan matakin, yawan progesterone yana hana yawancin samar da madara. Ba damuwa ba ne ga likita idan mace mai ciki tana zubar da wani colostrum kafin haihuwar jaririnta, kuma ba alama ce ta samar da madara a nan gaba ba.

==== Kunna sirri ====
A lokacin [[Jego|haihuwa]], matakan prolactin suna ci gaba da yawa, yayin da haihuwar mahaifa ke haifar da raguwar matakan progesterone, estrogen, da HPL kwatsam. Wannan janyewar progesterone kwatsam a gaban yawan matakan prolactin yana ƙarfafa samar da madara mai yawa na ''Secretory Activation'' .

Idan nono ya motsa, matakan prolactin a cikin jini suna ƙaruwa, suna ƙaruwa cikin kimanin mintuna 45, sannan su koma yanayin kafin shayarwa bayan sa'o'i uku. Sakin prolactin yana sa ƙwayoyin halittar da ke cikin alveoli su yi madara. Prolactin kuma yana canzawa zuwa madarar nono. Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa prolactin a cikin madara yana ƙaruwa a lokutan samar da madara mai yawa, kuma yana ƙasa da lokacin da nono ya cika, kuma mafi girman matakan yakan faru tsakanin 2 na safe zuwa 6 na safe &lt;ref name=&quot;Cregan_2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cregan MD, Mitoulas LR, Hartmann PE |date=March 2002 |title=Milk prolactin, feed volume and duration between feeds in women breastfeeding their full-term infants over a 24 h period |journal=Experimental Physiology |volume=87 |issue=2 |pages=207–214 |doi=10.1113/eph8702327 |pmid=11856965 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu hormones &amp;#x2014; musamman insulin, thyroxine, da cortisol &amp;#x2014; suma suna da hannu, amma har yanzu ba a fahimci rawar da suke takawa ba. Duk da cewa alamun sinadarai sun nuna cewa Activation na Secretory yana farawa kimanin sa'o'i 30-40 bayan haihuwa, iyaye mata ba sa fara jin ƙarar cikar nono (jin madara &quot;tana shigowa cikin nono&quot;) har sai bayan sa'o'i 50-73 (kwanaki 2-3) bayan haihuwa.

Colostrum shine madarar farko da jariri mai shayarwa ke samu. Tana dauke da adadin fararen jini da kuma kwayoyin rigakafi fiye da madarar da ta girma, kuma tana da yawan immunoglobulin A (IgA), wanda ke rufe rufin hanjin jaririn da bai kai ba, kuma tana taimakawa wajen hana cututtuka shiga tsarin jaririn. Secretory IgA kuma yana taimakawa wajen hana rashin lafiyar abinci. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sears_2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last2=William Sears (physician)}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin makonni biyu na farko bayan haihuwa, samar da colostrum a hankali yana ba da damar mamayar nono a hankali. 

==== Kula da Autocrine - Galactopoiesis ====
Tsarin kula da hormones na endocrine yana haifar da samar da madara a lokacin daukar ciki da kuma 'yan kwanaki na farko [[Lokacin bayan haihuwa|bayan haihuwa]] . Idan samar da madarar ta fi ƙarfi, tsarin kula da autocrine (ko na gida) zai fara.

A wannan matakin, gwargwadon yadda ake cire madara daga nono, haka nan nono zai samar da madara. &lt;ref name=&quot;deCarvalho_1985&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=deCarvalho M, Anderson DM, Giangreco A, Pittard WB |date=May 1985 |title=Frequency of milk expression and milk production by mothers of nonnursing premature neonates |journal=American Journal of Diseases of Children |volume=139 |issue=5 |pages=483–485 |doi=10.1001/archpedi.1985.02140070057033 |pmid=3984973}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Hopkinson_1988&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hopkinson JM, Schanler RJ, Garza C |date=June 1988 |title=Milk production by mothers of premature infants |journal=Pediatrics |volume=81 |issue=6 |pages=815–820 |doi=10.1542/peds.81.6.815 |pmid=3368280 |s2cid=36906244}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa fitar da madarar nono sosai yana ƙara yawan samar da madara. &lt;ref name=&quot;Daly_1993&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Daly SE, Owens RA, Hartmann PE |date=March 1993 |title=The short-term synthesis and infant-regulated removal of milk in lactating women |journal=Experimental Physiology |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=209–220 |doi=10.1113/expphysiol.1993.sp003681 |pmid=8471241 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don haka samar da madarar yana da tasiri sosai ta hanyar yawan ciyar da jariri da kuma yadda yake iya canja wurin madara daga nono. Sau da yawa ana iya gano ƙarancin wadata zuwa ga:

* rashin ciyarwa ko [[Famfon nono|yin famfo]] akai-akai
* rashin iyawar jariri wajen canja wurin madara yadda ya kamata ya faru ne sakamakon, daga cikin wasu abubuwa:
** ƙarancin tsarin muƙamuƙi ko baki
** mummunan dabarar ɗaurewa
** haihuwa da wuri
** barci a cikin jariri, saboda rashin lafiya, magani ko murmurewa daga hanyoyin likita
* matsalolin endocrine na uwaye marasa galihu
* kyallen nono mai kama da hypoplastic
* rashin isasshen adadin kuzari ko rashin abinci mai gina jiki ga uwa

=== Gyaran fitar da madara ===
[[Fayil:2922_Let_Down_Reflex-new.jpg|right|thumb|447x447px|Jadawalin kwarara wanda ke nuna hanyar yin reflex]]
Wannan ita ce hanyar da ake jigilar madara daga alveoli na nono zuwa kan nono . Tsotsar nono daga jariri yana motsa ƙwayoyin paraventricular da kuma ƙwayoyin supraoptic a cikin hypothalamus, waɗanda ke nuna alama ga glandar pituitary ta baya don samar da oxytocin . Oxytocin yana ƙarfafa matsewar ƙwayoyin myoepithelial da ke kewaye da alveoli, waɗanda suka riga sun riƙe madara. Ƙara matsin lamba yana sa madara ta gudana ta cikin tsarin bututun kuma ta sake fitowa ta kan nono. Wannan martanin za a iya ɗauka ta hanyar misali kukan jariri.

Ana fara fitar da madara a cikin ƙirjin uwa ta hanyar shan nonon jariri. Maganin fitar da madara (wanda kuma ake kira &quot;let-down reflex&quot;) ba koyaushe yake daidai ba, musamman da farko. Da zarar mace ta sami sha'awar shayarwa, zubar da madara na iya faruwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da sautin kowane jariri. Ko da tunanin shayarwa na iya tayar da wannan yanayin, yana haifar da zubar da madara mara so, ko kuma nonon biyu na iya fitar da madara lokacin da jariri ke shayarwa daga nono ɗaya. Duk da haka, wannan da sauran matsaloli galibi suna kwance bayan makonni biyu na shayarwa. [[Damuwa (biology)|Damuwa]] ko damuwa na iya haifar da matsaloli tare da shayarwa. Sakin hormone oxytocin yana haifar da ''fitar da madara'' ko ''rage kitse'' . Oxytocin yana motsa tsokoki da ke kewaye da nono don matse madarar. Uwa masu shayarwa suna bayyana jin daɗin ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Wasu suna jin ɗan ƙara, wasu suna jin matsin lamba mai yawa ko ɗan zafi/rashin jin daɗi, wasu kuma ba sa jin wani abu daban. 'Yan tsirarun iyaye mata suna fuskantar matsalar fitar da madarar mara lafiya nan da nan kafin a rage kitse, wanda ke haifar da damuwa, fushi ko tashin zuciya, da sauran mummunan ji, har zuwa 'yan mintuna a kowane ciyarwa.

Rashin kyawun hanyar fitar da madarar nono na iya faruwa ne sakamakon ciwon nono ko tsagewar nono, rabuwa da jariri, tarihin tiyatar nono, ko lalacewar nama daga [[Breast trauma|raunin nono]] da ya gabata. Idan uwa tana da matsala wajen shayarwa, hanyoyi daban-daban na taimakawa wajen fitar da madarar nono na iya taimakawa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ciyarwa a wuri da aka saba da shi kuma mai daɗi, tausa nono ko baya, ko ɗumama nono da zane ko shawa.

==== Tsarin gyaran fitar da madara ====
Wannan ita ce hanyar da ake jigilar madara daga nonon alveoli zuwa kan nono. Tsotsar nonon jariri yana daidaita kansa a hankali &lt;ref name=&quot;Grachev_1977&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grachev II, Alekseev NP, Velling VA |date=March 1977 |title=[Slowly-adapting mechanoreceptor units of the guinea pig mammary nipple] |journal=Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal SSSR imeni I. M. Sechenova |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=391–400 |pmid=863036}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma daidaita shi cikin sauri &lt;ref name=&quot;Grachev_1976&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grachev II, Alekseev NP, Velling VA |year=1976 |title=[Properties of the mechanoreceptors of the nipple of the guinea pig mammary gland. (Rapidly adapting mechanoreceptor units)] |journal=Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal SSSR imeni I. M. Sechenova |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=885–892 |pmid=1010088}}&lt;/ref&gt; na'urorin karɓa waɗanda ke cike da ƙwayoyin cuta a yankin areolar . Motsin lantarki yana bin hanyar spinothalamic, wanda ke farawa ta hanyar shigar da jijiyoyi na tsakiya na huɗu. Motsin lantarki yana hawa hanyar posterolateral don matakan vertebral ɗaya ko biyu kuma yana haɗuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta na biyu, waɗanda ake kira ƙwayoyin cuta, a cikin ƙahon baya na baya. Sannan ƙwayoyin cuta suna raguwa ta hanyar farin commissure na gaba zuwa kusurwar anterolateral kuma suna hawa zuwa tsakiya na supraoptic da tsakiya na paraventricular a cikin hypothalamus, inda suke haɗuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta na uku na oxytocinergic. Somas na waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta suna cikin hypothalamus, amma tashoshin axon da axon ɗinsu suna cikin infundibulum da pars nervosa na pituitary na baya, bi da bi. Ana samar da sinadarin oxytocin a cikin sinadarin neuron's soma a cikin ƙwayoyin halittar supraoptic da paraventricular, sannan a kai shi cikin infundibulum ta hanyar hanyar hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal tare da taimakon furotin mai ɗauke da sinadarai, neurophysin I, zuwa pars nervosa na pituitary na baya, sannan a adana shi a cikin jikin Herring, inda ake adana shi har zuwa synapse tsakanin ƙwayoyin halittar da ke cikin tsari na biyu da na uku.

Bayan motsin lantarki, ana fitar da oxytocin cikin jini. Ta hanyar jini, oxytocin yana tafiya zuwa ƙwayoyin myoepithelial, waɗanda ke tsakanin ƙwayoyin extracellular matrix da ƙwayoyin epithelial na haske waɗanda suma suka samar da alveoli a cikin kyallen nono. Lokacin da oxytocin ya haɗu da ƙwayoyin myoepithelial, ƙwayoyin suna taruwa. Ƙarar matsin lamba a cikin alveolar yana tilasta madara zuwa cikin sinuses na lactiferous, zuwa cikin bututun lactiferous (wani bincike ya gano cewa sinuses na lactiferous bazai wanzu ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ramsay DT, Kent JC, Hartmann RA, Hartmann PE |date=June 2005 |title=Anatomy of the lactating human breast redefined with ultrasound imaging |journal=Journal of Anatomy |volume=206 |issue=6 |pages=525–534 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00417.x |pmc=1571528 |pmid=15960763}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan wannan gaskiya ne to madara kawai tana shiga bututun lactiferous), sannan ta fita daga kan nono.

=== Bayan ciwo ===
Yawan sinadarin oxytocin shi ma yana sa mahaifa ta yi ƙunci. A lokacin shayarwa, uwaye na iya jin waɗannan ƙunci a matsayin ''ciwon bayan haihuwa'' . Waɗannan na iya kamawa daga ƙunci kamar na al'ada zuwa ƙunci mai ƙarfi kamar na haihuwa kuma yana iya zama mafi tsanani ga jarirai na biyu da na gaba.  

== Ba tare da juna biyu ba, shayarwa, ko kuma sake haihuwa ==
A cikin mutane, an lura da shayarwa da sake haihuwa akai-akai a wasu al'adu, kuma an nuna shi da nasarori daban-daban a cikin uwaye masu riƙo, masu shayarwa da suka jika, da kuma mata masu fama da lactophilia .   Da alama akwai yiwuwar shayarwa ga mata (ko mata na wasu nau'ikan) waɗanda ba uwaye ba ne na halitta yana ba da fa'ida ta juyin halitta, musamman a cikin ƙungiyoyi masu yawan mace-mace na uwaye da kuma dangantaka mai ƙarfi tsakanin mutane. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sobrinho_2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sobrinho LG |year=2003 |title=Prolactin, psychological stress and environment in humans: adaptation and maladaptation |journal=Pituitary |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=35–39 |doi=10.1023/A:1026229810876 |pmid=14674722 |s2cid=1335211}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Bose_1981&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bose CL, D'Ercole AJ, Lester AG, Hunter RS, Barrett JR |date=April 1981 |title=Relactation by mothers of sick and premature infants |journal=Pediatrics |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=565–569 |doi=10.1542/peds.67.4.565 |pmid=6789296 |s2cid=12991397}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma lura da wannan lamari a yawancin birai, a wasu lemurs, da kuma a cikin dwarf mongooses. &lt;ref name=&quot;Koenig_1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=König B |date=March 1997 |title=Cooperative care of young in mammals |journal=Die Naturwissenschaften |volume=84 |issue=3 |pages=95–104 |bibcode=1997NW.....84...95K |doi=10.1007/s001140050356 |pmid=9112240 |s2cid=23240724}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Creel_1991&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Creel SR, Monfort SL, Wildt DE, Waser PM |date=June 1991 |title=Spontaneous lactation is an adaptive result of pseudopregnancy |journal=Nature |volume=351 |issue=6328 |pages=660–662 |bibcode=1991Natur.351..660C |doi=10.1038/351660a0 |pmid=2052092 |s2cid=4336672}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana iya haifar da shayarwa a cikin mutane ta hanyar haɗakar motsa jiki da tunani, ta hanyar magunguna, ko kuma ta hanyar haɗa waɗannan hanyoyin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Seema_1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Patwari AK, Satyanarayana L |date=August 1997 |title=Relactation: an effective intervention to promote exclusive breastfeeding |journal=Journal of Tropical Pediatrics |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=213–216 |doi=10.1093/tropej/43.4.213 |pmid=9283123 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jack Newman da Lenore Goldfarb sun ƙirƙiro wasu ka'idoji don haifar da shayarwa kuma ana kiransu da ka'idojin Newman-Goldfarb. &quot;Ka'idar yau da kullun&quot; ta ƙunshi amfani da magungunan hana haihuwa don kwaikwayon matakan hormone na ciki tare da domperidone don haɓaka samar da madara, sannan a dakatar da hana haihuwa da kuma gabatar da amfani da famfon nono mai amfani da wutar lantarki don haifar da samar da madara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Newman Goldfarb Protocols for Induced Lactation |url=https://www.asklenore.info/breastfeeding/induced_lactation/protocols4print.shtml |website=www.asklenore.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai ƙarin ka'idoji don tallafawa hanzarta lokacin shayarwa da kuma tallafawa shayarwa a cikin iyaye masu yin haila.

Wasu ma'aurata na iya ƙarfafa shayarwa a waje da ciki don dalilai na jima'i .

Kwanan nan, wani batu na [[Kula da lafiyar transgender|kula da lafiyar masu canza jinsi]], rahotanni da dama sun bayyana cewa mata masu canza jinsi sun sami nasarar haifar da shayarwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Reisman T, Goldstein Z |date=December 2018 |title=Case Report: Induced Lactation in a Transgender Woman |journal=Transgender Health |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=24–26 |doi=10.1089/trgh.2017.0044 |pmc=5779241 |pmid=29372185}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wamboldt R, Shuster S, Sidhu BS |date=April 2021 |title=Lactation Induction in a Transgender Woman Wanting to Breastfeed: Case Report |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=e2047–e2052 |doi=10.1210/clinem/dgaa976 |pmid=33513241 |s2cid=231755160 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bincike ya nuna cewa wannan yana da darajar abinci mai gina jiki iri ɗaya da madarar nono da mata masu canza jinsi ke samarwa, kuma an ba wa jarirai lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Weimer AK |date=August 2023 |title=Lactation Induction in a Transgender Woman: Macronutrient Analysis and Patient Perspectives |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9k3189h7 |journal=Journal of Human Lactation |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=488–494 |doi=10.1177/08903344231170559 |pmid=37138506 |s2cid=258485541 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwai labaran shayarwar maza da ba kasafai ake samun su ba (kamar yadda ya bambanta da galactorrhea ) a cikin littattafan tarihi na likitanci da na ɗan adam. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Strange but True: Males Can Lactate |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/strange-but-true-males-can-lactate/ |website=Scientific American}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Domperidone magani ne da ke iya haifar da shayarwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 February 2018 |title=Transgender woman able to breastfeed in first documented case |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/feb/14/transgender-woman-breastfeed-health |website=[[TheGuardian.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Reisman T, Goldstein Z |year=2018 |title=Case Report: Induced Lactation in a Transgender Woman |journal=Transgender Health |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=24–26 |doi=10.1089/trgh.2017.0044 |pmc=5779241 |pmid=29372185}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Juyin Halitta ==
[[Charles Darwin]] ya fahimci cewa glandar nono ta samo asali ne musamman daga glandar fata, kuma ya yi hasashen cewa sun samo asali ne daga gland a cikin [[Brood pouch (fish)|jakar]] kifi, inda za su samar da abinci ga ƙwai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Capuco_2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Capuco AV, Akers RM |year=2009 |title=The origin and evolution of lactation |journal=Journal of Biology |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=37 |doi=10.1186/jbiol139 |pmc=2688910 |pmid=19439024 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCapucoAkers2009&quot;&gt;Capuco AV, Akers RM (2009). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2688910 &quot;The origin and evolution of lactation&quot;]. ''Journal of Biology''. '''8''' (4): 37. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1186/jbiol139|10.1186/jbiol139]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2688910 2688910]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19439024 19439024].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ba a tabbatar da ɓangaren ƙarshe na hasashensa ba; duk da haka, kwanan nan an yi hasashen cewa wannan tsari ne ga farkon synapsids . &lt;ref name=&quot;Oftendal_2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Oftedal OT |date=July 2002 |title=The mammary gland and its origin during synapsid evolution |journal=Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=225–252 |doi=10.1023/A:1022896515287 |pmid=12751889 |s2cid=25806501}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamar yadda dukkan dabbobi masu shayarwa ke shayarwa, shayarwa dole ne ta samo asali kafin magabacin dukkan dabbobi masu shayarwa na ƙarshe, wanda hakan ya sanya ta a mafi ƙarancin Triassic na Tsakiya ko Late lokacin da monotremes suka bambanta da masu shayarwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=van Rheede T, Bastiaans T, Boone DN, Hedges SB, de Jong WW, Madsen O |date=March 2006 |title=The platypus is in its place: nuclear genes and indels confirm the sister group relation of monotremes and Therians |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=587–597 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msj064 |pmid=16291999 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; OT Oftedal ya yi jayayya cewa therapsids ya samar da ruwan proto-lacteal don kiyaye ƙwai danshi, wanda ya zama dole saboda ƙwai da aka yi da fata na synapsids waɗanda suka fi saurin ƙafewa da bushewa fiye da ƙwai da aka yi da wasu sauropsids. &lt;ref name=&quot;Oftendal_2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Oftedal OT |date=July 2002 |title=The mammary gland and its origin during synapsid evolution |journal=Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=225–252 |doi=10.1023/A:1022896515287 |pmid=12751889 |s2cid=25806501}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOftedal2002&quot;&gt;Oftedal OT (July 2002). &quot;The mammary gland and its origin during synapsid evolution&quot;. ''Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia''. '''7''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;225–&lt;/span&gt;252. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1023/A:1022896515287|10.1023/A:1022896515287]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12751889 12751889]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25806501 25806501].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Oftedal OT |date=July 2002 |title=The origin of lactation as a water source for parchment-shelled eggs |journal=Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=253–266 |doi=10.1023/A:1022848632125 |pmid=12751890 |s2cid=8319185}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ruwan protolacteal ya zama madara mai rikitarwa, mai wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki wanda daga nan ya ba da damar raguwar girman ƙwai ta hanyar rage dogaro da babban gwaiduwa a cikin ƙwai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bose_1981&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bose CL, D'Ercole AJ, Lester AG, Hunter RS, Barrett JR |date=April 1981 |title=Relactation by mothers of sick and premature infants |journal=Pediatrics |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=565–569 |doi=10.1542/peds.67.4.565 |pmid=6789296 |s2cid=12991397}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBoseD'ErcoleLesterHunter1981&quot;&gt;Bose CL, D'Ercole AJ, Lester AG, Hunter RS, Barrett JR (April 1981). &quot;Relactation by mothers of sick and premature infants&quot;. ''Pediatrics''. '''67''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;565–&lt;/span&gt;569. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1542/peds.67.4.565|10.1542/peds.67.4.565]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6789296 6789296]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12991397 12991397].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma ana kyautata zaton juyin halittar shayarwa ya haifar da ƙarin rikitarwar haƙoran da ake gani a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, domin shayarwa da ta ba da damar ci gaba da muƙamuƙi na dogon lokaci kafin fashewar haƙora. &lt;ref name=&quot;Oftendal_2002&quot; /&gt;

Oftedal ya kuma gabatar da shawarar cewa ruwan protolacteal an fara fitar da shi ta hanyar glandar pilosebaceous akan facin nono, kamar areola, kuma gashin da ke kan wannan facin yana jigilar ruwan zuwa ga 'yan jarirai kamar yadda ake gani a cikin monotremes . A cikin monotremes, ana cewa sun samo asali ne daga glandar gumi ta apocrine. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 April 2021 |title=Platypus: A Darwinian Cautionary Tale |url=https://truthinscience.uk/platypus-a-darwinian-cautionary-tale/?amp=1 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250816191052/https://truthinscience.uk/platypus-a-darwinian-cautionary-tale/?amp=1 |archive-date=2025-08-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan zai faru ne a cikin zuriyar dabbobi masu shayarwa waɗanda suka bambanta bayan monotremes, metatheria da eutheria . A cikin wannan yanayin, wasu kwayoyin halitta da hanyoyin sigina da ke da hannu a shayarwa sun samo asali ne daga tsoffin abubuwan da suka sauƙaƙa fitar da ruwa daga tsarin spiny, waɗanda kansu suka samo asali daga odontodes . &lt;ref name=&quot;Oftedal2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Oftedal OT, Dhouailly D |date=June 2013 |title=Evo-devo of the mammary gland |journal=Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=105–120 |doi=10.1007/s10911-013-9290-8 |pmid=23681303 |s2cid=6608975}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abin da ya faru a wajen dabbobi masu shayarwa ==
Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan, kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin mujallar ''Science'', ya nuna cewa wasu caecilians suna nuna wani abu inda suke samar wa 'ya'yansu wani abu mai gina jiki kamar madara, wanda aka kawo ta hanyar iskar uwa. Daga cikin nau'in da aka bincika, caecilian amphibian ''Siphonops annulatus'' wanda ba shi da shayarwa a oviparous ya fito fili, yana nuna cewa aikin shayarwa na iya zama yaɗuwa a tsakanin waɗannan halittu fiye da yadda aka zata a baya. Kamar yadda aka yi bayani dalla-dalla a cikin wani bincike na 2024, masu bincike sun tattara uwaye 16 na nau'in ''Siphonops annulatus'' daga gonakin cacao a cikin dajin Atlantic na Brazil kuma suka ɗauki hotunansu tare da 'ya'yansu a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Iyaye mata sun kasance tare da 'ya'yansu, waɗanda suka tsotse farin ruwa mai kauri daga cloaca, suna fuskantar girma cikin sauri a makon farko. Wannan abu mai kama da madara, mai wadataccen mai da carbohydrates, ana samar da shi a cikin glandar epithelium ta oviduct, mai kama da [[Madara|madarar dabbobi]] . An saki sinadarin da alama yana mayar da martani ga motsin hannu da sautin da jarirai ke yi. Masu binciken sun lura da yadda 'yan kyanwa ke fitar da sauti masu ƙarfi yayin da suke kusantar uwayensu don neman madara, wani hali na musamman tsakanin 'yan kyanwa. Wannan ɗabi'ar shayarwa ta nono na iya taimakawa wajen haɓaka ƙwayoyin cuta da tsarin garkuwar jiki na 'yan kyanwa, kamar yadda yake a cikin 'yan kyanwa. Kasancewar samar da madara a cikin caecilians wanda ke yin ƙwai yana nuna canjin juyin halitta tsakanin kwanciya ƙwai da haihuwa mai rai .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wake |first=Marvalee H. |date=7 Mar 2024 |title=Amphibian hatchlings find mother's milk |journal=Science |language=en |volume=383 |issue=1060-1061 (2024) |pages=1060–1061 |bibcode=2024Sci...383.1060W |doi=10.1126/science.ado2094 |pmid=38452095}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mailho-Fontana |first=Pedro L. |last2=Antoniazzi |first2=Marta M. |last3=Coelho |first3=Guilherme R. |last4=Pimenta |first4=Daniel C. |last5=Fernandes |first5=Lígia P. |last6=Kupfer |first6=Alexander |last7=Brodie |first7=Edmund D. |last8=Jared |first8=Carlos |date=2024-03-08 |title=Milk provisioning in oviparous caecilian amphibians |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adi5379 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=383 |issue=6687 |pages=1092–1095 |bibcode=2024Sci...383.1092M |doi=10.1126/science.adi5379 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=38452082 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani sanannen misali na ciyar da yara ƙanana da ƙwayoyin cuta masu fitar da su shine madarar amfanin gona ta wasu tsuntsaye kamar tsuntsayen columbiform (kurciya da kurciya), da sauransu. Kamar yadda yake a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, wannan kuma da alama prolactin ne ke jagoranta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Horseman_1995&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Horseman ND, Buntin JD |year=1995 |title=Regulation of pigeon cropmilk secretion and parental behaviors by prolactin |journal=Annual Review of Nutrition |volume=15 |pages=213–238 |doi=10.1146/annurev.nu.15.070195.001241 |pmid=8527218}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu tsuntsaye kamar flamingos da [[Fenjin|penguins]] suna amfani da dabarun ciyarwa iri ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bird Milk |url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/Bird_Milk.html |website=web.stanford.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kifin Discus ( ''Symphysodon'' ) an san shi da (a kowane lokaci) ciyar da 'ya'yansu ta hanyar fitar da majina daga epidermal. &lt;ref name=&quot;Buckley&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Buckley J, Maunder RJ, Foey A, Pearce J, Val AL, Sloman KA |date=November 2010 |title=Biparental mucus feeding: a unique example of parental care in an Amazonian cichlid |journal=The Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=213 |issue=Pt 22 |pages=3787–3795 |bibcode=2010JExpB.213.3787B |doi=10.1242/jeb.042929 |pmid=21037057 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Chong_2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chong K, Joshi S, Jin LT, Shu-Chien AC |date=April 2006 |title=Proteomics profiling of epidermal mucus secretion of a cichlid (Symphysodon aequifasciata) demonstrating parental care behavior |url=http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/101489 |journal=Proteomics |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=2251–2258 |doi=10.1002/pmic.200500591 |pmid=16385477 |s2cid=37973363}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bincike mai zurfi ya nuna cewa, kamar yadda yake a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa da tsuntsaye, ana iya sarrafa fitar da wannan ruwa mai gina jiki ta hanyar prolactin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Khong_2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Khong HK, Kuah MK, Jaya-Ram A, Shu-Chien AC |date=May 2009 |title=Prolactin receptor mRNA is upregulated in discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciata) skin during parental phase |journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B, Biochemistry &amp; Molecular Biology |volume=153 |issue=1 |pages=18–28 |doi=10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.01.005 |pmid=19272315}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ganin irin wannan hali a cikin akalla nau'ikan cichlids 30. &lt;ref name=&quot;Buckley&quot; /&gt;

Lactation kuma alama ce ta rayuwa ta adenotrophic - wata hanyar haihuwa da wasu kwari suka samar, musamman [[Ƙudan tsando|kwari masu kwari]] . Kwai ɗaya na tsetse yana girma ya zama tsutsa a cikin mahaifa inda wani abu mai madara da glandar madara ke fitarwa a cikin mahaifa ke ciyar da shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Attardo_2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Attardo GM, Lohs C, Heddi A, Alam UH, Yildirim S, Aksoy S |date=August 2008 |title=Analysis of milk gland structure and function in Glossina morsitans: milk protein production, symbiont populations and fecundity |journal=Journal of Insect Physiology |volume=54 |issue=8 |pages=1236–1242 |bibcode=2008JInsP..54.1236A |doi=10.1016/j.jinsphys.2008.06.008 |pmc=2613686 |pmid=18647605}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nau'in kyankyaso ''Diploptera punctata'' kuma an san shi da ciyar da 'ya'yansu ta hanyar fitar da madara. &lt;ref name=&quot;Williford_2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Williford A, Stay B, Bhattacharya D |year=2004 |title=Evolution of a novel function: nutritive milk in the viviparous cockroach, Diploptera punctata |journal=Evolution &amp; Development |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=67–77 |doi=10.1111/j.1525-142x.2004.04012.x |pmid=15009119 |s2cid=31048064}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Toxeus magnus'', wani nau'in gizo- gizo mai kama da tururuwa a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, shi ma yana shayarwa. Yana shayar da 'ya'yansa na tsawon kimanin kwanaki 38, kodayake suna iya yin kiwo da kansu bayan kwana 21. Hana shayarwa nan da nan bayan haihuwa ya haifar da mutuwar 'ya'yan gaba ɗaya, yayin da toshe shi kwanaki 20 bayan haihuwa ya haifar da ƙaruwar neman abinci da raguwar rayuwa. Wannan nau'in shayarwa na iya samo asali ne daga samar da ƙwai masu kama da tururuwa . &lt;ref name=&quot;Chen2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Chen Z, Corlett RT, Jiao X, Liu SJ, Charles-Dominique T, Zhang S, Li H, Lai R, Long C, Quan RC |date=November 2018 |title=Prolonged milk provisioning in a jumping spider |journal=Science |volume=362 |issue=6418 |pages=1052–1055 |bibcode=2018Sci...362.1052C |doi=10.1126/science.aat3692 |pmid=30498127 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Dakin shayarwa
* Galactogogue
* Layin madara
* Shayar da nonon namiji
* Uwa
* [[Shayarwa|Shayarwa da mama]]
* Rashin shayarwa (bayyanewa)
* Danganta nono
* Shayar da nonon uwa
* Matsayin hypothalamic-pituitary-prolactin
* Sadaka ta Romawa
* [[Juna biyu|Ciki]]
* Madarar amfanin gona

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist|2}}

== Ƙarin karatu ==

* {{Cite journal |vauthors=CBarras C |date=18 March 2008 |title=How mammals lost their egg yolks]—Did mammals develop nutritional milk before or after they abandoned yolky eggs? |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13471-how-mammals-lost-their-egg-yolks-.html |journal=New Scientist}}
{{Reproductive physiology}}{{Milk navbox}}{{Authority control}}
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'''Shayarwa''' tana bayyana fitar da [[madara]] daga glandar mama baya ga lokacin da iyaye ke shayarwa don ciyar da 'ya'yanta. Tsarin na iya faruwa ga dukkan [[Kalmar Mace|dabbobi masu shayarwa mata]] da suka girma ta hanyar jima'i, kodayake yana iya kasancewa kafin dabbobi masu shayarwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Capuco_2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Capuco AV, Akers RM |year=2009 |title=The origin and evolution of lactation |journal=Journal of Biology |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=37 |doi=10.1186/jbiol139 |pmc=2688910 |pmid=19439024 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin ciyar da madara a cikin dukkan halittun mata ana kiransa ''shayarwa'', kuma a cikin mutane ana kiransa ''[[shayarwa]]'' . Jarirai jarirai galibi suna samar da madara daga nama na mamansu, wanda aka sani da madarar mayya .

A yawancin nau'ikan halittu, shayarwa alama ce ta cewa mace ta yi ciki a wani lokaci a rayuwarta, kodayake a cikin mutane da awaki, hakan na iya faruwa ba tare da juna biyu ba.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Goats with Precocious Udder Syndrome |url=https://www.berryemporium.com/precocious-udder-maiden-milker/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114032429/https://www.berryemporium.com/precocious-udder-maiden-milker/ |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |website=berryemporium.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kusan kowace nau'in dabbobi masu shayarwa tana da nono ; sai dai monotremes, dabbobi masu shayarwa masu yin ƙwai, waɗanda maimakon haka suna fitar da madara ta hanyar bututun ciki. A cikin ƙananan nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa, wasu nau'ikan [[jemage]], samar da madara aiki ne na namiji .

''Galactopoiesis'' shine kula da samar da madara. Wannan matakin yana buƙatar prolactin . Oxytocin yana da mahimmanci ga ''amsawar rage madara'' ga [[shayarwa]] . Galactorrhea samar da madara ba shi da alaƙa da shayarwa. Yana iya faruwa a cikin maza da mata na nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa da yawa sakamakon rashin daidaiton hormones kamar hyperprolactinemia .&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Fayil:White_Cat_Nursing_Four_Kittens_HQ.jpg|alt=Kittens nursing| &lt;sup&gt;Kula da 'yan kyanwa&lt;/sup&gt;
Fayil:Lactating_Female_Coyote_-_cropped.jpg|alt=Lactating Coyote, with noticeable teats| &lt;sup&gt;Coyote mai shayarwa, tare da nonuwa masu iya gani&lt;/sup&gt;
Fayil:Collared_Peccary_lactating_towards_two_pups.jpg|alt=Collared Peccary nursing its young in the Parque de las Leyendas zoo| &lt;sup&gt;Collared Peccary yana jinyar 'ya'yanta a cikin gidan zoo na Parque de las Leyendas&lt;/sup&gt;
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Manufa ==
Babban aikin shayarwa shine samar da [[abinci mai gina jiki]] da kariya daga garkuwar jiki ga jarirai bayan haihuwa. Saboda shayarwa, uwa da 'ya'yanta za su iya rayuwa ko da abinci yana da ƙarancin ko kuma yana da wahala ga yara su samu, wanda hakan ke faɗaɗa yanayin muhalli da nau'in zai iya jurewa. Zuba jari mai tsada na makamashi da albarkatu a cikin madara ya fi fa'idar rayuwar 'ya'ya.  Shayarwa tana tare da lokacin rashin haihuwa (a cikin mutane, rashin haihuwa ) wanda ke tabbatar da isasshen tazara tsakanin haihuwa, yana ƙara damar rayuwa ga 'ya'yan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=McNeilly AS |date=July 1997 |title=Lactation and fertility |journal=Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=291–298 |doi=10.1023/A:1026340606252 |pmid=10882312 |s2cid=30817565}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ɗan Adam ==
[[Fayil:Lactation.jpg|thumb|280x280px|Fitar da madara daga nonon ɗan adam]]

=== Tasirin Hormonal ===
Daga mako na sha takwas na [[Juna biyu|ciki]] ( [[Juna biyu|watanni biyu da uku na ciki]] ), jikin mace yana samar da hormones waɗanda ke ƙarfafa ci gaban tsarin bututun madara a cikin [[nono]] :

* Progesterone yana tasiri ga girman alveoli da lobes; yawan progesterone yana hana shayarwa kafin haihuwa. Matakan progesterone suna raguwa bayan haihuwa; wannan yana haifar da fara samar da madara mai yawa. 
* Estrogen yana motsa tsarin bututun madara don girma da bambancewa. Kamar progesterone, yawan sinadarin estrogen shima yana hana shayarwa. Matakan Estrogen suma suna raguwa a lokacin haihuwa kuma suna kasancewa ƙasa a cikin watanni da dama na farko na shayarwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mohrbacher_2003&quot; /&gt; Ya kamata mata masu shayarwa su guji hanyoyin hana haihuwa bisa ga estrogen, saboda ƙaruwar matakan estrogen na iya rage samar da madara ga uwa.
* Prolactin yana taimakawa wajen ƙara girma da bambance-bambancen alveoli, kuma yana tasiri ga bambance-bambancen tsarin bututu. Yawan matakan prolactin a lokacin daukar ciki da shayarwa suma suna ƙara juriya ga insulin, ƙara matakan abubuwan da ke haifar da girma (IGF-1) da kuma daidaita metabolism na lipid a shirye-shiryen shayarwa. A lokacin shayarwa, prolactin shine babban abin da ke kiyaye mahadar epithelium na bututu da kuma daidaita samar da madara ta hanyar osmotic balance.
* Lactogen na mahaifa na ɗan adam (HPL) – daga wata na biyu na ciki, mahaifar tana fitar da adadi mai yawa na HPL. Wannan hormone yana da alaƙa da prolactin kuma da alama yana da mahimmanci ga ci gaban nono, nono, da areola kafin haihuwa.
* Hormone mai motsa follicle (FSH), hormone luteinizing (LH), da kuma gonadotropin chorionic human (hCG), ta hanyar sarrafa samar da estrogen da progesterone, da kuma, ta hanyar faɗaɗawa, samar da prolactin da hormone girma, suna da mahimmanci.
* Hormone na girma (GH) yana kama da prolactin a tsari kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga galactopoiesis ɗinsa.
* Sinadarin Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) da glucocorticoids kamar [[cortisol]] suna da muhimmin aiki wajen samar da nono ga nau'ikan dabbobi da dama, ciki har da mutane. Glucocorticoids suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita hanyoyin da suka dace.
* Hormone mai motsa thyroid (TSH) da thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) suna da matukar muhimmanci ga lactose hormones waɗanda matakansu ke ƙaruwa a zahiri yayin daukar ciki.
* Oxytocin yana ɗaure tsokar mahaifa mai santsi a lokacin haihuwa da kuma bayan haihuwa, da kuma lokacin inzali (inzali). Bayan haihuwa, oxytocin yana ɗaure laka mai santsi na ƙwayoyin halitta masu kama da band waɗanda ke kewaye da alveoli don matse sabuwar madarar da aka samar cikin tsarin bututun. Oxytocin yana da mahimmanci don ''amsawar fitar da madara'', ko kuma ''rage gudu'', a martanin shayarwa, ya faru.

Haka kuma yana yiwuwa a haifar da shayarwa ba tare da daukar ciki ba ta hanyar haɗa ƙwayoyin hana haihuwa, galactagogues, da kuma fitar da madara ta amfani da famfon nono.
[[Fayil:Blausen_0118_Breastfeeding_CorrectLatch-On_02.png|thumb|Shayarwa (daidai wurin da ya dace a riƙe shi)]]
[[Fayil:Asymmetric_breastfeeding_latch.jpg|thumb|Shayar da jariri nono]]
[[Fayil:Zanzibar_31.JPG|thumb|240x240px|Shayar da yaro babba nono]]

==== Bambancin sirri ====
A lokacin ƙarshen ciki, nonuwanta na mace suna shiga matakin ''bambancin sirri'' . Wannan shine lokacin da nonuwa ke yin colostrum (duba ƙasa), wani ruwa mai kauri, wani lokacin rawaya. A wannan matakin, yawan progesterone yana hana yawancin samar da madara. Ba damuwa ba ne ga likita idan mace mai ciki tana zubar da wani colostrum kafin haihuwar jaririnta, kuma ba alama ce ta samar da madara a nan gaba ba.

==== Kunna sirri ====
A lokacin [[Jego|haihuwa]], matakan prolactin suna ci gaba da yawa, yayin da haihuwar mahaifa ke haifar da raguwar matakan progesterone, estrogen, da HPL kwatsam. Wannan janyewar progesterone kwatsam a gaban yawan matakan prolactin yana ƙarfafa samar da madara mai yawa na ''Secretory Activation'' .

Idan nono ya motsa, matakan prolactin a cikin jini suna ƙaruwa, suna ƙaruwa cikin kimanin mintuna 45, sannan su koma yanayin kafin shayarwa bayan sa'o'i uku. Sakin prolactin yana sa ƙwayoyin halittar da ke cikin alveoli su yi madara. Prolactin kuma yana canzawa zuwa madarar nono. Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa prolactin a cikin madara yana ƙaruwa a lokutan samar da madara mai yawa, kuma yana ƙasa da lokacin da nono ya cika, kuma mafi girman matakan yakan faru tsakanin 2 na safe zuwa 6 na safe &lt;ref name=&quot;Cregan_2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cregan MD, Mitoulas LR, Hartmann PE |date=March 2002 |title=Milk prolactin, feed volume and duration between feeds in women breastfeeding their full-term infants over a 24 h period |journal=Experimental Physiology |volume=87 |issue=2 |pages=207–214 |doi=10.1113/eph8702327 |pmid=11856965 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wasu hormones &amp;#x2014; musamman insulin, thyroxine, da cortisol &amp;#x2014; suma suna da hannu, amma har yanzu ba a fahimci rawar da suke takawa ba. Duk da cewa alamun sinadarai sun nuna cewa Activation na Secretory yana farawa kimanin sa'o'i 30-40 bayan haihuwa, iyaye mata ba sa fara jin ƙarar cikar nono (jin madara &quot;tana shigowa cikin nono&quot;) har sai bayan sa'o'i 50-73 (kwanaki 2-3) bayan haihuwa.

Colostrum shine madarar farko da jariri mai shayarwa ke samu. Tana dauke da adadin fararen jini da kuma kwayoyin rigakafi fiye da madarar da ta girma, kuma tana da yawan immunoglobulin A (IgA), wanda ke rufe rufin hanjin jaririn da bai kai ba, kuma tana taimakawa wajen hana cututtuka shiga tsarin jaririn. Secretory IgA kuma yana taimakawa wajen hana rashin lafiyar abinci. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sears_2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last2=William Sears (physician)}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin makonni biyu na farko bayan haihuwa, samar da colostrum a hankali yana ba da damar mamayar nono a hankali. 

==== Kula da Autocrine - Galactopoiesis ====
Tsarin kula da hormones na endocrine yana haifar da samar da madara a lokacin daukar ciki da kuma 'yan kwanaki na farko [[Lokacin bayan haihuwa|bayan haihuwa]] . Idan samar da madarar ta fi ƙarfi, tsarin kula da autocrine (ko na gida) zai fara.

A wannan matakin, gwargwadon yadda ake cire madara daga nono, haka nan nono zai samar da madara. &lt;ref name=&quot;deCarvalho_1985&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=deCarvalho M, Anderson DM, Giangreco A, Pittard WB |date=May 1985 |title=Frequency of milk expression and milk production by mothers of nonnursing premature neonates |journal=American Journal of Diseases of Children |volume=139 |issue=5 |pages=483–485 |doi=10.1001/archpedi.1985.02140070057033 |pmid=3984973}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Hopkinson_1988&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hopkinson JM, Schanler RJ, Garza C |date=June 1988 |title=Milk production by mothers of premature infants |journal=Pediatrics |volume=81 |issue=6 |pages=815–820 |doi=10.1542/peds.81.6.815 |pmid=3368280 |s2cid=36906244}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa fitar da madarar nono sosai yana ƙara yawan samar da madara. &lt;ref name=&quot;Daly_1993&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Daly SE, Owens RA, Hartmann PE |date=March 1993 |title=The short-term synthesis and infant-regulated removal of milk in lactating women |journal=Experimental Physiology |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=209–220 |doi=10.1113/expphysiol.1993.sp003681 |pmid=8471241 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don haka samar da madarar yana da tasiri sosai ta hanyar yawan ciyar da jariri da kuma yadda yake iya canja wurin madara daga nono. Sau da yawa ana iya gano ƙarancin wadata zuwa ga:

* rashin ciyarwa ko [[Famfon nono|yin famfo]] akai-akai
* rashin iyawar jariri wajen canja wurin madara yadda ya kamata ya faru ne sakamakon, daga cikin wasu abubuwa:
** ƙarancin tsarin muƙamuƙi ko baki
** mummunan dabarar ɗaurewa
** haihuwa da wuri
** barci a cikin jariri, saboda rashin lafiya, magani ko murmurewa daga hanyoyin likita
* matsalolin endocrine na uwaye marasa galihu
* kyallen nono mai kama da hypoplastic
* rashin isasshen adadin kuzari ko rashin abinci mai gina jiki ga uwa

=== Gyaran fitar da madara ===
[[Fayil:2922_Let_Down_Reflex-new.jpg|right|thumb|447x447px|Jadawalin kwarara wanda ke nuna hanyar yin reflex]]
Wannan ita ce hanyar da ake jigilar madara daga alveoli na nono zuwa kan nono . Tsotsar nono daga jariri yana motsa ƙwayoyin paraventricular da kuma ƙwayoyin supraoptic a cikin hypothalamus, waɗanda ke nuna alama ga glandar pituitary ta baya don samar da oxytocin . Oxytocin yana ƙarfafa matsewar ƙwayoyin myoepithelial da ke kewaye da alveoli, waɗanda suka riga sun riƙe madara. Ƙara matsin lamba yana sa madara ta gudana ta cikin tsarin bututun kuma ta sake fitowa ta kan nono. Wannan martanin za a iya ɗauka ta hanyar misali kukan jariri.

Ana fara fitar da madara a cikin ƙirjin uwa ta hanyar shan nonon jariri. Maganin fitar da madara (wanda kuma ake kira &quot;let-down reflex&quot;) ba koyaushe yake daidai ba, musamman da farko. Da zarar mace ta sami sha'awar shayarwa, zubar da madara na iya faruwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da sautin kowane jariri. Ko da tunanin shayarwa na iya tayar da wannan yanayin, yana haifar da zubar da madara mara so, ko kuma nonon biyu na iya fitar da madara lokacin da jariri ke shayarwa daga nono ɗaya. Duk da haka, wannan da sauran matsaloli galibi suna kwance bayan makonni biyu na shayarwa. [[Damuwa (biology)|Damuwa]] ko damuwa na iya haifar da matsaloli tare da shayarwa. Sakin hormone oxytocin yana haifar da ''fitar da madara'' ko ''rage kitse'' . Oxytocin yana motsa tsokoki da ke kewaye da nono don matse madarar. Uwa masu shayarwa suna bayyana jin daɗin ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Wasu suna jin ɗan ƙara, wasu suna jin matsin lamba mai yawa ko ɗan zafi/rashin jin daɗi, wasu kuma ba sa jin wani abu daban. 'Yan tsirarun iyaye mata suna fuskantar matsalar fitar da madarar mara lafiya nan da nan kafin a rage kitse, wanda ke haifar da damuwa, fushi ko tashin zuciya, da sauran mummunan ji, har zuwa 'yan mintuna a kowane ciyarwa.

Rashin kyawun hanyar fitar da madarar nono na iya faruwa ne sakamakon ciwon nono ko tsagewar nono, rabuwa da jariri, tarihin tiyatar nono, ko lalacewar nama daga [[Breast trauma|raunin nono]] da ya gabata. Idan uwa tana da matsala wajen shayarwa, hanyoyi daban-daban na taimakawa wajen fitar da madarar nono na iya taimakawa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ciyarwa a wuri da aka saba da shi kuma mai daɗi, tausa nono ko baya, ko ɗumama nono da zane ko shawa.

==== Tsarin gyaran fitar da madara ====
Wannan ita ce hanyar da ake jigilar madara daga nonon alveoli zuwa kan nono. Tsotsar nonon jariri yana daidaita kansa a hankali &lt;ref name=&quot;Grachev_1977&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grachev II, Alekseev NP, Velling VA |date=March 1977 |title=[Slowly-adapting mechanoreceptor units of the guinea pig mammary nipple] |journal=Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal SSSR imeni I. M. Sechenova |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=391–400 |pmid=863036}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma daidaita shi cikin sauri &lt;ref name=&quot;Grachev_1976&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grachev II, Alekseev NP, Velling VA |year=1976 |title=[Properties of the mechanoreceptors of the nipple of the guinea pig mammary gland. (Rapidly adapting mechanoreceptor units)] |journal=Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal SSSR imeni I. M. Sechenova |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=885–892 |pmid=1010088}}&lt;/ref&gt; na'urorin karɓa waɗanda ke cike da ƙwayoyin cuta a yankin areolar . Motsin lantarki yana bin hanyar spinothalamic, wanda ke farawa ta hanyar shigar da jijiyoyi na tsakiya na huɗu. Motsin lantarki yana hawa hanyar posterolateral don matakan vertebral ɗaya ko biyu kuma yana haɗuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta na biyu, waɗanda ake kira ƙwayoyin cuta, a cikin ƙahon baya na baya. Sannan ƙwayoyin cuta suna raguwa ta hanyar farin commissure na gaba zuwa kusurwar anterolateral kuma suna hawa zuwa tsakiya na supraoptic da tsakiya na paraventricular a cikin hypothalamus, inda suke haɗuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta na uku na oxytocinergic. Somas na waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta suna cikin hypothalamus, amma tashoshin axon da axon ɗinsu suna cikin infundibulum da pars nervosa na pituitary na baya, bi da bi. Ana samar da sinadarin oxytocin a cikin sinadarin neuron's soma a cikin ƙwayoyin halittar supraoptic da paraventricular, sannan a kai shi cikin infundibulum ta hanyar hanyar hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal tare da taimakon furotin mai ɗauke da sinadarai, neurophysin I, zuwa pars nervosa na pituitary na baya, sannan a adana shi a cikin jikin Herring, inda ake adana shi har zuwa synapse tsakanin ƙwayoyin halittar da ke cikin tsari na biyu da na uku.

Bayan motsin lantarki, ana fitar da oxytocin cikin jini. Ta hanyar jini, oxytocin yana tafiya zuwa ƙwayoyin myoepithelial, waɗanda ke tsakanin ƙwayoyin extracellular matrix da ƙwayoyin epithelial na haske waɗanda suma suka samar da alveoli a cikin kyallen nono. Lokacin da oxytocin ya haɗu da ƙwayoyin myoepithelial, ƙwayoyin suna taruwa. Ƙarar matsin lamba a cikin alveolar yana tilasta madara zuwa cikin sinuses na lactiferous, zuwa cikin bututun lactiferous (wani bincike ya gano cewa sinuses na lactiferous bazai wanzu ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ramsay DT, Kent JC, Hartmann RA, Hartmann PE |date=June 2005 |title=Anatomy of the lactating human breast redefined with ultrasound imaging |journal=Journal of Anatomy |volume=206 |issue=6 |pages=525–534 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00417.x |pmc=1571528 |pmid=15960763}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan wannan gaskiya ne to madara kawai tana shiga bututun lactiferous), sannan ta fita daga kan nono.

=== Bayan ciwo ===
Yawan sinadarin oxytocin shi ma yana sa mahaifa ta yi ƙunci. A lokacin shayarwa, uwaye na iya jin waɗannan ƙunci a matsayin ''ciwon bayan haihuwa'' . Waɗannan na iya kamawa daga ƙunci kamar na al'ada zuwa ƙunci mai ƙarfi kamar na haihuwa kuma yana iya zama mafi tsanani ga jarirai na biyu da na gaba.  

== Ba tare da juna biyu ba, shayarwa, ko kuma sake haihuwa ==
A cikin mutane, an lura da shayarwa da sake haihuwa akai-akai a wasu al'adu, kuma an nuna shi da nasarori daban-daban a cikin uwaye masu riƙo, masu shayarwa da suka jika, da kuma mata masu fama da lactophilia .   Da alama akwai yiwuwar shayarwa ga mata (ko mata na wasu nau'ikan) waɗanda ba uwaye ba ne na halitta yana ba da fa'ida ta juyin halitta, musamman a cikin ƙungiyoyi masu yawan mace-mace na uwaye da kuma dangantaka mai ƙarfi tsakanin mutane. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sobrinho_2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sobrinho LG |year=2003 |title=Prolactin, psychological stress and environment in humans: adaptation and maladaptation |journal=Pituitary |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=35–39 |doi=10.1023/A:1026229810876 |pmid=14674722 |s2cid=1335211}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Bose_1981&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bose CL, D'Ercole AJ, Lester AG, Hunter RS, Barrett JR |date=April 1981 |title=Relactation by mothers of sick and premature infants |journal=Pediatrics |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=565–569 |doi=10.1542/peds.67.4.565 |pmid=6789296 |s2cid=12991397}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kuma lura da wannan lamari a yawancin birai, a wasu lemurs, da kuma a cikin dwarf mongooses. &lt;ref name=&quot;Koenig_1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=König B |date=March 1997 |title=Cooperative care of young in mammals |journal=Die Naturwissenschaften |volume=84 |issue=3 |pages=95–104 |bibcode=1997NW.....84...95K |doi=10.1007/s001140050356 |pmid=9112240 |s2cid=23240724}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Creel_1991&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Creel SR, Monfort SL, Wildt DE, Waser PM |date=June 1991 |title=Spontaneous lactation is an adaptive result of pseudopregnancy |journal=Nature |volume=351 |issue=6328 |pages=660–662 |bibcode=1991Natur.351..660C |doi=10.1038/351660a0 |pmid=2052092 |s2cid=4336672}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana iya haifar da shayarwa a cikin mutane ta hanyar haɗakar motsa jiki da tunani, ta hanyar magunguna, ko kuma ta hanyar haɗa waɗannan hanyoyin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Seema_1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Patwari AK, Satyanarayana L |date=August 1997 |title=Relactation: an effective intervention to promote exclusive breastfeeding |journal=Journal of Tropical Pediatrics |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=213–216 |doi=10.1093/tropej/43.4.213 |pmid=9283123 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jack Newman da Lenore Goldfarb sun ƙirƙiro wasu ka'idoji don haifar da shayarwa kuma ana kiransu da ka'idojin Newman-Goldfarb. &quot;Ka'idar yau da kullun&quot; ta ƙunshi amfani da magungunan hana haihuwa don kwaikwayon matakan hormone na ciki tare da domperidone don haɓaka samar da madara, sannan a dakatar da hana haihuwa da kuma gabatar da amfani da famfon nono mai amfani da wutar lantarki don haifar da samar da madara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Newman Goldfarb Protocols for Induced Lactation |url=https://www.asklenore.info/breastfeeding/induced_lactation/protocols4print.shtml |website=www.asklenore.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai ƙarin ka'idoji don tallafawa hanzarta lokacin shayarwa da kuma tallafawa shayarwa a cikin iyaye masu yin haila.

Wasu ma'aurata na iya ƙarfafa shayarwa a waje da ciki don dalilai na jima'i .

Kwanan nan, wani batu na [[Kula da lafiyar transgender|kula da lafiyar masu canza jinsi]], rahotanni da dama sun bayyana cewa mata masu canza jinsi sun sami nasarar haifar da shayarwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Reisman T, Goldstein Z |date=December 2018 |title=Case Report: Induced Lactation in a Transgender Woman |journal=Transgender Health |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=24–26 |doi=10.1089/trgh.2017.0044 |pmc=5779241 |pmid=29372185}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wamboldt R, Shuster S, Sidhu BS |date=April 2021 |title=Lactation Induction in a Transgender Woman Wanting to Breastfeed: Case Report |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=e2047–e2052 |doi=10.1210/clinem/dgaa976 |pmid=33513241 |s2cid=231755160 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bincike ya nuna cewa wannan yana da darajar abinci mai gina jiki iri ɗaya da madarar nono da mata masu canza jinsi ke samarwa, kuma an ba wa jarirai lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Weimer AK |date=August 2023 |title=Lactation Induction in a Transgender Woman: Macronutrient Analysis and Patient Perspectives |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9k3189h7 |journal=Journal of Human Lactation |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=488–494 |doi=10.1177/08903344231170559 |pmid=37138506 |s2cid=258485541 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwai labaran shayarwar maza da ba kasafai ake samun su ba (kamar yadda ya bambanta da galactorrhea ) a cikin littattafan tarihi na likitanci da na ɗan adam. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Strange but True: Males Can Lactate |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/strange-but-true-males-can-lactate/ |website=Scientific American}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Domperidone magani ne da ke iya haifar da shayarwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 February 2018 |title=Transgender woman able to breastfeed in first documented case |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/feb/14/transgender-woman-breastfeed-health |website=[[TheGuardian.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Reisman T, Goldstein Z |year=2018 |title=Case Report: Induced Lactation in a Transgender Woman |journal=Transgender Health |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=24–26 |doi=10.1089/trgh.2017.0044 |pmc=5779241 |pmid=29372185}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Juyin Halitta ==
[[Charles Darwin]] ya fahimci cewa glandar nono ta samo asali ne musamman daga glandar fata, kuma ya yi hasashen cewa sun samo asali ne daga gland a cikin [[Brood pouch (fish)|jakar]] kifi, inda za su samar da abinci ga ƙwai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Capuco_2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Capuco AV, Akers RM |year=2009 |title=The origin and evolution of lactation |journal=Journal of Biology |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=37 |doi=10.1186/jbiol139 |pmc=2688910 |pmid=19439024 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCapucoAkers2009&quot;&gt;Capuco AV, Akers RM (2009). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2688910 &quot;The origin and evolution of lactation&quot;]. ''Journal of Biology''. '''8''' (4): 37. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1186/jbiol139|10.1186/jbiol139]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2688910 2688910]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19439024 19439024].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ba a tabbatar da ɓangaren ƙarshe na hasashensa ba; duk da haka, kwanan nan an yi hasashen cewa wannan tsari ne ga farkon synapsids . &lt;ref name=&quot;Oftendal_2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Oftedal OT |date=July 2002 |title=The mammary gland and its origin during synapsid evolution |journal=Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=225–252 |doi=10.1023/A:1022896515287 |pmid=12751889 |s2cid=25806501}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamar yadda dukkan dabbobi masu shayarwa ke shayarwa, shayarwa dole ne ta samo asali kafin magabacin dukkan dabbobi masu shayarwa na ƙarshe, wanda hakan ya sanya ta a mafi ƙarancin Triassic na Tsakiya ko Late lokacin da monotremes suka bambanta da masu shayarwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=van Rheede T, Bastiaans T, Boone DN, Hedges SB, de Jong WW, Madsen O |date=March 2006 |title=The platypus is in its place: nuclear genes and indels confirm the sister group relation of monotremes and Therians |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=587–597 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msj064 |pmid=16291999 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; OT Oftedal ya yi jayayya cewa therapsids ya samar da ruwan proto-lacteal don kiyaye ƙwai danshi, wanda ya zama dole saboda ƙwai da aka yi da fata na synapsids waɗanda suka fi saurin ƙafewa da bushewa fiye da ƙwai da aka yi da wasu sauropsids. &lt;ref name=&quot;Oftendal_2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Oftedal OT |date=July 2002 |title=The mammary gland and its origin during synapsid evolution |journal=Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=225–252 |doi=10.1023/A:1022896515287 |pmid=12751889 |s2cid=25806501}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOftedal2002&quot;&gt;Oftedal OT (July 2002). &quot;The mammary gland and its origin during synapsid evolution&quot;. ''Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia''. '''7''' (3): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;225–&lt;/span&gt;252. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1023/A:1022896515287|10.1023/A:1022896515287]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12751889 12751889]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25806501 25806501].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Oftedal OT |date=July 2002 |title=The origin of lactation as a water source for parchment-shelled eggs |journal=Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=253–266 |doi=10.1023/A:1022848632125 |pmid=12751890 |s2cid=8319185}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan ruwan protolacteal ya zama madara mai rikitarwa, mai wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki wanda daga nan ya ba da damar raguwar girman ƙwai ta hanyar rage dogaro da babban gwaiduwa a cikin ƙwai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bose_1981&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bose CL, D'Ercole AJ, Lester AG, Hunter RS, Barrett JR |date=April 1981 |title=Relactation by mothers of sick and premature infants |journal=Pediatrics |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=565–569 |doi=10.1542/peds.67.4.565 |pmid=6789296 |s2cid=12991397}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBoseD'ErcoleLesterHunter1981&quot;&gt;Bose CL, D'Ercole AJ, Lester AG, Hunter RS, Barrett JR (April 1981). &quot;Relactation by mothers of sick and premature infants&quot;. ''Pediatrics''. '''67''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;565–&lt;/span&gt;569. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1542/peds.67.4.565|10.1542/peds.67.4.565]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6789296 6789296]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12991397 12991397].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma ana kyautata zaton juyin halittar shayarwa ya haifar da ƙarin rikitarwar haƙoran da ake gani a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, domin shayarwa da ta ba da damar ci gaba da muƙamuƙi na dogon lokaci kafin fashewar haƙora. &lt;ref name=&quot;Oftendal_2002&quot; /&gt;

Oftedal ya kuma gabatar da shawarar cewa ruwan protolacteal an fara fitar da shi ta hanyar glandar pilosebaceous akan facin nono, kamar areola, kuma gashin da ke kan wannan facin yana jigilar ruwan zuwa ga 'yan jarirai kamar yadda ake gani a cikin monotremes . A cikin monotremes, ana cewa sun samo asali ne daga glandar gumi ta apocrine. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 April 2021 |title=Platypus: A Darwinian Cautionary Tale |url=https://truthinscience.uk/platypus-a-darwinian-cautionary-tale/?amp=1 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250816191052/https://truthinscience.uk/platypus-a-darwinian-cautionary-tale/?amp=1 |archive-date=2025-08-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan zai faru ne a cikin zuriyar dabbobi masu shayarwa waɗanda suka bambanta bayan monotremes, metatheria da eutheria . A cikin wannan yanayin, wasu kwayoyin halitta da hanyoyin sigina da ke da hannu a shayarwa sun samo asali ne daga tsoffin abubuwan da suka sauƙaƙa fitar da ruwa daga tsarin spiny, waɗanda kansu suka samo asali daga odontodes . &lt;ref name=&quot;Oftedal2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Oftedal OT, Dhouailly D |date=June 2013 |title=Evo-devo of the mammary gland |journal=Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=105–120 |doi=10.1007/s10911-013-9290-8 |pmid=23681303 |s2cid=6608975}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abin da ya faru a wajen dabbobi masu shayarwa ==
Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan, kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin mujallar ''Science'', ya nuna cewa wasu caecilians suna nuna wani abu inda suke samar wa 'ya'yansu wani abu mai gina jiki kamar madara, wanda aka kawo ta hanyar iskar uwa. Daga cikin nau'in da aka bincika, caecilian amphibian ''Siphonops annulatus'' wanda ba shi da shayarwa a oviparous ya fito fili, yana nuna cewa aikin shayarwa na iya zama yaɗuwa a tsakanin waɗannan halittu fiye da yadda aka zata a baya. Kamar yadda aka yi bayani dalla-dalla a cikin wani bincike na 2024, masu bincike sun tattara uwaye 16 na nau'in ''Siphonops annulatus'' daga gonakin cacao a cikin dajin Atlantic na Brazil kuma suka ɗauki hotunansu tare da 'ya'yansu a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Iyaye mata sun kasance tare da 'ya'yansu, waɗanda suka tsotse farin ruwa mai kauri daga cloaca, suna fuskantar girma cikin sauri a makon farko. Wannan abu mai kama da madara, mai wadataccen mai da carbohydrates, ana samar da shi a cikin glandar epithelium ta oviduct, mai kama da [[Madara|madarar dabbobi]] . An saki sinadarin da alama yana mayar da martani ga motsin hannu da sautin da jarirai ke yi. Masu binciken sun lura da yadda 'yan kyanwa ke fitar da sauti masu ƙarfi yayin da suke kusantar uwayensu don neman madara, wani hali na musamman tsakanin 'yan kyanwa. Wannan ɗabi'ar shayarwa ta nono na iya taimakawa wajen haɓaka ƙwayoyin cuta da tsarin garkuwar jiki na 'yan kyanwa, kamar yadda yake a cikin 'yan kyanwa. Kasancewar samar da madara a cikin caecilians wanda ke yin ƙwai yana nuna canjin juyin halitta tsakanin kwanciya ƙwai da haihuwa mai rai .  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wake |first=Marvalee H. |date=7 Mar 2024 |title=Amphibian hatchlings find mother's milk |journal=Science |language=en |volume=383 |issue=1060-1061 (2024) |pages=1060–1061 |bibcode=2024Sci...383.1060W |doi=10.1126/science.ado2094 |pmid=38452095}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mailho-Fontana |first=Pedro L. |last2=Antoniazzi |first2=Marta M. |last3=Coelho |first3=Guilherme R. |last4=Pimenta |first4=Daniel C. |last5=Fernandes |first5=Lígia P. |last6=Kupfer |first6=Alexander |last7=Brodie |first7=Edmund D. |last8=Jared |first8=Carlos |date=2024-03-08 |title=Milk provisioning in oviparous caecilian amphibians |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adi5379 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=383 |issue=6687 |pages=1092–1095 |bibcode=2024Sci...383.1092M |doi=10.1126/science.adi5379 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=38452082 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani sanannen misali na ciyar da yara ƙanana da ƙwayoyin cuta masu fitar da su shine madarar amfanin gona ta wasu tsuntsaye kamar tsuntsayen columbiform (kurciya da kurciya), da sauransu. Kamar yadda yake a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, wannan kuma da alama prolactin ne ke jagoranta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Horseman_1995&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Horseman ND, Buntin JD |year=1995 |title=Regulation of pigeon cropmilk secretion and parental behaviors by prolactin |journal=Annual Review of Nutrition |volume=15 |pages=213–238 |doi=10.1146/annurev.nu.15.070195.001241 |pmid=8527218}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu tsuntsaye kamar flamingos da [[Fenjin|penguins]] suna amfani da dabarun ciyarwa iri ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bird Milk |url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/Bird_Milk.html |website=web.stanford.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kifin Discus ( ''Symphysodon'' ) an san shi da (a kowane lokaci) ciyar da 'ya'yansu ta hanyar fitar da majina daga epidermal. &lt;ref name=&quot;Buckley&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Buckley J, Maunder RJ, Foey A, Pearce J, Val AL, Sloman KA |date=November 2010 |title=Biparental mucus feeding: a unique example of parental care in an Amazonian cichlid |journal=The Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=213 |issue=Pt 22 |pages=3787–3795 |bibcode=2010JExpB.213.3787B |doi=10.1242/jeb.042929 |pmid=21037057 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Chong_2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chong K, Joshi S, Jin LT, Shu-Chien AC |date=April 2006 |title=Proteomics profiling of epidermal mucus secretion of a cichlid (Symphysodon aequifasciata) demonstrating parental care behavior |url=http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/101489 |journal=Proteomics |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=2251–2258 |doi=10.1002/pmic.200500591 |pmid=16385477 |s2cid=37973363}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bincike mai zurfi ya nuna cewa, kamar yadda yake a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa da tsuntsaye, ana iya sarrafa fitar da wannan ruwa mai gina jiki ta hanyar prolactin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Khong_2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Khong HK, Kuah MK, Jaya-Ram A, Shu-Chien AC |date=May 2009 |title=Prolactin receptor mRNA is upregulated in discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciata) skin during parental phase |journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B, Biochemistry &amp; Molecular Biology |volume=153 |issue=1 |pages=18–28 |doi=10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.01.005 |pmid=19272315}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ganin irin wannan hali a cikin akalla nau'ikan cichlids 30. &lt;ref name=&quot;Buckley&quot; /&gt;

Lactation kuma alama ce ta rayuwa ta adenotrophic - wata hanyar haihuwa da wasu kwari suka samar, musamman [[Ƙudan tsando|kwari masu kwari]] . Kwai ɗaya na tsetse yana girma ya zama tsutsa a cikin mahaifa inda wani abu mai madara da glandar madara ke fitarwa a cikin mahaifa ke ciyar da shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Attardo_2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Attardo GM, Lohs C, Heddi A, Alam UH, Yildirim S, Aksoy S |date=August 2008 |title=Analysis of milk gland structure and function in Glossina morsitans: milk protein production, symbiont populations and fecundity |journal=Journal of Insect Physiology |volume=54 |issue=8 |pages=1236–1242 |bibcode=2008JInsP..54.1236A |doi=10.1016/j.jinsphys.2008.06.008 |pmc=2613686 |pmid=18647605}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nau'in kyankyaso ''Diploptera punctata'' kuma an san shi da ciyar da 'ya'yansu ta hanyar fitar da madara. &lt;ref name=&quot;Williford_2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Williford A, Stay B, Bhattacharya D |year=2004 |title=Evolution of a novel function: nutritive milk in the viviparous cockroach, Diploptera punctata |journal=Evolution &amp; Development |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=67–77 |doi=10.1111/j.1525-142x.2004.04012.x |pmid=15009119 |s2cid=31048064}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Toxeus magnus'', wani nau'in gizo- gizo mai kama da tururuwa a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, shi ma yana shayarwa. Yana shayar da 'ya'yansa na tsawon kimanin kwanaki 38, kodayake suna iya yin kiwo da kansu bayan kwana 21. Hana shayarwa nan da nan bayan haihuwa ya haifar da mutuwar 'ya'yan gaba ɗaya, yayin da toshe shi kwanaki 20 bayan haihuwa ya haifar da ƙaruwar neman abinci da raguwar rayuwa. Wannan nau'in shayarwa na iya samo asali ne daga samar da ƙwai masu kama da tururuwa . &lt;ref name=&quot;Chen2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Chen Z, Corlett RT, Jiao X, Liu SJ, Charles-Dominique T, Zhang S, Li H, Lai R, Long C, Quan RC |date=November 2018 |title=Prolonged milk provisioning in a jumping spider |journal=Science |volume=362 |issue=6418 |pages=1052–1055 |bibcode=2018Sci...362.1052C |doi=10.1126/science.aat3692 |pmid=30498127 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Dakin shayarwa
* Galactogogue
* Layin madara
* Shayar da nonon namiji
* Uwa
* [[Shayarwa|Shayarwa da mama]]
* Rashin shayarwa (bayyanewa)
* Danganta nono
* Shayar da nonon uwa
* Matsayin hypothalamic-pituitary-prolactin
* Sadaka ta Romawa
* [[Juna biyu|Ciki]]
* Madarar amfanin gona

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist|2}}

== Ƙarin karatu ==

* {{Cite journal |vauthors=CBarras C |date=18 March 2008 |title=How mammals lost their egg yolks]—Did mammals develop nutritional milk before or after they abandoned yolky eggs? |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13471-how-mammals-lost-their-egg-yolks-.html |journal=New Scientist}}
{{Reproductive physiology}}{{Milk navbox}}{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Tsibirin Agilkia</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329961098|Agilkia Island]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tsibirin Agilkia''' (wanda kuma ake kira '''Agilika''' ; Arabic  , daga [[Tsohon yaren Nubian|Tsohon Nubian]] : ⲁ̅ⲅⲗ̅, an yi masa romanized: ''agil,'' &quot;mouth&quot;  ) tsibiri ne a cikin madatsar ruwa ta [[Aswan Low Dam|Tsohon Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan]] da ke gefen [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] a kudancin [[Misra|Masar]] ; shine wurin da aka mayar da tsohon ginin haikalin [[Tsohuwar Masar|Masar]] na [[Haikali na Philae|Philae]] . An yi ambaliyar ruwa sosai sakamakon ginin tsohon madatsar ruwa a shekarar 1902,   an wargaza ginin Philae aka mayar da shi zuwa tsibirin Agilkia, a matsayin wani ɓangare na wani babban aikin [[UNESCO]]  da ya shafi gina [[Babban madatsar ruwa ta Aswan|Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan]] a shekarun 1960 da kuma ambaliyar ruwa da ta afku a wurare da dama da babban madatsar ruwanta ya haifar a sama.   Domin ba wa tsibirin Agilkia damar ɗaukar haikalin da aka mayar, an daidaita tsibirin don ya dace da tsohon tsarin tsibirin Philae gwargwadon iyawa, wanda ya buƙaci a cire saman tsibirin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 July 2015 |title=Rr7526B Egypt: Saving the Philae Temples |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AJ6jZKYRogA |website=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamar tsibirin, ''Agilkia'', shine sunan da aka zaɓa don wurin da aka tsara saukar da jirgin a kan tauraro mai wutsiya ta &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwOQ&quot;&gt;Philae&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; lander na tawagar jirgin saman &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwNw&quot;&gt;Rosetta&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; . &lt;ref name=&quot;NASA-20141106-JP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Platt |first=Jane |date=6 November 2014 |title=Rosetta Races Toward Comet Touchdown |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-383 |access-date=7 November 2014 |website=[[NASA]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Duk da haka, bayan saukar jirgin farko, jirgin ya yi babban tsalle sannan ya biyo baya da ƙaramin tsalle kafin daga ƙarshe ya tsaya wataƙila kilomita ɗaya daga Agilkia, a wani wuri mai suna Abydos, bayan tsohon birnin Masar .

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Tsibirin Agilkia''' (wanda kuma ake kira '''Agilika''' ; Arabic  , daga [[Tsohon yaren Nubian|Tsohon Nubian]] : ⲁ̅ⲅⲗ̅, an yi masa romanized: ''agil,'' &quot;mouth&quot;  ) tsibiri ne a cikin madatsar ruwa ta [[Aswan Low Dam|Tsohon Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan]] da ke gefen [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] a kudancin [[Misra|Masar]] ; shine wurin da aka mayar da tsohon ginin haikalin [[Tsohuwar Masar|Masar]] na [[Haikali na Philae|Philae]] . An yi ambaliyar ruwa sosai sakamakon ginin tsohon madatsar ruwa a shekarar 1902,   an wargaza ginin Philae aka mayar da shi zuwa tsibirin Agilkia, a matsayin wani ɓangare na wani babban aikin [[UNESCO]]  da ya shafi gina [[Babban madatsar ruwa ta Aswan|Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Aswan]] a shekarun 1960 da kuma ambaliyar ruwa da ta afku a wurare da dama da babban madatsar ruwanta ya haifar a sama.   Domin ba wa tsibirin Agilkia damar ɗaukar haikalin da aka mayar, an daidaita tsibirin don ya dace da tsohon tsarin tsibirin Philae gwargwadon iyawa, wanda ya buƙaci a cire saman tsibirin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 July 2015 |title=Rr7526B Egypt: Saving the Philae Temples |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AJ6jZKYRogA |website=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kamar tsibirin, ''Agilkia'', shine sunan da aka zaɓa don wurin da aka tsara saukar da jirgin a kan tauraro mai wutsiya ta &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwOQ&quot;&gt;Philae&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; lander na tawagar jirgin saman &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwNw&quot;&gt;Rosetta&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; . &lt;ref name=&quot;NASA-20141106-JP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Platt |first=Jane |date=6 November 2014 |title=Rosetta Races Toward Comet Touchdown |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-383 |access-date=7 November 2014 |website=[[NASA]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Duk da haka, bayan saukar jirgin farko, jirgin ya yi babban tsalle sannan ya biyo baya da ƙaramin tsalle kafin daga ƙarshe ya tsaya wataƙila kilomita ɗaya daga Agilkia, a wani wuri mai suna Abydos, bayan tsohon birnin Masar .

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    <title>Labidochromis mbenjii</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645430|Labidochromis mbenjii]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Labidochromis mbenjii''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], inda aka san yana faruwa ne kawai a yankin da ke kewaye da [[Mbenji Islands|Tsibirin Mbenji]] . Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|6.4|cm|in}} SL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''''Labidochromis mbenjii''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], inda aka san yana faruwa ne kawai a yankin da ke kewaye da [[Mbenji Islands|Tsibirin Mbenji]] . Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|6.4|cm|in}} SL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . 

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    <title>Wes Clark (kwallon kwando)</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1331570692|Wes Clark (basketball)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Wes Clark''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 1994) ƙwararren ɗan wasan [[Kwallon kwando|ƙwallon kwando]] ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda ya buga wasa a ƙarshe a Yalovaspor Basketbol na Basketbol Süper Ligi (BSL).

== Aikin kwaleji ==
A matsayinsa na ɗan ƙarami a Missouri, Clark ya samu matsakaicin maki 9.8, bugun ƙwallo 3, da kuma taimakawa a ci ƙwallo 3 a kowane wasa. An kore shi daga ƙungiyar a watan Fabrairun 2016 saboda rashin cika ƙa'idodin ilimi. Clark ya yanke shawarar komawa Buffalo, wanda kocinsa Nate Oats ne kocin Clark a Makarantar Sakandare ta Romulus .  A matsayinsa na ɗalibi na farko a Buffalo, Clark ya sami matsakaicin maki 15.5 da kuma taimakawa a ci ƙwallo 5.4 a kowane wasa. 

== Sana'ar ƙwararru ==
Bayan kammala cancantar shiga jami'a, Clark ya shiga gasar cin kofin Dos Equis 3X3U ta farko.  A ranar 2 ga Agusta, 2018, Clark ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da kulob din Italiya New Basket Brindisi don kakar wasa ta LBA ta 2018–19 . 

A ranar 23 ga Yuli, 2019, ya sanya hannu da Pallacanestro Cantù na ƙungiyar Lega Basket Serie A ta Italiya (LBA).  Clark ya samu matsakaicin maki 14.6, ya samu damar yin ƙwallo sau 3, ya taimaka masa ya taimaka masa sau 3 a wasa ɗaya. A ranar 25 ga Yuni, 2020, ya sanya hannu a Faransa tare da SIG Strasbourg da ke fafatawa a gasar LNB Pro A. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 June 2020 |title=Le puissant Wes Clark choisit Strasbourg |url=https://sigstrasbourg.fr/2020/06/le-puissant-wes-clark-choisit-strasbourg |publisher=sigstrasbourg.fr |language=French}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, a ranar 25 ga Agusta ya faɗi gwajin lafiya kuma an sanar da cewa Clark ba zai shiga ƙungiyar ba. 

A ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2020, Clark ya sanya hannu da Niners Chemnitz na gasar ƙwallon kwando ta Bundesliga . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 4, 2020 |title=Chemnitz inks Wes Clark, ex Strasbourg |url=https://www.eurobasket.com/France/news/651768/Chemnitz-inks-Wes-Clark,-ex-Strasbourg |access-date=November 4, 2020 |website=Eurobasket}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A farkon shekarar 2021, a tsakiyar kakar wasa, ya koma Italiya da taka leda tare da Reyer Venezia har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2020-21 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 January 2021 |title=Ufficiale: Wes Clark è un giocatore dell'Umana Reyer! |url=https://www.reyer.it/ufficiale-wes-clark-e-un-giocatore-dellumana-reyer/ |publisher=reyer.it |language=Italian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya koma Brindisi a lokacin bazara na 2021 na tsawon shekaru biyu har zuwa watan Yuni na 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 August 2021 |title=Wes Clark firma fino al 2023 |url=https://www.newbasketbrindisi.it/2021/08/01/wes-clark-firma-fino-al-2023/ |website=newbasketbrindisi.it |language=Italian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 22 ga Satumba, 2022, ya sanya hannu da Limoges CSP na LNB Pro A, a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Bryce Jones a fannin lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=September 22, 2022 |title=Le pigiste médical de Bryce Jones arrive aujourd'hui |url=https://www.limogescsp.com/actualites-details/le-pigiste-medical-de-bryce-jones-arrive-aujourd-hui.html |access-date=October 27, 2022 |website=limogescsp.com |publisher= |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 2022, ya sanya hannu da Niners Chemnitz na Kwando na Bundesliga (BBL) don sake zama a karo na biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=October 26, 2022 |title=Wes Clark returns to Chemnitz NINERS |url=https://sportando.basketball/en/wes-clark-returns-to-chemnitz-niners/ |access-date=October 27, 2022 |website= |publisher=Sportando |language=En}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2024, ya sanya hannu tare da Yalovaspor Basketbol na Basketbol Süper Ligi (BSL). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet|user=YalovaBasket|title=Welcome to Yalova, Wes Clark}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
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      <text bytes="3761" sha1="cmo1b7yugmqhg8eh1dq3wp7aqg4npje" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Wes Clark''' (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 1994) ƙwararren ɗan wasan [[Kwallon kwando|ƙwallon kwando]] ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka wanda ya buga wasa a ƙarshe a Yalovaspor Basketbol na Basketbol Süper Ligi (BSL).

== Aikin kwaleji ==
A matsayinsa na ɗan ƙarami a Missouri, Clark ya samu matsakaicin maki 9.8, bugun ƙwallo 3, da kuma taimakawa a ci ƙwallo 3 a kowane wasa. An kore shi daga ƙungiyar a watan Fabrairun 2016 saboda rashin cika ƙa'idodin ilimi. Clark ya yanke shawarar komawa Buffalo, wanda kocinsa Nate Oats ne kocin Clark a Makarantar Sakandare ta Romulus .  A matsayinsa na ɗalibi na farko a Buffalo, Clark ya sami matsakaicin maki 15.5 da kuma taimakawa a ci ƙwallo 5.4 a kowane wasa. 

== Sana'ar ƙwararru ==
Bayan kammala cancantar shiga jami'a, Clark ya shiga gasar cin kofin Dos Equis 3X3U ta farko.  A ranar 2 ga Agusta, 2018, Clark ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da kulob din Italiya New Basket Brindisi don kakar wasa ta LBA ta 2018–19 . 

A ranar 23 ga Yuli, 2019, ya sanya hannu da Pallacanestro Cantù na ƙungiyar Lega Basket Serie A ta Italiya (LBA).  Clark ya samu matsakaicin maki 14.6, ya samu damar yin ƙwallo sau 3, ya taimaka masa ya taimaka masa sau 3 a wasa ɗaya. A ranar 25 ga Yuni, 2020, ya sanya hannu a Faransa tare da SIG Strasbourg da ke fafatawa a gasar LNB Pro A. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 June 2020 |title=Le puissant Wes Clark choisit Strasbourg |url=https://sigstrasbourg.fr/2020/06/le-puissant-wes-clark-choisit-strasbourg |publisher=sigstrasbourg.fr |language=French}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, a ranar 25 ga Agusta ya faɗi gwajin lafiya kuma an sanar da cewa Clark ba zai shiga ƙungiyar ba. 

A ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2020, Clark ya sanya hannu da Niners Chemnitz na gasar ƙwallon kwando ta Bundesliga . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 4, 2020 |title=Chemnitz inks Wes Clark, ex Strasbourg |url=https://www.eurobasket.com/France/news/651768/Chemnitz-inks-Wes-Clark,-ex-Strasbourg |access-date=November 4, 2020 |website=Eurobasket}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A farkon shekarar 2021, a tsakiyar kakar wasa, ya koma Italiya da taka leda tare da Reyer Venezia har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2020-21 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 January 2021 |title=Ufficiale: Wes Clark è un giocatore dell'Umana Reyer! |url=https://www.reyer.it/ufficiale-wes-clark-e-un-giocatore-dellumana-reyer/ |publisher=reyer.it |language=Italian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya koma Brindisi a lokacin bazara na 2021 na tsawon shekaru biyu har zuwa watan Yuni na 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 August 2021 |title=Wes Clark firma fino al 2023 |url=https://www.newbasketbrindisi.it/2021/08/01/wes-clark-firma-fino-al-2023/ |website=newbasketbrindisi.it |language=Italian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 22 ga Satumba, 2022, ya sanya hannu da Limoges CSP na LNB Pro A, a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Bryce Jones a fannin lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=September 22, 2022 |title=Le pigiste médical de Bryce Jones arrive aujourd'hui |url=https://www.limogescsp.com/actualites-details/le-pigiste-medical-de-bryce-jones-arrive-aujourd-hui.html |access-date=October 27, 2022 |website=limogescsp.com |publisher= |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 2022, ya sanya hannu da Niners Chemnitz na Kwando na Bundesliga (BBL) don sake zama a karo na biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=October 26, 2022 |title=Wes Clark returns to Chemnitz NINERS |url=https://sportando.basketball/en/wes-clark-returns-to-chemnitz-niners/ |access-date=October 27, 2022 |website= |publisher=Sportando |language=En}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2024, ya sanya hannu tare da Yalovaspor Basketbol na Basketbol Süper Ligi (BSL). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet|user=YalovaBasket|title=Welcome to Yalova, Wes Clark}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Samar da ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli a Senegal</title>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: '''Lesotho''' ƙasa ce mai tsuntsaye da duwatsu kuma ana ɗaukarta a matsayin 'ƙasa mai wadatar ruwa', amma tana fama da ƙarancin ruwan sha mai tsafta saboda rashin ingantataccen tsarin tsaftar muhalli. A cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan, tare da gina madatsun ruwa don Aikin Ruwa na Plateau na Lesotho (Lesotho Highlands Water Project - LHWP), Lesotho ta zama babbar mai samar da ruwa ga sassan arewacin Afirka ta Kudu. Duk da ci gaban tattalin arziki da ababen more rayuwa da LHWP...</comment>
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      <text bytes="4678" sha1="srwavt49b9q9lsszzf2rhugw31mi9ag" xml:space="preserve">'''Lesotho''' ƙasa ce mai tsuntsaye da duwatsu kuma ana ɗaukarta a matsayin 'ƙasa mai wadatar ruwa', amma tana fama da ƙarancin ruwan sha mai tsafta saboda rashin ingantataccen tsarin tsaftar muhalli. A cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan, tare da gina madatsun ruwa don Aikin Ruwa na Plateau na Lesotho (Lesotho Highlands Water Project - LHWP), Lesotho ta zama babbar mai samar da ruwa ga sassan arewacin Afirka ta Kudu. Duk da ci gaban tattalin arziki da ababen more rayuwa da LHWP ta kawo, cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa sun zama ruwan dare a ƙasar kuma mace-macen jarirai sanadiyyar hakan yana da yawa. A shekarar 2017, wani shiri na inganta samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara na kofata ta Lesotho (Lesotho Lowlands) ya sami tallafi daga Asusun Kula da Muhalli na Duniya (Global Environment Facility) da Bankin Raya Afirka, kuma har yanzu aikin yana ci gaba.

== Ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli ==
Lesotho tana fuskantar matsaloli game da ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli; musamman samun hanyoyin ruwan sha da ba su gurɓata ba da kuma rashin isasshen tsarin tsaftar muhalli na jama'a. Tare da gwamnatin da ba ta tallafawa manyan ayyukan ruwa da yawa don inganta ababen more rayuwa da ayyukan tsafta saboda suna ɗaukarsu a matsayin maras fa'ida ta fuskar kuɗi, ba a sami babban ci gaba ba wajen samar da ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli ga 'yan ƙasar Lesotho. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) na ƙasashen waje da na cikin Lesotho suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a yankin, musamman a yankunan karkara na ƙasar.

=== Tarihi ===
[[File:Katse Dam.jpg|thumb|Madatsar ruwa ta Katse a Lesotho, wani ɓangare na Aikin Ruwa na Plateau na Lesotho]]
Tunanin gudanar da Aikin Ruwa na Plateau na Lesotho (LHWP) ya samo asali ne a ƙarshen shekarun 1970; sai dai, har sai bayan da juyin mulkin soja ya kire gwamnatin Lesotho a shekarar 1986 aka kafa aikin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=politics-of-judicial-independence-in-lesotho|website=Human Rights Documents online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-1234-0379}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shirin na LHWP ya kasance haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu da sabuwar gwamnatin da aka kafa a Lesotho, kodayake tsarin ya nuna fifiko a fili ga Afirka ta Kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Aikin ya kasance ta yadda Afirka ta Kudu za ta gina jerin madatsun ruwa guda biyar farawa daga Plateau na Lesotho ta hanyar hakar ramuka a cikin kwaruruka na Duwatsun Maluti, tare da karkatar da kwararar ruwan Kogin Malibamatšo na kudanci zuwa arewa zuwa ga Afirka ta Kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

An kiyasta kasafin kuɗin LHWP a kan dalar Amurka biliyan $5.6 kuma ya haɗa da masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa (hydroelectric plant) wadda Lesotho ita kaɗai ke da alhakin gina ta tare da waɗannan madatsun ruwan. Gwamnatin Lesotho ta shawo kan 'yan ƙasarta da tunanin samun ci gaban tattalin arziki daga irin wannan babban aiki. Tare da taimakon Bankin Raya Afirka ta Kudu (DBSA) da Babban Bankin Duniya (WB) wajen bayar da kuɗaɗen madatsun ruwan, da kuma rukunin Tarayyar Turai (European Community) da ke ba da kuɗaɗen ɓangaren wutar lantarki, aikin ya fara aiki tare da tsara ginin a cikin shekaru 30 masu zuwa, wanda ya wuce tsarin ci gaban shekaru 5 na Lesotho, kuma an tsara kammala shi a shekarar 2016. An tsara kammala madatsar ruwa ta farko zuwa shekarar 1996.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Binciken ƙwayoyin cuta ===
Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta gudanar da wani bincike tsakanin watan Yulin 1992 da Janairun 1993 a yankin da ya kai kusan murabba'in mil 1,000 na masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta shekaru 20 da ta samo asali daga LHWP.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Quantitative bacterial examination of domestic water supplies in the lesotho Highlands: water quality, sanitation, and village health|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|pmc=2557741 | pmid=10593031|volume=77|year=1999|pages=829–36 | last1 = Kravitz | first1 = JD | last2 = Nyaphisi | first2 = M | last3 = Mandel | first3 = R | last4 = Petersen | first4 = E|issue=10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken ya haɗa da hanyoyin ruwa na rukunonin ƙauyuka guda 72 masu nisa. Rukunoni uku sun taimaka wajen gano matakan gurɓataccen ruwa da kuma ko su amintattun hanyoyin ruwa ne da ƙauyawa za su iya amfani da su: ''marasa inganci'' (unimproved) ana ɗaukarsa azaman tushen ruwa na halitta daga idon ruwa buɗaɗɗe da wuraren tana ruwa; ''matsakaicin inganci'' (semi-improved) yana nuna cewa an gyara ko an tace tushen ruwan don hana gurɓatar ɗan adam da dabba; hanyoyin ruwa ''masu inganci'' (improved) yawanci suna rufe gaba ɗaya kuma suna kariya daga abubuwan waje tare da hanyoyin da ke keɓance ruwan zuwa akwatunan laka don amfani na gaba, wanda hakan ke ƙara kawar da gurɓatawa.</text>
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      <text bytes="8629" sha1="2iddavhnbxudbotmm11xcpcrwzt9xq2" xml:space="preserve">'''Lesotho''' ƙasa ce mai tsuntsaye da duwatsu kuma ana ɗaukarta a matsayin 'ƙasa mai wadatar ruwa', amma tana fama da ƙarancin ruwan sha mai tsafta saboda rashin ingantataccen tsarin tsaftar muhalli. A cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan, tare da gina madatsun ruwa don Aikin Ruwa na Plateau na Lesotho (Lesotho Highlands Water Project - LHWP), Lesotho ta zama babbar mai samar da ruwa ga sassan arewacin Afirka ta Kudu. Duk da ci gaban tattalin arziki da ababen more rayuwa da LHWP ta kawo, cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa sun zama ruwan dare a ƙasar kuma mace-macen jarirai sanadiyyar hakan yana da yawa. A shekarar 2017, wani shiri na inganta samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara na kofata ta Lesotho (Lesotho Lowlands) ya sami tallafi daga Asusun Kula da Muhalli na Duniya (Global Environment Facility) da Bankin Raya Afirka, kuma har yanzu aikin yana ci gaba.

== Ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli ==
Lesotho tana fuskantar matsaloli game da ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli; musamman samun hanyoyin ruwan sha da ba su gurɓata ba da kuma rashin isasshen tsarin tsaftar muhalli na jama'a. Tare da gwamnatin da ba ta tallafawa manyan ayyukan ruwa da yawa don inganta ababen more rayuwa da ayyukan tsafta saboda suna ɗaukarsu a matsayin maras fa'ida ta fuskar kuɗi, ba a sami babban ci gaba ba wajen samar da ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli ga 'yan ƙasar Lesotho. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) na ƙasashen waje da na cikin Lesotho suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a yankin, musamman a yankunan karkara na ƙasar.

=== Tarihi ===
[[File:Katse Dam.jpg|thumb|Madatsar ruwa ta Katse a Lesotho, wani ɓangare na Aikin Ruwa na Plateau na Lesotho]]
Tunanin gudanar da Aikin Ruwa na Plateau na Lesotho (LHWP) ya samo asali ne a ƙarshen shekarun 1970; sai dai, har sai bayan da juyin mulkin soja ya kire gwamnatin Lesotho a shekarar 1986 aka kafa aikin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=politics-of-judicial-independence-in-lesotho|website=Human Rights Documents online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-1234-0379}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shirin na LHWP ya kasance haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu da sabuwar gwamnatin da aka kafa a Lesotho, kodayake tsarin ya nuna fifiko a fili ga Afirka ta Kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Aikin ya kasance ta yadda Afirka ta Kudu za ta gina jerin madatsun ruwa guda biyar farawa daga Plateau na Lesotho ta hanyar hakar ramuka a cikin kwaruruka na Duwatsun Maluti, tare da karkatar da kwararar ruwan Kogin Malibamatšo na kudanci zuwa arewa zuwa ga Afirka ta Kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

An kiyasta kasafin kuɗin LHWP a kan dalar Amurka biliyan $5.6 kuma ya haɗa da masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa (hydroelectric plant) wadda Lesotho ita kaɗai ke da alhakin gina ta tare da waɗannan madatsun ruwan. Gwamnatin Lesotho ta shawo kan 'yan ƙasarta da tunanin samun ci gaban tattalin arziki daga irin wannan babban aiki. Tare da taimakon Bankin Raya Afirka ta Kudu (DBSA) da Babban Bankin Duniya (WB) wajen bayar da kuɗaɗen madatsun ruwan, da kuma rukunin Tarayyar Turai (European Community) da ke ba da kuɗaɗen ɓangaren wutar lantarki, aikin ya fara aiki tare da tsara ginin a cikin shekaru 30 masu zuwa, wanda ya wuce tsarin ci gaban shekaru 5 na Lesotho, kuma an tsara kammala shi a shekarar 2016. An tsara kammala madatsar ruwa ta farko zuwa shekarar 1996.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Binciken ƙwayoyin cuta ===
Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta gudanar da wani bincike tsakanin watan Yulin 1992 da Janairun 1993 a yankin da ya kai kusan murabba'in mil 1,000 na masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta shekaru 20 da ta samo asali daga LHWP.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Quantitative bacterial examination of domestic water supplies in the lesotho Highlands: water quality, sanitation, and village health|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|pmc=2557741 | pmid=10593031|volume=77|year=1999|pages=829–36 | last1 = Kravitz | first1 = JD | last2 = Nyaphisi | first2 = M | last3 = Mandel | first3 = R | last4 = Petersen | first4 = E|issue=10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken ya haɗa da hanyoyin ruwa na rukunonin ƙauyuka guda 72 masu nisa. Rukunoni uku sun taimaka wajen gano matakan gurɓataccen ruwa da kuma ko su amintattun hanyoyin ruwa ne da ƙauyawa za su iya amfani da su: ''marasa inganci'' (unimproved) ana ɗaukarsa azaman tushen ruwa na halitta daga idon ruwa buɗaɗɗe da wuraren tana ruwa; ''matsakaicin inganci'' (semi-improved) yana nuna cewa an gyara ko an tace tushen ruwan don hana gurɓatar ɗan adam da dabba; hanyoyin ruwa ''masu inganci'' (improved) yawanci suna rufe gaba ɗaya kuma suna kariya daga abubuwan waje tare da hanyoyin da ke keɓance ruwan zuwa akwatunan laka don amfani na gaba, wanda hakan ke ƙara kawar da gurɓatawa.

Hukumar WHO ta kuma gudanar da bincike a kan gidaje 588 game da damar da suke da it ta samun ruwa mai tsafta: kashi 38 cikin ɗari na gidaje 588 sun yi ikirarin cewa suna da damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin ruwa. Sai dai kuma, ƙasa da kashi 5 cikin ɗari ke amfani da ramin bayan gida (pit latrines) kuma kashi 18 cikin ɗari na yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar sun fuskanci cututtukan gudawa a cikin makonni biyu kafin gudanar da binciken.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Binciken ya gano cewa yawancin hanyoyin ruwan sha marasa inganci da matsakaicin inganci suna da alamun ƙwayoyin cuta na ''Coliform'' (TC) da ''Escherichia coli'' (E. coli) da suka wuce ka'idojin da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ta gafa&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; a kusan ƙwayoyin halitta &gt;16 a kowace milili 100, idan aka kwatanta da ma'aunin EPA na ƙwayoyin halitta &lt;1 a kowace milili 100, wanda zai fi kyau idan babu shi gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Bugu da ƙari, kashi 83 cikin ɗari na dukkan ingantattun hanyoyin ruwa an gano cewa suna ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cutar E. coli.

Hukumar WHO ta kammala da cewa saboda aikin LHWP, hanyoyin hidima da aka gina sun kasance alamar ci gaban ababen more rayuwa a hankali kuma ya kamata al'ummomin da ke kewaye su yi haƙuri domin ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa za su biyo baya a shekaru masu zuwa. Sai dai ban da yankunan tsuntsaye na karkara da ba su da hanyoyin da za a iya bi a duk tsawon shekara, inda gurɓataccen ruwansu na sha ya kasance kamar yadda yake. Sun ba da shawarar cewa ƙauyawa su fara aiwatar da dabi'un tsafta waɗanda ke dakatar da gurɓata muhalli da kansu da kuma yin bayan gida a cikin albarkatunsu na halitta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Wani bincike makamancin haka ya biyo baya bayan kusan shekaru ashirin. An gudanar da shi a shekarar 2011, Sashen Lafiyar Muhalli (DEH) a Jami'ar Lesotho ya bincika gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ruwan sha na gundumar Maseru na al'ummar Manonyane. Bincikensu na kimiyya ya haɗa da idon ruwa guda 22, rijiyoyi buɗaɗɗe guda 6, rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zaman kansu guda 6 da kuma rami ɗaya buɗaɗɗe na tana ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The microbial quality of drinking water in Manonyane community: Maseru District (Lesotho)|last=Gwimbi|first=P.|journal=African Health Sciences|pmc=3260991|pmid=22275942|volume=11|year=2011|issue=3|pages=474–80}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sun kuma gudanar da binciken gidaje don auna ayyukan tsafta na 'yan ƙasa a ciki da wajen hanyoyin ruwan da aka ɗauki samfuransu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Binciken ya bayyana rashin la'akari da gurɓatar ruwan sha na gida. Ko dai ta hanyar kwararar ruwan wanki ko digon ramin bayan gida ko kashin dabbobi, rashin la'akari ya bayyana sarai saboda ba a ilimantar da 'yan ƙasa yadda ya kamata kan tsarin tsafta ba. Wannan rashin tsaftar muhalli ya haifar da mutuwar yara miliyan 1.6 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar saboda kashi 84 cikin ɗari na yara suna zaune ne a al'ummomin karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

An bincika samfuran ruwan da aka ɗauka a cikin tsawon sa'o'i 6 kuma an adana su yadda ya ƙamata a cikin firiji mai sanyi a kan hanyar zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje don samun sakamako ingantacce. Abin da suka gano a cikin samfuran an kwatanta shi da ma'anar WHO na abubuwan fecal masu karɓuwa da rukunonin haɗari masu alaƙa (taswirar da ke ƙasa).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Matakan Haɗari na Colony-Forming Unit (cfu)
!Haɗarin Coliform
!Mataki
|-
|Daidaito
|0 cfu/100 ml
|-
|Kadan
|1–10 cfu/100 ml
|-
|Matsakaici
|1–100 cfu/100 ml
|-
|Babba
|100–1000 cfu/100 ml
|-
|Mafi Girma
|41000 cfu/100 ml
|}
Daga cikin samfuran hanyoyin ruwa 35 da aka ɗauka, 34 daga cikin hanyoyin ruwan sha sun wuce ƙa'idojin WHO na rashin haɗari na 0 cfu/100 ml na ruwa, yayin da kashi 50 cikin ɗari na 34 ɗin suna cikin babban haɗarin gurɓatawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Hatta hanyoyin ruwan da ake gani masu inganci ne sun fuskanci ruwan sama na baya-bayan nan wanda ya sanya kashin fecal mai gurɓatawa ya ɗigo cikin ruwan.</text>
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      <text bytes="13868" sha1="e59kp9yam6bib12wzlvt58rr6xlntum" xml:space="preserve">'''Lesotho''' ƙasa ce mai tsuntsaye da duwatsu kuma ana ɗaukarta a matsayin 'ƙasa mai wadatar ruwa', amma tana fama da ƙarancin ruwan sha mai tsafta saboda rashin ingantataccen tsarin tsaftar muhalli. A cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan, tare da gina madatsun ruwa don Aikin Ruwa na Plateau na Lesotho (Lesotho Highlands Water Project - LHWP), Lesotho ta zama babbar mai samar da ruwa ga sassan arewacin Afirka ta Kudu. Duk da ci gaban tattalin arziki da ababen more rayuwa da LHWP ta kawo, cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa sun zama ruwan dare a ƙasar kuma mace-macen jarirai sanadiyyar hakan yana da yawa. A shekarar 2017, wani shiri na inganta samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara na kofata ta Lesotho (Lesotho Lowlands) ya sami tallafi daga Asusun Kula da Muhalli na Duniya (Global Environment Facility) da Bankin Raya Afirka, kuma har yanzu aikin yana ci gaba.

== Ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli ==
Lesotho tana fuskantar matsaloli game da ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli; musamman samun hanyoyin ruwan sha da ba su gurɓata ba da kuma rashin isasshen tsarin tsaftar muhalli na jama'a. Tare da gwamnatin da ba ta tallafawa manyan ayyukan ruwa da yawa don inganta ababen more rayuwa da ayyukan tsafta saboda suna ɗaukarsu a matsayin maras fa'ida ta fuskar kuɗi, ba a sami babban ci gaba ba wajen samar da ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli ga 'yan ƙasar Lesotho. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) na ƙasashen waje da na cikin Lesotho suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a yankin, musamman a yankunan karkara na ƙasar.

=== Tarihi ===
[[File:Katse Dam.jpg|thumb|Madatsar ruwa ta Katse a Lesotho, wani ɓangare na Aikin Ruwa na Plateau na Lesotho]]
Tunanin gudanar da Aikin Ruwa na Plateau na Lesotho (LHWP) ya samo asali ne a ƙarshen shekarun 1970; sai dai, har sai bayan da juyin mulkin soja ya kire gwamnatin Lesotho a shekarar 1986 aka kafa aikin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=politics-of-judicial-independence-in-lesotho|website=Human Rights Documents online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-1234-0379}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shirin na LHWP ya kasance haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu da sabuwar gwamnatin da aka kafa a Lesotho, kodayake tsarin ya nuna fifiko a fili ga Afirka ta Kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Aikin ya kasance ta yadda Afirka ta Kudu za ta gina jerin madatsun ruwa guda biyar farawa daga Plateau na Lesotho ta hanyar hakar ramuka a cikin kwaruruka na Duwatsun Maluti, tare da karkatar da kwararar ruwan Kogin Malibamatšo na kudanci zuwa arewa zuwa ga Afirka ta Kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

An kiyasta kasafin kuɗin LHWP a kan dalar Amurka biliyan $5.6 kuma ya haɗa da masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa (hydroelectric plant) wadda Lesotho ita kaɗai ke da alhakin gina ta tare da waɗannan madatsun ruwan. Gwamnatin Lesotho ta shawo kan 'yan ƙasarta da tunanin samun ci gaban tattalin arziki daga irin wannan babban aiki. Tare da taimakon Bankin Raya Afirka ta Kudu (DBSA) da Babban Bankin Duniya (WB) wajen bayar da kuɗaɗen madatsun ruwan, da kuma rukunin Tarayyar Turai (European Community) da ke ba da kuɗaɗen ɓangaren wutar lantarki, aikin ya fara aiki tare da tsara ginin a cikin shekaru 30 masu zuwa, wanda ya wuce tsarin ci gaban shekaru 5 na Lesotho, kuma an tsara kammala shi a shekarar 2016. An tsara kammala madatsar ruwa ta farko zuwa shekarar 1996.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Binciken ƙwayoyin cuta ===
Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta gudanar da wani bincike tsakanin watan Yulin 1992 da Janairun 1993 a yankin da ya kai kusan murabba'in mil 1,000 na masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta shekaru 20 da ta samo asali daga LHWP.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Quantitative bacterial examination of domestic water supplies in the lesotho Highlands: water quality, sanitation, and village health|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|pmc=2557741 | pmid=10593031|volume=77|year=1999|pages=829–36 | last1 = Kravitz | first1 = JD | last2 = Nyaphisi | first2 = M | last3 = Mandel | first3 = R | last4 = Petersen | first4 = E|issue=10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken ya haɗa da hanyoyin ruwa na rukunonin ƙauyuka guda 72 masu nisa. Rukunoni uku sun taimaka wajen gano matakan gurɓataccen ruwa da kuma ko su amintattun hanyoyin ruwa ne da ƙauyawa za su iya amfani da su: ''marasa inganci'' (unimproved) ana ɗaukarsa azaman tushen ruwa na halitta daga idon ruwa buɗaɗɗe da wuraren tana ruwa; ''matsakaicin inganci'' (semi-improved) yana nuna cewa an gyara ko an tace tushen ruwan don hana gurɓatar ɗan adam da dabba; hanyoyin ruwa ''masu inganci'' (improved) yawanci suna rufe gaba ɗaya kuma suna kariya daga abubuwan waje tare da hanyoyin da ke keɓance ruwan zuwa akwatunan laka don amfani na gaba, wanda hakan ke ƙara kawar da gurɓatawa.

Hukumar WHO ta kuma gudanar da bincike a kan gidaje 588 game da damar da suke da it ta samun ruwa mai tsafta: kashi 38 cikin ɗari na gidaje 588 sun yi ikirarin cewa suna da damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin ruwa. Sai dai kuma, ƙasa da kashi 5 cikin ɗari ke amfani da ramin bayan gida (pit latrines) kuma kashi 18 cikin ɗari na yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar sun fuskanci cututtukan gudawa a cikin makonni biyu kafin gudanar da binciken.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Binciken ya gano cewa yawancin hanyoyin ruwan sha marasa inganci da matsakaicin inganci suna da alamun ƙwayoyin cuta na ''Coliform'' (TC) da ''Escherichia coli'' (E. coli) da suka wuce ka'idojin da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ta gafa&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; a kusan ƙwayoyin halitta &gt;16 a kowace milili 100, idan aka kwatanta da ma'aunin EPA na ƙwayoyin halitta &lt;1 a kowace milili 100, wanda zai fi kyau idan babu shi gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Bugu da ƙari, kashi 83 cikin ɗari na dukkan ingantattun hanyoyin ruwa an gano cewa suna ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cutar E. coli.

Hukumar WHO ta kammala da cewa saboda aikin LHWP, hanyoyin hidima da aka gina sun kasance alamar ci gaban ababen more rayuwa a hankali kuma ya kamata al'ummomin da ke kewaye su yi haƙuri domin ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa za su biyo baya a shekaru masu zuwa. Sai dai ban da yankunan tsuntsaye na karkara da ba su da hanyoyin da za a iya bi a duk tsawon shekara, inda gurɓataccen ruwansu na sha ya kasance kamar yadda yake. Sun ba da shawarar cewa ƙauyawa su fara aiwatar da dabi'un tsafta waɗanda ke dakatar da gurɓata muhalli da kansu da kuma yin bayan gida a cikin albarkatunsu na halitta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Wani bincike makamancin haka ya biyo baya bayan kusan shekaru ashirin. An gudanar da shi a shekarar 2011, Sashen Lafiyar Muhalli (DEH) a Jami'ar Lesotho ya bincika gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ruwan sha na gundumar Maseru na al'ummar Manonyane. Bincikensu na kimiyya ya haɗa da idon ruwa guda 22, rijiyoyi buɗaɗɗe guda 6, rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zaman kansu guda 6 da kuma rami ɗaya buɗaɗɗe na tana ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The microbial quality of drinking water in Manonyane community: Maseru District (Lesotho)|last=Gwimbi|first=P.|journal=African Health Sciences|pmc=3260991|pmid=22275942|volume=11|year=2011|issue=3|pages=474–80}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sun kuma gudanar da binciken gidaje don auna ayyukan tsafta na 'yan ƙasa a ciki da wajen hanyoyin ruwan da aka ɗauki samfuransu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Binciken ya bayyana rashin la'akari da gurɓatar ruwan sha na gida. Ko dai ta hanyar kwararar ruwan wanki ko digon ramin bayan gida ko kashin dabbobi, rashin la'akari ya bayyana sarai saboda ba a ilimantar da 'yan ƙasa yadda ya kamata kan tsarin tsafta ba. Wannan rashin tsaftar muhalli ya haifar da mutuwar yara miliyan 1.6 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar saboda kashi 84 cikin ɗari na yara suna zaune ne a al'ummomin karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

An bincika samfuran ruwan da aka ɗauka a cikin tsawon sa'o'i 6 kuma an adana su yadda ya ƙamata a cikin firiji mai sanyi a kan hanyar zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje don samun sakamako ingantacce. Abin da suka gano a cikin samfuran an kwatanta shi da ma'anar WHO na abubuwan fecal masu karɓuwa da rukunonin haɗari masu alaƙa (taswirar da ke ƙasa).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Matakan Haɗari na Colony-Forming Unit (cfu)
!Haɗarin Coliform
!Mataki
|-
|Daidaito
|0 cfu/100 ml
|-
|Kadan
|1–10 cfu/100 ml
|-
|Matsakaici
|1–100 cfu/100 ml
|-
|Babba
|100–1000 cfu/100 ml
|-
|Mafi Girma
|41000 cfu/100 ml
|}
Daga cikin samfuran hanyoyin ruwa 35 da aka ɗauka, 34 daga cikin hanyoyin ruwan sha sun wuce ƙa'idojin WHO na rashin haɗari na 0 cfu/100 ml na ruwa, yayin da kashi 50 cikin ɗari na 34 ɗin suna cikin babban haɗarin gurɓatawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Hatta hanyoyin ruwan da ake gani masu inganci ne sun fuskanci ruwan sama na baya-bayan nan wanda ya sanya kashin fecal mai gurɓatawa ya ɗigo cikin ruwan.

Hukumar DEH ta yi amfani da wannan binciken don isar da matsalolin ayyukan tsafta da rashin duba akai-akai na hanyoyin ruwa masu kariya. Shawararsu ita ce ga 'yan ƙasar al'ummar Manonyane da su aiwatar da shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya waɗanda ke ilimantar da ƙauyawa don fara amfani da dabarun tsafta mafi aminci, kamar dakatar da wanki kusa da hanyoyin ruwa da amfani da ramin bayan gida waɗanda ke da ƙarfi kuma ba za su iya yoyo ba, da kuma kiyaye dabbobi nesa da hanyoyin ruwan sha na ɗan adam don rage gurɓatar ɗan adam da dabba a cikin hanyoyin ruwansu na gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Rashin tsaro na ruwa ===
Gwamnatin Lesotho ta fuskanci gazawar ayyukan kawo ruwan sha da tsarin tsafta da ayyukan tsaftar muhalli ga al'ummomin karkara na Lesotho.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://login.csulb.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://ac.els-cdn.com/S0277953617301223/1-s2.0-S0277953617301223-main.pdf?_tid=2235c0e3-7bb4-45ce-bc3d-0be62119017b&amp;acdnat=1544908831_b7158904e902b8cf6038363b99dc5f65|title=EZ Proxy {{!}} California State University, Long Beach|website=login.csulb.idm.oclc.org|access-date=2018-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan yunƙurin da suka gaza sun sa gwamnati ta rage mai da hankali kan kuɗaɗen da ke tafe na gyara yanayin ruwan tsafta don fifita sana'o'i masu samun kuɗi da yawa. Bi da bi, mutanen Lesotho sun sami ƙaruwar cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa. Bincike ya nuna alaƙa da ƙarancin samun ruwa mai tsafta a matsayin sanadin rashin lafiyar gidaje da kuma babban annoba na alƙaluman jama'a ta hanyar HIV/AIDS.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Waɗannan rashin tsaro suna haifar da munanan tunani da ji game da ruwan da 'yan ƙasar Lesotho ke sha. Tare da gabatarwa da ƙaruwar yaduwar cutar HIV/AIDS a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, Lesotho ta ga hakan ya shafi ƙwararrun ma'aikatan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, wanda a ƙarshe ya kai ga mutuwarsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Wannan yana rage wadatar ruwa mai tsafta, wanda hakan ke haifar da ƙarancin samun sa saboda fari da canjin yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Waɗannan matsalolin syndemic suna ƙara fitowa fili kuma har yanzu ba a magance su ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Ci gaban baya-bayan nan ===
A ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, 2017, Asusun Kula da Muhalli na Duniya (GEF) tare da haɗin gwiwar Bankin Raya Afirka (AfDB) sun yanke shawarar ba da kuɗaɗen daidaitawa da canjin yanayi don samar da ruwa mai dorewa a yankunan karkara na kofata ta Lesotho (Lesotho Lowlands).&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/afdb-and-gef-support-climate-change-adaptation-for-sustainable-water-supply-in-malawi-and-lesotho-16797/|title=AfDB and GEF Support Climate Change Adaptation for Sustainable Water Supply in Malawi and Lesotho|access-date=2018-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar GEF za ta ba da tallafin dalar Amurka miliyan $4.4 kuma AfDB za ta ba da dalar Amurka miliyan $17 bi da bi. Wannan aikin shine don inganta ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli ga al'ummomin karkara na Lesotho Lowlands don mayar da martani ga canjin yanayi na baya-bayan nan da kuma gudanar da albarkatu cikin inganci bayan fari na baya-bayan nan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Aikin zai taimaka wajen dorewar al'ummomin karkara da ruwan sha. Shirinsu shine aiwatar da magudanan ruwa (watersheds) don kare wadatar ruwan da ake shigo da shi daga fari da ambaliyar ruwa da ka iya faruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Za a raba kuɗaɗen ne ta hanyar Asusun Ƙasashe Mafi Karancin Cigaba (LDCF), wanda aka kafa ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi. Wannan aikin yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da Tsare-tsaren Daidaitawa na Ƙasa na Lesotho don inganta samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na ƙasarsu, musamman a al'ummomin karkara. Kuɗaɗen za su magance dorewar albarkatu kuma za su zaburar da sabbin abubuwa don samar da ƙarin ayyuka da ci gaban tattalin arziki a cikin jagororin Tsarin Dabarun Bankin na 2013-2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Hanya ta biyu ta Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Lesotho Lowlands, wato Aikin Raya Ruwa na Lowlands, yana neman ƙara tsaron ruwa da juriya na yanayi a yankuna huɗu na Lowlands na Lesotho. Aikin zai magance cutarwar ƙasar ga illolin canjin yanayi a kan tsaron ruwa ta hanyar haɗa ababen more rayuwa don samar da ruwa mai tsafta da yawa, inganta hanyoyin rarraba ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, da haɓaka ingancin amfani da ruwa. Aikin kuma zai sami tallafin kuɗi na Euro miliyan 116 daga Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:55&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/sustainability-report-2021 |title=EIB Group Sustainability Report 2021 |date=2022-07-06 |publisher=European Investment Bank |isbn=978-92-861-5237-5 |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lesotho Lowlands Water Development Project - Phase II |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/loans-credits/2019/05/17/lesotho-lowlands-water-development-project-phase-ii |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=GJERDINGEN |first=ulf |date=2020-01-13 |title=Lesotho Lowlands Water Development |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eu-external-investment-plan/projects/lesotho-lowlands-water-development_en |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=EU External Investment Plan - European Commission |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nassi ==
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'''Lesotho''' ƙasa ce mai tsuntsaye da duwatsu kuma ana ɗaukarta a matsayin 'ƙasa mai wadatar ruwa', amma tana fama da ƙarancin ruwan sha mai tsafta saboda rashin ingantataccen tsarin tsaftar muhalli. A cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan, tare da gina madatsun ruwa don Aikin Ruwa na Plateau na Lesotho (Lesotho Highlands Water Project - LHWP), Lesotho ta zama babbar mai samar da ruwa ga sassan arewacin Afirka ta Kudu. Duk da ci gaban tattalin arziki da ababen more rayuwa da LHWP ta kawo, cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa sun zama ruwan dare a ƙasar kuma mace-macen jarirai sanadiyyar hakan yana da yawa. A shekarar 2017, wani shiri na inganta samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara na kofata ta Lesotho (Lesotho Lowlands) ya sami tallafi daga Asusun Kula da Muhalli na Duniya (Global Environment Facility) da Bankin Raya Afirka, kuma har yanzu aikin yana ci gaba.

== Ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli ==
Lesotho tana fuskantar matsaloli game da ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli; musamman samun hanyoyin ruwan sha da ba su gurɓata ba da kuma rashin isasshen tsarin tsaftar muhalli na jama'a. Tare da gwamnatin da ba ta tallafawa manyan ayyukan ruwa da yawa don inganta ababen more rayuwa da ayyukan tsafta saboda suna ɗaukarsu a matsayin maras fa'ida ta fuskar kuɗi, ba a sami babban ci gaba ba wajen samar da ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli ga 'yan ƙasar Lesotho. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) na ƙasashen waje da na cikin Lesotho suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a yankin, musamman a yankunan karkara na ƙasar.

=== Tarihi ===
[[File:Katse Dam.jpg|thumb|Madatsar ruwa ta Katse a Lesotho, wani ɓangare na Aikin Ruwa na Plateau na Lesotho]]
Tunanin gudanar da Aikin Ruwa na Plateau na Lesotho (LHWP) ya samo asali ne a ƙarshen shekarun 1970; sai dai, har sai bayan da juyin mulkin soja ya kire gwamnatin Lesotho a shekarar 1986 aka kafa aikin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=politics-of-judicial-independence-in-lesotho|website=Human Rights Documents online|doi=10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-1234-0379}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shirin na LHWP ya kasance haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu da sabuwar gwamnatin da aka kafa a Lesotho, kodayake tsarin ya nuna fifiko a fili ga Afirka ta Kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Aikin ya kasance ta yadda Afirka ta Kudu za ta gina jerin madatsun ruwa guda biyar farawa daga Plateau na Lesotho ta hanyar hakar ramuka a cikin kwaruruka na Duwatsun Maluti, tare da karkatar da kwararar ruwan Kogin Malibamatšo na kudanci zuwa arewa zuwa ga Afirka ta Kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

An kiyasta kasafin kuɗin LHWP a kan dalar Amurka biliyan $5.6 kuma ya haɗa da masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa (hydroelectric plant) wadda Lesotho ita kaɗai ke da alhakin gina ta tare da waɗannan madatsun ruwan. Gwamnatin Lesotho ta shawo kan 'yan ƙasarta da tunanin samun ci gaban tattalin arziki daga irin wannan babban aiki. Tare da taimakon Bankin Raya Afirka ta Kudu (DBSA) da Babban Bankin Duniya (WB) wajen bayar da kuɗaɗen madatsun ruwan, da kuma rukunin Tarayyar Turai (European Community) da ke ba da kuɗaɗen ɓangaren wutar lantarki, aikin ya fara aiki tare da tsara ginin a cikin shekaru 30 masu zuwa, wanda ya wuce tsarin ci gaban shekaru 5 na Lesotho, kuma an tsara kammala shi a shekarar 2016. An tsara kammala madatsar ruwa ta farko zuwa shekarar 1996.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Binciken ƙwayoyin cuta ===
Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta gudanar da wani bincike tsakanin watan Yulin 1992 da Janairun 1993 a yankin da ya kai kusan murabba'in mil 1,000 na masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta shekaru 20 da ta samo asali daga LHWP.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Quantitative bacterial examination of domestic water supplies in the lesotho Highlands: water quality, sanitation, and village health|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|pmc=2557741 | pmid=10593031|volume=77|year=1999|pages=829–36 | last1 = Kravitz | first1 = JD | last2 = Nyaphisi | first2 = M | last3 = Mandel | first3 = R | last4 = Petersen | first4 = E|issue=10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken ya haɗa da hanyoyin ruwa na rukunonin ƙauyuka guda 72 masu nisa. Rukunoni uku sun taimaka wajen gano matakan gurɓataccen ruwa da kuma ko su amintattun hanyoyin ruwa ne da ƙauyawa za su iya amfani da su: ''marasa inganci'' (unimproved) ana ɗaukarsa azaman tushen ruwa na halitta daga idon ruwa buɗaɗɗe da wuraren tana ruwa; ''matsakaicin inganci'' (semi-improved) yana nuna cewa an gyara ko an tace tushen ruwan don hana gurɓatar ɗan adam da dabba; hanyoyin ruwa ''masu inganci'' (improved) yawanci suna rufe gaba ɗaya kuma suna kariya daga abubuwan waje tare da hanyoyin da ke keɓance ruwan zuwa akwatunan laka don amfani na gaba, wanda hakan ke ƙara kawar da gurɓatawa.

Hukumar WHO ta kuma gudanar da bincike a kan gidaje 588 game da damar da suke da it ta samun ruwa mai tsafta: kashi 38 cikin ɗari na gidaje 588 sun yi ikirarin cewa suna da damar samun ingantattun hanyoyin ruwa. Sai dai kuma, ƙasa da kashi 5 cikin ɗari ke amfani da ramin bayan gida (pit latrines) kuma kashi 18 cikin ɗari na yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar sun fuskanci cututtukan gudawa a cikin makonni biyu kafin gudanar da binciken.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Binciken ya gano cewa yawancin hanyoyin ruwan sha marasa inganci da matsakaicin inganci suna da alamun ƙwayoyin cuta na ''Coliform'' (TC) da ''Escherichia coli'' (E. coli) da suka wuce ka'idojin da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ta gafa&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; a kusan ƙwayoyin halitta &gt;16 a kowace milili 100, idan aka kwatanta da ma'aunin EPA na ƙwayoyin halitta &lt;1 a kowace milili 100, wanda zai fi kyau idan babu shi gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Bugu da ƙari, kashi 83 cikin ɗari na dukkan ingantattun hanyoyin ruwa an gano cewa suna ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cutar E. coli.

Hukumar WHO ta kammala da cewa saboda aikin LHWP, hanyoyin hidima da aka gina sun kasance alamar ci gaban ababen more rayuwa a hankali kuma ya kamata al'ummomin da ke kewaye su yi haƙuri domin ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa za su biyo baya a shekaru masu zuwa. Sai dai ban da yankunan tsuntsaye na karkara da ba su da hanyoyin da za a iya bi a duk tsawon shekara, inda gurɓataccen ruwansu na sha ya kasance kamar yadda yake. Sun ba da shawarar cewa ƙauyawa su fara aiwatar da dabi'un tsafta waɗanda ke dakatar da gurɓata muhalli da kansu da kuma yin bayan gida a cikin albarkatunsu na halitta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Wani bincike makamancin haka ya biyo baya bayan kusan shekaru ashirin. An gudanar da shi a shekarar 2011, Sashen Lafiyar Muhalli (DEH) a Jami'ar Lesotho ya bincika gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ruwan sha na gundumar Maseru na al'ummar Manonyane. Bincikensu na kimiyya ya haɗa da idon ruwa guda 22, rijiyoyi buɗaɗɗe guda 6, rijiyoyin burtsatse masu zaman kansu guda 6 da kuma rami ɗaya buɗaɗɗe na tana ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The microbial quality of drinking water in Manonyane community: Maseru District (Lesotho)|last=Gwimbi|first=P.|journal=African Health Sciences|pmc=3260991|pmid=22275942|volume=11|year=2011|issue=3|pages=474–80}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sun kuma gudanar da binciken gidaje don auna ayyukan tsafta na 'yan ƙasa a ciki da wajen hanyoyin ruwan da aka ɗauki samfuransu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Binciken ya bayyana rashin la'akari da gurɓatar ruwan sha na gida. Ko dai ta hanyar kwararar ruwan wanki ko digon ramin bayan gida ko kashin dabbobi, rashin la'akari ya bayyana sarai saboda ba a ilimantar da 'yan ƙasa yadda ya kamata kan tsarin tsafta ba. Wannan rashin tsaftar muhalli ya haifar da mutuwar yara miliyan 1.6 'yan ƙasa da shekaru biyar saboda kashi 84 cikin ɗari na yara suna zaune ne a al'ummomin karkara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

An bincika samfuran ruwan da aka ɗauka a cikin tsawon sa'o'i 6 kuma an adana su yadda ya ƙamata a cikin firiji mai sanyi a kan hanyar zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje don samun sakamako ingantacce. Abin da suka gano a cikin samfuran an kwatanta shi da ma'anar WHO na abubuwan fecal masu karɓuwa da rukunonin haɗari masu alaƙa (taswirar da ke ƙasa).&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Matakan Haɗari na Colony-Forming Unit (cfu)
!Haɗarin Coliform
!Mataki
|-
|Daidaito
|0 cfu/100 ml
|-
|Kadan
|1–10 cfu/100 ml
|-
|Matsakaici
|1–100 cfu/100 ml
|-
|Babba
|100–1000 cfu/100 ml
|-
|Mafi Girma
|41000 cfu/100 ml
|}
Daga cikin samfuran hanyoyin ruwa 35 da aka ɗauka, 34 daga cikin hanyoyin ruwan sha sun wuce ƙa'idojin WHO na rashin haɗari na 0 cfu/100 ml na ruwa, yayin da kashi 50 cikin ɗari na 34 ɗin suna cikin babban haɗarin gurɓatawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Hatta hanyoyin ruwan da ake gani masu inganci ne sun fuskanci ruwan sama na baya-bayan nan wanda ya sanya kashin fecal mai gurɓatawa ya ɗigo cikin ruwan.

Hukumar DEH ta yi amfani da wannan binciken don isar da matsalolin ayyukan tsafta da rashin duba akai-akai na hanyoyin ruwa masu kariya. Shawararsu ita ce ga 'yan ƙasar al'ummar Manonyane da su aiwatar da shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya waɗanda ke ilimantar da ƙauyawa don fara amfani da dabarun tsafta mafi aminci, kamar dakatar da wanki kusa da hanyoyin ruwa da amfani da ramin bayan gida waɗanda ke da ƙarfi kuma ba za su iya yoyo ba, da kuma kiyaye dabbobi nesa da hanyoyin ruwan sha na ɗan adam don rage gurɓatar ɗan adam da dabba a cikin hanyoyin ruwansu na gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Rashin tsaro na ruwa ===
Gwamnatin Lesotho ta fuskanci gazawar ayyukan kawo ruwan sha da tsarin tsafta da ayyukan tsaftar muhalli ga al'ummomin karkara na Lesotho.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://login.csulb.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://ac.els-cdn.com/S0277953617301223/1-s2.0-S0277953617301223-main.pdf?_tid=2235c0e3-7bb4-45ce-bc3d-0be62119017b&amp;acdnat=1544908831_b7158904e902b8cf6038363b99dc5f65|title=EZ Proxy {{!}} California State University, Long Beach|website=login.csulb.idm.oclc.org|access-date=2018-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan yunƙurin da suka gaza sun sa gwamnati ta rage mai da hankali kan kuɗaɗen da ke tafe na gyara yanayin ruwan tsafta don fifita sana'o'i masu samun kuɗi da yawa. Bi da bi, mutanen Lesotho sun sami ƙaruwar cututtukan da ke yaduwa ta ruwa. Bincike ya nuna alaƙa da ƙarancin samun ruwa mai tsafta a matsayin sanadin rashin lafiyar gidaje da kuma babban annoba na alƙaluman jama'a ta hanyar HIV/AIDS.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Waɗannan rashin tsaro suna haifar da munanan tunani da ji game da ruwan da 'yan ƙasar Lesotho ke sha. Tare da gabatarwa da ƙaruwar yaduwar cutar HIV/AIDS a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, Lesotho ta ga hakan ya shafi ƙwararrun ma'aikatan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, wanda a ƙarshe ya kai ga mutuwarsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Wannan yana rage wadatar ruwa mai tsafta, wanda hakan ke haifar da ƙarancin samun sa saboda fari da canjin yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Waɗannan matsalolin syndemic suna ƙara fitowa fili kuma har yanzu ba a magance su ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Ci gaban baya-bayan nan ===
A ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, 2017, Asusun Kula da Muhalli na Duniya (GEF) tare da haɗin gwiwar Bankin Raya Afirka (AfDB) sun yanke shawarar ba da kuɗaɗen daidaitawa da canjin yanayi don samar da ruwa mai dorewa a yankunan karkara na kofata ta Lesotho (Lesotho Lowlands).&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/afdb-and-gef-support-climate-change-adaptation-for-sustainable-water-supply-in-malawi-and-lesotho-16797/|title=AfDB and GEF Support Climate Change Adaptation for Sustainable Water Supply in Malawi and Lesotho|access-date=2018-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar GEF za ta ba da tallafin dalar Amurka miliyan $4.4 kuma AfDB za ta ba da dalar Amurka miliyan $17 bi da bi. Wannan aikin shine don inganta ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli ga al'ummomin karkara na Lesotho Lowlands don mayar da martani ga canjin yanayi na baya-bayan nan da kuma gudanar da albarkatu cikin inganci bayan fari na baya-bayan nan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Aikin zai taimaka wajen dorewar al'ummomin karkara da ruwan sha. Shirinsu shine aiwatar da magudanan ruwa (watersheds) don kare wadatar ruwan da ake shigo da shi daga fari da ambaliyar ruwa da ka iya faruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Za a raba kuɗaɗen ne ta hanyar Asusun Ƙasashe Mafi Karancin Cigaba (LDCF), wanda aka kafa ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi. Wannan aikin yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da Tsare-tsaren Daidaitawa na Ƙasa na Lesotho don inganta samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na ƙasarsu, musamman a al'ummomin karkara. Kuɗaɗen za su magance dorewar albarkatu kuma za su zaburar da sabbin abubuwa don samar da ƙarin ayyuka da ci gaban tattalin arziki a cikin jagororin Tsarin Dabarun Bankin na 2013-2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Hanya ta biyu ta Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Lesotho Lowlands, wato Aikin Raya Ruwa na Lowlands, yana neman ƙara tsaron ruwa da juriya na yanayi a yankuna huɗu na Lowlands na Lesotho. Aikin zai magance cutarwar ƙasar ga illolin canjin yanayi a kan tsaron ruwa ta hanyar haɗa ababen more rayuwa don samar da ruwa mai tsafta da yawa, inganta hanyoyin rarraba ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, da haɓaka ingancin amfani da ruwa. Aikin kuma zai sami tallafin kuɗi na Euro miliyan 116 daga Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:55&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bank |first=European Investment |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/sustainability-report-2021 |title=EIB Group Sustainability Report 2021 |date=2022-07-06 |publisher=European Investment Bank |isbn=978-92-861-5237-5 |language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lesotho Lowlands Water Development Project - Phase II |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/loans-credits/2019/05/17/lesotho-lowlands-water-development-project-phase-ii |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=World Bank |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=GJERDINGEN |first=ulf |date=2020-01-13 |title=Lesotho Lowlands Water Development |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eu-external-investment-plan/projects/lesotho-lowlands-water-development_en |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=EU External Investment Plan - European Commission |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nassi ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nimbochromis</title>
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    <id>156931</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855468</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T17:01:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>44591</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645855|Nimbochromis]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Nimbochromis''''' wani nau'in cichlids ne na haplochromine, galibi suna da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]] . An san su da '''cichlids masu barci''' ko '''''kaligono''''' (&quot;masu barci&quot; a [[Yaren Chewa|Chichewa]] ) saboda halayen farautarsu na musamman: waɗannan nau'ikan piscivorous galibi ana ganin su suna kwance ba tare da motsi ba a ƙasan tafkin kusa da duwatsu inda mbuna ke zaune, har ma suna ɗaukar matsayi na gefe wanda ba a saba gani ba a cikin kifaye masu rai. Lokacin da ƙananan kifaye suka kusanci, ''Nimbochromis'' za su &quot;tashi&quot; su yi ƙoƙarin kama su daga kwanton bauna . Launin su yana da tsari mai duhu mara tsari a kan bango mai haske (yana ba su sunan su na yau da kullun ) wanda ke ba da ɓoyewa, amma kuma ana zargin cewa &amp;#x2013; aƙalla a wasu nau'ikan &amp;#x2013; yana canzawa zuwa kwaikwayon tashin hankali ( mutuwa a bayyane ) ta hanyar kwaikwayon gawar kifi mai ruɓewa don haka yana jawo hankalin masu farauta zuwa ga mutuwarsu.

== Nau'o'i ==
A halin yanzu akwai nau'ikan halittu guda biyar da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: 

* ''Nimbochromis fuscotaeniatus'' &lt;small&gt;( Regan, 1922)&lt;/small&gt; (Spothead Hap, Fuscotaeniatus Hap)
* ''Nimbochromis linni'' &lt;small&gt;( WE Burgess &amp; HR Axelrod, 1975)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Nimbochromis livingstonii'' &lt;small&gt;( Günther, 1894)&lt;/small&gt; (Livingston's Cichlid)
* ''Nimbochromis polystigma'' &lt;small&gt;( Regan, 1922)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Nimbochromis venustus'' &lt;small&gt;( Boulenger, 1908)&lt;/small&gt; (Giraffe Hap, Venustus Hap)

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="1532" sha1="lu6kdavtqfwp8xk8oqd3qxwwb9f9uxp" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Nimbochromis''''' wani nau'in cichlids ne na haplochromine, galibi suna da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]] . An san su da '''cichlids masu barci''' ko '''''kaligono''''' (&quot;masu barci&quot; a [[Yaren Chewa|Chichewa]] ) saboda halayen farautarsu na musamman: waɗannan nau'ikan piscivorous galibi ana ganin su suna kwance ba tare da motsi ba a ƙasan tafkin kusa da duwatsu inda mbuna ke zaune, har ma suna ɗaukar matsayi na gefe wanda ba a saba gani ba a cikin kifaye masu rai. Lokacin da ƙananan kifaye suka kusanci, ''Nimbochromis'' za su &quot;tashi&quot; su yi ƙoƙarin kama su daga kwanton bauna . Launin su yana da tsari mai duhu mara tsari a kan bango mai haske (yana ba su sunan su na yau da kullun ) wanda ke ba da ɓoyewa, amma kuma ana zargin cewa &amp;#x2013; aƙalla a wasu nau'ikan &amp;#x2013; yana canzawa zuwa kwaikwayon tashin hankali ( mutuwa a bayyane ) ta hanyar kwaikwayon gawar kifi mai ruɓewa don haka yana jawo hankalin masu farauta zuwa ga mutuwarsu.

== Nau'o'i ==
A halin yanzu akwai nau'ikan halittu guda biyar da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: 

* ''Nimbochromis fuscotaeniatus'' &lt;small&gt;( Regan, 1922)&lt;/small&gt; (Spothead Hap, Fuscotaeniatus Hap)
* ''Nimbochromis linni'' &lt;small&gt;( WE Burgess &amp; HR Axelrod, 1975)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Nimbochromis livingstonii'' &lt;small&gt;( Günther, 1894)&lt;/small&gt; (Livingston's Cichlid)
* ''Nimbochromis polystigma'' &lt;small&gt;( Regan, 1922)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Nimbochromis venustus'' &lt;small&gt;( Boulenger, 1908)&lt;/small&gt; (Giraffe Hap, Venustus Hap)

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Protomelas</title>
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      <id>855470</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T17:02:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330646158|Protomelas]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855470</origin>
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'''''Protomelas''''' nau'in haplochromine cichlids ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]] . Wannan nau'in wani ɓangare ne na ƙabilar haplochromine kuma yana da [[Aquarium|bambancin]] magana da kuma bambancin jima'i wanda ya saba da wannan rukunin. Shahararrun nau'ikan ''Protomelas'' suna sayar da su a ƙarƙashin sunaye daban-daban na kasuwanci (misali, [https://petfish101.com/taiwan-reef-cichlid-the-comprehensive-guide/ Taiwan Reef Cichlid], [https://petfish101.com/red-empress-cichlid/ Red Empress Cichlid] ).

== Nau'o'i ==
A halin yanzu akwai nau'ikan halittu 16 da aka gane a cikin wannan nau'in:  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dierickx |first=Katrien |last2=Snoeks |first2=Jos |date=2020-06-23 |title=Protomelas krampus, a new paedophagous cichlid from Lake Malawi (Teleostei, Cichlidae) |url=https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/999 |journal=European Journal of Taxonomy |language=en |issue=672 |doi=10.5852/ejt.2020.672 |issn=2118-9773 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''Protomalas annectens'' &lt;small&gt;( Regan, 1922)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Protomelas dejunctus'' &lt;small&gt;Stauffer, 1993&lt;/small&gt; (wasan shuɗi mai wuta)
* ''Protomelas fenestratus'' &lt;small&gt;( Trewavas, 1935)&lt;/small&gt; (fenestratus hap)
* ''Protomalas insignis'' &lt;small&gt;( Trewavas, 1935)&lt;/small&gt; (ɗaya-da-rabi hap)
* ''Protomlas kirki'' &lt;small&gt;( Günther, 1894)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Protomelas krampus]]'' {{Small|Dierickx &amp; Snoeks, 2020}}
* ''Protomalas labridens'' &lt;small&gt;( Trewavas, 1935)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Protomelas macrodon'' &lt;small&gt;[[David Henry Eccles|Eccles]], 1989&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Protomelas marginatus'' &lt;small&gt;( Trewavas, 1935)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Protomelas pleurotaenia'' &lt;small&gt;( Boulenger, 1901)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Protomalas similis'' &lt;small&gt;( Regan, 1922)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Protomelas spilonotus'' &lt;small&gt;( Trewavas, 1935)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Protomelas spilopterus'' &lt;small&gt;( Trewavas, 1935)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Protomelas taeniolatus'' &lt;small&gt;( Trewavas, 1935)&lt;/small&gt; (ja empress, [https://petfish101.com/red-empress-cichlid/ spindle hap] )
* ''Protomelas triaenodon'' &lt;small&gt;( Trewavas, 1935)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Protomalas virgatus'' &lt;small&gt;( Trewavas, 1935)&lt;/small&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="2169" sha1="gpkudbi47qieh58lamfrx7rhocvpvhp" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Protomelas''''' nau'in haplochromine cichlids ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]] . Wannan nau'in wani ɓangare ne na ƙabilar haplochromine kuma yana da [[Aquarium|bambancin]] magana da kuma bambancin jima'i wanda ya saba da wannan rukunin. Shahararrun nau'ikan ''Protomelas'' suna sayar da su a ƙarƙashin sunaye daban-daban na kasuwanci (misali, [https://petfish101.com/taiwan-reef-cichlid-the-comprehensive-guide/ Taiwan Reef Cichlid], [https://petfish101.com/red-empress-cichlid/ Red Empress Cichlid] ).

== Nau'o'i ==
A halin yanzu akwai nau'ikan halittu 16 da aka gane a cikin wannan nau'in:  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dierickx |first=Katrien |last2=Snoeks |first2=Jos |date=2020-06-23 |title=Protomelas krampus, a new paedophagous cichlid from Lake Malawi (Teleostei, Cichlidae) |url=https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/999 |journal=European Journal of Taxonomy |language=en |issue=672 |doi=10.5852/ejt.2020.672 |issn=2118-9773 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''Protomalas annectens'' &lt;small&gt;( Regan, 1922)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Protomelas dejunctus'' &lt;small&gt;Stauffer, 1993&lt;/small&gt; (wasan shuɗi mai wuta)
* ''Protomelas fenestratus'' &lt;small&gt;( Trewavas, 1935)&lt;/small&gt; (fenestratus hap)
* ''Protomalas insignis'' &lt;small&gt;( Trewavas, 1935)&lt;/small&gt; (ɗaya-da-rabi hap)
* ''Protomlas kirki'' &lt;small&gt;( Günther, 1894)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Protomelas krampus]]'' {{Small|Dierickx &amp; Snoeks, 2020}}
* ''Protomalas labridens'' &lt;small&gt;( Trewavas, 1935)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Protomelas macrodon'' &lt;small&gt;[[David Henry Eccles|Eccles]], 1989&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Protomelas marginatus'' &lt;small&gt;( Trewavas, 1935)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Protomelas pleurotaenia'' &lt;small&gt;( Boulenger, 1901)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Protomalas similis'' &lt;small&gt;( Regan, 1922)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Protomelas spilonotus'' &lt;small&gt;( Trewavas, 1935)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Protomelas spilopterus'' &lt;small&gt;( Trewavas, 1935)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Protomelas taeniolatus'' &lt;small&gt;( Trewavas, 1935)&lt;/small&gt; (ja empress, [https://petfish101.com/red-empress-cichlid/ spindle hap] )
* ''Protomelas triaenodon'' &lt;small&gt;( Trewavas, 1935)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Protomalas virgatus'' &lt;small&gt;( Trewavas, 1935)&lt;/small&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Petrotilapia</title>
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    <id>156933</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855472</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T17:04:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>44591</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330646089|Petrotilapia]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Petrotilapia''''' nau'in cichlids ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] .

== Nau'o'i ==
A halin yanzu akwai nau'ikan halittu guda 10 da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: 

* ''Petrotilapia chrysos'' &lt;small&gt;Stauffer &amp; [[Ellen S. van Snik Gray|van Snik]], 1996&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Petrotilapia flaviventris]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Mary Lundeba|Lundeba]], Stauffer &amp; Konings, 2011&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Petrotilapia genalutea'' &lt;small&gt;[[Alan C. Marsh|AC Marsh]], 1983&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Petrotilapia microgalana]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Renae A. Ruffing|Ruffing]], [[Angela Lambert (biologist)|A. Lambert]] &amp; Stauffer, 2006&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Petrotilapia mumboensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Mary Lundeba|Lundeba]], Stauffer &amp; Konings, 2011&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Petrotilapia nigra'' &lt;small&gt;[[Alan C. Marsh|AC Marsh]], 1983&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Petrotilapia palingnathos]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Mary Lundeba|Lundeba]], Stauffer &amp; Konings, 2011&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Petrotilapia pyroscelos]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Mary Lundeba|Lundeba]], Stauffer &amp; Konings, 2011&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Petrotilapia tridentiger'' &lt;small&gt;Trewavas, 1935&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Petrotilapia xanthos]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Mary Lundeba|Lundeba]], Stauffer &amp; Konings, 2011&lt;/small&gt;

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      <text bytes="1161" sha1="o9rosqbjiqq9vrtetiwrf0j63i3xos0" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Petrotilapia''''' nau'in cichlids ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] .

== Nau'o'i ==
A halin yanzu akwai nau'ikan halittu guda 10 da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: 

* ''Petrotilapia chrysos'' &lt;small&gt;Stauffer &amp; [[Ellen S. van Snik Gray|van Snik]], 1996&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Petrotilapia flaviventris]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Mary Lundeba|Lundeba]], Stauffer &amp; Konings, 2011&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Petrotilapia genalutea'' &lt;small&gt;[[Alan C. Marsh|AC Marsh]], 1983&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Petrotilapia microgalana]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Renae A. Ruffing|Ruffing]], [[Angela Lambert (biologist)|A. Lambert]] &amp; Stauffer, 2006&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Petrotilapia mumboensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Mary Lundeba|Lundeba]], Stauffer &amp; Konings, 2011&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Petrotilapia nigra'' &lt;small&gt;[[Alan C. Marsh|AC Marsh]], 1983&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Petrotilapia palingnathos]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Mary Lundeba|Lundeba]], Stauffer &amp; Konings, 2011&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Petrotilapia pyroscelos]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Mary Lundeba|Lundeba]], Stauffer &amp; Konings, 2011&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Petrotilapia tridentiger'' &lt;small&gt;Trewavas, 1935&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Petrotilapia xanthos]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Mary Lundeba|Lundeba]], Stauffer &amp; Konings, 2011&lt;/small&gt;

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  <page>
    <title>Aulonocara nyassae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>156934</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855474</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T17:06:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330644919|Aulonocara nyassae]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855474</origin>
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'''''Aulonocara nyassae''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''sarki cichlid''', nau'in haplochromine Cichlid ne wanda ke da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|tafkin Malawi]] a Afirka. An yi rikodin shi daga gefen kudu maso gabashin tafkin kuma yana iya kasancewa a gefen kudu maso yamma.  An san wannan nau'in ne kawai daga holotype ɗinsa,  wanda aka tattara a farkon ƙarni, har sai da aka tattara ƙarin samfura a shekarun 1990. &lt;ref name=&quot;Konings&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ad Konings |year=1995 |title=A review of the sand-dwelling species of the genus ''Aulonocara'', with the description of three new species |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237091725 |journal=The Cichlids Yearbook |volume=5 |pages=26–36}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-12T17:06:46Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <text bytes="743" sha1="ndae4dxwzciz1r7age8q95sm0b9bquh" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Aulonocara nyassae''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''sarki cichlid''', nau'in haplochromine Cichlid ne wanda ke da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|tafkin Malawi]] a Afirka. An yi rikodin shi daga gefen kudu maso gabashin tafkin kuma yana iya kasancewa a gefen kudu maso yamma.  An san wannan nau'in ne kawai daga holotype ɗinsa,  wanda aka tattara a farkon ƙarni, har sai da aka tattara ƙarin samfura a shekarun 1990. &lt;ref name=&quot;Konings&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ad Konings |year=1995 |title=A review of the sand-dwelling species of the genus ''Aulonocara'', with the description of three new species |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237091725 |journal=The Cichlids Yearbook |volume=5 |pages=26–36}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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  <page>
    <title>Alticorpus na hankali</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>156935</id>
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      <id>855476</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T17:08:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355309002|Alticorpus mentale]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Speciesbox|image=|status=LC|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn status 17 November 2021&quot;&gt;{{cite iucn |author=Konings, A. |author2=Kazembe, J. |author3=Makocho, P. |author4=Mailosi, A. |date=2019 |title=''Alticorpus mentale'' |volume=2019 |article-number=e.T61024A155048731 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T61024A155048731.en |access-date=17 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;|taxon=Alticorpus mentale|authority=[[Jay Richard Stauffer, Jr.|Stauffer]] &amp; [[Kenneth Robert McKaye|McKaye]], 1988|synonyms=}}

'''''Alticorpus mentale''''' nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne a cikin dangin Cichlidae . Yana da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], yana faruwa a kudancin tafkin a cikin Malawi. Wurin zama na halitta shine [[Tafki|tafkuna]] masu ruwa. 

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      <text bytes="778" sha1="q0apy95w1u64ovq7myxu6mqyhd3bt6w" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
{{Speciesbox|image=|status=LC|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn status 17 November 2021&quot;&gt;{{cite iucn |author=Konings, A. |author2=Kazembe, J. |author3=Makocho, P. |author4=Mailosi, A. |date=2019 |title=''Alticorpus mentale'' |volume=2019 |article-number=e.T61024A155048731 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T61024A155048731.en |access-date=17 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;|taxon=Alticorpus mentale|authority=[[Jay Richard Stauffer, Jr.|Stauffer]] &amp; [[Kenneth Robert McKaye|McKaye]], 1988|synonyms=}}

'''''Alticorpus mentale''''' nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne a cikin dangin Cichlidae . Yana da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], yana faruwa a kudancin tafkin a cikin Malawi. Wurin zama na halitta shine [[Tafki|tafkuna]] masu ruwa. 

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  <page>
    <title>Cynotilapia afra</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>156936</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-12T17:11:15Z</timestamp>
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        <id>44591</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314327671|Cynotilapia afra]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Cynotilapia afra''''', wato '''afra cichlid''' ko '''dogtooth cichlid''', ƙaramin nau'in kifin cichlid ne daga [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a Gabashin Afirka, inda ake samunsa a wuraren da ke da duwatsu. 

Sunan halittar an fassara shi da dogtooth cichlid (saboda haka sunan da aka saba amfani da shi) wanda ke kwatanta haƙoran da ke da kaifi, masu siffar mazugi na musamman ga wannan nau'in halittar da ke cikin garken nau'in Tafkin Malawi. Wannan mbuna ya fi son kewayon pH na 7.5–8.5 da kuma kewayon zafin jiki na 23–27.&amp;nbsp;°C.

Afra cichlid yana da jiki mai tsayi mai sandunan shuɗi da baƙi a tsaye. Duk da haka, akwai launuka daban-daban dangane da yankin da kifin ya fito, misali, kifin namijin da ya fito daga Cobue (wanda aka fi gani ana rubuta shi ko dai Kobwe ko Cobwe) an nuna shi a hoton da ke kusa. Yawan mutanen da suka fito daga Jalo Reef ba su nuna launin rawaya a jiki ba amma suna da kashin baya mai kauri mai launin rawaya. Sauran mutanen ba su da launin rawaya kwata-kwata. Maza na iya girma har zuwa 10.&amp;nbsp;cm., mata galibi ƙanana ne. Kamar yawancin sauran cichlids daga Tafkin Malawi, ''afras'' suna da ƙwayoyin cuta . Maza suna kare yankuna kusa da kogo a cikin tarin duwatsu kuma suna cin abinci daga algae da ƙananan dabbobi a kan waɗannan duwatsu. Mata suna taruwa a tsakiyar ruwa kuma suna cin abinci daga plankton.

Sauran shahararrun bambance-bambancen launi ana kiran su: Chewere, Chinuni, Chitande, Chuanga, Likoma, Lumbila, Lundu, Lupingu, Mbenji, Metangula, Minos Reef, Msobo, Ndumbi, Njambe, Nkhata Bay, da Nkolongwe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Deep Blue Tank |url=http://deepbluetank.com/freshwater/cichlids/african-cichlids/lake-malawi-cichlids/afra-cichlid/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901114213/http://deepbluetank.com/freshwater/cichlids/african-cichlids/lake-malawi-cichlids/afra-cichlid/ |archive-date=1 September 2013 |access-date=24 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kula da akwatin kifaye ==
Kamar yawancin mbuna, ''afra'' kifi ne mai ƙarfi da yanki wanda ya kamata a ajiye shi a cikin tankin mbuna kawai ko gauraye. Lokacin haɗawa sau da yawa ya fi kyau a guji nau'ikan nau'ikan iri ɗaya. Babban aikin da aka saba yi shine a ajiye namiji ɗaya tare da mata da yawa, saboda ''afra'' masu kiwon zomaye ne da suka fi mata da yawa. Tsarin tankin ya kamata ya samar da wasu wurare a buɗe amma, yana da wurare da yawa na ɓuya da mafaka.

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin nau'ikan kifayen ruwa masu tsafta

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="2499" sha1="kkzx7wyqigsmd669v3l5xfr5fn660qv" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Cynotilapia afra''''', wato '''afra cichlid''' ko '''dogtooth cichlid''', ƙaramin nau'in kifin cichlid ne daga [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a Gabashin Afirka, inda ake samunsa a wuraren da ke da duwatsu. 

Sunan halittar an fassara shi da dogtooth cichlid (saboda haka sunan da aka saba amfani da shi) wanda ke kwatanta haƙoran da ke da kaifi, masu siffar mazugi na musamman ga wannan nau'in halittar da ke cikin garken nau'in Tafkin Malawi. Wannan mbuna ya fi son kewayon pH na 7.5–8.5 da kuma kewayon zafin jiki na 23–27.&amp;nbsp;°C.

Afra cichlid yana da jiki mai tsayi mai sandunan shuɗi da baƙi a tsaye. Duk da haka, akwai launuka daban-daban dangane da yankin da kifin ya fito, misali, kifin namijin da ya fito daga Cobue (wanda aka fi gani ana rubuta shi ko dai Kobwe ko Cobwe) an nuna shi a hoton da ke kusa. Yawan mutanen da suka fito daga Jalo Reef ba su nuna launin rawaya a jiki ba amma suna da kashin baya mai kauri mai launin rawaya. Sauran mutanen ba su da launin rawaya kwata-kwata. Maza na iya girma har zuwa 10.&amp;nbsp;cm., mata galibi ƙanana ne. Kamar yawancin sauran cichlids daga Tafkin Malawi, ''afras'' suna da ƙwayoyin cuta . Maza suna kare yankuna kusa da kogo a cikin tarin duwatsu kuma suna cin abinci daga algae da ƙananan dabbobi a kan waɗannan duwatsu. Mata suna taruwa a tsakiyar ruwa kuma suna cin abinci daga plankton.

Sauran shahararrun bambance-bambancen launi ana kiran su: Chewere, Chinuni, Chitande, Chuanga, Likoma, Lumbila, Lundu, Lupingu, Mbenji, Metangula, Minos Reef, Msobo, Ndumbi, Njambe, Nkhata Bay, da Nkolongwe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Deep Blue Tank |url=http://deepbluetank.com/freshwater/cichlids/african-cichlids/lake-malawi-cichlids/afra-cichlid/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901114213/http://deepbluetank.com/freshwater/cichlids/african-cichlids/lake-malawi-cichlids/afra-cichlid/ |archive-date=1 September 2013 |access-date=24 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kula da akwatin kifaye ==
Kamar yawancin mbuna, ''afra'' kifi ne mai ƙarfi da yanki wanda ya kamata a ajiye shi a cikin tankin mbuna kawai ko gauraye. Lokacin haɗawa sau da yawa ya fi kyau a guji nau'ikan nau'ikan iri ɗaya. Babban aikin da aka saba yi shine a ajiye namiji ɗaya tare da mata da yawa, saboda ''afra'' masu kiwon zomaye ne da suka fi mata da yawa. Tsarin tankin ya kamata ya samar da wasu wurare a buɗe amma, yana da wurare da yawa na ɓuya da mafaka.

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin nau'ikan kifayen ruwa masu tsafta

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gephyrochromis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>156937</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855480</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T17:13:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645257|Gephyrochromis]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Gephyrochromis''''' ƙaramin nau'in haplochromine cichlids ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a [[gabashin Afirka]] .

A halin yanzu akwai nau'i biyu da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: 

* ''Gephyrochromis lawsi'' &lt;small&gt;Fryer, 1957&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Gephyrochromis moorii'' &lt;small&gt;Boulenger, 1901&lt;/small&gt;

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'''''Gephyrochromis''''' ƙaramin nau'in haplochromine cichlids ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a [[gabashin Afirka]] .

A halin yanzu akwai nau'i biyu da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: 

* ''Gephyrochromis lawsi'' &lt;small&gt;Fryer, 1957&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Gephyrochromis moorii'' &lt;small&gt;Boulenger, 1901&lt;/small&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Champsochromis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>156938</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855482</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T17:15:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330644986|Champsochromis]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Champsochromis''''' wani ƙaramin nau'in kifin cichlid ne wanda ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a [[gabashin Afirka]] .

A halin yanzu akwai nau'i biyu da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: 

* ''Champsochromis caeruleus'' &lt;small&gt;( Boulenger, 1908)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Champsochromis spilorhynchus'' &lt;small&gt;( Regan, 1922)&lt;/small&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>jl91ccs7q19f74kz98iretd2jdievdq</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>855483</id>
      <parentid>855482</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T17:16:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <origin>855483</origin>
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      <text bytes="363" sha1="515dpttcqz4th64ucfpurxww36v3lic" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Champsochromis''''' wani ƙaramin nau'in kifin cichlid ne wanda ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a [[gabashin Afirka]] .

A halin yanzu akwai nau'i biyu da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: 

* ''Champsochromis caeruleus'' &lt;small&gt;( Boulenger, 1908)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Champsochromis spilorhynchus'' &lt;small&gt;( Regan, 1922)&lt;/small&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>515dpttcqz4th64ucfpurxww36v3lic</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Labidochromis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>156939</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855484</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T17:17:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1288321622|Labidochromis]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Fayil:Labidochromis_caeruleus_(male).jpg|right|thumb|235x235px|''Labidochromis caeruleus'']]
'''''Labidochromis''''' nau'in kifin cichlid ne wanda ya shahara a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]] . Wannan nau'in ya ƙunshi nau'ikan kifaye 18 da aka bayyana a hukumance, da kuma nau'ikan kifaye da dama da ba a bayyana su ba . Ya haɗa da nau'ikan kifaye da yawa da aka saba ajiyewa a cikin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] na cichlid kamar ''L. caeruleus'' (rawaya mai lantarki). Nau'in da ke cikin wannan nau'in kifi na iya haɗuwa cikin sauƙi, don haka idan aka ajiye shi a cikin akwatin kifaye, ana ba da shawarar a sami nau'in kifi ɗaya kawai daga wannan nau'in.

== Nau'o'i ==
A halin yanzu akwai nau'ikan halittu 18 da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: 

* ''Labidochromis caeruleus'' &lt;small&gt;Fryer, 1956&lt;/small&gt; (Blue streak hap)
* ''Labidochromis chisumulae'' &lt;small&gt;[[Digby S. C. Lewis|DSC Lewis]], 1982&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Labidochromis flavigulis'' &lt;small&gt;[[Digby S. C. Lewis|DSC Lewis]], 1982&lt;/small&gt; (lu'u-lu'u na Chisumulu)
* ''[[Labidochromis freibergi]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Donald S. Johnson|DS Johnson]], 1974&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Labidochromis gigas]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Digby S. C. Lewis|DSC Lewis]], 1982&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Labidochromis heterodon]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Digby S. C. Lewis|DSC Lewis]], 1982&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Labidochromis ianthinus]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Digby S. C. Lewis|DSC Lewis]], 1982&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Labidochromis lividus]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Digby S. C. Lewis|DSC Lewis]], 1982&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Labidochromis maculicauda]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Digby S. C. Lewis|DSC Lewis]], 1982&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Labidochromisotho lissafi|Labidochromis mathotho]]'' &lt;small&gt;WE Burgess &amp; HR Axelrod, 1976&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Labidochromis mbenjii]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Digby S. C. Lewis|DSC Lewis]], 1982&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Labidochromis mylodon]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Digby S. C. Lewis|DSC Lewis]], 1982&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Labidochromis pallidus]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Digby S. C. Lewis|DSC Lewis]], 1982&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Labidochromis perlmutt]]''
* ''[[Labidochromis shiranus]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Digby S. C. Lewis|DSC Lewis]], 1982&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Labidochromis strigatus]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Digby S. C. Lewis|DSC Lewis]], 1982&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Labidochromis textilis'' &lt;small&gt;[[Michael K. Oliver|MK Oliver]], 1975&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Labidochromis vellicans]]'' &lt;small&gt;Trewavas, 1935&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Labidochromis zebroides]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Digby S. C. Lewis|DSC Lewis]], 1982&lt;/small&gt;

Akwai kuma nau'in da ba a iya bayyana shi ba:

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>855485</id>
      <parentid>855484</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T17:18:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <origin>855485</origin>
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[[Fayil:Labidochromis_caeruleus_(male).jpg|right|thumb|235x235px|''Labidochromis caeruleus'']]
'''''Labidochromis''''' nau'in kifin cichlid ne wanda ya shahara a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]] . Wannan nau'in ya ƙunshi nau'ikan kifaye 18 da aka bayyana a hukumance, da kuma nau'ikan kifaye da dama da ba a bayyana su ba . Ya haɗa da nau'ikan kifaye da yawa da aka saba ajiyewa a cikin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] na cichlid kamar ''L. caeruleus'' (rawaya mai lantarki). Nau'in da ke cikin wannan nau'in kifi na iya haɗuwa cikin sauƙi, don haka idan aka ajiye shi a cikin akwatin kifaye, ana ba da shawarar a sami nau'in kifi ɗaya kawai daga wannan nau'in.

== Nau'o'i ==
A halin yanzu akwai nau'ikan halittu 18 da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: 

* ''Labidochromis caeruleus'' &lt;small&gt;Fryer, 1956&lt;/small&gt; (Blue streak hap)
* ''Labidochromis chisumulae'' &lt;small&gt;[[Digby S. C. Lewis|DSC Lewis]], 1982&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Labidochromis flavigulis'' &lt;small&gt;[[Digby S. C. Lewis|DSC Lewis]], 1982&lt;/small&gt; (lu'u-lu'u na Chisumulu)
* ''[[Labidochromis freibergi]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Donald S. Johnson|DS Johnson]], 1974&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Labidochromis gigas]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Digby S. C. Lewis|DSC Lewis]], 1982&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Labidochromis heterodon]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Digby S. C. Lewis|DSC Lewis]], 1982&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Labidochromis ianthinus]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Digby S. C. Lewis|DSC Lewis]], 1982&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Labidochromis lividus]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Digby S. C. Lewis|DSC Lewis]], 1982&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Labidochromis maculicauda]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Digby S. C. Lewis|DSC Lewis]], 1982&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Labidochromisotho lissafi|Labidochromis mathotho]]'' &lt;small&gt;WE Burgess &amp; HR Axelrod, 1976&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Labidochromis mbenjii]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Digby S. C. Lewis|DSC Lewis]], 1982&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Labidochromis mylodon]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Digby S. C. Lewis|DSC Lewis]], 1982&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Labidochromis pallidus]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Digby S. C. Lewis|DSC Lewis]], 1982&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Labidochromis perlmutt]]''
* ''[[Labidochromis shiranus]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Digby S. C. Lewis|DSC Lewis]], 1982&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Labidochromis strigatus]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Digby S. C. Lewis|DSC Lewis]], 1982&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Labidochromis textilis'' &lt;small&gt;[[Michael K. Oliver|MK Oliver]], 1975&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Labidochromis vellicans]]'' &lt;small&gt;Trewavas, 1935&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Labidochromis zebroides]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Digby S. C. Lewis|DSC Lewis]], 1982&lt;/small&gt;

Akwai kuma nau'in da ba a iya bayyana shi ba:

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Maylandia barlowi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>156940</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855486</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T17:19:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645592|Maylandia barlowi]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Speciesbox|status=LC|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=&lt;ref&gt;{{cite iucn | author1 =Konings, A. | author2 = Kasembe, J | name-list-style = amp | year = 2018 | title = ''Metriaclima barlowi'' | volume = 2018 | article-number = e.T61132A47236141 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T61132A47236141.en }}&lt;/ref&gt;|taxon=Maylandia barlowi|authority=([[Kenneth Robert McKaye|McKaye]] &amp; [[Jay Richard Stauffer Jr.|Stauffer]], 1986)|synonyms=*''Pseudotropheus barlowi'' &lt;small&gt;Mckaye &amp; Stauffer, 1986&lt;/small&gt; 
*''Metriaclima barlowi'' &lt;small&gt;(Mckaye &amp; Stauffer, 1986)&lt;/small&gt;}}

'''''Maylandia barlowi''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], inda ake saninsa ne kawai daga yankin da ke kewaye da [[Maleri Islands|Tsibirin Maleri]] inda yake fifita yankunan da ke da laushin ƙasa. Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|8.1|cm|in}} SL . Haka kuma ana samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|kifaye]] .  Sunan wannan nau'in ya girmama masanin kimiyyar ichthy George W. Barlow (1929–2007

== Manazarta ==
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    <revision>
      <id>855487</id>
      <parentid>855486</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T17:20:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>855487</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1084" sha1="sc99ne7pumxsjzq1rhih9vu9f8f9pjm" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
{{Speciesbox|status=LC|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=&lt;ref&gt;{{cite iucn | author1 =Konings, A. | author2 = Kasembe, J | name-list-style = amp | year = 2018 | title = ''Metriaclima barlowi'' | volume = 2018 | article-number = e.T61132A47236141 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T61132A47236141.en }}&lt;/ref&gt;|taxon=Maylandia barlowi|authority=([[Kenneth Robert McKaye|McKaye]] &amp; [[Jay Richard Stauffer Jr.|Stauffer]], 1986)|synonyms=*''Pseudotropheus barlowi'' &lt;small&gt;Mckaye &amp; Stauffer, 1986&lt;/small&gt; 
*''Metriaclima barlowi'' &lt;small&gt;(Mckaye &amp; Stauffer, 1986)&lt;/small&gt;}}

'''''Maylandia barlowi''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], inda ake saninsa ne kawai daga yankin da ke kewaye da [[Maleri Islands|Tsibirin Maleri]] inda yake fifita yankunan da ke da laushin ƙasa. Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|8.1|cm|in}} SL . Haka kuma ana samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|kifaye]] .  Sunan wannan nau'in ya girmama masanin kimiyyar ichthy George W. Barlow (1929–2007

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Trematocranus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>156941</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855488</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T17:21:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330646503|Trematocranus]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Trematocranus''''' ƙaramin nau'in haplochromine cichlids ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] .

== Nau'o'i ==
A halin yanzu akwai nau'ikan halittu guda huɗu da aka gane a cikin wannan nau'in,  tare da sabon nau'in da aka bayyana a cikin 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dierickx |first=K. |last2=Hanssens |first2=M. |last3=Rusuwa |first3=B. |last4=Snoeks |first4=J. |date=14 March 2018 |title=''Trematocranus pachychilus'', a new endemic cichlid from Lake Malawi |url=https://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=22814 |journal=ZooKeys |issue=743 |pages=153–166 |doi=10.3897/zookeys.743.22814 |pmc=5904553 |pmid=29670440 |access-date=3 April 2018 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''Trematocranus brevirostris'' &lt;small&gt;Trewavas, 1935&lt;/small&gt; ( ''Incertae sedis'' )
* ''Trematocranus labifer'' &lt;small&gt;( Trewavas, 1935)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Trematocranus microstoma'' &lt;small&gt;Trewavas, 1935&lt;/small&gt; (Pointedhead Haplo)
* ''Trematocranus pachychilus'' &lt;small&gt;Dierickx, Hanssens, Rusuwa, Snoeks, 2018&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Trematocranus placodon'' &lt;small&gt;( Regan, 1922)&lt;/small&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>si6x08uhf0c9ngraxdzfsek0bav6r05</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855489</id>
      <parentid>855488</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T17:21:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>855489</origin>
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      <text bytes="1096" sha1="rkylz968p1dltwhokeqtqnxqa6wkg3o" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Trematocranus''''' ƙaramin nau'in haplochromine cichlids ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] .

== Nau'o'i ==
A halin yanzu akwai nau'ikan halittu guda huɗu da aka gane a cikin wannan nau'in,  tare da sabon nau'in da aka bayyana a cikin 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dierickx |first=K. |last2=Hanssens |first2=M. |last3=Rusuwa |first3=B. |last4=Snoeks |first4=J. |date=14 March 2018 |title=''Trematocranus pachychilus'', a new endemic cichlid from Lake Malawi |url=https://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=22814 |journal=ZooKeys |issue=743 |pages=153–166 |doi=10.3897/zookeys.743.22814 |pmc=5904553 |pmid=29670440 |access-date=3 April 2018 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''Trematocranus brevirostris'' &lt;small&gt;Trewavas, 1935&lt;/small&gt; ( ''Incertae sedis'' )
* ''Trematocranus labifer'' &lt;small&gt;( Trewavas, 1935)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Trematocranus microstoma'' &lt;small&gt;Trewavas, 1935&lt;/small&gt; (Pointedhead Haplo)
* ''Trematocranus pachychilus'' &lt;small&gt;Dierickx, Hanssens, Rusuwa, Snoeks, 2018&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Trematocranus placodon'' &lt;small&gt;( Regan, 1922)&lt;/small&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Otopharynx</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>156942</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855490</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T17:22:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345140468|Otopharynx]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855490</origin>
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'''''Otopharynx''''' nau'in haplochromine cichlids ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]] .

== Nau'o'i ==
A halin yanzu akwai nau'ikan halittu guda 20 da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: 

* ''[[Otopharynx aletes]]'' &lt;small&gt;Oliver, 2018&lt;/small&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;new6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Oliver, M.K. |year=2018 |title=Six new species of the Cichlid genus ''Otopharynx'' from Lake Malaŵi (Teleostei: Cichlidae) |journal=Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=159–197 |doi=10.3374/014.059.0204}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Otopharynx alpha]]'' &lt;small&gt;Oliver, 2018&lt;/small&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;new6&quot; /&gt;
* ''[[Otopharynx antron]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Rachel M. Cleaver-Yoder|Cleaver]], Konings &amp; Stauffer, 2009&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Otopharynx argyrosoma'' &lt;small&gt;( Regan, 1922)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Otopharynx auromarginatus'' &lt;small&gt;( Boulenger, 1908)&lt;/small&gt; (Hap mai launin zinare)
* ''Otopharynx brooksi'' &lt;small&gt;[[Michael K. Oliver|MK Oliver]], 1989&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Otopharynx decorus'' &lt;small&gt;( Trewavas, 1935)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Otopharynx heterodon'' &lt;small&gt;( Trewavas, 1935)&lt;/small&gt; (Royal blue hap)
* ''Lithobates na Otopharynx'' &lt;small&gt;[[Michael K. Oliver|MK Oliver]], 1989&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Otopharynx mumboensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Oliver, 2018&lt;/small&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;new6&quot; /&gt;
* ''Otopharynx ovatus'' &lt;small&gt;( Trewavas, 1935)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Otopharynx pachycheilus'' &lt;small&gt;[[Matthew E. Arnegard|Arnegard]] &amp; Snoeks, 2001&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Otopharynx panniculus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Oliver, 2018&lt;/small&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;new6&quot; /&gt;
* ''[[Otopharynx peridodeka]]'' &lt;small&gt;Oliver, 2018&lt;/small&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;new6&quot; /&gt;
* ''Otopharynx selenurus'' &lt;small&gt;Regan, 1922&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Otopharynx speciosus'' &lt;small&gt;( Trewavas, 1935)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Otopharynx spelaeotes]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Rachel M. Cleaver-Yoder|Cleaver]], Konings &amp; Stauffer, 2009&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Otopharynx styrax]]'' &lt;small&gt;Oliver, 2018&lt;/small&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;new6&quot; /&gt;
* ''Otopharynx tetraspilus'' &lt;small&gt;( Trewavas, 1935)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Ciwon kunne na Otopharynx'' &lt;small&gt;( Günther, 1894)&lt;/small&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>f2t9cesa9vkp76i1yogtdhcg0djf6k1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855491</id>
      <parentid>855490</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T17:23:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>855491</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2038" sha1="89x86yt9x2uuocyhx2lazyk0h32c7jm" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Otopharynx''''' nau'in haplochromine cichlids ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]] .

== Nau'o'i ==
A halin yanzu akwai nau'ikan halittu guda 20 da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: 

* ''[[Otopharynx aletes]]'' &lt;small&gt;Oliver, 2018&lt;/small&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;new6&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Oliver, M.K. |year=2018 |title=Six new species of the Cichlid genus ''Otopharynx'' from Lake Malaŵi (Teleostei: Cichlidae) |journal=Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=159–197 |doi=10.3374/014.059.0204}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Otopharynx alpha]]'' &lt;small&gt;Oliver, 2018&lt;/small&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;new6&quot; /&gt;
* ''[[Otopharynx antron]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Rachel M. Cleaver-Yoder|Cleaver]], Konings &amp; Stauffer, 2009&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Otopharynx argyrosoma'' &lt;small&gt;( Regan, 1922)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Otopharynx auromarginatus'' &lt;small&gt;( Boulenger, 1908)&lt;/small&gt; (Hap mai launin zinare)
* ''Otopharynx brooksi'' &lt;small&gt;[[Michael K. Oliver|MK Oliver]], 1989&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Otopharynx decorus'' &lt;small&gt;( Trewavas, 1935)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Otopharynx heterodon'' &lt;small&gt;( Trewavas, 1935)&lt;/small&gt; (Royal blue hap)
* ''Lithobates na Otopharynx'' &lt;small&gt;[[Michael K. Oliver|MK Oliver]], 1989&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Otopharynx mumboensis]]'' &lt;small&gt;Oliver, 2018&lt;/small&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;new6&quot; /&gt;
* ''Otopharynx ovatus'' &lt;small&gt;( Trewavas, 1935)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Otopharynx pachycheilus'' &lt;small&gt;[[Matthew E. Arnegard|Arnegard]] &amp; Snoeks, 2001&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Otopharynx panniculus]]'' &lt;small&gt;Oliver, 2018&lt;/small&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;new6&quot; /&gt;
* ''[[Otopharynx peridodeka]]'' &lt;small&gt;Oliver, 2018&lt;/small&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;new6&quot; /&gt;
* ''Otopharynx selenurus'' &lt;small&gt;Regan, 1922&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Otopharynx speciosus'' &lt;small&gt;( Trewavas, 1935)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Otopharynx spelaeotes]]'' &lt;small&gt;[[Rachel M. Cleaver-Yoder|Cleaver]], Konings &amp; Stauffer, 2009&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[Otopharynx styrax]]'' &lt;small&gt;Oliver, 2018&lt;/small&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;new6&quot; /&gt;
* ''Otopharynx tetraspilus'' &lt;small&gt;( Trewavas, 1935)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Ciwon kunne na Otopharynx'' &lt;small&gt;( Günther, 1894)&lt;/small&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>89x86yt9x2uuocyhx2lazyk0h32c7jm</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Melanochromis chipokae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>156943</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855492</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T17:25:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645716|Melanochromis chipokae]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855492</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="644" sha1="iqd7f938ty10ih90z9pnd87zu3swgbn" xml:space="preserve">
'''''Melanochromis chipokae''''' nau'in cichlid ne a cikin yankin Cichlidae da ke kusa da [[Tabkin Malawi|tafkin Malawi]] inda aka san yana faruwa ne kawai a Chipoka . Yana zaune ne a wuraren da ke da yashi a tsakanin duwatsu. Wannan nau'in piscivorous zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|12|cm|in}} SL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin cinikin [[Aquarium|kifaye]],  wanda shine babban barazanar wannan nau'in kuma wanda ya haifar da raguwar kashi 90% a yawan jama'a. Wannan ya haifar da IUCN ta tantance wannan nau'in a matsayin Mai Fuskantar Barazana Mai Muhimmanci .

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin nau'ikan kifayen ruwa masu tsafta

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>iqd7f938ty10ih90z9pnd87zu3swgbn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855493</id>
      <parentid>855492</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T17:25:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>855493</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="655" sha1="iij4ew3i3g9upvviak8949dyvhty9sl" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Melanochromis chipokae''''' nau'in cichlid ne a cikin yankin Cichlidae da ke kusa da [[Tabkin Malawi|tafkin Malawi]] inda aka san yana faruwa ne kawai a Chipoka . Yana zaune ne a wuraren da ke da yashi a tsakanin duwatsu. Wannan nau'in piscivorous zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|12|cm|in}} SL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin cinikin [[Aquarium|kifaye]],  wanda shine babban barazanar wannan nau'in kuma wanda ya haifar da raguwar kashi 90% a yawan jama'a. Wannan ya haifar da IUCN ta tantance wannan nau'in a matsayin Mai Fuskantar Barazana Mai Muhimmanci .

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin nau'ikan kifayen ruwa masu tsafta

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>iij4ew3i3g9upvviak8949dyvhty9sl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Maylandia lanisticola</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>156944</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855494</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T17:27:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645631|Maylandia lanisticola]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855494</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="251" sha1="cbsip99vy49af8xfrjikr3c8l9zfeg8" xml:space="preserve">
'''''Maylandia lanisticola''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|kifaye]] .  Ana kuma rarraba wannan nau'in a cikin nau'in ''Pseudotropheus'' . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>cbsip99vy49af8xfrjikr3c8l9zfeg8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855495</id>
      <parentid>855494</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T17:27:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>855495</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="262" sha1="lmaligfp3u2o6n8ojor41lqazwhv6qy" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Maylandia lanisticola''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|kifaye]] .  Ana kuma rarraba wannan nau'in a cikin nau'in ''Pseudotropheus'' . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>lmaligfp3u2o6n8ojor41lqazwhv6qy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Shayar da madara</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>156945</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855496</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T17:29:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1323326499|Milking]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855496</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3942" sha1="t394vs26sr0om58rhvr78b9bxt9j1an" xml:space="preserve">
[[Fayil:Mark_Milking.jpg|thumb|Wani yaro yana shayar da saniya da hannu a gona a [[Najeriya]]]]
[[Fayil:Reindeer_milking.jpg|thumb|Noman madarar barewa (ƙarni na 19)]]
'''Madarar nono''' aiki ne na cire [[madara]] daga cikin ƙwayoyin nono na [[Saniya|shanu]], bauna, [[Ɗan Adam|mutane]], [[Akwiya|awaki]], [[Rago|tumaki]], da kuma, mafi yawan lokuta, [[Raƙumi|raƙuma]], dawaki, da [[Jaki|jakuna]] . Ana iya yin ta da hannu ko ta injina, kuma yana buƙatar dabbar ta kasance tana da juna biyu a yanzu ko kuma kwanan nan. Mai shayarwa na iya nufin ko dai dabbar da ke samar da madarar ko kuma mutumin da ke shayar da wannan dabbar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Definition of MILKER |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/milker |access-date=11 November 2016 |website=www.merriam-webster.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shayar da hannu ==
Shayar da nono da hannu tsari ne na matse nonon dabba da hannu, yawanci ana yin sa da hannu biyu don a zuba madara a cikin bokiti. Ya ƙunshi da farko tsaftace nono da nono, sannan a riƙe ƙasan nono da babban yatsa da yatsa don kama madarar, sannan a ƙarshe a matse ƙasa da sauran yatsun hannun don fitar da madarar.

== Yin madara a injin ==
[[Fayil:Melkgeschirr.jpg|thumb|Ƙaramin injin yin madara]]
Yawancin shayarwa a ƙasashen da suka ci gaba ana yin ta ne ta amfani da injinan shayarwa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Farm and Ranch Depot |first=Farm and Ranch Depot |date=2022-07-22 |title=Cow milking equipment |url=https://farmandranchdepot.com/ |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=Farm and Ranch Depot}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana haɗa kofunan nonon a kan nonon shanu, sannan kofunan suna canzawa tsakanin injin tsotsewa da iska ta yau da kullun don fitar da madarar. Ana tace madarar kuma a sanyaya ta kafin a saka ta a cikin babban tankin madara don ajiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Milking, milk production hygiene and udder health |url=https://www.fao.org/3/t0218e/T0218E02.htm |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=www.fao.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsakaicin lokacin shayarwa shine mintuna 5-7 kuma ana iya shayar da saniya da injin sau 2-3 a rana. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Milking Machines: How to Milk a Cow |url=https://www.usdairy.com/news-articles/how-do-you-milk-a-cow |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=www.usdairy.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin tarawa da ake da shi ta hanyar robot ya bai wa shanu damar samun 'yancin yanke shawara kan lokacin da za su yi tarawa, amma har yanzu suna buƙatar yin hulɗa da mutane.  

Wani sanannen illa da ake samu daga shayarwa ta hanyar injin shine mastitis a shanu.  Injunan da ba sa tsaftacewa na iya shigar da ƙwayoyin cuta cikin nonon kuma su haifar da kamuwa da cuta. Wani illa kuma ita ce lalacewar nonon ta hanyar injin.

== Noma madarar dafi ==
Kalmar &quot;yin madara&quot; ana kuma amfani da ita ta hanyar fadada don bayyana cire guba daga [[Maciji|macizai]] da gizo-gizo don samar da maganin kashe dafi .

Ana iya yin madarar gubar gizo-gizo ko dai ta hanyar motsa jiki da hannu ko kuma ta hanyar amfani da na'urar lantarki. Na farko yana haifar da mummunan rauni ga gizo-gizo kuma na biyun yana samar da guba mai inganci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Oukkache |first=Naoual |author-link=Naoual Oukkache |last2=Chgoury |first2=Fatima |last3=Lalaoui |first3=Mekki |last4=Cano |first4=Alejandro Alagón |last5=Ghalim |first5=Noreddine |date=2013-03-28 |title=Comparison between two methods of scorpion venom milking in Morocco |journal=Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=5 |doi=10.1186/1678-9199-19-5 |issn=1678-9199 |pmc=3707106 |pmid=23849043 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
&lt;div style=&quot;float:right&quot;&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;

* [[famfon nono]]
* Tsaftace tsarin

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Commonscat}}{{Milk navbox}}{{Authority control}}</text>
      <sha1>t394vs26sr0om58rhvr78b9bxt9j1an</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855497</id>
      <parentid>855496</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T17:30:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Saka databox</comment>
      <origin>855497</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3952" sha1="e85l3le26wv4p8ia7zybg0sdmajcf6d" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Mark_Milking.jpg|thumb|Wani yaro yana shayar da saniya da hannu a gona a [[Najeriya]]]]
[[Fayil:Reindeer_milking.jpg|thumb|Noman madarar barewa (ƙarni na 19)]]
'''Madarar nono''' aiki ne na cire [[madara]] daga cikin ƙwayoyin nono na [[Saniya|shanu]], bauna, [[Ɗan Adam|mutane]], [[Akwiya|awaki]], [[Rago|tumaki]], da kuma, mafi yawan lokuta, [[Raƙumi|raƙuma]], dawaki, da [[Jaki|jakuna]] . Ana iya yin ta da hannu ko ta injina, kuma yana buƙatar dabbar ta kasance tana da juna biyu a yanzu ko kuma kwanan nan. Mai shayarwa na iya nufin ko dai dabbar da ke samar da madarar ko kuma mutumin da ke shayar da wannan dabbar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Definition of MILKER |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/milker |access-date=11 November 2016 |website=www.merriam-webster.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shayar da hannu ==
Shayar da nono da hannu tsari ne na matse nonon dabba da hannu, yawanci ana yin sa da hannu biyu don a zuba madara a cikin bokiti. Ya ƙunshi da farko tsaftace nono da nono, sannan a riƙe ƙasan nono da babban yatsa da yatsa don kama madarar, sannan a ƙarshe a matse ƙasa da sauran yatsun hannun don fitar da madarar.

== Yin madara a injin ==
[[Fayil:Melkgeschirr.jpg|thumb|Ƙaramin injin yin madara]]
Yawancin shayarwa a ƙasashen da suka ci gaba ana yin ta ne ta amfani da injinan shayarwa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Farm and Ranch Depot |first=Farm and Ranch Depot |date=2022-07-22 |title=Cow milking equipment |url=https://farmandranchdepot.com/ |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=Farm and Ranch Depot}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana haɗa kofunan nonon a kan nonon shanu, sannan kofunan suna canzawa tsakanin injin tsotsewa da iska ta yau da kullun don fitar da madarar. Ana tace madarar kuma a sanyaya ta kafin a saka ta a cikin babban tankin madara don ajiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Milking, milk production hygiene and udder health |url=https://www.fao.org/3/t0218e/T0218E02.htm |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=www.fao.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsakaicin lokacin shayarwa shine mintuna 5-7 kuma ana iya shayar da saniya da injin sau 2-3 a rana. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Milking Machines: How to Milk a Cow |url=https://www.usdairy.com/news-articles/how-do-you-milk-a-cow |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=www.usdairy.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin tarawa da ake da shi ta hanyar robot ya bai wa shanu damar samun 'yancin yanke shawara kan lokacin da za su yi tarawa, amma har yanzu suna buƙatar yin hulɗa da mutane.  

Wani sanannen illa da ake samu daga shayarwa ta hanyar injin shine mastitis a shanu.  Injunan da ba sa tsaftacewa na iya shigar da ƙwayoyin cuta cikin nonon kuma su haifar da kamuwa da cuta. Wani illa kuma ita ce lalacewar nonon ta hanyar injin.

== Noma madarar dafi ==
Kalmar &quot;yin madara&quot; ana kuma amfani da ita ta hanyar fadada don bayyana cire guba daga [[Maciji|macizai]] da gizo-gizo don samar da maganin kashe dafi .

Ana iya yin madarar gubar gizo-gizo ko dai ta hanyar motsa jiki da hannu ko kuma ta hanyar amfani da na'urar lantarki. Na farko yana haifar da mummunan rauni ga gizo-gizo kuma na biyun yana samar da guba mai inganci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Oukkache |first=Naoual |author-link=Naoual Oukkache |last2=Chgoury |first2=Fatima |last3=Lalaoui |first3=Mekki |last4=Cano |first4=Alejandro Alagón |last5=Ghalim |first5=Noreddine |date=2013-03-28 |title=Comparison between two methods of scorpion venom milking in Morocco |journal=Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=5 |doi=10.1186/1678-9199-19-5 |issn=1678-9199 |pmc=3707106 |pmid=23849043 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
&lt;div style=&quot;float:right&quot;&gt;
 
&lt;/div&gt;

* [[famfon nono]]
* Tsaftace tsarin

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Commonscat}}{{Milk navbox}}{{Authority control}}</text>
      <sha1>e85l3le26wv4p8ia7zybg0sdmajcf6d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasoa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>156946</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855498</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T17:33:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356450017|Kasoa Polyclinic]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855498</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3625" sha1="qxzg8jeyexzdzduhbrm4dsi0tpnde24" xml:space="preserve">
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

Kasoa Polyclinic cibiyar kula da lafiyar jama'a ce dake cikin '''Kasoa''', a cikin gundumar Awutu Senya ta Gabas a [[Yankin Tsakiya (Ghana)|yankin tsakiyar]] [[Ghana]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-11-24 |title=Kasoa Polyclinic overwhelmed as lack of paediatric ward puts children at risk |url=https://www.citinewsroom.com/2025/11/kasoa-polyclinic-overwhelmed-as-lack-of-paediatric-ward-puts-children-at-risk/ |access-date=2026-05-15 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Ghanaian |date=2019-07-19 |title=Put Kasoa Polyclinic, others to good use |url=https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/put-kasoa-polyclinic-others-to-good-use/ |access-date=2026-05-15 |website=Ghanaian Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Cibiyar tana ba da nau'ikan ayyukan kiwon lafiya daban-daban. Waɗannan sun haɗa da: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kasoa Polyclinic – Kasoa In One |url=https://kasoainone.com/place/kasoa-polyclinic/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2026-05-15 |website=kasoainone.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

* Ayyukan kula da marasa lafiya na yau da kullun
* Kula da lafiyar uwa da yara
* Ayyukan rigakafi da na magani na asali

== Kalubalen Kayayyakin more rayuwa ==
Cibiyar tana kula da kimanin mutane 300,000. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-11-24 |title=Kasoa Polyclinic overwhelmed as lack of paediatric ward puts children at risk |url=https://www.citinewsroom.com/2025/11/kasoa-polyclinic-overwhelmed-as-lack-of-paediatric-ward-puts-children-at-risk/ |access-date=2026-05-15 |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.citinewsroom.com/2025/11/kasoa-polyclinic-overwhelmed-as-lack-of-paediatric-ward-puts-children-at-risk/ &quot;Kasoa Polyclinic overwhelmed as lack of paediatric ward puts children at risk&quot;]. 24 November 2025&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 May&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2019, an gina wani asibiti mai gadaje 80 a Kasoa CP don fadada karfin kula da lafiya.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Ghanaian |date=2019-07-19 |title=Put Kasoa Polyclinic, others to good use |url=https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/put-kasoa-polyclinic-others-to-good-use/ |access-date=2026-05-15 |website=Ghanaian Times |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTimes2019&quot;&gt;Times, Ghanaian (19 July 2019). [https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/put-kasoa-polyclinic-others-to-good-use/ &quot;Put Kasoa Polyclinic, others to good use&quot;]. ''Ghanaian Times''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 May&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, al'ummar na ci gaba da dogaro da karfin gadon asibiti mai gadaje 40 na Kosoa polyclinic, wanda ke kula da maza da mata, gami da sassan haihuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Asibitin ba shi da sashen kula da yara tun daga shekarar 2025 &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mazauna al'ummar Walantu a yankin Kasuwanci na Tsakiya na Kasoa sun nuna damuwa game da rashin kyawun hanyoyin sarrafa sharar ruwa na asibitin, wanda ya haifar da zubar da sharar da ba a yi wa magani ba a cikin muhallinsu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-01-26 |title=Kasoa Polyclinic accused of dumping waste into Walantu community |url=https://www.citinewsroom.com/2026/01/kasoa-polyclinic-accused-of-dumping-waste-into-walantu-community/ |access-date=2026-05-15 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://kasoainone.com/place/kasoa-polyclinic/?utm_source=chatgpt.com Shafin Yanar Gizo na Hukuma]

== Manazarta ==
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

Kasoa Polyclinic cibiyar kula da lafiyar jama'a ce dake cikin '''Kasoa''', a cikin gundumar Awutu Senya ta Gabas a [[Yankin Tsakiya (Ghana)|yankin tsakiyar]] [[Ghana]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-11-24 |title=Kasoa Polyclinic overwhelmed as lack of paediatric ward puts children at risk |url=https://www.citinewsroom.com/2025/11/kasoa-polyclinic-overwhelmed-as-lack-of-paediatric-ward-puts-children-at-risk/ |access-date=2026-05-15 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Ghanaian |date=2019-07-19 |title=Put Kasoa Polyclinic, others to good use |url=https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/put-kasoa-polyclinic-others-to-good-use/ |access-date=2026-05-15 |website=Ghanaian Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Cibiyar tana ba da nau'ikan ayyukan kiwon lafiya daban-daban. Waɗannan sun haɗa da: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kasoa Polyclinic – Kasoa In One |url=https://kasoainone.com/place/kasoa-polyclinic/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2026-05-15 |website=kasoainone.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

* Ayyukan kula da marasa lafiya na yau da kullun
* Kula da lafiyar uwa da yara
* Ayyukan rigakafi da na magani na asali

== Kalubalen Kayayyakin more rayuwa ==
Cibiyar tana kula da kimanin mutane 300,000. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-11-24 |title=Kasoa Polyclinic overwhelmed as lack of paediatric ward puts children at risk |url=https://www.citinewsroom.com/2025/11/kasoa-polyclinic-overwhelmed-as-lack-of-paediatric-ward-puts-children-at-risk/ |access-date=2026-05-15 |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.citinewsroom.com/2025/11/kasoa-polyclinic-overwhelmed-as-lack-of-paediatric-ward-puts-children-at-risk/ &quot;Kasoa Polyclinic overwhelmed as lack of paediatric ward puts children at risk&quot;]. 24 November 2025&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 May&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2019, an gina wani asibiti mai gadaje 80 a Kasoa CP don fadada karfin kula da lafiya.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Ghanaian |date=2019-07-19 |title=Put Kasoa Polyclinic, others to good use |url=https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/put-kasoa-polyclinic-others-to-good-use/ |access-date=2026-05-15 |website=Ghanaian Times |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTimes2019&quot;&gt;Times, Ghanaian (19 July 2019). [https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/put-kasoa-polyclinic-others-to-good-use/ &quot;Put Kasoa Polyclinic, others to good use&quot;]. ''Ghanaian Times''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 May&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, al'ummar na ci gaba da dogaro da karfin gadon asibiti mai gadaje 40 na Kosoa polyclinic, wanda ke kula da maza da mata, gami da sassan haihuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Asibitin ba shi da sashen kula da yara tun daga shekarar 2025 &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mazauna al'ummar Walantu a yankin Kasuwanci na Tsakiya na Kasoa sun nuna damuwa game da rashin kyawun hanyoyin sarrafa sharar ruwa na asibitin, wanda ya haifar da zubar da sharar da ba a yi wa magani ba a cikin muhallinsu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-01-26 |title=Kasoa Polyclinic accused of dumping waste into Walantu community |url=https://www.citinewsroom.com/2026/01/kasoa-polyclinic-accused-of-dumping-waste-into-walantu-community/ |access-date=2026-05-15 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://kasoainone.com/place/kasoa-polyclinic/?utm_source=chatgpt.com Shafin Yanar Gizo na Hukuma]

== Manazarta ==
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  <page>
    <title>Coptodon fusiform</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1332883892|Coptodon fusiforme]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Coptodon fusiform''''' wani nau'in kifi ne a cikin dangin cichlid, wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Ejagham]] a yammacin [[Kamaru]]. An bayyana shi ne kawai ta hanyar kimiyya a cikin &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. IUCN ta yi la'akari da haɗari sosai a cikin 2023,  kuma yana fuskantar haɗari iri ɗaya da ''[[Coptodon deckerti|C. deckerti]]'', wanda ke fuskantar barazanar [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen yanayi]] da lalacewa daga ayyukan ɗan adam, kifi daga jinsin ''Parauchenoglanis'' wanda aka gabatar a tafkin, kuma mai yiwuwa kuma ta hanyar manyan hayakin [[carbon dioxide]] (CO2) daga kasan tafkin (idan aka kwatanta da [[Tafkin Nyos]]), &lt;ref name=&quot;Tilapia&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dunz, A. R. |last2=Schliewen, U. K. |year=2010 |title=Description of a ''Tilapia'' (''Coptodon'') species flock of Lake Ejagham (Cameroon), including a redescription of ''Tilapia deckerti'' Thys van den Audenaerde, 1967 |journal=Spixiana |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=251-280}}&lt;/ref&gt; kodayake Ejagham ba shi da zurfi don ƙunsar wannan iskar gas mai yawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=and}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kai har zuwa {{Cvt|8|cm|in|0}}  in) a tsawon, kuma galibi yana ciyar da plankton  ruwa mai buɗewa, amma kuma yana ɗaukar ƙananan barbashi daga ƙasa da saman ruwa.

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'''''Coptodon fusiform''''' wani nau'in kifi ne a cikin dangin cichlid, wanda ke cikin [[Tafkin Ejagham]] a yammacin [[Kamaru]]. An bayyana shi ne kawai ta hanyar kimiyya a cikin &lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. IUCN ta yi la'akari da haɗari sosai a cikin 2023,  kuma yana fuskantar haɗari iri ɗaya da ''[[Coptodon deckerti|C. deckerti]]'', wanda ke fuskantar barazanar [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen yanayi]] da lalacewa daga ayyukan ɗan adam, kifi daga jinsin ''Parauchenoglanis'' wanda aka gabatar a tafkin, kuma mai yiwuwa kuma ta hanyar manyan hayakin [[carbon dioxide]] (CO2) daga kasan tafkin (idan aka kwatanta da [[Tafkin Nyos]]), &lt;ref name=&quot;Tilapia&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dunz, A. R. |last2=Schliewen, U. K. |year=2010 |title=Description of a ''Tilapia'' (''Coptodon'') species flock of Lake Ejagham (Cameroon), including a redescription of ''Tilapia deckerti'' Thys van den Audenaerde, 1967 |journal=Spixiana |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=251-280}}&lt;/ref&gt; kodayake Ejagham ba shi da zurfi don ƙunsar wannan iskar gas mai yawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=and}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kai har zuwa {{Cvt|8|cm|in|0}}  in) a tsawon, kuma galibi yana ciyar da plankton  ruwa mai buɗewa, amma kuma yana ɗaukar ƙananan barbashi daga ƙasa da saman ruwa.

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  <page>
    <title>Coptodon gutturosa</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314466187|Coptodon gutturosa]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Speciesbox|image=|status=CR|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=&lt;ref name=iucn/&gt;|taxon=Coptodon gutturosa|authority=([[Melanie L. J. Stiassny|Stiassny]], [[Ulrich K. Schliewen|Schliewen]] &amp; [[Wallace J. Dominey|Dominey]], 1992)|synonyms=''Tilapia gutturosa'' &lt;small&gt;Stiassny, Schliewen &amp; Dominey, 1992&lt;/small&gt;|synonyms_ref=&lt;ref name = Fishbase&gt;{{FishBase|Coptodon|gutturosa|month=December|year=2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

'''''Coptodon gutturosa''''' wani nau'in kifi ne mai haɗari a cikin dangin cichlid. Yana da iyaka a Tafkin Bermin a [[Kamaru]]. Yana fuskantar barazanar [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen yanayi]] da raguwa daga ayyukan ɗan adam, kuma mai yiwuwa kuma ta hanyar manyan hayaki na [[carbon dioxide]] (CO2) daga kasan tafkin (idan aka kwatanta da [[Tafkin Nyos]]),  kodayake Bermin ya yi zurfi sosai don ƙunsar yawan wannan gas.&lt;ref name=&quot;Freeth1992&quot;&gt;Freeth, S.J.; C.O. Ofoegbu; and K.M. Onuoha (1992). Natural Hazards in West and Central Africa, pp. 50—51. {{ISBN|978-3-663-05239-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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'''''Coptodon gutturosa''''' wani nau'in kifi ne mai haɗari a cikin dangin cichlid. Yana da iyaka a Tafkin Bermin a [[Kamaru]]. Yana fuskantar barazanar [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen yanayi]] da raguwa daga ayyukan ɗan adam, kuma mai yiwuwa kuma ta hanyar manyan hayaki na [[carbon dioxide]] (CO2) daga kasan tafkin (idan aka kwatanta da [[Tafkin Nyos]]),  kodayake Bermin ya yi zurfi sosai don ƙunsar yawan wannan gas.&lt;ref name=&quot;Freeth1992&quot;&gt;Freeth, S.J.; C.O. Ofoegbu; and K.M. Onuoha (1992). Natural Hazards in West and Central Africa, pp. 50—51. {{ISBN|978-3-663-05239-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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  <page>
    <title>Coptodon imbriferna</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314335337|Coptodon imbriferna]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Coptodon imbriferna''''' nau'in kifi ne da ke fuskantar barazanar ɓacewa a cikin dangin cichlid . Yana da alaƙa da [[Tafkin Bermin]] a [[Kamaru]] . Yana fuskantar barazanar [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓatawa]] da [[Seltation|ɓarna]] daga ayyukan ɗan adam, kuma wataƙila ta hanyar fitar da hayaki mai yawa na [[carbon dioxide]] ( &lt;sub&gt;CO2&lt;/sub&gt; ) daga ƙasan tafkin (kwatanta [[Tafkin Nyos]] ),  kodayake Bermin ba shi da zurfi sosai don ya ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na wannan iskar gas. &lt;ref name=&quot;Freeth1992&quot;&gt;Freeth, S.J.; C.O. Ofoegbu; and K.M. Onuoha (1992). Natural Hazards in West and Central Africa, pp. 50—51. {{ISBN|978-3-663-05239-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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'''''Coptodon imbriferna''''' nau'in kifi ne da ke fuskantar barazanar ɓacewa a cikin dangin cichlid . Yana da alaƙa da [[Tafkin Bermin]] a [[Kamaru]] . Yana fuskantar barazanar [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓatawa]] da [[Seltation|ɓarna]] daga ayyukan ɗan adam, kuma wataƙila ta hanyar fitar da hayaki mai yawa na [[carbon dioxide]] ( &lt;sub&gt;CO2&lt;/sub&gt; ) daga ƙasan tafkin (kwatanta [[Tafkin Nyos]] ),  kodayake Bermin ba shi da zurfi sosai don ya ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na wannan iskar gas. &lt;ref name=&quot;Freeth1992&quot;&gt;Freeth, S.J.; C.O. Ofoegbu; and K.M. Onuoha (1992). Natural Hazards in West and Central Africa, pp. 50—51. {{ISBN|978-3-663-05239-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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  <page>
    <title>Konia (kifi)</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1282707382|Konia (fish)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Konia''''' ƙaramin nau'in cichlids ne da ke fuskantar barazanar karewa a [[tafkin Barombi Mbo]] a yammacin [[Kamaru]] . Duk da cewa galibi ana gane shi a matsayin wani nau'in daban, nau'in yana kusa da ''Sarotherodon'' sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Martin2015&quot;&gt;Martin; Cutler; Friel; Touokong; Coop; and Wainwright (2015). Complex histories of repeated gene flow in Cameroon crater lake cichlids cast doubt on one of the clearest examples of sympatric speciation. Evolution 69-6: 1406–1422. {{Doi|10.1111/evo.12674}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nau'in ''Konia'' suna fuskantar barazana saboda [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen yanayi]] da kuma [[Seltation|lalata ƙasa]] saboda ayyukan ɗan adam. Hakanan suna fuskantar barazanar fitar da hayaki mai yawa na [[carbon dioxide]] ( &lt;sub&gt;CO2&lt;/sub&gt; ) daga ƙasan tafkin (kwatanta [[Tafkin Nyos]] ), kodayake bincike ya nuna cewa Barombo Mbo ba shi da isasshen wannan iskar gas. &lt;ref&gt;Freeth, S.J.; C.O. Ofoegbu; and K.M. Onuoha (1992). Natural Hazards in West and Central Africa, pp. 50—51. {{ISBN|978-3-663-05239-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Myaka'', ''Pungu'' da ''Stomatepia'' su ne wasu nau'ikan cichlids guda uku da ke fuskantar barazanar waɗanda suma suna cikin Tafkin Barombi Mbo.

== Nau'o'in ==
A halin yanzu akwai nau'o'i biyu da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: 

* ''[[Dikume|Konia dikume]]'' Trewavas, 1972 (Dikume) 
* ''Konia eisentrauti'' &lt;small&gt; (Trewavas, 1962) &lt;/small&gt; (Konye) 

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'''''Konia''''' ƙaramin nau'in cichlids ne da ke fuskantar barazanar karewa a [[tafkin Barombi Mbo]] a yammacin [[Kamaru]] . Duk da cewa galibi ana gane shi a matsayin wani nau'in daban, nau'in yana kusa da ''Sarotherodon'' sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Martin2015&quot;&gt;Martin; Cutler; Friel; Touokong; Coop; and Wainwright (2015). Complex histories of repeated gene flow in Cameroon crater lake cichlids cast doubt on one of the clearest examples of sympatric speciation. Evolution 69-6: 1406–1422. {{Doi|10.1111/evo.12674}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nau'in ''Konia'' suna fuskantar barazana saboda [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen yanayi]] da kuma [[Seltation|lalata ƙasa]] saboda ayyukan ɗan adam. Hakanan suna fuskantar barazanar fitar da hayaki mai yawa na [[carbon dioxide]] ( &lt;sub&gt;CO2&lt;/sub&gt; ) daga ƙasan tafkin (kwatanta [[Tafkin Nyos]] ), kodayake bincike ya nuna cewa Barombo Mbo ba shi da isasshen wannan iskar gas. &lt;ref&gt;Freeth, S.J.; C.O. Ofoegbu; and K.M. Onuoha (1992). Natural Hazards in West and Central Africa, pp. 50—51. {{ISBN|978-3-663-05239-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Myaka'', ''Pungu'' da ''Stomatepia'' su ne wasu nau'ikan cichlids guda uku da ke fuskantar barazanar waɗanda suma suna cikin Tafkin Barombi Mbo.

== Nau'o'in ==
A halin yanzu akwai nau'o'i biyu da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: 

* ''[[Dikume|Konia dikume]]'' Trewavas, 1972 (Dikume) 
* ''Konia eisentrauti'' &lt;small&gt; (Trewavas, 1962) &lt;/small&gt; (Konye) 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Stomatepia</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341260756|Stomatepia]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Stomatepia''''' nau'in cichlids ne da ke da alaƙa da [[Tafkin Barombi Mbo]] a yammacin [[Kamaru]] . Duk da cewa galibi ana gane shi a matsayin daban, nau'in yana kusa da ''Sarotherodon'' sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Martin2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Martin |first=Christopher H. |last2=Cutler |first2=Joseph S. |last3=Friel |first3=John P. |last4=Dening Touokong |first4=Cyrille |last5=Coop |first5=Graham |last6=Wainwright |first6=Peter C. |date=2015 |title=Complex histories of repeated gene flow in Cameroon crater lake cichlids cast doubt on one of the clearest examples of sympatric speciation |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5f03905h |journal=Evolution |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=1406–1422 |bibcode=2015Evolu..69.1406M |doi=10.1111/evo.12674 |pmid=25929355}}&lt;/ref&gt; An san nau'in ''Stomatepia'' a matsayin waɗanda ke fuskantar barazanar kamuwa da cutar ta IUCN saboda [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓatawa]] da kuma [[Seltation|lalata ƙasa]] sakamakon ayyukan ɗan adam. Hakanan suna fuskantar barazanar fitar da hayaki mai yawa na [[carbon dioxide]] ( &lt;sub&gt;CO2&lt;/sub&gt; ) daga ƙasan tafkin (kwatanta [[Tafkin Nyos]] ), &lt;ref name=&quot;Musilova2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Musilová |first=Zuzana |last2=Indermaur |first2=Adrian |last3=Nyom |first3=Arnold Roger Bitja |last4=Tropek |first4=Robert |last5=Martin |first5=Christopher |last6=Schliewen |first6=Ulrich K. |date=2014 |title=Persistence of Stomatepia mongo, an Endemic Cichlid Fish of the Barombi Mbo Crater Lake, Southwestern Cameroon, with Notes on Its Life History and Behavior |journal=Copeia |volume=2014 |issue=3 |pages=556–560 |doi=10.1643/CI-14-021 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; kodayake bincike ya nuna cewa Barombo Mbo ba shi da isasshen wannan iskar gas. &lt;ref&gt;Freeth, S.J.; C.O. Ofoegbu; and K.M. Onuoha (1992). Natural Hazards in West and Central Africa, pp. 50—51. {{ISBN|978-3-663-05239-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Konia'', ''Myaka'' da ''Pungu'' su ne wasu nau'ikan cichlids guda uku da ke fuskantar barazanar kamuwa da cutar ta Tafkin Barombi Mbo.

== Nau'o'in ==
A halin yanzu akwai nau'o'i uku da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: 

* Stomate Mariae &lt;small&gt; (Holly, 1930) &lt;/small&gt; (Nsess) 
* Stomatepia mongo Trewavas, 1972 (Mongo) 
* ''Stomatepia pindu'' Trewavas, 1972 (Pindu) 

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'''''Stomatepia''''' nau'in cichlids ne da ke da alaƙa da [[Tafkin Barombi Mbo]] a yammacin [[Kamaru]] . Duk da cewa galibi ana gane shi a matsayin daban, nau'in yana kusa da ''Sarotherodon'' sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Martin2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Martin |first=Christopher H. |last2=Cutler |first2=Joseph S. |last3=Friel |first3=John P. |last4=Dening Touokong |first4=Cyrille |last5=Coop |first5=Graham |last6=Wainwright |first6=Peter C. |date=2015 |title=Complex histories of repeated gene flow in Cameroon crater lake cichlids cast doubt on one of the clearest examples of sympatric speciation |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5f03905h |journal=Evolution |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=1406–1422 |bibcode=2015Evolu..69.1406M |doi=10.1111/evo.12674 |pmid=25929355}}&lt;/ref&gt; An san nau'in ''Stomatepia'' a matsayin waɗanda ke fuskantar barazanar kamuwa da cutar ta IUCN saboda [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓatawa]] da kuma [[Seltation|lalata ƙasa]] sakamakon ayyukan ɗan adam. Hakanan suna fuskantar barazanar fitar da hayaki mai yawa na [[carbon dioxide]] ( &lt;sub&gt;CO2&lt;/sub&gt; ) daga ƙasan tafkin (kwatanta [[Tafkin Nyos]] ), &lt;ref name=&quot;Musilova2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Musilová |first=Zuzana |last2=Indermaur |first2=Adrian |last3=Nyom |first3=Arnold Roger Bitja |last4=Tropek |first4=Robert |last5=Martin |first5=Christopher |last6=Schliewen |first6=Ulrich K. |date=2014 |title=Persistence of Stomatepia mongo, an Endemic Cichlid Fish of the Barombi Mbo Crater Lake, Southwestern Cameroon, with Notes on Its Life History and Behavior |journal=Copeia |volume=2014 |issue=3 |pages=556–560 |doi=10.1643/CI-14-021 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; kodayake bincike ya nuna cewa Barombo Mbo ba shi da isasshen wannan iskar gas. &lt;ref&gt;Freeth, S.J.; C.O. Ofoegbu; and K.M. Onuoha (1992). Natural Hazards in West and Central Africa, pp. 50—51. {{ISBN|978-3-663-05239-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Konia'', ''Myaka'' da ''Pungu'' su ne wasu nau'ikan cichlids guda uku da ke fuskantar barazanar kamuwa da cutar ta Tafkin Barombi Mbo.

== Nau'o'in ==
A halin yanzu akwai nau'o'i uku da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: 

* Stomate Mariae &lt;small&gt; (Holly, 1930) &lt;/small&gt; (Nsess) 
* Stomatepia mongo Trewavas, 1972 (Mongo) 
* ''Stomatepia pindu'' Trewavas, 1972 (Pindu) 

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    <title>Clarias maclareni</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314469492|Clarias maclareni]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Clarias maclareni''''' nau'in kifin kifin da ke fuskantar barazanar ɓacewa a cikin dangin Clariidae . Yana da alaƙa da [[tafkin Barombi Mbo]] a yammacin [[Kamaru]] . A halin yanzu yana fuskantar barazana saboda [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen yanayi]] da kuma [[Seltation|lalata shi]] saboda ayyukan ɗan adam, kuma wataƙila ta hanyar fitar da hayakin [[carbon dioxide]] ( &lt;sub&gt;CO2&lt;/sub&gt; ) mai yawa daga ƙasan tafkin (kwatanta [[Tafkin Nyos]] ). An san cewa yana girma zuwa {{Convert|36|cm|in}} TL . Manyan mutane suna cin abinci galibi akan wasu kifaye (musamman cichlids ), yayin da ƙananan mutane galibi ke cin kwari.

An sanya masa suna a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar Peter Ian Rupert MacLaren (c. 1919-1956), wanda ya yi amfani da matsayinsa na Jami'in Ci gaban Kifi na [[Najeriya]] don tattara kifi don [[Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya|Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya]], gami da nau'in samfurin wannan kifi (daga [[Kamaru]]) a 1948 (ya mutu daga raunukan da wani giwa ya yi a yanzu Zambia). &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 September 2018 |title=Order SILURIFORMES: Families CLARIIDAE, HETEROPNEUSTIDAE, ANCHARIIDAE and ARIIDAE |url=http://www.etyfish.org/siluriformes9/ |access-date=28 February 2021 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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'''''Clarias maclareni''''' nau'in kifin kifin da ke fuskantar barazanar ɓacewa a cikin dangin Clariidae . Yana da alaƙa da [[tafkin Barombi Mbo]] a yammacin [[Kamaru]] . A halin yanzu yana fuskantar barazana saboda [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen yanayi]] da kuma [[Seltation|lalata shi]] saboda ayyukan ɗan adam, kuma wataƙila ta hanyar fitar da hayakin [[carbon dioxide]] ( &lt;sub&gt;CO2&lt;/sub&gt; ) mai yawa daga ƙasan tafkin (kwatanta [[Tafkin Nyos]] ). An san cewa yana girma zuwa {{Convert|36|cm|in}} TL . Manyan mutane suna cin abinci galibi akan wasu kifaye (musamman cichlids ), yayin da ƙananan mutane galibi ke cin kwari.

An sanya masa suna a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar Peter Ian Rupert MacLaren (c. 1919-1956), wanda ya yi amfani da matsayinsa na Jami'in Ci gaban Kifi na [[Najeriya]] don tattara kifi don [[Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya|Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya]], gami da nau'in samfurin wannan kifi (daga [[Kamaru]]) a 1948 (ya mutu daga raunukan da wani giwa ya yi a yanzu Zambia). &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 September 2018 |title=Order SILURIFORMES: Families CLARIIDAE, HETEROPNEUSTIDAE, ANCHARIIDAE and ARIIDAE |url=http://www.etyfish.org/siluriformes9/ |access-date=28 February 2021 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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'''''Clarias maclareni''''' nau'in kifin kifin da ke fuskantar barazanar ɓacewa a cikin dangin Clariidae . Yana da alaƙa da [[tafkin Barombi Mbo]] a yammacin [[Kamaru]] . A halin yanzu yana fuskantar barazana saboda [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen yanayi]] da kuma [[Seltation|lalata shi]] saboda ayyukan ɗan adam, kuma wataƙila ta hanyar fitar da hayakin [[carbon dioxide]] ( &lt;sub&gt;CO2&lt;/sub&gt; ) mai yawa daga ƙasan tafkin (kwatanta [[Tafkin Nyos]] ). An san cewa yana girma zuwa {{Convert|36|cm|in}} TL . Manyan mutane suna cin abinci galibi akan wasu kifaye (musamman cichlids ), yayin da ƙananan mutane galibi ke cin kwari.

An sanya masa suna a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar Peter Ian Rupert MacLaren (c. 1919-1956), wanda ya yi amfani da matsayinsa na Jami'in Ci gaban Kifi na [[Najeriya]] don tattara kifi don [[Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya|Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya]], gami da nau'in samfurin wannan kifi (daga [[Kamaru]]) a 1948 (ya mutu daga raunukan da wani giwa ya yi a yanzu Zambia). &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 September 2018 |title=Order SILURIFORMES: Families CLARIIDAE, HETEROPNEUSTIDAE, ANCHARIIDAE and ARIIDAE |url=http://www.etyfish.org/siluriformes9/ |access-date=28 February 2021 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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  <page>
    <title>Tsakiya na hadin gwiwa</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358129744|Joint centration]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Haɗakar haɗin gwiwa''' tana nufin matsayi da daidaita haɗin gwiwa na jiki. Haɗakar '''tsakiya''' yawanci ana ɗaukarta a matsayin a '''tsakiya''' ko '''tsaka-tsaki''' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Frank, Clare; Kobesova, Alena; Kolar, Pavel |date=Feb 2013 |title=Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization &amp; Sports Rehabilitation |journal=International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=62-73 |pmid=23439921}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yadda sassan haɗin gwiwa ke haɗuwa da kuma irin hulɗar da ke tsakanin saman da ta dace yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. Ana la'akari da haɗakar tsakiya a ma'ana mai kyau ma'ana cewa haɗin tsakiya za a sanya shi kuma a daidaita shi ta hanya mafi kyau. Misali, saman hannun sama (humerus) an sanya shi kuma an daidaita shi a cikin soket ɗin kafada (glenoid fossa) ta hanyar tsakiya kuma wannan yana tabbatar da mafi kyawun fa'idar biomechanical duka a cikin matsayi mai tsauri da kuma yayin motsi. Wannan kuma ana kiransa da daidaitawar glenohumeral.  Kafada wacce ta fi tsakiya tana nufin cewa humerus an sanya ta kuma an daidaita ta a cikin glenoid fossa don saman su su kasance suna hulɗa da juna ta hanya mafi inganci. Haɗakar haɗin gwiwa tana rage gogayya mara kyau da matsin lamba a cikin haɗin gwiwa, tana haɓaka yuwuwar leverage na biomechanical, inganta sarrafa motsi da rage haɗarin rauni. 

Nazarin haɗin gwiwa yana da mahimmanci a cikin [[Biomechanics|ilimin halittu]], ilimin motsa jiki, kimiyyar wasanni, shirye-shiryen horo [[Wasanni|na wasanni]] da [[Lafiyar jiki|motsa jiki]] .

== Matsakaici da rarrabawa ==
''Tsawaitawar jiki'' tana nufin mafi kyawun matsayi, daidaitawa da kuma kula da ɗaya ko fiye na gidajen jiki. Wannan ya haɗa da kiyaye tsayuwa a tsaye da kuma yin motsi masu motsi. Lokacin da haɗin gwiwa ya kasance a tsakiya yana nufin cewa akwai mafi kyawun haɗuwa (daidaitawa) tsakanin saman haɗin gwiwa. Misali, kan femur yana cikin mafi kyawun haɗuwa da soket ɗin kwatangwalo (acetabulum).  Wannan matsayi da daidaitawa yana nufin cewa ana rarraba ƙarfi daidai gwargwado kuma gogayya da matsin lamba mara kyau, inda saman haɗin gwiwa ke fuskantar ƙarfin yankewa ko matsi mai yawa a wasu wurare, yana raguwa. Saboda haka, yana ba da damar ƙara yawan kunnawar tsoka da samar da ƙarfin biomechanical mai alaƙa tare da rage haɗarin rauni musamman dangane da abin da lalacewa da tsagewa ke haifarwa.  A cewar Clare Frank et al.:
{{Blockquote|Joint centration or neutral joint position occurs when joint surface congruency and muscles that support the joint are at their optimal mechanical advantage throughout the range of motion and thus are able to produce varying forces according to the required skill. The centrated joint allows for optimal load transference of muscular forces across the joint and along the kinetic chain, with minimal mechanical stress on the passive structures such as ligaments, capsule, cartilage, and joint surfaces.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Frank, Clare; Kobesova, Alena; Kolar, Pavel |title=Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization &amp; Sports Rehabilitation |journal=International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy |date=Feb 2013 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=62-73 |pmid=23439921}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
''Rage girman kai'' yana nufin lokacin da ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin haɗin gwiwa ba su da matsayi mafi kyau kuma sun daidaita. Wannan yana nufin cewa akwai ƙarancin ikon sarrafa matsayi, motsi ba shi da inganci kuma yana da yuwuwar rauni. Ba yana nufin cewa sun ji rauni ba duk da cewa raunukan lalacewa da tsagewa suna ƙaruwa a cikin haɗin gwiwa waɗanda aka rage girmansu.  Duk da haka, haɗin gwiwa da ya lalace (wanda aka rage girmansu) ko kuma wanda ya lalace gaba ɗaya koyaushe za a rage girmansu sakamakon haka. Haɗin gwiwa guda ɗaya da aka rage girmansa yana da tasiri kan daidaita ƙarfinsa akan duk sauran haɗin gwiwa na jiki.  Ko haɗin gwiwar mutum yana tsakiya ko kuma yana raguwa yana bayyana a cikin yanayinsa da kuma yanayin motsin da suke samarwa. 

Gaɓoɓin jiki na iya zama masu tsakiya ko raguwa bisa ga ƙarfi, ko rauni, na tsokoki da ke kewaye, gami da tsokoki masu agonist da masu antagonist . 

== Amfani a cikin shirye-shiryen horo na wasanni da motsa jiki ==
Ana amfani da ilimin haɗa haɗin gwiwa a cikin shirye-shiryen horarwa na fannoni daban-daban na wasanni da motsa jiki, ciki har da ƙwallon baseball,  [[Kwallon kwando|ƙwallon kwando]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fu |first=Dr. Michael |title=3 Tips for Shoulder Injury Prevention |url=https://nbpa.com/grassroots/blog/3-tips-for-shoulder-injury-prevention |access-date=6 May 2026 |website=NBPA |publisher=National Basketball Players Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; yoga,  pilates,  gina jiki da sassaka jiki,  horar da ƙarfi,  da ɗaga ƙarfi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rusin |first=John |title=The Science of Finding the Perfect Squat Stance |url=https://drjohnrusin.com/the-science-of-finding-the-perfect-squat-stance/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=johnrusin.com |quote=A version of this article was originally published in Issue 5.4 of the NSCA’s Personal Training Quarterly Journal. DrJohnRusin.com has been granted full permission from the NSCA to republish this article in partnership with co-author Dr. Ryan DeBell.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan don tabbatar da cewa an inganta matsayin haɗin gwiwa da daidaitawa don haɓaka aiki da hana rauni. Wannan na iya nufin tabbatar da cewa an cimma ci gaban ƙarfin tsoka ta yadda za a ƙara yawan haɗin gwiwa da kuma guje wa raguwa. Ta hanyar juna, haɗin gwiwa mai tsakiya yana ba da damar ƙarin matakan ingantaccen tsoka . 

== Haɗin gwiwa mai aiki ==
Haɗin gwiwa mai aiki yana da alaƙa da sanyawa da daidaita haɗin gwiwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin gabaɗaya don yin aiki yadda ya kamata. Wani ɓangare ne na motsi da motsi kuma yawanci ana haɗa shi azaman wani ɓangare na nazarin kinematic. Haɗin gwiwa mai aiki yana nufin cewa bisa ga matsayi mai tsari da daidaita haɗin gwiwa, cewa a cikin 'matsayin motsa jiki'  za a sami 'ɗaukar kayan biomechanical mai kyau tare da matsakaicin daidaito na saman articular'.  Wannan yana nufin cewa motsi mai ƙarfi ko riƙewa mai tsauri an yi shi da inganci gwargwadon iko kuma yana ba da damar ƙara yawan amfani da ƙarfi da matakan sarrafawa. 

Ana amfani da ilimin haɗin gwiwa masu aiki a fannoni kamar ɗagawa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rusin |first=John |title=The Science of Finding the Perfect Squat Stance |url=https://drjohnrusin.com/the-science-of-finding-the-perfect-squat-stance/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=johnrusin.com |quote=A version of this article was originally published in Issue 5.4 of the NSCA’s Personal Training Quarterly Journal. DrJohnRusin.com has been granted full permission from the NSCA to republish this article in partnership with co-author Dr. Ryan DeBell.}}&lt;/ref&gt; yoga,  pilates  da sauran fannoni da dama na wasanni da motsa jiki domin fahimtar yanayin motsi mafi inganci, don cimma ingantaccen aiki, da kuma hana rauni da kuma gyara rauni. Misali, a cikin ɗagawa da ƙarfi, haɗin gwiwa suna daidaita ta yadda za su ɗauki ƙarin nauyi da kuma motsa shi da ƙarfi. Ana iya ganin wannan a cikin motsa jiki mai nauyi na baya inda mai ɗagawa ke sanya kejin haƙarƙarinsu a kan ƙugu. Tare da wannan, diaphragm ɗinsu yana daidaita kan tsokoki na ƙashin ƙugu ta yadda za a ƙara yawan matsin lamba a cikin ciki. Tasirin aikin wannan daidaitawar haɗin gwiwa, wanda aka fi sani da haɗuwa da haɗin gwiwa, shine cewa za a iya ɗaga ƙarin nauyi tare da ƙarin matakan aminci.  Dangane da horar da nauyi gabaɗaya, Dr. Craig Liebenson ya ce:
{{Blockquote|The weight lifter can serve for illustration. He puts himself into a position in which the spinal column, the hip joints, the knees etc. are loaded most favorably. His joints are centered during all the stages of weight lifting to bear the maximum load.'&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Liebenson |first1=Craig |title=Rehabilitation of the Spine |date=2007 |publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins |location=Baltimore |page=535}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
Wani misali kuma shi ne a yoga inda mai aiki zai sanya kansa a cikin hanyar da za ta daidaita gaɓoɓinsa don su iya ɗaukar nauyin jikinsu, a cikin wani yanayi na musamman, na tsawon lokaci da kuma matakan iko mafi girma. Akasin haka, masu sukar wannan hanyar suna jayayya cewa yana iya haifar da dogaro da ƙarfin kwarangwal fiye da kima yayin da yake rage matakan kunna tsoka.  Inda ikon mutum na daidaita gaɓoɓinsa ke ƙaruwa haka nan ma ikon motsa jiki game da sarrafa matsayi da motsi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Parsonage, Joanna R.; Secomb, Josh L.; Lundgren, Lina E.; Tran, Tai T.; Farley, Oliver R. L.; Sheppard, Jeremy M. |date=2015 |title=The Use of Gymnastic Competency Testing in Facilitating Athletic Development and Performance of Surfing Athletes |journal=Journal of Australian Strength and Conditioning |volume=23 |issue=7 |page=46 |issn=1835-7644}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Haɗin gwiwa
* Ƙwayoyin tsoka
* [[Biomechanics|Injiniyoyin Halittu]]
* Ilimin motsa jiki
* [[Wasanni]]

== Nassoshi ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Jinkin mutum]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
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      <comment>saka databox</comment>
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'''Haɗakar haɗin gwiwa''' tana nufin matsayi da daidaita haɗin gwiwa na jiki. Haɗakar '''tsakiya''' yawanci ana ɗaukarta a matsayin a '''tsakiya''' ko '''tsaka-tsaki''' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Frank, Clare; Kobesova, Alena; Kolar, Pavel |date=Feb 2013 |title=Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization &amp; Sports Rehabilitation |journal=International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=62-73 |pmid=23439921}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yadda sassan haɗin gwiwa ke haɗuwa da kuma irin hulɗar da ke tsakanin saman da ta dace yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. Ana la'akari da haɗakar tsakiya a ma'ana mai kyau ma'ana cewa haɗin tsakiya za a sanya shi kuma a daidaita shi ta hanya mafi kyau. Misali, saman hannun sama (humerus) an sanya shi kuma an daidaita shi a cikin soket ɗin kafada (glenoid fossa) ta hanyar tsakiya kuma wannan yana tabbatar da mafi kyawun fa'idar biomechanical duka a cikin matsayi mai tsauri da kuma yayin motsi. Wannan kuma ana kiransa da daidaitawar glenohumeral.  Kafada wacce ta fi tsakiya tana nufin cewa humerus an sanya ta kuma an daidaita ta a cikin glenoid fossa don saman su su kasance suna hulɗa da juna ta hanya mafi inganci. Haɗakar haɗin gwiwa tana rage gogayya mara kyau da matsin lamba a cikin haɗin gwiwa, tana haɓaka yuwuwar leverage na biomechanical, inganta sarrafa motsi da rage haɗarin rauni. 

Nazarin haɗin gwiwa yana da mahimmanci a cikin [[Biomechanics|ilimin halittu]], ilimin motsa jiki, kimiyyar wasanni, shirye-shiryen horo [[Wasanni|na wasanni]] da [[Lafiyar jiki|motsa jiki]] .

== Matsakaici da rarrabawa ==
''Tsawaitawar jiki'' tana nufin mafi kyawun matsayi, daidaitawa da kuma kula da ɗaya ko fiye na gidajen jiki. Wannan ya haɗa da kiyaye tsayuwa a tsaye da kuma yin motsi masu motsi. Lokacin da haɗin gwiwa ya kasance a tsakiya yana nufin cewa akwai mafi kyawun haɗuwa (daidaitawa) tsakanin saman haɗin gwiwa. Misali, kan femur yana cikin mafi kyawun haɗuwa da soket ɗin kwatangwalo (acetabulum).  Wannan matsayi da daidaitawa yana nufin cewa ana rarraba ƙarfi daidai gwargwado kuma gogayya da matsin lamba mara kyau, inda saman haɗin gwiwa ke fuskantar ƙarfin yankewa ko matsi mai yawa a wasu wurare, yana raguwa. Saboda haka, yana ba da damar ƙara yawan kunnawar tsoka da samar da ƙarfin biomechanical mai alaƙa tare da rage haɗarin rauni musamman dangane da abin da lalacewa da tsagewa ke haifarwa.  A cewar Clare Frank et al.:
{{Blockquote|Joint centration or neutral joint position occurs when joint surface congruency and muscles that support the joint are at their optimal mechanical advantage throughout the range of motion and thus are able to produce varying forces according to the required skill. The centrated joint allows for optimal load transference of muscular forces across the joint and along the kinetic chain, with minimal mechanical stress on the passive structures such as ligaments, capsule, cartilage, and joint surfaces.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Frank, Clare; Kobesova, Alena; Kolar, Pavel |title=Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization &amp; Sports Rehabilitation |journal=International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy |date=Feb 2013 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=62-73 |pmid=23439921}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
''Rage girman kai'' yana nufin lokacin da ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin haɗin gwiwa ba su da matsayi mafi kyau kuma sun daidaita. Wannan yana nufin cewa akwai ƙarancin ikon sarrafa matsayi, motsi ba shi da inganci kuma yana da yuwuwar rauni. Ba yana nufin cewa sun ji rauni ba duk da cewa raunukan lalacewa da tsagewa suna ƙaruwa a cikin haɗin gwiwa waɗanda aka rage girmansu.  Duk da haka, haɗin gwiwa da ya lalace (wanda aka rage girmansu) ko kuma wanda ya lalace gaba ɗaya koyaushe za a rage girmansu sakamakon haka. Haɗin gwiwa guda ɗaya da aka rage girmansa yana da tasiri kan daidaita ƙarfinsa akan duk sauran haɗin gwiwa na jiki.  Ko haɗin gwiwar mutum yana tsakiya ko kuma yana raguwa yana bayyana a cikin yanayinsa da kuma yanayin motsin da suke samarwa. 

Gaɓoɓin jiki na iya zama masu tsakiya ko raguwa bisa ga ƙarfi, ko rauni, na tsokoki da ke kewaye, gami da tsokoki masu agonist da masu antagonist . 

== Amfani a cikin shirye-shiryen horo na wasanni da motsa jiki ==
Ana amfani da ilimin haɗa haɗin gwiwa a cikin shirye-shiryen horarwa na fannoni daban-daban na wasanni da motsa jiki, ciki har da ƙwallon baseball,  [[Kwallon kwando|ƙwallon kwando]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fu |first=Dr. Michael |title=3 Tips for Shoulder Injury Prevention |url=https://nbpa.com/grassroots/blog/3-tips-for-shoulder-injury-prevention |access-date=6 May 2026 |website=NBPA |publisher=National Basketball Players Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; yoga,  pilates,  gina jiki da sassaka jiki,  horar da ƙarfi,  da ɗaga ƙarfi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rusin |first=John |title=The Science of Finding the Perfect Squat Stance |url=https://drjohnrusin.com/the-science-of-finding-the-perfect-squat-stance/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=johnrusin.com |quote=A version of this article was originally published in Issue 5.4 of the NSCA’s Personal Training Quarterly Journal. DrJohnRusin.com has been granted full permission from the NSCA to republish this article in partnership with co-author Dr. Ryan DeBell.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan don tabbatar da cewa an inganta matsayin haɗin gwiwa da daidaitawa don haɓaka aiki da hana rauni. Wannan na iya nufin tabbatar da cewa an cimma ci gaban ƙarfin tsoka ta yadda za a ƙara yawan haɗin gwiwa da kuma guje wa raguwa. Ta hanyar juna, haɗin gwiwa mai tsakiya yana ba da damar ƙarin matakan ingantaccen tsoka . 

== Haɗin gwiwa mai aiki ==
Haɗin gwiwa mai aiki yana da alaƙa da sanyawa da daidaita haɗin gwiwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin gabaɗaya don yin aiki yadda ya kamata. Wani ɓangare ne na motsi da motsi kuma yawanci ana haɗa shi azaman wani ɓangare na nazarin kinematic. Haɗin gwiwa mai aiki yana nufin cewa bisa ga matsayi mai tsari da daidaita haɗin gwiwa, cewa a cikin 'matsayin motsa jiki'  za a sami 'ɗaukar kayan biomechanical mai kyau tare da matsakaicin daidaito na saman articular'.  Wannan yana nufin cewa motsi mai ƙarfi ko riƙewa mai tsauri an yi shi da inganci gwargwadon iko kuma yana ba da damar ƙara yawan amfani da ƙarfi da matakan sarrafawa. 

Ana amfani da ilimin haɗin gwiwa masu aiki a fannoni kamar ɗagawa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rusin |first=John |title=The Science of Finding the Perfect Squat Stance |url=https://drjohnrusin.com/the-science-of-finding-the-perfect-squat-stance/ |access-date=25 April 2026 |website=johnrusin.com |quote=A version of this article was originally published in Issue 5.4 of the NSCA’s Personal Training Quarterly Journal. DrJohnRusin.com has been granted full permission from the NSCA to republish this article in partnership with co-author Dr. Ryan DeBell.}}&lt;/ref&gt; yoga,  pilates  da sauran fannoni da dama na wasanni da motsa jiki domin fahimtar yanayin motsi mafi inganci, don cimma ingantaccen aiki, da kuma hana rauni da kuma gyara rauni. Misali, a cikin ɗagawa da ƙarfi, haɗin gwiwa suna daidaita ta yadda za su ɗauki ƙarin nauyi da kuma motsa shi da ƙarfi. Ana iya ganin wannan a cikin motsa jiki mai nauyi na baya inda mai ɗagawa ke sanya kejin haƙarƙarinsu a kan ƙugu. Tare da wannan, diaphragm ɗinsu yana daidaita kan tsokoki na ƙashin ƙugu ta yadda za a ƙara yawan matsin lamba a cikin ciki. Tasirin aikin wannan daidaitawar haɗin gwiwa, wanda aka fi sani da haɗuwa da haɗin gwiwa, shine cewa za a iya ɗaga ƙarin nauyi tare da ƙarin matakan aminci.  Dangane da horar da nauyi gabaɗaya, Dr. Craig Liebenson ya ce:
{{Blockquote|The weight lifter can serve for illustration. He puts himself into a position in which the spinal column, the hip joints, the knees etc. are loaded most favorably. His joints are centered during all the stages of weight lifting to bear the maximum load.'&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Liebenson |first1=Craig |title=Rehabilitation of the Spine |date=2007 |publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins |location=Baltimore |page=535}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
Wani misali kuma shi ne a yoga inda mai aiki zai sanya kansa a cikin hanyar da za ta daidaita gaɓoɓinsa don su iya ɗaukar nauyin jikinsu, a cikin wani yanayi na musamman, na tsawon lokaci da kuma matakan iko mafi girma. Akasin haka, masu sukar wannan hanyar suna jayayya cewa yana iya haifar da dogaro da ƙarfin kwarangwal fiye da kima yayin da yake rage matakan kunna tsoka.  Inda ikon mutum na daidaita gaɓoɓinsa ke ƙaruwa haka nan ma ikon motsa jiki game da sarrafa matsayi da motsi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Parsonage, Joanna R.; Secomb, Josh L.; Lundgren, Lina E.; Tran, Tai T.; Farley, Oliver R. L.; Sheppard, Jeremy M. |date=2015 |title=The Use of Gymnastic Competency Testing in Facilitating Athletic Development and Performance of Surfing Athletes |journal=Journal of Australian Strength and Conditioning |volume=23 |issue=7 |page=46 |issn=1835-7644}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Haɗin gwiwa
* Ƙwayoyin tsoka
* [[Biomechanics|Injiniyoyin Halittu]]
* Ilimin motsa jiki
* [[Wasanni]]

== Nassoshi ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Jinkin mutum]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wuchereria bancrofti</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358786830|Wuchereria bancrofti]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Wuchereria bancrofti''''' wani Filarial ne ([[arthropod]]-borne) Nematode (roundworm) wanda shine babban dalilin filariasis na lymphatic. Yana daya daga cikin tsutsotsi uku, tare da ''[[Brugia malayi|Brugia Malai]]'' da B. timori, waɗanda ke kamuwa da tsarin lymphatic don haifar da filariasis na lymphatic. Wadannan tsutsotsi na filarial suna yaduwa ta nau'ikan [[sauro]] iri-iri. ''W. bancrofti'' shine mafi yawan uku kuma yana shafar sama da mutane miliyan 120, da farko a Afirka ta Tsakiya da Kogin Nilu, Kudancin da Amurka ta Tsakiya, yankuna masu zafi na Asiya ciki har da kudancin China, da tsibirin Pacific.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Melrose WD |year=2002 |title=Lymphatic filariasis: New insights into an old disease |journal=[[Int J Parasitol]] |volume=32 |issue=8 |pages=947–60 |doi=10.1016/S0020-7519(02)00062-0 |pmid=12076624}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan an bar shi ba tare da magani ba, kamuwa da cuta na iya zama [[Elephantiasis|lymphatic filariasis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wuchereria bancrofti: The causative agent of Bancroftian Filariasis |url=http://www.nematodes.org/research/nematodes/fgn/pnb/wuchban.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103162547/http://www.nematodes.org/research/nematodes/fgn/pnb/wuchban.html |archive-date=3 January 2019 |access-date=20 February 2014 |website=ww.nematodes.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin yanayi mai ban mamaki, yana haifar da eosinophilia na huhu na wurare masu zafi. Babu allurar rigakafi da ke samuwa a kasuwa, amma an sami babban adadin warkarwa tare da tsarin rigakafi daban-daban, kuma lymphatic filariasis shine burin Shirin Duniya na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] don kawar da Lymphatic Filariasis tare da manufar kawar da cutar a matsayin matsalar lafiyar jama'a ta shekarar 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ramaiah |first=KD |last2=Ottesen |first2=EA |date=November 2014 |title=Progress and impact of 13 years of the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis on reducing the burden of filarial disease. |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |volume=8 |issue=11 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003319 |pmc=4239120 |pmid=25412180 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan burin bai cika ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals: A road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021–2030 |url=https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789240010352 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayin Yanayi ==


Microfilaria ƙaramin babba ne, kuma yana riƙe da kwai a matsayin sheath, kuma galibi ana ɗaukarsa ɗan tayi ne mai ci gaba. Yana auna 280 μm tsawo da 25 μm fadi. Ya bayyana ba tare da tsari ba a cikin jiki, amma histological staining ya sa hanji na farko, zobe na jijiya, da tsokoki a bayyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;jung&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor-first2=White}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ==
[[Fayil:Filariasis_01.png|left|thumb|Rayuwa ta ''Wuchereria bancrofti'']]
''W. bancrofti'' yana aiwatar da rayuwarsa a cikin runduna biyu. [[Ɗan Adam|Mutane]] suna aiki a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin kuma [[sauro]] a matsayin matsakaici. Kwayoyin manya suna zaune a cikin lymphatics na mai karɓar mutum. Ana samun su galibi a cikin tashoshin lymphatic na glandun lymph a cikin ƙananan jiki. Magungunan farko, waɗanda aka sani da microfilariae, suna cikin yaduwar. Microfilariae suna da membrane &quot;sheath&quot;. Wannan sheath, tare da yankin da tsutsotsi ke zaune, yana sa gano nau'in microfilariae a cikin mutane ya fi sauƙi don tantancewa. Ana samun microfilariae galibi a cikin jinin da ke kewaye kuma ana iya samun su a mafi girma daga karfe 10 na yamma zuwa karfe 4 na safe. Suna ƙaura tsakanin zurfi da kewaye, zagayawa da ke nuna lokaci na rana na musamman. A rana, suna cikin jijiyoyi masu zurfi, kuma a cikin dare, suna ƙaura zuwa kewayon kewayon. Dalilin wannan lokaci ya kasance ba a sani ba, amma fa'idodin microfilariae kasancewa a cikin jinin da ke kewaye a cikin waɗannan sa'o'i na iya tabbatar da vector, sauro na dare, zai sami damar da ta fi dacewa ta watsa su a wasu wurare. Canje-canje na jiki kuma suna da alaƙa da barci, kamar rage yawan zafin jiki, tashin hankali na oxygen, da aikin adrenal, da karuwar tashin hankali na carbon dioxide, a tsakanin sauran canje-canje na zahiri, duk wani daga cikinsu na iya zama sigina don halayyar rhythmic na microfilarial parasites. Idan masu masauki suna barci da rana kuma suna farkawa da dare, ana juyawa. A Kudancin Pacific, inda ''W. bancrofti'' ke nuna lokaci na rana, an san shi da lokaci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-08-30 |title=CDC - DPDx - Lymphatic Filariasis |url=https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/lymphaticfilariasis/index.html |access-date=2026-06-10 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana canja microfilariae zuwa cikin vector, wanda galibi nau'in sauro ne na jinsin Culex, Anopheles, Mansonia, da Aedes. A cikin sauro, microfilariae sun girma cikin larvae da ake kira juveniles; waɗannan suna ƙaura zuwa labium bayan kusan kwanaki 10. Lokacin da sauro mai kamuwa da cutar ya sami abincin jini na gaba, ana ajiye tsutsotsi na W. bancrofti daga bakinsu a kan fata na mai karɓar bakuncin kuma suna ƙaura ta hanyar microcuts a cikin dermis ko tract da proboscis ya kirkira cikin jinin sabon mai karɓar mutum. Magungunan suna motsawa ta hanyar Tsarin lymphatic zuwa yankunan lymph nodes, galibi a cikin kafafu da yankin jima'i. Magungunan suna tasowa zuwa tsutsotsi masu girma a cikin shekara guda, kuma suna kaiwa ga balaga na jima'i a cikin tasoshin lymphatic. Bayan yin jima'i, tsutsa mai girma na mace na iya samar da dubban microfilariae waɗanda ke ƙaura zuwa cikin jini. Wani sauro mai dauke da cutar zai iya cinye mai karɓar cuta, ya ci microfilariae, don haka ya sake maimaita rayuwar. Kwayar halitta ba ta ninka a cikin matsakaicin matsakaicin, sauro.[1][2][3]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''''Wuchereria bancrofti''''' wani Filarial ne ([[arthropod]]-borne) Nematode (roundworm) wanda shine babban dalilin filariasis na lymphatic. Yana daya daga cikin tsutsotsi uku, tare da ''[[Brugia malayi|Brugia Malai]]'' da B. timori, waɗanda ke kamuwa da tsarin lymphatic don haifar da filariasis na lymphatic. Wadannan tsutsotsi na filarial suna yaduwa ta nau'ikan [[sauro]] iri-iri. ''W. bancrofti'' shine mafi yawan uku kuma yana shafar sama da mutane miliyan 120, da farko a Afirka ta Tsakiya da Kogin Nilu, Kudancin da Amurka ta Tsakiya, yankuna masu zafi na Asiya ciki har da kudancin China, da tsibirin Pacific.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Melrose WD |year=2002 |title=Lymphatic filariasis: New insights into an old disease |journal=[[Int J Parasitol]] |volume=32 |issue=8 |pages=947–60 |doi=10.1016/S0020-7519(02)00062-0 |pmid=12076624}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan an bar shi ba tare da magani ba, kamuwa da cuta na iya zama [[Elephantiasis|lymphatic filariasis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wuchereria bancrofti: The causative agent of Bancroftian Filariasis |url=http://www.nematodes.org/research/nematodes/fgn/pnb/wuchban.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103162547/http://www.nematodes.org/research/nematodes/fgn/pnb/wuchban.html |archive-date=3 January 2019 |access-date=20 February 2014 |website=ww.nematodes.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin yanayi mai ban mamaki, yana haifar da eosinophilia na huhu na wurare masu zafi. Babu allurar rigakafi da ke samuwa a kasuwa, amma an sami babban adadin warkarwa tare da tsarin rigakafi daban-daban, kuma lymphatic filariasis shine burin Shirin Duniya na [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] don kawar da Lymphatic Filariasis tare da manufar kawar da cutar a matsayin matsalar lafiyar jama'a ta shekarar 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ramaiah |first=KD |last2=Ottesen |first2=EA |date=November 2014 |title=Progress and impact of 13 years of the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis on reducing the burden of filarial disease. |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |volume=8 |issue=11 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003319 |pmc=4239120 |pmid=25412180 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan burin bai cika ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals: A road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021–2030 |url=https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789240010352 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayin Yanayi ==


Microfilaria ƙaramin babba ne, kuma yana riƙe da kwai a matsayin sheath, kuma galibi ana ɗaukarsa ɗan tayi ne mai ci gaba. Yana auna 280 μm tsawo da 25 μm fadi. Ya bayyana ba tare da tsari ba a cikin jiki, amma histological staining ya sa hanji na farko, zobe na jijiya, da tsokoki a bayyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;jung&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor-first2=White}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ==
[[Fayil:Filariasis_01.png|left|thumb|Rayuwa ta ''Wuchereria bancrofti'']]
''W. bancrofti'' yana aiwatar da rayuwarsa a cikin runduna biyu. [[Ɗan Adam|Mutane]] suna aiki a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin kuma [[sauro]] a matsayin matsakaici. Kwayoyin manya suna zaune a cikin lymphatics na mai karɓar mutum. Ana samun su galibi a cikin tashoshin lymphatic na glandun lymph a cikin ƙananan jiki. Magungunan farko, waɗanda aka sani da microfilariae, suna cikin yaduwar. Microfilariae suna da membrane &quot;sheath&quot;. Wannan sheath, tare da yankin da tsutsotsi ke zaune, yana sa gano nau'in microfilariae a cikin mutane ya fi sauƙi don tantancewa. Ana samun microfilariae galibi a cikin jinin da ke kewaye kuma ana iya samun su a mafi girma daga karfe 10 na yamma zuwa karfe 4 na safe. Suna ƙaura tsakanin zurfi da kewaye, zagayawa da ke nuna lokaci na rana na musamman. A rana, suna cikin jijiyoyi masu zurfi, kuma a cikin dare, suna ƙaura zuwa kewayon kewayon. Dalilin wannan lokaci ya kasance ba a sani ba, amma fa'idodin microfilariae kasancewa a cikin jinin da ke kewaye a cikin waɗannan sa'o'i na iya tabbatar da vector, sauro na dare, zai sami damar da ta fi dacewa ta watsa su a wasu wurare. Canje-canje na jiki kuma suna da alaƙa da barci, kamar rage yawan zafin jiki, tashin hankali na oxygen, da aikin adrenal, da karuwar tashin hankali na carbon dioxide, a tsakanin sauran canje-canje na zahiri, duk wani daga cikinsu na iya zama sigina don halayyar rhythmic na microfilarial parasites. Idan masu masauki suna barci da rana kuma suna farkawa da dare, ana juyawa. A Kudancin Pacific, inda ''W. bancrofti'' ke nuna lokaci na rana, an san shi da lokaci.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-08-30 |title=CDC - DPDx - Lymphatic Filariasis |url=https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/lymphaticfilariasis/index.html |access-date=2026-06-10 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana canja microfilariae zuwa cikin vector, wanda galibi nau'in sauro ne na jinsin Culex, Anopheles, Mansonia, da Aedes. A cikin sauro, microfilariae sun girma cikin larvae da ake kira juveniles; waɗannan suna ƙaura zuwa labium bayan kusan kwanaki 10. Lokacin da sauro mai kamuwa da cutar ya sami abincin jini na gaba, ana ajiye tsutsotsi na W. bancrofti daga bakinsu a kan fata na mai karɓar bakuncin kuma suna ƙaura ta hanyar microcuts a cikin dermis ko tract da proboscis ya kirkira cikin jinin sabon mai karɓar mutum. Magungunan suna motsawa ta hanyar Tsarin lymphatic zuwa yankunan lymph nodes, galibi a cikin kafafu da yankin jima'i. Magungunan suna tasowa zuwa tsutsotsi masu girma a cikin shekara guda, kuma suna kaiwa ga balaga na jima'i a cikin tasoshin lymphatic. Bayan yin jima'i, tsutsa mai girma na mace na iya samar da dubban microfilariae waɗanda ke ƙaura zuwa cikin jini. Wani sauro mai dauke da cutar zai iya cinye mai karɓar cuta, ya ci microfilariae, don haka ya sake maimaita rayuwar. Kwayar halitta ba ta ninka a cikin matsakaicin matsakaicin, sauro.[1][2][3]

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Gaɓoɓi</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350551094|Joint]]&quot;</comment>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

Gaɓoɓi ko '''haɗin gwiwa''' (ko '''saman haɗin gwiwa''' ) shine haɗin da aka yi tsakanin ƙasusuwa, ossicles, ko wasu sifofi masu tauri a cikin jiki waɗanda ke haɗa tsarin kwarangwal na dabba zuwa cikakken aiki.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 October 2013 |title=Articulation definition |url=http://www.emedicinehealth.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=8746 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731092044/http://www.emedicinehealth.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=8746 |archive-date=31 July 2012 |access-date=18 November 2013 |publisher=eMedicine Dictionary}}&lt;/ref&gt;  An gina su ne don ba da damar matakai da nau'ikan motsi daban-daban. Wasu haɗin gwiwa, kamar gwiwa, gwiwar hannu, da kafada, suna da mai da kansu, kusan ba su da gogayya, kuma suna iya jure matsi da kuma kula da nauyi yayin da har yanzu suna yin motsi mai santsi da daidaito. &lt;ref name=&quot;Saladinp274&quot; /&gt; Sauran haɗin gwiwa kamar dinki tsakanin ƙasusuwan kwanyar suna ba da damar motsi kaɗan (kawai lokacin haihuwa) don kare kwakwalwa da gabobin ji . &lt;ref name=&quot;Saladinp274&quot; /&gt; Haɗin da ke tsakanin haƙori da ƙashin muƙamuƙi kuma ana kiransa haɗin gwiwa, kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin haɗin gwiwa mai fibrous wanda aka sani da gomphosis . Ana rarraba haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar tsari da aiki. 

Gabobi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a jikin ɗan adam, suna ba da gudummawa ga motsi, kwanciyar hankali, da kuma aiki gaba ɗaya. Suna da mahimmanci don motsi da sassauci, haɗa ƙasusuwa da kuma sauƙaƙe nau'ikan motsi, tun daga lanƙwasawa da miƙewa zuwa ayyuka masu rikitarwa kamar gudu da tsalle. Bayan ba da damar motsi, gabobi suna ba da tallafi da kwanciyar hankali ga kwarangwal, suna taimakawa wajen kiyaye tsayi, daidaito, da ikon ɗaukar nauyi yayin ayyukan yau da kullun. Ana iya daidaita su ta hanya mafi kyau ma'ana ana yin irin waɗannan ayyuka cikin inganci. Wannan ana kiransa [[Tsakiya na hadin gwiwa|haɗin gwiwa]] .  Lokacin da gabobi ba su da ƙarfi sosai a tsakiya, suna da saurin lalacewa da raunuka. 

Muhimmancin gidajen haɗin gwiwa yana bayyana ta hanyar cututtuka da suka shafi lafiya da aikinsu. '''Ciwon osteoarthritis''', wata cuta ce ta haɗin gwiwa da ke lalacewa, ta ƙunshi rugujewar guringuntsi, wanda ke haifar da ciwo, tauri, da raguwar motsi. '''Rheumatoid arthritis''', wata cuta ce ta garkuwar jiki, tana haifar da kumburi mai ɗorewa a gidajen haɗin gwiwa, wanda galibi ke haifar da kumburi, ciwo, da yuwuwar nakasa. Wata cuta kuma da ta zama ruwan dare, '''gout''', tana tasowa ne sakamakon tarin lu'ulu'u na uric acid a gidajen haɗin gwiwa, wanda ke haifar da ciwo mai tsanani da kumburi.

Gaɓoɓin haɗin gwiwa kuma suna da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen gano cutar, domin yanayinsu na iya nuna matsalolin lafiya. Alamomin kamar ciwon gaɓoɓi da kumburi na iya nuna cututtukan kumburi, kamuwa da cuta, ko matsalolin rayuwa. Ingancin magani da kula da cututtuka masu alaƙa da gaɓoɓi galibi suna buƙatar hanyoyi da dama, ciki har da maganin jiki, magunguna, canje-canjen salon rayuwa, da kuma, a cikin mawuyacin hali, hanyoyin tiyata. Kula da rigakafi, kamar motsa jiki akai-akai, abinci mai kyau, da guje wa yawan damuwa, yana da matuƙar muhimmanci don kiyaye lafiyar gaɓoɓi, hana cututtuka, da inganta rayuwar gabaɗaya.

== Rarrabawa ==
Adadin haɗin gwiwa ya dogara ne akan ko an haɗa da sesamoids, shekarun ɗan adam da kuma ma'anar haɗin gwiwa. Duk da haka, adadin sesamoids iri ɗaya ne a yawancin mutane tare da bambance-bambancen da ba kasafai ake samu ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=V. E. |date=October 1984 |title=The sesamoid bones of the hand and their pathology |journal=Journal of Hand Surgery (Edinburgh, Scotland) |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=261–264 |doi=10.1016/0266-7681(84)90038-x |issn=0266-7681 |pmid=6512360 |s2cid=72038079}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sesamoid Injuries in the Foot – Sesamoiditis Foot {{!}} Foot Health Facts - Foot Health Facts |url=https://www.foothealthfacts.org/conditions/sesamoid-injuries-in-the-foot |access-date=2021-07-04 |website=www.foothealthfacts.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Wei |last2=Cheng |first2=Jiaxiang |last3=Sun |first3=Ran |last4=Zhang |first4=Zekun |last5=Zhu |first5=Yanbin |last6=Ipaktchi |first6=Kyros |last7=Zhang |first7=Yingze |date=2015-07-15 |title=Prevalence and variation of sesamoid bones in the hand: a multi-center radiographic study |journal=International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine |volume=8 |issue=7 |pages=11721–11726 |issn=1940-5901 |pmc=4565393 |pmid=26380010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Galibi ana rarraba gaɓoɓin jiki ta hanyar tsari da aiki. Rarraba gaɓoɓin jiki ana ƙayyade shi ne ta hanyar yadda ƙasusuwa ke haɗuwa da juna, yayin da rarraba gaɓoɓin jiki ke ƙayyade ta hanyar matakin motsi tsakanin ƙasusuwan da ke haɗa gaɓoɓin jiki. A aikace, akwai babban haɗuwa tsakanin nau'ikan rarrabuwa guda biyu.

=== Rarraba ta asibiti, ta lamba ===

* monoarticular - dangane da haɗin gwiwa ɗaya
* oligoarticular ko pauciarticular - game da gidajen haɗin gwiwa 2-4
* polyarticular - kusan gidajen haɗin gwiwa 5 ko fiye

=== Rarraba tsarin (nama mai ɗaurewa) ===
[[Fayil:Structural_Classification_of_Joints.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Nau'ikan haɗin gwiwa bisa ga tsarinsu (L zuwa R): haɗin gwiwa na cartilaginous, haɗin gwiwa mai fibrous, da haɗin gwiwa na synovial.]]
Rarraba tsarin yana ba da suna da kuma raba haɗin gwiwa bisa ga nau'in nama mai ɗaurewa wanda ke haɗa ƙasusuwa da juna.  Akwai rarrabuwar tsarin haɗin gwiwa guda huɗu: &lt;ref name=&quot;umich2010ClByTiss&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Introduction to Joints (3) – Joints – Classification by Tissue Joining Bones |url=http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/modules/joints_module/joints_03.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608081814/http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/modules/joints_module/joints_03.html |archive-date=2011-06-08 |access-date=2008-01-29 |publisher=anatomy.med.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* haɗin fibrous - wanda aka haɗa shi da nama mai yawa na haɗin kai na yau da kullun wanda ke da wadataccen zaruruwan collagen 
* haɗin gwiwar cartilaginous - wanda guringuntsi ya haɗa. Akwai nau'i biyu: haɗin gwiwar cartilaginous na farko wanda ya ƙunshi guringuntsi na hyaline, da haɗin gwiwar cartilaginous na biyu wanda ya ƙunshi guringuntsi na hyaline wanda ke rufe saman haɗin gwiwar ƙasusuwan da abin ya shafa tare da fibrocartilage wanda ke haɗa su.
* Haɗin gwiwa na synovial - ba a haɗa shi kai tsaye ba - ƙasusuwan suna da ramin synovial kuma an haɗa su da nama mai yawa wanda ba shi da tsari wanda ke samar da kapsul ɗin articular wanda yawanci ke da alaƙa da jijiyoyin haɗi. &lt;ref name=&quot;anatomical&quot; /&gt;
* haɗin gwiwa na facet - haɗin gwiwa tsakanin hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa guda biyu tsakanin ƙasusuwa biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Medilexicon&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Articular Facet |url=http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=31339 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806005701/http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=31339 |archive-date=August 6, 2016 |access-date=December 19, 2013 |publisher=Medilexicon – Medical Dictionary}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Foundational Model of Anatomy |url=http://www.ontobee.org/browser/index.php?keywords=Articular+facet&amp;Submit2=Search+terms&amp;o=FMA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219182622/http://www.ontobee.org/browser/index.php?keywords=Articular+facet&amp;Submit2=Search+terms&amp;o=FMA |archive-date=December 19, 2013 |access-date=December 19, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rarraba aiki (motsi) ===
Haka kuma ana iya rarraba haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar aiki bisa ga nau'in da matakin motsi da suka bari:  &lt;ref name=&quot;umich2010ClByMov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Introduction to Joints (2) – Joints – Classification by Movement |url=http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/modules/joints_module/joints_02.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718163549/http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/modules/joints_module/joints_02.html |archive-date=2011-07-18 |access-date=2012-10-06 |publisher=anatomy.med.umich.edu}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110718163549/http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/modules/joints_module/joints_02.html &quot;Introduction to Joints (2) – Joints – Classification by Movement&quot;]. anatomy.med.umich.edu. Archived from [http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/modules/joints_module/joints_02.html the original] on 2011-07-18&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2012-10-06&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana motsin haɗin gwiwa dangane da tsarin jiki na asali. 

* synarthrosis – yana ba da damar motsi kaɗan ko babu. Yawancin haɗin gwiwar synarthrosis gidajen haɗin fibrous ne, kamar dinkin kwanya. Wannan rashin motsi yana da mahimmanci, saboda ƙasusuwan kwanya suna aiki don kare kwakwalwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;openstax&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|ref=et al}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* amphiarthrosis – yana ba da damar ɗan motsi. Yawancin haɗin gwiwar amphiarthrosis gidajen haɗin gwiwa ne na cartilaginous . Misali shine diskin intervertebral . Faifan intervertebral na mutum ɗaya yana ba da damar ƙananan motsi tsakanin ƙasusuwan da ke kusa, amma idan aka haɗa su wuri ɗaya, layin ƙashin baya yana ba da sassauci wanda ke ba jiki damar juyawa, ko lanƙwasa zuwa gaba, baya, ko gefe. &lt;ref name=&quot;openstax&quot; /&gt;
* Haɗin gwiwa na synovial (wanda kuma aka sani da ''diarthrosis'' ) - ana iya motsa shi cikin sauƙi.  &lt;ref name=&quot;umich2010ClByMov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Introduction to Joints (2) – Joints – Classification by Movement |url=http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/modules/joints_module/joints_02.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718163549/http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/modules/joints_module/joints_02.html |archive-date=2011-07-18 |access-date=2012-10-06 |publisher=anatomy.med.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haɗin gwiwa na synovial za a iya rarraba su zuwa ƙungiyoyi shida bisa ga nau'in motsi da suka ba da damar: haɗin jirgin sama, haɗin ƙwallon ƙafa da soket, haɗin hinge, haɗin pivot, &lt;ref name=&quot;Morton1849p119&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Samuel George Morton}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Gray1859p136&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Henry Gray}}&lt;/ref&gt; haɗin gwiwa na condyloid da haɗin sirdi . &lt;ref name=&quot;Gray1887p220&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Henry Gray}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Haka kuma za a iya rarraba haɗin gwiwa, bisa ga adadin gatari na motsi da suka bari, zuwa cikin waɗanda ba sa axial (zamewa, kamar tsakanin ƙarshen kusanci na ulna da radius), monoaxial (uniaxial), biaxial da multiaxial .  Wani rarrabuwa kuma yana bisa ga digirin 'yanci da aka yarda, kuma ana bambanta shi tsakanin haɗin gwiwa tare da digiri ɗaya, biyu ko uku na 'yanci. &lt;ref name=&quot;Platzer2008p28&quot; /&gt; Wani rarrabuwa kuma yana bisa ga adadi da siffofi na saman haɗin gwiwa: saman lebur, concave da convex. &lt;ref name=&quot;Platzer2008p28&quot; /&gt; Nau'ikan saman haɗin gwiwa sun haɗa da saman [[wiktionary:trochlear|trochlear]] . 

=== Rarraba na'urorin halittu ===
Haka kuma ana iya rarraba gaɓoɓin haɗin gwiwa bisa ga yanayin jikinsu ko kuma bisa ga halayensu na halitta. Dangane da rarrabuwar jiki, an raba gaɓoɓin zuwa ''sassauƙa'' da ''hadaddun abubuwa'', dangane da adadin ƙasusuwa da ke ciki, kuma zuwa ga haɗin gwiwa ''masu rikitarwa'' da ''haɗuwa'' : &lt;ref name=&quot;titleIntroductory Anatomy: Joints&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Introductory Anatomy: Joints |url=http://www.leeds.ac.uk/chb/lectures/anatomy4.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118135754/http://www.leeds.ac.uk/chb/lectures/anatomy4.html |archive-date=2008-01-18 |access-date=2008-01-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

# Haɗin gwiwa mai sauƙi: saman haɗin gwiwa guda biyu (misali haɗin gwiwa na kafada, haɗin gwiwa na kwatangwalo )
# Haɗin gwiwa mai haɗawa: saman haɗin gwiwa uku ko fiye (misali haɗin gwiwa mai kama da na rediyo )
# Haɗin gwiwa mai rikitarwa: saman haɗin gwiwa biyu ko fiye da haka da kuma diski na haɗin gwiwa ko meniscus (misali haɗin gwiwa )

=== Halittar Halitta ===
[[Fayil:Joints_1_--_Smart-Servier.png|thumb|Haɗuwa na jikin ɗan adam]]
Ana iya rarraba haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar anatomical zuwa ƙungiyoyi masu zuwa:

# Hannun hannu
# Haɗaɗɗun gwiwar hannu
# Haɗaɗɗun hannu
# Haɗin gwiwa na Axillary
# Gabobin sternoclavicular
# Haɗuwa tsakanin ƙashin baya
# Haɗin gwiwa na Temporomandibular
# Haɗin gwiwa na Sacroiliac
# Haɗaɗɗun kugu
# Haɗaɗɗun gwiwa
# [[Kafa|Ma'anar ƙafa]]

Zaruruwan jijiyoyi marasa sinadarin myelin suna da yawa a cikin ƙwayoyin haɗin gwiwa da jijiyoyin jini, da kuma a ɓangaren waje na menisci na ciki. Waɗannan zaruruwan jijiyoyi suna da alhakin fahimtar ciwo lokacin da haɗin gwiwa ya yi rauni. 

== Muhimmancin asibiti ==
Lalacewar guringuntsi na gidajen abinci ( articular cartilage ) ko ƙasusuwa da tsokoki da ke daidaita gidajen abinci na iya haifar da gurɓacewar gidajen abinci da osteoarthritis. Yin iyo hanya ce mai kyau ta motsa gidajen abinci ba tare da lahani ba.  Wata hanyar da za a iya magancewa ita ce ƙara yawan collagen na nau'in II, glucosamine hydrochloride, da chondroitin sulfate ta baki wanda ke inganta ingancin rayuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fladerer-Grollitsch |first=Johannes-Paul |last2=Klein |first2=Thomas |last3=Kompek |first3=Albert |last4=Steiner |first4=Nicole |last5=Menzel |first5=Daniel |last6=Schön |first6=Christiane |date=15 July 2025 |title=Effects of cartilage-supporting nutritional supplementation on knee osteoarthritis symptoms and quality of life in a 12-week randomized double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=15 |issue=1 |bibcode=2025NatSR..1525625F |doi=10.1038/s41598-025-11723-2 |pmc=12264193 |pmid=40664872}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana kiran matsalar haɗin gwiwa da arthropathy, kuma idan ya shafi kumburin haɗin gwiwa ɗaya ko fiye, ana kiran matsalar da arthritis . Yawancin cututtukan haɗin gwiwa suna da alaƙa da arthritis, amma lalacewar haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar rauni na waje ba yawanci ana kiranta arthritis ba.

Ana kiran Arthropathies ''polyarticular'' (multiarticular) idan ya shafi gidajen da yawa da kuma ''gidajen da ke da alaƙa da juna'' yayin da ya shafi gidajen da ke da alaƙa da juna ɗaya kawai.

Ciwon gaɓɓai shine babban abin da ke haifar da nakasa ga mutanen da suka haura shekaru 55. Akwai nau'ikan ciwon gaɓɓai daban-daban, kowannensu yana da sanadi daban-daban. Mafi yawan nau'in ciwon gaɓɓai, [[osteoarthritis]] (wanda kuma aka sani da cutar gaɓɓai masu lalacewa), yana faruwa ne bayan rauni a gaɓɓai, bayan kamuwa da cuta a gaɓɓai ko kuma kawai sakamakon tsufa da lalacewar guringuntsi na haɗin gwiwa. Bugu da ƙari, akwai shaidu da ke nuna cewa rashin daidaituwar tsarin jiki na iya taimakawa wajen haɓaka ciwon gaɓɓai da wuri. Sauran nau'ikan ciwon gaɓɓai sune [[Rheumatoid amosanin gabbai|ciwon gaɓɓai na rheumatoid]] da ciwon gaɓɓai na psoriatic, waɗanda cututtuka ne na autoimmune waɗanda jiki ke kai hari kan kansa. Ciwon gaɓɓai na septic yana faruwa ne sakamakon kamuwa da cuta a gaɓɓai. [[Gout|Ciwon gaɓɓai na gouty]] yana faruwa ne ta hanyar shigar da lu'ulu'u [[Uric acid|na uric acid]] a cikin gaɓɓai wanda ke haifar da kumburi daga baya. Bugu da ƙari, akwai nau'in gout wanda ba a saba gani ba wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar samuwar lu'ulu'u masu siffar rhomboidal na calcium pyrophosphate . Wannan nau'in gout ana kiransa pseudogout .

Ciwon haɗin gwiwa na Temporomandibular (TMJ) yana shafar haɗin muƙamuƙi kuma yana iya haifar da ciwon fuska, sautin dannawa a cikin muƙamuƙi, ko iyakance motsin muƙamuƙi, don ambaton wasu alamun. Yana faruwa ne sakamakon tashin hankali na tunani da rashin daidaituwar muƙamuƙi ( malocclusion ), kuma yana iya shafar Amurkawa miliyan 75. 

== Harshen jiki ==
Gabobin da kuma matsayinsu, daidaitawarsu da motsinsu suna da matuƙar muhimmanci ga nazarin harshen motsin rai wato wanda ke wakiltar yanayi daban-daban na motsin rai. Ana kiran kewayon motsin gabobin da girman haɗin gwiwa, musamman ga kashin baya, girman kashin baya. Su ne manyan alamu na yanayin motsin rai da mutum yake ciki da kuma yadda yake mayar da martani bisa ga motsin rai ga hulɗar zamantakewa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gross M.; Crane, Elizabeth A.; Frederickson, Barbara L. |date=2012 |title=Effort-Shape and kinematic assessment of bodily expression of emotion during gait |journal=Human Movement Science |issue=31 |pages=202-221 |doi=10.1016/j.humov.2011.05.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, yayin tafiya, lanƙwasawar kugu da kafada ta mutum ya fi girma idan yana fushi fiye da lokacin da yake baƙin ciki. Hakazalika, juyawar gangar jiki yana ƙaruwa sosai lokacin da mutum yake cikin yanayi mai farin ciki idan aka kwatanta da na tsaka-tsaki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gross M.; Crane, Elizabeth A.; Frederickson, Barbara L. |date=2012 |title=Effort-Shape and kinematic assessment of bodily expression of emotion during gait |journal=Human Movement Science |issue=31 |page=214 |doi=10.1016/j.humov.2011.05.001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== Asalin Ma'anar ===
Kalmar Ingilishi ''haɗin gwiwa'' kalma ce ta baya ta fi'ili ''haɗawa'', kuma ana iya karanta ta kamar ''an haɗa ta'' .  Haɗin gwiwa an samo shi ne daga Latin ''iunctus'', &lt;ref name=&quot;Klein1971&quot; /&gt; haɗin gwiwa ya wuce na fi'ili iungere na Latin ''iungere'', haɗawa, haɗa, haɗa. 

Kalmar turanci ta ''articulation'' ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin ''articulatio'' . 

Mutane sun kuma samu ƙasusuwan gaɓoɓi masu sauƙi da rauni a tsawon lokaci saboda raguwar ayyukan jiki idan aka kwatanta da dubban shekaru da suka gabata. 

== Duba kuma ==

* Ilimin halittar jiki
* Gabobin da ke fashewa
* Ilimin halayyar ɗan adam
* Ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa
* Ci gaban gidajen abinci

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Commonscat|Joints}}

* [http://www.sports-db.com/home/information/joints.html Haɗuwa da Haɗin gwiwa na Synovial Misalai da Rarrabawa]
{{Human systems and organs}}{{Joints}}{{Cranial fibrous joints}}{{Joints of head and neck}}{{Joints of torso}}{{Joints of upper limbs}}{{Joints of lower limbs}}{{Authority control}}
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Gaɓoɓi ko '''haɗin gwiwa''' (ko '''saman haɗin gwiwa''' ) shine haɗin da aka yi tsakanin ƙasusuwa, ossicles, ko wasu sifofi masu tauri a cikin jiki waɗanda ke haɗa tsarin kwarangwal na dabba zuwa cikakken aiki.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 October 2013 |title=Articulation definition |url=http://www.emedicinehealth.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=8746 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731092044/http://www.emedicinehealth.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=8746 |archive-date=31 July 2012 |access-date=18 November 2013 |publisher=eMedicine Dictionary}}&lt;/ref&gt;  An gina su ne don ba da damar matakai da nau'ikan motsi daban-daban. Wasu haɗin gwiwa, kamar gwiwa, gwiwar hannu, da kafada, suna da mai da kansu, kusan ba su da gogayya, kuma suna iya jure matsi da kuma kula da nauyi yayin da har yanzu suna yin motsi mai santsi da daidaito. &lt;ref name=&quot;Saladinp274&quot; /&gt; Sauran haɗin gwiwa kamar dinki tsakanin ƙasusuwan kwanyar suna ba da damar motsi kaɗan (kawai lokacin haihuwa) don kare kwakwalwa da gabobin ji . &lt;ref name=&quot;Saladinp274&quot; /&gt; Haɗin da ke tsakanin haƙori da ƙashin muƙamuƙi kuma ana kiransa haɗin gwiwa, kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin haɗin gwiwa mai fibrous wanda aka sani da gomphosis . Ana rarraba haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar tsari da aiki. 

Gabobi suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a jikin ɗan adam, suna ba da gudummawa ga motsi, kwanciyar hankali, da kuma aiki gaba ɗaya. Suna da mahimmanci don motsi da sassauci, haɗa ƙasusuwa da kuma sauƙaƙe nau'ikan motsi, tun daga lanƙwasawa da miƙewa zuwa ayyuka masu rikitarwa kamar gudu da tsalle. Bayan ba da damar motsi, gabobi suna ba da tallafi da kwanciyar hankali ga kwarangwal, suna taimakawa wajen kiyaye tsayi, daidaito, da ikon ɗaukar nauyi yayin ayyukan yau da kullun. Ana iya daidaita su ta hanya mafi kyau ma'ana ana yin irin waɗannan ayyuka cikin inganci. Wannan ana kiransa [[Tsakiya na hadin gwiwa|haɗin gwiwa]] .  Lokacin da gabobi ba su da ƙarfi sosai a tsakiya, suna da saurin lalacewa da raunuka. 

Muhimmancin gidajen haɗin gwiwa yana bayyana ta hanyar cututtuka da suka shafi lafiya da aikinsu. '''Ciwon osteoarthritis''', wata cuta ce ta haɗin gwiwa da ke lalacewa, ta ƙunshi rugujewar guringuntsi, wanda ke haifar da ciwo, tauri, da raguwar motsi. '''Rheumatoid arthritis''', wata cuta ce ta garkuwar jiki, tana haifar da kumburi mai ɗorewa a gidajen haɗin gwiwa, wanda galibi ke haifar da kumburi, ciwo, da yuwuwar nakasa. Wata cuta kuma da ta zama ruwan dare, '''gout''', tana tasowa ne sakamakon tarin lu'ulu'u na uric acid a gidajen haɗin gwiwa, wanda ke haifar da ciwo mai tsanani da kumburi.

Gaɓoɓin haɗin gwiwa kuma suna da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen gano cutar, domin yanayinsu na iya nuna matsalolin lafiya. Alamomin kamar ciwon gaɓoɓi da kumburi na iya nuna cututtukan kumburi, kamuwa da cuta, ko matsalolin rayuwa. Ingancin magani da kula da cututtuka masu alaƙa da gaɓoɓi galibi suna buƙatar hanyoyi da dama, ciki har da maganin jiki, magunguna, canje-canjen salon rayuwa, da kuma, a cikin mawuyacin hali, hanyoyin tiyata. Kula da rigakafi, kamar motsa jiki akai-akai, abinci mai kyau, da guje wa yawan damuwa, yana da matuƙar muhimmanci don kiyaye lafiyar gaɓoɓi, hana cututtuka, da inganta rayuwar gabaɗaya.

== Rarrabawa ==
Adadin haɗin gwiwa ya dogara ne akan ko an haɗa da sesamoids, shekarun ɗan adam da kuma ma'anar haɗin gwiwa. Duk da haka, adadin sesamoids iri ɗaya ne a yawancin mutane tare da bambance-bambancen da ba kasafai ake samu ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=V. E. |date=October 1984 |title=The sesamoid bones of the hand and their pathology |journal=Journal of Hand Surgery (Edinburgh, Scotland) |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=261–264 |doi=10.1016/0266-7681(84)90038-x |issn=0266-7681 |pmid=6512360 |s2cid=72038079}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sesamoid Injuries in the Foot – Sesamoiditis Foot {{!}} Foot Health Facts - Foot Health Facts |url=https://www.foothealthfacts.org/conditions/sesamoid-injuries-in-the-foot |access-date=2021-07-04 |website=www.foothealthfacts.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Wei |last2=Cheng |first2=Jiaxiang |last3=Sun |first3=Ran |last4=Zhang |first4=Zekun |last5=Zhu |first5=Yanbin |last6=Ipaktchi |first6=Kyros |last7=Zhang |first7=Yingze |date=2015-07-15 |title=Prevalence and variation of sesamoid bones in the hand: a multi-center radiographic study |journal=International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine |volume=8 |issue=7 |pages=11721–11726 |issn=1940-5901 |pmc=4565393 |pmid=26380010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Galibi ana rarraba gaɓoɓin jiki ta hanyar tsari da aiki. Rarraba gaɓoɓin jiki ana ƙayyade shi ne ta hanyar yadda ƙasusuwa ke haɗuwa da juna, yayin da rarraba gaɓoɓin jiki ke ƙayyade ta hanyar matakin motsi tsakanin ƙasusuwan da ke haɗa gaɓoɓin jiki. A aikace, akwai babban haɗuwa tsakanin nau'ikan rarrabuwa guda biyu.

=== Rarraba ta asibiti, ta lamba ===

* monoarticular - dangane da haɗin gwiwa ɗaya
* oligoarticular ko pauciarticular - game da gidajen haɗin gwiwa 2-4
* polyarticular - kusan gidajen haɗin gwiwa 5 ko fiye

=== Rarraba tsarin (nama mai ɗaurewa) ===
[[Fayil:Structural_Classification_of_Joints.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Nau'ikan haɗin gwiwa bisa ga tsarinsu (L zuwa R): haɗin gwiwa na cartilaginous, haɗin gwiwa mai fibrous, da haɗin gwiwa na synovial.]]
Rarraba tsarin yana ba da suna da kuma raba haɗin gwiwa bisa ga nau'in nama mai ɗaurewa wanda ke haɗa ƙasusuwa da juna.  Akwai rarrabuwar tsarin haɗin gwiwa guda huɗu: &lt;ref name=&quot;umich2010ClByTiss&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Introduction to Joints (3) – Joints – Classification by Tissue Joining Bones |url=http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/modules/joints_module/joints_03.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608081814/http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/modules/joints_module/joints_03.html |archive-date=2011-06-08 |access-date=2008-01-29 |publisher=anatomy.med.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* haɗin fibrous - wanda aka haɗa shi da nama mai yawa na haɗin kai na yau da kullun wanda ke da wadataccen zaruruwan collagen 
* haɗin gwiwar cartilaginous - wanda guringuntsi ya haɗa. Akwai nau'i biyu: haɗin gwiwar cartilaginous na farko wanda ya ƙunshi guringuntsi na hyaline, da haɗin gwiwar cartilaginous na biyu wanda ya ƙunshi guringuntsi na hyaline wanda ke rufe saman haɗin gwiwar ƙasusuwan da abin ya shafa tare da fibrocartilage wanda ke haɗa su.
* Haɗin gwiwa na synovial - ba a haɗa shi kai tsaye ba - ƙasusuwan suna da ramin synovial kuma an haɗa su da nama mai yawa wanda ba shi da tsari wanda ke samar da kapsul ɗin articular wanda yawanci ke da alaƙa da jijiyoyin haɗi. &lt;ref name=&quot;anatomical&quot; /&gt;
* haɗin gwiwa na facet - haɗin gwiwa tsakanin hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa guda biyu tsakanin ƙasusuwa biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Medilexicon&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Articular Facet |url=http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=31339 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806005701/http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=31339 |archive-date=August 6, 2016 |access-date=December 19, 2013 |publisher=Medilexicon – Medical Dictionary}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Foundational Model of Anatomy |url=http://www.ontobee.org/browser/index.php?keywords=Articular+facet&amp;Submit2=Search+terms&amp;o=FMA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219182622/http://www.ontobee.org/browser/index.php?keywords=Articular+facet&amp;Submit2=Search+terms&amp;o=FMA |archive-date=December 19, 2013 |access-date=December 19, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rarraba aiki (motsi) ===
Haka kuma ana iya rarraba haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar aiki bisa ga nau'in da matakin motsi da suka bari:  &lt;ref name=&quot;umich2010ClByMov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Introduction to Joints (2) – Joints – Classification by Movement |url=http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/modules/joints_module/joints_02.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718163549/http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/modules/joints_module/joints_02.html |archive-date=2011-07-18 |access-date=2012-10-06 |publisher=anatomy.med.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; An bayyana motsin haɗin gwiwa dangane da tsarin jiki na asali. 

* synarthrosis – yana ba da damar motsi kaɗan ko babu. Yawancin haɗin gwiwar synarthrosis gidajen haɗin fibrous ne, kamar dinkin kwanya. Wannan rashin motsi yana da mahimmanci, saboda ƙasusuwan kwanya suna aiki don kare kwakwalwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;openstax&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|ref=et al}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* amphiarthrosis – yana ba da damar ɗan motsi. Yawancin haɗin gwiwar amphiarthrosis gidajen haɗin gwiwa ne na cartilaginous . Misali shine diskin intervertebral . Faifan intervertebral na mutum ɗaya yana ba da damar ƙananan motsi tsakanin ƙasusuwan da ke kusa, amma idan aka haɗa su wuri ɗaya, layin ƙashin baya yana ba da sassauci wanda ke ba jiki damar juyawa, ko lanƙwasa zuwa gaba, baya, ko gefe. &lt;ref name=&quot;openstax&quot; /&gt;
* Haɗin gwiwa na synovial (wanda kuma aka sani da ''diarthrosis'' ) - ana iya motsa shi cikin sauƙi.  &lt;ref name=&quot;umich2010ClByMov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Introduction to Joints (2) – Joints – Classification by Movement |url=http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/modules/joints_module/joints_02.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718163549/http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/modules/joints_module/joints_02.html |archive-date=2011-07-18 |access-date=2012-10-06 |publisher=anatomy.med.umich.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haɗin gwiwa na synovial za a iya rarraba su zuwa ƙungiyoyi shida bisa ga nau'in motsi da suka ba da damar: haɗin jirgin sama, haɗin ƙwallon ƙafa da soket, haɗin hinge, haɗin pivot, &lt;ref name=&quot;Morton1849p119&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Samuel George Morton}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Gray1859p136&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Henry Gray}}&lt;/ref&gt; haɗin gwiwa na condyloid da haɗin sirdi . &lt;ref name=&quot;Gray1887p220&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Henry Gray}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Haka kuma za a iya rarraba haɗin gwiwa, bisa ga adadin gatari na motsi da suka bari, zuwa cikin waɗanda ba sa axial (zamewa, kamar tsakanin ƙarshen kusanci na ulna da radius), monoaxial (uniaxial), biaxial da multiaxial .  Wani rarrabuwa kuma yana bisa ga digirin 'yanci da aka yarda, kuma ana bambanta shi tsakanin haɗin gwiwa tare da digiri ɗaya, biyu ko uku na 'yanci. &lt;ref name=&quot;Platzer2008p28&quot; /&gt; Wani rarrabuwa kuma yana bisa ga adadi da siffofi na saman haɗin gwiwa: saman lebur, concave da convex. &lt;ref name=&quot;Platzer2008p28&quot; /&gt; Nau'ikan saman haɗin gwiwa sun haɗa da saman [[wiktionary:trochlear|trochlear]] . 

=== Rarraba na'urorin halittu ===
Haka kuma ana iya rarraba gaɓoɓin haɗin gwiwa bisa ga yanayin jikinsu ko kuma bisa ga halayensu na halitta. Dangane da rarrabuwar jiki, an raba gaɓoɓin zuwa ''sassauƙa'' da ''hadaddun abubuwa'', dangane da adadin ƙasusuwa da ke ciki, kuma zuwa ga haɗin gwiwa ''masu rikitarwa'' da ''haɗuwa'' : &lt;ref name=&quot;titleIntroductory Anatomy: Joints&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Introductory Anatomy: Joints |url=http://www.leeds.ac.uk/chb/lectures/anatomy4.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118135754/http://www.leeds.ac.uk/chb/lectures/anatomy4.html |archive-date=2008-01-18 |access-date=2008-01-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

# Haɗin gwiwa mai sauƙi: saman haɗin gwiwa guda biyu (misali haɗin gwiwa na kafada, haɗin gwiwa na kwatangwalo )
# Haɗin gwiwa mai haɗawa: saman haɗin gwiwa uku ko fiye (misali haɗin gwiwa mai kama da na rediyo )
# Haɗin gwiwa mai rikitarwa: saman haɗin gwiwa biyu ko fiye da haka da kuma diski na haɗin gwiwa ko meniscus (misali haɗin gwiwa )

=== Halittar Halitta ===
[[Fayil:Joints_1_--_Smart-Servier.png|thumb|Haɗuwa na jikin ɗan adam]]
Ana iya rarraba haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar anatomical zuwa ƙungiyoyi masu zuwa:

# Hannun hannu
# Haɗaɗɗun gwiwar hannu
# Haɗaɗɗun hannu
# Haɗin gwiwa na Axillary
# Gabobin sternoclavicular
# Haɗuwa tsakanin ƙashin baya
# Haɗin gwiwa na Temporomandibular
# Haɗin gwiwa na Sacroiliac
# Haɗaɗɗun kugu
# Haɗaɗɗun gwiwa
# [[Kafa|Ma'anar ƙafa]]

Zaruruwan jijiyoyi marasa sinadarin myelin suna da yawa a cikin ƙwayoyin haɗin gwiwa da jijiyoyin jini, da kuma a ɓangaren waje na menisci na ciki. Waɗannan zaruruwan jijiyoyi suna da alhakin fahimtar ciwo lokacin da haɗin gwiwa ya yi rauni. 

== Muhimmancin asibiti ==
Lalacewar guringuntsi na gidajen abinci ( articular cartilage ) ko ƙasusuwa da tsokoki da ke daidaita gidajen abinci na iya haifar da gurɓacewar gidajen abinci da osteoarthritis. Yin iyo hanya ce mai kyau ta motsa gidajen abinci ba tare da lahani ba.  Wata hanyar da za a iya magancewa ita ce ƙara yawan collagen na nau'in II, glucosamine hydrochloride, da chondroitin sulfate ta baki wanda ke inganta ingancin rayuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fladerer-Grollitsch |first=Johannes-Paul |last2=Klein |first2=Thomas |last3=Kompek |first3=Albert |last4=Steiner |first4=Nicole |last5=Menzel |first5=Daniel |last6=Schön |first6=Christiane |date=15 July 2025 |title=Effects of cartilage-supporting nutritional supplementation on knee osteoarthritis symptoms and quality of life in a 12-week randomized double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=15 |issue=1 |bibcode=2025NatSR..1525625F |doi=10.1038/s41598-025-11723-2 |pmc=12264193 |pmid=40664872}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana kiran matsalar haɗin gwiwa da arthropathy, kuma idan ya shafi kumburin haɗin gwiwa ɗaya ko fiye, ana kiran matsalar da arthritis . Yawancin cututtukan haɗin gwiwa suna da alaƙa da arthritis, amma lalacewar haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar rauni na waje ba yawanci ana kiranta arthritis ba.

Ana kiran Arthropathies ''polyarticular'' (multiarticular) idan ya shafi gidajen da yawa da kuma ''gidajen da ke da alaƙa da juna'' yayin da ya shafi gidajen da ke da alaƙa da juna ɗaya kawai.

Ciwon gaɓɓai shine babban abin da ke haifar da nakasa ga mutanen da suka haura shekaru 55. Akwai nau'ikan ciwon gaɓɓai daban-daban, kowannensu yana da sanadi daban-daban. Mafi yawan nau'in ciwon gaɓɓai, [[osteoarthritis]] (wanda kuma aka sani da cutar gaɓɓai masu lalacewa), yana faruwa ne bayan rauni a gaɓɓai, bayan kamuwa da cuta a gaɓɓai ko kuma kawai sakamakon tsufa da lalacewar guringuntsi na haɗin gwiwa. Bugu da ƙari, akwai shaidu da ke nuna cewa rashin daidaituwar tsarin jiki na iya taimakawa wajen haɓaka ciwon gaɓɓai da wuri. Sauran nau'ikan ciwon gaɓɓai sune [[Rheumatoid amosanin gabbai|ciwon gaɓɓai na rheumatoid]] da ciwon gaɓɓai na psoriatic, waɗanda cututtuka ne na autoimmune waɗanda jiki ke kai hari kan kansa. Ciwon gaɓɓai na septic yana faruwa ne sakamakon kamuwa da cuta a gaɓɓai. [[Gout|Ciwon gaɓɓai na gouty]] yana faruwa ne ta hanyar shigar da lu'ulu'u [[Uric acid|na uric acid]] a cikin gaɓɓai wanda ke haifar da kumburi daga baya. Bugu da ƙari, akwai nau'in gout wanda ba a saba gani ba wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar samuwar lu'ulu'u masu siffar rhomboidal na calcium pyrophosphate . Wannan nau'in gout ana kiransa pseudogout .

Ciwon haɗin gwiwa na Temporomandibular (TMJ) yana shafar haɗin muƙamuƙi kuma yana iya haifar da ciwon fuska, sautin dannawa a cikin muƙamuƙi, ko iyakance motsin muƙamuƙi, don ambaton wasu alamun. Yana faruwa ne sakamakon tashin hankali na tunani da rashin daidaituwar muƙamuƙi ( malocclusion ), kuma yana iya shafar Amurkawa miliyan 75. 

== Harshen jiki ==
Gabobin da kuma matsayinsu, daidaitawarsu da motsinsu suna da matuƙar muhimmanci ga nazarin harshen motsin rai wato wanda ke wakiltar yanayi daban-daban na motsin rai. Ana kiran kewayon motsin gabobin da girman haɗin gwiwa, musamman ga kashin baya, girman kashin baya. Su ne manyan alamu na yanayin motsin rai da mutum yake ciki da kuma yadda yake mayar da martani bisa ga motsin rai ga hulɗar zamantakewa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gross M.; Crane, Elizabeth A.; Frederickson, Barbara L. |date=2012 |title=Effort-Shape and kinematic assessment of bodily expression of emotion during gait |journal=Human Movement Science |issue=31 |pages=202-221 |doi=10.1016/j.humov.2011.05.001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Misali, yayin tafiya, lanƙwasawar kugu da kafada ta mutum ya fi girma idan yana fushi fiye da lokacin da yake baƙin ciki. Hakazalika, juyawar gangar jiki yana ƙaruwa sosai lokacin da mutum yake cikin yanayi mai farin ciki idan aka kwatanta da na tsaka-tsaki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gross M.; Crane, Elizabeth A.; Frederickson, Barbara L. |date=2012 |title=Effort-Shape and kinematic assessment of bodily expression of emotion during gait |journal=Human Movement Science |issue=31 |page=214 |doi=10.1016/j.humov.2011.05.001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== Asalin Ma'anar ===
Kalmar Ingilishi ''haɗin gwiwa'' kalma ce ta baya ta fi'ili ''haɗawa'', kuma ana iya karanta ta kamar ''an haɗa ta'' .  Haɗin gwiwa an samo shi ne daga Latin ''iunctus'', &lt;ref name=&quot;Klein1971&quot; /&gt; haɗin gwiwa ya wuce na fi'ili iungere na Latin ''iungere'', haɗawa, haɗa, haɗa. 

Kalmar turanci ta ''articulation'' ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin ''articulatio'' . 

Mutane sun kuma samu ƙasusuwan gaɓoɓi masu sauƙi da rauni a tsawon lokaci saboda raguwar ayyukan jiki idan aka kwatanta da dubban shekaru da suka gabata. 

== Duba kuma ==

* Ilimin halittar jiki
* Gabobin da ke fashewa
* Ilimin halayyar ɗan adam
* Ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa
* Ci gaban gidajen abinci

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Commonscat|Joints}}

* [http://www.sports-db.com/home/information/joints.html Haɗuwa da Haɗin gwiwa na Synovial Misalai da Rarrabawa]
{{Human systems and organs}}{{Joints}}{{Cranial fibrous joints}}{{Joints of head and neck}}{{Joints of torso}}{{Joints of upper limbs}}{{Joints of lower limbs}}{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Monkey on My Back (fim)</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339340643|Monkey on My Back (film)]]&quot;</comment>
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Fim '''''ɗin Monkey on My Back''''' fim ne na tarihin rayuwar Amurka na shekarar 1957 wanda Andre de Toth ya jagoranta. Fim ɗin ya fito a matsayin Cameron Mitchell a matsayin [[Barney Ross]], zakaran dambe na duniya na gaske kuma gwarzon [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . Duk da cewa an ƙirƙira shi sosai, fim ɗin yana magana ne game da jarabar Ross ga heroin .

== Labari ==
A shekarun 1930, ɗan dambe Barney Ross ya lashe gasar weight welterweight, sannan ya haɗu da Cathy Holland, 'yar ƙungiyar mawaƙa yayin da yake murnar cin nasara. Sam Pian, mai horar da shi, ya ji cewa Barney ya yi fare na dala $10,000 a kansa don ya ci nasara a fafatawar. Soyayyar Barney ita ce Cathy, uwa ɗaya tilo ga wata yarinya mai suna Noreen, wacce ba ta san halinsa na yin caca ba. Lokacin da Barney ya sha kaye a faɗa, yana bin wani mai yin bukin kuɗi mai suna Big Ralph bashin dubban daloli kuma an tilasta masa yin aiki a mashayar Ralph don biyan bashin.

Barney ya shiga rundunar sojojin ruwa lokacin da yaƙi ya ɓarke. Ya auri Cathy kafin ya tafi Kudancin Pacific, inda ya ceci ran wani soja a Guadalcanal don ya sami Silver Star . Amma kuma yana kamuwa da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]], wanda likita ya rubuta masa morphine .

Da Barney ta dawo gida a Chicago, ta kama aiki a wani kamfanin hulɗa da jama'a a hannun mahaifin mutumin da ya ceci ransa. Barney yanzu ta kamu da cutar morphine kuma ta ci bashin mai yawa ga Rico, wani mai sayar da miyagun ƙwayoyi. Cathy ta kama mijinta da ke cikin mawuyacin hali yana shiga bankin aladu na Noreen, don haka ta ƙaura.

Barney ya kashe kansa, amma lokacin da matarsa ta dawo ta sanar da shi cewa an kama Rico, ya yi alƙawarin kawar da jarabarsa. Ya duba asibiti a Kentucky yayin da duk ƙasar ta fahimci halin da yake ciki. Watanni huɗu bayan haka, an ba Barney izinin tafiya, ya koma iyalinsa ya ci gaba da rayuwarsa.

== 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo ==

* Cameron Mitchell ya taka rawar Barney Ross
* Dianne Foster ta taka rawar Cathy Holland
* Paul Richards a matsayin Rico (kamar Paul E. Richards)
* Jack Albertson kamar yadda Sam Pian
* Kathy Garver a matsayin Noreen
* Barry Kelley a matsayin Big Ralph
* Dayton Lummis a matsayin JL McAvoy
* Lewis Charles a matsayin Lew Surati
* Raymond Greenleaf a matsayin Dr. AJ Latham
* Richard Benedict a matsayin Art Winch
* Brad Harris a cikin rawar Spike McAvoy
* Chris Alcaide a matsayin Benjamin
* Lisa Golm a matsayin mahaifiyar Barney
* Duke Fishman a matsayin Majinyacin Asibiti &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Duke Fishman |url=https://www.allmovie.com/artist/duke-fishman-an26751/filmography |access-date=October 12, 2024 |website=[[AllMovie]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Samarwa ==
An sayi haƙƙin fim na labarin Barney Ross a watan Yulin 1955 ta Imperial Pictures, wani kamfani mallakar Edward Small . A lokacin ana yi masa lakabi da ''God Was in My Corner'' . 

Ƙungiyar Motion Picture Association of America ta buƙaci a cire wurin da Barney ya saka allurar hypodermic a hannunsa. Furodusa Edward Small ya ɗaukaka ƙarar umarnin   sannan ya fitar da fim ɗin ba tare da takardar izinin Dokar Samarwa ba, yana mai iƙirarin cewa bai ji amsa ga ƙarar da ya shigar ba tsawon makonni biyu. Wannan ya sa ''Monkey on My Back'' ya zama fim na farko da ya saba wa Dokar Samarwa tun lokacin da aka yi wa dokar kwaskwarima don ba da damar magance miyagun ƙwayoyi marasa inganci a cikin iyaka. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2016)&quot;&gt;yaushe?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Liyafar maraba ==
A wani sharhi na zamani ga ''[[New York Times|jaridar The New York Times]]'', mai suka Bosley Crowther ya yi watsi da ''littafin Monkey on My Back'' a matsayin &quot;nazarin da ba a taɓa tunaninsa ba game da nasarar da wani mutum ya samu a kan wani mummunan sha'awa&quot; da kuma &quot;gabaɗaya, wasan kwaikwayo mara daɗi.&quot; 

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin fina-finan Amurka na 1957
* Jerin fina-finan dambe
* Jerin fina-finan miyagun ƙwayoyi

== Nazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Oreochromis lidole</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314601380|Oreochromis lidole]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Oreochromis lidole''''' nau'in kifin ruwa ne mai tsafta a cikin dangin Cichlidae . Wannan tilapia asalinsa ya fito ne daga [[Malawi]], [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], inda ake samunsa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], [[Tafkin Malombe]], [[Rafin Shire|Kogin Shire]] da kuma wasu tafkunan da ke arewa. Yana da mahimmanci a fannin kamun kifi, amma ya ragu sosai; wataƙila ya riga ya [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|ƙare]] .  Ana kiran wannan oreochromine cichlid a cikin gida ''chambo'',  sunan da aka yi amfani da shi ga wasu nau'ikan kifaye biyu masu alaƙa da juna da ke cikin wannan yanki, &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwIA&quot;&gt;O. karongae&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; da &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwIg&quot;&gt;O. squamipinnis&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; . &lt;ref name=&quot;FAO&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Turner, G.F. |last2=N.C. Mwanyama |year=1992 |title=Distribution and Biology of Chambo (''Oreochromis'' spp.) in Lakes Malawi and Malombe |url=http://www.fao.org/3/ad202e/AD202E00.htm |access-date=6 November 2019 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sunaye ==
An bayyana nau'in a matsayin ''Tilapia lidole'' a shekarar 1941 ta hanyar masanin kimiyyar ichthy na Burtaniya Ethelwynn Trewavas, daga samfuran da ta tattara a wani bincike kan kamun kifi a [[Tabkin Malawi|tafkin Malawi]] a shekarar 1939. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Trewavas |first=Ethelwynn |date=1941 |title=Nyasa fishes of the genus ''Tilapia'' and a new species from Portuguese East Africa |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |volume=7 |issue=39 |pages=294–306 |doi=10.1080/00222934108527158 |issn=0374-5481}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta ba da rahoton cewa an samo sunan ne daga sunan yankin 'dole', kodayake an kuma san shi da ''galamula'' ko ''lolo'', ko kuma gabaɗaya a matsayin ''chambo'' tare da nau'in tilapia iri ɗaya. Tare da sauran nau'in tilapia masu cin abinci a baki, an sake rarraba shi a cikin nau'in ''Sarotherodon'' a shekarar 1976, kuma daga baya ya koma cikin nau'in ''Oreochromis'', tare da wasu nau'ikan da ke nuna bambancin jinsi bayyananne (bambance-bambance a girma, siffa da launi tsakanin jinsi). An kuma haɗa shi a cikin ƙaramin nau'in ''[[Nyasalapia]]'' tare da wasu nau'ikan inda maza ke haɓaka dogayen papillae na al'aura. 

== Siffofi masu bambantawa ==
Yara ƙanana na nau'ikan ''chambo'' daban-daban ba a iya bambance su da juna, amma gabaɗaya ana iya gane su ta hanyar jikinsu mai launin azurfa, suna karkatar da sandunan tsaye da kuma 'tabo na tilapia' a ƙasan ɓangaren mai laushi na fin ɗin dorsal . Ana iya bambanta ''Oreochromis lidole'' daga sauran nau'in 'chambo' masu alaƙa da juna a tsawon kimanin {{Cvt|17|–|20|cm}} ko sama da haka, domin galibi yana ɗaukar babban kai mai siriri, wanda ya samo asali daga jikinsa mai zurfi, babban baki da manyan faranti na opcular (masu rufe ido). Haƙoran muƙamuƙi suna cikin layuka 3-4 da aka raba a sarari, yayin da wasu nau'ikan galibi suna da layuka masu faɗi akai-akai. Rarrabawa na iya bayyana dogon ƙashin ƙananan pharyngeal mai siriri tare da wuraren haƙora masu siriri. A lokacin kiwo, maza suna zama baƙi, tare da fararen gefuna zuwa fin ɗin da ba a haɗa su ba, wanda yayi kama da na &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwSw&quot;&gt;O. karongae&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, amma yana ba su damar bambanta da na &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwTQ&quot;&gt;O. squamipinnis&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; . 

== Ilimin halittar haihuwa ==
Kamar sauran ''nau'ikan Oreochromis'' da aka sani, ''O. lidole'' yana da maganin hana baki: mata suna ɗaukar ƙwai da ƙananan yara a bakinsu na tsawon makonni da yawa. Idan yara ƙanana suka sha ƙwai, ana sake su don yin kiwo da kansu, a ƙarƙashin kulawar mace, amma ana barin su su koma bakin mahaifiyarsu idan haɗari ya yi barazana. Mata suna haifar da ƙanana har zuwa 700 kuma an rubuta cewa suna soya har zuwa {{Cvt|5|cm}} tsawon lokaci. Kiwo galibi yana faruwa ne a lokacin zafi daga Oktoba zuwa Janairu, lokacin da maza ke taruwa a cikin ruwa mai zurfi (galibi {{Cvt|20|-|45|m}} ) rairayin bakin teku masu tsabta, masu tsayi don haƙa manyan ramuka ( {{Cvt|1|-|3|m}} diamita) inda ake yin soyayya da haihuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Turner |first=G. F. |last2=Witimani |first2=J. |last3=Robinson |first3=R. L. |last4=Grimm |first4=A. S. |last5=Pitcher |first5=T. J. |date=1991 |title=Reproductive isolation and the nest sites of Lake Malawi chambo, ''Oreochromis'' (''Nyasalapia'') spp. |journal=Journal of Fish Biology |volume=39 |issue=6 |pages=775–782 |bibcode=1991JFBio..39..775T |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.1991.tb04407.x |issn=0022-1112}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mata galibi suna ƙaura zuwa ruwa mai tururi don fitar da 'ya'yansu, a yankuna kamar [[Tafkin Malombe]] . 

== Abinci mai gina jiki ==
''Oreochromis lidole'' yana cin abinci ne musamman akan plankton - gami da crustaceans, kamar ''Bosmina'' da ''Diaptomus'', diatoms kamar ''Aulacoseira'' da ''Surirella'' da sauran manyan algae . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Turner |first=G. F. |last2=Grimm |first2=A. S. |last3=Mhone |first3=O. K. |last4=Robinson |first4=R. L. |last5=Pitcher |first5=T. J. |date=1991 |title=The diet of ''Oreochromis lidole'' (Trewavas) and other chambo species in Lakes Malawi and Malombe |journal=Journal of Fish Biology |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=15–24 |bibcode=1991JFBio..39...15T |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.1991.tb04337.x |issn=0022-1112}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rarrabawa ==
An yi rikodin ''Oreochromis lidole'' daga ko'ina cikin [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], inda yake zaune a cikin wurare masu zurfi da ƙasa da laka fiye da nau'ikan ''chambo'' masu alaƙa, kodayake galibi ana samun su tare a cikin kama kifi ɗaya na masunta, wanda ke nuna cewa suna iya yin iyo tare. Kamar sauran ''chambo'', ba kasafai ake kama su ba fiye da kusan 50.&amp;nbsp;m. Ana samun ƙananan yara da mata masu shayarwa a cikin ruwa mai zurfi da laka, a wurare kamar [[Tafkin Malombe]] . An ruwaito cewa nau'in ya fi yawa a yankunan kudu na tafkin, kuma ba kasafai ake samunsa a bakin tekun laka ko duwatsu ba. 

== Yawan jama'ar tafkin kwaruruka ==
An gano wasu samfuran da aka ruwaito an tattara daga [[Lake Tschungruru|Tafkin Tschungruru]] a Tanzania a matsayin ''O. lidole'' ta Trewavas.  Wannan tafkin da alama shine [[Kiungululu Crater|Kogin Kiungululu]] (9°18′24.06″S 33°51′54.31″E), wanda yake a tsayin kusan {{Cvt|450|m}} sama da saman tafkin Malawi na yanzu. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan kifayen sun girma ta hanyar jima'i a girmansu na {{Cvt|14|–|17|cm}}, wanda ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da kifin da ya girma a Tafkin Malawi. Daga baya, an kuma tattara ƙananan samfuran da suka girma daga [[Lake Kingiri|Tafkin Kingiri]], wanda yake kimanin {{Cvt|50|m}} kawai. sama da babban tafkin (9°25′07.67&quot;S 33°51′29.29″E). Ba a tabbatar da waɗannan abubuwan da aka gano ba ta hanyar binciken da aka yi kwanan nan game da waɗannan tafkuna. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shechonge |first=Asilatu |display-authors=etal |date=2018 |title=Widespread colonisation of Tanzanian catchments by introduced Oreochromis tilapia fishes: the legacy from decades of deliberate introduction |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=832 |issue=1 |pages=235–253 |doi=10.1007/s10750-018-3597-9 |pmc=6394791 |pmid=30880833}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsayin cin zarafi da kiyayewa ==
''Oreochromis lidole'' a da yana da matukar muhimmanci a cikin abincin da ake ci a Tafkin Malawi. Ya kasance mai yawa musamman a cikin kamawar jiragen ruwa da ke aiki a Kudancin Gabas daga [[Maldeco]] . Wani bincike da Turner ya gudanar ya gano cewa yawan dukkan nau'ikan ''chambo'' ya ragu sosai a shekarun 1990.  Kamun ''chambo'' a wani yanki na kudancin Tafkin Malawi ya ragu daga {{Cvt|70|kg}} jirgin ruwa a rana zuwa {{Cvt|4.5|kg}} a tsakanin 2006 da 2016. Duk da ɗaruruwan ''chambo'' da ake kamawa kowace rana, saboda babu wanda ya gano waɗannan ''chambo'' a matsayin ''O. lidole'' musamman a shekarar 2016, IUCN ta bayyana cewa babu wanda ya san tabbas ko wani ya taɓa ganin ''O. lidole'' tun lokacin da Turner ya gano kifi a matsayin haka a shekarar 1992, don haka ta bayyana cewa za a iya halaka shi ga duk wanda ya sani. 

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'''''Oreochromis lidole''''' nau'in kifin ruwa ne mai tsafta a cikin dangin Cichlidae . Wannan tilapia asalinsa ya fito ne daga [[Malawi]], [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], inda ake samunsa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], [[Tafkin Malombe]], [[Rafin Shire|Kogin Shire]] da kuma wasu tafkunan da ke arewa. Yana da mahimmanci a fannin kamun kifi, amma ya ragu sosai; wataƙila ya riga ya [[Karewar kwayoyin halitta|ƙare]] .  Ana kiran wannan oreochromine cichlid a cikin gida ''chambo'',  sunan da aka yi amfani da shi ga wasu nau'ikan kifaye biyu masu alaƙa da juna da ke cikin wannan yanki, &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwIA&quot;&gt;O. karongae&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; da &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwIg&quot;&gt;O. squamipinnis&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; . &lt;ref name=&quot;FAO&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Turner, G.F. |last2=N.C. Mwanyama |year=1992 |title=Distribution and Biology of Chambo (''Oreochromis'' spp.) in Lakes Malawi and Malombe |url=http://www.fao.org/3/ad202e/AD202E00.htm |access-date=6 November 2019 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sunaye ==
An bayyana nau'in a matsayin ''Tilapia lidole'' a shekarar 1941 ta hanyar masanin kimiyyar ichthy na Burtaniya Ethelwynn Trewavas, daga samfuran da ta tattara a wani bincike kan kamun kifi a [[Tabkin Malawi|tafkin Malawi]] a shekarar 1939. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Trewavas |first=Ethelwynn |date=1941 |title=Nyasa fishes of the genus ''Tilapia'' and a new species from Portuguese East Africa |journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |volume=7 |issue=39 |pages=294–306 |doi=10.1080/00222934108527158 |issn=0374-5481}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta ba da rahoton cewa an samo sunan ne daga sunan yankin 'dole', kodayake an kuma san shi da ''galamula'' ko ''lolo'', ko kuma gabaɗaya a matsayin ''chambo'' tare da nau'in tilapia iri ɗaya. Tare da sauran nau'in tilapia masu cin abinci a baki, an sake rarraba shi a cikin nau'in ''Sarotherodon'' a shekarar 1976, kuma daga baya ya koma cikin nau'in ''Oreochromis'', tare da wasu nau'ikan da ke nuna bambancin jinsi bayyananne (bambance-bambance a girma, siffa da launi tsakanin jinsi). An kuma haɗa shi a cikin ƙaramin nau'in ''[[Nyasalapia]]'' tare da wasu nau'ikan inda maza ke haɓaka dogayen papillae na al'aura. 

== Siffofi masu bambantawa ==
Yara ƙanana na nau'ikan ''chambo'' daban-daban ba a iya bambance su da juna, amma gabaɗaya ana iya gane su ta hanyar jikinsu mai launin azurfa, suna karkatar da sandunan tsaye da kuma 'tabo na tilapia' a ƙasan ɓangaren mai laushi na fin ɗin dorsal . Ana iya bambanta ''Oreochromis lidole'' daga sauran nau'in 'chambo' masu alaƙa da juna a tsawon kimanin {{Cvt|17|–|20|cm}} ko sama da haka, domin galibi yana ɗaukar babban kai mai siriri, wanda ya samo asali daga jikinsa mai zurfi, babban baki da manyan faranti na opcular (masu rufe ido). Haƙoran muƙamuƙi suna cikin layuka 3-4 da aka raba a sarari, yayin da wasu nau'ikan galibi suna da layuka masu faɗi akai-akai. Rarrabawa na iya bayyana dogon ƙashin ƙananan pharyngeal mai siriri tare da wuraren haƙora masu siriri. A lokacin kiwo, maza suna zama baƙi, tare da fararen gefuna zuwa fin ɗin da ba a haɗa su ba, wanda yayi kama da na &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwSw&quot;&gt;O. karongae&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, amma yana ba su damar bambanta da na &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwTQ&quot;&gt;O. squamipinnis&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; . 

== Ilimin halittar haihuwa ==
Kamar sauran ''nau'ikan Oreochromis'' da aka sani, ''O. lidole'' yana da maganin hana baki: mata suna ɗaukar ƙwai da ƙananan yara a bakinsu na tsawon makonni da yawa. Idan yara ƙanana suka sha ƙwai, ana sake su don yin kiwo da kansu, a ƙarƙashin kulawar mace, amma ana barin su su koma bakin mahaifiyarsu idan haɗari ya yi barazana. Mata suna haifar da ƙanana har zuwa 700 kuma an rubuta cewa suna soya har zuwa {{Cvt|5|cm}} tsawon lokaci. Kiwo galibi yana faruwa ne a lokacin zafi daga Oktoba zuwa Janairu, lokacin da maza ke taruwa a cikin ruwa mai zurfi (galibi {{Cvt|20|-|45|m}} ) rairayin bakin teku masu tsabta, masu tsayi don haƙa manyan ramuka ( {{Cvt|1|-|3|m}} diamita) inda ake yin soyayya da haihuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Turner |first=G. F. |last2=Witimani |first2=J. |last3=Robinson |first3=R. L. |last4=Grimm |first4=A. S. |last5=Pitcher |first5=T. J. |date=1991 |title=Reproductive isolation and the nest sites of Lake Malawi chambo, ''Oreochromis'' (''Nyasalapia'') spp. |journal=Journal of Fish Biology |volume=39 |issue=6 |pages=775–782 |bibcode=1991JFBio..39..775T |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.1991.tb04407.x |issn=0022-1112}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mata galibi suna ƙaura zuwa ruwa mai tururi don fitar da 'ya'yansu, a yankuna kamar [[Tafkin Malombe]] . 

== Abinci mai gina jiki ==
''Oreochromis lidole'' yana cin abinci ne musamman akan plankton - gami da crustaceans, kamar ''Bosmina'' da ''Diaptomus'', diatoms kamar ''Aulacoseira'' da ''Surirella'' da sauran manyan algae . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Turner |first=G. F. |last2=Grimm |first2=A. S. |last3=Mhone |first3=O. K. |last4=Robinson |first4=R. L. |last5=Pitcher |first5=T. J. |date=1991 |title=The diet of ''Oreochromis lidole'' (Trewavas) and other chambo species in Lakes Malawi and Malombe |journal=Journal of Fish Biology |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=15–24 |bibcode=1991JFBio..39...15T |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.1991.tb04337.x |issn=0022-1112}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rarrabawa ==
An yi rikodin ''Oreochromis lidole'' daga ko'ina cikin [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], inda yake zaune a cikin wurare masu zurfi da ƙasa da laka fiye da nau'ikan ''chambo'' masu alaƙa, kodayake galibi ana samun su tare a cikin kama kifi ɗaya na masunta, wanda ke nuna cewa suna iya yin iyo tare. Kamar sauran ''chambo'', ba kasafai ake kama su ba fiye da kusan 50.&amp;nbsp;m. Ana samun ƙananan yara da mata masu shayarwa a cikin ruwa mai zurfi da laka, a wurare kamar [[Tafkin Malombe]] . An ruwaito cewa nau'in ya fi yawa a yankunan kudu na tafkin, kuma ba kasafai ake samunsa a bakin tekun laka ko duwatsu ba. 

== Yawan jama'ar tafkin kwaruruka ==
An gano wasu samfuran da aka ruwaito an tattara daga [[Lake Tschungruru|Tafkin Tschungruru]] a Tanzania a matsayin ''O. lidole'' ta Trewavas.  Wannan tafkin da alama shine [[Kiungululu Crater|Kogin Kiungululu]] (9°18′24.06″S 33°51′54.31″E), wanda yake a tsayin kusan {{Cvt|450|m}} sama da saman tafkin Malawi na yanzu. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan kifayen sun girma ta hanyar jima'i a girmansu na {{Cvt|14|–|17|cm}}, wanda ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da kifin da ya girma a Tafkin Malawi. Daga baya, an kuma tattara ƙananan samfuran da suka girma daga [[Lake Kingiri|Tafkin Kingiri]], wanda yake kimanin {{Cvt|50|m}} kawai. sama da babban tafkin (9°25′07.67&quot;S 33°51′29.29″E). Ba a tabbatar da waɗannan abubuwan da aka gano ba ta hanyar binciken da aka yi kwanan nan game da waɗannan tafkuna. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shechonge |first=Asilatu |display-authors=etal |date=2018 |title=Widespread colonisation of Tanzanian catchments by introduced Oreochromis tilapia fishes: the legacy from decades of deliberate introduction |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=832 |issue=1 |pages=235–253 |doi=10.1007/s10750-018-3597-9 |pmc=6394791 |pmid=30880833}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsayin cin zarafi da kiyayewa ==
''Oreochromis lidole'' a da yana da matukar muhimmanci a cikin abincin da ake ci a Tafkin Malawi. Ya kasance mai yawa musamman a cikin kamawar jiragen ruwa da ke aiki a Kudancin Gabas daga [[Maldeco]] . Wani bincike da Turner ya gudanar ya gano cewa yawan dukkan nau'ikan ''chambo'' ya ragu sosai a shekarun 1990.  Kamun ''chambo'' a wani yanki na kudancin Tafkin Malawi ya ragu daga {{Cvt|70|kg}} jirgin ruwa a rana zuwa {{Cvt|4.5|kg}} a tsakanin 2006 da 2016. Duk da ɗaruruwan ''chambo'' da ake kamawa kowace rana, saboda babu wanda ya gano waɗannan ''chambo'' a matsayin ''O. lidole'' musamman a shekarar 2016, IUCN ta bayyana cewa babu wanda ya san tabbas ko wani ya taɓa ganin ''O. lidole'' tun lokacin da Turner ya gano kifi a matsayin haka a shekarar 1992, don haka ta bayyana cewa za a iya halaka shi ga duk wanda ya sani. 

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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355742210|Human musculoskeletal system]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Tsarin tsokar tsoka na ɗan adam''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''tsarin motsa jiki na ɗan adam''', kuma a da '''tsarin aiki''' ) tsarin gabobi ne wanda ke ba wa [[Ɗan Adam|ɗan adam]] ikon motsawa ta amfani da tsarin tsoka da ƙashi . Tsarin tsokar tsoka yana ba da tsari, tallafi, kwanciyar hankali, da motsi ga jiki.

Tsarin tsokar tsoka na ɗan adam ya ƙunshi ƙasusuwan kwarangwal, tsokoki, guringuntsi,  jijiyoyi, jijiyoyi, [[Gaɓoɓi|haɗin gwiwa]], da sauran kyallen haɗin gwiwa waɗanda ke tallafawa da haɗa kyallen jiki da gabobi wuri ɗaya. Babban ayyukan tsarin tsokar tsoka sun haɗa da tallafawa jiki, barin motsi, da kare muhimman gabobi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mooar |first=Pekka |year=2007 |title=Muscles |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/bone_joint_and_muscle_disorders/biology_of_the_musculoskeletal_system/muscles.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110134914/http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/bone_joint_and_muscle_disorders/biology_of_the_musculoskeletal_system/muscles.html |archive-date=Nov 10, 2011 |access-date=12 November 2008 |website=Merck Manual}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sashen kwarangwal na tsarin yana aiki a matsayin babban tsarin ajiya don calcium da phosphorus kuma ya ƙunshi muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin hematopoietic . 

Wannan tsarin yana bayyana yadda ƙasusuwa ke haɗuwa da sauran ƙasusuwa da zare na tsoka ta hanyar nama mai haɗawa kamar jijiyoyi da jijiyoyi. Ƙasusuwa suna ba da kwanciyar hankali ga jiki. Tsokoki suna riƙe ƙasusuwa a wurinsu kuma suna taka rawa a cikin motsinsu. Don barin motsi, ƙasusuwa daban-daban suna haɗuwa tare. Cartilage yana hana ƙarshen ƙashi shafa kai tsaye a kan juna. Tsokoki suna ɗaurewa don motsa ƙasusuwan da aka haɗa a haɗin gwiwa. An tsara haɗin gwiwa da tsokoki don yin hulɗa cikin jituwa ta yadda duk wani ƙarfin tsoka da aka yi amfani da shi yana riƙe [[Tsakiya na hadin gwiwa|haɗin gwiwa a wurinsa kuma ya daidaita]] daidai yayin motsi kuma wannan, a gefe guda, yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye tsayi da tashin hankali daidai a cikin waɗannan tsokoki masu dacewa. 

Duk da haka, akwai cututtuka da matsaloli waɗanda zasu iya yin mummunan tasiri ga aikin da ingancin tsarin gaba ɗaya. Waɗannan cututtuka na iya zama da wahala a gano su saboda kusancin da ke tsakanin tsarin tsoka da sauran tsarin ciki. Tsarin tsoka yana nufin tsarin da tsokokinsa ke haɗe da tsarin ƙashi na ciki kuma yana da mahimmanci ga mutane su matsa zuwa matsayi mafi kyau. Matsaloli masu rikitarwa da raunuka da suka shafi tsarin tsoka yawanci ana magance su ta hanyar likitan fisiyo (ƙwararre a fannin likitancin jiki da gyaran jiki ) ko likitan ƙashi .

== Tsarin ƙasa ==

=== Ƙwaƙwalwa ===
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Tsarin kwarangwal yana da ayyuka masu mahimmanci da yawa; yana samar da siffa da tsari ga jiki, tallafi da kariya, yana ba da damar motsa jiki, yana samar da [[jini]] ga jiki, da kuma adana ma'adanai. &lt;ref name=&quot;skeletalsystem&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Applegate |first=Edith |last2=Kent Van De Graaff |title=The Skeletal System |url=http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/skeletalsystem.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603165512/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/skeletalsystem.html |archive-date=3 June 2010 |access-date=3 January 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adadin ƙasusuwa a cikin tsarin kwarangwal na ɗan adam batu ne mai rikitarwa. An haifi mutane da ƙasusuwa sama da 300; duk da haka, ƙasusuwa da yawa suna haɗuwa tsakanin haihuwa da balaga. Sakamakon haka, matsakaicin kwarangwal na manya ya ƙunshi ƙasusuwa 206. Adadin ƙasusuwa ya bambanta bisa ga hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita don samun ƙidayar. Yayin da wasu ke ɗaukar wasu tsare-tsare a matsayin ƙashi ɗaya mai sassa da yawa, wasu na iya ganinsa a matsayin ɓangare ɗaya mai ƙasusuwa da yawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Engelbert |first=Phillis |last2=Carol DeKane Nagel |year=2009 |title=The Human Body / How Many Bones Are In The Human Body? |url=http://www.enotes.com/science-fact-finder/human-body/how-many-bones-human-body |access-date=24 January 2009 |website=U·X·L Science Fact Finder |publisher=eNotes.com, Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai rarrabuwa guda biyar na ƙasusuwa gabaɗaya. Waɗannan su ne dogayen ƙasusuwa, ƙasusuwa gajeru, ƙasusuwa masu faɗi, ƙasusuwa marasa daidaituwa, da ƙasusuwa na sesamoid . Ƙasusuwan ɗan adam ya ƙunshi ƙasusuwa masu haɗuwa da na mutum ɗaya waɗanda ke tallafawa jijiyoyin jijiyoyi, jijiyoyi, tsokoki da guringuntsi . Tsarinsa mai rikitarwa ne mai rarrabuwa biyu daban-daban; ƙasusuwan axial, wanda ya haɗa da ginshiƙin ƙashin baya, da ƙasusuwan appendicular . &lt;ref name=&quot;becomehealthy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gary |first=Farr |date=25 June 2002 |title=The Musculoskeletal System |url=http://www.becomehealthynow.com/category/bodymusculo/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129111013/http://www.becomehealthynow.com/category/bodymusculo/ |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=18 November 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== aiki ====
Tsarin kwarangwal yana aiki a matsayin tsarin da kyallen takarda da [[Gaɓa (jiki)|gabobin jiki]] za su manne da su. Wannan tsarin yana aiki a matsayin tsarin kariya ga muhimman gabobin jiki. Manyan misalan wannan sune [[Ƙwaƙwalwar dan Adam|kwakwalwa]] tana kare ta da kwanyar kai kuma [[huhu]] tana kare ta da kejin haƙarƙari .

Akwai bambance-bambance guda biyu a cikin ƙasusuwa masu tsayi (rawaya da ja). Raƙuman rawaya suna da nama mai haɗin kai kuma ana samun su a cikin ramin maƙogwaro. A lokacin yunwa, jiki yana amfani da kitsen da ke cikin maƙogwaro mai launin rawaya don makamashi. &lt;ref name=&quot;adam&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2001 |title=Skeletal System |url=http://www.besthealth.com/besthealth/bodyguide/reftext/html/skel_sys_fin.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225210638/http://www.besthealth.com/besthealth/bodyguide/reftext/html/skel_sys_fin.html |archive-date=25 February 2011 |access-date=8 January 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Raƙuman ja na wasu ƙasusuwa wuri ne mai mahimmanci don samar da ƙwayoyin jini, kimanin ƙwayoyin jini ja miliyan 2.6 a kowace daƙiƙa don maye gurbin ƙwayoyin da ke akwai waɗanda hanta ta lalata. &lt;ref name=&quot;skeletalsystem&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Applegate |first=Edith |last2=Kent Van De Graaff |title=The Skeletal System |url=http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/skeletalsystem.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603165512/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/skeletalsystem.html |archive-date=3 June 2010 |access-date=3 January 2009}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFApplegateKent_Van_De_Graaff&quot;&gt;Applegate, Edith; Kent Van De Graaff. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100603165512/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/skeletalsystem.html &quot;The Skeletal System&quot;]. Archived from [http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/skeletalsystem.html the original] on 3 June 2010&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 January&lt;/span&gt; 2009&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A nan duk ƙwayoyin jini na erythrocytes, platelets, da yawancin leukocytes suna samuwa a cikin manya. Daga maƙogwaro mai launin ja, ƙwayoyin jini na erythrocytes, platelets, da leukocytes suna ƙaura zuwa jini don yin ayyukansu na musamman.

Wani aikin ƙashi shine adana wasu ma'adanai. Calcium da phosphorus suna cikin manyan ma'adanai da ake adanawa. Muhimmancin wannan &quot;na'urar&quot; ajiya yana taimakawa wajen daidaita daidaiton ma'adanai a cikin jini. Idan canjin ma'adanai ya yi yawa, ana adana waɗannan ma'adanai a cikin ƙashi ; idan ya yi ƙasa za a cire su daga ƙashi.

=== tsoka ===
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[[Fayil:414_Skeletal_Smooth_Cardiac.jpg|left|thumb|Jiki yana dauke da nau'ikan tsoka guda uku: (a) tsokar kwarangwal, (b) tsoka mai santsi, da (c) tsokar zuciya.]]
[[Fayil:1105_Anterior_and_Posterior_Views_of_Muscles.jpg|thumb|A gefen gaba da na baya na tsarin tsoka da ke sama, ana nuna tsokoki na sama (waɗanda ke saman) a gefen dama na jiki yayin da tsokoki masu zurfi (waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin tsokoki na sama) ake nuna su a gefen hagu na jiki. Ga ƙafafu, ana nuna tsokoki na sama a gefen gaba yayin da gefen baya yana nuna tsokoki na sama da na zurfi.]]
Akwai nau'ikan tsokoki guda uku - zuciya, ƙashi, da santsi . Ana amfani da tsokoki masu santsi don sarrafa kwararar abubuwa a cikin lumens na [[Gaɓa (jiki)|gabobin]] da ba su da zurfi, kuma ba a sarrafa su da sani ba . Tsokokin ƙashi da na zuciya suna da striations waɗanda ake iya gani a ƙarƙashin na'urar hangen nesa saboda abubuwan da ke cikin ƙwayoyin halittarsu. Tsokoki masu santsi da santsi ne kawai ɓangare na tsarin tsokar jiki kuma tsokoki ne kawai za su iya motsa jiki. Ana samun tsokoki na zuciya a cikin [[zuciya]] kuma ana amfani da su ne kawai don zagayawa [[Jini|da jini]] ; kamar tsokoki masu santsi, waɗannan tsokoki ba sa ƙarƙashin ikon sani. Tsokokin ƙashi suna haɗe da ƙashi kuma an shirya su a cikin ƙungiyoyi masu adawa a kusa da [[Gaɓoɓi|haɗin gwiwa]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mooar |first=Pekka |year=2007 |title=Muscles |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/bone_joint_and_muscle_disorders/biology_of_the_musculoskeletal_system/muscles.html |access-date=16 November 2008 |website=The Merck Manuals Online Medical Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsokoki suna cikin jiki, inda ake isar da siginar jijiyoyi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=innervated |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/innervated |access-date=3 January 2009 |website=Dictionary.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta hanyar jijiyoyi, waɗanda ke gudanar da kwararar lantarki daga tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya kuma suna sa tsokoki su yi ƙunci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bárány |first=Michael |last2=Bárány |first2=Kate |year=2002 |title=Smooth muscle |url=http://www.uic.edu/classes/phyb/phyb516/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202135439/http://www.uic.edu/classes/phyb/phyb516/index.htm |archive-date=Dec 2, 2008 |access-date=19 November 2008 |website=Biochemistry of muscle contraction}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Fara maƙura ====
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;A cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, lokacin da tsoka ta yi ƙarfi, jerin halayen suna faruwa. Matsewar tsoka yana ƙaruwa ne ta hanyar aika saƙo ga tsokoki daga tsarin jijiyoyi na somatic . Depolarization na ƙwayar jijiya mai motsi yana haifar da sakin masu jijiyoyi daga tashar jijiya . Sararin da ke tsakanin tashar jijiya da ƙwayar tsoka ana kiransa da haɗin neuromuscular . Waɗannan masu jijiyoyi suna yaɗuwa a cikin synapse kuma suna ɗaure zuwa takamaiman wuraren masu jijiyoyi akan membrane na ƙwayar tsoka . Lokacin da aka ƙarfafa isassun masu jijiyoyi, ana samar da ƙarfin aiki kuma ana canza ikon sarcolemma . Wannan tsari ana kiransa farawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Mechanism of Muscle Contraction |url=http://meat.tamu.edu/muscontract.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217003827/http://meat.tamu.edu/muscontract.html |archive-date=17 February 2012 |access-date=18 November 2008 |website=Principles of Meat Science (4th Edition)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== jijiyar jijiyoyi ====
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Jijiya wani yanki ne mai tauri da sassauƙa na nama mai haɗin kai wanda ke haɗa tsokoki da ƙasusuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jonathan |first=Cluett |year=2008 |title=Tendons |url=http://orthopedics.about.com/cs/sportsmedicine/g/tendon.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306042514/http://orthopedics.about.com/cs/sportsmedicine/g/tendon.htm |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=19 November 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nama mai haɗin kai na waje tsakanin zaruruwan tsoka yana ɗaure da jijiyoyi a ƙarshen nesa da kusa, kuma jijiya tana ɗaure da periosteum na ƙasusuwa daban-daban a asalin tsoka da kuma shigarta. Yayin da tsokoki ke matsewa, jijiyoyi suna aika ƙarfi zuwa ga ƙasusuwa masu tauri, suna jan su suna haifar da motsi. Jijiyoyi na iya shimfiɗa sosai, suna ba su damar yin aiki azaman maɓuɓɓuga yayin motsi, ta haka suna adana kuzari.

=== Haɗuwa, jiji da bursae ===
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[[Fayil:Joint.svg|right|thumb|Haɗin haɗin gwiwa na synovial na ɗan adam]]
Gabobi tsari ne da ke haɗa ƙasusuwa daban-daban kuma yana iya barin ƙasusuwa su yi motsi a kan juna don haifar da motsi. Akwai rabe-raben gabobi guda uku: diarthroses, wanda ke ba da damar motsi mai yawa tsakanin kawunan articular guda biyu ko fiye; amphiarthroses, wanda ke ba da ''damar'' motsi; da kuma gabobin ƙarya ko synarthroses, waɗanda ke ba da damar motsi kaɗan ko babu kuma galibi suna da fibrous . Gabobin synovial, gabobin da ba a haɗa kai tsaye ba, ana shafa musu mai da wani magani da ake kira ruwa mai narkewa wanda membranes na synovial ke samarwa. Wannan ruwan yana rage gogayya tsakanin saman articular kuma ana ajiye shi a cikin wani kapsul na articular, yana ɗaure gabobin da kyallen jikinsa mai ƙarfi. &lt;ref name=&quot;becomehealthy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gary |first=Farr |date=25 June 2002 |title=The Musculoskeletal System |url=http://www.becomehealthynow.com/category/bodymusculo/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129111013/http://www.becomehealthynow.com/category/bodymusculo/ |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=18 November 2008}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGary2002&quot;&gt;Gary, Farr (25 June 2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20141129111013/http://www.becomehealthynow.com/category/bodymusculo/ &quot;The Musculoskeletal System&quot;]. Archived from [http://www.becomehealthynow.com/category/bodymusculo/ the original] on 29 November 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;18 November&lt;/span&gt; 2008&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ƙungiyoyin Jijiyoyi ====
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Jijiya ƙaramin yanki ne na nama mai laushi mai yawa, fari, da kuma fibrous . &lt;ref name=&quot;becomehealthy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gary |first=Farr |date=25 June 2002 |title=The Musculoskeletal System |url=http://www.becomehealthynow.com/category/bodymusculo/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129111013/http://www.becomehealthynow.com/category/bodymusculo/ |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=18 November 2008}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGary2002&quot;&gt;Gary, Farr (25 June 2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20141129111013/http://www.becomehealthynow.com/category/bodymusculo/ &quot;The Musculoskeletal System&quot;]. Archived from [http://www.becomehealthynow.com/category/bodymusculo/ the original] on 29 November 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;18 November&lt;/span&gt; 2008&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Jijiyoyi suna haɗa ƙarshen ƙasusuwa wuri ɗaya domin su samar da haɗin gwiwa. Yawancin jijiyoyi suna iyakance wargajewa, ko kuma suna hana wasu motsi waɗanda ka iya haifar da karyewa. Tunda su ne kawai masu laushi.  suna ƙara tsayi idan ana matsa lamba. Idan wannan ya faru, jijiyar na iya karyewa wanda zai haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali a haɗin gwiwa.

Haɗaɗɗun jijiyoyi na iya takaita wasu ayyuka: motsi kamar faɗaɗawa da lanƙwasawa suna iyakancewa ta hanyar jijiyoyin jini zuwa wani mataki. Haka kuma jijiyoyin suna hana wasu motsi na alkibla. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bridwell |first=Keith |title=Ligaments |url=http://www.spineuniverse.com/displayarticle.php/article1268.html |access-date=16 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Bursa ====
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Bursa ƙaramin jaka ne mai cike da ruwa wanda aka yi da farin nama mai kama da fata kuma an lulluɓe shi da membrane na synovial . Haka kuma ana iya samar da Bursa ta hanyar membrane na synovial wanda ya faɗaɗa a wajen haɗin gwiwa . &lt;ref name=&quot;adam&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2001 |title=Skeletal System |url=http://www.besthealth.com/besthealth/bodyguide/reftext/html/skel_sys_fin.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225210638/http://www.besthealth.com/besthealth/bodyguide/reftext/html/skel_sys_fin.html |archive-date=25 February 2011 |access-date=8 January 2009}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110225210638/http://www.besthealth.com/besthealth/bodyguide/reftext/html/skel_sys_fin.html &quot;Skeletal System&quot;]. 2001. Archived from [http://www.besthealth.com/besthealth/bodyguide/reftext/html/skel_sys_fin.html the original] on 25 February 2011&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;8 January&lt;/span&gt; 2009&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Yana samar da matashin kai tsakanin ƙasusuwa da jijiyoyi ko tsokoki a kusa da haɗin gwiwa; bursa yana cike da ruwan synovial kuma ana samunsa a kusa da kusan kowace babbar haɗin jiki.

== Muhimmancin asibiti ==
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[[Fayil:Musculoskeletal_diseases_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg|thumb|Shekarun rayuwar cututtukan tsoka da nakasa da aka daidaita bisa ga tsarin nakasa ga kowace 100,000&amp;nbsp;mazauna a shekarar 2004: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=WHO Disease and injury country estimates |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_country/en/index.html |access-date=11 November 2009 |website=[[World Health Organization]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ]]
Saboda sauran tsarin jiki da yawa, gami da tsarin jijiyoyin jini, jijiyoyi, da na ciki, suna da alaƙa da juna, rashin lafiyar ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan tsarin na iya shafar tsarin tsoka da kuma rikitar da ganewar asalin matsalar. Cututtukan tsarin tsoka galibi sun haɗa da matsalolin aiki ko bambance-bambancen motsi; matakin rashin lafiyar ya dogara ne musamman akan matsalar da tsananinta. A cikin wani bincike kan asibiti a Amurka, mafi yawan hanyoyin OR da aka fi amfani da su a cikin asibiti a cikin 2012 sun haɗa da tsarin tsoka: tiyatar gwiwa, tiyatar laminectomy, maye gurbin kugu, da haɗin kashin baya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fingar KR, Stocks C, Weiss AJ, Steiner CA |date=December 2014 |title=Most Frequent Operating Room Procedures Performed in U.S. Hospitals, 2003–2012 |url=https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb186-Operating-Room-Procedures-United-States-2012.jsp |journal=HCUP Statistical Brief |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=186}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cututtukan haɗin gwiwa (ko waɗanda suka shafi haɗin gwiwa) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=articular |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/articular |access-date=15 November 2008 |website=Random House Unabridged Dictionary |publisher=Random House, Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; sune suka fi yawa. Duk da haka, daga cikin cututtukan da aka gano akwai: cututtukan tsoka na farko, cututtukan jijiyoyi (da suka shafi kimiyyar likitanci da ke magance tsarin jijiyoyi da matsalolin da ke shafar su) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=neurologic |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/neurologic |access-date=15 November 2008 |website=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company}}&lt;/ref&gt; ƙarancin guba, gurɓatattun abubuwa, matsalolin endocrine, matsalolin metabolism, cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa, matsalolin jini da jijiyoyin jini, da rashin daidaiton abinci mai gina jiki.

Matsalolin tsokoki daga wani tsarin jiki na iya haifar da rashin daidaituwa kamar: raunin motsi na ido da iko, rashin aikin numfashi, da kuma matsalar mafitsara. Cikakken gurguntawa, paresis, ko ataxia na iya faruwa ne sakamakon matsalolin tsoka na farko waɗanda suka samo asali daga kamuwa da cuta ko guba ; duk da haka, matsalar farko yawanci tana da alaƙa da tsarin jijiyoyi, tare da tsarin tsoka yana aiki a matsayin sashin aiki, wani sashin da ke iya amsawa ga wani abu mai motsawa, musamman motsin jijiya. 

Wani rashin lafiya da ba a bayyana ba wanda ke farawa a lokacin [[Juna biyu|daukar ciki]] shine ciwon ƙugu . Yana da rikitarwa, mai yawan factorial, kuma ana iya wakilta shi da jerin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ciwo ya haifar, tun daga tsarin jijiyoyi na gefe ko na tsakiya,  canjin laxity/taurin tsokoki, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vleeming |first=Andry |last2=Albert, Hanne B. |last3=Östgaard, Hans Christian |last4=Sturesson, Bengt |last5=Stuge, Britt |date=June 2008 |title=European guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pelvic girdle pain |journal=European Spine Journal |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=794–819 |doi=10.1007/s00586-008-0602-4 |pmc=2518998 |pmid=18259783}}&lt;/ref&gt; laxity zuwa raunin tsarin jijiyoyi/ligamentous &lt;ref name=&quot;Vleemingde Vries2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vleeming |first=Andry |last2=de Vries |first2=Haitze |last3=Mens |first3=Jan |last4=van Wingerden |first4=Jan-Paul |year=2002 |title=Possible role of the long dorsal sacroiliac ligament in women with peripartum pelvic pain |journal=Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica |volume=81 |issue=5 |pages=430–436 |doi=10.1034/j.1600-0412.2002.810510.x |issn=0001-6349 |pmid=12027817 |s2cid=18323116 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; zuwa tsarin jiki mara daidaitawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Diagnosis&quot; /&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Tsokokin kwarangwal na jikin ɗan adam
* Tsoka ta ƙashi
* Tsarin tsoka

== Manazarta ==
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'''Tsarin tsokar tsoka na ɗan adam''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''tsarin motsa jiki na ɗan adam''', kuma a da '''tsarin aiki''' ) tsarin gabobi ne wanda ke ba wa [[Ɗan Adam|ɗan adam]] ikon motsawa ta amfani da tsarin tsoka da ƙashi . Tsarin tsokar tsoka yana ba da tsari, tallafi, kwanciyar hankali, da motsi ga jiki.

Tsarin tsokar tsoka na ɗan adam ya ƙunshi ƙasusuwan kwarangwal, tsokoki, guringuntsi,  jijiyoyi, jijiyoyi, [[Gaɓoɓi|haɗin gwiwa]], da sauran kyallen haɗin gwiwa waɗanda ke tallafawa da haɗa kyallen jiki da gabobi wuri ɗaya. Babban ayyukan tsarin tsokar tsoka sun haɗa da tallafawa jiki, barin motsi, da kare muhimman gabobi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mooar |first=Pekka |year=2007 |title=Muscles |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/bone_joint_and_muscle_disorders/biology_of_the_musculoskeletal_system/muscles.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110134914/http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/bone_joint_and_muscle_disorders/biology_of_the_musculoskeletal_system/muscles.html |archive-date=Nov 10, 2011 |access-date=12 November 2008 |website=Merck Manual}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sashen kwarangwal na tsarin yana aiki a matsayin babban tsarin ajiya don calcium da phosphorus kuma ya ƙunshi muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin hematopoietic . 

Wannan tsarin yana bayyana yadda ƙasusuwa ke haɗuwa da sauran ƙasusuwa da zare na tsoka ta hanyar nama mai haɗawa kamar jijiyoyi da jijiyoyi. Ƙasusuwa suna ba da kwanciyar hankali ga jiki. Tsokoki suna riƙe ƙasusuwa a wurinsu kuma suna taka rawa a cikin motsinsu. Don barin motsi, ƙasusuwa daban-daban suna haɗuwa tare. Cartilage yana hana ƙarshen ƙashi shafa kai tsaye a kan juna. Tsokoki suna ɗaurewa don motsa ƙasusuwan da aka haɗa a haɗin gwiwa. An tsara haɗin gwiwa da tsokoki don yin hulɗa cikin jituwa ta yadda duk wani ƙarfin tsoka da aka yi amfani da shi yana riƙe [[Tsakiya na hadin gwiwa|haɗin gwiwa a wurinsa kuma ya daidaita]] daidai yayin motsi kuma wannan, a gefe guda, yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye tsayi da tashin hankali daidai a cikin waɗannan tsokoki masu dacewa. 

Duk da haka, akwai cututtuka da matsaloli waɗanda zasu iya yin mummunan tasiri ga aikin da ingancin tsarin gaba ɗaya. Waɗannan cututtuka na iya zama da wahala a gano su saboda kusancin da ke tsakanin tsarin tsoka da sauran tsarin ciki. Tsarin tsoka yana nufin tsarin da tsokokinsa ke haɗe da tsarin ƙashi na ciki kuma yana da mahimmanci ga mutane su matsa zuwa matsayi mafi kyau. Matsaloli masu rikitarwa da raunuka da suka shafi tsarin tsoka yawanci ana magance su ta hanyar likitan fisiyo (ƙwararre a fannin likitancin jiki da gyaran jiki ) ko likitan ƙashi .

== Tsarin ƙasa ==

=== Ƙwaƙwalwa ===
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Tsarin kwarangwal yana da ayyuka masu mahimmanci da yawa; yana samar da siffa da tsari ga jiki, tallafi da kariya, yana ba da damar motsa jiki, yana samar da [[jini]] ga jiki, da kuma adana ma'adanai. &lt;ref name=&quot;skeletalsystem&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Applegate |first=Edith |last2=Kent Van De Graaff |title=The Skeletal System |url=http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/skeletalsystem.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603165512/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/skeletalsystem.html |archive-date=3 June 2010 |access-date=3 January 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adadin ƙasusuwa a cikin tsarin kwarangwal na ɗan adam batu ne mai rikitarwa. An haifi mutane da ƙasusuwa sama da 300; duk da haka, ƙasusuwa da yawa suna haɗuwa tsakanin haihuwa da balaga. Sakamakon haka, matsakaicin kwarangwal na manya ya ƙunshi ƙasusuwa 206. Adadin ƙasusuwa ya bambanta bisa ga hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita don samun ƙidayar. Yayin da wasu ke ɗaukar wasu tsare-tsare a matsayin ƙashi ɗaya mai sassa da yawa, wasu na iya ganinsa a matsayin ɓangare ɗaya mai ƙasusuwa da yawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Engelbert |first=Phillis |last2=Carol DeKane Nagel |year=2009 |title=The Human Body / How Many Bones Are In The Human Body? |url=http://www.enotes.com/science-fact-finder/human-body/how-many-bones-human-body |access-date=24 January 2009 |website=U·X·L Science Fact Finder |publisher=eNotes.com, Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai rarrabuwa guda biyar na ƙasusuwa gabaɗaya. Waɗannan su ne dogayen ƙasusuwa, ƙasusuwa gajeru, ƙasusuwa masu faɗi, ƙasusuwa marasa daidaituwa, da ƙasusuwa na sesamoid . Ƙasusuwan ɗan adam ya ƙunshi ƙasusuwa masu haɗuwa da na mutum ɗaya waɗanda ke tallafawa jijiyoyin jijiyoyi, jijiyoyi, tsokoki da guringuntsi . Tsarinsa mai rikitarwa ne mai rarrabuwa biyu daban-daban; ƙasusuwan axial, wanda ya haɗa da ginshiƙin ƙashin baya, da ƙasusuwan appendicular . &lt;ref name=&quot;becomehealthy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gary |first=Farr |date=25 June 2002 |title=The Musculoskeletal System |url=http://www.becomehealthynow.com/category/bodymusculo/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129111013/http://www.becomehealthynow.com/category/bodymusculo/ |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=18 November 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== aiki ====
Tsarin kwarangwal yana aiki a matsayin tsarin da kyallen takarda da [[Gaɓa (jiki)|gabobin jiki]] za su manne da su. Wannan tsarin yana aiki a matsayin tsarin kariya ga muhimman gabobin jiki. Manyan misalan wannan sune [[Ƙwaƙwalwar dan Adam|kwakwalwa]] tana kare ta da kwanyar kai kuma [[huhu]] tana kare ta da kejin haƙarƙari .

Akwai bambance-bambance guda biyu a cikin ƙasusuwa masu tsayi (rawaya da ja). Raƙuman rawaya suna da nama mai haɗin kai kuma ana samun su a cikin ramin maƙogwaro. A lokacin yunwa, jiki yana amfani da kitsen da ke cikin maƙogwaro mai launin rawaya don makamashi. &lt;ref name=&quot;adam&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2001 |title=Skeletal System |url=http://www.besthealth.com/besthealth/bodyguide/reftext/html/skel_sys_fin.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225210638/http://www.besthealth.com/besthealth/bodyguide/reftext/html/skel_sys_fin.html |archive-date=25 February 2011 |access-date=8 January 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Raƙuman ja na wasu ƙasusuwa wuri ne mai mahimmanci don samar da ƙwayoyin jini, kimanin ƙwayoyin jini ja miliyan 2.6 a kowace daƙiƙa don maye gurbin ƙwayoyin da ke akwai waɗanda hanta ta lalata. &lt;ref name=&quot;skeletalsystem&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Applegate |first=Edith |last2=Kent Van De Graaff |title=The Skeletal System |url=http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/skeletalsystem.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603165512/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/skeletalsystem.html |archive-date=3 June 2010 |access-date=3 January 2009}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFApplegateKent_Van_De_Graaff&quot;&gt;Applegate, Edith; Kent Van De Graaff. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100603165512/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/skeletalsystem.html &quot;The Skeletal System&quot;]. Archived from [http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/skeletalsystem.html the original] on 3 June 2010&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 January&lt;/span&gt; 2009&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A nan duk ƙwayoyin jini na erythrocytes, platelets, da yawancin leukocytes suna samuwa a cikin manya. Daga maƙogwaro mai launin ja, ƙwayoyin jini na erythrocytes, platelets, da leukocytes suna ƙaura zuwa jini don yin ayyukansu na musamman.

Wani aikin ƙashi shine adana wasu ma'adanai. Calcium da phosphorus suna cikin manyan ma'adanai da ake adanawa. Muhimmancin wannan &quot;na'urar&quot; ajiya yana taimakawa wajen daidaita daidaiton ma'adanai a cikin jini. Idan canjin ma'adanai ya yi yawa, ana adana waɗannan ma'adanai a cikin ƙashi ; idan ya yi ƙasa za a cire su daga ƙashi.

=== tsoka ===
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[[Fayil:414_Skeletal_Smooth_Cardiac.jpg|left|thumb|Jiki yana dauke da nau'ikan tsoka guda uku: (a) tsokar kwarangwal, (b) tsoka mai santsi, da (c) tsokar zuciya.]]
[[Fayil:1105_Anterior_and_Posterior_Views_of_Muscles.jpg|thumb|A gefen gaba da na baya na tsarin tsoka da ke sama, ana nuna tsokoki na sama (waɗanda ke saman) a gefen dama na jiki yayin da tsokoki masu zurfi (waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin tsokoki na sama) ake nuna su a gefen hagu na jiki. Ga ƙafafu, ana nuna tsokoki na sama a gefen gaba yayin da gefen baya yana nuna tsokoki na sama da na zurfi.]]
Akwai nau'ikan tsokoki guda uku - zuciya, ƙashi, da santsi . Ana amfani da tsokoki masu santsi don sarrafa kwararar abubuwa a cikin lumens na [[Gaɓa (jiki)|gabobin]] da ba su da zurfi, kuma ba a sarrafa su da sani ba . Tsokokin ƙashi da na zuciya suna da striations waɗanda ake iya gani a ƙarƙashin na'urar hangen nesa saboda abubuwan da ke cikin ƙwayoyin halittarsu. Tsokoki masu santsi da santsi ne kawai ɓangare na tsarin tsokar jiki kuma tsokoki ne kawai za su iya motsa jiki. Ana samun tsokoki na zuciya a cikin [[zuciya]] kuma ana amfani da su ne kawai don zagayawa [[Jini|da jini]] ; kamar tsokoki masu santsi, waɗannan tsokoki ba sa ƙarƙashin ikon sani. Tsokokin ƙashi suna haɗe da ƙashi kuma an shirya su a cikin ƙungiyoyi masu adawa a kusa da [[Gaɓoɓi|haɗin gwiwa]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mooar |first=Pekka |year=2007 |title=Muscles |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/bone_joint_and_muscle_disorders/biology_of_the_musculoskeletal_system/muscles.html |access-date=16 November 2008 |website=The Merck Manuals Online Medical Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsokoki suna cikin jiki, inda ake isar da siginar jijiyoyi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=innervated |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/innervated |access-date=3 January 2009 |website=Dictionary.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta hanyar jijiyoyi, waɗanda ke gudanar da kwararar lantarki daga tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya kuma suna sa tsokoki su yi ƙunci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bárány |first=Michael |last2=Bárány |first2=Kate |year=2002 |title=Smooth muscle |url=http://www.uic.edu/classes/phyb/phyb516/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202135439/http://www.uic.edu/classes/phyb/phyb516/index.htm |archive-date=Dec 2, 2008 |access-date=19 November 2008 |website=Biochemistry of muscle contraction}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Fara maƙura ====
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;A cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, lokacin da tsoka ta yi ƙarfi, jerin halayen suna faruwa. Matsewar tsoka yana ƙaruwa ne ta hanyar aika saƙo ga tsokoki daga tsarin jijiyoyi na somatic . Depolarization na ƙwayar jijiya mai motsi yana haifar da sakin masu jijiyoyi daga tashar jijiya . Sararin da ke tsakanin tashar jijiya da ƙwayar tsoka ana kiransa da haɗin neuromuscular . Waɗannan masu jijiyoyi suna yaɗuwa a cikin synapse kuma suna ɗaure zuwa takamaiman wuraren masu jijiyoyi akan membrane na ƙwayar tsoka . Lokacin da aka ƙarfafa isassun masu jijiyoyi, ana samar da ƙarfin aiki kuma ana canza ikon sarcolemma . Wannan tsari ana kiransa farawa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Mechanism of Muscle Contraction |url=http://meat.tamu.edu/muscontract.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217003827/http://meat.tamu.edu/muscontract.html |archive-date=17 February 2012 |access-date=18 November 2008 |website=Principles of Meat Science (4th Edition)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== jijiyar jijiyoyi ====
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Jijiya wani yanki ne mai tauri da sassauƙa na nama mai haɗin kai wanda ke haɗa tsokoki da ƙasusuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jonathan |first=Cluett |year=2008 |title=Tendons |url=http://orthopedics.about.com/cs/sportsmedicine/g/tendon.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306042514/http://orthopedics.about.com/cs/sportsmedicine/g/tendon.htm |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=19 November 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nama mai haɗin kai na waje tsakanin zaruruwan tsoka yana ɗaure da jijiyoyi a ƙarshen nesa da kusa, kuma jijiya tana ɗaure da periosteum na ƙasusuwa daban-daban a asalin tsoka da kuma shigarta. Yayin da tsokoki ke matsewa, jijiyoyi suna aika ƙarfi zuwa ga ƙasusuwa masu tauri, suna jan su suna haifar da motsi. Jijiyoyi na iya shimfiɗa sosai, suna ba su damar yin aiki azaman maɓuɓɓuga yayin motsi, ta haka suna adana kuzari.

=== Haɗuwa, jiji da bursae ===
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[[Fayil:Joint.svg|right|thumb|Haɗin haɗin gwiwa na synovial na ɗan adam]]
Gabobi tsari ne da ke haɗa ƙasusuwa daban-daban kuma yana iya barin ƙasusuwa su yi motsi a kan juna don haifar da motsi. Akwai rabe-raben gabobi guda uku: diarthroses, wanda ke ba da damar motsi mai yawa tsakanin kawunan articular guda biyu ko fiye; amphiarthroses, wanda ke ba da ''damar'' motsi; da kuma gabobin ƙarya ko synarthroses, waɗanda ke ba da damar motsi kaɗan ko babu kuma galibi suna da fibrous . Gabobin synovial, gabobin da ba a haɗa kai tsaye ba, ana shafa musu mai da wani magani da ake kira ruwa mai narkewa wanda membranes na synovial ke samarwa. Wannan ruwan yana rage gogayya tsakanin saman articular kuma ana ajiye shi a cikin wani kapsul na articular, yana ɗaure gabobin da kyallen jikinsa mai ƙarfi. &lt;ref name=&quot;becomehealthy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gary |first=Farr |date=25 June 2002 |title=The Musculoskeletal System |url=http://www.becomehealthynow.com/category/bodymusculo/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129111013/http://www.becomehealthynow.com/category/bodymusculo/ |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=18 November 2008}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGary2002&quot;&gt;Gary, Farr (25 June 2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20141129111013/http://www.becomehealthynow.com/category/bodymusculo/ &quot;The Musculoskeletal System&quot;]. Archived from [http://www.becomehealthynow.com/category/bodymusculo/ the original] on 29 November 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;18 November&lt;/span&gt; 2008&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ƙungiyoyin Jijiyoyi ====
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Jijiya ƙaramin yanki ne na nama mai laushi mai yawa, fari, da kuma fibrous . &lt;ref name=&quot;becomehealthy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gary |first=Farr |date=25 June 2002 |title=The Musculoskeletal System |url=http://www.becomehealthynow.com/category/bodymusculo/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129111013/http://www.becomehealthynow.com/category/bodymusculo/ |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=18 November 2008}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGary2002&quot;&gt;Gary, Farr (25 June 2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20141129111013/http://www.becomehealthynow.com/category/bodymusculo/ &quot;The Musculoskeletal System&quot;]. Archived from [http://www.becomehealthynow.com/category/bodymusculo/ the original] on 29 November 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;18 November&lt;/span&gt; 2008&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Jijiyoyi suna haɗa ƙarshen ƙasusuwa wuri ɗaya domin su samar da haɗin gwiwa. Yawancin jijiyoyi suna iyakance wargajewa, ko kuma suna hana wasu motsi waɗanda ka iya haifar da karyewa. Tunda su ne kawai masu laushi.  suna ƙara tsayi idan ana matsa lamba. Idan wannan ya faru, jijiyar na iya karyewa wanda zai haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali a haɗin gwiwa.

Haɗaɗɗun jijiyoyi na iya takaita wasu ayyuka: motsi kamar faɗaɗawa da lanƙwasawa suna iyakancewa ta hanyar jijiyoyin jini zuwa wani mataki. Haka kuma jijiyoyin suna hana wasu motsi na alkibla. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bridwell |first=Keith |title=Ligaments |url=http://www.spineuniverse.com/displayarticle.php/article1268.html |access-date=16 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Bursa ====
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Bursa ƙaramin jaka ne mai cike da ruwa wanda aka yi da farin nama mai kama da fata kuma an lulluɓe shi da membrane na synovial . Haka kuma ana iya samar da Bursa ta hanyar membrane na synovial wanda ya faɗaɗa a wajen haɗin gwiwa . &lt;ref name=&quot;adam&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2001 |title=Skeletal System |url=http://www.besthealth.com/besthealth/bodyguide/reftext/html/skel_sys_fin.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225210638/http://www.besthealth.com/besthealth/bodyguide/reftext/html/skel_sys_fin.html |archive-date=25 February 2011 |access-date=8 January 2009}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110225210638/http://www.besthealth.com/besthealth/bodyguide/reftext/html/skel_sys_fin.html &quot;Skeletal System&quot;]. 2001. Archived from [http://www.besthealth.com/besthealth/bodyguide/reftext/html/skel_sys_fin.html the original] on 25 February 2011&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;8 January&lt;/span&gt; 2009&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Yana samar da matashin kai tsakanin ƙasusuwa da jijiyoyi ko tsokoki a kusa da haɗin gwiwa; bursa yana cike da ruwan synovial kuma ana samunsa a kusa da kusan kowace babbar haɗin jiki.

== Muhimmancin asibiti ==
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[[Fayil:Musculoskeletal_diseases_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg|thumb|Shekarun rayuwar cututtukan tsoka da nakasa da aka daidaita bisa ga tsarin nakasa ga kowace 100,000&amp;nbsp;mazauna a shekarar 2004: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=WHO Disease and injury country estimates |url=https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_country/en/index.html |access-date=11 November 2009 |website=[[World Health Organization]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ]]
Saboda sauran tsarin jiki da yawa, gami da tsarin jijiyoyin jini, jijiyoyi, da na ciki, suna da alaƙa da juna, rashin lafiyar ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan tsarin na iya shafar tsarin tsoka da kuma rikitar da ganewar asalin matsalar. Cututtukan tsarin tsoka galibi sun haɗa da matsalolin aiki ko bambance-bambancen motsi; matakin rashin lafiyar ya dogara ne musamman akan matsalar da tsananinta. A cikin wani bincike kan asibiti a Amurka, mafi yawan hanyoyin OR da aka fi amfani da su a cikin asibiti a cikin 2012 sun haɗa da tsarin tsoka: tiyatar gwiwa, tiyatar laminectomy, maye gurbin kugu, da haɗin kashin baya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fingar KR, Stocks C, Weiss AJ, Steiner CA |date=December 2014 |title=Most Frequent Operating Room Procedures Performed in U.S. Hospitals, 2003–2012 |url=https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb186-Operating-Room-Procedures-United-States-2012.jsp |journal=HCUP Statistical Brief |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=186}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cututtukan haɗin gwiwa (ko waɗanda suka shafi haɗin gwiwa) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=articular |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/articular |access-date=15 November 2008 |website=Random House Unabridged Dictionary |publisher=Random House, Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt; sune suka fi yawa. Duk da haka, daga cikin cututtukan da aka gano akwai: cututtukan tsoka na farko, cututtukan jijiyoyi (da suka shafi kimiyyar likitanci da ke magance tsarin jijiyoyi da matsalolin da ke shafar su) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=neurologic |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/neurologic |access-date=15 November 2008 |website=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company}}&lt;/ref&gt; ƙarancin guba, gurɓatattun abubuwa, matsalolin endocrine, matsalolin metabolism, cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa, matsalolin jini da jijiyoyin jini, da rashin daidaiton abinci mai gina jiki.

Matsalolin tsokoki daga wani tsarin jiki na iya haifar da rashin daidaituwa kamar: raunin motsi na ido da iko, rashin aikin numfashi, da kuma matsalar mafitsara. Cikakken gurguntawa, paresis, ko ataxia na iya faruwa ne sakamakon matsalolin tsoka na farko waɗanda suka samo asali daga kamuwa da cuta ko guba ; duk da haka, matsalar farko yawanci tana da alaƙa da tsarin jijiyoyi, tare da tsarin tsoka yana aiki a matsayin sashin aiki, wani sashin da ke iya amsawa ga wani abu mai motsawa, musamman motsin jijiya. 

Wani rashin lafiya da ba a bayyana ba wanda ke farawa a lokacin [[Juna biyu|daukar ciki]] shine ciwon ƙugu . Yana da rikitarwa, mai yawan factorial, kuma ana iya wakilta shi da jerin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ciwo ya haifar, tun daga tsarin jijiyoyi na gefe ko na tsakiya,  canjin laxity/taurin tsokoki, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vleeming |first=Andry |last2=Albert, Hanne B. |last3=Östgaard, Hans Christian |last4=Sturesson, Bengt |last5=Stuge, Britt |date=June 2008 |title=European guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pelvic girdle pain |journal=European Spine Journal |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=794–819 |doi=10.1007/s00586-008-0602-4 |pmc=2518998 |pmid=18259783}}&lt;/ref&gt; laxity zuwa raunin tsarin jijiyoyi/ligamentous &lt;ref name=&quot;Vleemingde Vries2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vleeming |first=Andry |last2=de Vries |first2=Haitze |last3=Mens |first3=Jan |last4=van Wingerden |first4=Jan-Paul |year=2002 |title=Possible role of the long dorsal sacroiliac ligament in women with peripartum pelvic pain |journal=Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica |volume=81 |issue=5 |pages=430–436 |doi=10.1034/j.1600-0412.2002.810510.x |issn=0001-6349 |pmid=12027817 |s2cid=18323116 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; zuwa tsarin jiki mara daidaitawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Diagnosis&quot; /&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Tsokokin kwarangwal na jikin ɗan adam
* Tsoka ta ƙashi
* Tsarin tsoka

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist|2}}{{Organ systems}}{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mylochromis anaphyrmus</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-12T18:56:40Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358603065|Mylochromis anaphyrmus]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Mylochromis anaphyrmus''''' nau'in kifin cichlid ne wanda ke zaune a kudancin [[Tabkin Malawi|tafkin Malawi]] . Ana iya samunsa a zurfin kusan {{Convert|10|to(-)|72|m|ft}} a cikin ruwa mai yashi ko ƙasa mai laushi. Kifi ne mai zurfin jiki wanda ya bambanta da mambobi masu kusanci na wannan nau'in ta hanyar samun kai mai ƙanƙanta da zagaye da ƙaramin baki. Wannan nau'in na iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|23|cm|in}} TL . 

''Mylochromis anaphyrmus'' wani nau'in mafarauci ne na mollusks, galibi gastropods, wanda yake niƙawa da manyan haƙoran molariform. Binciken hanjinsu ya kuma nuna cewa suna cin copepods da sauran arthropods. 

Sunan takamaiman nau'in, ''anaphyrmus'', ya fito ne daga kalmar Girkanci ta dā don rikicewa, wato ma'anar tsarin rarrabuwar nau'in da ba a tabbatar da shi ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Burgess&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Burgess |first=Warren |last2=Axelrod |first2=Herbert |date=1973 |title=New cichlids from Lake Malawi |url=https://malawicichlids.com/burgess_axelrod_1973.pdf |journal=Tropical Fish Hobbyist |pages=95-98}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya samun wannan nau'in a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|kifaye]] . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="1151" sha1="llsu0pbsf2iftd0r6g6hx4dz8ed7xiq" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Mylochromis anaphyrmus''''' nau'in kifin cichlid ne wanda ke zaune a kudancin [[Tabkin Malawi|tafkin Malawi]] . Ana iya samunsa a zurfin kusan {{Convert|10|to(-)|72|m|ft}} a cikin ruwa mai yashi ko ƙasa mai laushi. Kifi ne mai zurfin jiki wanda ya bambanta da mambobi masu kusanci na wannan nau'in ta hanyar samun kai mai ƙanƙanta da zagaye da ƙaramin baki. Wannan nau'in na iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|23|cm|in}} TL . 

''Mylochromis anaphyrmus'' wani nau'in mafarauci ne na mollusks, galibi gastropods, wanda yake niƙawa da manyan haƙoran molariform. Binciken hanjinsu ya kuma nuna cewa suna cin copepods da sauran arthropods. 

Sunan takamaiman nau'in, ''anaphyrmus'', ya fito ne daga kalmar Girkanci ta dā don rikicewa, wato ma'anar tsarin rarrabuwar nau'in da ba a tabbatar da shi ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Burgess&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Burgess |first=Warren |last2=Axelrod |first2=Herbert |date=1973 |title=New cichlids from Lake Malawi |url=https://malawicichlids.com/burgess_axelrod_1973.pdf |journal=Tropical Fish Hobbyist |pages=95-98}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya samun wannan nau'in a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|kifaye]] . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Rashin jin daɗi na ƙarshen rayuwa</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Rahama Buhari Sani</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1325745747|Late life depression]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Baƙin cikin da ya ƙare''' yana nufin baƙin ciki da ke faruwa a cikin tsofaffi kuma yana da halaye daban-daban, ciki har da sake dawowa da baƙin cikin da ya fara tun farko, sabon ganewar cutar baƙin cikin da ya ƙare, da kuma rashin lafiyar yanayi da ya samo asali daga wani yanayi na daban na lafiya, amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, ko tsarin magani. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aziz |first=Rehan |last2=Steffens |first2=David C. |date=2013-12-01 |title=What Are the Causes of Late-Life Depression? |url=https://www.psych.theclinics.com/article/S0193-953X(13)00083-X/abstract |journal=Psychiatric Clinics |language=English |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=497–516 |doi=10.1016/j.psc.2013.08.001 |issn=0193-953X |pmc=4084923 |pmid=24229653}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bincike game da baƙin cikin da ya ƙare yakan mayar da hankali kan baƙin cikin da ya ƙare, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin [[Babban rashin damuwa|babban abin da]] ke faruwa a karon farko a cikin tsofaffi (majiyoyi daban-daban sun bayyana wannan matakin ta hanyoyi daban-daban, yawanci tsakanin shekaru 60-65). &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Taylor WD |date=September 2014 |title=Clinical practice. Depression in the elderly |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=371 |issue=13 |pages=1228–36 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1402180 |pmid=25251617 |s2cid=36201456}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba a gano ɓacin rai a ƙarshen rayuwa ba sau da yawa, wanda ya faru ne saboda dalilai da yawa, ciki har da cewa yanayin baƙin ciki yawanci ba ya bayyana kamar sauran alamomin damuwa da na hankali kamar rashin ci, rashin barci, rashin kuzari ko rashin kuzari, gajiya, da rashin sha'awa da jin daɗi a cikin ayyukan rayuwa na yau da kullun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lebowitz |first=Barry D. |last2=Pearson |first2=Jane L. |last3=Schneider |first3=Lon S. |last4=Reynolds |first4=Charles F. III |last5=Alexopoulos |first5=George S. |last6=Bruce |first6=Martha Livingston |last7=Conwell |first7=Yeates |last8=Katz |first8=Ira R. |last9=Meyers |first9=Barnett S. |last10=Morrison |first10=Mary F. |last11=Mossey |first11=Jana |last12=Niederehe |first12=George |last13=Parmelee |first13=Patricia |date=1997-10-08 |title=Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression in Late Life: Consensus Statement Update |journal=JAMA |volume=278 |issue=14 |pages=1186–1190 |doi=10.1001/jama.1997.03550140078045 |issn=0098-7484 |pmid=9326481}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Husain-Krautter |first=Sehba |last2=Ellison |first2=James M. |date=2021-07-01 |title=Late Life Depression: The Essentials and the Essential Distinctions |journal=FOCUS |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=282–293 |doi=10.1176/appi.focus.20210006 |issn=1541-4094 |pmc=8475940 |pmid=34690594}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matsalolin lafiya masu alaƙa da rashin tsammanin aiki na tsofaffi suma galibi suna ɓoye matakin nakasa da ɓacin rai ke haifarwa a ƙarshen rayuwa. Tsofaffi wani lokacin suna watsi da ƙarancin baƙin ciki a matsayin martani mai karɓuwa ga damuwa ta rayuwa ko wani ɓangare na tsufa. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid19812743&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Alexopoulos GS, Kelly RE |date=October 2009 |title=Research advances in geriatric depression |journal=World Psychiatry |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=140–9 |doi=10.1002/j.2051-5545.2009.tb00234.x |pmc=2755271 |pmid=19812743}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid17588275&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Steffens DC, Potter GG |date=February 2008 |title=Geriatric depression and cognitive impairment |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=163–75 |doi=10.1017/S003329170700102X |pmid=17588275 |s2cid=36713188}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16135616&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mitchell AJ, Subramaniam H |date=September 2005 |title=Prognosis of depression in old age compared to middle age: a systematic review of comparative studies |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=162 |issue=9 |pages=1588–601 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.162.9.1588 |pmid=16135616}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yohannes AM, Baldwin RC |year=2008 |title=Medical Comorbidities in Late-Life Depression |journal=Psychiatric Times |volume=25 |issue=14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙarin dalilan wahalar ganewar asali sun haɗa da: cututtukan likita da illolin magunguna waɗanda ke kama da baƙin ciki, wahalar sadarwa da masu ba da sabis, rashin lokaci a lokacin ganawa, da imani game da cututtukan kwakwalwa da magani daga majiyyaci, abokai, 'yan uwa, da al'umma. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UpToDate |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-and-management-of-late-life-unipolar-depression |access-date=2019-11-20 |website=uptodate.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sirey JA, Bruce ML, Alexopoulos GS, Perlick DA, Raue P, Friedman SJ, Meyers BS |date=March 2001 |title=Perceived stigma as a predictor of treatment discontinuation in young and older outpatients with depression |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=158 |issue=3 |pages=479–81 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.158.3.479 |pmid=11229992}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid17095750&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Krishnan KR |date=January 2007 |title=Concept of disease in geriatric psychiatry |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1097/01.JGP.0000224600.37387.4b |pmid=17095750}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15936426&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Alexopoulos GS |date=2005 |title=Depression in the elderly |journal=Lancet |volume=365 |issue=9475 |pages=1961–70 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66665-2 |pmid=15936426 |s2cid=34666321}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ko da lokacin da aka gano shi, ba a kula da ɓacin rai a ƙarshen rayuwa akai-akai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

[[Kulawa na farko|Kulawa ta farko]] galibi ita ce inda ganewar asali da maganin baƙin cikin da ya faru a ƙarshen rayuwa ke faruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Abin lura shi ne, DSM-5 ba ta fayyace takamaiman sharuɗɗan ganewar asali na baƙin cikin da ya faru a ƙarshen rayuwa ba kuma ta kammala da cewa halayen babban rashin jin daɗi ba sa bambanta da shekaru, kodayake bincike ya nuna cewa baƙin cikin da ya faru a ƙarshen rayuwa na iya bayyana daban-daban, kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; A takaice dai, duk da haka, ana yin ganewar asali kamar yadda sauran ƙungiyoyin shekaru ke yi, ta amfani da ƙa'idodin DSM-5 don babban rashin jin daɗi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UpToDate |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=PSYCH/89994&amp;topicKey=PULM/1619 |access-date=2019-11-20 |website=uptodate.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka da sauran shawarwarin asibiti sun kuma fahimci nau'ikan alamomin damuwa waɗanda suka wuce ƙa'idodi na yau da kullun don babban rashin lafiyar damuwa, gami da rashin kwanciyar hankali na ƙarƙashin ƙasa/ƙaramin damuwa da rashin lafiyar dysthymic; waɗannan cututtukan da ke ƙarƙashin laima na baƙin ciki na ƙarshen rayuwa suma suna iya kasancewa tare da alamun rauni da rikicewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=American Psychological Association |title=APA Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Depression Across Three Age Cohorts |url=https://www.apa.org/depression-guideline/guideline.pdf |access-date=12 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Magunguna don baƙin ciki na ƙarshen rayuwa sun haɗa da magani da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, tare da canje-canjen salon rayuwa kamar motsa jiki, maganin haske mai haske, da tallafin iyali. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; A cikin marasa lafiya waɗanda ba su amsa jiyya ta farko ba, ana iya amfani da dabarun motsa jiki kamar maganin electroconvulsive (ECT) . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; ECT ya nuna tasiri wajen kula da tsofaffi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=van der Wurff FB, Stek ML, Hoogendijk WJ, Beekman AT |date=October 2003 |title=The efficacy and safety of ECT in depressed older adults: a literature review |journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=18 |issue=10 |pages=894–904 |doi=10.1002/gps.944 |pmid=14533122 |s2cid=20799377 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alamomi da ganewar asali ==
Diagnosis of depression in late life is made using the same criteria for [[Babban rashin damuwa|Major Depressive Disorder]] found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)

Domin cika ka'idojin [[Babban abin baƙin ciki|babban yanayin damuwa]], dole ne majiyyaci ya kasance yana da alamomi biyar daga cikin tara da aka lissafa a ƙasa kusan kowace rana na tsawon akalla makonni biyu kuma dole ne ya kasance yana da aƙalla yanayin damuwa ko rashin lafiyar zuciya. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15168957&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Birrer RB, Vemuri SP |date=May 2004 |title=Depression in later life: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge |journal=American Family Physician |volume=69 |issue=10 |pages=2375–82 |pmid=15168957}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Alamomin da suke fuskanta dole ne su kuma cutar da ikonsu na aiki a rayuwar yau da kullun kuma ba dole ba ne a yi musu bayani mai kyau ta hanyar rashin lafiya ko wani abu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Domin ƙara cika ka'idojin [[Babban rashin damuwa|Babban Ciwon Damuwa]], ba dole ba ne a danganta yanayin damuwa da wata cuta ta tabin hankali kamar tabin hankali ko [[Cutar bipolar|rashin lafiyar bipolar]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

# Yanayin baƙin ciki ko baƙin ciki
# Rashin sha'awar ayyukan jin daɗi (Anhedonia )
# Matsalar barci (ƙaruwa ko raguwar barci)
# Matsalar ci (ƙara ko raguwar ci) yawanci tare da canjin nauyi
# Matsalar kuzari (ƙaruwa ko raguwar matakin kuzari/aiki), yawanci gajiya
# Rashin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ko maida hankali sosai
# Jin laifi ko rashin amfani
# Jinkirin motsin rai ko tashin hankali (canji a saurin tunani da jiki da wasu mutane ke gani)
# Tunanin fatan sun mutu; tunanin kashe kansu ko yunƙurin kashe kansu

== Dalilai da abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari ==
Ba a san ainihin canje-canjen da ke faruwa a cikin sinadarai da aikin kwakwalwa waɗanda ke haifar da baƙin ciki na ƙarshe ko na farko ba. Wasu ka'idoji suna da'awar cewa baƙin cikin ƙarshe na iya faruwa ne sakamakon rashin daidaituwar dopamine da norepinephrine. Bugu da ƙari, rashin daidaiton pituitary da adrenal suna tare da lamuran yau da kullun na baƙin cikin ƙarshe. Canje-canjen da aka saba samu a cikin sinadarai da aikin kwakwalwa waɗanda ke haifar da baƙin cikin ƙarshe ko na farko ba a fayyace su ba. Duk da haka, an san cewa canje-canjen kwakwalwa na iya faruwa ne ta hanyar damuwa na wasu abubuwan rayuwa kamar rashin lafiya, haihuwa, mutuwar ƙaunatacce, sauye-sauyen rayuwa (kamar ritaya), rikice-rikice tsakanin mutane, ko warewar zamantakewa . Abubuwan da ke haifar da baƙin ciki ga tsofaffi sun haɗa da tarihin baƙin ciki, warewar zamantakewa, ƙarancin yanayin tattalin arziki, ciwo mara tsari, [[Yanayin da ba shi da kyau|rashin lafiya na yau da kullun]], rashin barci, jima'i na mata, rashin aure ko saki, rashin fahimtar aiki ko na kwakwalwa, rashin [[Shaye-shaye|shan giya]], amfani da wasu magunguna, abubuwan da suka faru na rayuwa masu wahala, da takamaiman rikice-rikicen zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. Waɗannan rikice-rikicen sun haɗa da hauhawar jini, ciwon suga, sha'awar shan taba, da [[hypercholesterolemia]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lichtenberg |first=Pesach |last2=Belmaker |first2=R.H. |date=2010 |title=Subtyping Major Depressive Disorder |journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics |volume=79 |issue=3 |page=132-133 |doi=10.1159/000286957 |jstor=48511252 |pmid=20185969}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aziz |first=Rehan |last2=Steffens |first2=David C. |date=December 2013 |title=What are the causes of late-life depression? |journal=The Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=497–516 |doi=10.1016/j.psc.2013.08.001 |issn=1558-3147 |pmc=4084923 |pmid=24229653}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Büchtemann |first=Dorothea |last2=Luppa |first2=Melanie |last3=Bramesfeld |first3=Anke |last4=Riedel-Heller |first4=Steffi |date=2012-12-15 |title=Incidence of late-life depression: a systematic review |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=142 |issue=1–3 |pages=172–179 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2012.05.010 |issn=1573-2517 |pmid=22940498}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cole |first=Martin G. |last2=Dendukuri |first2=Nandini |date=June 2003 |title=Risk factors for depression among elderly community subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=160 |issue=6 |pages=1147–1156 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.160.6.1147 |issn=0002-953X |pmid=12777274}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sekhon |first=Sandeep |last2=Patel |first2=Jason |last3=Sapra |first3=Amit |date=2024 |title=Late-Life Depression |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551507/#:~:text=Depression%20that%20occurs%20among%20individuals,is%20underdiagnosed%20and%20inadequately%20treated. |pmid=31855351}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bincike ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke fama da baƙin ciki a ƙarshen rayuwa sun fi kamuwa da cutar Alzheimer, ciwon hauka na jijiyoyin jini, da kuma ciwon hauka da ke haifar da dukkan nau'ikan ciwon hauka. Duk da haka, ciwon hauka na iya bayyana a farkon lokacin da cutar ke faruwa da alamun baƙin ciki, ma'ana wannan alaƙar na iya nuna cewa ciwon hauka yana haifar da baƙin ciki a ƙarshen rayuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Diniz |first=Breno S. |last2=Butters |first2=Meryl A. |last3=Albert |first3=Steven M. |last4=Dew |first4=Mary Amanda |last5=Reynolds |first5=Charles F. |date=May 2013 |title=Late-life depression and risk of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based cohort studies |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science |volume=202 |issue=5 |pages=329–335 |doi=10.1192/bjp.bp.112.118307 |issn=1472-1465 |pmc=3640214 |pmid=23637108}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nazarin da suka yi ƙoƙarin tantance ko baƙin ciki wani abu ne mai zaman kansa da ke haifar da ciwon hauka ya haifar da sakamako marasa ma'ana. Akwai jagororin da za su taimaka wa likitoci su bambanta ciwon hauka da ciwon hauka na farko a matsayin sanadin gano baƙin ciki a ƙarshen rayuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ducharme |first=Simon |last2=Pearl-Dowler |first2=Leora |last3=Gossink |first3=Flora |last4=McCarthy |first4=Jillian |last5=Lai |first5=Jimmy |last6=Dickerson |first6=Bradford C. |last7=Chertkow |first7=Howard |last8=Rapin |first8=Lucile |last9=Vijverberg |first9=Everard |last10=Krudop |first10=Welmoed |last11=Dols |first11=Annemieke |last12=Pijnenburg |first12=Yolande |date=2019-01-01 |title=The Frontotemporal Dementia versus Primary Psychiatric Disorder (FTD versus PPD) Checklist: A Bedside Clinical Tool to Identify Behavioral Variant FTD in Patients with Late-Onset Behavioral Changes |url=https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-alzheimers-disease/jad180839 |journal=Journal of Alzheimer's Disease |language=en |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=113–124 |doi=10.3233/JAD-180839 |issn=1387-2877 |pmid=30584146 |s2cid=58626686 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jiyya ==
Maganin yana da tasiri a kusan kashi 80% na waɗanda aka gano, idan aka bayar da magani. Ingantaccen kulawa yana buƙatar [[Tsarin zamantakewar halittu|hanyar biopsychosocial]], haɗa magungunan gargajiya, maganin fasaha, da kuma ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. Gabaɗaya magani yana haifar da ingantaccen rayuwa, haɓaka ƙarfin aiki, yuwuwar inganta yanayin lafiyar likita, ƙaruwar tsawon rai, da ƙarancin kuɗin kula da lafiya. Ya kamata a bayyana ci gaba da makonni biyu bayan fara maganin, amma cikakken tasirin magani na iya buƙatar watanni da yawa na magani. Ya kamata a ci gaba da maganin tsofaffi na tsawon lokaci fiye da yadda ake amfani da shi a ƙananan marasa lafiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15963019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Frazer CJ, Christensen H, Griffiths KM |date=June 2005 |title=Effectiveness of treatments for depression in older people |journal=The Medical Journal of Australia |volume=182 |issue=12 |pages=627–32 |doi=10.5694/j.1326-5377.2005.tb06849.x |pmid=15963019 |s2cid=18342952}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid19593778&quot;&gt; {{Cite journal |vauthors=Smith GS, Alexopoulos GS |date=August 2009 |title=Neuroimaging in geriatric psychiatry |journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=783–7 |doi=10.1002/gps.2335 |pmc=5675131 |pmid=19593778}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ilimin halin dan Adam ===
Ana ba da shawarar magungunan tabin hankali ga tsofaffi marasa lafiya da ke fama da baƙin ciki saboda raunin wannan rukunin ga illolin da ke tattare da su da kuma yawan matsalolin likita da amfani da magunguna. Hanyoyin magance matsalolin tabin hankali sun haɗa da maganin halayyar fahimta, maganin tabin hankali mai taimako, maganin magance matsaloli, da kuma maganin hulɗa da mutane. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18213605&quot; /&gt; Maganin bita na rayuwa wani nau'in magani ne wanda ke nuna amfanin sa ga tsofaffi masu fama da baƙin ciki mai matsakaici. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Korte J, Bohlmeijer ET, Cappeliez P, Smit F, Westerhof GJ |date=June 2012 |title=Life review therapy for older adults with moderate depressive symptomatology: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial |url=https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/6751301/Korte12life.pdf |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=1163–73 |doi=10.1017/S0033291711002042 |pmid=21995889 |s2cid=38756731}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amfanin ilimin tabin hankali ba ya raguwa ta hanyar ƙaruwar shekaru. Tsofaffi galibi suna da ingantaccen bin umarnin magani, ƙarancin adadin waɗanda suka daina zuwa makaranta, da kuma amsoshi masu kyau ga ilimin tabin hankali fiye da ƙananan marasa lafiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18213605&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Alexopoulos GS, Raue PJ, Kanellopoulos D, Mackin S, Arean PA |date=August 2008 |title=Problem solving therapy for the depression-executive dysfunction syndrome of late life |journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=23 |issue=8 |pages=782–8 |doi=10.1002/gps.1988 |pmid=18213605 |s2cid=35390619}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa maganin na iya zama mai amfani, ba koyaushe ake bayarwa ba saboda dalilai kamar rashin ƙwararrun masu ilimin tabin hankali ko rashin ɗaukar nauyin inshorar lafiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;uptodate.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UpToDate |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-and-management-of-late-life-unipolar-depression |access-date=2019-12-04 |website=uptodate.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maganin fasaha ===
Ana iya ba da shawarar yin amfani da maganin fasaha ga waɗanda ke fama da baƙin ciki, cutar Alzheimer, ciwon hauka, damuwa, da sauran matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Har zuwa kashi 27% na tsofaffi an gano suna da baƙin ciki a Amurka. Don haka ana iya amfani da maganin fasaha da amfaninsa daban-daban, ko na jiki (rawa), na ji (kiɗa), ko na gani (zane), don taimakawa waɗanda ke fama da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa amma nakasa ta hankali, ta jiki, da ta hali/ta motsin rai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Felicity A 2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dunphy |first=Kim |last2=Baker |first2=Felicity A. |last3=Dumaresq |first3=Ella |last4=Carroll-Haskins |first4=Katrina |last5=Eickholt |first5=Jasmin |last6=Ercole |first6=Maya |last7=Kaimal |first7=Girija |last8=Meyer |first8=Kirsten |last9=Sajnani |first9=Nisha |last10=Shamir |first10=Opher Y. |last11=Wosch |first11=Thomas |date=2019 |title=Creative Arts Interventions to Address Depression in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Outcomes, Processes, and Mechanisms |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=9 |page=2655 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02655 |issn=1664-1078 |pmc=6331422 |pmid=30671000 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ga cewa maganin fasaha yana taimaka wa waɗanda ke cikin ƙarshen rayuwarsu, yana jan hankali, da kuma tallafawa halaye masu kyau. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aging: What's Art Got To Do With It? |url=https://www.todaysgeriatricmedicine.com/news/ex_082809_03.shtml |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=todaysgeriatricmedicine.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Musamman, an ga waɗanda ke fama da baƙin ciki suna hutawa, suna fuskantar damuwa ta jiki da ta motsin rai, kuma gabaɗaya suna ƙara jin daɗi a kan lokaci, tsawon lokacin da ake ɗauka ana shiga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stallings |first=J. W. |last2=Thompson |first2=S. K. |date=June 2012 |title=Use of Art Therapy in Geriatric Populations |url=https://www.hmpgloballearningnetwork.com/site/altc/articles/use-art-therapy-geriatric-populations |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=Population Health Learning Network |publisher=Annals of Long Term Care}}&lt;/ref&gt; Marasa lafiya suna iya bayyana kansu ta hanyoyin da zai iya zama da wahala a iya sadarwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Felicity A 2018&quot; /&gt;

An kuma gano cewa marasa lafiya ba sa buƙatar shiga cikin amfani da fasaha, kamar yadda &quot;bincike ya gano cewa hoton shimfidar wuri a ɗakin asibiti ya rage buƙatar magungunan kashe radadi na miyagun ƙwayoyi da ƙarancin lokaci a asibiti.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stuckey |first=Heather L. |last2=Nobel |first2=Jeremy |date=February 2010 |title=The Connection Between Art, Healing, and Public Health: A Review of Current Literature |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=100 |issue=2 |pages=254–263 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2008.156497 |issn=0090-0036 |pmc=2804629 |pmid=20019311}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amfani da fasaha a matsayin hanyar magani yana taimaka wa marasa lafiya da ke fama da ita ta jiki ko ta gani. Waɗanda ke cikin ƙarshen rayuwarsu, waɗanda aka gano suna da baƙin ciki za su iya shiga ba tare da la'akari da shekaru, jinsi, ko nakasa ta jiki/ta hankali ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flood |first=Matthew |date=2019-08-01 |title=Art Therapy for Seniors – How Art Can Help the Elderly |url=https://www.completecare.ca/blog/art-therapy-seniors/ |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=Complete Care |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ciasca |first=Eliana C. |last2=Ferreira |first2=Rita C. |last3=Santana |first3=Carmen L.A. |last4=Forlenza |first4=Orestes V. |last5=dos Santos |first5=Glenda D. |last6=Brum |first6=Paula S. |last7=Nunes |first7=Paula V. |date=2018-02-01 |title=Art therapy as an adjuvant treatment for depression in elderly women: a randomized controlled trial |journal=Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=256–263 |doi=10.1590/1516-4446-2017-2250 |issn=1516-4446 |pmc=6899401 |pmid=29412335}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maganin Magunguna ===
Maganin magani ga cututtukan damuwa mai tsanani yawanci yana da tasiri kuma ba shi da rikitarwa. Magungunan rage damuwa galibi sune zaɓin magani na farko ga manya masu matsakaicin damuwa ko mai tsanani, wani lokacin tare da ilimin psychotherapy. Ana samun mafi kyawun tasirin magani lokacin da maganin ya ci gaba na tsawon akalla makonni shida. &lt;ref name=&quot;AntiD 2001&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wilson K, Mottram P, Sivanranthan A, Nightingale A |date=2001 |title=Antidepressant versus placebo for depressed elderly |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2001 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000561 |pmc=7066642 |pmid=11405969}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yin amfani da magungunan rage damuwa kaɗan ko rashin amfani da su da kuma rubuta magunguna marasa isassu su ne kurakuran da likitoci ke yi yayin da suke kula da tsofaffi marasa lafiya saboda baƙin ciki. Kashi 10% zuwa 40% ne kawai na tsofaffi marasa lafiya da ke cikin baƙin ciki ke samun magani.

Ana ɗaukar magungunan hana sake amfani da serotonin masu zaɓi, waɗanda aka fi sani da SSRIs, a matsayin maganin farko don baƙin ciki a ƙarshen rayuwa saboda sun fi jurewa da aminci fiye da sauran magungunan hana damuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Solai LK, Mulsant BH, Pollock BG |date=2001 |title=Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for late-life depression: a comparative review |journal=Drugs &amp; Aging |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=355–68 |doi=10.2165/00002512-200118050-00006 |pmid=11392444 |s2cid=23519411}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ɗaukar magungunan hana sake amfani da serotonin-norepinephrine (SNRIs) a matsayin na biyu amma kuma suna iya zama da amfani ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da ciwo na yau da kullun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nelson JC, Wohlreich MM, Mallinckrodt CH, Detke MJ, Watkin JG, Kennedy JS |date=March 2005 |title=Duloxetine for the treatment of major depressive disorder in older patients |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=227–35 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajgp.13.3.227 |pmid=15728754}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;UpToDate&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UpToDate |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=PC/57207&amp;topicKey=PSYCH/1719&amp;source=see_link |access-date=2019-12-04 |website=uptodate.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba a yi nazari sosai kan magungunan hana damuwa kamar bupropion da mirtazapine a cikin tsofaffi ba amma da alama suna ba da wasu fa'idodi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Steffens DC, Doraiswamy PM, McQuoid DR |date=September 2001 |title=Bupropion SR in the naturalistic treatment of elderly patients with major depression |journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=16 |issue=9 |pages=862–5 |doi=10.1002/gps.424 |pmid=11571765 |s2cid=26398542}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Anttila SA, Leinonen EV |date=2001 |title=A review of the pharmacological and clinical profile of mirtazapine |journal=CNS Drug Reviews |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=249–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1527-3458.2001.tb00198.x |pmc=6494141 |pmid=11607047}}&lt;/ref&gt; An nuna cewa magungunan hana monoamine oxidase (MAOIs) suma suna ba da wasu fa'idodi, amma ba a yi nazari sosai ba &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Georgotas A, McCue RE, Hapworth W, Friedman E, Kim OM, Welkowitz J, Chang I, Cooper TB |date=October 1986 |title=Comparative efficacy and safety of MAOIs versus TCAs in treating depression in the elderly |journal=Biological Psychiatry |volume=21 |issue=12 |pages=1155–66 |doi=10.1016/0006-3223(86)90222-2 |pmid=3756264 |s2cid=44627288 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dole ne a yi amfani da MAOIs da taka tsantsan don hana illolin kamar ciwon serotonin da [[Hadari na Adrenergic|rikicin adrenergic]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UpToDate |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-and-management-of-late-life-unipolar-depression?source=history_widget#H29 |access-date=2019-12-04 |website=uptodate.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Magungunan hana damuwa na Tricyclic ba su ne maganin farko na baƙin ciki ba, amma har yanzu suna iya amfanar marasa lafiya waɗanda ba sa amsawa ga magungunan farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;UpToDate&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UpToDate |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=PC/57207&amp;topicKey=PSYCH/1719&amp;source=see_link |access-date=2019-12-04 |website=uptodate.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=PC/57207&amp;topicKey=PSYCH/1719&amp;source=see_link &quot;UpToDate&quot;]. ''uptodate.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;4 December&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; TCAs sun kuma nuna ikon hana sake faruwar baƙin ciki bayan maganin electroconvulsive. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Flint AJ, Rifat SL |date=January 1998 |title=The treatment of psychotic depression in later life: a comparison of pharmacotherapy and ECT |journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=23–8 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(199801)13:1&lt;23::AID-GPS725&gt;3.0.CO;2-J |pmid=9489577 |s2cid=27593765}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Sackeim HA, Haskett RF, Mulsant BH, Thase ME, Mann JJ, Pettinati HM, Greenberg RM, Crowe RR, Cooper TB, Prudic J |date=March 2001 |title=Continuation pharmacotherapy in the prevention of relapse following electroconvulsive therapy: a randomized controlled trial |journal=JAMA |volume=285 |issue=10 |pages=1299–307 |doi=10.1001/jama.285.10.1299 |pmid=11255384 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Mittmann N, Herrmann N, Shulman KI, Silver IL, Busto UE, Borden EK, Naranjo CA, Shear NH |date=October 1999 |title=The effectiveness of antidepressants in elderly depressed outpatients: a prospective case series study |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=60 |issue=10 |pages=690–7 |doi=10.4088/jcp.v60n1008 |pmid=10549686}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba a amfani da TCAs da farko saboda illolinsu da haɗarin shan su fiye da SSRIs. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Anderson IM, Ferrier IN, Baldwin RC, Cowen PJ, Howard L, Lewis G, Matthews K, McAllister-Williams RH, Peveler RC, Scott J, Tylee A |date=June 2008 |title=Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: a revision of the 2000 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines |url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/ws/files/52545391/PMH_24_3_15_British_Association_forPsychopharmacology_Final_Reconciliation_Draft_2_.docx |journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=343–96 |doi=10.1177/0269881107088441 |pmid=18413657 |s2cid=25658129}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Yawan shan TCA na iya zama mai kisa idan aka kwatanta da SSRIs. &lt;ref name=&quot;Nelson&quot; /&gt;

Magungunan rage damuwa gabaɗaya, na iya aiki ta hanyar taka rawa wajen kare jijiyoyi a yadda suke rage damuwa da baƙin ciki. Ana tsammanin magungunan rage damuwa na iya ƙara tasirin masu karɓar kwakwalwa waɗanda ke taimaka wa ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi su kasance masu saurin amsawa ga glutamate wanda wani sinadari ne na amino acid wanda ba shi da mahimmanci. Wannan ƙaruwar tallafin ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi yana rage ƙarfin glutamate, yana ba da kariya daga glutamate mai ƙarfi da ban sha'awa a cikin sassan kwakwalwa masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke da alaƙa da baƙin ciki. Kodayake magungunan rage damuwa ba za su iya warkar da baƙin ciki ba, suna iya haifar da sassauci, wanda shine ɓacewa ko kusan rage alamun baƙin ciki gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18813343&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Taylor WD, Kuchibhatla M, Payne ME, Macfall JR, Sheline YI, Krishnan KR, Doraiswamy PM |date=September 2008 |title=Frontal white matter anisotropy and antidepressant remission in late-life depression |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=3 |issue=9 |bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.3267T |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0003267 |pmc=2533397 |pmid=18813343 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid14514498&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Murphy GM, Kremer C, Rodrigues HE, Schatzberg AF |date=October 2003 |title=Pharmacogenetics of antidepressant medication intolerance |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=160 |issue=10 |pages=1830–5 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.160.10.1830 |pmid=14514498}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid12515726&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Serafeim A, Holder MJ, Grafton G, Chamba A, Drayson MT, Luong QT, Bunce CM, Gregory CD, Barnes NM, Gordon J |date=April 2003 |title=Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors directly signal for apoptosis in biopsy-like Burkitt lymphoma cells |journal=Blood |volume=101 |issue=8 |pages=3212–9 |doi=10.1182/blood-2002-07-2044 |pmid=12515726 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ci gaba da kuma kula da matsalolin baƙin ciki ga tsofaffi'''

Wani bita na Cochrane na 2016 ya bayar da ƙayyadadden shaida cewa ci gaba da shan magungunan rage damuwa na tsawon shekara ɗaya yana rage haɗarin sake dawowar baƙin ciki ba tare da ƙarin lahani ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wilkinson P, Izmeth Z |date=September 2016 |title=Continuation and maintenance treatments for depression in older people |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2016 |issue=9 |doi=10.1002/14651858.cd006727.pub3 |pmc=6457610 |pmid=27609183}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, ba za a iya samun shawara mai ƙarfi game da magungunan tunani ko hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa don hana sake dawowa ba.

=== Ƙarfafa Jijiyoyin Jiki ===
Jiyya mai ƙarfi ga damuwa, musamman maganin electroconvulsive (ECT) magani ne mai tasiri ga baƙin ciki ga tsofaffi. Yana da amfani musamman wajen magance [[Babban rashin damuwa|babban baƙin ciki]] mai tsanani wanda ba ya amsawa da kyau ga jiyya da ke sama. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pagnin D, de Queiroz V, Pini S, Cassano GB |date=March 2004 |title=Efficacy of ECT in depression: a meta-analytic review |journal=The Journal of ECT |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=13–20 |doi=10.1097/00124509-200403000-00004 |pmid=15087991 |s2cid=25843283}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin mutanen da ke cikin tsufa musamman, ciki har da marasa lafiya sama da shekaru 85, ECT yana ba da zaɓi mai aminci da inganci na magani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kerner N, Prudic J |date=February 2014 |title=Current electroconvulsive therapy practice and research in the geriatric population |journal=Neuropsychiatry |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=33–54 |doi=10.2217/npy.14.3 |pmc=4000084 |pmid=24778709}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Geduldig ET, Kellner CH |date=April 2016 |title=Electroconvulsive Therapy in the Elderly: New Findings in Geriatric Depression |journal=Current Psychiatry Reports |volume=18 |issue=4 |page=40 |doi=10.1007/s11920-016-0674-5 |pmid=26909702 |s2cid=44569093}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan aka kwatanta da magani ga ƙananan marasa lafiya, ECT ya bayyana yana aiki mafi kyau ga tsofaffi marasa lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Rhebergen D, Huisman A, Bouckaert F, Kho K, Kok R, Sienaert P, Spaans HP, Stek M |date=March 2015 |title=Older age is associated with rapid remission of depression after electroconvulsive therapy: a latent class growth analysis |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=274–82 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2014.05.002 |pmid=24951182}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin maganin ECT na yau da kullun yana farawa daga jiyya 6 zuwa 12, wasu kuma suna buƙatar ƙari ko ƙasa da haka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UpToDate |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/unipolar-major-depression-in-adults-indications-for-and-efficacy-of-electroconvulsive-therapy-ect |access-date=2019-11-27 |website=uptodate.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jadawalin magani na yau da kullun a Amurka na iya haɗawa da jiyya uku a mako a ranar Litinin, Laraba, da Juma'a. Jiyya biyu a mako yana kwatanta da uku kuma ana iya amfani da shi.  Kulawa ECT, wanda ake bayarwa a tsawon lokaci bayan saitin farko na jiyya mai tsanani, yana kuma taimakawa baƙin ciki a ƙarshen rayuwa kuma yana taimakawa hana sake faruwar baƙin ciki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=van Schaik AM, Comijs HC, Sonnenberg CM, Beekman AT, Sienaert P, Stek ML |date=January 2012 |title=Efficacy and safety of continuation and maintenance electroconvulsive therapy in depressed elderly patients: a systematic review |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=5–17 |doi=10.1097/JGP.0b013e31820dcbf9 |pmid=22183009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Idan wani dattijo yana buƙatar a kwantar da shi a asibiti saboda baƙin cikinsa, an nuna cewa ECT yana aiki da sauri fiye da magani kuma yana rage mace-macen da ke tattare da baƙin ciki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Philibert RA, Richards L, Lynch CF, Winokur G |date=September 1995 |title=Effect of ECT on mortality and clinical outcome in geriatric unipolar depression |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=56 |issue=9 |pages=390–4 |pmid=7665536}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid25323140&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Spaans HP, Sienaert P, Bouckaert F, van den Berg JF, Verwijk E, Kho KH, Stek ML, Kok RM |date=January 2015 |title=Speed of remission in elderly patients with depression: electroconvulsive therapy v. medication |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=206 |issue=1 |pages=67–71 |doi=10.1192/bjp.bp.114.148213 |pmid=25323140 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ko da a lokuta kamar baƙin ciki bayan bugun jini, ECT na iya zama mai tasiri; duk da haka, shaidar ba ta da ƙarfi a kan iyawarsa na magance baƙin cikin jijiyoyin jini da cututtuka na dogon lokaci ke haifarwa, idan aka kwatanta da wani lamari mai tsanani kamar bugun jini. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |author-link=Helen Kales |vauthors=Kales HC, Maixner DF, Mellow AM |date=February 2005 |title=Cerebrovascular disease and late-life depression |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=88–98 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajgp.13.2.88 |pmid=15703317}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Currier MB, Murray GB, Welch CC |date=1992 |title=Electroconvulsive therapy for post-stroke depressed geriatric patients |journal=The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=140–4 |doi=10.1176/jnp.4.2.140 |pmid=1627974}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Motsa jiki na maganadisu na transcranial (TMS) wani misali ne na motsa jiki na neurostimulation da ake amfani da shi don magance baƙin ciki, amma ana ɗaukar ECT a matsayin hanya mafi inganci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Berlim MT, Van den Eynde F, Daskalakis ZJ |date=July 2013 |title=Efficacy and acceptability of high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) versus electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for major depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials |journal=Depression and Anxiety |volume=30 |issue=7 |pages=614–23 |doi=10.1002/da.22060 |pmid=23349112 |s2cid=2173645 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Slotema CW, Blom JD, Hoek HW, Sommer IE |date=July 2010 |title=Should we expand the toolbox of psychiatric treatment methods to include Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)? A meta-analysis of the efficacy of rTMS in psychiatric disorders |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=71 |issue=7 |pages=873–84 |doi=10.4088/JCP.08m04872gre |pmid=20361902}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Health Quality |first=Ontario |date=2016 |title=Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials |journal=Ontario Health Technology Assessment Series |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=1–66 |pmc=4808719 |pmid=27099642}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin Cututtuka ==
[[Babban rashin damuwa|Babban damuwa]] wata cuta ce ta kwakwalwa da ke tattare da rashin kwanciyar hankali tare da ƙarancin girman kai, da kuma rashin sha'awa ko jin daɗi a cikin ayyukan da suka dace. Kusan miliyan biyar daga cikin Amurkawa miliyan 31 waɗanda suka kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka suna cikin mawuyacin hali, kuma miliyan ɗaya suna da babban baƙin ciki. Kimanin kashi 3% na tsofaffi masu lafiya da ke zaune a cikin al'umma suna da babban baƙin ciki. Maimaitawar na iya kaiwa har zuwa 40%. Yawan [[Kisan kai|kashe kai]] kusan ninki biyu ne a cikin marasa lafiya da ke cikin baƙin ciki kamar yadda yake a cikin jama'a gabaɗaya. Babban baƙin ciki ya fi yawa a cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da rashin lafiya waɗanda suka girmi shekaru 70 kuma aka kwantar da su a asibiti ko kuma aka kwantar da su a asibiti. Cututtuka masu tsanani ko na yau da kullun da ke da alaƙa da yawan baƙin ciki sun haɗa da [[bugun jini]] (30-60%), [[Cutar jijiyoyin Zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]] (8-44%), [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] (1-40%), [[cutar Parkinson]] (40%), [[cutar Alzheimer]] (20-40%), da [[Dementia|ciwon hauka]] (17-31%). 

Ƙaramin baƙin ciki cuta ce mai matuƙar wahala a asibiti wadda ba ta cika ƙa'idar tsawon lokaci ko adadin alamun da ake buƙata don gano babban baƙin ciki ba. Ƙaramin baƙin ciki, wanda ya fi yawa fiye da babban baƙin ciki a cikin tsofaffi marasa lafiya, na iya biyo bayan babban abin da ke faruwa na baƙin ciki. Hakanan yana iya zama martani ga abubuwan da ke haifar da damuwa na yau da kullun a cikin tsofaffi. Kashi 15-50% na marasa lafiya da ke da ƙaramin baƙin ciki suna samun babban baƙin ciki cikin shekaru biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Rapaport MH, Judd LL, Schettler PJ, Yonkers KA, Thase ME, Kupfer DJ, Frank E, Plewes JM, Tollefson GD, Rush AJ |date=April 2002 |title=A descriptive analysis of minor depression |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=159 |issue=4 |pages=637–43 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.159.4.637 |pmid=11925303}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike ==
Hoton kwakwalwa (na'urar MRI mai aiki /tsarin jiki) na iya taimakawa wajen jagorantar binciken ƙananan matsaloli a cikin tsarin kwakwalwa da aikin da ke haifar da baƙin ciki a ƙarshen rayuwa. A ƙarshe, fasahar daukar hoto na iya zama kayan aiki don gano cutar da wuri da kuma nau'in baƙin ciki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Soares JC, Mann JJ |date=January 1997 |title=The anatomy of mood disorders--review of structural neuroimaging studies |journal=Biological Psychiatry |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=86–106 |doi=10.1016/S0006-3223(96)00006-6 |pmid=8988799 |s2cid=32444863 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Binciken kwayoyin halitta da ke nazarin baƙin cikin rayuwar marigayi yana mai da hankali kan gano alamun kwayoyin halitta da ke da alaƙa da haɓakar baƙin cikin rayuwar marigayi. An fahimci cewa bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta na APOE, BDNF, da SLC6A4 na iya danganta su da ƙaruwar haɗari. Yankunan kwakwalwa da aka haɗa da waɗannan kwayoyin halitta sune gyaran hippocampal da hanyar endocrine ta axis na Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal lokacin sarrafa damuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tsang |first=Ruby S. M. |last2=Mather |first2=Karen A. |last3=Sachdev |first3=Perminder S. |last4=Reppermund |first4=Simone |date=April 2017 |title=Systematic review and meta-analysis of genetic studies of late-life depression |url=http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/unsworks_43075 |journal=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews |volume=75 |pages=129–139 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.028 |issn=1873-7528 |pmid=28137459 |s2cid=39796461 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="41076" sha1="b2ht13b4aeziy8hzgrgpo12629eapub" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Baƙin cikin da ya ƙare''' yana nufin baƙin ciki da ke faruwa a cikin tsofaffi kuma yana da halaye daban-daban, ciki har da sake dawowa da baƙin cikin da ya fara tun farko, sabon ganewar cutar baƙin cikin da ya ƙare, da kuma rashin lafiyar yanayi da ya samo asali daga wani yanayi na daban na lafiya, amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, ko tsarin magani. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aziz |first=Rehan |last2=Steffens |first2=David C. |date=2013-12-01 |title=What Are the Causes of Late-Life Depression? |url=https://www.psych.theclinics.com/article/S0193-953X(13)00083-X/abstract |journal=Psychiatric Clinics |language=English |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=497–516 |doi=10.1016/j.psc.2013.08.001 |issn=0193-953X |pmc=4084923 |pmid=24229653}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bincike game da baƙin cikin da ya ƙare yakan mayar da hankali kan baƙin cikin da ya ƙare, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin [[Babban rashin damuwa|babban abin da]] ke faruwa a karon farko a cikin tsofaffi (majiyoyi daban-daban sun bayyana wannan matakin ta hanyoyi daban-daban, yawanci tsakanin shekaru 60-65). &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Taylor WD |date=September 2014 |title=Clinical practice. Depression in the elderly |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=371 |issue=13 |pages=1228–36 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1402180 |pmid=25251617 |s2cid=36201456}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba a gano ɓacin rai a ƙarshen rayuwa ba sau da yawa, wanda ya faru ne saboda dalilai da yawa, ciki har da cewa yanayin baƙin ciki yawanci ba ya bayyana kamar sauran alamomin damuwa da na hankali kamar rashin ci, rashin barci, rashin kuzari ko rashin kuzari, gajiya, da rashin sha'awa da jin daɗi a cikin ayyukan rayuwa na yau da kullun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lebowitz |first=Barry D. |last2=Pearson |first2=Jane L. |last3=Schneider |first3=Lon S. |last4=Reynolds |first4=Charles F. III |last5=Alexopoulos |first5=George S. |last6=Bruce |first6=Martha Livingston |last7=Conwell |first7=Yeates |last8=Katz |first8=Ira R. |last9=Meyers |first9=Barnett S. |last10=Morrison |first10=Mary F. |last11=Mossey |first11=Jana |last12=Niederehe |first12=George |last13=Parmelee |first13=Patricia |date=1997-10-08 |title=Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression in Late Life: Consensus Statement Update |journal=JAMA |volume=278 |issue=14 |pages=1186–1190 |doi=10.1001/jama.1997.03550140078045 |issn=0098-7484 |pmid=9326481}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Husain-Krautter |first=Sehba |last2=Ellison |first2=James M. |date=2021-07-01 |title=Late Life Depression: The Essentials and the Essential Distinctions |journal=FOCUS |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=282–293 |doi=10.1176/appi.focus.20210006 |issn=1541-4094 |pmc=8475940 |pmid=34690594}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matsalolin lafiya masu alaƙa da rashin tsammanin aiki na tsofaffi suma galibi suna ɓoye matakin nakasa da ɓacin rai ke haifarwa a ƙarshen rayuwa. Tsofaffi wani lokacin suna watsi da ƙarancin baƙin ciki a matsayin martani mai karɓuwa ga damuwa ta rayuwa ko wani ɓangare na tsufa. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid19812743&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Alexopoulos GS, Kelly RE |date=October 2009 |title=Research advances in geriatric depression |journal=World Psychiatry |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=140–9 |doi=10.1002/j.2051-5545.2009.tb00234.x |pmc=2755271 |pmid=19812743}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid17588275&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Steffens DC, Potter GG |date=February 2008 |title=Geriatric depression and cognitive impairment |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=163–75 |doi=10.1017/S003329170700102X |pmid=17588275 |s2cid=36713188}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16135616&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mitchell AJ, Subramaniam H |date=September 2005 |title=Prognosis of depression in old age compared to middle age: a systematic review of comparative studies |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=162 |issue=9 |pages=1588–601 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.162.9.1588 |pmid=16135616}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yohannes AM, Baldwin RC |year=2008 |title=Medical Comorbidities in Late-Life Depression |journal=Psychiatric Times |volume=25 |issue=14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙarin dalilan wahalar ganewar asali sun haɗa da: cututtukan likita da illolin magunguna waɗanda ke kama da baƙin ciki, wahalar sadarwa da masu ba da sabis, rashin lokaci a lokacin ganawa, da imani game da cututtukan kwakwalwa da magani daga majiyyaci, abokai, 'yan uwa, da al'umma. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UpToDate |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-and-management-of-late-life-unipolar-depression |access-date=2019-11-20 |website=uptodate.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sirey JA, Bruce ML, Alexopoulos GS, Perlick DA, Raue P, Friedman SJ, Meyers BS |date=March 2001 |title=Perceived stigma as a predictor of treatment discontinuation in young and older outpatients with depression |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=158 |issue=3 |pages=479–81 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.158.3.479 |pmid=11229992}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid17095750&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Krishnan KR |date=January 2007 |title=Concept of disease in geriatric psychiatry |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1097/01.JGP.0000224600.37387.4b |pmid=17095750}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15936426&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Alexopoulos GS |date=2005 |title=Depression in the elderly |journal=Lancet |volume=365 |issue=9475 |pages=1961–70 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66665-2 |pmid=15936426 |s2cid=34666321}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ko da lokacin da aka gano shi, ba a kula da ɓacin rai a ƙarshen rayuwa akai-akai. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

[[Kulawa na farko|Kulawa ta farko]] galibi ita ce inda ganewar asali da maganin baƙin cikin da ya faru a ƙarshen rayuwa ke faruwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Abin lura shi ne, DSM-5 ba ta fayyace takamaiman sharuɗɗan ganewar asali na baƙin cikin da ya faru a ƙarshen rayuwa ba kuma ta kammala da cewa halayen babban rashin jin daɗi ba sa bambanta da shekaru, kodayake bincike ya nuna cewa baƙin cikin da ya faru a ƙarshen rayuwa na iya bayyana daban-daban, kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; A takaice dai, duk da haka, ana yin ganewar asali kamar yadda sauran ƙungiyoyin shekaru ke yi, ta amfani da ƙa'idodin DSM-5 don babban rashin jin daɗi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UpToDate |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=PSYCH/89994&amp;topicKey=PULM/1619 |access-date=2019-11-20 |website=uptodate.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka da sauran shawarwarin asibiti sun kuma fahimci nau'ikan alamomin damuwa waɗanda suka wuce ƙa'idodi na yau da kullun don babban rashin lafiyar damuwa, gami da rashin kwanciyar hankali na ƙarƙashin ƙasa/ƙaramin damuwa da rashin lafiyar dysthymic; waɗannan cututtukan da ke ƙarƙashin laima na baƙin ciki na ƙarshen rayuwa suma suna iya kasancewa tare da alamun rauni da rikicewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=American Psychological Association |title=APA Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Depression Across Three Age Cohorts |url=https://www.apa.org/depression-guideline/guideline.pdf |access-date=12 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Magunguna don baƙin ciki na ƙarshen rayuwa sun haɗa da magani da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, tare da canje-canjen salon rayuwa kamar motsa jiki, maganin haske mai haske, da tallafin iyali. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; A cikin marasa lafiya waɗanda ba su amsa jiyya ta farko ba, ana iya amfani da dabarun motsa jiki kamar maganin electroconvulsive (ECT) . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; ECT ya nuna tasiri wajen kula da tsofaffi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=van der Wurff FB, Stek ML, Hoogendijk WJ, Beekman AT |date=October 2003 |title=The efficacy and safety of ECT in depressed older adults: a literature review |journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=18 |issue=10 |pages=894–904 |doi=10.1002/gps.944 |pmid=14533122 |s2cid=20799377 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alamomi da ganewar asali ==
Diagnosis of depression in late life is made using the same criteria for [[Babban rashin damuwa|Major Depressive Disorder]] found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)

Domin cika ka'idojin [[Babban abin baƙin ciki|babban yanayin damuwa]], dole ne majiyyaci ya kasance yana da alamomi biyar daga cikin tara da aka lissafa a ƙasa kusan kowace rana na tsawon akalla makonni biyu kuma dole ne ya kasance yana da aƙalla yanayin damuwa ko rashin lafiyar zuciya. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15168957&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Birrer RB, Vemuri SP |date=May 2004 |title=Depression in later life: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge |journal=American Family Physician |volume=69 |issue=10 |pages=2375–82 |pmid=15168957}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Alamomin da suke fuskanta dole ne su kuma cutar da ikonsu na aiki a rayuwar yau da kullun kuma ba dole ba ne a yi musu bayani mai kyau ta hanyar rashin lafiya ko wani abu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Domin ƙara cika ka'idojin [[Babban rashin damuwa|Babban Ciwon Damuwa]], ba dole ba ne a danganta yanayin damuwa da wata cuta ta tabin hankali kamar tabin hankali ko [[Cutar bipolar|rashin lafiyar bipolar]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

# Yanayin baƙin ciki ko baƙin ciki
# Rashin sha'awar ayyukan jin daɗi (Anhedonia )
# Matsalar barci (ƙaruwa ko raguwar barci)
# Matsalar ci (ƙara ko raguwar ci) yawanci tare da canjin nauyi
# Matsalar kuzari (ƙaruwa ko raguwar matakin kuzari/aiki), yawanci gajiya
# Rashin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ko maida hankali sosai
# Jin laifi ko rashin amfani
# Jinkirin motsin rai ko tashin hankali (canji a saurin tunani da jiki da wasu mutane ke gani)
# Tunanin fatan sun mutu; tunanin kashe kansu ko yunƙurin kashe kansu

== Dalilai da abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari ==
Ba a san ainihin canje-canjen da ke faruwa a cikin sinadarai da aikin kwakwalwa waɗanda ke haifar da baƙin ciki na ƙarshe ko na farko ba. Wasu ka'idoji suna da'awar cewa baƙin cikin ƙarshe na iya faruwa ne sakamakon rashin daidaituwar dopamine da norepinephrine. Bugu da ƙari, rashin daidaiton pituitary da adrenal suna tare da lamuran yau da kullun na baƙin cikin ƙarshe. Canje-canjen da aka saba samu a cikin sinadarai da aikin kwakwalwa waɗanda ke haifar da baƙin cikin ƙarshe ko na farko ba a fayyace su ba. Duk da haka, an san cewa canje-canjen kwakwalwa na iya faruwa ne ta hanyar damuwa na wasu abubuwan rayuwa kamar rashin lafiya, haihuwa, mutuwar ƙaunatacce, sauye-sauyen rayuwa (kamar ritaya), rikice-rikice tsakanin mutane, ko warewar zamantakewa . Abubuwan da ke haifar da baƙin ciki ga tsofaffi sun haɗa da tarihin baƙin ciki, warewar zamantakewa, ƙarancin yanayin tattalin arziki, ciwo mara tsari, [[Yanayin da ba shi da kyau|rashin lafiya na yau da kullun]], rashin barci, jima'i na mata, rashin aure ko saki, rashin fahimtar aiki ko na kwakwalwa, rashin [[Shaye-shaye|shan giya]], amfani da wasu magunguna, abubuwan da suka faru na rayuwa masu wahala, da takamaiman rikice-rikicen zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. Waɗannan rikice-rikicen sun haɗa da hauhawar jini, ciwon suga, sha'awar shan taba, da [[hypercholesterolemia]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lichtenberg |first=Pesach |last2=Belmaker |first2=R.H. |date=2010 |title=Subtyping Major Depressive Disorder |journal=Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics |volume=79 |issue=3 |page=132-133 |doi=10.1159/000286957 |jstor=48511252 |pmid=20185969}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aziz |first=Rehan |last2=Steffens |first2=David C. |date=December 2013 |title=What are the causes of late-life depression? |journal=The Psychiatric Clinics of North America |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=497–516 |doi=10.1016/j.psc.2013.08.001 |issn=1558-3147 |pmc=4084923 |pmid=24229653}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Büchtemann |first=Dorothea |last2=Luppa |first2=Melanie |last3=Bramesfeld |first3=Anke |last4=Riedel-Heller |first4=Steffi |date=2012-12-15 |title=Incidence of late-life depression: a systematic review |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=142 |issue=1–3 |pages=172–179 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2012.05.010 |issn=1573-2517 |pmid=22940498}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cole |first=Martin G. |last2=Dendukuri |first2=Nandini |date=June 2003 |title=Risk factors for depression among elderly community subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=160 |issue=6 |pages=1147–1156 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.160.6.1147 |issn=0002-953X |pmid=12777274}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sekhon |first=Sandeep |last2=Patel |first2=Jason |last3=Sapra |first3=Amit |date=2024 |title=Late-Life Depression |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551507/#:~:text=Depression%20that%20occurs%20among%20individuals,is%20underdiagnosed%20and%20inadequately%20treated. |pmid=31855351}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bincike ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke fama da baƙin ciki a ƙarshen rayuwa sun fi kamuwa da cutar Alzheimer, ciwon hauka na jijiyoyin jini, da kuma ciwon hauka da ke haifar da dukkan nau'ikan ciwon hauka. Duk da haka, ciwon hauka na iya bayyana a farkon lokacin da cutar ke faruwa da alamun baƙin ciki, ma'ana wannan alaƙar na iya nuna cewa ciwon hauka yana haifar da baƙin ciki a ƙarshen rayuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Diniz |first=Breno S. |last2=Butters |first2=Meryl A. |last3=Albert |first3=Steven M. |last4=Dew |first4=Mary Amanda |last5=Reynolds |first5=Charles F. |date=May 2013 |title=Late-life depression and risk of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based cohort studies |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science |volume=202 |issue=5 |pages=329–335 |doi=10.1192/bjp.bp.112.118307 |issn=1472-1465 |pmc=3640214 |pmid=23637108}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nazarin da suka yi ƙoƙarin tantance ko baƙin ciki wani abu ne mai zaman kansa da ke haifar da ciwon hauka ya haifar da sakamako marasa ma'ana. Akwai jagororin da za su taimaka wa likitoci su bambanta ciwon hauka da ciwon hauka na farko a matsayin sanadin gano baƙin ciki a ƙarshen rayuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ducharme |first=Simon |last2=Pearl-Dowler |first2=Leora |last3=Gossink |first3=Flora |last4=McCarthy |first4=Jillian |last5=Lai |first5=Jimmy |last6=Dickerson |first6=Bradford C. |last7=Chertkow |first7=Howard |last8=Rapin |first8=Lucile |last9=Vijverberg |first9=Everard |last10=Krudop |first10=Welmoed |last11=Dols |first11=Annemieke |last12=Pijnenburg |first12=Yolande |date=2019-01-01 |title=The Frontotemporal Dementia versus Primary Psychiatric Disorder (FTD versus PPD) Checklist: A Bedside Clinical Tool to Identify Behavioral Variant FTD in Patients with Late-Onset Behavioral Changes |url=https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-alzheimers-disease/jad180839 |journal=Journal of Alzheimer's Disease |language=en |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=113–124 |doi=10.3233/JAD-180839 |issn=1387-2877 |pmid=30584146 |s2cid=58626686 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jiyya ==
Maganin yana da tasiri a kusan kashi 80% na waɗanda aka gano, idan aka bayar da magani. Ingantaccen kulawa yana buƙatar [[Tsarin zamantakewar halittu|hanyar biopsychosocial]], haɗa magungunan gargajiya, maganin fasaha, da kuma ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. Gabaɗaya magani yana haifar da ingantaccen rayuwa, haɓaka ƙarfin aiki, yuwuwar inganta yanayin lafiyar likita, ƙaruwar tsawon rai, da ƙarancin kuɗin kula da lafiya. Ya kamata a bayyana ci gaba da makonni biyu bayan fara maganin, amma cikakken tasirin magani na iya buƙatar watanni da yawa na magani. Ya kamata a ci gaba da maganin tsofaffi na tsawon lokaci fiye da yadda ake amfani da shi a ƙananan marasa lafiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15963019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Frazer CJ, Christensen H, Griffiths KM |date=June 2005 |title=Effectiveness of treatments for depression in older people |journal=The Medical Journal of Australia |volume=182 |issue=12 |pages=627–32 |doi=10.5694/j.1326-5377.2005.tb06849.x |pmid=15963019 |s2cid=18342952}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid19593778&quot;&gt; {{Cite journal |vauthors=Smith GS, Alexopoulos GS |date=August 2009 |title=Neuroimaging in geriatric psychiatry |journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=783–7 |doi=10.1002/gps.2335 |pmc=5675131 |pmid=19593778}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ilimin halin dan Adam ===
Ana ba da shawarar magungunan tabin hankali ga tsofaffi marasa lafiya da ke fama da baƙin ciki saboda raunin wannan rukunin ga illolin da ke tattare da su da kuma yawan matsalolin likita da amfani da magunguna. Hanyoyin magance matsalolin tabin hankali sun haɗa da maganin halayyar fahimta, maganin tabin hankali mai taimako, maganin magance matsaloli, da kuma maganin hulɗa da mutane. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18213605&quot; /&gt; Maganin bita na rayuwa wani nau'in magani ne wanda ke nuna amfanin sa ga tsofaffi masu fama da baƙin ciki mai matsakaici. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Korte J, Bohlmeijer ET, Cappeliez P, Smit F, Westerhof GJ |date=June 2012 |title=Life review therapy for older adults with moderate depressive symptomatology: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial |url=https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/6751301/Korte12life.pdf |journal=Psychological Medicine |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=1163–73 |doi=10.1017/S0033291711002042 |pmid=21995889 |s2cid=38756731}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amfanin ilimin tabin hankali ba ya raguwa ta hanyar ƙaruwar shekaru. Tsofaffi galibi suna da ingantaccen bin umarnin magani, ƙarancin adadin waɗanda suka daina zuwa makaranta, da kuma amsoshi masu kyau ga ilimin tabin hankali fiye da ƙananan marasa lafiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18213605&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Alexopoulos GS, Raue PJ, Kanellopoulos D, Mackin S, Arean PA |date=August 2008 |title=Problem solving therapy for the depression-executive dysfunction syndrome of late life |journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=23 |issue=8 |pages=782–8 |doi=10.1002/gps.1988 |pmid=18213605 |s2cid=35390619}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa maganin na iya zama mai amfani, ba koyaushe ake bayarwa ba saboda dalilai kamar rashin ƙwararrun masu ilimin tabin hankali ko rashin ɗaukar nauyin inshorar lafiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;uptodate.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UpToDate |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-and-management-of-late-life-unipolar-depression |access-date=2019-12-04 |website=uptodate.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maganin fasaha ===
Ana iya ba da shawarar yin amfani da maganin fasaha ga waɗanda ke fama da baƙin ciki, cutar Alzheimer, ciwon hauka, damuwa, da sauran matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa. Har zuwa kashi 27% na tsofaffi an gano suna da baƙin ciki a Amurka. Don haka ana iya amfani da maganin fasaha da amfaninsa daban-daban, ko na jiki (rawa), na ji (kiɗa), ko na gani (zane), don taimakawa waɗanda ke fama da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa amma nakasa ta hankali, ta jiki, da ta hali/ta motsin rai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Felicity A 2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Dunphy |first=Kim |last2=Baker |first2=Felicity A. |last3=Dumaresq |first3=Ella |last4=Carroll-Haskins |first4=Katrina |last5=Eickholt |first5=Jasmin |last6=Ercole |first6=Maya |last7=Kaimal |first7=Girija |last8=Meyer |first8=Kirsten |last9=Sajnani |first9=Nisha |last10=Shamir |first10=Opher Y. |last11=Wosch |first11=Thomas |date=2019 |title=Creative Arts Interventions to Address Depression in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Outcomes, Processes, and Mechanisms |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=9 |page=2655 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02655 |issn=1664-1078 |pmc=6331422 |pmid=30671000 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ga cewa maganin fasaha yana taimaka wa waɗanda ke cikin ƙarshen rayuwarsu, yana jan hankali, da kuma tallafawa halaye masu kyau. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aging: What's Art Got To Do With It? |url=https://www.todaysgeriatricmedicine.com/news/ex_082809_03.shtml |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=todaysgeriatricmedicine.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Musamman, an ga waɗanda ke fama da baƙin ciki suna hutawa, suna fuskantar damuwa ta jiki da ta motsin rai, kuma gabaɗaya suna ƙara jin daɗi a kan lokaci, tsawon lokacin da ake ɗauka ana shiga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stallings |first=J. W. |last2=Thompson |first2=S. K. |date=June 2012 |title=Use of Art Therapy in Geriatric Populations |url=https://www.hmpgloballearningnetwork.com/site/altc/articles/use-art-therapy-geriatric-populations |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=Population Health Learning Network |publisher=Annals of Long Term Care}}&lt;/ref&gt; Marasa lafiya suna iya bayyana kansu ta hanyoyin da zai iya zama da wahala a iya sadarwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Felicity A 2018&quot; /&gt;

An kuma gano cewa marasa lafiya ba sa buƙatar shiga cikin amfani da fasaha, kamar yadda &quot;bincike ya gano cewa hoton shimfidar wuri a ɗakin asibiti ya rage buƙatar magungunan kashe radadi na miyagun ƙwayoyi da ƙarancin lokaci a asibiti.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Stuckey |first=Heather L. |last2=Nobel |first2=Jeremy |date=February 2010 |title=The Connection Between Art, Healing, and Public Health: A Review of Current Literature |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=100 |issue=2 |pages=254–263 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2008.156497 |issn=0090-0036 |pmc=2804629 |pmid=20019311}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amfani da fasaha a matsayin hanyar magani yana taimaka wa marasa lafiya da ke fama da ita ta jiki ko ta gani. Waɗanda ke cikin ƙarshen rayuwarsu, waɗanda aka gano suna da baƙin ciki za su iya shiga ba tare da la'akari da shekaru, jinsi, ko nakasa ta jiki/ta hankali ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flood |first=Matthew |date=2019-08-01 |title=Art Therapy for Seniors – How Art Can Help the Elderly |url=https://www.completecare.ca/blog/art-therapy-seniors/ |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=Complete Care |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ciasca |first=Eliana C. |last2=Ferreira |first2=Rita C. |last3=Santana |first3=Carmen L.A. |last4=Forlenza |first4=Orestes V. |last5=dos Santos |first5=Glenda D. |last6=Brum |first6=Paula S. |last7=Nunes |first7=Paula V. |date=2018-02-01 |title=Art therapy as an adjuvant treatment for depression in elderly women: a randomized controlled trial |journal=Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=256–263 |doi=10.1590/1516-4446-2017-2250 |issn=1516-4446 |pmc=6899401 |pmid=29412335}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Maganin Magunguna ===
Maganin magani ga cututtukan damuwa mai tsanani yawanci yana da tasiri kuma ba shi da rikitarwa. Magungunan rage damuwa galibi sune zaɓin magani na farko ga manya masu matsakaicin damuwa ko mai tsanani, wani lokacin tare da ilimin psychotherapy. Ana samun mafi kyawun tasirin magani lokacin da maganin ya ci gaba na tsawon akalla makonni shida. &lt;ref name=&quot;AntiD 2001&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wilson K, Mottram P, Sivanranthan A, Nightingale A |date=2001 |title=Antidepressant versus placebo for depressed elderly |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2001 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000561 |pmc=7066642 |pmid=11405969}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yin amfani da magungunan rage damuwa kaɗan ko rashin amfani da su da kuma rubuta magunguna marasa isassu su ne kurakuran da likitoci ke yi yayin da suke kula da tsofaffi marasa lafiya saboda baƙin ciki. Kashi 10% zuwa 40% ne kawai na tsofaffi marasa lafiya da ke cikin baƙin ciki ke samun magani.

Ana ɗaukar magungunan hana sake amfani da serotonin masu zaɓi, waɗanda aka fi sani da SSRIs, a matsayin maganin farko don baƙin ciki a ƙarshen rayuwa saboda sun fi jurewa da aminci fiye da sauran magungunan hana damuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Solai LK, Mulsant BH, Pollock BG |date=2001 |title=Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for late-life depression: a comparative review |journal=Drugs &amp; Aging |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=355–68 |doi=10.2165/00002512-200118050-00006 |pmid=11392444 |s2cid=23519411}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ɗaukar magungunan hana sake amfani da serotonin-norepinephrine (SNRIs) a matsayin na biyu amma kuma suna iya zama da amfani ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da ciwo na yau da kullun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nelson JC, Wohlreich MM, Mallinckrodt CH, Detke MJ, Watkin JG, Kennedy JS |date=March 2005 |title=Duloxetine for the treatment of major depressive disorder in older patients |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=227–35 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajgp.13.3.227 |pmid=15728754}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;UpToDate&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UpToDate |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=PC/57207&amp;topicKey=PSYCH/1719&amp;source=see_link |access-date=2019-12-04 |website=uptodate.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba a yi nazari sosai kan magungunan hana damuwa kamar bupropion da mirtazapine a cikin tsofaffi ba amma da alama suna ba da wasu fa'idodi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Steffens DC, Doraiswamy PM, McQuoid DR |date=September 2001 |title=Bupropion SR in the naturalistic treatment of elderly patients with major depression |journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=16 |issue=9 |pages=862–5 |doi=10.1002/gps.424 |pmid=11571765 |s2cid=26398542}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Anttila SA, Leinonen EV |date=2001 |title=A review of the pharmacological and clinical profile of mirtazapine |journal=CNS Drug Reviews |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=249–64 |doi=10.1111/j.1527-3458.2001.tb00198.x |pmc=6494141 |pmid=11607047}}&lt;/ref&gt; An nuna cewa magungunan hana monoamine oxidase (MAOIs) suma suna ba da wasu fa'idodi, amma ba a yi nazari sosai ba &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Georgotas A, McCue RE, Hapworth W, Friedman E, Kim OM, Welkowitz J, Chang I, Cooper TB |date=October 1986 |title=Comparative efficacy and safety of MAOIs versus TCAs in treating depression in the elderly |journal=Biological Psychiatry |volume=21 |issue=12 |pages=1155–66 |doi=10.1016/0006-3223(86)90222-2 |pmid=3756264 |s2cid=44627288 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dole ne a yi amfani da MAOIs da taka tsantsan don hana illolin kamar ciwon serotonin da [[Hadari na Adrenergic|rikicin adrenergic]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UpToDate |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-and-management-of-late-life-unipolar-depression?source=history_widget#H29 |access-date=2019-12-04 |website=uptodate.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Magungunan hana damuwa na Tricyclic ba su ne maganin farko na baƙin ciki ba, amma har yanzu suna iya amfanar marasa lafiya waɗanda ba sa amsawa ga magungunan farko. &lt;ref name=&quot;UpToDate&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=UpToDate |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=PC/57207&amp;topicKey=PSYCH/1719&amp;source=see_link |access-date=2019-12-04 |website=uptodate.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?imageKey=PC/57207&amp;topicKey=PSYCH/1719&amp;source=see_link &quot;UpToDate&quot;]. ''uptodate.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;4 December&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; TCAs sun kuma nuna ikon hana sake faruwar baƙin ciki bayan maganin electroconvulsive. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Flint AJ, Rifat SL |date=January 1998 |title=The treatment of psychotic depression in later life: a comparison of pharmacotherapy and ECT |journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=23–8 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(199801)13:1&lt;23::AID-GPS725&gt;3.0.CO;2-J |pmid=9489577 |s2cid=27593765}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Sackeim HA, Haskett RF, Mulsant BH, Thase ME, Mann JJ, Pettinati HM, Greenberg RM, Crowe RR, Cooper TB, Prudic J |date=March 2001 |title=Continuation pharmacotherapy in the prevention of relapse following electroconvulsive therapy: a randomized controlled trial |journal=JAMA |volume=285 |issue=10 |pages=1299–307 |doi=10.1001/jama.285.10.1299 |pmid=11255384 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Mittmann N, Herrmann N, Shulman KI, Silver IL, Busto UE, Borden EK, Naranjo CA, Shear NH |date=October 1999 |title=The effectiveness of antidepressants in elderly depressed outpatients: a prospective case series study |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=60 |issue=10 |pages=690–7 |doi=10.4088/jcp.v60n1008 |pmid=10549686}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba a amfani da TCAs da farko saboda illolinsu da haɗarin shan su fiye da SSRIs. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Anderson IM, Ferrier IN, Baldwin RC, Cowen PJ, Howard L, Lewis G, Matthews K, McAllister-Williams RH, Peveler RC, Scott J, Tylee A |date=June 2008 |title=Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: a revision of the 2000 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines |url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/ws/files/52545391/PMH_24_3_15_British_Association_forPsychopharmacology_Final_Reconciliation_Draft_2_.docx |journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=343–96 |doi=10.1177/0269881107088441 |pmid=18413657 |s2cid=25658129}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Yawan shan TCA na iya zama mai kisa idan aka kwatanta da SSRIs. &lt;ref name=&quot;Nelson&quot; /&gt;

Magungunan rage damuwa gabaɗaya, na iya aiki ta hanyar taka rawa wajen kare jijiyoyi a yadda suke rage damuwa da baƙin ciki. Ana tsammanin magungunan rage damuwa na iya ƙara tasirin masu karɓar kwakwalwa waɗanda ke taimaka wa ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi su kasance masu saurin amsawa ga glutamate wanda wani sinadari ne na amino acid wanda ba shi da mahimmanci. Wannan ƙaruwar tallafin ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi yana rage ƙarfin glutamate, yana ba da kariya daga glutamate mai ƙarfi da ban sha'awa a cikin sassan kwakwalwa masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke da alaƙa da baƙin ciki. Kodayake magungunan rage damuwa ba za su iya warkar da baƙin ciki ba, suna iya haifar da sassauci, wanda shine ɓacewa ko kusan rage alamun baƙin ciki gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18813343&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Taylor WD, Kuchibhatla M, Payne ME, Macfall JR, Sheline YI, Krishnan KR, Doraiswamy PM |date=September 2008 |title=Frontal white matter anisotropy and antidepressant remission in late-life depression |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=3 |issue=9 |bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.3267T |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0003267 |pmc=2533397 |pmid=18813343 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid14514498&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Murphy GM, Kremer C, Rodrigues HE, Schatzberg AF |date=October 2003 |title=Pharmacogenetics of antidepressant medication intolerance |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=160 |issue=10 |pages=1830–5 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.160.10.1830 |pmid=14514498}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid12515726&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Serafeim A, Holder MJ, Grafton G, Chamba A, Drayson MT, Luong QT, Bunce CM, Gregory CD, Barnes NM, Gordon J |date=April 2003 |title=Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors directly signal for apoptosis in biopsy-like Burkitt lymphoma cells |journal=Blood |volume=101 |issue=8 |pages=3212–9 |doi=10.1182/blood-2002-07-2044 |pmid=12515726 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Ci gaba da kuma kula da matsalolin baƙin ciki ga tsofaffi'''

Wani bita na Cochrane na 2016 ya bayar da ƙayyadadden shaida cewa ci gaba da shan magungunan rage damuwa na tsawon shekara ɗaya yana rage haɗarin sake dawowar baƙin ciki ba tare da ƙarin lahani ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wilkinson P, Izmeth Z |date=September 2016 |title=Continuation and maintenance treatments for depression in older people |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2016 |issue=9 |doi=10.1002/14651858.cd006727.pub3 |pmc=6457610 |pmid=27609183}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, ba za a iya samun shawara mai ƙarfi game da magungunan tunani ko hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa don hana sake dawowa ba.

=== Ƙarfafa Jijiyoyin Jiki ===
Jiyya mai ƙarfi ga damuwa, musamman maganin electroconvulsive (ECT) magani ne mai tasiri ga baƙin ciki ga tsofaffi. Yana da amfani musamman wajen magance [[Babban rashin damuwa|babban baƙin ciki]] mai tsanani wanda ba ya amsawa da kyau ga jiyya da ke sama. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pagnin D, de Queiroz V, Pini S, Cassano GB |date=March 2004 |title=Efficacy of ECT in depression: a meta-analytic review |journal=The Journal of ECT |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=13–20 |doi=10.1097/00124509-200403000-00004 |pmid=15087991 |s2cid=25843283}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin mutanen da ke cikin tsufa musamman, ciki har da marasa lafiya sama da shekaru 85, ECT yana ba da zaɓi mai aminci da inganci na magani. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kerner N, Prudic J |date=February 2014 |title=Current electroconvulsive therapy practice and research in the geriatric population |journal=Neuropsychiatry |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=33–54 |doi=10.2217/npy.14.3 |pmc=4000084 |pmid=24778709}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Geduldig ET, Kellner CH |date=April 2016 |title=Electroconvulsive Therapy in the Elderly: New Findings in Geriatric Depression |journal=Current Psychiatry Reports |volume=18 |issue=4 |page=40 |doi=10.1007/s11920-016-0674-5 |pmid=26909702 |s2cid=44569093}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan aka kwatanta da magani ga ƙananan marasa lafiya, ECT ya bayyana yana aiki mafi kyau ga tsofaffi marasa lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Rhebergen D, Huisman A, Bouckaert F, Kho K, Kok R, Sienaert P, Spaans HP, Stek M |date=March 2015 |title=Older age is associated with rapid remission of depression after electroconvulsive therapy: a latent class growth analysis |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=274–82 |doi=10.1016/j.jagp.2014.05.002 |pmid=24951182}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin maganin ECT na yau da kullun yana farawa daga jiyya 6 zuwa 12, wasu kuma suna buƙatar ƙari ko ƙasa da haka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UpToDate |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/unipolar-major-depression-in-adults-indications-for-and-efficacy-of-electroconvulsive-therapy-ect |access-date=2019-11-27 |website=uptodate.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jadawalin magani na yau da kullun a Amurka na iya haɗawa da jiyya uku a mako a ranar Litinin, Laraba, da Juma'a. Jiyya biyu a mako yana kwatanta da uku kuma ana iya amfani da shi.  Kulawa ECT, wanda ake bayarwa a tsawon lokaci bayan saitin farko na jiyya mai tsanani, yana kuma taimakawa baƙin ciki a ƙarshen rayuwa kuma yana taimakawa hana sake faruwar baƙin ciki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=van Schaik AM, Comijs HC, Sonnenberg CM, Beekman AT, Sienaert P, Stek ML |date=January 2012 |title=Efficacy and safety of continuation and maintenance electroconvulsive therapy in depressed elderly patients: a systematic review |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=5–17 |doi=10.1097/JGP.0b013e31820dcbf9 |pmid=22183009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Idan wani dattijo yana buƙatar a kwantar da shi a asibiti saboda baƙin cikinsa, an nuna cewa ECT yana aiki da sauri fiye da magani kuma yana rage mace-macen da ke tattare da baƙin ciki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Philibert RA, Richards L, Lynch CF, Winokur G |date=September 1995 |title=Effect of ECT on mortality and clinical outcome in geriatric unipolar depression |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=56 |issue=9 |pages=390–4 |pmid=7665536}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid25323140&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Spaans HP, Sienaert P, Bouckaert F, van den Berg JF, Verwijk E, Kho KH, Stek ML, Kok RM |date=January 2015 |title=Speed of remission in elderly patients with depression: electroconvulsive therapy v. medication |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=206 |issue=1 |pages=67–71 |doi=10.1192/bjp.bp.114.148213 |pmid=25323140 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ko da a lokuta kamar baƙin ciki bayan bugun jini, ECT na iya zama mai tasiri; duk da haka, shaidar ba ta da ƙarfi a kan iyawarsa na magance baƙin cikin jijiyoyin jini da cututtuka na dogon lokaci ke haifarwa, idan aka kwatanta da wani lamari mai tsanani kamar bugun jini. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |author-link=Helen Kales |vauthors=Kales HC, Maixner DF, Mellow AM |date=February 2005 |title=Cerebrovascular disease and late-life depression |journal=The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=88–98 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajgp.13.2.88 |pmid=15703317}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Currier MB, Murray GB, Welch CC |date=1992 |title=Electroconvulsive therapy for post-stroke depressed geriatric patients |journal=The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=140–4 |doi=10.1176/jnp.4.2.140 |pmid=1627974}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Motsa jiki na maganadisu na transcranial (TMS) wani misali ne na motsa jiki na neurostimulation da ake amfani da shi don magance baƙin ciki, amma ana ɗaukar ECT a matsayin hanya mafi inganci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Berlim MT, Van den Eynde F, Daskalakis ZJ |date=July 2013 |title=Efficacy and acceptability of high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) versus electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for major depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials |journal=Depression and Anxiety |volume=30 |issue=7 |pages=614–23 |doi=10.1002/da.22060 |pmid=23349112 |s2cid=2173645 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Slotema CW, Blom JD, Hoek HW, Sommer IE |date=July 2010 |title=Should we expand the toolbox of psychiatric treatment methods to include Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)? A meta-analysis of the efficacy of rTMS in psychiatric disorders |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=71 |issue=7 |pages=873–84 |doi=10.4088/JCP.08m04872gre |pmid=20361902}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Health Quality |first=Ontario |date=2016 |title=Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials |journal=Ontario Health Technology Assessment Series |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=1–66 |pmc=4808719 |pmid=27099642}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin Cututtuka ==
[[Babban rashin damuwa|Babban damuwa]] wata cuta ce ta kwakwalwa da ke tattare da rashin kwanciyar hankali tare da ƙarancin girman kai, da kuma rashin sha'awa ko jin daɗi a cikin ayyukan da suka dace. Kusan miliyan biyar daga cikin Amurkawa miliyan 31 waɗanda suka kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka suna cikin mawuyacin hali, kuma miliyan ɗaya suna da babban baƙin ciki. Kimanin kashi 3% na tsofaffi masu lafiya da ke zaune a cikin al'umma suna da babban baƙin ciki. Maimaitawar na iya kaiwa har zuwa 40%. Yawan [[Kisan kai|kashe kai]] kusan ninki biyu ne a cikin marasa lafiya da ke cikin baƙin ciki kamar yadda yake a cikin jama'a gabaɗaya. Babban baƙin ciki ya fi yawa a cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da rashin lafiya waɗanda suka girmi shekaru 70 kuma aka kwantar da su a asibiti ko kuma aka kwantar da su a asibiti. Cututtuka masu tsanani ko na yau da kullun da ke da alaƙa da yawan baƙin ciki sun haɗa da [[bugun jini]] (30-60%), [[Cutar jijiyoyin Zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]] (8-44%), [[Sankara|ciwon daji]] (1-40%), [[cutar Parkinson]] (40%), [[cutar Alzheimer]] (20-40%), da [[Dementia|ciwon hauka]] (17-31%). 

Ƙaramin baƙin ciki cuta ce mai matuƙar wahala a asibiti wadda ba ta cika ƙa'idar tsawon lokaci ko adadin alamun da ake buƙata don gano babban baƙin ciki ba. Ƙaramin baƙin ciki, wanda ya fi yawa fiye da babban baƙin ciki a cikin tsofaffi marasa lafiya, na iya biyo bayan babban abin da ke faruwa na baƙin ciki. Hakanan yana iya zama martani ga abubuwan da ke haifar da damuwa na yau da kullun a cikin tsofaffi. Kashi 15-50% na marasa lafiya da ke da ƙaramin baƙin ciki suna samun babban baƙin ciki cikin shekaru biyu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Rapaport MH, Judd LL, Schettler PJ, Yonkers KA, Thase ME, Kupfer DJ, Frank E, Plewes JM, Tollefson GD, Rush AJ |date=April 2002 |title=A descriptive analysis of minor depression |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=159 |issue=4 |pages=637–43 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.159.4.637 |pmid=11925303}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike ==
Hoton kwakwalwa (na'urar MRI mai aiki /tsarin jiki) na iya taimakawa wajen jagorantar binciken ƙananan matsaloli a cikin tsarin kwakwalwa da aikin da ke haifar da baƙin ciki a ƙarshen rayuwa. A ƙarshe, fasahar daukar hoto na iya zama kayan aiki don gano cutar da wuri da kuma nau'in baƙin ciki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Soares JC, Mann JJ |date=January 1997 |title=The anatomy of mood disorders--review of structural neuroimaging studies |journal=Biological Psychiatry |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=86–106 |doi=10.1016/S0006-3223(96)00006-6 |pmid=8988799 |s2cid=32444863 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Binciken kwayoyin halitta da ke nazarin baƙin cikin rayuwar marigayi yana mai da hankali kan gano alamun kwayoyin halitta da ke da alaƙa da haɓakar baƙin cikin rayuwar marigayi. An fahimci cewa bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta na APOE, BDNF, da SLC6A4 na iya danganta su da ƙaruwar haɗari. Yankunan kwakwalwa da aka haɗa da waɗannan kwayoyin halitta sune gyaran hippocampal da hanyar endocrine ta axis na Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal lokacin sarrafa damuwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tsang |first=Ruby S. M. |last2=Mather |first2=Karen A. |last3=Sachdev |first3=Perminder S. |last4=Reppermund |first4=Simone |date=April 2017 |title=Systematic review and meta-analysis of genetic studies of late-life depression |url=http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/unsworks_43075 |journal=Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews |volume=75 |pages=129–139 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.028 |issn=1873-7528 |pmid=28137459 |s2cid=39796461 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358974879|Physical therapy]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Infobox medical intervention|Name=Physical therapy / physiotherapy|Image=Physical Therapists at work.jpg|Caption=Military physical therapists working with patients on balance problems, [[orthopedic]]s, [[amputee|amputation]], and examining the patient's [[muscle strength|strength]], flexibility, joint range of motion, and gait.|ICD10=|ICD9={{ICD9proc|93.0}}-{{ICD9proc|93.3}}|MeshID=D026761|OPS301=|OtherCodes=}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;


Sana'ar tana da fannoni da yawa da suka haɗa da [[Tsarin tsokoki da ƙashi na mutum|musculoskeletal]], orthopedics, cardiopulmonary, neurology, endocrinology, sports medicine, [[Magungunan tsofaffi|geriatrics]], pediatrics, pediatrics, [[Lafiyar Mata|health of women]], care pain and electromyography . PTs suna yin aiki a wurare da yawa, na gwamnati da na masu zaman kansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;APTA_1/17/2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=American Physical Therapy Association |date=17 January 2008 |title=APTA Background Sheet 2008 |url=http://www.apta.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Physical_Therapy&amp;TEMPLATE=/CM/HTMLDisplay.cfm&amp;CONTENTID=33205 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529180223/http://www.apta.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Physical_Therapy&amp;TEMPLATE=%2FCM%2FHTMLDisplay.cfm&amp;CONTENTID=33205 |archive-date=29 May 2008 |access-date=29 May 2008 |publisher=American Physical Therapy Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baya ga aikin asibiti, wasu fannoni na aikin motsa jiki sun haɗa da bincike, ilimi, shawarwari, da kuma [[Gudanar da kiwon lafiya|kula da lafiya]] . Masu ilimin motsa jiki suna ba da [[Kulawa na farko|kulawar farko]] ga marasa lafiya tare da sauran ayyukan likita. A wasu yankuna, kamar Burtaniya, masu ilimin motsa jiki na iya samun ikon rubuta magani. 
 

== Bayani ==
Maganin motsa jiki yana magance cututtuka ko raunuka da ke iyakance ikon mutum na motsawa da yin ayyukan da suka dace a rayuwarsa ta yau da kullun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Occupational Outlook Handbook – Physical Therapists |url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/physical-therapists.htm |access-date=30 August 2021 |website=bls.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Likitocin PT suna amfani da [[Tarihin kiwon lafiya|tarihin]] mutum da gwajin jiki don isa ga ganewar asali da kuma kafa tsarin gudanarwa, kuma idan ya cancanta, suna haɗa sakamakon nazarin dakin gwaje-gwaje da hotuna kamar X-ray, CT scans, ko MRIs. Masu ilimin motsa jiki na iya amfani da sonography don gano da kuma sarrafa yanayin tsoka, jijiyoyi, da huhu na yau da kullun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diagnostic and procedural imaging in physical therapist practice |url=https://www.orthopt.org/uploads/content_files/files/DxProcImagPhysTherPractice_FINAL%281%29.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028101158/https://www.orthopt.org/uploads/content_files/files/DxProcImagPhysTherPractice_FINAL%281%29.pdf |archive-date=2021-10-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vieira |first=Rui |last2=Segura-Grau |first2=Elena |last3=Magalhães |first3=Juliana |last4=dos Santos |first4=Joseph |last5=Patrão |first5=Luís |date=September 2020 |title=Lung ultrasound as a tool to guide respiratory physiotherapy |journal=Journal of Clinical Ultrasound |volume=48 |issue=7 |pages=431–434 |doi=10.1002/jcu.22860 |pmid=32497252}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Certification – RMSK |url=https://www.apca.org/certifications-examinations/Registered-in-Musculoskeletal-Sonography/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya amfani da gwajin ganewar asali na lantarki (misali, gwajin electromyograms da gwajin saurin sarrafa jijiyoyi). &lt;ref name=&quot;evalGuidelinesAPTA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=American Physical Therapy Association Section on Clinical Electrophysiology and Wound Management |title=Curriculum Content Guidelines for Electrophysiologic Evaluation |url=http://www.aptasce-wm.org/documents/guidelines/ENMG%20EvaluationGuidelines.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904055829/http://www.aptasce-wm.org/documents/guidelines/ENMG%20EvaluationGuidelines.pdf |archive-date=4 September 2011 |access-date=29 May 2008 |website=Educational Guidelines |publisher=American Physical Therapy Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Gudanar da'' PT yawanci ya haɗa da rubutaccen magani, ko taimako tare da, motsa jiki na musamman, maganin hannu, da kuma sarrafa jiki. Ƙarin jiyya sun haɗa da na'urorin injiniya kamar jan hankali; ilimi; hanyoyin lantarki waɗanda suka haɗa da zafi, sanyi, wutar lantarki, raƙuman sauti, da radiation; na'urorin taimako; prostheses; da orthoses . Bugu da ƙari, PTs suna aiki tare da mutane don hana asarar motsi kafin ya faru ta hanyar haɓaka shirye-shiryen motsa jiki da lafiya don rayuwa mai lafiya da aiki, da kuma samar da ayyuka ga mutane da al'ummomi don haɓaka, kiyayewa, da dawo da matsakaicin motsi da ƙarfin aiki a duk tsawon rayuwa. Wannan ya haɗa da samar da magani a cikin yanayi inda motsi da aiki ke fuskantar barazana daga tsufa, rauni, cuta, ko abubuwan muhalli. Motsin aiki yana da mahimmanci ga abin da ake nufi da zama [[lafiya]] . 

Jinyar motsa jiki sana'a ce da ke da fannoni da yawa ciki har da [[Tsarin tsokoki da ƙashi na mutum|musculoskeletal]], orthopedics, zuciya da huhu, ilimin jijiyoyi, ilimin endocrinology, likitancin wasanni, [[Magungunan tsofaffi|ilimin tsofaffi]], ilimin yara, [[Lafiyar Mata|lafiyar mata]], kula da rauni da kuma electromyography . Likitocin PT suna aiki a wurare da yawa, kamar asibitoci masu zaman kansu, asibitoci ko ofisoshi na waje, asibitoci, asibitoci na lafiya da walwala, asibitoci na gyara, wuraren jinya masu ƙwarewa, wuraren kulawa na dogon lokaci, gidaje masu zaman kansu, cibiyoyin ilimi da bincike, makarantu, asibitoci, wuraren aiki na masana'antu ko wasu wurare na aiki, cibiyoyin motsa jiki da wuraren horar da wasanni . &lt;ref name=&quot;APTA_1/17/2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=American Physical Therapy Association |date=17 January 2008 |title=APTA Background Sheet 2008 |url=http://www.apta.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Physical_Therapy&amp;TEMPLATE=/CM/HTMLDisplay.cfm&amp;CONTENTID=33205 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529180223/http://www.apta.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Physical_Therapy&amp;TEMPLATE=%2FCM%2FHTMLDisplay.cfm&amp;CONTENTID=33205 |archive-date=29 May 2008 |access-date=29 May 2008 |publisher=American Physical Therapy Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masu ilimin motsa jiki kuma suna aiki a cikin ayyukan kula da marasa lafiya kamar manufofin lafiya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Health policy implications for patient education in physical therapy |url=https://www.who.int/topics/health_policy/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324161029/http://www.who.int/topics/health_policy/en/ |archive-date=24 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Initiatives in Rehabilitation Research, {{Cite web |title=Physical Therapy &amp;#124; Oxford Academic |url=http://ptjournal.apta.org/cgi/content/full/86/1/141 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130223105653/http://ptjournal.apta.org/cgi/content/full/86/1/141 |archive-date=23 February 2013 |access-date=2010-09-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; inshorar lafiya, gudanar da harkokin kiwon lafiya, da kuma a matsayin shugabannin kula da lafiya. Masu ilimin motsa jiki suna da hannu a fannin likitanci-doka suna aiki a matsayin ƙwararru, suna yin bita na takwarorinsu da kuma gwaje-gwajen likita masu zaman kansu . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ORTIZ vs. EXAMWORKS, INC., 470 Mass. 784 |url=http://masscases.com/cases/sjc/470/470mass784.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ilimi ya bambanta sosai daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. Tsawon lokacin ilimi ya kama daga wasu ƙasashe waɗanda ba su da ilimi na yau da kullun zuwa wasu kuma waɗanda ke da digirin digirgir da kuma wuraren zama na bayan digirin digirgir da kuma guraben karo ilimi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jesus_2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jesus |first=Tiago S. |last2=Koh |first2=Gerald |last3=Landry |first3=Michel |last4=Ong |first4=Peck-Hoon |last5=Lopes |first5=Antonio |last6=Green |first6=Peter L. |last7=Hoenig |first7=Helen |date=October 2016 |title=Finding the &quot;Right-Size&quot; Physical Therapy Workforce: International Perspective Across 4 Countries |journal=Physical Therapy |volume=96 |issue=10 |pages=1597–1609 |doi=10.2522/ptj.20160014 |pmid=27149960 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dangane da alaƙarta da sauran sana'o'in kiwon lafiya, ilimin motsa jiki yawanci ɗaya ne daga cikin sana'o'in kiwon lafiya da ke da alaƙa . &lt;ref name=&quot;ASAHP_def&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is Allied Health? |url=http://www.asahp.org/what-is/ |access-date=10 March 2020 |publisher=Association of Schools of Allied Health Professionals}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Allied Health (Paramedical) Services and Education |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/204786/B3429.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Allied Health Professionals |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/allied-health-professionals}}&lt;/ref&gt;  World Physiotherapy ta sanya hannu kan &quot;takardar fahimtar juna&quot; tare da sauran membobi huɗu na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Lafiya ta Duniya &quot;don haɓaka haɗin gwiwarsu kan karewa da saka hannun jari a cikin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya don samar da kulawa mai aminci, inganci da adalci a kowane fanni&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO_11/7/2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2022 |title=WHO, members of the World Health Professions Alliance sign new memorandum of understanding on health workforce priorities |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/07-11-2022-WHO_WHPA_MOU |access-date=January 13, 2024 |website=[[World Health Organization]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:Exercise_to_shoulder_and_elbow_to_increase_motion_following_fracture_and_dislocation_of_humerus_is_being_given_by_an..._-_NARA_-_522885.tiff|right|thumb|300x300px|Ana ba wa wani majiyyaci soja motsa jiki ta kafada da gwiwar hannu don ƙara motsi bayan karyewar ƙashi da kuma yankewar ƙashin humerus .]]
Ana kyautata zaton likitoci kamar Hippocrates da Galen daga baya su ne likitoci na farko da suka fara yin aikin motsa jiki, suna ba da shawarar tausa, dabarun gyaran hannu da kuma maganin ruwa don magance mutane a shekarar 460.&amp;nbsp;BC. 

A cikin littafin &quot;De Arte Gymnastica&quot; (Fasaha ta Gymnastics, wanda aka buga a 1569), likitan Italiya Hieronymus Mercurialis (1530–1606) ya gabatar da kalmar &quot;gymnastics na likitanci,&quot; yana nuna ɗaya daga cikin ma'anonin &quot;gymnastics&quot; a matsayin kayan aikin gyara ga marasa lafiya na kowane zamani. 

Masanin ilimin halittar jiki kuma masanin lissafi ɗan ƙasar Italiya Alfonso Borelli (1608–1679) ya sami sakamako mai mahimmanci a fannin [[Biomechanics|kimiyyar halittu]] na dabbobi da na ɗan adam. Littafinsa mai suna &quot;De Motu Animalium&quot; (Akan Motsi na Dabbobi), wanda aka buga a shekarar 1680, jim kaɗan bayan rasuwarsa, ya samar da tsarin aiki don fahimtar yanayin motsi na marasa lafiya da nakasassu. 

A ƙarni na 18, likitan Faransa Nicolas Andry de Bois-Regard (1658–1742) ya kafa ingantacciyar alaƙa tsakanin lafiyar na'urorin tsoka da motsa jiki, kuma a cikin littafinsa &quot;Traité d'orthopédie&quot; (Treatise on Orthopedics, 1741), ya gabatar da sabon kalmar &quot;orthopedics&quot;. Bayan Nicolas Andry de Bois-Regard, wannan ilimin ya zama ginshiƙi don fahimtar motsa jiki daidai a cikin gyaran jiki.  Bayan haɓaka na'urorin ƙafafu a ƙarni na 18, an ƙirƙiri injuna kamar Gymnasticon don magance [[gout]] da cututtuka makamantan su ta hanyar motsa jiki na haɗin gwiwa, kama da ci gaban da aka samu daga baya a cikin aikin motsa jiki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bakewell S |date=October 1997 |title=Medical gymnastics and the Cyriax collection |journal=Medical History |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=487–95 |doi=10.1017/s0025727300063067 |pmc=1043941 |pmid=9536620}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Asalin farko da aka rubuta na ainihin maganin motsa jiki a matsayin ƙungiyar ƙwararru ya samo asali ne daga Per Henrik Ling, &quot;Uban Gymnastics na Sweden,&quot; wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Royal Central of Gymnastics (RCIG) a 1813 don yin amfani da haɗin gwiwa da motsa jiki. Har zuwa 2014, kalmar Sweden don mai ilimin motsa jiki shine ''sjukgymnast'', ko kuma wani wanda ke da hannu a cikin motsa jiki ga waɗanda ke rashin lafiya, amma daga baya aka canza sunan zuwa ''fysioterapeut'' (mai ilimin motsa jiki), kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita a sauran ƙasashen Scandinavia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fysioterapeut – nytt name på yet suk gymnast sedan 2014 |url=https://www.fysioterapeuterna.se/Profession/Om-professionen/Fysioterapeut--ny-skyddad-yrkestitel-for-sjukgymnaster/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828233655/https://www.fysioterapeuterna.se/Profession/Om-professionen/Fysioterapeut--ny-skyddad-yrkestitel-for-sjukgymnaster/ |archive-date=28 August 2016 |access-date=15 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 1887, Hukumar Lafiya da Jin Daɗi ta Ƙasa ta Sweden ta ba wa PTs rajista a hukumance. Sauran ƙasashe ba da daɗewa ba suka biyo baya. A 1894, ma'aikatan jinya huɗu a Burtaniya sun kafa Chartered Society of Physiotherapy . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chartered Society of Physiotherapy |title=History of the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy |url=http://www.csp.org.uk/director/about/thecsp/history.cfm |access-date=29 May 2008 |publisher=Chartered Society of Physiotherapy}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran ƙungiyoyin farko na masu ilimin motsa jiki sun haɗa da Makarantar Ilimin Jiki a Jami'ar Otago da ke New Zealand a 1913, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 January 2007 |title=History of the School of Physiotherapy |url=http://physio.Otago.ac.NZ/about/history.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224020426/http://physio.otago.ac.nz/about/history.asp |archive-date=24 December 2007 |access-date=29 May 2008 |website=School of Physiotherapy Centre for Physiotherapy Research |publisher=University of Otago}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Kwalejin Reed ta Amurka a 1914 a Portland, Oregon, wacce ta kammala karatun &quot;masu taimakawa wajen sake ginawa.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reed College |title=Mission and History |url=http://www.reed.edu/about_reed/history.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920160729/https://www.reed.edu/about_reed/history.html |archive-date=20 September 2018 |access-date=29 May 2008 |website=About Reed |publisher=Reed College}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun lokacin da aka fara wannan sana'a, maganin rage radadi na kashin baya ya kasance babban ɓangare na aikin motsa jiki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bialosky JE, Simon CB, Bishop MD, George SZ |date=October 2012 |title=Basis for spinal manipulative therapy: a physical therapist perspective |journal=Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=643–7 |doi=10.1016/j.jelekin.2011.11.014 |pmc=3461123 |pmid=22197083}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kafa tsarin motsa jiki na zamani a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 saboda abubuwan da suka shafi lafiyar jiki a duniya,  wanda ya buƙaci ci gaba cikin sauri a fannin motsa jiki. Bayan haka, likitocin ƙashi na Amurka sun fara kula da yara masu nakasa kuma sun ɗauki mata da aka horar a fannin ilimin motsa jiki, da motsa jiki na gyara. An ƙara amfani da waɗannan magungunan kuma an ƙarfafa su a lokacin barkewar cutar shan inna ta 1916. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, an ɗauki mata aiki don su yi aiki tare da kuma dawo da aikin jiki ga sojojin da suka ji rauni, kuma an kafa fannin kula da lafiyar jiki a matsayin cibiyar kula da lafiyar jiki. A shekarar 1918, an yi amfani da kalmar &quot;Mataimakin Sake Ginawa&quot; don nufin mutanen da ke yin aikin kula da lafiyar jiki. An kafa makarantar farko ta kula da lafiyar jiki a Asibitin Sojoji na Walter Reed da ke Washington, DC, bayan barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Missouri Women in the Health Sciences – Health Professions – Development of the Field of Physical Therapy |url=http://beckerexhibits.wustl.edu/mowihsp/health/PTdevel.htm |website=beckerexhibits.wustl.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maganin a cikin shekarun 1940 ya ƙunshi motsa jiki, tausa, da jan hankali . An fara amfani da hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su wajen sarrafa kashin baya da haɗin gwiwa na gaɓoɓi, musamman a ƙasashen Commonwealth na Burtaniya, a farkon shekarun 1950.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=McKenzie R |year=2002 |title=Patient Heal Thyself |journal=Worldwide Spine &amp; Rehabilitation |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=16–20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin da aka samar da alluran rigakafin cutar shan inna, kasancewar masu ilimin motsa jiki ya zama ruwan dare a asibitoci a duk faɗin Arewacin Amurka da Turai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=af Klinteberg M |year=1992 |title=The history and present scope of physical therapy |journal=International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=4–9 |doi=10.1017/s0266462300007856 |pmid=1601592 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarshen shekarun 1950, masu ilimin motsa jiki sun fara wuce asibitoci kawai zuwa asibitocin ƙashi na waje, makarantun gwamnati, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na kwaleji/jami'a, wuraren tsofaffi (wuraren jinya masu ƙwarewa), cibiyoyin gyara da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya. Ƙwarewar ilimin motsa jiki a Amurka ta faru ne a shekarar 1974, inda aka kafa Sashen Ƙashi na APTA ga waɗannan masu ilimin motsa jiki waɗanda suka ƙware a fannin ƙashi. A wannan shekarar, aka kafa [[International Federation of Orthopaedic Manipulative Physical Therapists|Ƙungiyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Masu Ilimin motsa jiki ta ƙashi]], &lt;ref name=&quot;IFOMPT_history&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=History: Abridged version of IFOMPT History |url=http://www.ifompt.com/About+IFOMPT/History.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713003655/http://www.ifompt.com/About+IFOMPT/History.html |archive-date=13 July 2011 |access-date=9 January 2011 |publisher=International Federation of Orthopaedic Manipulative Physical Therapists (IFOMPT)}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda tun daga lokacin ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ci gaba da aikin hannu a duk duniya.

Ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa ta wannan sana'a ita ce Ƙungiyar Duniya ta Kula da Lafiyar Jiki (WCPT). An kafa ta a shekarar 1951 kuma tana aiki da sunan World Physiotherapy tun daga shekarar 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;WP_1/28/2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 28, 2020 |title=Name change for global physical therapy body |url=https://world.physio/news/name-change-global-physical-therapy-body |access-date=January 6, 2024 |website=[[World Physiotherapy]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;WP_6/30/2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 30, 2020 |title=New brand and website for global physiotherapy body |url=https://world.physio/news/new-brand-and-website-global-physiotherapy-body |access-date=January 4, 2024 |website=[[World Physiotherapy]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Ka'idojin ilimi ga masu ba da maganin motsa jiki sun bambanta daga jiha zuwa jiha, ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, kuma daga cikin matakai daban-daban na alhakin ƙwararru. Duk jihohin Amurka suna da ayyukan aikin motsa jiki waɗanda ke gane masu ilimin motsa jiki (PTs) da mataimakan masu ilimin motsa jiki (PTAs) kuma wasu yankuna suna kuma gane masu fasahar motsa jiki (PT techs) ko mataimakan. Yawancin ƙasashe suna da hukumomin ba da lasisi waɗanda masu ilimin motsa jiki dole ne su zama membobi kafin su fara aiki a matsayin ƙwararru masu zaman kansu. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Kanada ===
Ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiyar Jiki ta Kanada (CAPR) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home – Canadian Alliance of Physiotherapy Regulators |url=https://alliancept.org/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=alliancept.org |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt; tana ba wa waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko damar neman Jarrabawar Ƙwarewar Lafiyar Jiki ta ƙasa (PCE). Cika PCE yana ɗaya daga cikin buƙatun da ake buƙata a yawancin larduna da yankuna don yin aiki a matsayin likitan motsa jiki mai lasisi a Kanada. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Career Centre – Canadian Physiotherapy Association |url=http://physiotherapy.ca/About-Physiotherapy/Careers-in-Physiotherapy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518093014/http://physiotherapy.ca/About-Physiotherapy/Careers-in-Physiotherapy |archive-date=18 May 2015 |access-date=18 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Membobin CAPR ƙungiyoyi ne na kula da lafiyar jiki da aka amince da su a larduna da yankuna daban-daban:

* Gwamnatin Yukon, Ayyukan Masu Amfani &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-01-26 |title=Check if a physiotherapist is licensed |url=https://yukon.ca/en/check-if-physiotherapist-licensed |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=yukon.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Masu Ilimin Jiki na British Columbia &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CPTBC – College of Physical Therapists of British Columbia – Inspiring Public Confidence |url=https://cptbc.org/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Masana Ilimin Jiki ta Alberta &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.cpta.ab.ca/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=College of Physiotherapists of Alberta |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Masu Ilimin Jiki ta Saskatchewan &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home – SCPT &amp;#124; Saskatchewan College of Physical Therapists |url=https://www.scpt.org/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Masana Ilimin Jiki ta Manitoba &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home – College of Physiotherapists of Manitoba |url=https://manitobaphysio.com/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=manitobaphysio.com |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Masana Ilimin Jiki ta Ontario &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=College of Physiotherapists of Ontario {{!}} Physiotherapy Ontario |url=https://www.collegept.org/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=College of Physiotherapists of Ontario |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ordre professionalnel de la physiotherapie du Québec &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://oppq.qc.ca/en/home/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=OPPQ |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Likitocin Jiki na New Brunswick/College des physiothérapeutes du Nouveau-Brunswick &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=College of Physiotherapists of New Brunswick – Responsive Medical Health WordPress Theme |url=https://cptnb.ca/language/en/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Likitocin Jiki ta Nova Scotia &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nova Scotia College of Physiotherapists – Nova Scotia College of Physiotherapists |url=https://nsphysio.com/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=nsphysio.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Masana Ilimin Jiki ta Prince Edward Island &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Welcome |url=https://www.peicpt.com/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=PEI College of Physiotherapy |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Likitocin Jiki ta Newfoundland da Labrador &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=about_us.php |url=https://physiotherapy.ca/newfoundlandlabrador-physiotherapy-association/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921000728/https://physiotherapy.ca/newfoundlandlabrador-physiotherapy-association/ |archive-date=21 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana bayar da shirye-shiryen motsa jiki a jami'o'i goma sha biyar, galibi ta hanyar kwalejin likitanci ta jami'ar. Kowace makaranta ta fannin motsa jiki ta Kanada ta sauya daga shirye-shiryen digiri na uku a fannin ilimin motsa jiki (BScPT) waɗanda ke buƙatar shekaru biyu na darussan jami'a na farko (digiri na farko na shekaru biyar) zuwa shirye-shiryen digiri na biyu na ilimin motsa jiki (MPT) waɗanda ke buƙatar digiri na farko na farko. Jami'ar Kanada ta ƙarshe da ta biyo baya ita ce Jami'ar Manitoba, wacce ta koma shirin MPT a shekarar 2012, wanda ya sanya takardar shaidar MPT ta zama sabuwar hanyar shiga aiki a duk faɗin Kanada. Ba a buƙatar masu aikin da ke da takardar shaidar BScPT su haɓaka cancantarsu ba.

A lardin Quebec, ana buƙatar masu son yin aikin tiyatar jiki su kammala difloma ta kwaleji a fannin kimiyyar lafiya, wadda ke ɗaukar matsakaicin shekaru biyu, ko kuma fasahar gyaran jiki, wadda ke ɗaukar akalla shekaru uku, don neman shiga shirin motsa jiki ko shiri a jami'a. Bayan shiga, ɗaliban da ke yin aikin tiyatar jiki suna aiki a kan digiri na farko a fannin kimiyya tare da babban digiri a fannin gyaran jiki da gyaran jiki. BSc yawanci yana buƙatar shekaru uku kafin a kammala. Sannan ɗalibai dole ne su shiga makarantar digiri na biyu don kammala digiri na biyu a fannin gyaran jiki, wanda yawanci yana buƙatar shekaru ɗaya da rabi zuwa biyu na karatu. Waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na biyu waɗanda suka sami digiri na biyu dole ne su ci jarrabawar zama memba cikin nasara don zama membobin ''Ordre Professionnel de la physiothérapie du Québec'' (PPQ). Masu ilimin motsa jiki za su iya ci gaba da karatunsu a fannoni na musamman kamar kimiyyar gyaran jiki, likitancin wasanni, kinesiology, da kuma ilimin halittar jiki.

Quebec ta rarraba masu ilimin gyaran jiki a matsayin kwararrun likitocin da ke kula da lafiyar jiki waɗanda ake buƙatar kammala shirin difloma na kwaleji na shekaru huɗu a fannin gyaran jiki kuma su zama membobin ''Ordre Professionnel de la physiothérapie du Québec'' (OPPQ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Accueil |url=https://oppq.qc.ca/ |website=OPPQ}}&lt;/ref&gt; don yin aiki bisa doka a ƙasar a cewar ƙwararre De Van Gerard.

Yawancin masu ilimin gyaran jiki suna kammala difloma a kwaleji a Collège Montmorency, Dawson College, ko Cégep Marie-Victorin, duk suna cikin yankin [[Montréal|Montreal]] da kewaye.

Bayan kammala karatunsu na kwaleji na fasaha, waɗanda suka kammala karatun suna da damar ci gaba da karatunsu a matakin jami'a don wataƙila su sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimin motsa jiki, kinesiology, kimiyyar motsa jiki, ko ilimin motsa jiki . Jami'ar Montréal, Jami'ar Laval da Jami'ar Sherbrooke suna cikin jami'o'in Québécois waɗanda ke shigar da masu ilimin gyaran jiki zuwa shirye-shiryen karatu da suka shafi kimiyyar lafiya da gyaran jiki don darussan bashi da aka kammala a kwaleji .

Zuwa yanzu, babu shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa da ake da su don sauƙaƙe haɓakawa daga BScPT zuwa takardar shaidar MPT. Duk da haka, ana samun shirye-shiryen digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyya (MSc) da digiri na uku a fannin falsafa (PhD) a kowace jami'a. Baya ga binciken ilimi, masu aiki za su iya haɓaka ƙwarewarsu da cancantarsu ta hanyar ci gaba da darussa da manhajoji na ilimi. Ci gaba da ilimi buƙatu ne na hukumomin kula da larduna.

Ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiyar Jiki ta Kanada tana ba da manhajar koyar da ci gaba da koyarwa a fannin kula da ƙashi da kuma kula da hannu. Shirin ya ƙunshi matakai 5 (darussa 7) na horo tare da ci gaba da jagoranci da kimantawa a kowane mataki. Manhajar koyar da ƙashi da jarrabawa tana ɗaukar aƙalla shekaru 4 kafin a kammala. Duk da haka, bayan kammala mataki na 2, masu ilimin motsa jiki za su iya neman shiga wani shiri na musamman na digiri na biyu wanda ya dogara da kwas na shekara 1 a fannin kula da ƙashi da kuma kula da hannu a Jami'ar Western Ontario don kammala horonsu. Wannan shirin yana karɓar masu ilimin motsa jiki 16 kawai a kowace shekara tun daga 2007. Kammala karatun da aka yi cikin nasara a ɗayan waɗannan hanyoyin ilimi da jarrabawarsu yana ba wa masu ilimin motsa jiki damar yin rajista a Kwalejin Kula da Lafiyar Jiki ta Kanada (CAMPT) don samun haɗin gwiwa. Ana ɗaukar membobin Kwalejin Kula da Lafiyar Jiki ta Kanada (FCAMPT) a matsayin jagora a fagen, suna da ilimi mai zurfi bayan kammala karatun digiri a fannin kula da ƙashi da kuma kula da hannu. FCAMPT takardar shaida ce da aka amince da ita a duniya baki ɗaya, domin CAMPT memba ce ta Ƙungiyar Masu Jinya da Gyaran Jiki ta Duniya (IFOMPT), wani reshe na Ƙungiyar Jinya ta Duniya (wadda a da ake kira Ƙungiyar Jinya ta Duniya (WCPT)) da kuma Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO).

=== Scotland ===
Ana bayar da digirin ilimin motsa jiki a jami'o'i huɗu: Jami'ar Edinburgh Napier da ke Edinburgh, Jami'ar Robert Gordon da ke Aberdeen, Jami'ar Caledonian da ke Glasgow, da Jami'ar Sarauniya Margaret da ke Edinburgh. Dalibai za su iya cancanta a matsayin masu ilimin motsa jiki ta hanyar kammala digirin farko na kimiyya na shekaru huɗu ko digiri na biyu na biyu (idan sun riga sun sami digiri na farko a wani fanni mai alaƙa).

Domin amfani da taken 'Mai ba da shawara kan harkokin motsa jiki', dole ne ɗalibi ya yi rijista da [[Kwamitin Kula da Lafiya da Kulawa|Majalisar Kula da Lafiya da Kulawa]], wata hukuma mai kula da harkokin motsa jiki a faɗin Burtaniya, idan ya cancanta. Yawancin masu ba da shawara kan motsa jiki mambobi ne na Ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Chartered (CSP), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Scotland {{!}} The Chartered Society of Physiotherapy |url=https://www.csp.org.uk/networks/nations-regions/scotland |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=www.csp.org.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wacce ke ba da inshora da tallafi na ƙwararru.

=== Amurka ===
Babban likitan da ke kula da lafiyar jiki shine likitan motsa jiki (PT) wanda aka horar kuma aka ba shi lasisi don dubawa, kimantawa, ganowa da sarrafa rauni ko cuta a cikin marasa lafiya ko abokan ciniki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 2025 |title=Diagnosis by Physical Therapists |url=https://www.apta.org/apta-and-you/leadership-and-governance/policies/diagnosis-by-physical-therapist |access-date=3 October 2025 |website=www.apta.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan aka nuna, masu ilimin motsa jiki suna yin odar gwaje-gwaje/nazari na bincike, gami da amma ba'a iyakance ga gwaje-gwajen hoto da dakin gwaje-gwaje ba. Masu ilimin motsa jiki kuma suna iya yin ko fassara zaɓaɓɓun hotuna ko wasu gwaje-gwaje/nazari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 2025 |title=Diagnosis by Physical Therapists |url=https://www.apta.org/apta-and-you/leadership-and-governance/policies/diagnosis-by-physical-therapist |access-date=3 October 2025 |website=www.apta.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manhajojin ilimin ilimin motsa jiki a Amurka sun kai ga digirin Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT), &lt;ref name=&quot;2011PTed&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 August 2011 |title=2010–2011 Fact Sheet: Physical Therapist Education Programs |url=http://www.capteonline.org/uploadedFiles/CAPTEorg/About_CAPTE/Resources/Aggregate_Program_Data/AggregateProgramData_PTPrograms.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823100415/http://www.capteonline.org/uploadedFiles/CAPTEorg/About_CAPTE/Resources/Aggregate_Program_Data/AggregateProgramData_PTPrograms.pdf |archive-date=23 August 2020 |access-date=28 February 2012 |publisher=American Physical Therapy Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da wasu PT masu aiki suna da digirin Master of Physical Therapy, wasu kuma suna da digirin Bachelor. Ba a sake bayar da digirin Master of Physical Therapy da Master of Science a Physical Therapy ba, kuma digirin matakin shiga shine digirin Doctor of Physical Therapy, wanda yawanci yana ɗaukar shekaru 3 bayan kammala digirin farko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Physical Therapist (PT) Education Overview |url=http://www.apta.org/PTEducation/Overview/ |access-date=15 February 2016 |website=www.apta.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ƙarfafa PT waɗanda ke da digirin Master ko digirin farko a PT su sami DPT ɗinsu saboda burin APTA shine duk PT su kasance a matakin digiri na uku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-07-12 |title=Master's of Physical Therapy (MPT) vs. Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) Degree |url=http://www.exercise-science-guide.com/blog/masters-physical-therapy-vs-doctorate-physical-therapy/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223044518/http://www.exercise-science-guide.com/blog/masters-physical-therapy-vs-doctorate-physical-therapy/ |archive-date=23 February 2016 |access-date=15 February 2016 |website=Exercise Science Guide |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar Kula da Ilimin Jinya ta Jiki (CAPTE) ta amince da shirye-shiryen DPT a Amurka. A cewar CAPTE, {{As of|2025}}  Akwai ɗalibai 39,448 da suka yi rajista a shirye-shiryen PT guda 322 da aka amince da su a Amurka yayin da ɗaliban PTA guda 10,077 ke shiga shirye-shiryen PTA guda 390 a Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;By The Numbers: Accredited and Candidacy Programs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2025 |title=By The Numbers |url=https://www.capteonline.org/ |access-date=4 October 2025 |publisher=Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manhajar kwararrun masu ilimin motsa jiki ta ƙunshi abubuwan da ke cikin kimiyyar asibiti (misali, abubuwan da ke ciki game da tsarin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, huhu, endocrine, metabolism, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, integumentary, musculoskeletal, da neuromuscular da kuma yanayin likita da tiyata da masu ilimin motsa jiki ke yawan gani). Horarwa ta yanzu an yi ta ne musamman don baiwa masu ilimin motsa jiki damar gane da kuma tura cututtukan da ba na tsoka ba waɗanda za su iya kasancewa iri ɗaya da waɗanda tsarin da ba su dace da maganin motsa jiki ke haifarwa, wanda ya haifar da samun damar kai tsaye ga masu ilimin motsa jiki a jihohi da yawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;FSBPT Direct Access Guide&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy Jurisdiction Licensure Reference Guide Topic: Direct Access Language |url=https://www.fsbpt.org/Portals/0/documents/free-resources/JLRG_DirectAccessLawsAndRegs_201510.pdf |access-date=7 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawan zama bayan digirin digirgir da kuma ilimin zumunci yana ƙaruwa akai-akai tare da amincewa da shirye-shiryen zama 219 da shirye-shiryen zumunci 42 a shekarar 2016. Makarantun suna da nufin horar da masu ilimin motsa jiki a fannoni daban-daban kamar kula da lafiya mai tsanani, cututtukan zuciya da [[huhu]], ilimin lantarki na asibiti, malamai, ilimin [[Magungunan tsofaffi|tsofaffi]], ilimin jijiyoyi, ilimin ƙashi, ilimin yara, wasanni, [[Lafiyar Mata|lafiyar mata]], da kula da rauni, yayin da makarantu ke horar da ƙwararru a wani fanni na musamman (misali kulawa mai tsanani, maganin hannu, da wasanni na sashe na 1 ), kamar tsarin likitanci. Shirye-shiryen zama suna ba da damar zama don samun takardar shaidar ƙwararru a fannin aikinsu. Misali, kammala zama a fannin motsa jiki na ƙashi yana ba wa waɗanda suka kammala karatun damar yin rajista da zama don gwajin ƙwararrun likitoci a fannin ƙashi, cimma nasarar tantancewa ta OCS bayan cin jarrabawar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Benefits of Attending a Physical Therapy Residency Programs |url=http://www.abptrfe.org/Residency/About/Benefits/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023233256/http://www.abptrfe.org/Residency/About/Benefits/ |archive-date=23 October 2014 |access-date=7 August 2016 |website=American Board of Physical Therapy Residency and Fellowship Education}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takaddun shaida na hukumar ƙwararrun likitocin motsa jiki yana da nufin gane mutanen da ke da ilimin asibiti da horo na ƙwarewa a fannin aikinsu, kuma yana misalta yanayin zuwa ga ilimi mafi girma don kula da mutanen da ke da matsalar motsi yadda ya kamata. &lt;ref name=&quot;ABPTS Website&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABPTS homepage |url=http://www.abpts.org/home.aspx/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423162000/http://www.abpts.org/home.aspx |archive-date=23 April 2011 |access-date=7 August 2016 |website=American Board of Physical Therapy Specialties}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mataimakan masu ilimin motsa jiki na iya bayar da magani da kuma hanyoyin motsa jiki ga marasa lafiya da abokan ciniki a ƙarƙashin tsarin kulawa da aka kafa ta kuma ƙarƙashin kulawar mai ilimin motsa jiki. Mataimakan masu ilimin motsa jiki a Amurka a halin yanzu ana horar da su a ƙarƙashin manhajojin ilimin da aka yi amfani da su musamman ga sana'ar, kamar yadda CAPTE ta bayyana kuma ta amince da su. Ya zuwa Disamba 2022, akwai shirye-shirye 396 na shekaru biyu ( mataimakan masu ilimin motsa jiki ) waɗanda aka amince da su don mataimakan masu ilimin motsa jiki a Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 January 2023 |title=Aggregate Program Data 2021 Physical Therapist Assistant Education Programs Fact Sheets |url=https://www.capteonline.org/globalassets/capte-docs/aggregate-data/2021-2022-aggregate-pta-program-and-salary-data.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403124612/https://www.capteonline.org/globalassets/capte-docs/aggregate-data/2021-2022-aggregate-pta-program-and-salary-data.pdf |archive-date=3 April 2023 |access-date=18 April 2023 |publisher=American Physical Therapy Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Ayyukan da suka shafi aikin motsa jiki a Arewacin Amurka sun nuna ci gaba cikin sauri a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, amma ƙimar aiki da matsakaicin albashi na iya bambanta sosai tsakanin ƙasashe daban-daban, jihohi, larduna, ko yankuna. Wani bincike daga 2013 ya bayyana cewa kashi 56.4% na masu ilimin motsa jiki sun gamsu da ayyukansu a duk duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gupta&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gupta N |year=2013 |title=Predictors of job satisfaction among physiotherapy professionals |journal=Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=146–151 |doi=10.5958/j.0973-5674.7.3.082 |id={{ProQuest|1464664057}} |doi-access=free}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Albashi, sha'awar aiki, da gamsuwa a cikin aiki sune mahimman abubuwan da ke nuna gamsuwar aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gupta&quot; /&gt; A cikin wani bincike na Poland, gajiyar aiki tsakanin masu ilimin motsa jiki ya bayyana ta hanyar ƙaruwar gajiyar motsin rai da raguwar jin daɗin cimma burin mutum. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pustułka-Piwnik U, Ryn ZJ, Krzywoszański Ł, Stożek J |date=17 November 2014 |title=Burnout syndrome in physical therapists – demographic and organizational factors |journal=Medycyna Pracy |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=453–62 |doi=10.13075/mp.5893.00038 |pmid=25643484 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gajiyawar motsin rai ta fi yawa a tsakanin masu ilimin motsa jiki waɗanda ke aiki tare da manya kuma suna aiki a asibitoci. Sauran abubuwan da ke ƙara gajiya sun haɗa da aiki a asibiti da samun matsayi daga shekaru 15 zuwa 19. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;

=== Amurka ===
A cewar Ofishin Kididdiga na Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka, akwai kimanin masu ilimin motsa jiki 267,200 da aka yi aiki a Amurka a shekarar 2024, suna samun matsakaicin dala $101,020 a kowace shekara a shekarar 2024, ko dala $48.57 a kowace awa, tare da hasashen karuwar kashi 11% a aikin yi nan da shekarar 2034. &lt;ref name=&quot;BLSPT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 December 2015 |title=Physical Therapists |url=http://www.bls.gov/ooh/Healthcare/Physical-therapists.htm |access-date=4 April 2017 |website=Occupational Outlook Handbook |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ofishin Kididdiga na Ma'aikata ya kuma bayar da rahoton cewa akwai kimanin mataimakan masu ilimin motsa jiki 128,700 da aka yi aiki a Amurka a shekarar 2014, suna samun matsakaicin dala $42,980 a kowace shekara, ko dala $20.66 a kowace awa, tare da hasashen karuwar kashi 40% a aikin yi nan da shekarar 2024. Don biyan bukatunsu, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da na motsa jiki da yawa suna daukar &quot;masu ilimin motsa jiki na tafiya&quot;, wadanda ke aiki na wucin gadi tsakanin makonni 8 zuwa 26 don samun karin albashi; kimanin dala $113,500 a kowace shekara.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;BLSPTA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 December 2015 |title=Physical Therapist Assistants and Aides |url=http://www.bls.gov/ooh/Healthcare/Physical-therapist-assistants-and-aides.htm |access-date=4 April 2017 |website=Occupational Outlook Handbook |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayanan kididdiga na Ofishin Ma'aikata kan PTAs da fasaha na iya zama da wahala a fayyace su, saboda yadda suke bayar da rahoton bayanai kan waɗannan fannoni na aiki tare maimakon a ware su daban. O-Net ta ba da rahoton cewa a cikin 2015, PTAs a Amurka sun sami matsakaicin albashi na $55,170 kowace shekara ko $26.52 a kowace awa kuma mataimaka/masu fasaha sun sami matsakaicin albashi na $25,120 kowace shekara ko $12.08 a kowace awa a cikin 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;ONETTech&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2016–2017 |title=Summary Report for 31-2022.00 – Physical Therapist Aides |url=http://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/31-2022.00 |access-date=4 April 2017 |publisher=O-Net Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;ONETPTA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2016–17 |title=Summary Report for 31-2021.00 – Physical Therapist Assistants |url=http://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/31-2021.00 |access-date=4 April 2017 |publisher=O-Net Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiyar Jiki ta Amurka ta ba da rahoton ƙimar guraben aiki ga masu ilimin motsa jiki kamar 11.2% a cikin asibitoci masu zaman kansu na marasa lafiya, 10% a wuraren kulawa mai tsanani, da 12.1% a cikin wuraren jinya masu ƙwarewa. APTA ta kuma ba da rahoton ƙimar juzu'i ga masu ilimin motsa jiki kamar 10.7% a cikin asibitoci masu zaman kansu na marasa lafiya, 11.9% a wuraren kulawa mai tsanani, 27.6% a cikin wuraren jinya masu ƙwarewa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 October 2010 |title=Physical Therapy Vacancy and Turnover Rates in Outpatient Private Practice |url=http://www.apta.org/WorkforceData/VacancyTurnoverRate/OutpatientPrivatePractice/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611205712/http://www.apta.org/WorkforceData/VacancyTurnoverRate/OutpatientPrivatePractice/ |archive-date=11 June 2016 |access-date=4 April 2017 |website=www.apta.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 December 2010 |title=Physical Therapy Vacancy and Turnover Rates in Acute Care Hospitals |url=http://www.apta.org/WorkforceData/VacancyTurnoverRate/AcuteCare/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611205418/http://www.apta.org/WorkforceData/VacancyTurnoverRate/AcuteCare/ |archive-date=11 June 2016 |access-date=4 April 2017 |website=www.apta.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 June 2011 |title=Physical Therapy Vacancy and Turnover Rates in Skilled Nursing Facilities |url=http://www.apta.org/WorkforceData/VacancyTurnoverRate/SNFs/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611205717/http://www.apta.org/WorkforceData/VacancyTurnoverRate/SNFs/ |archive-date=11 June 2016 |access-date=4 April 2017 |website=www.apta.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'anoni da buƙatun lasisi a Amurka sun bambanta tsakanin yankuna, kamar yadda kowace jiha ta zartar da dokar aikin tiyatar jiki da ke bayyana sana'ar a cikin ikonta, amma Hukumar Kula da Lafiyar Jiki ta Jiha &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Model Practice Act &amp;#124; FSBPT |url=https://www.fsbpt.org/Free-Resources/Regulatory-Resources/Model-Practice-Act}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta kuma tsara wani tsari don iyakance wannan bambancin. Hukumar Kula da Ingantaccen Ilimi a Ilimin Jinya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education |url=https://www.capteonline.org/ |website=Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education}}&lt;/ref&gt; (CAPTE) ce ke da alhakin amincewa da manhajojin ilimin motsa jiki a duk faɗin Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Who We Are |url=https://www.capteonline.org/about-capte/who-we-are |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ƙasar Ingila ===

== Manazarta ==
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* Turai: [https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/regprof/index.cfm?action=regprof&amp;id_regprof=1180 Bayanan sana'o'i masu tsari] - Masanin ilimin motsa jiki, Hukumar Turai
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{{Infobox medical intervention|Name=Physical therapy / physiotherapy|Image=Physical Therapists at work.jpg|Caption=Military physical therapists working with patients on balance problems, [[orthopedic]]s, [[amputee|amputation]], and examining the patient's [[muscle strength|strength]], flexibility, joint range of motion, and gait.|ICD10=|ICD9={{ICD9proc|93.0}}-{{ICD9proc|93.3}}|MeshID=D026761|OPS301=|OtherCodes=}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;


Sana'ar tana da fannoni da yawa da suka haɗa da [[Tsarin tsokoki da ƙashi na mutum|musculoskeletal]], orthopedics, cardiopulmonary, neurology, endocrinology, sports medicine, [[Magungunan tsofaffi|geriatrics]], pediatrics, pediatrics, [[Lafiyar Mata|health of women]], care pain and electromyography . PTs suna yin aiki a wurare da yawa, na gwamnati da na masu zaman kansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;APTA_1/17/2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=American Physical Therapy Association |date=17 January 2008 |title=APTA Background Sheet 2008 |url=http://www.apta.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Physical_Therapy&amp;TEMPLATE=/CM/HTMLDisplay.cfm&amp;CONTENTID=33205 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529180223/http://www.apta.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Physical_Therapy&amp;TEMPLATE=%2FCM%2FHTMLDisplay.cfm&amp;CONTENTID=33205 |archive-date=29 May 2008 |access-date=29 May 2008 |publisher=American Physical Therapy Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baya ga aikin asibiti, wasu fannoni na aikin motsa jiki sun haɗa da bincike, ilimi, shawarwari, da kuma [[Gudanar da kiwon lafiya|kula da lafiya]] . Masu ilimin motsa jiki suna ba da [[Kulawa na farko|kulawar farko]] ga marasa lafiya tare da sauran ayyukan likita. A wasu yankuna, kamar Burtaniya, masu ilimin motsa jiki na iya samun ikon rubuta magani. 
 

== Bayani ==
Maganin motsa jiki yana magance cututtuka ko raunuka da ke iyakance ikon mutum na motsawa da yin ayyukan da suka dace a rayuwarsa ta yau da kullun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Occupational Outlook Handbook – Physical Therapists |url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/physical-therapists.htm |access-date=30 August 2021 |website=bls.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Likitocin PT suna amfani da [[Tarihin kiwon lafiya|tarihin]] mutum da gwajin jiki don isa ga ganewar asali da kuma kafa tsarin gudanarwa, kuma idan ya cancanta, suna haɗa sakamakon nazarin dakin gwaje-gwaje da hotuna kamar X-ray, CT scans, ko MRIs. Masu ilimin motsa jiki na iya amfani da sonography don gano da kuma sarrafa yanayin tsoka, jijiyoyi, da huhu na yau da kullun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diagnostic and procedural imaging in physical therapist practice |url=https://www.orthopt.org/uploads/content_files/files/DxProcImagPhysTherPractice_FINAL%281%29.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028101158/https://www.orthopt.org/uploads/content_files/files/DxProcImagPhysTherPractice_FINAL%281%29.pdf |archive-date=2021-10-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vieira |first=Rui |last2=Segura-Grau |first2=Elena |last3=Magalhães |first3=Juliana |last4=dos Santos |first4=Joseph |last5=Patrão |first5=Luís |date=September 2020 |title=Lung ultrasound as a tool to guide respiratory physiotherapy |journal=Journal of Clinical Ultrasound |volume=48 |issue=7 |pages=431–434 |doi=10.1002/jcu.22860 |pmid=32497252}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Certification – RMSK |url=https://www.apca.org/certifications-examinations/Registered-in-Musculoskeletal-Sonography/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya amfani da gwajin ganewar asali na lantarki (misali, gwajin electromyograms da gwajin saurin sarrafa jijiyoyi). &lt;ref name=&quot;evalGuidelinesAPTA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=American Physical Therapy Association Section on Clinical Electrophysiology and Wound Management |title=Curriculum Content Guidelines for Electrophysiologic Evaluation |url=http://www.aptasce-wm.org/documents/guidelines/ENMG%20EvaluationGuidelines.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904055829/http://www.aptasce-wm.org/documents/guidelines/ENMG%20EvaluationGuidelines.pdf |archive-date=4 September 2011 |access-date=29 May 2008 |website=Educational Guidelines |publisher=American Physical Therapy Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Gudanar da'' PT yawanci ya haɗa da rubutaccen magani, ko taimako tare da, motsa jiki na musamman, maganin hannu, da kuma sarrafa jiki. Ƙarin jiyya sun haɗa da na'urorin injiniya kamar jan hankali; ilimi; hanyoyin lantarki waɗanda suka haɗa da zafi, sanyi, wutar lantarki, raƙuman sauti, da radiation; na'urorin taimako; prostheses; da orthoses . Bugu da ƙari, PTs suna aiki tare da mutane don hana asarar motsi kafin ya faru ta hanyar haɓaka shirye-shiryen motsa jiki da lafiya don rayuwa mai lafiya da aiki, da kuma samar da ayyuka ga mutane da al'ummomi don haɓaka, kiyayewa, da dawo da matsakaicin motsi da ƙarfin aiki a duk tsawon rayuwa. Wannan ya haɗa da samar da magani a cikin yanayi inda motsi da aiki ke fuskantar barazana daga tsufa, rauni, cuta, ko abubuwan muhalli. Motsin aiki yana da mahimmanci ga abin da ake nufi da zama [[lafiya]] . 

Jinyar motsa jiki sana'a ce da ke da fannoni da yawa ciki har da [[Tsarin tsokoki da ƙashi na mutum|musculoskeletal]], orthopedics, zuciya da huhu, ilimin jijiyoyi, ilimin endocrinology, likitancin wasanni, [[Magungunan tsofaffi|ilimin tsofaffi]], ilimin yara, [[Lafiyar Mata|lafiyar mata]], kula da rauni da kuma electromyography . Likitocin PT suna aiki a wurare da yawa, kamar asibitoci masu zaman kansu, asibitoci ko ofisoshi na waje, asibitoci, asibitoci na lafiya da walwala, asibitoci na gyara, wuraren jinya masu ƙwarewa, wuraren kulawa na dogon lokaci, gidaje masu zaman kansu, cibiyoyin ilimi da bincike, makarantu, asibitoci, wuraren aiki na masana'antu ko wasu wurare na aiki, cibiyoyin motsa jiki da wuraren horar da wasanni . &lt;ref name=&quot;APTA_1/17/2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=American Physical Therapy Association |date=17 January 2008 |title=APTA Background Sheet 2008 |url=http://www.apta.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Physical_Therapy&amp;TEMPLATE=/CM/HTMLDisplay.cfm&amp;CONTENTID=33205 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529180223/http://www.apta.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Physical_Therapy&amp;TEMPLATE=%2FCM%2FHTMLDisplay.cfm&amp;CONTENTID=33205 |archive-date=29 May 2008 |access-date=29 May 2008 |publisher=American Physical Therapy Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masu ilimin motsa jiki kuma suna aiki a cikin ayyukan kula da marasa lafiya kamar manufofin lafiya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Health policy implications for patient education in physical therapy |url=https://www.who.int/topics/health_policy/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324161029/http://www.who.int/topics/health_policy/en/ |archive-date=24 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Initiatives in Rehabilitation Research, {{Cite web |title=Physical Therapy &amp;#124; Oxford Academic |url=http://ptjournal.apta.org/cgi/content/full/86/1/141 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130223105653/http://ptjournal.apta.org/cgi/content/full/86/1/141 |archive-date=23 February 2013 |access-date=2010-09-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; inshorar lafiya, gudanar da harkokin kiwon lafiya, da kuma a matsayin shugabannin kula da lafiya. Masu ilimin motsa jiki suna da hannu a fannin likitanci-doka suna aiki a matsayin ƙwararru, suna yin bita na takwarorinsu da kuma gwaje-gwajen likita masu zaman kansu . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ORTIZ vs. EXAMWORKS, INC., 470 Mass. 784 |url=http://masscases.com/cases/sjc/470/470mass784.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ilimi ya bambanta sosai daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. Tsawon lokacin ilimi ya kama daga wasu ƙasashe waɗanda ba su da ilimi na yau da kullun zuwa wasu kuma waɗanda ke da digirin digirgir da kuma wuraren zama na bayan digirin digirgir da kuma guraben karo ilimi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jesus_2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jesus |first=Tiago S. |last2=Koh |first2=Gerald |last3=Landry |first3=Michel |last4=Ong |first4=Peck-Hoon |last5=Lopes |first5=Antonio |last6=Green |first6=Peter L. |last7=Hoenig |first7=Helen |date=October 2016 |title=Finding the &quot;Right-Size&quot; Physical Therapy Workforce: International Perspective Across 4 Countries |journal=Physical Therapy |volume=96 |issue=10 |pages=1597–1609 |doi=10.2522/ptj.20160014 |pmid=27149960 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dangane da alaƙarta da sauran sana'o'in kiwon lafiya, ilimin motsa jiki yawanci ɗaya ne daga cikin sana'o'in kiwon lafiya da ke da alaƙa . &lt;ref name=&quot;ASAHP_def&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is Allied Health? |url=http://www.asahp.org/what-is/ |access-date=10 March 2020 |publisher=Association of Schools of Allied Health Professionals}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Allied Health (Paramedical) Services and Education |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/204786/B3429.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Allied Health Professionals |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/allied-health-professionals}}&lt;/ref&gt;  World Physiotherapy ta sanya hannu kan &quot;takardar fahimtar juna&quot; tare da sauran membobi huɗu na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Lafiya ta Duniya &quot;don haɓaka haɗin gwiwarsu kan karewa da saka hannun jari a cikin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya don samar da kulawa mai aminci, inganci da adalci a kowane fanni&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO_11/7/2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2022 |title=WHO, members of the World Health Professions Alliance sign new memorandum of understanding on health workforce priorities |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/07-11-2022-WHO_WHPA_MOU |access-date=January 13, 2024 |website=[[World Health Organization]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:Exercise_to_shoulder_and_elbow_to_increase_motion_following_fracture_and_dislocation_of_humerus_is_being_given_by_an..._-_NARA_-_522885.tiff|right|thumb|300x300px|Ana ba wa wani majiyyaci soja motsa jiki ta kafada da gwiwar hannu don ƙara motsi bayan karyewar ƙashi da kuma yankewar ƙashin humerus .]]
Ana kyautata zaton likitoci kamar Hippocrates da Galen daga baya su ne likitoci na farko da suka fara yin aikin motsa jiki, suna ba da shawarar tausa, dabarun gyaran hannu da kuma maganin ruwa don magance mutane a shekarar 460.&amp;nbsp;BC. 

A cikin littafin &quot;De Arte Gymnastica&quot; (Fasaha ta Gymnastics, wanda aka buga a 1569), likitan Italiya Hieronymus Mercurialis (1530–1606) ya gabatar da kalmar &quot;gymnastics na likitanci,&quot; yana nuna ɗaya daga cikin ma'anonin &quot;gymnastics&quot; a matsayin kayan aikin gyara ga marasa lafiya na kowane zamani. 

Masanin ilimin halittar jiki kuma masanin lissafi ɗan ƙasar Italiya Alfonso Borelli (1608–1679) ya sami sakamako mai mahimmanci a fannin [[Biomechanics|kimiyyar halittu]] na dabbobi da na ɗan adam. Littafinsa mai suna &quot;De Motu Animalium&quot; (Akan Motsi na Dabbobi), wanda aka buga a shekarar 1680, jim kaɗan bayan rasuwarsa, ya samar da tsarin aiki don fahimtar yanayin motsi na marasa lafiya da nakasassu. 

A ƙarni na 18, likitan Faransa Nicolas Andry de Bois-Regard (1658–1742) ya kafa ingantacciyar alaƙa tsakanin lafiyar na'urorin tsoka da motsa jiki, kuma a cikin littafinsa &quot;Traité d'orthopédie&quot; (Treatise on Orthopedics, 1741), ya gabatar da sabon kalmar &quot;orthopedics&quot;. Bayan Nicolas Andry de Bois-Regard, wannan ilimin ya zama ginshiƙi don fahimtar motsa jiki daidai a cikin gyaran jiki.  Bayan haɓaka na'urorin ƙafafu a ƙarni na 18, an ƙirƙiri injuna kamar Gymnasticon don magance [[gout]] da cututtuka makamantan su ta hanyar motsa jiki na haɗin gwiwa, kama da ci gaban da aka samu daga baya a cikin aikin motsa jiki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bakewell S |date=October 1997 |title=Medical gymnastics and the Cyriax collection |journal=Medical History |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=487–95 |doi=10.1017/s0025727300063067 |pmc=1043941 |pmid=9536620}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Asalin farko da aka rubuta na ainihin maganin motsa jiki a matsayin ƙungiyar ƙwararru ya samo asali ne daga Per Henrik Ling, &quot;Uban Gymnastics na Sweden,&quot; wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Royal Central of Gymnastics (RCIG) a 1813 don yin amfani da haɗin gwiwa da motsa jiki. Har zuwa 2014, kalmar Sweden don mai ilimin motsa jiki shine ''sjukgymnast'', ko kuma wani wanda ke da hannu a cikin motsa jiki ga waɗanda ke rashin lafiya, amma daga baya aka canza sunan zuwa ''fysioterapeut'' (mai ilimin motsa jiki), kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita a sauran ƙasashen Scandinavia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fysioterapeut – nytt name på yet suk gymnast sedan 2014 |url=https://www.fysioterapeuterna.se/Profession/Om-professionen/Fysioterapeut--ny-skyddad-yrkestitel-for-sjukgymnaster/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828233655/https://www.fysioterapeuterna.se/Profession/Om-professionen/Fysioterapeut--ny-skyddad-yrkestitel-for-sjukgymnaster/ |archive-date=28 August 2016 |access-date=15 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 1887, Hukumar Lafiya da Jin Daɗi ta Ƙasa ta Sweden ta ba wa PTs rajista a hukumance. Sauran ƙasashe ba da daɗewa ba suka biyo baya. A 1894, ma'aikatan jinya huɗu a Burtaniya sun kafa Chartered Society of Physiotherapy . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chartered Society of Physiotherapy |title=History of the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy |url=http://www.csp.org.uk/director/about/thecsp/history.cfm |access-date=29 May 2008 |publisher=Chartered Society of Physiotherapy}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran ƙungiyoyin farko na masu ilimin motsa jiki sun haɗa da Makarantar Ilimin Jiki a Jami'ar Otago da ke New Zealand a 1913, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 January 2007 |title=History of the School of Physiotherapy |url=http://physio.Otago.ac.NZ/about/history.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224020426/http://physio.otago.ac.nz/about/history.asp |archive-date=24 December 2007 |access-date=29 May 2008 |website=School of Physiotherapy Centre for Physiotherapy Research |publisher=University of Otago}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Kwalejin Reed ta Amurka a 1914 a Portland, Oregon, wacce ta kammala karatun &quot;masu taimakawa wajen sake ginawa.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reed College |title=Mission and History |url=http://www.reed.edu/about_reed/history.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920160729/https://www.reed.edu/about_reed/history.html |archive-date=20 September 2018 |access-date=29 May 2008 |website=About Reed |publisher=Reed College}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun lokacin da aka fara wannan sana'a, maganin rage radadi na kashin baya ya kasance babban ɓangare na aikin motsa jiki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bialosky JE, Simon CB, Bishop MD, George SZ |date=October 2012 |title=Basis for spinal manipulative therapy: a physical therapist perspective |journal=Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=643–7 |doi=10.1016/j.jelekin.2011.11.014 |pmc=3461123 |pmid=22197083}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kafa tsarin motsa jiki na zamani a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 saboda abubuwan da suka shafi lafiyar jiki a duniya,  wanda ya buƙaci ci gaba cikin sauri a fannin motsa jiki. Bayan haka, likitocin ƙashi na Amurka sun fara kula da yara masu nakasa kuma sun ɗauki mata da aka horar a fannin ilimin motsa jiki, da motsa jiki na gyara. An ƙara amfani da waɗannan magungunan kuma an ƙarfafa su a lokacin barkewar cutar shan inna ta 1916. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, an ɗauki mata aiki don su yi aiki tare da kuma dawo da aikin jiki ga sojojin da suka ji rauni, kuma an kafa fannin kula da lafiyar jiki a matsayin cibiyar kula da lafiyar jiki. A shekarar 1918, an yi amfani da kalmar &quot;Mataimakin Sake Ginawa&quot; don nufin mutanen da ke yin aikin kula da lafiyar jiki. An kafa makarantar farko ta kula da lafiyar jiki a Asibitin Sojoji na Walter Reed da ke Washington, DC, bayan barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Missouri Women in the Health Sciences – Health Professions – Development of the Field of Physical Therapy |url=http://beckerexhibits.wustl.edu/mowihsp/health/PTdevel.htm |website=beckerexhibits.wustl.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maganin a cikin shekarun 1940 ya ƙunshi motsa jiki, tausa, da jan hankali . An fara amfani da hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su wajen sarrafa kashin baya da haɗin gwiwa na gaɓoɓi, musamman a ƙasashen Commonwealth na Burtaniya, a farkon shekarun 1950.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=McKenzie R |year=2002 |title=Patient Heal Thyself |journal=Worldwide Spine &amp; Rehabilitation |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=16–20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin da aka samar da alluran rigakafin cutar shan inna, kasancewar masu ilimin motsa jiki ya zama ruwan dare a asibitoci a duk faɗin Arewacin Amurka da Turai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=af Klinteberg M |year=1992 |title=The history and present scope of physical therapy |journal=International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=4–9 |doi=10.1017/s0266462300007856 |pmid=1601592 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarshen shekarun 1950, masu ilimin motsa jiki sun fara wuce asibitoci kawai zuwa asibitocin ƙashi na waje, makarantun gwamnati, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na kwaleji/jami'a, wuraren tsofaffi (wuraren jinya masu ƙwarewa), cibiyoyin gyara da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya. Ƙwarewar ilimin motsa jiki a Amurka ta faru ne a shekarar 1974, inda aka kafa Sashen Ƙashi na APTA ga waɗannan masu ilimin motsa jiki waɗanda suka ƙware a fannin ƙashi. A wannan shekarar, aka kafa [[International Federation of Orthopaedic Manipulative Physical Therapists|Ƙungiyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Masu Ilimin motsa jiki ta ƙashi]], &lt;ref name=&quot;IFOMPT_history&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=History: Abridged version of IFOMPT History |url=http://www.ifompt.com/About+IFOMPT/History.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713003655/http://www.ifompt.com/About+IFOMPT/History.html |archive-date=13 July 2011 |access-date=9 January 2011 |publisher=International Federation of Orthopaedic Manipulative Physical Therapists (IFOMPT)}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda tun daga lokacin ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ci gaba da aikin hannu a duk duniya.

Ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa ta wannan sana'a ita ce Ƙungiyar Duniya ta Kula da Lafiyar Jiki (WCPT). An kafa ta a shekarar 1951 kuma tana aiki da sunan World Physiotherapy tun daga shekarar 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;WP_1/28/2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 28, 2020 |title=Name change for global physical therapy body |url=https://world.physio/news/name-change-global-physical-therapy-body |access-date=January 6, 2024 |website=[[World Physiotherapy]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;WP_6/30/2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 30, 2020 |title=New brand and website for global physiotherapy body |url=https://world.physio/news/new-brand-and-website-global-physiotherapy-body |access-date=January 4, 2024 |website=[[World Physiotherapy]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Ka'idojin ilimi ga masu ba da maganin motsa jiki sun bambanta daga jiha zuwa jiha, ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, kuma daga cikin matakai daban-daban na alhakin ƙwararru. Duk jihohin Amurka suna da ayyukan aikin motsa jiki waɗanda ke gane masu ilimin motsa jiki (PTs) da mataimakan masu ilimin motsa jiki (PTAs) kuma wasu yankuna suna kuma gane masu fasahar motsa jiki (PT techs) ko mataimakan. Yawancin ƙasashe suna da hukumomin ba da lasisi waɗanda masu ilimin motsa jiki dole ne su zama membobi kafin su fara aiki a matsayin ƙwararru masu zaman kansu. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Kanada ===
Ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiyar Jiki ta Kanada (CAPR) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home – Canadian Alliance of Physiotherapy Regulators |url=https://alliancept.org/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=alliancept.org |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt; tana ba wa waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko damar neman Jarrabawar Ƙwarewar Lafiyar Jiki ta ƙasa (PCE). Cika PCE yana ɗaya daga cikin buƙatun da ake buƙata a yawancin larduna da yankuna don yin aiki a matsayin likitan motsa jiki mai lasisi a Kanada. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Career Centre – Canadian Physiotherapy Association |url=http://physiotherapy.ca/About-Physiotherapy/Careers-in-Physiotherapy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518093014/http://physiotherapy.ca/About-Physiotherapy/Careers-in-Physiotherapy |archive-date=18 May 2015 |access-date=18 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Membobin CAPR ƙungiyoyi ne na kula da lafiyar jiki da aka amince da su a larduna da yankuna daban-daban:

* Gwamnatin Yukon, Ayyukan Masu Amfani &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-01-26 |title=Check if a physiotherapist is licensed |url=https://yukon.ca/en/check-if-physiotherapist-licensed |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=yukon.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Masu Ilimin Jiki na British Columbia &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CPTBC – College of Physical Therapists of British Columbia – Inspiring Public Confidence |url=https://cptbc.org/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Masana Ilimin Jiki ta Alberta &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.cpta.ab.ca/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=College of Physiotherapists of Alberta |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Masu Ilimin Jiki ta Saskatchewan &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home – SCPT &amp;#124; Saskatchewan College of Physical Therapists |url=https://www.scpt.org/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Masana Ilimin Jiki ta Manitoba &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home – College of Physiotherapists of Manitoba |url=https://manitobaphysio.com/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=manitobaphysio.com |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Masana Ilimin Jiki ta Ontario &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=College of Physiotherapists of Ontario {{!}} Physiotherapy Ontario |url=https://www.collegept.org/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=College of Physiotherapists of Ontario |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ordre professionalnel de la physiotherapie du Québec &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://oppq.qc.ca/en/home/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=OPPQ |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Likitocin Jiki na New Brunswick/College des physiothérapeutes du Nouveau-Brunswick &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=College of Physiotherapists of New Brunswick – Responsive Medical Health WordPress Theme |url=https://cptnb.ca/language/en/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Likitocin Jiki ta Nova Scotia &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nova Scotia College of Physiotherapists – Nova Scotia College of Physiotherapists |url=https://nsphysio.com/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=nsphysio.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Masana Ilimin Jiki ta Prince Edward Island &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Welcome |url=https://www.peicpt.com/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=PEI College of Physiotherapy |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Likitocin Jiki ta Newfoundland da Labrador &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=about_us.php |url=https://physiotherapy.ca/newfoundlandlabrador-physiotherapy-association/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921000728/https://physiotherapy.ca/newfoundlandlabrador-physiotherapy-association/ |archive-date=21 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana bayar da shirye-shiryen motsa jiki a jami'o'i goma sha biyar, galibi ta hanyar kwalejin likitanci ta jami'ar. Kowace makaranta ta fannin motsa jiki ta Kanada ta sauya daga shirye-shiryen digiri na uku a fannin ilimin motsa jiki (BScPT) waɗanda ke buƙatar shekaru biyu na darussan jami'a na farko (digiri na farko na shekaru biyar) zuwa shirye-shiryen digiri na biyu na ilimin motsa jiki (MPT) waɗanda ke buƙatar digiri na farko na farko. Jami'ar Kanada ta ƙarshe da ta biyo baya ita ce Jami'ar Manitoba, wacce ta koma shirin MPT a shekarar 2012, wanda ya sanya takardar shaidar MPT ta zama sabuwar hanyar shiga aiki a duk faɗin Kanada. Ba a buƙatar masu aikin da ke da takardar shaidar BScPT su haɓaka cancantarsu ba.

A lardin Quebec, ana buƙatar masu son yin aikin tiyatar jiki su kammala difloma ta kwaleji a fannin kimiyyar lafiya, wadda ke ɗaukar matsakaicin shekaru biyu, ko kuma fasahar gyaran jiki, wadda ke ɗaukar akalla shekaru uku, don neman shiga shirin motsa jiki ko shiri a jami'a. Bayan shiga, ɗaliban da ke yin aikin tiyatar jiki suna aiki a kan digiri na farko a fannin kimiyya tare da babban digiri a fannin gyaran jiki da gyaran jiki. BSc yawanci yana buƙatar shekaru uku kafin a kammala. Sannan ɗalibai dole ne su shiga makarantar digiri na biyu don kammala digiri na biyu a fannin gyaran jiki, wanda yawanci yana buƙatar shekaru ɗaya da rabi zuwa biyu na karatu. Waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na biyu waɗanda suka sami digiri na biyu dole ne su ci jarrabawar zama memba cikin nasara don zama membobin ''Ordre Professionnel de la physiothérapie du Québec'' (PPQ). Masu ilimin motsa jiki za su iya ci gaba da karatunsu a fannoni na musamman kamar kimiyyar gyaran jiki, likitancin wasanni, kinesiology, da kuma ilimin halittar jiki.

Quebec ta rarraba masu ilimin gyaran jiki a matsayin kwararrun likitocin da ke kula da lafiyar jiki waɗanda ake buƙatar kammala shirin difloma na kwaleji na shekaru huɗu a fannin gyaran jiki kuma su zama membobin ''Ordre Professionnel de la physiothérapie du Québec'' (OPPQ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Accueil |url=https://oppq.qc.ca/ |website=OPPQ}}&lt;/ref&gt; don yin aiki bisa doka a ƙasar a cewar ƙwararre De Van Gerard.

Yawancin masu ilimin gyaran jiki suna kammala difloma a kwaleji a Collège Montmorency, Dawson College, ko Cégep Marie-Victorin, duk suna cikin yankin [[Montréal|Montreal]] da kewaye.

Bayan kammala karatunsu na kwaleji na fasaha, waɗanda suka kammala karatun suna da damar ci gaba da karatunsu a matakin jami'a don wataƙila su sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimin motsa jiki, kinesiology, kimiyyar motsa jiki, ko ilimin motsa jiki . Jami'ar Montréal, Jami'ar Laval da Jami'ar Sherbrooke suna cikin jami'o'in Québécois waɗanda ke shigar da masu ilimin gyaran jiki zuwa shirye-shiryen karatu da suka shafi kimiyyar lafiya da gyaran jiki don darussan bashi da aka kammala a kwaleji .

Zuwa yanzu, babu shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa da ake da su don sauƙaƙe haɓakawa daga BScPT zuwa takardar shaidar MPT. Duk da haka, ana samun shirye-shiryen digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyya (MSc) da digiri na uku a fannin falsafa (PhD) a kowace jami'a. Baya ga binciken ilimi, masu aiki za su iya haɓaka ƙwarewarsu da cancantarsu ta hanyar ci gaba da darussa da manhajoji na ilimi. Ci gaba da ilimi buƙatu ne na hukumomin kula da larduna.

Ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiyar Jiki ta Kanada tana ba da manhajar koyar da ci gaba da koyarwa a fannin kula da ƙashi da kuma kula da hannu. Shirin ya ƙunshi matakai 5 (darussa 7) na horo tare da ci gaba da jagoranci da kimantawa a kowane mataki. Manhajar koyar da ƙashi da jarrabawa tana ɗaukar aƙalla shekaru 4 kafin a kammala. Duk da haka, bayan kammala mataki na 2, masu ilimin motsa jiki za su iya neman shiga wani shiri na musamman na digiri na biyu wanda ya dogara da kwas na shekara 1 a fannin kula da ƙashi da kuma kula da hannu a Jami'ar Western Ontario don kammala horonsu. Wannan shirin yana karɓar masu ilimin motsa jiki 16 kawai a kowace shekara tun daga 2007. Kammala karatun da aka yi cikin nasara a ɗayan waɗannan hanyoyin ilimi da jarrabawarsu yana ba wa masu ilimin motsa jiki damar yin rajista a Kwalejin Kula da Lafiyar Jiki ta Kanada (CAMPT) don samun haɗin gwiwa. Ana ɗaukar membobin Kwalejin Kula da Lafiyar Jiki ta Kanada (FCAMPT) a matsayin jagora a fagen, suna da ilimi mai zurfi bayan kammala karatun digiri a fannin kula da ƙashi da kuma kula da hannu. FCAMPT takardar shaida ce da aka amince da ita a duniya baki ɗaya, domin CAMPT memba ce ta Ƙungiyar Masu Jinya da Gyaran Jiki ta Duniya (IFOMPT), wani reshe na Ƙungiyar Jinya ta Duniya (wadda a da ake kira Ƙungiyar Jinya ta Duniya (WCPT)) da kuma Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO).

=== Scotland ===
Ana bayar da digirin ilimin motsa jiki a jami'o'i huɗu: Jami'ar Edinburgh Napier da ke Edinburgh, Jami'ar Robert Gordon da ke Aberdeen, Jami'ar Caledonian da ke Glasgow, da Jami'ar Sarauniya Margaret da ke Edinburgh. Dalibai za su iya cancanta a matsayin masu ilimin motsa jiki ta hanyar kammala digirin farko na kimiyya na shekaru huɗu ko digiri na biyu na biyu (idan sun riga sun sami digiri na farko a wani fanni mai alaƙa).

Domin amfani da taken 'Mai ba da shawara kan harkokin motsa jiki', dole ne ɗalibi ya yi rijista da [[Kwamitin Kula da Lafiya da Kulawa|Majalisar Kula da Lafiya da Kulawa]], wata hukuma mai kula da harkokin motsa jiki a faɗin Burtaniya, idan ya cancanta. Yawancin masu ba da shawara kan motsa jiki mambobi ne na Ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Chartered (CSP), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Scotland {{!}} The Chartered Society of Physiotherapy |url=https://www.csp.org.uk/networks/nations-regions/scotland |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=www.csp.org.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wacce ke ba da inshora da tallafi na ƙwararru.

=== Amurka ===
Babban likitan da ke kula da lafiyar jiki shine likitan motsa jiki (PT) wanda aka horar kuma aka ba shi lasisi don dubawa, kimantawa, ganowa da sarrafa rauni ko cuta a cikin marasa lafiya ko abokan ciniki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 2025 |title=Diagnosis by Physical Therapists |url=https://www.apta.org/apta-and-you/leadership-and-governance/policies/diagnosis-by-physical-therapist |access-date=3 October 2025 |website=www.apta.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan aka nuna, masu ilimin motsa jiki suna yin odar gwaje-gwaje/nazari na bincike, gami da amma ba'a iyakance ga gwaje-gwajen hoto da dakin gwaje-gwaje ba. Masu ilimin motsa jiki kuma suna iya yin ko fassara zaɓaɓɓun hotuna ko wasu gwaje-gwaje/nazari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 2025 |title=Diagnosis by Physical Therapists |url=https://www.apta.org/apta-and-you/leadership-and-governance/policies/diagnosis-by-physical-therapist |access-date=3 October 2025 |website=www.apta.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manhajojin ilimin ilimin motsa jiki a Amurka sun kai ga digirin Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT), &lt;ref name=&quot;2011PTed&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 August 2011 |title=2010–2011 Fact Sheet: Physical Therapist Education Programs |url=http://www.capteonline.org/uploadedFiles/CAPTEorg/About_CAPTE/Resources/Aggregate_Program_Data/AggregateProgramData_PTPrograms.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823100415/http://www.capteonline.org/uploadedFiles/CAPTEorg/About_CAPTE/Resources/Aggregate_Program_Data/AggregateProgramData_PTPrograms.pdf |archive-date=23 August 2020 |access-date=28 February 2012 |publisher=American Physical Therapy Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da wasu PT masu aiki suna da digirin Master of Physical Therapy, wasu kuma suna da digirin Bachelor. Ba a sake bayar da digirin Master of Physical Therapy da Master of Science a Physical Therapy ba, kuma digirin matakin shiga shine digirin Doctor of Physical Therapy, wanda yawanci yana ɗaukar shekaru 3 bayan kammala digirin farko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Physical Therapist (PT) Education Overview |url=http://www.apta.org/PTEducation/Overview/ |access-date=15 February 2016 |website=www.apta.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ƙarfafa PT waɗanda ke da digirin Master ko digirin farko a PT su sami DPT ɗinsu saboda burin APTA shine duk PT su kasance a matakin digiri na uku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-07-12 |title=Master's of Physical Therapy (MPT) vs. Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) Degree |url=http://www.exercise-science-guide.com/blog/masters-physical-therapy-vs-doctorate-physical-therapy/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223044518/http://www.exercise-science-guide.com/blog/masters-physical-therapy-vs-doctorate-physical-therapy/ |archive-date=23 February 2016 |access-date=15 February 2016 |website=Exercise Science Guide |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar Kula da Ilimin Jinya ta Jiki (CAPTE) ta amince da shirye-shiryen DPT a Amurka. A cewar CAPTE, {{As of|2025}}  Akwai ɗalibai 39,448 da suka yi rajista a shirye-shiryen PT guda 322 da aka amince da su a Amurka yayin da ɗaliban PTA guda 10,077 ke shiga shirye-shiryen PTA guda 390 a Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;By The Numbers: Accredited and Candidacy Programs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2025 |title=By The Numbers |url=https://www.capteonline.org/ |access-date=4 October 2025 |publisher=Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manhajar kwararrun masu ilimin motsa jiki ta ƙunshi abubuwan da ke cikin kimiyyar asibiti (misali, abubuwan da ke ciki game da tsarin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, huhu, endocrine, metabolism, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, integumentary, musculoskeletal, da neuromuscular da kuma yanayin likita da tiyata da masu ilimin motsa jiki ke yawan gani). Horarwa ta yanzu an yi ta ne musamman don baiwa masu ilimin motsa jiki damar gane da kuma tura cututtukan da ba na tsoka ba waɗanda za su iya kasancewa iri ɗaya da waɗanda tsarin da ba su dace da maganin motsa jiki ke haifarwa, wanda ya haifar da samun damar kai tsaye ga masu ilimin motsa jiki a jihohi da yawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;FSBPT Direct Access Guide&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy Jurisdiction Licensure Reference Guide Topic: Direct Access Language |url=https://www.fsbpt.org/Portals/0/documents/free-resources/JLRG_DirectAccessLawsAndRegs_201510.pdf |access-date=7 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawan zama bayan digirin digirgir da kuma ilimin zumunci yana ƙaruwa akai-akai tare da amincewa da shirye-shiryen zama 219 da shirye-shiryen zumunci 42 a shekarar 2016. Makarantun suna da nufin horar da masu ilimin motsa jiki a fannoni daban-daban kamar kula da lafiya mai tsanani, cututtukan zuciya da [[huhu]], ilimin lantarki na asibiti, malamai, ilimin [[Magungunan tsofaffi|tsofaffi]], ilimin jijiyoyi, ilimin ƙashi, ilimin yara, wasanni, [[Lafiyar Mata|lafiyar mata]], da kula da rauni, yayin da makarantu ke horar da ƙwararru a wani fanni na musamman (misali kulawa mai tsanani, maganin hannu, da wasanni na sashe na 1 ), kamar tsarin likitanci. Shirye-shiryen zama suna ba da damar zama don samun takardar shaidar ƙwararru a fannin aikinsu. Misali, kammala zama a fannin motsa jiki na ƙashi yana ba wa waɗanda suka kammala karatun damar yin rajista da zama don gwajin ƙwararrun likitoci a fannin ƙashi, cimma nasarar tantancewa ta OCS bayan cin jarrabawar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Benefits of Attending a Physical Therapy Residency Programs |url=http://www.abptrfe.org/Residency/About/Benefits/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023233256/http://www.abptrfe.org/Residency/About/Benefits/ |archive-date=23 October 2014 |access-date=7 August 2016 |website=American Board of Physical Therapy Residency and Fellowship Education}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takaddun shaida na hukumar ƙwararrun likitocin motsa jiki yana da nufin gane mutanen da ke da ilimin asibiti da horo na ƙwarewa a fannin aikinsu, kuma yana misalta yanayin zuwa ga ilimi mafi girma don kula da mutanen da ke da matsalar motsi yadda ya kamata. &lt;ref name=&quot;ABPTS Website&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABPTS homepage |url=http://www.abpts.org/home.aspx/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423162000/http://www.abpts.org/home.aspx |archive-date=23 April 2011 |access-date=7 August 2016 |website=American Board of Physical Therapy Specialties}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mataimakan masu ilimin motsa jiki na iya bayar da magani da kuma hanyoyin motsa jiki ga marasa lafiya da abokan ciniki a ƙarƙashin tsarin kulawa da aka kafa ta kuma ƙarƙashin kulawar mai ilimin motsa jiki. Mataimakan masu ilimin motsa jiki a Amurka a halin yanzu ana horar da su a ƙarƙashin manhajojin ilimin da aka yi amfani da su musamman ga sana'ar, kamar yadda CAPTE ta bayyana kuma ta amince da su. Ya zuwa Disamba 2022, akwai shirye-shirye 396 na shekaru biyu ( mataimakan masu ilimin motsa jiki ) waɗanda aka amince da su don mataimakan masu ilimin motsa jiki a Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 January 2023 |title=Aggregate Program Data 2021 Physical Therapist Assistant Education Programs Fact Sheets |url=https://www.capteonline.org/globalassets/capte-docs/aggregate-data/2021-2022-aggregate-pta-program-and-salary-data.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403124612/https://www.capteonline.org/globalassets/capte-docs/aggregate-data/2021-2022-aggregate-pta-program-and-salary-data.pdf |archive-date=3 April 2023 |access-date=18 April 2023 |publisher=American Physical Therapy Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Ayyukan da suka shafi aikin motsa jiki a Arewacin Amurka sun nuna ci gaba cikin sauri a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, amma ƙimar aiki da matsakaicin albashi na iya bambanta sosai tsakanin ƙasashe daban-daban, jihohi, larduna, ko yankuna. Wani bincike daga 2013 ya bayyana cewa kashi 56.4% na masu ilimin motsa jiki sun gamsu da ayyukansu a duk duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gupta&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gupta N |year=2013 |title=Predictors of job satisfaction among physiotherapy professionals |journal=Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=146–151 |doi=10.5958/j.0973-5674.7.3.082 |id={{ProQuest|1464664057}} |doi-access=free}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Albashi, sha'awar aiki, da gamsuwa a cikin aiki sune mahimman abubuwan da ke nuna gamsuwar aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gupta&quot; /&gt; A cikin wani bincike na Poland, gajiyar aiki tsakanin masu ilimin motsa jiki ya bayyana ta hanyar ƙaruwar gajiyar motsin rai da raguwar jin daɗin cimma burin mutum. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pustułka-Piwnik U, Ryn ZJ, Krzywoszański Ł, Stożek J |date=17 November 2014 |title=Burnout syndrome in physical therapists – demographic and organizational factors |journal=Medycyna Pracy |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=453–62 |doi=10.13075/mp.5893.00038 |pmid=25643484 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gajiyawar motsin rai ta fi yawa a tsakanin masu ilimin motsa jiki waɗanda ke aiki tare da manya kuma suna aiki a asibitoci. Sauran abubuwan da ke ƙara gajiya sun haɗa da aiki a asibiti da samun matsayi daga shekaru 15 zuwa 19. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;

=== Amurka ===
A cewar Ofishin Kididdiga na Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka, akwai kimanin masu ilimin motsa jiki 267,200 da aka yi aiki a Amurka a shekarar 2024, suna samun matsakaicin dala $101,020 a kowace shekara a shekarar 2024, ko dala $48.57 a kowace awa, tare da hasashen karuwar kashi 11% a aikin yi nan da shekarar 2034. &lt;ref name=&quot;BLSPT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 December 2015 |title=Physical Therapists |url=http://www.bls.gov/ooh/Healthcare/Physical-therapists.htm |access-date=4 April 2017 |website=Occupational Outlook Handbook |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ofishin Kididdiga na Ma'aikata ya kuma bayar da rahoton cewa akwai kimanin mataimakan masu ilimin motsa jiki 128,700 da aka yi aiki a Amurka a shekarar 2014, suna samun matsakaicin dala $42,980 a kowace shekara, ko dala $20.66 a kowace awa, tare da hasashen karuwar kashi 40% a aikin yi nan da shekarar 2024. Don biyan bukatunsu, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da na motsa jiki da yawa suna daukar &quot;masu ilimin motsa jiki na tafiya&quot;, wadanda ke aiki na wucin gadi tsakanin makonni 8 zuwa 26 don samun karin albashi; kimanin dala $113,500 a kowace shekara.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;BLSPTA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 December 2015 |title=Physical Therapist Assistants and Aides |url=http://www.bls.gov/ooh/Healthcare/Physical-therapist-assistants-and-aides.htm |access-date=4 April 2017 |website=Occupational Outlook Handbook |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayanan kididdiga na Ofishin Ma'aikata kan PTAs da fasaha na iya zama da wahala a fayyace su, saboda yadda suke bayar da rahoton bayanai kan waɗannan fannoni na aiki tare maimakon a ware su daban. O-Net ta ba da rahoton cewa a cikin 2015, PTAs a Amurka sun sami matsakaicin albashi na $55,170 kowace shekara ko $26.52 a kowace awa kuma mataimaka/masu fasaha sun sami matsakaicin albashi na $25,120 kowace shekara ko $12.08 a kowace awa a cikin 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;ONETTech&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2016–2017 |title=Summary Report for 31-2022.00 – Physical Therapist Aides |url=http://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/31-2022.00 |access-date=4 April 2017 |publisher=O-Net Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;ONETPTA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2016–17 |title=Summary Report for 31-2021.00 – Physical Therapist Assistants |url=http://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/31-2021.00 |access-date=4 April 2017 |publisher=O-Net Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiyar Jiki ta Amurka ta ba da rahoton ƙimar guraben aiki ga masu ilimin motsa jiki kamar 11.2% a cikin asibitoci masu zaman kansu na marasa lafiya, 10% a wuraren kulawa mai tsanani, da 12.1% a cikin wuraren jinya masu ƙwarewa. APTA ta kuma ba da rahoton ƙimar juzu'i ga masu ilimin motsa jiki kamar 10.7% a cikin asibitoci masu zaman kansu na marasa lafiya, 11.9% a wuraren kulawa mai tsanani, 27.6% a cikin wuraren jinya masu ƙwarewa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 October 2010 |title=Physical Therapy Vacancy and Turnover Rates in Outpatient Private Practice |url=http://www.apta.org/WorkforceData/VacancyTurnoverRate/OutpatientPrivatePractice/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611205712/http://www.apta.org/WorkforceData/VacancyTurnoverRate/OutpatientPrivatePractice/ |archive-date=11 June 2016 |access-date=4 April 2017 |website=www.apta.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 December 2010 |title=Physical Therapy Vacancy and Turnover Rates in Acute Care Hospitals |url=http://www.apta.org/WorkforceData/VacancyTurnoverRate/AcuteCare/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611205418/http://www.apta.org/WorkforceData/VacancyTurnoverRate/AcuteCare/ |archive-date=11 June 2016 |access-date=4 April 2017 |website=www.apta.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 June 2011 |title=Physical Therapy Vacancy and Turnover Rates in Skilled Nursing Facilities |url=http://www.apta.org/WorkforceData/VacancyTurnoverRate/SNFs/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611205717/http://www.apta.org/WorkforceData/VacancyTurnoverRate/SNFs/ |archive-date=11 June 2016 |access-date=4 April 2017 |website=www.apta.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'anoni da buƙatun lasisi a Amurka sun bambanta tsakanin yankuna, kamar yadda kowace jiha ta zartar da dokar aikin tiyatar jiki da ke bayyana sana'ar a cikin ikonta, amma Hukumar Kula da Lafiyar Jiki ta Jiha &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Model Practice Act &amp;#124; FSBPT |url=https://www.fsbpt.org/Free-Resources/Regulatory-Resources/Model-Practice-Act}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta kuma tsara wani tsari don iyakance wannan bambancin. Hukumar Kula da Ingantaccen Ilimi a Ilimin Jinya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education |url=https://www.capteonline.org/ |website=Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education}}&lt;/ref&gt; (CAPTE) ce ke da alhakin amincewa da manhajojin ilimin motsa jiki a duk faɗin Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Who We Are |url=https://www.capteonline.org/about-capte/who-we-are |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ƙasar Ingila ===

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist|30em}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
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[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Abdullahi Halidu Danbaba</title>
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    <id>156962</id>
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      <id>855531</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T19:19:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346579030|Abdullahi Halidu Danbaba]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Abdullahi Halidu Danbaba''' [[ɗan siyasa]] Najeriya ne wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Kaiama / Kemanji / Wajibe, yankin karamar hukuma ta Kaiama a Majalisar Dokokin [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] ta 9 da 10 a Majalisar Dokoki ta Jihar Kwar &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=HON. ABDULLAHI HALIDU DANBABA |url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-abdullahi-halidu-danbaba/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Kwara State House of Assembly |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Azeez |first=Biola |date=2023-03-21 |title=APC wins 23 Kwara Assembly seats, PDP wins one seat |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/apc-wins-23-kwara-assembly-seats-pdp-wins-one-seat/ |access-date=2024-12-26 |language=en-GB |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Adebayo |first=Abdulrazaq |date=2022-10-06 |title=Kwara Assembly urges thorough probe of Kaiama's general hospital CMD |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/10/06/kwara-assembly-urges-thorough-probe-of-kaiamas-general-hospital-cmd/ |access-date=2024-12-26 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;.((('''Abdullahi Halidu Danbaba''' is a Nigerian [[:en:Politician|politician]] representing the Kaiama/Kemanji/Wajibe constituency, Kaiama local government area in the [[:en:Kwara_State|Kwara State]] 9th and 10th Assembly

{{Infobox officeholder|honorific_prefix=[[The Honourable]]|name=Abdullahi Halidu Danbaba|honorific_suffix=|image=|image_size=|alt=|caption=|office1=Member of the [[Kwara State House of Assembly]]|term_start1=18 March 2023|term_end1=|deputy1=|predecessor1=|successor1=|office2=Member of the [[Kwara State House of Assembly]]&lt;br&gt;from BabadabeYaralea, Kaiama Local Government|term_start2=18 March 2023|term_end2=|predecessor2=|successor2=|constituency2=Kaiama/Kemanji/Wajibe|birth_date={{birth date and age|1978|02|13|df=y}}|birth_place=[[BabadabeYaralea]], Kaiama Local Government [[Kwara State]] [[Nigeria]]|death_date=|death_place=|party=[[All Progressive Congress]]|spouse=|children=|relations=|alma_mater={{plainlist|
* [[Usman Danfodio University]]
}}|occupation={{hlist|Politician|Political Scientist}}|education=[[Kwara State Polytechnic]]|profession=|awards=|website=}}

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Danbaba a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu 1978 a BabadabeYaralea, yankin karamar hukumar Kaiama na Jihar Kwara [[Najeriya]] . Ya halarci Kwara State Polytechnic don IJMB 'A' a 1995 da kuma [[Jami'ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo|Jami'ar Usman Danfodio]] don digiri na farko a Kimiyya ta Siyasa a 2000 .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwara State House of Assembly |url=https://www.kwha.gov.ng/KWHA/Pages/_Danbaba |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=www.kwha.gov.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=HON. ABDULLAHI HALIDU DANBABA |url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-abdullahi-halidu-danbaba/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Kwara State House of Assembly |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Danbaba a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Musamman kan Harkokin Shari'a ga tsohon Shugaban Karamar Hukumar [[Kaiama]], matsayin da ya rike daga 2004 zuwa 2007. A shekara ta 2007, an nada shi Mataimakin Musamman ga Babban Gwamnan Jihar Kwara, Sanata [[Bukola Saraki]] . An sake nada shi a wannan mukamin a shekarar 2018, yana aiki a karkashin Mai Girma, Gwamna [[Abdulfatah Ahmed]] . A cikin 2019, ya yi takara kuma ya lashe zabe a matsayin memba na Majalisar 9 a Jihar Kwara a karkashin dandalin All Progressive Congress kuma ya lashe zabensa a cikin babban zaben 2023 don wakiltar Kaiama / Kemanji / Wajibe a Majalisar 10.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=HON. ABDULLAHI HALIDU DANBABA |url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-abdullahi-halidu-danbaba/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Kwara State House of Assembly |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Azeez |first=Biola |date=2023-03-21 |title=APC wins 23 Kwara Assembly seats, PDP wins one seat |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/apc-wins-23-kwara-assembly-seats-pdp-wins-one-seat/ |access-date=2024-12-26 |language=en-GB |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>855532</id>
      <parentid>855531</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T19:20:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346579030|Abdullahi Halidu Danbaba]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Abdullahi Halidu Danbaba''' [[ɗan siyasa]] Najeriya ne wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Kaiama / Kemanji / Wajibe, yankin karamar hukuma ta Kaiama a Majalisar Dokokin [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] ta 9 da 10 a Majalisar Dokoki ta Jihar Kwar &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=HON. ABDULLAHI HALIDU DANBABA |url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-abdullahi-halidu-danbaba/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Kwara State House of Assembly |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Azeez |first=Biola |date=2023-03-21 |title=APC wins 23 Kwara Assembly seats, PDP wins one seat |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/apc-wins-23-kwara-assembly-seats-pdp-wins-one-seat/ |access-date=2024-12-26 |language=en-GB |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Adebayo |first=Abdulrazaq |date=2022-10-06 |title=Kwara Assembly urges thorough probe of Kaiama's general hospital CMD |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/10/06/kwara-assembly-urges-thorough-probe-of-kaiamas-general-hospital-cmd/ |access-date=2024-12-26 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;.((('''Abdullahi Halidu Danbaba''' is a Nigerian [[:en:Politician|politician]] representing the Kaiama/Kemanji/Wajibe constituency, Kaiama local government area in the [[:en:Kwara_State|Kwara State]] 9th and 10th Assembly

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Danbaba a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu 1978 a BabadabeYaralea, yankin karamar hukumar Kaiama na Jihar Kwara [[Najeriya]] . Ya halarci Kwara State Polytechnic don IJMB 'A' a 1995 da kuma [[Jami'ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo|Jami'ar Usman Danfodio]] don digiri na farko a Kimiyya ta Siyasa a 2000 .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwara State House of Assembly |url=https://www.kwha.gov.ng/KWHA/Pages/_Danbaba |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=www.kwha.gov.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=HON. ABDULLAHI HALIDU DANBABA |url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-abdullahi-halidu-danbaba/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Kwara State House of Assembly |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Danbaba a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Musamman kan Harkokin Shari'a ga tsohon Shugaban Karamar Hukumar [[Kaiama]], matsayin da ya rike daga 2004 zuwa 2007. A shekara ta 2007, an nada shi Mataimakin Musamman ga Babban Gwamnan Jihar Kwara, Sanata [[Bukola Saraki]] . An sake nada shi a wannan mukamin a shekarar 2018, yana aiki a karkashin Mai Girma, Gwamna [[Abdulfatah Ahmed]] . A cikin 2019, ya yi takara kuma ya lashe zabe a matsayin memba na Majalisar 9 a Jihar Kwara a karkashin dandalin All Progressive Congress kuma ya lashe zabensa a cikin babban zaben 2023 don wakiltar Kaiama / Kemanji / Wajibe a Majalisar 10.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=HON. ABDULLAHI HALIDU DANBABA |url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-abdullahi-halidu-danbaba/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Kwara State House of Assembly |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Azeez |first=Biola |date=2023-03-21 |title=APC wins 23 Kwara Assembly seats, PDP wins one seat |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/apc-wins-23-kwara-assembly-seats-pdp-wins-one-seat/ |access-date=2024-12-26 |language=en-GB |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>855535</id>
      <parentid>855532</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T19:23:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>855535</origin>
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      <text bytes="4243" sha1="6m2g8wgrpv6q3qugyp4fs97c0ebugvr" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable]]
| name             = Abdullahi Halidu Danbaba
| honorific_suffix = 
| image            = 
| image_size       = 
| alt              = 
| caption          = 
| office1          = Member of the [[Kwara State House of Assembly]]
| term_start1      = 18 March 2023
| term_end1        = 
| deputy1          = 
| predecessor1     = 
| successor1       = 
| office2          = Member of the [[Kwara State House of Assembly]]&lt;br&gt;from BabadabeYaralea, Kaiama Local Government
| term_start2      = 18 March 2023
| term_end2        = 
| predecessor2     = 
| successor2       = 
| constituency2    = Kaiama/Kemanji/Wajibe
| birth_date       = {{birth date and age|1978|02|13|df=y}}
| birth_place      = [[BabadabeYaralea]], Kaiama Local Government [[Kwara State]] [[Nigeria]]
| death_date       = 
| death_place      = 
| party            = [[All Progressive Congress]]
| spouse           = 
| children         = 
| relations        = 
| alma_mater       = {{plainlist|
* [[Usman Danfodio University]]
}}
| occupation       = {{hlist|Politician|Political Scientist}}
| education        = [[Kwara State Polytechnic]]
| profession       = 
| awards           = 
| website          = 
}}

'''Abdullahi Halidu Danbaba''' [[ɗan siyasa]] Najeriya ne wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Kaiama / Kemanji / Wajibe, yankin karamar hukuma ta Kaiama a Majalisar Dokokin [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] ta 9 da 10 a Majalisar Dokoki ta Jihar Kwar &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=HON. ABDULLAHI HALIDU DANBABA |url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-abdullahi-halidu-danbaba/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Kwara State House of Assembly |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Azeez |first=Biola |date=2023-03-21 |title=APC wins 23 Kwara Assembly seats, PDP wins one seat |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/apc-wins-23-kwara-assembly-seats-pdp-wins-one-seat/ |access-date=2024-12-26 |language=en-GB |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Adebayo |first=Abdulrazaq |date=2022-10-06 |title=Kwara Assembly urges thorough probe of Kaiama's general hospital CMD |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/10/06/kwara-assembly-urges-thorough-probe-of-kaiamas-general-hospital-cmd/ |access-date=2024-12-26 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Danbaba a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu 1978 a BabadabeYaralea, yankin karamar hukumar Kaiama na Jihar Kwara [[Najeriya]] . Ya halarci Kwara State Polytechnic don IJMB 'A' a 1995 da kuma [[Jami'ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo|Jami'ar Usman Danfodio]] don digiri na farko a Kimiyya ta Siyasa a 2000 .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwara State House of Assembly |url=https://www.kwha.gov.ng/KWHA/Pages/_Danbaba |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=www.kwha.gov.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=HON. ABDULLAHI HALIDU DANBABA |url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-abdullahi-halidu-danbaba/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Kwara State House of Assembly |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Danbaba a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Musamman kan Harkokin Shari'a ga tsohon Shugaban Karamar Hukumar [[Kaiama]], matsayin da ya rike daga 2004 zuwa 2007. A shekara ta 2007, an nada shi Mataimakin Musamman ga Babban Gwamnan Jihar Kwara, Sanata [[Bukola Saraki]] . An sake nada shi a wannan mukamin a shekarar 2018, yana aiki a karkashin Mai Girma, Gwamna [[Abdulfatah Ahmed]] . A cikin 2019, ya yi takara kuma ya lashe zabe a matsayin memba na Majalisar 9 a Jihar Kwara a karkashin dandalin All Progressive Congress kuma ya lashe zabensa a cikin babban zaben 2023 don wakiltar Kaiama / Kemanji / Wajibe a Majalisar 10.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=HON. ABDULLAHI HALIDU DANBABA |url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-abdullahi-halidu-danbaba/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Kwara State House of Assembly |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Azeez |first=Biola |date=2023-03-21 |title=APC wins 23 Kwara Assembly seats, PDP wins one seat |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/apc-wins-23-kwara-assembly-seats-pdp-wins-one-seat/ |access-date=2024-12-26 |language=en-GB |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]]</text>
      <sha1>6m2g8wgrpv6q3qugyp4fs97c0ebugvr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <parentid>855535</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T19:24:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
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      <minor />
      <origin>855536</origin>
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      <text bytes="4244" sha1="ljwec04et4q9c5tpaojp8r26b1sn883" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable]]
| name             = Abdullahi Halidu Danbaba
| honorific_suffix = 
| image            = 
| image_size       = 
| alt              = 
| caption          = 
| office1          = Member of the [[Kwara State House of Assembly]]
| term_start1      = 18 March 2023
| term_end1        = 
| deputy1          = 
| predecessor1     = 
| successor1       = 
| office2          = Member of the [[Kwara State House of Assembly]]&lt;br&gt;from BabadabeYaralea, Kaiama Local Government
| term_start2      = 18 March 2023
| term_end2        = 
| predecessor2     = 
| successor2       = 
| constituency2    = Kaiama/Kemanji/Wajibe
| birth_date       = {{birth date and age|1978|02|13|df=y}}
| birth_place      = [[BabadabeYaralea]], Kaiama Local Government [[Kwara State]] [[Nigeria]]
| death_date       = 
| death_place      = 
| party            = [[All Progressive Congress]]
| spouse           = 
| children         = 
| relations        = 
| alma_mater       = {{plainlist|
* [[Usman Danfodio University]]
}}
| occupation       = {{hlist|Politician|Political Scientist}}
| education        = [[Kwara State Polytechnic]]
| profession       = 
| awards           = 
| website          = 
}}

'''Abdullahi Halidu Danbaba''' [[ɗan siyasa]] Najeriya ne wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Kaiama / Kemanji / Wajibe, yankin karamar hukuma ta Kaiama a Majalisar Dokokin [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] ta 9 da 10 a Majalisar Dokoki ta Jihar Kwara &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=HON. ABDULLAHI HALIDU DANBABA |url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-abdullahi-halidu-danbaba/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Kwara State House of Assembly |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Azeez |first=Biola |date=2023-03-21 |title=APC wins 23 Kwara Assembly seats, PDP wins one seat |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/apc-wins-23-kwara-assembly-seats-pdp-wins-one-seat/ |access-date=2024-12-26 |language=en-GB |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Adebayo |first=Abdulrazaq |date=2022-10-06 |title=Kwara Assembly urges thorough probe of Kaiama's general hospital CMD |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/10/06/kwara-assembly-urges-thorough-probe-of-kaiamas-general-hospital-cmd/ |access-date=2024-12-26 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Danbaba a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu 1978 a BabadabeYaralea, yankin karamar hukumar Kaiama na Jihar Kwara [[Najeriya]] . Ya halarci Kwara State Polytechnic don IJMB 'A' a 1995 da kuma [[Jami'ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo|Jami'ar Usman Danfodio]] don digiri na farko a Kimiyya ta Siyasa a 2000 .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwara State House of Assembly |url=https://www.kwha.gov.ng/KWHA/Pages/_Danbaba |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=www.kwha.gov.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=HON. ABDULLAHI HALIDU DANBABA |url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-abdullahi-halidu-danbaba/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Kwara State House of Assembly |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Danbaba a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Musamman kan Harkokin Shari'a ga tsohon Shugaban Karamar Hukumar [[Kaiama]], matsayin da ya rike daga 2004 zuwa 2007. A shekara ta 2007, an nada shi Mataimakin Musamman ga Babban Gwamnan Jihar Kwara, Sanata [[Bukola Saraki]] . An sake nada shi a wannan mukamin a shekarar 2018, yana aiki a karkashin Mai Girma, Gwamna [[Abdulfatah Ahmed]] . A cikin 2019, ya yi takara kuma ya lashe zabe a matsayin memba na Majalisar 9 a Jihar Kwara a karkashin dandalin All Progressive Congress kuma ya lashe zabensa a cikin babban zaben 2023 don wakiltar Kaiama / Kemanji / Wajibe a Majalisar 10.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=HON. ABDULLAHI HALIDU DANBABA |url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-abdullahi-halidu-danbaba/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Kwara State House of Assembly |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Azeez |first=Biola |date=2023-03-21 |title=APC wins 23 Kwara Assembly seats, PDP wins one seat |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/apc-wins-23-kwara-assembly-seats-pdp-wins-one-seat/ |access-date=2024-12-26 |language=en-GB |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]]</text>
      <sha1>ljwec04et4q9c5tpaojp8r26b1sn883</sha1>
    </revision>
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        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358974879|Physical therapy]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Infobox medical intervention|Name=Physical therapy / physiotherapy|Image=Physical Therapists at work.jpg|Caption=Military physical therapists working with patients on balance problems, [[orthopedic]]s, [[amputee|amputation]], and examining the patient's [[muscle strength|strength]], flexibility, joint range of motion, and gait.|ICD10=|ICD9={{ICD9proc|93.0}}-{{ICD9proc|93.3}}|MeshID=D026761|OPS301=|OtherCodes=}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;


Sana'ar tana da fannoni da yawa da suka haɗa da [[Tsarin tsokoki da ƙashi na mutum|musculoskeletal]], orthopedics, cardiopulmonary, neurology, endocrinology, sports medicine, [[Magungunan tsofaffi|geriatrics]], pediatrics, pediatrics, [[Lafiyar Mata|health of women]], care pain and electromyography . PTs suna yin aiki a wurare da yawa, na gwamnati da na masu zaman kansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;APTA_1/17/2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=American Physical Therapy Association |date=17 January 2008 |title=APTA Background Sheet 2008 |url=http://www.apta.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Physical_Therapy&amp;TEMPLATE=/CM/HTMLDisplay.cfm&amp;CONTENTID=33205 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529180223/http://www.apta.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Physical_Therapy&amp;TEMPLATE=%2FCM%2FHTMLDisplay.cfm&amp;CONTENTID=33205 |archive-date=29 May 2008 |access-date=29 May 2008 |publisher=American Physical Therapy Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baya ga aikin asibiti, wasu fannoni na aikin motsa jiki sun haɗa da bincike, ilimi, shawarwari, da kuma [[Gudanar da kiwon lafiya|kula da lafiya]] . Masu ilimin motsa jiki suna ba da [[Kulawa na farko|kulawar farko]] ga marasa lafiya tare da sauran ayyukan likita. A wasu yankuna, kamar Burtaniya, masu ilimin motsa jiki na iya samun ikon rubuta magani. 
 

== Bayani ==
Gyaran jiki yana magance cututtuka ko raunuka da ke iyakance ikon mutum na motsawa da yin ayyukan da suka dace a rayuwarsa ta yau da kullun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Occupational Outlook Handbook – Physical Therapists |url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/physical-therapists.htm |access-date=30 August 2021 |website=bls.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Likitocin PT suna amfani da [[Tarihin kiwon lafiya|tarihin]] mutum da gwajin jiki don isa ga ganewar asali da kuma kafa tsarin gudanarwa, kuma idan ya cancanta, suna haɗa sakamakon nazarin dakin gwaje-gwaje da hotuna kamar X-ray, CT scans, ko MRIs. Masu ilimin motsa jiki na iya amfani da sonography don gano da kuma sarrafa yanayin tsoka, jijiyoyi, da huhu na yau da kullun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diagnostic and procedural imaging in physical therapist practice |url=https://www.orthopt.org/uploads/content_files/files/DxProcImagPhysTherPractice_FINAL%281%29.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028101158/https://www.orthopt.org/uploads/content_files/files/DxProcImagPhysTherPractice_FINAL%281%29.pdf |archive-date=2021-10-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vieira |first=Rui |last2=Segura-Grau |first2=Elena |last3=Magalhães |first3=Juliana |last4=dos Santos |first4=Joseph |last5=Patrão |first5=Luís |date=September 2020 |title=Lung ultrasound as a tool to guide respiratory physiotherapy |journal=Journal of Clinical Ultrasound |volume=48 |issue=7 |pages=431–434 |doi=10.1002/jcu.22860 |pmid=32497252}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Certification – RMSK |url=https://www.apca.org/certifications-examinations/Registered-in-Musculoskeletal-Sonography/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya amfani da gwajin ganewar asali na lantarki (misali, gwajin electromyograms da gwajin saurin sarrafa jijiyoyi). &lt;ref name=&quot;evalGuidelinesAPTA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=American Physical Therapy Association Section on Clinical Electrophysiology and Wound Management |title=Curriculum Content Guidelines for Electrophysiologic Evaluation |url=http://www.aptasce-wm.org/documents/guidelines/ENMG%20EvaluationGuidelines.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904055829/http://www.aptasce-wm.org/documents/guidelines/ENMG%20EvaluationGuidelines.pdf |archive-date=4 September 2011 |access-date=29 May 2008 |website=Educational Guidelines |publisher=American Physical Therapy Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Gudanar da'' PT yawanci ya haɗa da rubutaccen magani, ko taimako tare da, motsa jiki na musamman, maganin hannu, da kuma sarrafa jiki. Ƙarin jiyya sun haɗa da na'urorin injiniya kamar jan hankali; ilimi; hanyoyin lantarki waɗanda suka haɗa da zafi, sanyi, wutar lantarki, raƙuman sauti, da radiation; na'urorin taimako; prostheses; da orthoses . Bugu da ƙari, PTs suna aiki tare da mutane don hana asarar motsi kafin ya faru ta hanyar haɓaka shirye-shiryen motsa jiki da lafiya don rayuwa mai lafiya da aiki, da kuma samar da ayyuka ga mutane da al'ummomi don haɓaka, kiyayewa, da dawo da matsakaicin motsi da ƙarfin aiki a duk tsawon rayuwa. Wannan ya haɗa da samar da magani a cikin yanayi inda motsi da aiki ke fuskantar barazana daga tsufa, rauni, cuta, ko abubuwan muhalli. Motsin aiki yana da mahimmanci ga abin da ake nufi da zama [[lafiya]] . 

Jinyar motsa jiki sana'a ce da ke da fannoni da yawa ciki har da [[Tsarin tsokoki da ƙashi na mutum|musculoskeletal]], orthopedics, zuciya da huhu, ilimin jijiyoyi, ilimin endocrinology, likitancin wasanni, [[Magungunan tsofaffi|ilimin tsofaffi]], ilimin yara, [[Lafiyar Mata|lafiyar mata]], kula da rauni da kuma electromyography . Likitocin PT suna aiki a wurare da yawa, kamar asibitoci masu zaman kansu, asibitoci ko ofisoshi na waje, asibitoci, asibitoci na lafiya da walwala, asibitoci na gyara, wuraren jinya masu ƙwarewa, wuraren kulawa na dogon lokaci, gidaje masu zaman kansu, cibiyoyin ilimi da bincike, makarantu, asibitoci, wuraren aiki na masana'antu ko wasu wurare na aiki, cibiyoyin motsa jiki da wuraren horar da wasanni . &lt;ref name=&quot;APTA_1/17/2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=American Physical Therapy Association |date=17 January 2008 |title=APTA Background Sheet 2008 |url=http://www.apta.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Physical_Therapy&amp;TEMPLATE=/CM/HTMLDisplay.cfm&amp;CONTENTID=33205 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529180223/http://www.apta.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Physical_Therapy&amp;TEMPLATE=%2FCM%2FHTMLDisplay.cfm&amp;CONTENTID=33205 |archive-date=29 May 2008 |access-date=29 May 2008 |publisher=American Physical Therapy Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masu ilimin motsa jiki kuma suna aiki a cikin ayyukan kula da marasa lafiya kamar manufofin lafiya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Health policy implications for patient education in physical therapy |url=https://www.who.int/topics/health_policy/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324161029/http://www.who.int/topics/health_policy/en/ |archive-date=24 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Initiatives in Rehabilitation Research, {{Cite web |title=Physical Therapy &amp;#124; Oxford Academic |url=http://ptjournal.apta.org/cgi/content/full/86/1/141 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130223105653/http://ptjournal.apta.org/cgi/content/full/86/1/141 |archive-date=23 February 2013 |access-date=2010-09-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; inshorar lafiya, gudanar da harkokin kiwon lafiya, da kuma a matsayin shugabannin kula da lafiya. Masu ilimin motsa jiki suna da hannu a fannin likitanci-doka suna aiki a matsayin ƙwararru, suna yin bita na takwarorinsu da kuma gwaje-gwajen likita masu zaman kansu . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ORTIZ vs. EXAMWORKS, INC., 470 Mass. 784 |url=http://masscases.com/cases/sjc/470/470mass784.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ilimi ya bambanta sosai daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. Tsawon lokacin ilimi ya kama daga wasu ƙasashe waɗanda ba su da ilimi na yau da kullun zuwa wasu kuma waɗanda ke da digirin digirgir da kuma wuraren zama na bayan digirin digirgir da kuma guraben karo ilimi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jesus_2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jesus |first=Tiago S. |last2=Koh |first2=Gerald |last3=Landry |first3=Michel |last4=Ong |first4=Peck-Hoon |last5=Lopes |first5=Antonio |last6=Green |first6=Peter L. |last7=Hoenig |first7=Helen |date=October 2016 |title=Finding the &quot;Right-Size&quot; Physical Therapy Workforce: International Perspective Across 4 Countries |journal=Physical Therapy |volume=96 |issue=10 |pages=1597–1609 |doi=10.2522/ptj.20160014 |pmid=27149960 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dangane da alaƙarta da sauran sana'o'in kiwon lafiya, ilimin motsa jiki yawanci ɗaya ne daga cikin sana'o'in kiwon lafiya da ke da alaƙa . &lt;ref name=&quot;ASAHP_def&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is Allied Health? |url=http://www.asahp.org/what-is/ |access-date=10 March 2020 |publisher=Association of Schools of Allied Health Professionals}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Allied Health (Paramedical) Services and Education |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/204786/B3429.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Allied Health Professionals |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/allied-health-professionals}}&lt;/ref&gt;  World Physiotherapy ta sanya hannu kan &quot;takardar fahimtar juna&quot; tare da sauran membobi huɗu na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Lafiya ta Duniya &quot;don haɓaka haɗin gwiwarsu kan karewa da saka hannun jari a cikin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya don samar da kulawa mai aminci, inganci da adalci a kowane fanni&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO_11/7/2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2022 |title=WHO, members of the World Health Professions Alliance sign new memorandum of understanding on health workforce priorities |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/07-11-2022-WHO_WHPA_MOU |access-date=January 13, 2024 |website=[[World Health Organization]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:Exercise_to_shoulder_and_elbow_to_increase_motion_following_fracture_and_dislocation_of_humerus_is_being_given_by_an..._-_NARA_-_522885.tiff|right|thumb|300x300px|Ana ba wa wani majiyyaci soja motsa jiki ta kafada da gwiwar hannu don ƙara motsi bayan karyewar ƙashi da kuma yankewar ƙashin humerus .]]
Ana kyautata zaton likitoci kamar Hippocrates da Galen daga baya su ne likitoci na farko da suka fara yin aikin motsa jiki, suna ba da shawarar tausa, dabarun gyaran hannu da kuma maganin ruwa don magance mutane a shekarar 460.&amp;nbsp;BC. 

A cikin littafin &quot;De Arte Gymnastica&quot; (Fasaha ta Gymnastics, wanda aka buga a 1569), likitan Italiya Hieronymus Mercurialis (1530–1606) ya gabatar da kalmar &quot;gymnastics na likitanci,&quot; yana nuna ɗaya daga cikin ma'anonin &quot;gymnastics&quot; a matsayin kayan aikin gyara ga marasa lafiya na kowane zamani. 

Masanin ilimin halittar jiki kuma masanin lissafi ɗan ƙasar Italiya Alfonso Borelli (1608–1679) ya sami sakamako mai mahimmanci a fannin [[Biomechanics|kimiyyar halittu]] na dabbobi da na ɗan adam. Littafinsa mai suna &quot;De Motu Animalium&quot; (Akan Motsi na Dabbobi), wanda aka buga a shekarar 1680, jim kaɗan bayan rasuwarsa, ya samar da tsarin aiki don fahimtar yanayin motsi na marasa lafiya da nakasassu. 

A ƙarni na 18, likitan Faransa Nicolas Andry de Bois-Regard (1658–1742) ya kafa ingantacciyar alaƙa tsakanin lafiyar na'urorin tsoka da motsa jiki, kuma a cikin littafinsa &quot;Traité d'orthopédie&quot; (Treatise on Orthopedics, 1741), ya gabatar da sabon kalmar &quot;orthopedics&quot;. Bayan Nicolas Andry de Bois-Regard, wannan ilimin ya zama ginshiƙi don fahimtar motsa jiki daidai a cikin gyaran jiki.  Bayan haɓaka na'urorin ƙafafu a ƙarni na 18, an ƙirƙiri injuna kamar Gymnasticon don magance [[gout]] da cututtuka makamantan su ta hanyar motsa jiki na haɗin gwiwa, kama da ci gaban da aka samu daga baya a cikin aikin motsa jiki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bakewell S |date=October 1997 |title=Medical gymnastics and the Cyriax collection |journal=Medical History |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=487–95 |doi=10.1017/s0025727300063067 |pmc=1043941 |pmid=9536620}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Asalin farko da aka rubuta na ainihin maganin motsa jiki a matsayin ƙungiyar ƙwararru ya samo asali ne daga Per Henrik Ling, &quot;Uban Gymnastics na Sweden,&quot; wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Royal Central of Gymnastics (RCIG) a 1813 don yin amfani da haɗin gwiwa da motsa jiki. Har zuwa 2014, kalmar Sweden don mai ilimin motsa jiki shine ''sjukgymnast'', ko kuma wani wanda ke da hannu a cikin motsa jiki ga waɗanda ke rashin lafiya, amma daga baya aka canza sunan zuwa ''fysioterapeut'' (mai ilimin motsa jiki), kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita a sauran ƙasashen Scandinavia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fysioterapeut – nytt name på yet suk gymnast sedan 2014 |url=https://www.fysioterapeuterna.se/Profession/Om-professionen/Fysioterapeut--ny-skyddad-yrkestitel-for-sjukgymnaster/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828233655/https://www.fysioterapeuterna.se/Profession/Om-professionen/Fysioterapeut--ny-skyddad-yrkestitel-for-sjukgymnaster/ |archive-date=28 August 2016 |access-date=15 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 1887, Hukumar Lafiya da Jin Daɗi ta Ƙasa ta Sweden ta ba wa PTs rajista a hukumance. Sauran ƙasashe ba da daɗewa ba suka biyo baya. A 1894, ma'aikatan jinya huɗu a Burtaniya sun kafa Chartered Society of Physiotherapy . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chartered Society of Physiotherapy |title=History of the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy |url=http://www.csp.org.uk/director/about/thecsp/history.cfm |access-date=29 May 2008 |publisher=Chartered Society of Physiotherapy}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran ƙungiyoyin farko na masu ilimin motsa jiki sun haɗa da Makarantar Ilimin Jiki a Jami'ar Otago da ke New Zealand a 1913, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 January 2007 |title=History of the School of Physiotherapy |url=http://physio.Otago.ac.NZ/about/history.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224020426/http://physio.otago.ac.nz/about/history.asp |archive-date=24 December 2007 |access-date=29 May 2008 |website=School of Physiotherapy Centre for Physiotherapy Research |publisher=University of Otago}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Kwalejin Reed ta Amurka a 1914 a Portland, Oregon, wacce ta kammala karatun &quot;masu taimakawa wajen sake ginawa.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reed College |title=Mission and History |url=http://www.reed.edu/about_reed/history.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920160729/https://www.reed.edu/about_reed/history.html |archive-date=20 September 2018 |access-date=29 May 2008 |website=About Reed |publisher=Reed College}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun lokacin da aka fara wannan sana'a, maganin rage radadi na kashin baya ya kasance babban ɓangare na aikin motsa jiki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bialosky JE, Simon CB, Bishop MD, George SZ |date=October 2012 |title=Basis for spinal manipulative therapy: a physical therapist perspective |journal=Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=643–7 |doi=10.1016/j.jelekin.2011.11.014 |pmc=3461123 |pmid=22197083}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kafa tsarin motsa jiki na zamani a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 saboda abubuwan da suka shafi lafiyar jiki a duniya,  wanda ya buƙaci ci gaba cikin sauri a fannin motsa jiki. Bayan haka, likitocin ƙashi na Amurka sun fara kula da yara masu nakasa kuma sun ɗauki mata da aka horar a fannin ilimin motsa jiki, da motsa jiki na gyara. An ƙara amfani da waɗannan magungunan kuma an ƙarfafa su a lokacin barkewar cutar shan inna ta 1916. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, an ɗauki mata aiki don su yi aiki tare da kuma dawo da aikin jiki ga sojojin da suka ji rauni, kuma an kafa fannin kula da lafiyar jiki a matsayin cibiyar kula da lafiyar jiki. A shekarar 1918, an yi amfani da kalmar &quot;Mataimakin Sake Ginawa&quot; don nufin mutanen da ke yin aikin kula da lafiyar jiki. An kafa makarantar farko ta kula da lafiyar jiki a Asibitin Sojoji na Walter Reed da ke Washington, DC, bayan barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Missouri Women in the Health Sciences – Health Professions – Development of the Field of Physical Therapy |url=http://beckerexhibits.wustl.edu/mowihsp/health/PTdevel.htm |website=beckerexhibits.wustl.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maganin a cikin shekarun 1940 ya ƙunshi motsa jiki, tausa, da jan hankali . An fara amfani da hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su wajen sarrafa kashin baya da haɗin gwiwa na gaɓoɓi, musamman a ƙasashen Commonwealth na Burtaniya, a farkon shekarun 1950.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=McKenzie R |year=2002 |title=Patient Heal Thyself |journal=Worldwide Spine &amp; Rehabilitation |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=16–20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin da aka samar da alluran rigakafin cutar shan inna, kasancewar masu ilimin motsa jiki ya zama ruwan dare a asibitoci a duk faɗin Arewacin Amurka da Turai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=af Klinteberg M |year=1992 |title=The history and present scope of physical therapy |journal=International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=4–9 |doi=10.1017/s0266462300007856 |pmid=1601592 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarshen shekarun 1950, masu ilimin motsa jiki sun fara wuce asibitoci kawai zuwa asibitocin ƙashi na waje, makarantun gwamnati, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na kwaleji/jami'a, wuraren tsofaffi (wuraren jinya masu ƙwarewa), cibiyoyin gyara da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya. Ƙwarewar ilimin motsa jiki a Amurka ta faru ne a shekarar 1974, inda aka kafa Sashen Ƙashi na APTA ga waɗannan masu ilimin motsa jiki waɗanda suka ƙware a fannin ƙashi. A wannan shekarar, aka kafa [[International Federation of Orthopaedic Manipulative Physical Therapists|Ƙungiyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Masu Ilimin motsa jiki ta ƙashi]], &lt;ref name=&quot;IFOMPT_history&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=History: Abridged version of IFOMPT History |url=http://www.ifompt.com/About+IFOMPT/History.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713003655/http://www.ifompt.com/About+IFOMPT/History.html |archive-date=13 July 2011 |access-date=9 January 2011 |publisher=International Federation of Orthopaedic Manipulative Physical Therapists (IFOMPT)}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda tun daga lokacin ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ci gaba da aikin hannu a duk duniya.

Ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa ta wannan sana'a ita ce Ƙungiyar Duniya ta Kula da Lafiyar Jiki (WCPT). An kafa ta a shekarar 1951 kuma tana aiki da sunan World Physiotherapy tun daga shekarar 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;WP_1/28/2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 28, 2020 |title=Name change for global physical therapy body |url=https://world.physio/news/name-change-global-physical-therapy-body |access-date=January 6, 2024 |website=[[World Physiotherapy]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;WP_6/30/2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 30, 2020 |title=New brand and website for global physiotherapy body |url=https://world.physio/news/new-brand-and-website-global-physiotherapy-body |access-date=January 4, 2024 |website=[[World Physiotherapy]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Ka'idojin ilimi ga masu ba da maganin motsa jiki sun bambanta daga jiha zuwa jiha, ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, kuma daga cikin matakai daban-daban na alhakin ƙwararru. Duk jihohin Amurka suna da ayyukan aikin motsa jiki waɗanda ke gane masu ilimin motsa jiki (PTs) da mataimakan masu ilimin motsa jiki (PTAs) kuma wasu yankuna suna kuma gane masu fasahar motsa jiki (PT techs) ko mataimakan. Yawancin ƙasashe suna da hukumomin ba da lasisi waɗanda masu ilimin motsa jiki dole ne su zama membobi kafin su fara aiki a matsayin ƙwararru masu zaman kansu. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Kanada ===
Ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiyar Jiki ta Kanada (CAPR) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home – Canadian Alliance of Physiotherapy Regulators |url=https://alliancept.org/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=alliancept.org |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt; tana ba wa waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko damar neman Jarrabawar Ƙwarewar Lafiyar Jiki ta ƙasa (PCE). Cika PCE yana ɗaya daga cikin buƙatun da ake buƙata a yawancin larduna da yankuna don yin aiki a matsayin likitan motsa jiki mai lasisi a Kanada. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Career Centre – Canadian Physiotherapy Association |url=http://physiotherapy.ca/About-Physiotherapy/Careers-in-Physiotherapy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518093014/http://physiotherapy.ca/About-Physiotherapy/Careers-in-Physiotherapy |archive-date=18 May 2015 |access-date=18 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Membobin CAPR ƙungiyoyi ne na kula da lafiyar jiki da aka amince da su a larduna da yankuna daban-daban:

* Gwamnatin Yukon, Ayyukan Masu Amfani &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-01-26 |title=Check if a physiotherapist is licensed |url=https://yukon.ca/en/check-if-physiotherapist-licensed |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=yukon.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Masu Ilimin Jiki na British Columbia &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CPTBC – College of Physical Therapists of British Columbia – Inspiring Public Confidence |url=https://cptbc.org/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Masana Ilimin Jiki ta Alberta &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.cpta.ab.ca/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=College of Physiotherapists of Alberta |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Masu Ilimin Jiki ta Saskatchewan &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home – SCPT &amp;#124; Saskatchewan College of Physical Therapists |url=https://www.scpt.org/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Masana Ilimin Jiki ta Manitoba &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home – College of Physiotherapists of Manitoba |url=https://manitobaphysio.com/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=manitobaphysio.com |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Masana Ilimin Jiki ta Ontario &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=College of Physiotherapists of Ontario {{!}} Physiotherapy Ontario |url=https://www.collegept.org/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=College of Physiotherapists of Ontario |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ordre professionalnel de la physiotherapie du Québec &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://oppq.qc.ca/en/home/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=OPPQ |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Likitocin Jiki na New Brunswick/College des physiothérapeutes du Nouveau-Brunswick &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=College of Physiotherapists of New Brunswick – Responsive Medical Health WordPress Theme |url=https://cptnb.ca/language/en/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Likitocin Jiki ta Nova Scotia &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nova Scotia College of Physiotherapists – Nova Scotia College of Physiotherapists |url=https://nsphysio.com/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=nsphysio.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Masana Ilimin Jiki ta Prince Edward Island &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Welcome |url=https://www.peicpt.com/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=PEI College of Physiotherapy |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Likitocin Jiki ta Newfoundland da Labrador &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=about_us.php |url=https://physiotherapy.ca/newfoundlandlabrador-physiotherapy-association/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921000728/https://physiotherapy.ca/newfoundlandlabrador-physiotherapy-association/ |archive-date=21 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana bayar da shirye-shiryen motsa jiki a jami'o'i goma sha biyar, galibi ta hanyar kwalejin likitanci ta jami'ar. Kowace makaranta ta fannin motsa jiki ta Kanada ta sauya daga shirye-shiryen digiri na uku a fannin ilimin motsa jiki (BScPT) waɗanda ke buƙatar shekaru biyu na darussan jami'a na farko (digiri na farko na shekaru biyar) zuwa shirye-shiryen digiri na biyu na ilimin motsa jiki (MPT) waɗanda ke buƙatar digiri na farko na farko. Jami'ar Kanada ta ƙarshe da ta biyo baya ita ce Jami'ar Manitoba, wacce ta koma shirin MPT a shekarar 2012, wanda ya sanya takardar shaidar MPT ta zama sabuwar hanyar shiga aiki a duk faɗin Kanada. Ba a buƙatar masu aikin da ke da takardar shaidar BScPT su haɓaka cancantarsu ba.

A lardin Quebec, ana buƙatar masu son yin aikin tiyatar jiki su kammala difloma ta kwaleji a fannin kimiyyar lafiya, wadda ke ɗaukar matsakaicin shekaru biyu, ko kuma fasahar gyaran jiki, wadda ke ɗaukar akalla shekaru uku, don neman shiga shirin motsa jiki ko shiri a jami'a. Bayan shiga, ɗaliban da ke yin aikin tiyatar jiki suna aiki a kan digiri na farko a fannin kimiyya tare da babban digiri a fannin gyaran jiki da gyaran jiki. BSc yawanci yana buƙatar shekaru uku kafin a kammala. Sannan ɗalibai dole ne su shiga makarantar digiri na biyu don kammala digiri na biyu a fannin gyaran jiki, wanda yawanci yana buƙatar shekaru ɗaya da rabi zuwa biyu na karatu. Waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na biyu waɗanda suka sami digiri na biyu dole ne su ci jarrabawar zama memba cikin nasara don zama membobin ''Ordre Professionnel de la physiothérapie du Québec'' (PPQ). Masu ilimin motsa jiki za su iya ci gaba da karatunsu a fannoni na musamman kamar kimiyyar gyaran jiki, likitancin wasanni, kinesiology, da kuma ilimin halittar jiki.

Quebec ta rarraba masu ilimin gyaran jiki a matsayin kwararrun likitocin da ke kula da lafiyar jiki waɗanda ake buƙatar kammala shirin difloma na kwaleji na shekaru huɗu a fannin gyaran jiki kuma su zama membobin ''Ordre Professionnel de la physiothérapie du Québec'' (OPPQ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Accueil |url=https://oppq.qc.ca/ |website=OPPQ}}&lt;/ref&gt; don yin aiki bisa doka a ƙasar a cewar ƙwararre De Van Gerard.

Yawancin masu ilimin gyaran jiki suna kammala difloma a kwaleji a Collège Montmorency, Dawson College, ko Cégep Marie-Victorin, duk suna cikin yankin [[Montréal|Montreal]] da kewaye.

Bayan kammala karatunsu na kwaleji na fasaha, waɗanda suka kammala karatun suna da damar ci gaba da karatunsu a matakin jami'a don wataƙila su sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimin motsa jiki, kinesiology, kimiyyar motsa jiki, ko ilimin motsa jiki . Jami'ar Montréal, Jami'ar Laval da Jami'ar Sherbrooke suna cikin jami'o'in Québécois waɗanda ke shigar da masu ilimin gyaran jiki zuwa shirye-shiryen karatu da suka shafi kimiyyar lafiya da gyaran jiki don darussan bashi da aka kammala a kwaleji .

Zuwa yanzu, babu shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa da ake da su don sauƙaƙe haɓakawa daga BScPT zuwa takardar shaidar MPT. Duk da haka, ana samun shirye-shiryen digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyya (MSc) da digiri na uku a fannin falsafa (PhD) a kowace jami'a. Baya ga binciken ilimi, masu aiki za su iya haɓaka ƙwarewarsu da cancantarsu ta hanyar ci gaba da darussa da manhajoji na ilimi. Ci gaba da ilimi buƙatu ne na hukumomin kula da larduna.

Ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiyar Jiki ta Kanada tana ba da manhajar koyar da ci gaba da koyarwa a fannin kula da ƙashi da kuma kula da hannu. Shirin ya ƙunshi matakai 5 (darussa 7) na horo tare da ci gaba da jagoranci da kimantawa a kowane mataki. Manhajar koyar da ƙashi da jarrabawa tana ɗaukar aƙalla shekaru 4 kafin a kammala. Duk da haka, bayan kammala mataki na 2, masu ilimin motsa jiki za su iya neman shiga wani shiri na musamman na digiri na biyu wanda ya dogara da kwas na shekara 1 a fannin kula da ƙashi da kuma kula da hannu a Jami'ar Western Ontario don kammala horonsu. Wannan shirin yana karɓar masu ilimin motsa jiki 16 kawai a kowace shekara tun daga 2007. Kammala karatun da aka yi cikin nasara a ɗayan waɗannan hanyoyin ilimi da jarrabawarsu yana ba wa masu ilimin motsa jiki damar yin rajista a Kwalejin Kula da Lafiyar Jiki ta Kanada (CAMPT) don samun haɗin gwiwa. Ana ɗaukar membobin Kwalejin Kula da Lafiyar Jiki ta Kanada (FCAMPT) a matsayin jagora a fagen, suna da ilimi mai zurfi bayan kammala karatun digiri a fannin kula da ƙashi da kuma kula da hannu. FCAMPT takardar shaida ce da aka amince da ita a duniya baki ɗaya, domin CAMPT memba ce ta Ƙungiyar Masu Jinya da Gyaran Jiki ta Duniya (IFOMPT), wani reshe na Ƙungiyar Jinya ta Duniya (wadda a da ake kira Ƙungiyar Jinya ta Duniya (WCPT)) da kuma Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO).

=== Scotland ===
Ana bayar da digirin ilimin motsa jiki a jami'o'i huɗu: Jami'ar Edinburgh Napier da ke Edinburgh, Jami'ar Robert Gordon da ke Aberdeen, Jami'ar Caledonian da ke Glasgow, da Jami'ar Sarauniya Margaret da ke Edinburgh. Dalibai za su iya cancanta a matsayin masu ilimin motsa jiki ta hanyar kammala digirin farko na kimiyya na shekaru huɗu ko digiri na biyu na biyu (idan sun riga sun sami digiri na farko a wani fanni mai alaƙa).

Domin amfani da taken 'Mai ba da shawara kan harkokin motsa jiki', dole ne ɗalibi ya yi rijista da [[Kwamitin Kula da Lafiya da Kulawa|Majalisar Kula da Lafiya da Kulawa]], wata hukuma mai kula da harkokin motsa jiki a faɗin Burtaniya, idan ya cancanta. Yawancin masu ba da shawara kan motsa jiki mambobi ne na Ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Chartered (CSP), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Scotland {{!}} The Chartered Society of Physiotherapy |url=https://www.csp.org.uk/networks/nations-regions/scotland |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=www.csp.org.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wacce ke ba da inshora da tallafi na ƙwararru.

=== Amurka ===
Babban likitan da ke kula da lafiyar jiki shine likitan motsa jiki (PT) wanda aka horar kuma aka ba shi lasisi don dubawa, kimantawa, ganowa da sarrafa rauni ko cuta a cikin marasa lafiya ko abokan ciniki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 2025 |title=Diagnosis by Physical Therapists |url=https://www.apta.org/apta-and-you/leadership-and-governance/policies/diagnosis-by-physical-therapist |access-date=3 October 2025 |website=www.apta.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan aka nuna, masu ilimin motsa jiki suna yin odar gwaje-gwaje/nazari na bincike, gami da amma ba'a iyakance ga gwaje-gwajen hoto da dakin gwaje-gwaje ba. Masu ilimin motsa jiki kuma suna iya yin ko fassara zaɓaɓɓun hotuna ko wasu gwaje-gwaje/nazari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 2025 |title=Diagnosis by Physical Therapists |url=https://www.apta.org/apta-and-you/leadership-and-governance/policies/diagnosis-by-physical-therapist |access-date=3 October 2025 |website=www.apta.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manhajojin ilimin ilimin motsa jiki a Amurka sun kai ga digirin Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT), &lt;ref name=&quot;2011PTed&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 August 2011 |title=2010–2011 Fact Sheet: Physical Therapist Education Programs |url=http://www.capteonline.org/uploadedFiles/CAPTEorg/About_CAPTE/Resources/Aggregate_Program_Data/AggregateProgramData_PTPrograms.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823100415/http://www.capteonline.org/uploadedFiles/CAPTEorg/About_CAPTE/Resources/Aggregate_Program_Data/AggregateProgramData_PTPrograms.pdf |archive-date=23 August 2020 |access-date=28 February 2012 |publisher=American Physical Therapy Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da wasu PT masu aiki suna da digirin Master of Physical Therapy, wasu kuma suna da digirin Bachelor. Ba a sake bayar da digirin Master of Physical Therapy da Master of Science a Physical Therapy ba, kuma digirin matakin shiga shine digirin Doctor of Physical Therapy, wanda yawanci yana ɗaukar shekaru 3 bayan kammala digirin farko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Physical Therapist (PT) Education Overview |url=http://www.apta.org/PTEducation/Overview/ |access-date=15 February 2016 |website=www.apta.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ƙarfafa PT waɗanda ke da digirin Master ko digirin farko a PT su sami DPT ɗinsu saboda burin APTA shine duk PT su kasance a matakin digiri na uku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-07-12 |title=Master's of Physical Therapy (MPT) vs. Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) Degree |url=http://www.exercise-science-guide.com/blog/masters-physical-therapy-vs-doctorate-physical-therapy/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223044518/http://www.exercise-science-guide.com/blog/masters-physical-therapy-vs-doctorate-physical-therapy/ |archive-date=23 February 2016 |access-date=15 February 2016 |website=Exercise Science Guide |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar Kula da Ilimin Jinya ta Jiki (CAPTE) ta amince da shirye-shiryen DPT a Amurka. A cewar CAPTE, {{As of|2025}}  Akwai ɗalibai 39,448 da suka yi rajista a shirye-shiryen PT guda 322 da aka amince da su a Amurka yayin da ɗaliban PTA guda 10,077 ke shiga shirye-shiryen PTA guda 390 a Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;By The Numbers: Accredited and Candidacy Programs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2025 |title=By The Numbers |url=https://www.capteonline.org/ |access-date=4 October 2025 |publisher=Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manhajar kwararrun masu ilimin motsa jiki ta ƙunshi abubuwan da ke cikin kimiyyar asibiti (misali, abubuwan da ke ciki game da tsarin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, huhu, endocrine, metabolism, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, integumentary, musculoskeletal, da neuromuscular da kuma yanayin likita da tiyata da masu ilimin motsa jiki ke yawan gani). Horarwa ta yanzu an yi ta ne musamman don baiwa masu ilimin motsa jiki damar gane da kuma tura cututtukan da ba na tsoka ba waɗanda za su iya kasancewa iri ɗaya da waɗanda tsarin da ba su dace da maganin motsa jiki ke haifarwa, wanda ya haifar da samun damar kai tsaye ga masu ilimin motsa jiki a jihohi da yawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;FSBPT Direct Access Guide&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy Jurisdiction Licensure Reference Guide Topic: Direct Access Language |url=https://www.fsbpt.org/Portals/0/documents/free-resources/JLRG_DirectAccessLawsAndRegs_201510.pdf |access-date=7 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawan zama bayan digirin digirgir da kuma ilimin zumunci yana ƙaruwa akai-akai tare da amincewa da shirye-shiryen zama 219 da shirye-shiryen zumunci 42 a shekarar 2016. Makarantun suna da nufin horar da masu ilimin motsa jiki a fannoni daban-daban kamar kula da lafiya mai tsanani, cututtukan zuciya da [[huhu]], ilimin lantarki na asibiti, malamai, ilimin [[Magungunan tsofaffi|tsofaffi]], ilimin jijiyoyi, ilimin ƙashi, ilimin yara, wasanni, [[Lafiyar Mata|lafiyar mata]], da kula da rauni, yayin da makarantu ke horar da ƙwararru a wani fanni na musamman (misali kulawa mai tsanani, maganin hannu, da wasanni na sashe na 1 ), kamar tsarin likitanci. Shirye-shiryen zama suna ba da damar zama don samun takardar shaidar ƙwararru a fannin aikinsu. Misali, kammala zama a fannin motsa jiki na ƙashi yana ba wa waɗanda suka kammala karatun damar yin rajista da zama don gwajin ƙwararrun likitoci a fannin ƙashi, cimma nasarar tantancewa ta OCS bayan cin jarrabawar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Benefits of Attending a Physical Therapy Residency Programs |url=http://www.abptrfe.org/Residency/About/Benefits/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023233256/http://www.abptrfe.org/Residency/About/Benefits/ |archive-date=23 October 2014 |access-date=7 August 2016 |website=American Board of Physical Therapy Residency and Fellowship Education}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takaddun shaida na hukumar ƙwararrun likitocin motsa jiki yana da nufin gane mutanen da ke da ilimin asibiti da horo na ƙwarewa a fannin aikinsu, kuma yana misalta yanayin zuwa ga ilimi mafi girma don kula da mutanen da ke da matsalar motsi yadda ya kamata. &lt;ref name=&quot;ABPTS Website&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABPTS homepage |url=http://www.abpts.org/home.aspx/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423162000/http://www.abpts.org/home.aspx |archive-date=23 April 2011 |access-date=7 August 2016 |website=American Board of Physical Therapy Specialties}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mataimakan masu ilimin motsa jiki na iya bayar da magani da kuma hanyoyin motsa jiki ga marasa lafiya da abokan ciniki a ƙarƙashin tsarin kulawa da aka kafa ta kuma ƙarƙashin kulawar mai ilimin motsa jiki. Mataimakan masu ilimin motsa jiki a Amurka a halin yanzu ana horar da su a ƙarƙashin manhajojin ilimin da aka yi amfani da su musamman ga sana'ar, kamar yadda CAPTE ta bayyana kuma ta amince da su. Ya zuwa Disamba 2022, akwai shirye-shirye 396 na shekaru biyu ( mataimakan masu ilimin motsa jiki ) waɗanda aka amince da su don mataimakan masu ilimin motsa jiki a Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 January 2023 |title=Aggregate Program Data 2021 Physical Therapist Assistant Education Programs Fact Sheets |url=https://www.capteonline.org/globalassets/capte-docs/aggregate-data/2021-2022-aggregate-pta-program-and-salary-data.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403124612/https://www.capteonline.org/globalassets/capte-docs/aggregate-data/2021-2022-aggregate-pta-program-and-salary-data.pdf |archive-date=3 April 2023 |access-date=18 April 2023 |publisher=American Physical Therapy Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Ayyukan da suka shafi aikin motsa jiki a Arewacin Amurka sun nuna ci gaba cikin sauri a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, amma ƙimar aiki da matsakaicin albashi na iya bambanta sosai tsakanin ƙasashe daban-daban, jihohi, larduna, ko yankuna. Wani bincike daga 2013 ya bayyana cewa kashi 56.4% na masu ilimin motsa jiki sun gamsu da ayyukansu a duk duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gupta&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gupta N |year=2013 |title=Predictors of job satisfaction among physiotherapy professionals |journal=Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=146–151 |doi=10.5958/j.0973-5674.7.3.082 |id={{ProQuest|1464664057}} |doi-access=free}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Albashi, sha'awar aiki, da gamsuwa a cikin aiki sune mahimman abubuwan da ke nuna gamsuwar aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gupta&quot; /&gt; A cikin wani bincike na Poland, gajiyar aiki tsakanin masu ilimin motsa jiki ya bayyana ta hanyar ƙaruwar gajiyar motsin rai da raguwar jin daɗin cimma burin mutum. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pustułka-Piwnik U, Ryn ZJ, Krzywoszański Ł, Stożek J |date=17 November 2014 |title=Burnout syndrome in physical therapists – demographic and organizational factors |journal=Medycyna Pracy |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=453–62 |doi=10.13075/mp.5893.00038 |pmid=25643484 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gajiyawar motsin rai ta fi yawa a tsakanin masu ilimin motsa jiki waɗanda ke aiki tare da manya kuma suna aiki a asibitoci. Sauran abubuwan da ke ƙara gajiya sun haɗa da aiki a asibiti da samun matsayi daga shekaru 15 zuwa 19. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;

=== Amurka ===
A cewar Ofishin Kididdiga na Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka, akwai kimanin masu ilimin motsa jiki 267,200 da aka yi aiki a Amurka a shekarar 2024, suna samun matsakaicin dala $101,020 a kowace shekara a shekarar 2024, ko dala $48.57 a kowace awa, tare da hasashen karuwar kashi 11% a aikin yi nan da shekarar 2034. &lt;ref name=&quot;BLSPT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 December 2015 |title=Physical Therapists |url=http://www.bls.gov/ooh/Healthcare/Physical-therapists.htm |access-date=4 April 2017 |website=Occupational Outlook Handbook |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ofishin Kididdiga na Ma'aikata ya kuma bayar da rahoton cewa akwai kimanin mataimakan masu ilimin motsa jiki 128,700 da aka yi aiki a Amurka a shekarar 2014, suna samun matsakaicin dala $42,980 a kowace shekara, ko dala $20.66 a kowace awa, tare da hasashen karuwar kashi 40% a aikin yi nan da shekarar 2024. Don biyan bukatunsu, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da na motsa jiki da yawa suna daukar &quot;masu ilimin motsa jiki na tafiya&quot;, wadanda ke aiki na wucin gadi tsakanin makonni 8 zuwa 26 don samun karin albashi; kimanin dala $113,500 a kowace shekara.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;BLSPTA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 December 2015 |title=Physical Therapist Assistants and Aides |url=http://www.bls.gov/ooh/Healthcare/Physical-therapist-assistants-and-aides.htm |access-date=4 April 2017 |website=Occupational Outlook Handbook |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayanan kididdiga na Ofishin Ma'aikata kan PTAs da fasaha na iya zama da wahala a fayyace su, saboda yadda suke bayar da rahoton bayanai kan waɗannan fannoni na aiki tare maimakon a ware su daban. O-Net ta ba da rahoton cewa a cikin 2015, PTAs a Amurka sun sami matsakaicin albashi na $55,170 kowace shekara ko $26.52 a kowace awa kuma mataimaka/masu fasaha sun sami matsakaicin albashi na $25,120 kowace shekara ko $12.08 a kowace awa a cikin 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;ONETTech&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2016–2017 |title=Summary Report for 31-2022.00 – Physical Therapist Aides |url=http://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/31-2022.00 |access-date=4 April 2017 |publisher=O-Net Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;ONETPTA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2016–17 |title=Summary Report for 31-2021.00 – Physical Therapist Assistants |url=http://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/31-2021.00 |access-date=4 April 2017 |publisher=O-Net Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiyar Jiki ta Amurka ta ba da rahoton ƙimar guraben aiki ga masu ilimin motsa jiki kamar 11.2% a cikin asibitoci masu zaman kansu na marasa lafiya, 10% a wuraren kulawa mai tsanani, da 12.1% a cikin wuraren jinya masu ƙwarewa. APTA ta kuma ba da rahoton ƙimar juzu'i ga masu ilimin motsa jiki kamar 10.7% a cikin asibitoci masu zaman kansu na marasa lafiya, 11.9% a wuraren kulawa mai tsanani, 27.6% a cikin wuraren jinya masu ƙwarewa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 October 2010 |title=Physical Therapy Vacancy and Turnover Rates in Outpatient Private Practice |url=http://www.apta.org/WorkforceData/VacancyTurnoverRate/OutpatientPrivatePractice/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611205712/http://www.apta.org/WorkforceData/VacancyTurnoverRate/OutpatientPrivatePractice/ |archive-date=11 June 2016 |access-date=4 April 2017 |website=www.apta.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 December 2010 |title=Physical Therapy Vacancy and Turnover Rates in Acute Care Hospitals |url=http://www.apta.org/WorkforceData/VacancyTurnoverRate/AcuteCare/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611205418/http://www.apta.org/WorkforceData/VacancyTurnoverRate/AcuteCare/ |archive-date=11 June 2016 |access-date=4 April 2017 |website=www.apta.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 June 2011 |title=Physical Therapy Vacancy and Turnover Rates in Skilled Nursing Facilities |url=http://www.apta.org/WorkforceData/VacancyTurnoverRate/SNFs/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611205717/http://www.apta.org/WorkforceData/VacancyTurnoverRate/SNFs/ |archive-date=11 June 2016 |access-date=4 April 2017 |website=www.apta.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'anoni da buƙatun lasisi a Amurka sun bambanta tsakanin yankuna, kamar yadda kowace jiha ta zartar da dokar aikin tiyatar jiki da ke bayyana sana'ar a cikin ikonta, amma Hukumar Kula da Lafiyar Jiki ta Jiha &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Model Practice Act &amp;#124; FSBPT |url=https://www.fsbpt.org/Free-Resources/Regulatory-Resources/Model-Practice-Act}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta kuma tsara wani tsari don iyakance wannan bambancin. Hukumar Kula da Ingantaccen Ilimi a Ilimin Jinya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education |url=https://www.capteonline.org/ |website=Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education}}&lt;/ref&gt; (CAPTE) ce ke da alhakin amincewa da manhajojin ilimin motsa jiki a duk faɗin Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Who We Are |url=https://www.capteonline.org/about-capte/who-we-are |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ƙasar Ingila ===

== Manazarta ==
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* Turai: [https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/regprof/index.cfm?action=regprof&amp;id_regprof=1180 Bayanan sana'o'i masu tsari] - Masanin ilimin motsa jiki, Hukumar Turai
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{{Infobox medical intervention|Name=Physical therapy / physiotherapy|Image=Physical Therapists at work.jpg|Caption=Military physical therapists working with patients on balance problems, [[orthopedic]]s, [[amputee|amputation]], and examining the patient's [[muscle strength|strength]], flexibility, joint range of motion, and gait.|ICD10=|ICD9={{ICD9proc|93.0}}-{{ICD9proc|93.3}}|MeshID=D026761|OPS301=|OtherCodes=}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;


Sana'ar tana da fannoni da yawa da suka haɗa da [[Tsarin tsokoki da ƙashi na mutum|musculoskeletal]], orthopedics, cardiopulmonary, neurology, endocrinology, sports medicine, [[Magungunan tsofaffi|geriatrics]], pediatrics, pediatrics, [[Lafiyar Mata|health of women]], care pain and electromyography . PTs suna yin aiki a wurare da yawa, na gwamnati da na masu zaman kansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;APTA_1/17/2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=American Physical Therapy Association |date=17 January 2008 |title=APTA Background Sheet 2008 |url=http://www.apta.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Physical_Therapy&amp;TEMPLATE=/CM/HTMLDisplay.cfm&amp;CONTENTID=33205 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529180223/http://www.apta.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Physical_Therapy&amp;TEMPLATE=%2FCM%2FHTMLDisplay.cfm&amp;CONTENTID=33205 |archive-date=29 May 2008 |access-date=29 May 2008 |publisher=American Physical Therapy Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Baya ga aikin asibiti, wasu fannoni na aikin motsa jiki sun haɗa da bincike, ilimi, shawarwari, da kuma [[Gudanar da kiwon lafiya|kula da lafiya]] . Masu ilimin motsa jiki suna ba da [[Kulawa na farko|kulawar farko]] ga marasa lafiya tare da sauran ayyukan likita. A wasu yankuna, kamar Burtaniya, masu ilimin motsa jiki na iya samun ikon rubuta magani. 
 

== Bayani ==
Gyaran jiki yana magance cututtuka ko raunuka da ke iyakance ikon mutum na motsawa da yin ayyukan da suka dace a rayuwarsa ta yau da kullun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Occupational Outlook Handbook – Physical Therapists |url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/physical-therapists.htm |access-date=30 August 2021 |website=bls.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Likitocin PT suna amfani da [[Tarihin kiwon lafiya|tarihin]] mutum da gwajin jiki don isa ga ganewar asali da kuma kafa tsarin gudanarwa, kuma idan ya cancanta, suna haɗa sakamakon nazarin dakin gwaje-gwaje da hotuna kamar X-ray, CT scans, ko MRIs. Masu ilimin motsa jiki na iya amfani da sonography don gano da kuma sarrafa yanayin tsoka, jijiyoyi, da huhu na yau da kullun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diagnostic and procedural imaging in physical therapist practice |url=https://www.orthopt.org/uploads/content_files/files/DxProcImagPhysTherPractice_FINAL%281%29.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028101158/https://www.orthopt.org/uploads/content_files/files/DxProcImagPhysTherPractice_FINAL%281%29.pdf |archive-date=2021-10-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vieira |first=Rui |last2=Segura-Grau |first2=Elena |last3=Magalhães |first3=Juliana |last4=dos Santos |first4=Joseph |last5=Patrão |first5=Luís |date=September 2020 |title=Lung ultrasound as a tool to guide respiratory physiotherapy |journal=Journal of Clinical Ultrasound |volume=48 |issue=7 |pages=431–434 |doi=10.1002/jcu.22860 |pmid=32497252}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Certification – RMSK |url=https://www.apca.org/certifications-examinations/Registered-in-Musculoskeletal-Sonography/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya amfani da gwajin ganewar asali na lantarki (misali, gwajin electromyograms da gwajin saurin sarrafa jijiyoyi). &lt;ref name=&quot;evalGuidelinesAPTA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=American Physical Therapy Association Section on Clinical Electrophysiology and Wound Management |title=Curriculum Content Guidelines for Electrophysiologic Evaluation |url=http://www.aptasce-wm.org/documents/guidelines/ENMG%20EvaluationGuidelines.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904055829/http://www.aptasce-wm.org/documents/guidelines/ENMG%20EvaluationGuidelines.pdf |archive-date=4 September 2011 |access-date=29 May 2008 |website=Educational Guidelines |publisher=American Physical Therapy Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Gudanar da'' PT yawanci ya haɗa da rubutaccen magani, ko taimako tare da, motsa jiki na musamman, maganin hannu, da kuma sarrafa jiki. Ƙarin jiyya sun haɗa da na'urorin injiniya kamar jan hankali; ilimi; hanyoyin lantarki waɗanda suka haɗa da zafi, sanyi, wutar lantarki, raƙuman sauti, da radiation; na'urorin taimako; prostheses; da orthoses . Bugu da ƙari, PTs suna aiki tare da mutane don hana asarar motsi kafin ya faru ta hanyar haɓaka shirye-shiryen motsa jiki da lafiya don rayuwa mai lafiya da aiki, da kuma samar da ayyuka ga mutane da al'ummomi don haɓaka, kiyayewa, da dawo da matsakaicin motsi da ƙarfin aiki a duk tsawon rayuwa. Wannan ya haɗa da samar da magani a cikin yanayi inda motsi da aiki ke fuskantar barazana daga tsufa, rauni, cuta, ko abubuwan muhalli. Motsin aiki yana da mahimmanci ga abin da ake nufi da zama [[lafiya]] . 

Jinyar motsa jiki sana'a ce da ke da fannoni da yawa ciki har da [[Tsarin tsokoki da ƙashi na mutum|musculoskeletal]], orthopedics, zuciya da huhu, ilimin jijiyoyi, ilimin endocrinology, likitancin wasanni, [[Magungunan tsofaffi|ilimin tsofaffi]], ilimin yara, [[Lafiyar Mata|lafiyar mata]], kula da rauni da kuma electromyography . Likitocin PT suna aiki a wurare da yawa, kamar asibitoci masu zaman kansu, asibitoci ko ofisoshi na waje, asibitoci, asibitoci na lafiya da walwala, asibitoci na gyara, wuraren jinya masu ƙwarewa, wuraren kulawa na dogon lokaci, gidaje masu zaman kansu, cibiyoyin ilimi da bincike, makarantu, asibitoci, wuraren aiki na masana'antu ko wasu wurare na aiki, cibiyoyin motsa jiki da wuraren horar da wasanni . &lt;ref name=&quot;APTA_1/17/2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=American Physical Therapy Association |date=17 January 2008 |title=APTA Background Sheet 2008 |url=http://www.apta.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Physical_Therapy&amp;TEMPLATE=/CM/HTMLDisplay.cfm&amp;CONTENTID=33205 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529180223/http://www.apta.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Physical_Therapy&amp;TEMPLATE=%2FCM%2FHTMLDisplay.cfm&amp;CONTENTID=33205 |archive-date=29 May 2008 |access-date=29 May 2008 |publisher=American Physical Therapy Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masu ilimin motsa jiki kuma suna aiki a cikin ayyukan kula da marasa lafiya kamar manufofin lafiya, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Health policy implications for patient education in physical therapy |url=https://www.who.int/topics/health_policy/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324161029/http://www.who.int/topics/health_policy/en/ |archive-date=24 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Initiatives in Rehabilitation Research, {{Cite web |title=Physical Therapy &amp;#124; Oxford Academic |url=http://ptjournal.apta.org/cgi/content/full/86/1/141 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130223105653/http://ptjournal.apta.org/cgi/content/full/86/1/141 |archive-date=23 February 2013 |access-date=2010-09-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; inshorar lafiya, gudanar da harkokin kiwon lafiya, da kuma a matsayin shugabannin kula da lafiya. Masu ilimin motsa jiki suna da hannu a fannin likitanci-doka suna aiki a matsayin ƙwararru, suna yin bita na takwarorinsu da kuma gwaje-gwajen likita masu zaman kansu . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ORTIZ vs. EXAMWORKS, INC., 470 Mass. 784 |url=http://masscases.com/cases/sjc/470/470mass784.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ilimi ya bambanta sosai daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. Tsawon lokacin ilimi ya kama daga wasu ƙasashe waɗanda ba su da ilimi na yau da kullun zuwa wasu kuma waɗanda ke da digirin digirgir da kuma wuraren zama na bayan digirin digirgir da kuma guraben karo ilimi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Jesus_2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jesus |first=Tiago S. |last2=Koh |first2=Gerald |last3=Landry |first3=Michel |last4=Ong |first4=Peck-Hoon |last5=Lopes |first5=Antonio |last6=Green |first6=Peter L. |last7=Hoenig |first7=Helen |date=October 2016 |title=Finding the &quot;Right-Size&quot; Physical Therapy Workforce: International Perspective Across 4 Countries |journal=Physical Therapy |volume=96 |issue=10 |pages=1597–1609 |doi=10.2522/ptj.20160014 |pmid=27149960 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dangane da alaƙarta da sauran sana'o'in kiwon lafiya, ilimin motsa jiki yawanci ɗaya ne daga cikin sana'o'in kiwon lafiya da ke da alaƙa . &lt;ref name=&quot;ASAHP_def&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is Allied Health? |url=http://www.asahp.org/what-is/ |access-date=10 March 2020 |publisher=Association of Schools of Allied Health Professionals}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Allied Health (Paramedical) Services and Education |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/204786/B3429.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Allied Health Professionals |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/allied-health-professionals}}&lt;/ref&gt;  World Physiotherapy ta sanya hannu kan &quot;takardar fahimtar juna&quot; tare da sauran membobi huɗu na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Lafiya ta Duniya &quot;don haɓaka haɗin gwiwarsu kan karewa da saka hannun jari a cikin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya don samar da kulawa mai aminci, inganci da adalci a kowane fanni&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO_11/7/2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2022 |title=WHO, members of the World Health Professions Alliance sign new memorandum of understanding on health workforce priorities |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/07-11-2022-WHO_WHPA_MOU |access-date=January 13, 2024 |website=[[World Health Organization]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:Exercise_to_shoulder_and_elbow_to_increase_motion_following_fracture_and_dislocation_of_humerus_is_being_given_by_an..._-_NARA_-_522885.tiff|right|thumb|300x300px|Ana ba wa wani majiyyaci soja motsa jiki ta kafada da gwiwar hannu don ƙara motsi bayan karyewar ƙashi da kuma yankewar ƙashin humerus .]]
Ana kyautata zaton likitoci kamar Hippocrates da Galen daga baya su ne likitoci na farko da suka fara yin aikin motsa jiki, suna ba da shawarar tausa, dabarun gyaran hannu da kuma maganin ruwa don magance mutane a shekarar 460.&amp;nbsp;BC. 

A cikin littafin &quot;De Arte Gymnastica&quot; (Fasaha ta Gymnastics, wanda aka buga a 1569), likitan Italiya Hieronymus Mercurialis (1530–1606) ya gabatar da kalmar &quot;gymnastics na likitanci,&quot; yana nuna ɗaya daga cikin ma'anonin &quot;gymnastics&quot; a matsayin kayan aikin gyara ga marasa lafiya na kowane zamani. 

Masanin ilimin halittar jiki kuma masanin lissafi ɗan ƙasar Italiya Alfonso Borelli (1608–1679) ya sami sakamako mai mahimmanci a fannin [[Biomechanics|kimiyyar halittu]] na dabbobi da na ɗan adam. Littafinsa mai suna &quot;De Motu Animalium&quot; (Akan Motsi na Dabbobi), wanda aka buga a shekarar 1680, jim kaɗan bayan rasuwarsa, ya samar da tsarin aiki don fahimtar yanayin motsi na marasa lafiya da nakasassu. 

A ƙarni na 18, likitan Faransa Nicolas Andry de Bois-Regard (1658–1742) ya kafa ingantacciyar alaƙa tsakanin lafiyar na'urorin tsoka da motsa jiki, kuma a cikin littafinsa &quot;Traité d'orthopédie&quot; (Treatise on Orthopedics, 1741), ya gabatar da sabon kalmar &quot;orthopedics&quot;. Bayan Nicolas Andry de Bois-Regard, wannan ilimin ya zama ginshiƙi don fahimtar motsa jiki daidai a cikin gyaran jiki.  Bayan haɓaka na'urorin ƙafafu a ƙarni na 18, an ƙirƙiri injuna kamar Gymnasticon don magance [[gout]] da cututtuka makamantan su ta hanyar motsa jiki na haɗin gwiwa, kama da ci gaban da aka samu daga baya a cikin aikin motsa jiki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bakewell S |date=October 1997 |title=Medical gymnastics and the Cyriax collection |journal=Medical History |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=487–95 |doi=10.1017/s0025727300063067 |pmc=1043941 |pmid=9536620}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Asalin farko da aka rubuta na ainihin maganin motsa jiki a matsayin ƙungiyar ƙwararru ya samo asali ne daga Per Henrik Ling, &quot;Uban Gymnastics na Sweden,&quot; wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Royal Central of Gymnastics (RCIG) a 1813 don yin amfani da haɗin gwiwa da motsa jiki. Har zuwa 2014, kalmar Sweden don mai ilimin motsa jiki shine ''sjukgymnast'', ko kuma wani wanda ke da hannu a cikin motsa jiki ga waɗanda ke rashin lafiya, amma daga baya aka canza sunan zuwa ''fysioterapeut'' (mai ilimin motsa jiki), kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita a sauran ƙasashen Scandinavia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fysioterapeut – nytt name på yet suk gymnast sedan 2014 |url=https://www.fysioterapeuterna.se/Profession/Om-professionen/Fysioterapeut--ny-skyddad-yrkestitel-for-sjukgymnaster/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828233655/https://www.fysioterapeuterna.se/Profession/Om-professionen/Fysioterapeut--ny-skyddad-yrkestitel-for-sjukgymnaster/ |archive-date=28 August 2016 |access-date=15 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 1887, Hukumar Lafiya da Jin Daɗi ta Ƙasa ta Sweden ta ba wa PTs rajista a hukumance. Sauran ƙasashe ba da daɗewa ba suka biyo baya. A 1894, ma'aikatan jinya huɗu a Burtaniya sun kafa Chartered Society of Physiotherapy . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chartered Society of Physiotherapy |title=History of the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy |url=http://www.csp.org.uk/director/about/thecsp/history.cfm |access-date=29 May 2008 |publisher=Chartered Society of Physiotherapy}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran ƙungiyoyin farko na masu ilimin motsa jiki sun haɗa da Makarantar Ilimin Jiki a Jami'ar Otago da ke New Zealand a 1913, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 January 2007 |title=History of the School of Physiotherapy |url=http://physio.Otago.ac.NZ/about/history.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224020426/http://physio.otago.ac.nz/about/history.asp |archive-date=24 December 2007 |access-date=29 May 2008 |website=School of Physiotherapy Centre for Physiotherapy Research |publisher=University of Otago}}&lt;/ref&gt; da Kwalejin Reed ta Amurka a 1914 a Portland, Oregon, wacce ta kammala karatun &quot;masu taimakawa wajen sake ginawa.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reed College |title=Mission and History |url=http://www.reed.edu/about_reed/history.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920160729/https://www.reed.edu/about_reed/history.html |archive-date=20 September 2018 |access-date=29 May 2008 |website=About Reed |publisher=Reed College}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tun lokacin da aka fara wannan sana'a, maganin rage radadi na kashin baya ya kasance babban ɓangare na aikin motsa jiki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bialosky JE, Simon CB, Bishop MD, George SZ |date=October 2012 |title=Basis for spinal manipulative therapy: a physical therapist perspective |journal=Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=643–7 |doi=10.1016/j.jelekin.2011.11.014 |pmc=3461123 |pmid=22197083}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kafa tsarin motsa jiki na zamani a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 saboda abubuwan da suka shafi lafiyar jiki a duniya,  wanda ya buƙaci ci gaba cikin sauri a fannin motsa jiki. Bayan haka, likitocin ƙashi na Amurka sun fara kula da yara masu nakasa kuma sun ɗauki mata da aka horar a fannin ilimin motsa jiki, da motsa jiki na gyara. An ƙara amfani da waɗannan magungunan kuma an ƙarfafa su a lokacin barkewar cutar shan inna ta 1916. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, an ɗauki mata aiki don su yi aiki tare da kuma dawo da aikin jiki ga sojojin da suka ji rauni, kuma an kafa fannin kula da lafiyar jiki a matsayin cibiyar kula da lafiyar jiki. A shekarar 1918, an yi amfani da kalmar &quot;Mataimakin Sake Ginawa&quot; don nufin mutanen da ke yin aikin kula da lafiyar jiki. An kafa makarantar farko ta kula da lafiyar jiki a Asibitin Sojoji na Walter Reed da ke Washington, DC, bayan barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Missouri Women in the Health Sciences – Health Professions – Development of the Field of Physical Therapy |url=http://beckerexhibits.wustl.edu/mowihsp/health/PTdevel.htm |website=beckerexhibits.wustl.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maganin a cikin shekarun 1940 ya ƙunshi motsa jiki, tausa, da jan hankali . An fara amfani da hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su wajen sarrafa kashin baya da haɗin gwiwa na gaɓoɓi, musamman a ƙasashen Commonwealth na Burtaniya, a farkon shekarun 1950.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=McKenzie R |year=2002 |title=Patient Heal Thyself |journal=Worldwide Spine &amp; Rehabilitation |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=16–20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A lokacin da aka samar da alluran rigakafin cutar shan inna, kasancewar masu ilimin motsa jiki ya zama ruwan dare a asibitoci a duk faɗin Arewacin Amurka da Turai. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=af Klinteberg M |year=1992 |title=The history and present scope of physical therapy |journal=International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=4–9 |doi=10.1017/s0266462300007856 |pmid=1601592 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarshen shekarun 1950, masu ilimin motsa jiki sun fara wuce asibitoci kawai zuwa asibitocin ƙashi na waje, makarantun gwamnati, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na kwaleji/jami'a, wuraren tsofaffi (wuraren jinya masu ƙwarewa), cibiyoyin gyara da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya. Ƙwarewar ilimin motsa jiki a Amurka ta faru ne a shekarar 1974, inda aka kafa Sashen Ƙashi na APTA ga waɗannan masu ilimin motsa jiki waɗanda suka ƙware a fannin ƙashi. A wannan shekarar, aka kafa [[International Federation of Orthopaedic Manipulative Physical Therapists|Ƙungiyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Masu Ilimin motsa jiki ta ƙashi]], &lt;ref name=&quot;IFOMPT_history&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=History: Abridged version of IFOMPT History |url=http://www.ifompt.com/About+IFOMPT/History.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713003655/http://www.ifompt.com/About+IFOMPT/History.html |archive-date=13 July 2011 |access-date=9 January 2011 |publisher=International Federation of Orthopaedic Manipulative Physical Therapists (IFOMPT)}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanda tun daga lokacin ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ci gaba da aikin hannu a duk duniya.

Ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa ta wannan sana'a ita ce Ƙungiyar Duniya ta Kula da Lafiyar Jiki (WCPT). An kafa ta a shekarar 1951 kuma tana aiki da sunan World Physiotherapy tun daga shekarar 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;WP_1/28/2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 28, 2020 |title=Name change for global physical therapy body |url=https://world.physio/news/name-change-global-physical-therapy-body |access-date=January 6, 2024 |website=[[World Physiotherapy]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;WP_6/30/2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 30, 2020 |title=New brand and website for global physiotherapy body |url=https://world.physio/news/new-brand-and-website-global-physiotherapy-body |access-date=January 4, 2024 |website=[[World Physiotherapy]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimi ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Ka'idojin ilimi ga masu ba da maganin motsa jiki sun bambanta daga jiha zuwa jiha, ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, kuma daga cikin matakai daban-daban na alhakin ƙwararru. Duk jihohin Amurka suna da ayyukan aikin motsa jiki waɗanda ke gane masu ilimin motsa jiki (PTs) da mataimakan masu ilimin motsa jiki (PTAs) kuma wasu yankuna suna kuma gane masu fasahar motsa jiki (PT techs) ko mataimakan. Yawancin ƙasashe suna da hukumomin ba da lasisi waɗanda masu ilimin motsa jiki dole ne su zama membobi kafin su fara aiki a matsayin ƙwararru masu zaman kansu. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Kanada ===
Ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiyar Jiki ta Kanada (CAPR) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home – Canadian Alliance of Physiotherapy Regulators |url=https://alliancept.org/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=alliancept.org |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt; tana ba wa waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko damar neman Jarrabawar Ƙwarewar Lafiyar Jiki ta ƙasa (PCE). Cika PCE yana ɗaya daga cikin buƙatun da ake buƙata a yawancin larduna da yankuna don yin aiki a matsayin likitan motsa jiki mai lasisi a Kanada. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Career Centre – Canadian Physiotherapy Association |url=http://physiotherapy.ca/About-Physiotherapy/Careers-in-Physiotherapy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518093014/http://physiotherapy.ca/About-Physiotherapy/Careers-in-Physiotherapy |archive-date=18 May 2015 |access-date=18 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Membobin CAPR ƙungiyoyi ne na kula da lafiyar jiki da aka amince da su a larduna da yankuna daban-daban:

* Gwamnatin Yukon, Ayyukan Masu Amfani &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-01-26 |title=Check if a physiotherapist is licensed |url=https://yukon.ca/en/check-if-physiotherapist-licensed |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=yukon.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Masu Ilimin Jiki na British Columbia &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CPTBC – College of Physical Therapists of British Columbia – Inspiring Public Confidence |url=https://cptbc.org/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Masana Ilimin Jiki ta Alberta &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.cpta.ab.ca/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=College of Physiotherapists of Alberta |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Masu Ilimin Jiki ta Saskatchewan &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home – SCPT &amp;#124; Saskatchewan College of Physical Therapists |url=https://www.scpt.org/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Masana Ilimin Jiki ta Manitoba &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home – College of Physiotherapists of Manitoba |url=https://manitobaphysio.com/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=manitobaphysio.com |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Masana Ilimin Jiki ta Ontario &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=College of Physiotherapists of Ontario {{!}} Physiotherapy Ontario |url=https://www.collegept.org/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=College of Physiotherapists of Ontario |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ordre professionalnel de la physiotherapie du Québec &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://oppq.qc.ca/en/home/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=OPPQ |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Likitocin Jiki na New Brunswick/College des physiothérapeutes du Nouveau-Brunswick &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=College of Physiotherapists of New Brunswick – Responsive Medical Health WordPress Theme |url=https://cptnb.ca/language/en/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Likitocin Jiki ta Nova Scotia &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nova Scotia College of Physiotherapists – Nova Scotia College of Physiotherapists |url=https://nsphysio.com/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=nsphysio.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Masana Ilimin Jiki ta Prince Edward Island &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Welcome |url=https://www.peicpt.com/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=PEI College of Physiotherapy |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kwalejin Likitocin Jiki ta Newfoundland da Labrador &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=about_us.php |url=https://physiotherapy.ca/newfoundlandlabrador-physiotherapy-association/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921000728/https://physiotherapy.ca/newfoundlandlabrador-physiotherapy-association/ |archive-date=21 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana bayar da shirye-shiryen motsa jiki a jami'o'i goma sha biyar, galibi ta hanyar kwalejin likitanci ta jami'ar. Kowace makaranta ta fannin motsa jiki ta Kanada ta sauya daga shirye-shiryen digiri na uku a fannin ilimin motsa jiki (BScPT) waɗanda ke buƙatar shekaru biyu na darussan jami'a na farko (digiri na farko na shekaru biyar) zuwa shirye-shiryen digiri na biyu na ilimin motsa jiki (MPT) waɗanda ke buƙatar digiri na farko na farko. Jami'ar Kanada ta ƙarshe da ta biyo baya ita ce Jami'ar Manitoba, wacce ta koma shirin MPT a shekarar 2012, wanda ya sanya takardar shaidar MPT ta zama sabuwar hanyar shiga aiki a duk faɗin Kanada. Ba a buƙatar masu aikin da ke da takardar shaidar BScPT su haɓaka cancantarsu ba.

A lardin Quebec, ana buƙatar masu son yin aikin tiyatar jiki su kammala difloma ta kwaleji a fannin kimiyyar lafiya, wadda ke ɗaukar matsakaicin shekaru biyu, ko kuma fasahar gyaran jiki, wadda ke ɗaukar akalla shekaru uku, don neman shiga shirin motsa jiki ko shiri a jami'a. Bayan shiga, ɗaliban da ke yin aikin tiyatar jiki suna aiki a kan digiri na farko a fannin kimiyya tare da babban digiri a fannin gyaran jiki da gyaran jiki. BSc yawanci yana buƙatar shekaru uku kafin a kammala. Sannan ɗalibai dole ne su shiga makarantar digiri na biyu don kammala digiri na biyu a fannin gyaran jiki, wanda yawanci yana buƙatar shekaru ɗaya da rabi zuwa biyu na karatu. Waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na biyu waɗanda suka sami digiri na biyu dole ne su ci jarrabawar zama memba cikin nasara don zama membobin ''Ordre Professionnel de la physiothérapie du Québec'' (PPQ). Masu ilimin motsa jiki za su iya ci gaba da karatunsu a fannoni na musamman kamar kimiyyar gyaran jiki, likitancin wasanni, kinesiology, da kuma ilimin halittar jiki.

Quebec ta rarraba masu ilimin gyaran jiki a matsayin kwararrun likitocin da ke kula da lafiyar jiki waɗanda ake buƙatar kammala shirin difloma na kwaleji na shekaru huɗu a fannin gyaran jiki kuma su zama membobin ''Ordre Professionnel de la physiothérapie du Québec'' (OPPQ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Accueil |url=https://oppq.qc.ca/ |website=OPPQ}}&lt;/ref&gt; don yin aiki bisa doka a ƙasar a cewar ƙwararre De Van Gerard.

Yawancin masu ilimin gyaran jiki suna kammala difloma a kwaleji a Collège Montmorency, Dawson College, ko Cégep Marie-Victorin, duk suna cikin yankin [[Montréal|Montreal]] da kewaye.

Bayan kammala karatunsu na kwaleji na fasaha, waɗanda suka kammala karatun suna da damar ci gaba da karatunsu a matakin jami'a don wataƙila su sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimin motsa jiki, kinesiology, kimiyyar motsa jiki, ko ilimin motsa jiki . Jami'ar Montréal, Jami'ar Laval da Jami'ar Sherbrooke suna cikin jami'o'in Québécois waɗanda ke shigar da masu ilimin gyaran jiki zuwa shirye-shiryen karatu da suka shafi kimiyyar lafiya da gyaran jiki don darussan bashi da aka kammala a kwaleji .

Zuwa yanzu, babu shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa da ake da su don sauƙaƙe haɓakawa daga BScPT zuwa takardar shaidar MPT. Duk da haka, ana samun shirye-shiryen digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyya (MSc) da digiri na uku a fannin falsafa (PhD) a kowace jami'a. Baya ga binciken ilimi, masu aiki za su iya haɓaka ƙwarewarsu da cancantarsu ta hanyar ci gaba da darussa da manhajoji na ilimi. Ci gaba da ilimi buƙatu ne na hukumomin kula da larduna.

Ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiyar Jiki ta Kanada tana ba da manhajar koyar da ci gaba da koyarwa a fannin kula da ƙashi da kuma kula da hannu. Shirin ya ƙunshi matakai 5 (darussa 7) na horo tare da ci gaba da jagoranci da kimantawa a kowane mataki. Manhajar koyar da ƙashi da jarrabawa tana ɗaukar aƙalla shekaru 4 kafin a kammala. Duk da haka, bayan kammala mataki na 2, masu ilimin motsa jiki za su iya neman shiga wani shiri na musamman na digiri na biyu wanda ya dogara da kwas na shekara 1 a fannin kula da ƙashi da kuma kula da hannu a Jami'ar Western Ontario don kammala horonsu. Wannan shirin yana karɓar masu ilimin motsa jiki 16 kawai a kowace shekara tun daga 2007. Kammala karatun da aka yi cikin nasara a ɗayan waɗannan hanyoyin ilimi da jarrabawarsu yana ba wa masu ilimin motsa jiki damar yin rajista a Kwalejin Kula da Lafiyar Jiki ta Kanada (CAMPT) don samun haɗin gwiwa. Ana ɗaukar membobin Kwalejin Kula da Lafiyar Jiki ta Kanada (FCAMPT) a matsayin jagora a fagen, suna da ilimi mai zurfi bayan kammala karatun digiri a fannin kula da ƙashi da kuma kula da hannu. FCAMPT takardar shaida ce da aka amince da ita a duniya baki ɗaya, domin CAMPT memba ce ta Ƙungiyar Masu Jinya da Gyaran Jiki ta Duniya (IFOMPT), wani reshe na Ƙungiyar Jinya ta Duniya (wadda a da ake kira Ƙungiyar Jinya ta Duniya (WCPT)) da kuma Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO).

=== Scotland ===
Ana bayar da digirin ilimin motsa jiki a jami'o'i huɗu: Jami'ar Edinburgh Napier da ke Edinburgh, Jami'ar Robert Gordon da ke Aberdeen, Jami'ar Caledonian da ke Glasgow, da Jami'ar Sarauniya Margaret da ke Edinburgh. Dalibai za su iya cancanta a matsayin masu ilimin motsa jiki ta hanyar kammala digirin farko na kimiyya na shekaru huɗu ko digiri na biyu na biyu (idan sun riga sun sami digiri na farko a wani fanni mai alaƙa).

Domin amfani da taken 'Mai ba da shawara kan harkokin motsa jiki', dole ne ɗalibi ya yi rijista da [[Kwamitin Kula da Lafiya da Kulawa|Majalisar Kula da Lafiya da Kulawa]], wata hukuma mai kula da harkokin motsa jiki a faɗin Burtaniya, idan ya cancanta. Yawancin masu ba da shawara kan motsa jiki mambobi ne na Ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Chartered (CSP), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Scotland {{!}} The Chartered Society of Physiotherapy |url=https://www.csp.org.uk/networks/nations-regions/scotland |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=www.csp.org.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wacce ke ba da inshora da tallafi na ƙwararru.

=== Amurka ===
Babban likitan da ke kula da lafiyar jiki shine likitan motsa jiki (PT) wanda aka horar kuma aka ba shi lasisi don dubawa, kimantawa, ganowa da sarrafa rauni ko cuta a cikin marasa lafiya ko abokan ciniki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 2025 |title=Diagnosis by Physical Therapists |url=https://www.apta.org/apta-and-you/leadership-and-governance/policies/diagnosis-by-physical-therapist |access-date=3 October 2025 |website=www.apta.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan aka nuna, masu ilimin motsa jiki suna yin odar gwaje-gwaje/nazari na bincike, gami da amma ba'a iyakance ga gwaje-gwajen hoto da dakin gwaje-gwaje ba. Masu ilimin motsa jiki kuma suna iya yin ko fassara zaɓaɓɓun hotuna ko wasu gwaje-gwaje/nazari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 2025 |title=Diagnosis by Physical Therapists |url=https://www.apta.org/apta-and-you/leadership-and-governance/policies/diagnosis-by-physical-therapist |access-date=3 October 2025 |website=www.apta.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manhajojin ilimin ilimin motsa jiki a Amurka sun kai ga digirin Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT), &lt;ref name=&quot;2011PTed&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 August 2011 |title=2010–2011 Fact Sheet: Physical Therapist Education Programs |url=http://www.capteonline.org/uploadedFiles/CAPTEorg/About_CAPTE/Resources/Aggregate_Program_Data/AggregateProgramData_PTPrograms.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823100415/http://www.capteonline.org/uploadedFiles/CAPTEorg/About_CAPTE/Resources/Aggregate_Program_Data/AggregateProgramData_PTPrograms.pdf |archive-date=23 August 2020 |access-date=28 February 2012 |publisher=American Physical Therapy Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da wasu PT masu aiki suna da digirin Master of Physical Therapy, wasu kuma suna da digirin Bachelor. Ba a sake bayar da digirin Master of Physical Therapy da Master of Science a Physical Therapy ba, kuma digirin matakin shiga shine digirin Doctor of Physical Therapy, wanda yawanci yana ɗaukar shekaru 3 bayan kammala digirin farko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Physical Therapist (PT) Education Overview |url=http://www.apta.org/PTEducation/Overview/ |access-date=15 February 2016 |website=www.apta.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ƙarfafa PT waɗanda ke da digirin Master ko digirin farko a PT su sami DPT ɗinsu saboda burin APTA shine duk PT su kasance a matakin digiri na uku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-07-12 |title=Master's of Physical Therapy (MPT) vs. Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) Degree |url=http://www.exercise-science-guide.com/blog/masters-physical-therapy-vs-doctorate-physical-therapy/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223044518/http://www.exercise-science-guide.com/blog/masters-physical-therapy-vs-doctorate-physical-therapy/ |archive-date=23 February 2016 |access-date=15 February 2016 |website=Exercise Science Guide |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar Kula da Ilimin Jinya ta Jiki (CAPTE) ta amince da shirye-shiryen DPT a Amurka. A cewar CAPTE, {{As of|2025}}  Akwai ɗalibai 39,448 da suka yi rajista a shirye-shiryen PT guda 322 da aka amince da su a Amurka yayin da ɗaliban PTA guda 10,077 ke shiga shirye-shiryen PTA guda 390 a Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;By The Numbers: Accredited and Candidacy Programs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2025 |title=By The Numbers |url=https://www.capteonline.org/ |access-date=4 October 2025 |publisher=Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Manhajar kwararrun masu ilimin motsa jiki ta ƙunshi abubuwan da ke cikin kimiyyar asibiti (misali, abubuwan da ke ciki game da tsarin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, huhu, endocrine, metabolism, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, integumentary, musculoskeletal, da neuromuscular da kuma yanayin likita da tiyata da masu ilimin motsa jiki ke yawan gani). Horarwa ta yanzu an yi ta ne musamman don baiwa masu ilimin motsa jiki damar gane da kuma tura cututtukan da ba na tsoka ba waɗanda za su iya kasancewa iri ɗaya da waɗanda tsarin da ba su dace da maganin motsa jiki ke haifarwa, wanda ya haifar da samun damar kai tsaye ga masu ilimin motsa jiki a jihohi da yawa. &lt;ref name=&quot;FSBPT Direct Access Guide&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy Jurisdiction Licensure Reference Guide Topic: Direct Access Language |url=https://www.fsbpt.org/Portals/0/documents/free-resources/JLRG_DirectAccessLawsAndRegs_201510.pdf |access-date=7 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawan zama bayan digirin digirgir da kuma ilimin zumunci yana ƙaruwa akai-akai tare da amincewa da shirye-shiryen zama 219 da shirye-shiryen zumunci 42 a shekarar 2016. Makarantun suna da nufin horar da masu ilimin motsa jiki a fannoni daban-daban kamar kula da lafiya mai tsanani, cututtukan zuciya da [[huhu]], ilimin lantarki na asibiti, malamai, ilimin [[Magungunan tsofaffi|tsofaffi]], ilimin jijiyoyi, ilimin ƙashi, ilimin yara, wasanni, [[Lafiyar Mata|lafiyar mata]], da kula da rauni, yayin da makarantu ke horar da ƙwararru a wani fanni na musamman (misali kulawa mai tsanani, maganin hannu, da wasanni na sashe na 1 ), kamar tsarin likitanci. Shirye-shiryen zama suna ba da damar zama don samun takardar shaidar ƙwararru a fannin aikinsu. Misali, kammala zama a fannin motsa jiki na ƙashi yana ba wa waɗanda suka kammala karatun damar yin rajista da zama don gwajin ƙwararrun likitoci a fannin ƙashi, cimma nasarar tantancewa ta OCS bayan cin jarrabawar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Benefits of Attending a Physical Therapy Residency Programs |url=http://www.abptrfe.org/Residency/About/Benefits/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023233256/http://www.abptrfe.org/Residency/About/Benefits/ |archive-date=23 October 2014 |access-date=7 August 2016 |website=American Board of Physical Therapy Residency and Fellowship Education}}&lt;/ref&gt; Takaddun shaida na hukumar ƙwararrun likitocin motsa jiki yana da nufin gane mutanen da ke da ilimin asibiti da horo na ƙwarewa a fannin aikinsu, kuma yana misalta yanayin zuwa ga ilimi mafi girma don kula da mutanen da ke da matsalar motsi yadda ya kamata. &lt;ref name=&quot;ABPTS Website&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=ABPTS homepage |url=http://www.abpts.org/home.aspx/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423162000/http://www.abpts.org/home.aspx |archive-date=23 April 2011 |access-date=7 August 2016 |website=American Board of Physical Therapy Specialties}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mataimakan masu ilimin motsa jiki na iya bayar da magani da kuma hanyoyin motsa jiki ga marasa lafiya da abokan ciniki a ƙarƙashin tsarin kulawa da aka kafa ta kuma ƙarƙashin kulawar mai ilimin motsa jiki. Mataimakan masu ilimin motsa jiki a Amurka a halin yanzu ana horar da su a ƙarƙashin manhajojin ilimin da aka yi amfani da su musamman ga sana'ar, kamar yadda CAPTE ta bayyana kuma ta amince da su. Ya zuwa Disamba 2022, akwai shirye-shirye 396 na shekaru biyu ( mataimakan masu ilimin motsa jiki ) waɗanda aka amince da su don mataimakan masu ilimin motsa jiki a Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 January 2023 |title=Aggregate Program Data 2021 Physical Therapist Assistant Education Programs Fact Sheets |url=https://www.capteonline.org/globalassets/capte-docs/aggregate-data/2021-2022-aggregate-pta-program-and-salary-data.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403124612/https://www.capteonline.org/globalassets/capte-docs/aggregate-data/2021-2022-aggregate-pta-program-and-salary-data.pdf |archive-date=3 April 2023 |access-date=18 April 2023 |publisher=American Physical Therapy Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Ayyukan da suka shafi aikin motsa jiki a Arewacin Amurka sun nuna ci gaba cikin sauri a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, amma ƙimar aiki da matsakaicin albashi na iya bambanta sosai tsakanin ƙasashe daban-daban, jihohi, larduna, ko yankuna. Wani bincike daga 2013 ya bayyana cewa kashi 56.4% na masu ilimin motsa jiki sun gamsu da ayyukansu a duk duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gupta&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gupta N |year=2013 |title=Predictors of job satisfaction among physiotherapy professionals |journal=Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=146–151 |doi=10.5958/j.0973-5674.7.3.082 |id={{ProQuest|1464664057}} |doi-access=free}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Albashi, sha'awar aiki, da gamsuwa a cikin aiki sune mahimman abubuwan da ke nuna gamsuwar aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gupta&quot; /&gt; A cikin wani bincike na Poland, gajiyar aiki tsakanin masu ilimin motsa jiki ya bayyana ta hanyar ƙaruwar gajiyar motsin rai da raguwar jin daɗin cimma burin mutum. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pustułka-Piwnik U, Ryn ZJ, Krzywoszański Ł, Stożek J |date=17 November 2014 |title=Burnout syndrome in physical therapists – demographic and organizational factors |journal=Medycyna Pracy |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=453–62 |doi=10.13075/mp.5893.00038 |pmid=25643484 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gajiyawar motsin rai ta fi yawa a tsakanin masu ilimin motsa jiki waɗanda ke aiki tare da manya kuma suna aiki a asibitoci. Sauran abubuwan da ke ƙara gajiya sun haɗa da aiki a asibiti da samun matsayi daga shekaru 15 zuwa 19. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;

=== Amurka ===
A cewar Ofishin Kididdiga na Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka, akwai kimanin masu ilimin motsa jiki 267,200 da aka yi aiki a Amurka a shekarar 2024, suna samun matsakaicin dala $101,020 a kowace shekara a shekarar 2024, ko dala $48.57 a kowace awa, tare da hasashen karuwar kashi 11% a aikin yi nan da shekarar 2034. &lt;ref name=&quot;BLSPT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 December 2015 |title=Physical Therapists |url=http://www.bls.gov/ooh/Healthcare/Physical-therapists.htm |access-date=4 April 2017 |website=Occupational Outlook Handbook |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ofishin Kididdiga na Ma'aikata ya kuma bayar da rahoton cewa akwai kimanin mataimakan masu ilimin motsa jiki 128,700 da aka yi aiki a Amurka a shekarar 2014, suna samun matsakaicin dala $42,980 a kowace shekara, ko dala $20.66 a kowace awa, tare da hasashen karuwar kashi 40% a aikin yi nan da shekarar 2024. Don biyan bukatunsu, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da na motsa jiki da yawa suna daukar &quot;masu ilimin motsa jiki na tafiya&quot;, wadanda ke aiki na wucin gadi tsakanin makonni 8 zuwa 26 don samun karin albashi; kimanin dala $113,500 a kowace shekara.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;BLSPTA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=17 December 2015 |title=Physical Therapist Assistants and Aides |url=http://www.bls.gov/ooh/Healthcare/Physical-therapist-assistants-and-aides.htm |access-date=4 April 2017 |website=Occupational Outlook Handbook |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayanan kididdiga na Ofishin Ma'aikata kan PTAs da fasaha na iya zama da wahala a fayyace su, saboda yadda suke bayar da rahoton bayanai kan waɗannan fannoni na aiki tare maimakon a ware su daban. O-Net ta ba da rahoton cewa a cikin 2015, PTAs a Amurka sun sami matsakaicin albashi na $55,170 kowace shekara ko $26.52 a kowace awa kuma mataimaka/masu fasaha sun sami matsakaicin albashi na $25,120 kowace shekara ko $12.08 a kowace awa a cikin 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;ONETTech&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2016–2017 |title=Summary Report for 31-2022.00 – Physical Therapist Aides |url=http://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/31-2022.00 |access-date=4 April 2017 |publisher=O-Net Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;ONETPTA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2016–17 |title=Summary Report for 31-2021.00 – Physical Therapist Assistants |url=http://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/31-2021.00 |access-date=4 April 2017 |publisher=O-Net Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙungiyar Kula da Lafiyar Jiki ta Amurka ta ba da rahoton ƙimar guraben aiki ga masu ilimin motsa jiki kamar 11.2% a cikin asibitoci masu zaman kansu na marasa lafiya, 10% a wuraren kulawa mai tsanani, da 12.1% a cikin wuraren jinya masu ƙwarewa. APTA ta kuma ba da rahoton ƙimar juzu'i ga masu ilimin motsa jiki kamar 10.7% a cikin asibitoci masu zaman kansu na marasa lafiya, 11.9% a wuraren kulawa mai tsanani, 27.6% a cikin wuraren jinya masu ƙwarewa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 October 2010 |title=Physical Therapy Vacancy and Turnover Rates in Outpatient Private Practice |url=http://www.apta.org/WorkforceData/VacancyTurnoverRate/OutpatientPrivatePractice/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611205712/http://www.apta.org/WorkforceData/VacancyTurnoverRate/OutpatientPrivatePractice/ |archive-date=11 June 2016 |access-date=4 April 2017 |website=www.apta.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 December 2010 |title=Physical Therapy Vacancy and Turnover Rates in Acute Care Hospitals |url=http://www.apta.org/WorkforceData/VacancyTurnoverRate/AcuteCare/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611205418/http://www.apta.org/WorkforceData/VacancyTurnoverRate/AcuteCare/ |archive-date=11 June 2016 |access-date=4 April 2017 |website=www.apta.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 June 2011 |title=Physical Therapy Vacancy and Turnover Rates in Skilled Nursing Facilities |url=http://www.apta.org/WorkforceData/VacancyTurnoverRate/SNFs/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611205717/http://www.apta.org/WorkforceData/VacancyTurnoverRate/SNFs/ |archive-date=11 June 2016 |access-date=4 April 2017 |website=www.apta.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'anoni da buƙatun lasisi a Amurka sun bambanta tsakanin yankuna, kamar yadda kowace jiha ta zartar da dokar aikin tiyatar jiki da ke bayyana sana'ar a cikin ikonta, amma Hukumar Kula da Lafiyar Jiki ta Jiha &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Model Practice Act &amp;#124; FSBPT |url=https://www.fsbpt.org/Free-Resources/Regulatory-Resources/Model-Practice-Act}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta kuma tsara wani tsari don iyakance wannan bambancin. Hukumar Kula da Ingantaccen Ilimi a Ilimin Jinya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education |url=https://www.capteonline.org/ |website=Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education}}&lt;/ref&gt; (CAPTE) ce ke da alhakin amincewa da manhajojin ilimin motsa jiki a duk faɗin Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Who We Are |url=https://www.capteonline.org/about-capte/who-we-are |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ƙasar Ingila ===

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* Turai: [https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/regprof/index.cfm?action=regprof&amp;id_regprof=1180 Bayanan sana'o'i masu tsari] - Masanin ilimin motsa jiki, Hukumar Turai
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[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Takaddama kan ruwa</title>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: File:Vallee_fertile_du_Nil_a_Louxor.jpg|thumb|Matakin da kasar Habasha ta dauka na cike madatsar ruwa ta Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) zai iya rage kwararar ruwan fari na Kogin Nilu da kusan kashi 25% tare da lalata gonakin kasar Masar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=27 February 2018 |title=In Africa, War Over Water Looms As Ethiopia Nears Completion Of Nile River Dam |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/02/27/589240174/in-africa-war-over-water-looms-as-ethiopia-nears-comp...</comment>
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      <text bytes="5739" sha1="0xw15dscwcscba97q1r9w2mjst1du1w" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Vallee_fertile_du_Nil_a_Louxor.jpg|thumb|Matakin da kasar Habasha ta dauka na cike madatsar ruwa ta Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) zai iya rage kwararar ruwan fari na Kogin Nilu da kusan kashi 25% tare da lalata gonakin kasar Masar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=27 February 2018 |title=In Africa, War Over Water Looms As Ethiopia Nears Completion Of Nile River Dam |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/02/27/589240174/in-africa-war-over-water-looms-as-ethiopia-nears-completion-of-nile-river-dam?t=1595668819363}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Rikicin ruwa''' yawanci yana nufin tasiri ko takaddama da ke da alaka da samun dama, ko iko da albarkatun ruwa, ko amfani da ruwa ko tsarin samar da ruwa a matsayin makami ko kuma zama abin cutarwa a lokacin tasiri. Kalmar ''yakin ruwa'' ana amfani da ita a kafafen yada labarai don wasu takaddama a kan ruwa, kuma mafi yawanci ta takaitu ne wajen bayyana rikici tsakanin kasashe, jahohi, ko kungiyoyi a kan hakkin samun damar yin amfani da albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allianz&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Tulloch |first=James |date=August 26, 2009 |title=Water Conflicts: Fight or Flight? |url=http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/climate_change/natural_disasters/water_conflicts.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080829171957/http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/climate_change/natural_disasters/water_conflicts.html |archive-date=2008-08-29 |access-date=14 January 2010 |publisher=Allianz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WWilson&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Kameri-Mbote |first=Patricia |date=January 2007 |title=Water, Conflict, and Cooperation: Lessons from the nile river Basin |url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue4.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Navigating Peace |publisher=Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars |issue=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706033750/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue4.pdf |archive-date=2010-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince cewa takaddamar ruwa tana tasowa ne daga sabanin bukatu na masu amfani da ruwa, na gwamnati ko na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/ United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008]&lt;/ref&gt; Kyakkyawan tsari na rikice-rikicen ruwa ya bayyana a cikin tarihi, kodayake da kyar ake fafata yakokin gargajiya a kan ruwa kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Peter Gleick, 1993. [http://www2.pacinst.org/reports/international_security_gleick_1993.pdf &quot;Water and conflict.&quot;] ''International Security'' Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 79-112 (Summer 1993).&lt;/ref&gt; A maimakon haka, ruwa ya dade yana zama sanadin takaddama kuma daya daga cikin dalilan rikici. Rikicin ruwa yana tasowa ne saboda dalilai da dama, da suka hada da takaddamar iyakokin kasa, fafutukar neman albarkatu, da kuma moriyar dabarun yaki.&lt;ref&gt;Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research (Department of Political Science, University of Heidelberg); Conflict Barometer 2007:Crises – Wars – Coups d'État – Nagotiations – Mediations – Peace Settlements, 16th annual conflict analysis, 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

Rikicin ruwa na iya faruwa a matakin cikin gida (na kasa daya) da kuma matakin tsakanin kasashe daban-daban. Rikici tsakanin kasashe yana faruwa ne tsakanin kasashe biyu ko fiye da ke raba tushen ruwa guda daya da ya ratsa iyakokinsu, kamar kogi, teku, ko tafkin ruwan karkashin kasa. Misali, yankin Gabas Ta Tsakiya yana da kashi 1% kacal na ruwan fari na duniya wanda kashi 5% na al'ummar duniya ke rabawa, kuma galibin koramu da koguna suna ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Sutherland |first=Ben |date=March 18, 2003 |title=Water shortages 'foster terrorism' |publisher=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2859937.stm |access-date=14 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rikicin cikin gida kuma yana faruwa ne tsakanin bangarori biyu ko fiye a cikin kasa daya, kamar rikici tsakanin manoma da masu amfani da ruwa na cikin birni.

Mafi yawan rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa suna faruwa ne a kan ruwan fari saboda wadannan albarkatu suna da mahimmanci ga bukatun dan adam na yau da kullum, amma galibi suna iya yin karanci ko gurbata ko kuma rashin daidaiton rabo tsakanin masu amfani da su. Karancin ruwa yana kara rura wutar takaddamar ruwa saboda gasar neman ruwan sha, noman rani, samar da wutar lantarki da sauran bukatu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=671&amp;section=14 |title=Patp &gt; &gt; &gt; |access-date=2010-04-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010731141012/http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=671&amp;section=14 |archive-date=2001-07-31 }} Freshwater: lifeblood of the planet, accessed November 21, 2008&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake ruwan fari muhimmin albarkatun kasa ne, amma kuma rarrabuwarsa ba daidai ba ce a doron kasa, samuwarsa galibi tana tasiri ga yanayin rayuwa da tattalin arzikin kasa ko yanki. Rashin wadatar zabukan samar da ruwa masu rahusa a wurare kamar Gabas ta Tsakiya,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858e09.htm Murakami, Masahiro. 1995.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117045902/http://unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858E09.htm |date=2011-01-17 }} ''Managing Water for Peace in the Middle East: Alternative Strategies, ''New York: United Nations University Press. Accessed online November 16, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar karancin ruwa na iya sanya matsin lamba ga duk masu amfani da ruwa, ko na kamfanoni, gwamnati, ko daidaikun mutane, wanda ke kaiwa ga takaddama, kuma watakila ma a goga mashi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/] United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="11757" sha1="oakx9d98r03h27o1pq712474vcxstcv" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Vallee_fertile_du_Nil_a_Louxor.jpg|thumb|Matakin da kasar Habasha ta dauka na cike madatsar ruwa ta Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) zai iya rage kwararar ruwan fari na Kogin Nilu da kusan kashi 25% tare da lalata gonakin kasar Masar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=27 February 2018 |title=In Africa, War Over Water Looms As Ethiopia Nears Completion Of Nile River Dam |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/02/27/589240174/in-africa-war-over-water-looms-as-ethiopia-nears-completion-of-nile-river-dam?t=1595668819363}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Rikicin ruwa''' yawanci yana nufin tasiri ko takaddama da ke da alaka da samun dama, ko iko da albarkatun ruwa, ko amfani da ruwa ko tsarin samar da ruwa a matsayin makami ko kuma zama abin cutarwa a lokacin tasiri. Kalmar ''yakin ruwa'' ana amfani da ita a kafafen yada labarai don wasu takaddama a kan ruwa, kuma mafi yawanci ta takaitu ne wajen bayyana rikici tsakanin kasashe, jahohi, ko kungiyoyi a kan hakkin samun damar yin amfani da albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allianz&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Tulloch |first=James |date=August 26, 2009 |title=Water Conflicts: Fight or Flight? |url=http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/climate_change/natural_disasters/water_conflicts.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080829171957/http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/climate_change/natural_disasters/water_conflicts.html |archive-date=2008-08-29 |access-date=14 January 2010 |publisher=Allianz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WWilson&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Kameri-Mbote |first=Patricia |date=January 2007 |title=Water, Conflict, and Cooperation: Lessons from the nile river Basin |url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue4.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Navigating Peace |publisher=Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars |issue=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706033750/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue4.pdf |archive-date=2010-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince cewa takaddamar ruwa tana tasowa ne daga sabanin bukatu na masu amfani da ruwa, na gwamnati ko na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/ United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008]&lt;/ref&gt; Kyakkyawan tsari na rikice-rikicen ruwa ya bayyana a cikin tarihi, kodayake da kyar ake fafata yakokin gargajiya a kan ruwa kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Peter Gleick, 1993. [http://www2.pacinst.org/reports/international_security_gleick_1993.pdf &quot;Water and conflict.&quot;] ''International Security'' Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 79-112 (Summer 1993).&lt;/ref&gt; A maimakon haka, ruwa ya dade yana zama sanadin takaddama kuma daya daga cikin dalilan rikici. Rikicin ruwa yana tasowa ne saboda dalilai da dama, da suka hada da takaddamar iyakokin kasa, fafutukar neman albarkatu, da kuma moriyar dabarun yaki.&lt;ref&gt;Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research (Department of Political Science, University of Heidelberg); Conflict Barometer 2007:Crises – Wars – Coups d'État – Nagotiations – Mediations – Peace Settlements, 16th annual conflict analysis, 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

Rikicin ruwa na iya faruwa a matakin cikin gida (na kasa daya) da kuma matakin tsakanin kasashe daban-daban. Rikici tsakanin kasashe yana faruwa ne tsakanin kasashe biyu ko fiye da ke raba tushen ruwa guda daya da ya ratsa iyakokinsu, kamar kogi, teku, ko tafkin ruwan karkashin kasa. Misali, yankin Gabas Ta Tsakiya yana da kashi 1% kacal na ruwan fari na duniya wanda kashi 5% na al'ummar duniya ke rabawa, kuma galibin koramu da koguna suna ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Sutherland |first=Ben |date=March 18, 2003 |title=Water shortages 'foster terrorism' |publisher=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2859937.stm |access-date=14 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rikicin cikin gida kuma yana faruwa ne tsakanin bangarori biyu ko fiye a cikin kasa daya, kamar rikici tsakanin manoma da masu amfani da ruwa na cikin birni.

Mafi yawan rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa suna faruwa ne a kan ruwan fari saboda wadannan albarkatu suna da mahimmanci ga bukatun dan adam na yau da kullum, amma galibi suna iya yin karanci ko gurbata ko kuma rashin daidaiton rabo tsakanin masu amfani da su. Karancin ruwa yana kara rura wutar takaddamar ruwa saboda gasar neman ruwan sha, noman rani, samar da wutar lantarki da sauran bukatu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=671&amp;section=14 |title=Patp &gt; &gt; &gt; |access-date=2010-04-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010731141012/http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=671&amp;section=14 |archive-date=2001-07-31 }} Freshwater: lifeblood of the planet, accessed November 21, 2008&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake ruwan fari muhimmin albarkatun kasa ne, amma kuma rarrabuwarsa ba daidai ba ce a doron kasa, samuwarsa galibi tana tasiri ga yanayin rayuwa da tattalin arzikin kasa ko yanki. Rashin wadatar zabukan samar da ruwa masu rahusa a wurare kamar Gabas ta Tsakiya,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858e09.htm Murakami, Masahiro. 1995.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117045902/http://unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858E09.htm |date=2011-01-17 }} ''Managing Water for Peace in the Middle East: Alternative Strategies, ''New York: United Nations University Press. Accessed online November 16, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar karancin ruwa na iya sanya matsin lamba ga duk masu amfani da ruwa, ko na kamfanoni, gwamnati, ko daidaikun mutane, wanda ke kaiwa ga takaddama, kuma watakila ma a goga mashi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/] United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;
Akwai adadin rikice-rikicen ruwa da ke kara karuwa wadanda ba a warware su ba, musamman a matakin kananan hukumomi ko jihohi, kuma wadannan za su kara zama hadari yayin da ruwa ke kara karanci, canjin yanayi na canza yanayin samar da ruwa na gida, kuma al'ummar duniya ke karuwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/457] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124031150/http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/457 |date=2016-11-24 }} Brooks, Nina. &quot;Impending Water Crisis in China,&quot; Arlington Institute. Accessed November 28, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pacific Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |date=17 March 2022 |title=Water Conflicts Continue to Worsen Worldwide |url=https://pacinst.org/water-conflicts-continue-to-worsen-worldwide/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |website=Pacific Institute }}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban nau'ikan takaddamar ruwa yana sa da wuya a magance su, amma akwai dabarun rage kasadar irin wadannan takaddamar da yawa. Dokoki da yarjejeniyoyin gida da na kasa da kasa na iya taimakawa wajen inganta rabon koguna na kasa da kasa da madatsun ruwa na karkashin kasa. Ingantattun fasahohi da cibiyoyi na iya inganta wadatar ruwa da rabon ruwa a yankunan da ke fama da karancin ruwa.

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== Dalilai ==
{{See also|Climate security}}
Karancin ruwa ya fi haifar da rikici a matakin gida da na shiyyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wolf |first1=Aaron T |year=2001 |title=Water and Human Security |journal=Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education |volume=118 |page=29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa wani muhimmin abu ne ga rayuwar dan adam, kuma ayyukan dan adam suna da alaka ta kusa da wadatar ruwa da ingancinsa.&lt;ref&gt;ICWE (1992). International Conference on Water and the Environment--Development Issues for the 21st Century, 26–31 January 1992, Dublin, Ireland : [http://www.ircwash.org/resources/international-conference-water-and-environment-development-issues-21st-century-26-31-0 the Dublin statement and report of the conference], Geneva, Switzerland, ICWE Secretariat, World Meteorological Organization&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa rukunin albarkatu ne mai iyaka. Rikicin ruwa yana faruwa ne saboda bukatar albarkatun ruwa da ruwan sha na iya wuce wadatar da ake da ita, ko kuma saboda ana iya takaddama a kan ikon samun dama da raba ruwa, ko kuma saboda cibiyoyin kula da ruwa ba su da karfi ko kuma babu su kwata-kwata. Abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar karancin ruwa na iya sanya matsin lamba ga bangarorin da abin ya shafa don samun Karin albarkatun ruwa da ake rabawa, wanda ke haifar da takaddamar diflomasiyya ko ma rikici na gaba-da-gaba.

Takaddama da rikice-rikice a kan ruwa yanzu suna faruwa akai-akai a matakin cikin gida, maimakon matakin kasashen duniya. Tasiri tsakanin makiyaya da manoma a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na kara karuwa. Hare-hare a kan tsarin samar da ruwa na farar hula yayin yakokin da suka fara saboda wasu dalilai daban sun karu, kamar a kasashen Yemen, Siriya, Iraki, kuma kwanan nan a kasar Yukren.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |date=2019 |title=Water as a weapon and casualty of armed conflict: A review of recent water-related violence in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen |url=https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wat2.1351 |journal=WIREs Water |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1–15 |article-number=e1351 |doi=10.1002/wat2.1351 |bibcode=2019WIRWa...6E1351G |s2cid=195514316|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |last2=Vyshnevskyi |first2=Viktor |last3=Shevchuk |first3=Serhii |date=2023 |title=Rivers and Water Systems as Weapons and Casualties of the Russia-Ukraine War. |journal=Earth's Future |volume=11 |issue=10|article-number=e2023EF003910 |doi=10.1029/2023EF003910 |bibcode=2023EaFut..1103910G |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Karancin ruwa kuma na iya rura wutar rikice-rikice da takaddamar siyasa wadanda ba ruwa ne ya janyo su kai tsaye ba. Raguwa a hankali cikin lokaci a inganci da/ko yawan ruwan fari na iya kara rashin kwanciyar hankali a yanki ta hanyar gurgunta lafiyar al'umma, hana ci gaban tattalin arziki, da kuma rura wutar manyan rikice-rikice.&lt;ref name=&quot;Postel&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Postel |first1=S. L. |last2=Wolf |first2=A. T. |year=2001 |title=Dehydrating Conflict |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/11/18/dehydrating-conflict/ |journal=Foreign Policy |volume=126 |issue=126 |pages=60–67 |doi=10.2307/3183260 |jstor=3183260|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Canjin yanayi da karuwar al'ummar duniya su ma suna haduwa wajen sanya sabbin matsin lamba ga albarkatun ruwa masu iyaka tare da kara hadarin rikicin ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=October 12, 2019|title=The Coming Wars for Water|url=https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/|website=Report Syndication}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hasashe ==
A cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata, 'yan siyasa, masana kimiyya da 'yan jarida sun sha nuna damuwa cewa takaddamar ruwa za ta zama sanadin yakoki na gaba. Kalaman da aka fi ambata sun hada da: na tsohon Ministan Harakokin Wajen kasar Masar kuma tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Boutros Boutros-Ghali, wanda ya yi hasashen cewa, &quot;Yaki na gaba a Gabas ta Tsakiya za a fafata shi ne a kan ruwa, ba siyasa ba&quot;; magajinsa a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Kofi Annan, wanda a shekarar 2001 ya ce, &quot;Gasa mai tsanani ta neman ruwan fari na iya zama sanadin rikici da yakoki a gaba,&quot; da kuma tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Bankin Duniya, Ismail Serageldin, wanda ya ce yakokin karni na gaba za su kasance ne a kan ruwa sai dai idan an sami gagarumin canji a fannin gudanarwa. Haka kuma, &quot;yanzu ana yawan cewa yakoki na gaba a Gabas ta Tsakiya sun fi karkata ga fafatawa a kan ruwa fiye da a kan mai,&quot; in ji Lester R. Brown a wani taron dandalin ruwa na Stockholm da aka yi a baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=EPI Releases - How Water Scarcity Will Shape the New Century - EPI |url=http://www.earth-policy.org/press_room/C68/stockholm_transcript |access-date=9 January 2018 |website=www.earth-policy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="16161" sha1="06zhh4fh4qoybwxjs6tshv6e2jw8rx5" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Vallee_fertile_du_Nil_a_Louxor.jpg|thumb|Matakin da kasar Habasha ta dauka na cike madatsar ruwa ta Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) zai iya rage kwararar ruwan fari na Kogin Nilu da kusan kashi 25% tare da lalata gonakin kasar Masar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=27 February 2018 |title=In Africa, War Over Water Looms As Ethiopia Nears Completion Of Nile River Dam |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/02/27/589240174/in-africa-war-over-water-looms-as-ethiopia-nears-completion-of-nile-river-dam?t=1595668819363}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Rikicin ruwa''' yawanci yana nufin tasiri ko takaddama da ke da alaka da samun dama, ko iko da albarkatun ruwa, ko amfani da ruwa ko tsarin samar da ruwa a matsayin makami ko kuma zama abin cutarwa a lokacin tasiri. Kalmar ''yakin ruwa'' ana amfani da ita a kafafen yada labarai don wasu takaddama a kan ruwa, kuma mafi yawanci ta takaitu ne wajen bayyana rikici tsakanin kasashe, jahohi, ko kungiyoyi a kan hakkin samun damar yin amfani da albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allianz&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Tulloch |first=James |date=August 26, 2009 |title=Water Conflicts: Fight or Flight? |url=http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/climate_change/natural_disasters/water_conflicts.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080829171957/http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/climate_change/natural_disasters/water_conflicts.html |archive-date=2008-08-29 |access-date=14 January 2010 |publisher=Allianz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WWilson&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Kameri-Mbote |first=Patricia |date=January 2007 |title=Water, Conflict, and Cooperation: Lessons from the nile river Basin |url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue4.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Navigating Peace |publisher=Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars |issue=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706033750/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue4.pdf |archive-date=2010-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince cewa takaddamar ruwa tana tasowa ne daga sabanin bukatu na masu amfani da ruwa, na gwamnati ko na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/ United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008]&lt;/ref&gt; Kyakkyawan tsari na rikice-rikicen ruwa ya bayyana a cikin tarihi, kodayake da kyar ake fafata yakokin gargajiya a kan ruwa kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Peter Gleick, 1993. [http://www2.pacinst.org/reports/international_security_gleick_1993.pdf &quot;Water and conflict.&quot;] ''International Security'' Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 79-112 (Summer 1993).&lt;/ref&gt; A maimakon haka, ruwa ya dade yana zama sanadin takaddama kuma daya daga cikin dalilan rikici. Rikicin ruwa yana tasowa ne saboda dalilai da dama, da suka hada da takaddamar iyakokin kasa, fafutukar neman albarkatu, da kuma moriyar dabarun yaki.&lt;ref&gt;Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research (Department of Political Science, University of Heidelberg); Conflict Barometer 2007:Crises – Wars – Coups d'État – Nagotiations – Mediations – Peace Settlements, 16th annual conflict analysis, 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

Rikicin ruwa na iya faruwa a matakin cikin gida (na kasa daya) da kuma matakin tsakanin kasashe daban-daban. Rikici tsakanin kasashe yana faruwa ne tsakanin kasashe biyu ko fiye da ke raba tushen ruwa guda daya da ya ratsa iyakokinsu, kamar kogi, teku, ko tafkin ruwan karkashin kasa. Misali, yankin Gabas Ta Tsakiya yana da kashi 1% kacal na ruwan fari na duniya wanda kashi 5% na al'ummar duniya ke rabawa, kuma galibin koramu da koguna suna ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Sutherland |first=Ben |date=March 18, 2003 |title=Water shortages 'foster terrorism' |publisher=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2859937.stm |access-date=14 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rikicin cikin gida kuma yana faruwa ne tsakanin bangarori biyu ko fiye a cikin kasa daya, kamar rikici tsakanin manoma da masu amfani da ruwa na cikin birni.

Mafi yawan rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa suna faruwa ne a kan ruwan fari saboda wadannan albarkatu suna da mahimmanci ga bukatun dan adam na yau da kullum, amma galibi suna iya yin karanci ko gurbata ko kuma rashin daidaiton rabo tsakanin masu amfani da su. Karancin ruwa yana kara rura wutar takaddamar ruwa saboda gasar neman ruwan sha, noman rani, samar da wutar lantarki da sauran bukatu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=671&amp;section=14 |title=Patp &gt; &gt; &gt; |access-date=2010-04-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010731141012/http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=671&amp;section=14 |archive-date=2001-07-31 }} Freshwater: lifeblood of the planet, accessed November 21, 2008&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake ruwan fari muhimmin albarkatun kasa ne, amma kuma rarrabuwarsa ba daidai ba ce a doron kasa, samuwarsa galibi tana tasiri ga yanayin rayuwa da tattalin arzikin kasa ko yanki. Rashin wadatar zabukan samar da ruwa masu rahusa a wurare kamar Gabas ta Tsakiya,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858e09.htm Murakami, Masahiro. 1995.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117045902/http://unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858E09.htm |date=2011-01-17 }} ''Managing Water for Peace in the Middle East: Alternative Strategies, ''New York: United Nations University Press. Accessed online November 16, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar karancin ruwa na iya sanya matsin lamba ga duk masu amfani da ruwa, ko na kamfanoni, gwamnati, ko daidaikun mutane, wanda ke kaiwa ga takaddama, kuma watakila ma a goga mashi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/] United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;
Akwai adadin rikice-rikicen ruwa da ke kara karuwa wadanda ba a warware su ba, musamman a matakin kananan hukumomi ko jihohi, kuma wadannan za su kara zama hadari yayin da ruwa ke kara karanci, canjin yanayi na canza yanayin samar da ruwa na gida, kuma al'ummar duniya ke karuwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/457] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124031150/http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/457 |date=2016-11-24 }} Brooks, Nina. &quot;Impending Water Crisis in China,&quot; Arlington Institute. Accessed November 28, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pacific Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |date=17 March 2022 |title=Water Conflicts Continue to Worsen Worldwide |url=https://pacinst.org/water-conflicts-continue-to-worsen-worldwide/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |website=Pacific Institute }}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban nau'ikan takaddamar ruwa yana sa da wuya a magance su, amma akwai dabarun rage kasadar irin wadannan takaddamar da yawa. Dokoki da yarjejeniyoyin gida da na kasa da kasa na iya taimakawa wajen inganta rabon koguna na kasa da kasa da madatsun ruwa na karkashin kasa. Ingantattun fasahohi da cibiyoyi na iya inganta wadatar ruwa da rabon ruwa a yankunan da ke fama da karancin ruwa.

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== Dalilai ==
{{See also|Climate security}}
Karancin ruwa ya fi haifar da rikici a matakin gida da na shiyyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wolf |first1=Aaron T |year=2001 |title=Water and Human Security |journal=Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education |volume=118 |page=29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa wani muhimmin abu ne ga rayuwar dan adam, kuma ayyukan dan adam suna da alaka ta kusa da wadatar ruwa da ingancinsa.&lt;ref&gt;ICWE (1992). International Conference on Water and the Environment--Development Issues for the 21st Century, 26–31 January 1992, Dublin, Ireland : [http://www.ircwash.org/resources/international-conference-water-and-environment-development-issues-21st-century-26-31-0 the Dublin statement and report of the conference], Geneva, Switzerland, ICWE Secretariat, World Meteorological Organization&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa rukunin albarkatu ne mai iyaka. Rikicin ruwa yana faruwa ne saboda bukatar albarkatun ruwa da ruwan sha na iya wuce wadatar da ake da ita, ko kuma saboda ana iya takaddama a kan ikon samun dama da raba ruwa, ko kuma saboda cibiyoyin kula da ruwa ba su da karfi ko kuma babu su kwata-kwata. Abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar karancin ruwa na iya sanya matsin lamba ga bangarorin da abin ya shafa don samun Karin albarkatun ruwa da ake rabawa, wanda ke haifar da takaddamar diflomasiyya ko ma rikici na gaba-da-gaba.

Takaddama da rikice-rikice a kan ruwa yanzu suna faruwa akai-akai a matakin cikin gida, maimakon matakin kasashen duniya. Tasiri tsakanin makiyaya da manoma a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na kara karuwa. Hare-hare a kan tsarin samar da ruwa na farar hula yayin yakokin da suka fara saboda wasu dalilai daban sun karu, kamar a kasashen Yemen, Siriya, Iraki, kuma kwanan nan a kasar Yukren.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |date=2019 |title=Water as a weapon and casualty of armed conflict: A review of recent water-related violence in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen |url=https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wat2.1351 |journal=WIREs Water |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1–15 |article-number=e1351 |doi=10.1002/wat2.1351 |bibcode=2019WIRWa...6E1351G |s2cid=195514316|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |last2=Vyshnevskyi |first2=Viktor |last3=Shevchuk |first3=Serhii |date=2023 |title=Rivers and Water Systems as Weapons and Casualties of the Russia-Ukraine War. |journal=Earth's Future |volume=11 |issue=10|article-number=e2023EF003910 |doi=10.1029/2023EF003910 |bibcode=2023EaFut..1103910G |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Karancin ruwa kuma na iya rura wutar rikice-rikice da takaddamar siyasa wadanda ba ruwa ne ya janyo su kai tsaye ba. Raguwa a hankali cikin lokaci a inganci da/ko yawan ruwan fari na iya kara rashin kwanciyar hankali a yanki ta hanyar gurgunta lafiyar al'umma, hana ci gaban tattalin arziki, da kuma rura wutar manyan rikice-rikice.&lt;ref name=&quot;Postel&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Postel |first1=S. L. |last2=Wolf |first2=A. T. |year=2001 |title=Dehydrating Conflict |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/11/18/dehydrating-conflict/ |journal=Foreign Policy |volume=126 |issue=126 |pages=60–67 |doi=10.2307/3183260 |jstor=3183260|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Canjin yanayi da karuwar al'ummar duniya su ma suna haduwa wajen sanya sabbin matsin lamba ga albarkatun ruwa masu iyaka tare da kara hadarin rikicin ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=October 12, 2019|title=The Coming Wars for Water|url=https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/|website=Report Syndication}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hasashe ==
A cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata, 'yan siyasa, masana kimiyya da 'yan jarida sun sha nuna damuwa cewa takaddamar ruwa za ta zama sanadin yakoki na gaba. Kalaman da aka fi ambata sun hada da: na tsohon Ministan Harakokin Wajen kasar Masar kuma tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Boutros Boutros-Ghali, wanda ya yi hasashen cewa, &quot;Yaki na gaba a Gabas ta Tsakiya za a fafata shi ne a kan ruwa, ba siyasa ba&quot;; magajinsa a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Kofi Annan, wanda a shekarar 2001 ya ce, &quot;Gasa mai tsanani ta neman ruwan fari na iya zama sanadin rikici da yakoki a gaba,&quot; da kuma tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Bankin Duniya, Ismail Serageldin, wanda ya ce yakokin karni na gaba za su kasance ne a kan ruwa sai dai idan an sami gagarumin canji a fannin gudanarwa. Haka kuma, &quot;yanzu ana yawan cewa yakoki na gaba a Gabas ta Tsakiya sun fi karkata ga fafatawa a kan ruwa fiye da a kan mai,&quot; in ji Lester R. Brown a wani taron dandalin ruwa na Stockholm da aka yi a baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=EPI Releases - How Water Scarcity Will Shape the New Century - EPI |url=http://www.earth-policy.org/press_room/C68/stockholm_transcript |access-date=9 January 2018 |website=www.earth-policy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasashen yakokin ruwa yana da tushe ne a cikin binciken farko da aka gudanar a kan kalilan din koguna na kasa da kasa kamar Kogin Indus, Kogin Jordan da Kogin Nilu. Wadannan takamaiman koguna sun zama abin mayar da hankali ne saboda sun fuskanci takaddamar da ta shafi ruwa. Takamaiman abubuwan da aka ambata a matsayin shaida sun hada da hararin da Isra'ila ta kai wa Siriya lokacin da take kokarin karkatar da madubin Kogin Jordan, da kuma barazanar soja da Masar ta yi wa kowace kasa da ke gina madatsun ruwa a saman kogin Nilu.

Wani abun da ke kara hadarin rikicin ruwa shi ne karuwar gasar neman ruwa a yankunan da ke fama da karancin ruwa, inda bukatu na samar da ruwa don amfanin dan adam, samar da abinci, muhallin halittu da sauran amfani ke gaba-da-gaba da wadatar ruwan da ake da ita. Mummunan al'amuran ruwa kamar ambaliyar ruwa da fari su ma suna kara tsananta hadarin rikicin ruwa. Yayin da yawan jama'a da ci gaban tattalin arziki ke karuwa, bukatun ruwa ma na iya karuwa, wanda ke kara rura wutar rashin jituwa game da rabo da iko da ruwa mai iyaka a wasu yankuna ko kasashe, musamman lokacin fari, ko kuma a madatsun ruwa na kasashen duniya da ake rabawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pacific Institute&quot;/&gt;

Albarkatun ruwa da suka ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya sun fi karkata wajen zama sanadin hadin gwiwa da abokin aiki fiye da yaki. Masana kimiyya da ke aiki a International Water Management Institute sun kasance suna bincikar shaidun da ke bayan hasashen yakin ruwa. Sakamakon bincikensu ya nuna cewa, ko da yake gaskiya ne an sami rikici mai alaka da ruwa a wasu kalilan din madatsun ruwa na kasashen duniya, a sauran kusan madatsun ruwa 300 da ake rabawa a duniya, tarihin ya kasance mai kyau mafi yawancinsa. Wannan ya nuna a fili ta hanyar daruruwan yarjejeniyoyin da ke akwai wadanda ke jagorantar amfani da ruwa cikin adalci tsakanin kasashen da ke raba albarkatun ruwa. Cibiyoyin da wadannan yarjejeniyoyin suka kafa za su iya zama muhimman abubuwa wajen tabbatar da hadin gwiwa maimakon rikici.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110812233521/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org:80/Publications/Success_Stories/PDF/2010/Issue%208%20-%20Promoting_cooperation_through_effective_management_of_shared_water_resources.pdf ''Promoting cooperation through management of transboundary water resources''], Success Stories, Issue 8, 2010, IWMI&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanai da Ma'anoni ==
Wani rumbun bayanai na intanet mai fadi da kuma budaddiya na rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa — wato Water Conflict Chronology — an samar da shi ta Pacific Institute.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Conflict Chronology |url=http://worldwater.org/water-conflict/ |access-date=November 29, 2023 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan rumbun bayanai ya lissafa tasiri a kan ruwa tun kimanin shekaru 4,500 da suka gabata kuma ya hada da misalai fiye da 1900 na tasiri a kan albarkatun ruwa tare da bayanai kan kwanan wata, wuri, nau'in rikici da cikakkun majiyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |last2=Shimabuku|first2=Morgan|date=2023 |title=Water-related conflicts: definitions, data, and trends from the water conflict chronology|journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=18 |issue=3|page=034022 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/acbb8f |bibcode=2023ERL....18c4022G |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fact Sheet: Water Conflict Chronology Update |url=https://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Water-Conflict-Chronology_Fact-Sheet.pdf |access-date=June 18, 2025 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Karkashin tsarin Water Conflict Chronology, an raba rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa kamar haka:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Water Conflict Chronology |url=http://worldwater.org/water-conflict/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

*Tushen Rikici (Trigger): Ruwa a matsayin abun da ke rura wuta ko tushen rikici, inda ake samun takaddama a kan ikon sarrafa ruwa ko tsarin ruwa ko kuma inda samun damar tattalin arziki ko ta jiki ga ruwa, ko karancin ruwa, ke haifar da tasiri.
*Makami (Weapon): Ruwa a matsayin makamin rikici, inda ake amfani da albarkatun ruwa, ko tsarin ruwa da kansu, a matsayin kayan aiki ko makami a cikin rikici na tasiri.
*Abin cutarwa (Casualty): Albarkatun ruwa ko tsarin ruwa a matsayin abin cutarwa na rikici, inda albarkatun ruwa, ko tsarin ruwa, suka kasance abubuwan da aka nufa da gangan ko kuma cikin hadari don lalata su ko yi musu barna.</text>
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      <text bytes="19377" sha1="pty6shn8lk3etjvu45t0xz5xkuc4d0n" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Vallee_fertile_du_Nil_a_Louxor.jpg|thumb|Matakin da kasar Habasha ta dauka na cike madatsar ruwa ta Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) zai iya rage kwararar ruwan fari na Kogin Nilu da kusan kashi 25% tare da lalata gonakin kasar Masar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=27 February 2018 |title=In Africa, War Over Water Looms As Ethiopia Nears Completion Of Nile River Dam |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/02/27/589240174/in-africa-war-over-water-looms-as-ethiopia-nears-completion-of-nile-river-dam?t=1595668819363}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Rikicin ruwa''' yawanci yana nufin tasiri ko takaddama da ke da alaka da samun dama, ko iko da albarkatun ruwa, ko amfani da ruwa ko tsarin samar da ruwa a matsayin makami ko kuma zama abin cutarwa a lokacin tasiri. Kalmar ''yakin ruwa'' ana amfani da ita a kafafen yada labarai don wasu takaddama a kan ruwa, kuma mafi yawanci ta takaitu ne wajen bayyana rikici tsakanin kasashe, jahohi, ko kungiyoyi a kan hakkin samun damar yin amfani da albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allianz&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Tulloch |first=James |date=August 26, 2009 |title=Water Conflicts: Fight or Flight? |url=http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/climate_change/natural_disasters/water_conflicts.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080829171957/http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/climate_change/natural_disasters/water_conflicts.html |archive-date=2008-08-29 |access-date=14 January 2010 |publisher=Allianz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WWilson&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Kameri-Mbote |first=Patricia |date=January 2007 |title=Water, Conflict, and Cooperation: Lessons from the nile river Basin |url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue4.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Navigating Peace |publisher=Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars |issue=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706033750/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue4.pdf |archive-date=2010-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince cewa takaddamar ruwa tana tasowa ne daga sabanin bukatu na masu amfani da ruwa, na gwamnati ko na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/ United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008]&lt;/ref&gt; Kyakkyawan tsari na rikice-rikicen ruwa ya bayyana a cikin tarihi, kodayake da kyar ake fafata yakokin gargajiya a kan ruwa kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Peter Gleick, 1993. [http://www2.pacinst.org/reports/international_security_gleick_1993.pdf &quot;Water and conflict.&quot;] ''International Security'' Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 79-112 (Summer 1993).&lt;/ref&gt; A maimakon haka, ruwa ya dade yana zama sanadin takaddama kuma daya daga cikin dalilan rikici. Rikicin ruwa yana tasowa ne saboda dalilai da dama, da suka hada da takaddamar iyakokin kasa, fafutukar neman albarkatu, da kuma moriyar dabarun yaki.&lt;ref&gt;Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research (Department of Political Science, University of Heidelberg); Conflict Barometer 2007:Crises – Wars – Coups d'État – Nagotiations – Mediations – Peace Settlements, 16th annual conflict analysis, 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

Rikicin ruwa na iya faruwa a matakin cikin gida (na kasa daya) da kuma matakin tsakanin kasashe daban-daban. Rikici tsakanin kasashe yana faruwa ne tsakanin kasashe biyu ko fiye da ke raba tushen ruwa guda daya da ya ratsa iyakokinsu, kamar kogi, teku, ko tafkin ruwan karkashin kasa. Misali, yankin Gabas Ta Tsakiya yana da kashi 1% kacal na ruwan fari na duniya wanda kashi 5% na al'ummar duniya ke rabawa, kuma galibin koramu da koguna suna ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Sutherland |first=Ben |date=March 18, 2003 |title=Water shortages 'foster terrorism' |publisher=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2859937.stm |access-date=14 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rikicin cikin gida kuma yana faruwa ne tsakanin bangarori biyu ko fiye a cikin kasa daya, kamar rikici tsakanin manoma da masu amfani da ruwa na cikin birni.

Mafi yawan rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa suna faruwa ne a kan ruwan fari saboda wadannan albarkatu suna da mahimmanci ga bukatun dan adam na yau da kullum, amma galibi suna iya yin karanci ko gurbata ko kuma rashin daidaiton rabo tsakanin masu amfani da su. Karancin ruwa yana kara rura wutar takaddamar ruwa saboda gasar neman ruwan sha, noman rani, samar da wutar lantarki da sauran bukatu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=671&amp;section=14 |title=Patp &gt; &gt; &gt; |access-date=2010-04-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010731141012/http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=671&amp;section=14 |archive-date=2001-07-31 }} Freshwater: lifeblood of the planet, accessed November 21, 2008&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake ruwan fari muhimmin albarkatun kasa ne, amma kuma rarrabuwarsa ba daidai ba ce a doron kasa, samuwarsa galibi tana tasiri ga yanayin rayuwa da tattalin arzikin kasa ko yanki. Rashin wadatar zabukan samar da ruwa masu rahusa a wurare kamar Gabas ta Tsakiya,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858e09.htm Murakami, Masahiro. 1995.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117045902/http://unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858E09.htm |date=2011-01-17 }} ''Managing Water for Peace in the Middle East: Alternative Strategies, ''New York: United Nations University Press. Accessed online November 16, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar karancin ruwa na iya sanya matsin lamba ga duk masu amfani da ruwa, ko na kamfanoni, gwamnati, ko daidaikun mutane, wanda ke kaiwa ga takaddama, kuma watakila ma a goga mashi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/] United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;
Akwai adadin rikice-rikicen ruwa da ke kara karuwa wadanda ba a warware su ba, musamman a matakin kananan hukumomi ko jihohi, kuma wadannan za su kara zama hadari yayin da ruwa ke kara karanci, canjin yanayi na canza yanayin samar da ruwa na gida, kuma al'ummar duniya ke karuwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/457] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124031150/http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/457 |date=2016-11-24 }} Brooks, Nina. &quot;Impending Water Crisis in China,&quot; Arlington Institute. Accessed November 28, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pacific Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |date=17 March 2022 |title=Water Conflicts Continue to Worsen Worldwide |url=https://pacinst.org/water-conflicts-continue-to-worsen-worldwide/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |website=Pacific Institute }}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban nau'ikan takaddamar ruwa yana sa da wuya a magance su, amma akwai dabarun rage kasadar irin wadannan takaddamar da yawa. Dokoki da yarjejeniyoyin gida da na kasa da kasa na iya taimakawa wajen inganta rabon koguna na kasa da kasa da madatsun ruwa na karkashin kasa. Ingantattun fasahohi da cibiyoyi na iya inganta wadatar ruwa da rabon ruwa a yankunan da ke fama da karancin ruwa.

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== Dalilai ==
{{See also|Climate security}}
Karancin ruwa ya fi haifar da rikici a matakin gida da na shiyyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wolf |first1=Aaron T |year=2001 |title=Water and Human Security |journal=Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education |volume=118 |page=29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa wani muhimmin abu ne ga rayuwar dan adam, kuma ayyukan dan adam suna da alaka ta kusa da wadatar ruwa da ingancinsa.&lt;ref&gt;ICWE (1992). International Conference on Water and the Environment--Development Issues for the 21st Century, 26–31 January 1992, Dublin, Ireland : [http://www.ircwash.org/resources/international-conference-water-and-environment-development-issues-21st-century-26-31-0 the Dublin statement and report of the conference], Geneva, Switzerland, ICWE Secretariat, World Meteorological Organization&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa rukunin albarkatu ne mai iyaka. Rikicin ruwa yana faruwa ne saboda bukatar albarkatun ruwa da ruwan sha na iya wuce wadatar da ake da ita, ko kuma saboda ana iya takaddama a kan ikon samun dama da raba ruwa, ko kuma saboda cibiyoyin kula da ruwa ba su da karfi ko kuma babu su kwata-kwata. Abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar karancin ruwa na iya sanya matsin lamba ga bangarorin da abin ya shafa don samun Karin albarkatun ruwa da ake rabawa, wanda ke haifar da takaddamar diflomasiyya ko ma rikici na gaba-da-gaba.

Takaddama da rikice-rikice a kan ruwa yanzu suna faruwa akai-akai a matakin cikin gida, maimakon matakin kasashen duniya. Tasiri tsakanin makiyaya da manoma a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na kara karuwa. Hare-hare a kan tsarin samar da ruwa na farar hula yayin yakokin da suka fara saboda wasu dalilai daban sun karu, kamar a kasashen Yemen, Siriya, Iraki, kuma kwanan nan a kasar Yukren.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |date=2019 |title=Water as a weapon and casualty of armed conflict: A review of recent water-related violence in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen |url=https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wat2.1351 |journal=WIREs Water |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1–15 |article-number=e1351 |doi=10.1002/wat2.1351 |bibcode=2019WIRWa...6E1351G |s2cid=195514316|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |last2=Vyshnevskyi |first2=Viktor |last3=Shevchuk |first3=Serhii |date=2023 |title=Rivers and Water Systems as Weapons and Casualties of the Russia-Ukraine War. |journal=Earth's Future |volume=11 |issue=10|article-number=e2023EF003910 |doi=10.1029/2023EF003910 |bibcode=2023EaFut..1103910G |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Karancin ruwa kuma na iya rura wutar rikice-rikice da takaddamar siyasa wadanda ba ruwa ne ya janyo su kai tsaye ba. Raguwa a hankali cikin lokaci a inganci da/ko yawan ruwan fari na iya kara rashin kwanciyar hankali a yanki ta hanyar gurgunta lafiyar al'umma, hana ci gaban tattalin arziki, da kuma rura wutar manyan rikice-rikice.&lt;ref name=&quot;Postel&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Postel |first1=S. L. |last2=Wolf |first2=A. T. |year=2001 |title=Dehydrating Conflict |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/11/18/dehydrating-conflict/ |journal=Foreign Policy |volume=126 |issue=126 |pages=60–67 |doi=10.2307/3183260 |jstor=3183260|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Canjin yanayi da karuwar al'ummar duniya su ma suna haduwa wajen sanya sabbin matsin lamba ga albarkatun ruwa masu iyaka tare da kara hadarin rikicin ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=October 12, 2019|title=The Coming Wars for Water|url=https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/|website=Report Syndication}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hasashe ==
A cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata, 'yan siyasa, masana kimiyya da 'yan jarida sun sha nuna damuwa cewa takaddamar ruwa za ta zama sanadin yakoki na gaba. Kalaman da aka fi ambata sun hada da: na tsohon Ministan Harakokin Wajen kasar Masar kuma tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Boutros Boutros-Ghali, wanda ya yi hasashen cewa, &quot;Yaki na gaba a Gabas ta Tsakiya za a fafata shi ne a kan ruwa, ba siyasa ba&quot;; magajinsa a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Kofi Annan, wanda a shekarar 2001 ya ce, &quot;Gasa mai tsanani ta neman ruwan fari na iya zama sanadin rikici da yakoki a gaba,&quot; da kuma tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Bankin Duniya, Ismail Serageldin, wanda ya ce yakokin karni na gaba za su kasance ne a kan ruwa sai dai idan an sami gagarumin canji a fannin gudanarwa. Haka kuma, &quot;yanzu ana yawan cewa yakoki na gaba a Gabas ta Tsakiya sun fi karkata ga fafatawa a kan ruwa fiye da a kan mai,&quot; in ji Lester R. Brown a wani taron dandalin ruwa na Stockholm da aka yi a baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=EPI Releases - How Water Scarcity Will Shape the New Century - EPI |url=http://www.earth-policy.org/press_room/C68/stockholm_transcript |access-date=9 January 2018 |website=www.earth-policy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasashen yakokin ruwa yana da tushe ne a cikin binciken farko da aka gudanar a kan kalilan din koguna na kasa da kasa kamar Kogin Indus, Kogin Jordan da Kogin Nilu. Wadannan takamaiman koguna sun zama abin mayar da hankali ne saboda sun fuskanci takaddamar da ta shafi ruwa. Takamaiman abubuwan da aka ambata a matsayin shaida sun hada da hararin da Isra'ila ta kai wa Siriya lokacin da take kokarin karkatar da madubin Kogin Jordan, da kuma barazanar soja da Masar ta yi wa kowace kasa da ke gina madatsun ruwa a saman kogin Nilu.

Wani abun da ke kara hadarin rikicin ruwa shi ne karuwar gasar neman ruwa a yankunan da ke fama da karancin ruwa, inda bukatu na samar da ruwa don amfanin dan adam, samar da abinci, muhallin halittu da sauran amfani ke gaba-da-gaba da wadatar ruwan da ake da ita. Mummunan al'amuran ruwa kamar ambaliyar ruwa da fari su ma suna kara tsananta hadarin rikicin ruwa. Yayin da yawan jama'a da ci gaban tattalin arziki ke karuwa, bukatun ruwa ma na iya karuwa, wanda ke kara rura wutar rashin jituwa game da rabo da iko da ruwa mai iyaka a wasu yankuna ko kasashe, musamman lokacin fari, ko kuma a madatsun ruwa na kasashen duniya da ake rabawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pacific Institute&quot;/&gt;

Albarkatun ruwa da suka ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya sun fi karkata wajen zama sanadin hadin gwiwa da abokin aiki fiye da yaki. Masana kimiyya da ke aiki a International Water Management Institute sun kasance suna bincikar shaidun da ke bayan hasashen yakin ruwa. Sakamakon bincikensu ya nuna cewa, ko da yake gaskiya ne an sami rikici mai alaka da ruwa a wasu kalilan din madatsun ruwa na kasashen duniya, a sauran kusan madatsun ruwa 300 da ake rabawa a duniya, tarihin ya kasance mai kyau mafi yawancinsa. Wannan ya nuna a fili ta hanyar daruruwan yarjejeniyoyin da ke akwai wadanda ke jagorantar amfani da ruwa cikin adalci tsakanin kasashen da ke raba albarkatun ruwa. Cibiyoyin da wadannan yarjejeniyoyin suka kafa za su iya zama muhimman abubuwa wajen tabbatar da hadin gwiwa maimakon rikici.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110812233521/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org:80/Publications/Success_Stories/PDF/2010/Issue%208%20-%20Promoting_cooperation_through_effective_management_of_shared_water_resources.pdf ''Promoting cooperation through management of transboundary water resources''], Success Stories, Issue 8, 2010, IWMI&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanai da Ma'anoni ==
Wani rumbun bayanai na intanet mai fadi da kuma budaddiya na rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa — wato Water Conflict Chronology — an samar da shi ta Pacific Institute.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Conflict Chronology |url=http://worldwater.org/water-conflict/ |access-date=November 29, 2023 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan rumbun bayanai ya lissafa tasiri a kan ruwa tun kimanin shekaru 4,500 da suka gabata kuma ya hada da misalai fiye da 1900 na tasiri a kan albarkatun ruwa tare da bayanai kan kwanan wata, wuri, nau'in rikici da cikakkun majiyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |last2=Shimabuku|first2=Morgan|date=2023 |title=Water-related conflicts: definitions, data, and trends from the water conflict chronology|journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=18 |issue=3|page=034022 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/acbb8f |bibcode=2023ERL....18c4022G |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fact Sheet: Water Conflict Chronology Update |url=https://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Water-Conflict-Chronology_Fact-Sheet.pdf |access-date=June 18, 2025 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Karkashin tsarin Water Conflict Chronology, an raba rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa kamar haka:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Water Conflict Chronology |url=http://worldwater.org/water-conflict/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

*Tushen Rikici (Trigger): Ruwa a matsayin abun da ke rura wuta ko tushen rikici, inda ake samun takaddama a kan ikon sarrafa ruwa ko tsarin ruwa ko kuma inda samun damar tattalin arziki ko ta jiki ga ruwa, ko karancin ruwa, ke haifar da tasiri.
*Makami (Weapon): Ruwa a matsayin makamin rikici, inda ake amfani da albarkatun ruwa, ko tsarin ruwa da kansu, a matsayin kayan aiki ko makami a cikin rikici na tasiri.
*Abin cutarwa (Casualty): Albarkatun ruwa ko tsarin ruwa a matsayin abin cutarwa na rikici, inda albarkatun ruwa, ko tsarin ruwa, suka kasance abubuwan da aka nufa da gangan ko kuma cikin hadari don lalata su ko yi musu barna.
== Siyasa da Tattalin Arziki ==

Amfanin ruwa a matsayin albarkatun kasuwanci, wanda ya hada da kamun kifi, aikin gona, masana'antu, nishaɗi da yawon bude ido, da sauran dama, na iya haifar da takaddama ko da lokacin da samun ruwan sha ba lallai ba ne ya zama matsala. A matsayin albarkatu, wasu suna daukar ruwa a matsayin mai daraja kamar mai, wanda kusan kowace masana'antu ke bukata, kuma ana bukatarsa kusan kowace rana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080518071950/http://www.forbes.com/2008/05/13/water-electricity-industry-biz-energy-cx_bp_0514water_print.html] Pentland, William. &quot;The Water-Industrial Complex,&quot; Forbes, May 14, 2008. Accessed November 21, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Karancin ruwa na iya gurgunta masana'antu baki daya kamar yadda zai iya gurgunta al'umma, kuma yana shafar kasashen da suka ci gaba kamar yadda yake shafar kasashen da ba su da ingantaccen tsarin samar da ruwa. Masana'antu da suka dogara da ruwa sun fi fitowa fili a cikin takaddamar ruwa, amma kasuwanci a kowane mataki na iya fuskantar illa saboda rashin ruwa.

=== Kamun Kifi ===
A tarihi, sassan kamun kifi sun kasance manyan wuraren tambaya, yayin da kasashe suka fadada tare da da'awar sassan teku a matsayin yankinsu na kasuwancin kamun kifi na gida. Wasu yankuna masu riba mai yawa, kamar Tekun Bering, suna da tarihin takaddama; a shekarar 1886 Daular Biritaniya da Amurka sun yi tahaliki a kan sassan kamun kifi na kadojin teku (seals),&lt;ref&gt;The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2007, Columbia University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a yau kasar Rasha ta kewaye wani sashe na ruwan kasa da kasa da aka sani da Bering Sea Donut Hole. An warware rikici game da hanyoyin kamun kifi da samun dama ga ramin a shekarar 1995 ta hanyar wata yarjejeniya da ake kira Donut Hole Agreement.&lt;ref&gt;Dunlap, William W. The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, Volume 10, Number 1, 1995, pp. 114-135(22)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gurbacewa ===
Bukatar kamfanoni galibi tana giciye da bukatun kasuwanci masu adawa da juna, da kuma damuwar muhalli, wanda ke kaiwa ga wani nau'in takaddama. A shekarun 1960, Tafkin Erie, da kuma sauran Manyan Tafkuna (Great Lakes) sun gurbata har ta kai ga mace-macen kifi masu yawa. Al'ummomin gida sun sha wahala sosai daga mummunan ingancin ruwa har sai da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta zartar da Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa (Clean Water Act) a shekarar 1972.&lt;ref&gt;33 U.S.C. § 1251 et seq.&lt;/ref&gt;

Gurbacewar ruwa tana haifar da babban hadari ga lafiya, musamman a yankunan da ke da masana'antu da yawa da kuma yawan jama'a kamar kasar Sin. Don mayar da martani ga mummunan yanayi inda birane baki daya ba su da ruwan sha mai aminci, kasar Sin ta zartar da ingantacciyar Dokar Kare da Sarrafa Gurbacewar Ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-02/29/content_6494712.htm] China Daily, Updated February 29, 2008. Accessed November 21, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Yiwuwar ruwan da ya gurbata ya tsallaka iyakokin kasashen duniya, da kuma gurbacewar ruwa da ba a amince da ita ba a cikin kasa matsi, yana kawo tambayoyi game da hakkin dan adam, wanda ke ba da damar shigar kasashen duniya cikin batun gurbacewar ruwa. Babu wani tsari guda daya na magance takaddamar gurbacewa ta cikin gida a kasa.

== Mayar da Martani ==</text>
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      <text bytes="19332" sha1="fajdsulv8hzu0ebyleu5l9ago4fptw9" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Vallee_fertile_du_Nil_a_Louxor.jpg|thumb|Matakin da kasar Habasha ta dauka na cike madatsar ruwa ta Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) zai iya rage kwararar ruwan fari na Kogin Nilu da kusan kashi 25% tare da lalata gonakin kasar Masar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=27 February 2018 |title=In Africa, War Over Water Looms As Ethiopia Nears Completion Of Nile River Dam |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/02/27/589240174/in-africa-war-over-water-looms-as-ethiopia-nears-completion-of-nile-river-dam?t=1595668819363}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Rikicin ruwa''' yawanci yana nufin tasiri ko takaddama da ke da alaka da samun dama, ko iko da albarkatun ruwa, ko amfani da ruwa ko tsarin samar da ruwa a matsayin makami ko kuma zama abin cutarwa a lokacin tasiri. Kalmar ''yakin ruwa'' ana amfani da ita a kafafen yada labarai don wasu takaddama a kan ruwa, kuma mafi yawanci ta takaitu ne wajen bayyana rikici tsakanin kasashe, jahohi, ko kungiyoyi a kan hakkin samun damar yin amfani da albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allianz&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Tulloch |first=James |date=August 26, 2009 |title=Water Conflicts: Fight or Flight? |url=http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/climate_change/natural_disasters/water_conflicts.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080829171957/http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/climate_change/natural_disasters/water_conflicts.html |archive-date=2008-08-29 |access-date=14 January 2010 |publisher=Allianz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WWilson&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Kameri-Mbote |first=Patricia |date=January 2007 |title=Water, Conflict, and Cooperation: Lessons from the nile river Basin |url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue4.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Navigating Peace |publisher=Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars |issue=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706033750/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue4.pdf |archive-date=2010-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince cewa takaddamar ruwa tana tasowa ne daga sabanin bukatu na masu amfani da ruwa, na gwamnati ko na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/ United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008]&lt;/ref&gt; Kyakkyawan tsari na rikice-rikicen ruwa ya bayyana a cikin tarihi, kodayake da kyar ake fafata yakokin gargajiya a kan ruwa kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Peter Gleick, 1993. [http://www2.pacinst.org/reports/international_security_gleick_1993.pdf &quot;Water and conflict.&quot;] ''International Security'' Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 79-112 (Summer 1993).&lt;/ref&gt; A maimakon haka, ruwa ya dade yana zama sanadin takaddama kuma daya daga cikin dalilan rikici. Rikicin ruwa yana tasowa ne saboda dalilai da dama, da suka hada da takaddamar iyakokin kasa, fafutukar neman albarkatu, da kuma moriyar dabarun yaki.&lt;ref&gt;Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research (Department of Political Science, University of Heidelberg); Conflict Barometer 2007:Crises – Wars – Coups d'État – Nagotiations – Mediations – Peace Settlements, 16th annual conflict analysis, 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

Rikicin ruwa na iya faruwa a matakin cikin gida (na kasa daya) da kuma matakin tsakanin kasashe daban-daban. Rikici tsakanin kasashe yana faruwa ne tsakanin kasashe biyu ko fiye da ke raba tushen ruwa guda daya da ya ratsa iyakokinsu, kamar kogi, teku, ko tafkin ruwan karkashin kasa. Misali, yankin Gabas Ta Tsakiya yana da kashi 1% kacal na ruwan fari na duniya wanda kashi 5% na al'ummar duniya ke rabawa, kuma galibin koramu da koguna suna ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Sutherland |first=Ben |date=March 18, 2003 |title=Water shortages 'foster terrorism' |publisher=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2859937.stm |access-date=14 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rikicin cikin gida kuma yana faruwa ne tsakanin bangarori biyu ko fiye a cikin kasa daya, kamar rikici tsakanin manoma da masu amfani da ruwa na cikin birni.

Mafi yawan rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa suna faruwa ne a kan ruwan fari saboda wadannan albarkatu suna da mahimmanci ga bukatun dan adam na yau da kullum, amma galibi suna iya yin karanci ko gurbata ko kuma rashin daidaiton rabo tsakanin masu amfani da su. Karancin ruwa yana kara rura wutar takaddamar ruwa saboda gasar neman ruwan sha, noman rani, samar da wutar lantarki da sauran bukatu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=671&amp;section=14 |title=Patp &gt; &gt; &gt; |access-date=2010-04-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010731141012/http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=671&amp;section=14 |archive-date=2001-07-31 }} Freshwater: lifeblood of the planet, accessed November 21, 2008&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake ruwan fari muhimmin albarkatun kasa ne, amma kuma rarrabuwarsa ba daidai ba ce a doron kasa, samuwarsa galibi tana tasiri ga yanayin rayuwa da tattalin arzikin kasa ko yanki. Rashin wadatar zabukan samar da ruwa masu rahusa a wurare kamar Gabas ta Tsakiya,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858e09.htm Murakami, Masahiro. 1995.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117045902/http://unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858E09.htm |date=2011-01-17 }} ''Managing Water for Peace in the Middle East: Alternative Strategies, ''New York: United Nations University Press. Accessed online November 16, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar karancin ruwa na iya sanya matsin lamba ga duk masu amfani da ruwa, ko na kamfanoni, gwamnati, ko daidaikun mutane, wanda ke kaiwa ga takaddama, kuma watakila ma a goga mashi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/] United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;
Akwai adadin rikice-rikicen ruwa da ke kara karuwa wadanda ba a warware su ba, musamman a matakin kananan hukumomi ko jihohi, kuma wadannan za su kara zama hadari yayin da ruwa ke kara karanci, canjin yanayi na canza yanayin samar da ruwa na gida, kuma al'ummar duniya ke karuwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/457] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124031150/http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/457 |date=2016-11-24 }} Brooks, Nina. &quot;Impending Water Crisis in China,&quot; Arlington Institute. Accessed November 28, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pacific Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |date=17 March 2022 |title=Water Conflicts Continue to Worsen Worldwide |url=https://pacinst.org/water-conflicts-continue-to-worsen-worldwide/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |website=Pacific Institute }}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban nau'ikan takaddamar ruwa yana sa da wuya a magance su, amma akwai dabarun rage kasadar irin wadannan takaddamar da yawa. Dokoki da yarjejeniyoyin gida da na kasa da kasa na iya taimakawa wajen inganta rabon koguna na kasa da kasa da madatsun ruwa na karkashin kasa. Ingantattun fasahohi da cibiyoyi na iya inganta wadatar ruwa da rabon ruwa a yankunan da ke fama da karancin ruwa.


== Dalilai ==

Karancin ruwa ya fi haifar da rikici a matakin gida da na shiyyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wolf |first1=Aaron T |year=2001 |title=Water and Human Security |journal=Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education |volume=118 |page=29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa wani muhimmin abu ne ga rayuwar dan adam, kuma ayyukan dan adam suna da alaka ta kusa da wadatar ruwa da ingancinsa.&lt;ref&gt;ICWE (1992). International Conference on Water and the Environment--Development Issues for the 21st Century, 26–31 January 1992, Dublin, Ireland : [http://www.ircwash.org/resources/international-conference-water-and-environment-development-issues-21st-century-26-31-0 the Dublin statement and report of the conference], Geneva, Switzerland, ICWE Secretariat, World Meteorological Organization&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa rukunin albarkatu ne mai iyaka. Rikicin ruwa yana faruwa ne saboda bukatar albarkatun ruwa da ruwan sha na iya wuce wadatar da ake da ita, ko kuma saboda ana iya takaddama a kan ikon samun dama da raba ruwa, ko kuma saboda cibiyoyin kula da ruwa ba su da karfi ko kuma babu su kwata-kwata. Abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar karancin ruwa na iya sanya matsin lamba ga bangarorin da abin ya shafa don samun Karin albarkatun ruwa da ake rabawa, wanda ke haifar da takaddamar diflomasiyya ko ma rikici na gaba-da-gaba.

Takaddama da rikice-rikice a kan ruwa yanzu suna faruwa akai-akai a matakin cikin gida, maimakon matakin kasashen duniya. Tasiri tsakanin makiyaya da manoma a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na kara karuwa. Hare-hare a kan tsarin samar da ruwa na farar hula yayin yakokin da suka fara saboda wasu dalilai daban sun karu, kamar a kasashen Yemen, Siriya, Iraki, kuma kwanan nan a kasar Yukren.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |date=2019 |title=Water as a weapon and casualty of armed conflict: A review of recent water-related violence in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen |url=https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wat2.1351 |journal=WIREs Water |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1–15 |article-number=e1351 |doi=10.1002/wat2.1351 |bibcode=2019WIRWa...6E1351G |s2cid=195514316|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |last2=Vyshnevskyi |first2=Viktor |last3=Shevchuk |first3=Serhii |date=2023 |title=Rivers and Water Systems as Weapons and Casualties of the Russia-Ukraine War. |journal=Earth's Future |volume=11 |issue=10|article-number=e2023EF003910 |doi=10.1029/2023EF003910 |bibcode=2023EaFut..1103910G |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Karancin ruwa kuma na iya rura wutar rikice-rikice da takaddamar siyasa wadanda ba ruwa ne ya janyo su kai tsaye ba. Raguwa a hankali cikin lokaci a inganci da/ko yawan ruwan fari na iya kara rashin kwanciyar hankali a yanki ta hanyar gurgunta lafiyar al'umma, hana ci gaban tattalin arziki, da kuma rura wutar manyan rikice-rikice.&lt;ref name=&quot;Postel&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Postel |first1=S. L. |last2=Wolf |first2=A. T. |year=2001 |title=Dehydrating Conflict |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/11/18/dehydrating-conflict/ |journal=Foreign Policy |volume=126 |issue=126 |pages=60–67 |doi=10.2307/3183260 |jstor=3183260|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Canjin yanayi da karuwar al'ummar duniya su ma suna haduwa wajen sanya sabbin matsin lamba ga albarkatun ruwa masu iyaka tare da kara hadarin rikicin ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=October 12, 2019|title=The Coming Wars for Water|url=https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/|website=Report Syndication}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hasashe ==
A cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata, 'yan siyasa, masana kimiyya da 'yan jarida sun sha nuna damuwa cewa takaddamar ruwa za ta zama sanadin yakoki na gaba. Kalaman da aka fi ambata sun hada da: na tsohon Ministan Harakokin Wajen kasar Masar kuma tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Boutros Boutros-Ghali, wanda ya yi hasashen cewa, &quot;Yaki na gaba a Gabas ta Tsakiya za a fafata shi ne a kan ruwa, ba siyasa ba&quot;; magajinsa a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Kofi Annan, wanda a shekarar 2001 ya ce, &quot;Gasa mai tsanani ta neman ruwan fari na iya zama sanadin rikici da yakoki a gaba,&quot; da kuma tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Bankin Duniya, Ismail Serageldin, wanda ya ce yakokin karni na gaba za su kasance ne a kan ruwa sai dai idan an sami gagarumin canji a fannin gudanarwa. Haka kuma, &quot;yanzu ana yawan cewa yakoki na gaba a Gabas ta Tsakiya sun fi karkata ga fafatawa a kan ruwa fiye da a kan mai,&quot; in ji Lester R. Brown a wani taron dandalin ruwa na Stockholm da aka yi a baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=EPI Releases - How Water Scarcity Will Shape the New Century - EPI |url=http://www.earth-policy.org/press_room/C68/stockholm_transcript |access-date=9 January 2018 |website=www.earth-policy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasashen yakokin ruwa yana da tushe ne a cikin binciken farko da aka gudanar a kan kalilan din koguna na kasa da kasa kamar Kogin Indus, Kogin Jordan da Kogin Nilu. Wadannan takamaiman koguna sun zama abin mayar da hankali ne saboda sun fuskanci takaddamar da ta shafi ruwa. Takamaiman abubuwan da aka ambata a matsayin shaida sun hada da hararin da Isra'ila ta kai wa Siriya lokacin da take kokarin karkatar da madubin Kogin Jordan, da kuma barazanar soja da Masar ta yi wa kowace kasa da ke gina madatsun ruwa a saman kogin Nilu.

Wani abun da ke kara hadarin rikicin ruwa shi ne karuwar gasar neman ruwa a yankunan da ke fama da karancin ruwa, inda bukatu na samar da ruwa don amfanin dan adam, samar da abinci, muhallin halittu da sauran amfani ke gaba-da-gaba da wadatar ruwan da ake da ita. Mummunan al'amuran ruwa kamar ambaliyar ruwa da fari su ma suna kara tsananta hadarin rikicin ruwa. Yayin da yawan jama'a da ci gaban tattalin arziki ke karuwa, bukatun ruwa ma na iya karuwa, wanda ke kara rura wutar rashin jituwa game da rabo da iko da ruwa mai iyaka a wasu yankuna ko kasashe, musamman lokacin fari, ko kuma a madatsun ruwa na kasashen duniya da ake rabawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pacific Institute&quot;/&gt;

Albarkatun ruwa da suka ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya sun fi karkata wajen zama sanadin hadin gwiwa da abokin aiki fiye da yaki. Masana kimiyya da ke aiki a International Water Management Institute sun kasance suna bincikar shaidun da ke bayan hasashen yakin ruwa. Sakamakon bincikensu ya nuna cewa, ko da yake gaskiya ne an sami rikici mai alaka da ruwa a wasu kalilan din madatsun ruwa na kasashen duniya, a sauran kusan madatsun ruwa 300 da ake rabawa a duniya, tarihin ya kasance mai kyau mafi yawancinsa. Wannan ya nuna a fili ta hanyar daruruwan yarjejeniyoyin da ke akwai wadanda ke jagorantar amfani da ruwa cikin adalci tsakanin kasashen da ke raba albarkatun ruwa. Cibiyoyin da wadannan yarjejeniyoyin suka kafa za su iya zama muhimman abubuwa wajen tabbatar da hadin gwiwa maimakon rikici.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110812233521/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org:80/Publications/Success_Stories/PDF/2010/Issue%208%20-%20Promoting_cooperation_through_effective_management_of_shared_water_resources.pdf ''Promoting cooperation through management of transboundary water resources''], Success Stories, Issue 8, 2010, IWMI&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanai da Ma'anoni ==
Wani rumbun bayanai na intanet mai fadi da kuma budaddiya na rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa — wato Water Conflict Chronology — an samar da shi ta Pacific Institute.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Conflict Chronology |url=http://worldwater.org/water-conflict/ |access-date=November 29, 2023 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan rumbun bayanai ya lissafa tasiri a kan ruwa tun kimanin shekaru 4,500 da suka gabata kuma ya hada da misalai fiye da 1900 na tasiri a kan albarkatun ruwa tare da bayanai kan kwanan wata, wuri, nau'in rikici da cikakkun majiyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |last2=Shimabuku|first2=Morgan|date=2023 |title=Water-related conflicts: definitions, data, and trends from the water conflict chronology|journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=18 |issue=3|page=034022 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/acbb8f |bibcode=2023ERL....18c4022G |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fact Sheet: Water Conflict Chronology Update |url=https://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Water-Conflict-Chronology_Fact-Sheet.pdf |access-date=June 18, 2025 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Karkashin tsarin Water Conflict Chronology, an raba rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa kamar haka:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Water Conflict Chronology |url=http://worldwater.org/water-conflict/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

*Tushen Rikici (Trigger): Ruwa a matsayin abun da ke rura wuta ko tushen rikici, inda ake samun takaddama a kan ikon sarrafa ruwa ko tsarin ruwa ko kuma inda samun damar tattalin arziki ko ta jiki ga ruwa, ko karancin ruwa, ke haifar da tasiri.
*Makami (Weapon): Ruwa a matsayin makamin rikici, inda ake amfani da albarkatun ruwa, ko tsarin ruwa da kansu, a matsayin kayan aiki ko makami a cikin rikici na tasiri.
*Abin cutarwa (Casualty): Albarkatun ruwa ko tsarin ruwa a matsayin abin cutarwa na rikici, inda albarkatun ruwa, ko tsarin ruwa, suka kasance abubuwan da aka nufa da gangan ko kuma cikin hadari don lalata su ko yi musu barna.
== Siyasa da Tattalin Arziki ==

Amfanin ruwa a matsayin albarkatun kasuwanci, wanda ya hada da kamun kifi, aikin gona, masana'antu, nishaɗi da yawon bude ido, da sauran dama, na iya haifar da takaddama ko da lokacin da samun ruwan sha ba lallai ba ne ya zama matsala. A matsayin albarkatu, wasu suna daukar ruwa a matsayin mai daraja kamar mai, wanda kusan kowace masana'antu ke bukata, kuma ana bukatarsa kusan kowace rana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080518071950/http://www.forbes.com/2008/05/13/water-electricity-industry-biz-energy-cx_bp_0514water_print.html] Pentland, William. &quot;The Water-Industrial Complex,&quot; Forbes, May 14, 2008. Accessed November 21, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Karancin ruwa na iya gurgunta masana'antu baki daya kamar yadda zai iya gurgunta al'umma, kuma yana shafar kasashen da suka ci gaba kamar yadda yake shafar kasashen da ba su da ingantaccen tsarin samar da ruwa. Masana'antu da suka dogara da ruwa sun fi fitowa fili a cikin takaddamar ruwa, amma kasuwanci a kowane mataki na iya fuskantar illa saboda rashin ruwa.

=== Kamun Kifi ===
A tarihi, sassan kamun kifi sun kasance manyan wuraren tambaya, yayin da kasashe suka fadada tare da da'awar sassan teku a matsayin yankinsu na kasuwancin kamun kifi na gida. Wasu yankuna masu riba mai yawa, kamar Tekun Bering, suna da tarihin takaddama; a shekarar 1886 Daular Biritaniya da Amurka sun yi tahaliki a kan sassan kamun kifi na kadojin teku (seals),&lt;ref&gt;The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2007, Columbia University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a yau kasar Rasha ta kewaye wani sashe na ruwan kasa da kasa da aka sani da Bering Sea Donut Hole. An warware rikici game da hanyoyin kamun kifi da samun dama ga ramin a shekarar 1995 ta hanyar wata yarjejeniya da ake kira Donut Hole Agreement.&lt;ref&gt;Dunlap, William W. The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, Volume 10, Number 1, 1995, pp. 114-135(22)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gurbacewa ===
Bukatar kamfanoni galibi tana giciye da bukatun kasuwanci masu adawa da juna, da kuma damuwar muhalli, wanda ke kaiwa ga wani nau'in takaddama. A shekarun 1960, Tafkin Erie, da kuma sauran Manyan Tafkuna (Great Lakes) sun gurbata har ta kai ga mace-macen kifi masu yawa. Al'ummomin gida sun sha wahala sosai daga mummunan ingancin ruwa har sai da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta zartar da Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa (Clean Water Act) a shekarar 1972.&lt;ref&gt;33 U.S.C. § 1251 et seq.&lt;/ref&gt;

Gurbacewar ruwa tana haifar da babban hadari ga lafiya, musamman a yankunan da ke da masana'antu da yawa da kuma yawan jama'a kamar kasar Sin. Don mayar da martani ga mummunan yanayi inda birane baki daya ba su da ruwan sha mai aminci, kasar Sin ta zartar da ingantacciyar Dokar Kare da Sarrafa Gurbacewar Ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-02/29/content_6494712.htm] China Daily, Updated February 29, 2008. Accessed November 21, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Yiwuwar ruwan da ya gurbata ya tsallaka iyakokin kasashen duniya, da kuma gurbacewar ruwa da ba a amince da ita ba a cikin kasa matsi, yana kawo tambayoyi game da hakkin dan adam, wanda ke ba da damar shigar kasashen duniya cikin batun gurbacewar ruwa. Babu wani tsari guda daya na magance takaddamar gurbacewa ta cikin gida a kasa.

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[[File:Vallee_fertile_du_Nil_a_Louxor.jpg|thumb|Matakin da kasar Habasha ta dauka na cike madatsar ruwa ta Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) zai iya rage kwararar ruwan fari na Kogin Nilu da kusan kashi 25% tare da lalata gonakin kasar Masar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=27 February 2018 |title=In Africa, War Over Water Looms As Ethiopia Nears Completion Of Nile River Dam |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/02/27/589240174/in-africa-war-over-water-looms-as-ethiopia-nears-completion-of-nile-river-dam?t=1595668819363}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Rikicin ruwa''' yawanci yana nufin tasiri ko takaddama da ke da alaka da samun dama, ko iko da albarkatun ruwa, ko amfani da ruwa ko tsarin samar da ruwa a matsayin makami ko kuma zama abin cutarwa a lokacin tasiri. Kalmar ''yakin ruwa'' ana amfani da ita a kafafen yada labarai don wasu takaddama a kan ruwa, kuma mafi yawanci ta takaitu ne wajen bayyana rikici tsakanin kasashe, jahohi, ko kungiyoyi a kan hakkin samun damar yin amfani da albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allianz&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Tulloch |first=James |date=August 26, 2009 |title=Water Conflicts: Fight or Flight? |url=http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/climate_change/natural_disasters/water_conflicts.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080829171957/http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/climate_change/natural_disasters/water_conflicts.html |archive-date=2008-08-29 |access-date=14 January 2010 |publisher=Allianz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WWilson&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Kameri-Mbote |first=Patricia |date=January 2007 |title=Water, Conflict, and Cooperation: Lessons from the nile river Basin |url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue4.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Navigating Peace |publisher=Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars |issue=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706033750/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue4.pdf |archive-date=2010-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince cewa takaddamar ruwa tana tasowa ne daga sabanin bukatu na masu amfani da ruwa, na gwamnati ko na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/ United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008]&lt;/ref&gt; Kyakkyawan tsari na rikice-rikicen ruwa ya bayyana a cikin tarihi, kodayake da kyar ake fafata yakokin gargajiya a kan ruwa kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Peter Gleick, 1993. [http://www2.pacinst.org/reports/international_security_gleick_1993.pdf &quot;Water and conflict.&quot;] ''International Security'' Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 79-112 (Summer 1993).&lt;/ref&gt; A maimakon haka, ruwa ya dade yana zama sanadin takaddama kuma daya daga cikin dalilan rikici. Rikicin ruwa yana tasowa ne saboda dalilai da dama, da suka hada da takaddamar iyakokin kasa, fafutukar neman albarkatu, da kuma moriyar dabarun yaki.&lt;ref&gt;Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research (Department of Political Science, University of Heidelberg); Conflict Barometer 2007:Crises – Wars – Coups d'État – Nagotiations – Mediations – Peace Settlements, 16th annual conflict analysis, 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

Rikicin ruwa na iya faruwa a matakin cikin gida (na kasa daya) da kuma matakin tsakanin kasashe daban-daban. Rikici tsakanin kasashe yana faruwa ne tsakanin kasashe biyu ko fiye da ke raba tushen ruwa guda daya da ya ratsa iyakokinsu, kamar kogi, teku, ko tafkin ruwan karkashin kasa. Misali, yankin Gabas Ta Tsakiya yana da kashi 1% kacal na ruwan fari na duniya wanda kashi 5% na al'ummar duniya ke rabawa, kuma galibin koramu da koguna suna ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Sutherland |first=Ben |date=March 18, 2003 |title=Water shortages 'foster terrorism' |publisher=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2859937.stm |access-date=14 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rikicin cikin gida kuma yana faruwa ne tsakanin bangarori biyu ko fiye a cikin kasa daya, kamar rikici tsakanin manoma da masu amfani da ruwa na cikin birni.

Mafi yawan rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa suna faruwa ne a kan ruwan fari saboda wadannan albarkatu suna da mahimmanci ga bukatun dan adam na yau da kullum, amma galibi suna iya yin karanci ko gurbata ko kuma rashin daidaiton rabo tsakanin masu amfani da su. Karancin ruwa yana kara rura wutar takaddamar ruwa saboda gasar neman ruwan sha, noman rani, samar da wutar lantarki da sauran bukatu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=671&amp;section=14 |title=Patp &gt; &gt; &gt; |access-date=2010-04-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010731141012/http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=671&amp;section=14 |archive-date=2001-07-31 }} Freshwater: lifeblood of the planet, accessed November 21, 2008&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake ruwan fari muhimmin albarkatun kasa ne, amma kuma rarrabuwarsa ba daidai ba ce a doron kasa, samuwarsa galibi tana tasiri ga yanayin rayuwa da tattalin arzikin kasa ko yanki. Rashin wadatar zabukan samar da ruwa masu rahusa a wurare kamar Gabas ta Tsakiya,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858e09.htm Murakami, Masahiro. 1995.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117045902/http://unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858E09.htm |date=2011-01-17 }} ''Managing Water for Peace in the Middle East: Alternative Strategies, ''New York: United Nations University Press. Accessed online November 16, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar karancin ruwa na iya sanya matsin lamba ga duk masu amfani da ruwa, ko na kamfanoni, gwamnati, ko daidaikun mutane, wanda ke kaiwa ga takaddama, kuma watakila ma a goga mashi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/] United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;
Akwai adadin rikice-rikicen ruwa da ke kara karuwa wadanda ba a warware su ba, musamman a matakin kananan hukumomi ko jihohi, kuma wadannan za su kara zama hadari yayin da ruwa ke kara karanci, canjin yanayi na canza yanayin samar da ruwa na gida, kuma al'ummar duniya ke karuwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/457] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124031150/http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/457 |date=2016-11-24 }} Brooks, Nina. &quot;Impending Water Crisis in China,&quot; Arlington Institute. Accessed November 28, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pacific Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |date=17 March 2022 |title=Water Conflicts Continue to Worsen Worldwide |url=https://pacinst.org/water-conflicts-continue-to-worsen-worldwide/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |website=Pacific Institute }}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban nau'ikan takaddamar ruwa yana sa da wuya a magance su, amma akwai dabarun rage kasadar irin wadannan takaddamar da yawa. Dokoki da yarjejeniyoyin gida da na kasa da kasa na iya taimakawa wajen inganta rabon koguna na kasa da kasa da madatsun ruwa na karkashin kasa. Ingantattun fasahohi da cibiyoyi na iya inganta wadatar ruwa da rabon ruwa a yankunan da ke fama da karancin ruwa.


== Dalilai ==

Karancin ruwa ya fi haifar da rikici a matakin gida da na shiyyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wolf |first1=Aaron T |year=2001 |title=Water and Human Security |journal=Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education |volume=118 |page=29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa wani muhimmin abu ne ga rayuwar dan adam, kuma ayyukan dan adam suna da alaka ta kusa da wadatar ruwa da ingancinsa.&lt;ref&gt;ICWE (1992). International Conference on Water and the Environment--Development Issues for the 21st Century, 26–31 January 1992, Dublin, Ireland : [http://www.ircwash.org/resources/international-conference-water-and-environment-development-issues-21st-century-26-31-0 the Dublin statement and report of the conference], Geneva, Switzerland, ICWE Secretariat, World Meteorological Organization&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa rukunin albarkatu ne mai iyaka. Rikicin ruwa yana faruwa ne saboda bukatar albarkatun ruwa da ruwan sha na iya wuce wadatar da ake da ita, ko kuma saboda ana iya takaddama a kan ikon samun dama da raba ruwa, ko kuma saboda cibiyoyin kula da ruwa ba su da karfi ko kuma babu su kwata-kwata. Abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar karancin ruwa na iya sanya matsin lamba ga bangarorin da abin ya shafa don samun Karin albarkatun ruwa da ake rabawa, wanda ke haifar da takaddamar diflomasiyya ko ma rikici na gaba-da-gaba.

Takaddama da rikice-rikice a kan ruwa yanzu suna faruwa akai-akai a matakin cikin gida, maimakon matakin kasashen duniya. Tasiri tsakanin makiyaya da manoma a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na kara karuwa. Hare-hare a kan tsarin samar da ruwa na farar hula yayin yakokin da suka fara saboda wasu dalilai daban sun karu, kamar a kasashen Yemen, Siriya, Iraki, kuma kwanan nan a kasar Yukren.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |date=2019 |title=Water as a weapon and casualty of armed conflict: A review of recent water-related violence in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen |url=https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wat2.1351 |journal=WIREs Water |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1–15 |article-number=e1351 |doi=10.1002/wat2.1351 |bibcode=2019WIRWa...6E1351G |s2cid=195514316|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |last2=Vyshnevskyi |first2=Viktor |last3=Shevchuk |first3=Serhii |date=2023 |title=Rivers and Water Systems as Weapons and Casualties of the Russia-Ukraine War. |journal=Earth's Future |volume=11 |issue=10|article-number=e2023EF003910 |doi=10.1029/2023EF003910 |bibcode=2023EaFut..1103910G |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Karancin ruwa kuma na iya rura wutar rikice-rikice da takaddamar siyasa wadanda ba ruwa ne ya janyo su kai tsaye ba. Raguwa a hankali cikin lokaci a inganci da/ko yawan ruwan fari na iya kara rashin kwanciyar hankali a yanki ta hanyar gurgunta lafiyar al'umma, hana ci gaban tattalin arziki, da kuma rura wutar manyan rikice-rikice.&lt;ref name=&quot;Postel&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Postel |first1=S. L. |last2=Wolf |first2=A. T. |year=2001 |title=Dehydrating Conflict |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/11/18/dehydrating-conflict/ |journal=Foreign Policy |volume=126 |issue=126 |pages=60–67 |doi=10.2307/3183260 |jstor=3183260|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Canjin yanayi da karuwar al'ummar duniya su ma suna haduwa wajen sanya sabbin matsin lamba ga albarkatun ruwa masu iyaka tare da kara hadarin rikicin ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=October 12, 2019|title=The Coming Wars for Water|url=https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/|website=Report Syndication}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hasashe ==
A cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata, 'yan siyasa, masana kimiyya da 'yan jarida sun sha nuna damuwa cewa takaddamar ruwa za ta zama sanadin yakoki na gaba. Kalaman da aka fi ambata sun hada da: na tsohon Ministan Harakokin Wajen kasar Masar kuma tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Boutros Boutros-Ghali, wanda ya yi hasashen cewa, &quot;Yaki na gaba a Gabas ta Tsakiya za a fafata shi ne a kan ruwa, ba siyasa ba&quot;; magajinsa a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Kofi Annan, wanda a shekarar 2001 ya ce, &quot;Gasa mai tsanani ta neman ruwan fari na iya zama sanadin rikici da yakoki a gaba,&quot; da kuma tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Bankin Duniya, Ismail Serageldin, wanda ya ce yakokin karni na gaba za su kasance ne a kan ruwa sai dai idan an sami gagarumin canji a fannin gudanarwa. Haka kuma, &quot;yanzu ana yawan cewa yakoki na gaba a Gabas ta Tsakiya sun fi karkata ga fafatawa a kan ruwa fiye da a kan mai,&quot; in ji Lester R. Brown a wani taron dandalin ruwa na Stockholm da aka yi a baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=EPI Releases - How Water Scarcity Will Shape the New Century - EPI |url=http://www.earth-policy.org/press_room/C68/stockholm_transcript |access-date=9 January 2018 |website=www.earth-policy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasashen yakokin ruwa yana da tushe ne a cikin binciken farko da aka gudanar a kan kalilan din koguna na kasa da kasa kamar Kogin Indus, Kogin Jordan da Kogin Nilu. Wadannan takamaiman koguna sun zama abin mayar da hankali ne saboda sun fuskanci takaddamar da ta shafi ruwa. Takamaiman abubuwan da aka ambata a matsayin shaida sun hada da hararin da Isra'ila ta kai wa Siriya lokacin da take kokarin karkatar da madubin Kogin Jordan, da kuma barazanar soja da Masar ta yi wa kowace kasa da ke gina madatsun ruwa a saman kogin Nilu.

Wani abun da ke kara hadarin rikicin ruwa shi ne karuwar gasar neman ruwa a yankunan da ke fama da karancin ruwa, inda bukatu na samar da ruwa don amfanin dan adam, samar da abinci, muhallin halittu da sauran amfani ke gaba-da-gaba da wadatar ruwan da ake da ita. Mummunan al'amuran ruwa kamar ambaliyar ruwa da fari su ma suna kara tsananta hadarin rikicin ruwa. Yayin da yawan jama'a da ci gaban tattalin arziki ke karuwa, bukatun ruwa ma na iya karuwa, wanda ke kara rura wutar rashin jituwa game da rabo da iko da ruwa mai iyaka a wasu yankuna ko kasashe, musamman lokacin fari, ko kuma a madatsun ruwa na kasashen duniya da ake rabawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pacific Institute&quot;/&gt;

Albarkatun ruwa da suka ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya sun fi karkata wajen zama sanadin hadin gwiwa da abokin aiki fiye da yaki. Masana kimiyya da ke aiki a International Water Management Institute sun kasance suna bincikar shaidun da ke bayan hasashen yakin ruwa. Sakamakon bincikensu ya nuna cewa, ko da yake gaskiya ne an sami rikici mai alaka da ruwa a wasu kalilan din madatsun ruwa na kasashen duniya, a sauran kusan madatsun ruwa 300 da ake rabawa a duniya, tarihin ya kasance mai kyau mafi yawancinsa. Wannan ya nuna a fili ta hanyar daruruwan yarjejeniyoyin da ke akwai wadanda ke jagorantar amfani da ruwa cikin adalci tsakanin kasashen da ke raba albarkatun ruwa. Cibiyoyin da wadannan yarjejeniyoyin suka kafa za su iya zama muhimman abubuwa wajen tabbatar da hadin gwiwa maimakon rikici.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110812233521/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org:80/Publications/Success_Stories/PDF/2010/Issue%208%20-%20Promoting_cooperation_through_effective_management_of_shared_water_resources.pdf ''Promoting cooperation through management of transboundary water resources''], Success Stories, Issue 8, 2010, IWMI&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanai da Ma'anoni ==
Wani rumbun bayanai na intanet mai fadi da kuma budaddiya na rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa — wato Water Conflict Chronology — an samar da shi ta Pacific Institute.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Conflict Chronology |url=http://worldwater.org/water-conflict/ |access-date=November 29, 2023 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan rumbun bayanai ya lissafa tasiri a kan ruwa tun kimanin shekaru 4,500 da suka gabata kuma ya hada da misalai fiye da 1900 na tasiri a kan albarkatun ruwa tare da bayanai kan kwanan wata, wuri, nau'in rikici da cikakkun majiyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |last2=Shimabuku|first2=Morgan|date=2023 |title=Water-related conflicts: definitions, data, and trends from the water conflict chronology|journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=18 |issue=3|page=034022 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/acbb8f |bibcode=2023ERL....18c4022G |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fact Sheet: Water Conflict Chronology Update |url=https://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Water-Conflict-Chronology_Fact-Sheet.pdf |access-date=June 18, 2025 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Karkashin tsarin Water Conflict Chronology, an raba rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa kamar haka:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Water Conflict Chronology |url=http://worldwater.org/water-conflict/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

*Tushen Rikici (Trigger): Ruwa a matsayin abun da ke rura wuta ko tushen rikici, inda ake samun takaddama a kan ikon sarrafa ruwa ko tsarin ruwa ko kuma inda samun damar tattalin arziki ko ta jiki ga ruwa, ko karancin ruwa, ke haifar da tasiri.
*Makami (Weapon): Ruwa a matsayin makamin rikici, inda ake amfani da albarkatun ruwa, ko tsarin ruwa da kansu, a matsayin kayan aiki ko makami a cikin rikici na tasiri.
*Abin cutarwa (Casualty): Albarkatun ruwa ko tsarin ruwa a matsayin abin cutarwa na rikici, inda albarkatun ruwa, ko tsarin ruwa, suka kasance abubuwan da aka nufa da gangan ko kuma cikin hadari don lalata su ko yi musu barna.
== Siyasa da Tattalin Arziki ==

Amfanin ruwa a matsayin albarkatun kasuwanci, wanda ya hada da kamun kifi, aikin gona, masana'antu, nishaɗi da yawon bude ido, da sauran dama, na iya haifar da takaddama ko da lokacin da samun ruwan sha ba lallai ba ne ya zama matsala. A matsayin albarkatu, wasu suna daukar ruwa a matsayin mai daraja kamar mai, wanda kusan kowace masana'antu ke bukata, kuma ana bukatarsa kusan kowace rana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080518071950/http://www.forbes.com/2008/05/13/water-electricity-industry-biz-energy-cx_bp_0514water_print.html] Pentland, William. &quot;The Water-Industrial Complex,&quot; Forbes, May 14, 2008. Accessed November 21, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Karancin ruwa na iya gurgunta masana'antu baki daya kamar yadda zai iya gurgunta al'umma, kuma yana shafar kasashen da suka ci gaba kamar yadda yake shafar kasashen da ba su da ingantaccen tsarin samar da ruwa. Masana'antu da suka dogara da ruwa sun fi fitowa fili a cikin takaddamar ruwa, amma kasuwanci a kowane mataki na iya fuskantar illa saboda rashin ruwa.

=== Kamun Kifi ===
A tarihi, sassan kamun kifi sun kasance manyan wuraren tambaya, yayin da kasashe suka fadada tare da da'awar sassan teku a matsayin yankinsu na kasuwancin kamun kifi na gida. Wasu yankuna masu riba mai yawa, kamar Tekun Bering, suna da tarihin takaddama; a shekarar 1886 Daular Biritaniya da Amurka sun yi tahaliki a kan sassan kamun kifi na kadojin teku (seals),&lt;ref&gt;The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2007, Columbia University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a yau kasar Rasha ta kewaye wani sashe na ruwan kasa da kasa da aka sani da Bering Sea Donut Hole. An warware rikici game da hanyoyin kamun kifi da samun dama ga ramin a shekarar 1995 ta hanyar wata yarjejeniya da ake kira Donut Hole Agreement.&lt;ref&gt;Dunlap, William W. The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, Volume 10, Number 1, 1995, pp. 114-135(22)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gurbacewa ===
Bukatar kamfanoni galibi tana giciye da bukatun kasuwanci masu adawa da juna, da kuma damuwar muhalli, wanda ke kaiwa ga wani nau'in takaddama. A shekarun 1960, Tafkin Erie, da kuma sauran Manyan Tafkuna (Great Lakes) sun gurbata har ta kai ga mace-macen kifi masu yawa. Al'ummomin gida sun sha wahala sosai daga mummunan ingancin ruwa har sai da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta zartar da Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa (Clean Water Act) a shekarar 1972.&lt;ref&gt;33 U.S.C. § 1251 et seq.&lt;/ref&gt;

Gurbacewar ruwa tana haifar da babban hadari ga lafiya, musamman a yankunan da ke da masana'antu da yawa da kuma yawan jama'a kamar kasar Sin. Don mayar da martani ga mummunan yanayi inda birane baki daya ba su da ruwan sha mai aminci, kasar Sin ta zartar da ingantacciyar Dokar Kare da Sarrafa Gurbacewar Ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-02/29/content_6494712.htm] China Daily, Updated February 29, 2008. Accessed November 21, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Yiwuwar ruwan da ya gurbata ya tsallaka iyakokin kasashen duniya, da kuma gurbacewar ruwa da ba a amince da ita ba a cikin kasa matsi, yana kawo tambayoyi game da hakkin dan adam, wanda ke ba da damar shigar kasashen duniya cikin batun gurbacewar ruwa. Babu wani tsari guda daya na magance takaddamar gurbacewa ta cikin gida a kasa.

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[[File:Vallee_fertile_du_Nil_a_Louxor.jpg|thumb|Matakin da kasar Habasha ta dauka na cike madatsar ruwa ta Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) zai iya rage kwararar ruwan fari na Kogin Nilu da kusan kashi 25% tare da lalata gonakin kasar Masar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=27 February 2018 |title=In Africa, War Over Water Looms As Ethiopia Nears Completion Of Nile River Dam |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/02/27/589240174/in-africa-war-over-water-looms-as-ethiopia-nears-completion-of-nile-river-dam?t=1595668819363}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Rikicin ruwa''' yawanci yana nufin tasiri ko takaddama da ke da alaka da samun dama, ko iko da albarkatun ruwa, ko amfani da ruwa ko tsarin samar da ruwa a matsayin makami ko kuma zama abin cutarwa a lokacin tasiri. Kalmar ''yakin ruwa'' ana amfani da ita a kafafen yada labarai don wasu takaddama a kan ruwa, kuma mafi yawanci ta takaitu ne wajen bayyana rikici tsakanin kasashe, jahohi, ko kungiyoyi a kan hakkin samun damar yin amfani da albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allianz&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Tulloch |first=James |date=August 26, 2009 |title=Water Conflicts: Fight or Flight? |url=http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/climate_change/natural_disasters/water_conflicts.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080829171957/http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/climate_change/natural_disasters/water_conflicts.html |archive-date=2008-08-29 |access-date=14 January 2010 |publisher=Allianz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WWilson&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Kameri-Mbote |first=Patricia |date=January 2007 |title=Water, Conflict, and Cooperation: Lessons from the nile river Basin |url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue4.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Navigating Peace |publisher=Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars |issue=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706033750/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue4.pdf |archive-date=2010-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince cewa takaddamar ruwa tana tasowa ne daga sabanin bukatu na masu amfani da ruwa, na gwamnati ko na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/ United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008]&lt;/ref&gt; Kyakkyawan tsari na rikice-rikicen ruwa ya bayyana a cikin tarihi, kodayake da kyar ake fafata yakokin gargajiya a kan ruwa kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Peter Gleick, 1993. [http://www2.pacinst.org/reports/international_security_gleick_1993.pdf &quot;Water and conflict.&quot;] ''International Security'' Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 79-112 (Summer 1993).&lt;/ref&gt; A maimakon haka, ruwa ya dade yana zama sanadin takaddama kuma daya daga cikin dalilan rikici. Rikicin ruwa yana tasowa ne saboda dalilai da dama, da suka hada da takaddamar iyakokin kasa, fafutukar neman albarkatu, da kuma moriyar dabarun yaki.&lt;ref&gt;Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research (Department of Political Science, University of Heidelberg); Conflict Barometer 2007:Crises – Wars – Coups d'État – Nagotiations – Mediations – Peace Settlements, 16th annual conflict analysis, 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

Rikicin ruwa na iya faruwa a matakin cikin gida (na kasa daya) da kuma matakin tsakanin kasashe daban-daban. Rikici tsakanin kasashe yana faruwa ne tsakanin kasashe biyu ko fiye da ke raba tushen ruwa guda daya da ya ratsa iyakokinsu, kamar kogi, teku, ko tafkin ruwan karkashin kasa. Misali, yankin Gabas Ta Tsakiya yana da kashi 1% kacal na ruwan fari na duniya wanda kashi 5% na al'ummar duniya ke rabawa, kuma galibin koramu da koguna suna ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Sutherland |first=Ben |date=March 18, 2003 |title=Water shortages 'foster terrorism' |publisher=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2859937.stm |access-date=14 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rikicin cikin gida kuma yana faruwa ne tsakanin bangarori biyu ko fiye a cikin kasa daya, kamar rikici tsakanin manoma da masu amfani da ruwa na cikin birni.

Mafi yawan rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa suna faruwa ne a kan ruwan fari saboda wadannan albarkatu suna da mahimmanci ga bukatun dan adam na yau da kullum, amma galibi suna iya yin karanci ko gurbata ko kuma rashin daidaiton rabo tsakanin masu amfani da su. Karancin ruwa yana kara rura wutar takaddamar ruwa saboda gasar neman ruwan sha, noman rani, samar da wutar lantarki da sauran bukatu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=671&amp;section=14 |title=Patp &gt; &gt; &gt; |access-date=2010-04-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010731141012/http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=671&amp;section=14 |archive-date=2001-07-31 }} Freshwater: lifeblood of the planet, accessed November 21, 2008&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake ruwan fari muhimmin albarkatun kasa ne, amma kuma rarrabuwarsa ba daidai ba ce a doron kasa, samuwarsa galibi tana tasiri ga yanayin rayuwa da tattalin arzikin kasa ko yanki. Rashin wadatar zabukan samar da ruwa masu rahusa a wurare kamar Gabas ta Tsakiya,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858e09.htm Murakami, Masahiro. 1995.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117045902/http://unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858E09.htm |date=2011-01-17 }} ''Managing Water for Peace in the Middle East: Alternative Strategies, ''New York: United Nations University Press. Accessed online November 16, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar karancin ruwa na iya sanya matsin lamba ga duk masu amfani da ruwa, ko na kamfanoni, gwamnati, ko daidaikun mutane, wanda ke kaiwa ga takaddama, kuma watakila ma a goga mashi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/] United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;
Akwai adadin rikice-rikicen ruwa da ke kara karuwa wadanda ba a warware su ba, musamman a matakin kananan hukumomi ko jihohi, kuma wadannan za su kara zama hadari yayin da ruwa ke kara karanci, canjin yanayi na canza yanayin samar da ruwa na gida, kuma al'ummar duniya ke karuwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/457] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124031150/http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/457 |date=2016-11-24 }} Brooks, Nina. &quot;Impending Water Crisis in China,&quot; Arlington Institute. Accessed November 28, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pacific Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |date=17 March 2022 |title=Water Conflicts Continue to Worsen Worldwide |url=https://pacinst.org/water-conflicts-continue-to-worsen-worldwide/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |website=Pacific Institute }}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban nau'ikan takaddamar ruwa yana sa da wuya a magance su, amma akwai dabarun rage kasadar irin wadannan takaddamar da yawa. Dokoki da yarjejeniyoyin gida da na kasa da kasa na iya taimakawa wajen inganta rabon koguna na kasa da kasa da madatsun ruwa na karkashin kasa. Ingantattun fasahohi da cibiyoyi na iya inganta wadatar ruwa da rabon ruwa a yankunan da ke fama da karancin ruwa.


== Dalilai ==

Karancin ruwa ya fi haifar da rikici a matakin gida da na shiyyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wolf |first1=Aaron T |year=2001 |title=Water and Human Security |journal=Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education |volume=118 |page=29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa wani muhimmin abu ne ga rayuwar dan adam, kuma ayyukan dan adam suna da alaka ta kusa da wadatar ruwa da ingancinsa.&lt;ref&gt;ICWE (1992). International Conference on Water and the Environment--Development Issues for the 21st Century, 26–31 January 1992, Dublin, Ireland : [http://www.ircwash.org/resources/international-conference-water-and-environment-development-issues-21st-century-26-31-0 the Dublin statement and report of the conference], Geneva, Switzerland, ICWE Secretariat, World Meteorological Organization&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa rukunin albarkatu ne mai iyaka. Rikicin ruwa yana faruwa ne saboda bukatar albarkatun ruwa da ruwan sha na iya wuce wadatar da ake da ita, ko kuma saboda ana iya takaddama a kan ikon samun dama da raba ruwa, ko kuma saboda cibiyoyin kula da ruwa ba su da karfi ko kuma babu su kwata-kwata. Abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar karancin ruwa na iya sanya matsin lamba ga bangarorin da abin ya shafa don samun Karin albarkatun ruwa da ake rabawa, wanda ke haifar da takaddamar diflomasiyya ko ma rikici na gaba-da-gaba.

Takaddama da rikice-rikice a kan ruwa yanzu suna faruwa akai-akai a matakin cikin gida, maimakon matakin kasashen duniya. Tasiri tsakanin makiyaya da manoma a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na kara karuwa. Hare-hare a kan tsarin samar da ruwa na farar hula yayin yakokin da suka fara saboda wasu dalilai daban sun karu, kamar a kasashen Yemen, Siriya, Iraki, kuma kwanan nan a kasar Yukren.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |date=2019 |title=Water as a weapon and casualty of armed conflict: A review of recent water-related violence in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen |url=https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wat2.1351 |journal=WIREs Water |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1–15 |article-number=e1351 |doi=10.1002/wat2.1351 |bibcode=2019WIRWa...6E1351G |s2cid=195514316|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |last2=Vyshnevskyi |first2=Viktor |last3=Shevchuk |first3=Serhii |date=2023 |title=Rivers and Water Systems as Weapons and Casualties of the Russia-Ukraine War. |journal=Earth's Future |volume=11 |issue=10|article-number=e2023EF003910 |doi=10.1029/2023EF003910 |bibcode=2023EaFut..1103910G |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Karancin ruwa kuma na iya rura wutar rikice-rikice da takaddamar siyasa wadanda ba ruwa ne ya janyo su kai tsaye ba. Raguwa a hankali cikin lokaci a inganci da/ko yawan ruwan fari na iya kara rashin kwanciyar hankali a yanki ta hanyar gurgunta lafiyar al'umma, hana ci gaban tattalin arziki, da kuma rura wutar manyan rikice-rikice.&lt;ref name=&quot;Postel&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Postel |first1=S. L. |last2=Wolf |first2=A. T. |year=2001 |title=Dehydrating Conflict |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/11/18/dehydrating-conflict/ |journal=Foreign Policy |volume=126 |issue=126 |pages=60–67 |doi=10.2307/3183260 |jstor=3183260|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Canjin yanayi da karuwar al'ummar duniya su ma suna haduwa wajen sanya sabbin matsin lamba ga albarkatun ruwa masu iyaka tare da kara hadarin rikicin ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=October 12, 2019|title=The Coming Wars for Water|url=https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/|website=Report Syndication}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hasashe ==
A cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata, 'yan siyasa, masana kimiyya da 'yan jarida sun sha nuna damuwa cewa takaddamar ruwa za ta zama sanadin yakoki na gaba. Kalaman da aka fi ambata sun hada da: na tsohon Ministan Harakokin Wajen kasar Masar kuma tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Boutros Boutros-Ghali, wanda ya yi hasashen cewa, &quot;Yaki na gaba a Gabas ta Tsakiya za a fafata shi ne a kan ruwa, ba siyasa ba&quot;; magajinsa a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Kofi Annan, wanda a shekarar 2001 ya ce, &quot;Gasa mai tsanani ta neman ruwan fari na iya zama sanadin rikici da yakoki a gaba,&quot; da kuma tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Bankin Duniya, Ismail Serageldin, wanda ya ce yakokin karni na gaba za su kasance ne a kan ruwa sai dai idan an sami gagarumin canji a fannin gudanarwa. Haka kuma, &quot;yanzu ana yawan cewa yakoki na gaba a Gabas ta Tsakiya sun fi karkata ga fafatawa a kan ruwa fiye da a kan mai,&quot; in ji Lester R. Brown a wani taron dandalin ruwa na Stockholm da aka yi a baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=EPI Releases - How Water Scarcity Will Shape the New Century - EPI |url=http://www.earth-policy.org/press_room/C68/stockholm_transcript |access-date=9 January 2018 |website=www.earth-policy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasashen yakokin ruwa yana da tushe ne a cikin binciken farko da aka gudanar a kan kalilan din koguna na kasa da kasa kamar Kogin Indus, Kogin Jordan da Kogin Nilu. Wadannan takamaiman koguna sun zama abin mayar da hankali ne saboda sun fuskanci takaddamar da ta shafi ruwa. Takamaiman abubuwan da aka ambata a matsayin shaida sun hada da hararin da Isra'ila ta kai wa Siriya lokacin da take kokarin karkatar da madubin Kogin Jordan, da kuma barazanar soja da Masar ta yi wa kowace kasa da ke gina madatsun ruwa a saman kogin Nilu.

Wani abun da ke kara hadarin rikicin ruwa shi ne karuwar gasar neman ruwa a yankunan da ke fama da karancin ruwa, inda bukatu na samar da ruwa don amfanin dan adam, samar da abinci, muhallin halittu da sauran amfani ke gaba-da-gaba da wadatar ruwan da ake da ita. Mummunan al'amuran ruwa kamar ambaliyar ruwa da fari su ma suna kara tsananta hadarin rikicin ruwa. Yayin da yawan jama'a da ci gaban tattalin arziki ke karuwa, bukatun ruwa ma na iya karuwa, wanda ke kara rura wutar rashin jituwa game da rabo da iko da ruwa mai iyaka a wasu yankuna ko kasashe, musamman lokacin fari, ko kuma a madatsun ruwa na kasashen duniya da ake rabawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pacific Institute&quot;/&gt;

Albarkatun ruwa da suka ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya sun fi karkata wajen zama sanadin hadin gwiwa da abokin aiki fiye da yaki. Masana kimiyya da ke aiki a International Water Management Institute sun kasance suna bincikar shaidun da ke bayan hasashen yakin ruwa. Sakamakon bincikensu ya nuna cewa, ko da yake gaskiya ne an sami rikici mai alaka da ruwa a wasu kalilan din madatsun ruwa na kasashen duniya, a sauran kusan madatsun ruwa 300 da ake rabawa a duniya, tarihin ya kasance mai kyau mafi yawancinsa. Wannan ya nuna a fili ta hanyar daruruwan yarjejeniyoyin da ke akwai wadanda ke jagorantar amfani da ruwa cikin adalci tsakanin kasashen da ke raba albarkatun ruwa. Cibiyoyin da wadannan yarjejeniyoyin suka kafa za su iya zama muhimman abubuwa wajen tabbatar da hadin gwiwa maimakon rikici.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110812233521/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org:80/Publications/Success_Stories/PDF/2010/Issue%208%20-%20Promoting_cooperation_through_effective_management_of_shared_water_resources.pdf ''Promoting cooperation through management of transboundary water resources''], Success Stories, Issue 8, 2010, IWMI&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanai da Ma'anoni ==
Wani rumbun bayanai na intanet mai fadi da kuma budaddiya na rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa — wato Water Conflict Chronology — an samar da shi ta Pacific Institute.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Conflict Chronology |url=http://worldwater.org/water-conflict/ |access-date=November 29, 2023 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan rumbun bayanai ya lissafa tasiri a kan ruwa tun kimanin shekaru 4,500 da suka gabata kuma ya hada da misalai fiye da 1900 na tasiri a kan albarkatun ruwa tare da bayanai kan kwanan wata, wuri, nau'in rikici da cikakkun majiyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |last2=Shimabuku|first2=Morgan|date=2023 |title=Water-related conflicts: definitions, data, and trends from the water conflict chronology|journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=18 |issue=3|page=034022 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/acbb8f |bibcode=2023ERL....18c4022G |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fact Sheet: Water Conflict Chronology Update |url=https://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Water-Conflict-Chronology_Fact-Sheet.pdf |access-date=June 18, 2025 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Karkashin tsarin Water Conflict Chronology, an raba rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa kamar haka:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Water Conflict Chronology |url=http://worldwater.org/water-conflict/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

*Tushen Rikici (Trigger): Ruwa a matsayin abun da ke rura wuta ko tushen rikici, inda ake samun takaddama a kan ikon sarrafa ruwa ko tsarin ruwa ko kuma inda samun damar tattalin arziki ko ta jiki ga ruwa, ko karancin ruwa, ke haifar da tasiri.
*Makami (Weapon): Ruwa a matsayin makamin rikici, inda ake amfani da albarkatun ruwa, ko tsarin ruwa da kansu, a matsayin kayan aiki ko makami a cikin rikici na tasiri.
*Abin cutarwa (Casualty): Albarkatun ruwa ko tsarin ruwa a matsayin abin cutarwa na rikici, inda albarkatun ruwa, ko tsarin ruwa, suka kasance abubuwan da aka nufa da gangan ko kuma cikin hadari don lalata su ko yi musu barna.
== Siyasa da Tattalin Arziki ==

Amfanin ruwa a matsayin albarkatun kasuwanci, wanda ya hada da kamun kifi, aikin gona, masana'antu, nishaɗi da yawon bude ido, da sauran dama, na iya haifar da takaddama ko da lokacin da samun ruwan sha ba lallai ba ne ya zama matsala. A matsayin albarkatu, wasu suna daukar ruwa a matsayin mai daraja kamar mai, wanda kusan kowace masana'antu ke bukata, kuma ana bukatarsa kusan kowace rana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080518071950/http://www.forbes.com/2008/05/13/water-electricity-industry-biz-energy-cx_bp_0514water_print.html] Pentland, William. &quot;The Water-Industrial Complex,&quot; Forbes, May 14, 2008. Accessed November 21, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Karancin ruwa na iya gurgunta masana'antu baki daya kamar yadda zai iya gurgunta al'umma, kuma yana shafar kasashen da suka ci gaba kamar yadda yake shafar kasashen da ba su da ingantaccen tsarin samar da ruwa. Masana'antu da suka dogara da ruwa sun fi fitowa fili a cikin takaddamar ruwa, amma kasuwanci a kowane mataki na iya fuskantar illa saboda rashin ruwa.

=== Kamun Kifi ===
A tarihi, sassan kamun kifi sun kasance manyan wuraren tambaya, yayin da kasashe suka fadada tare da da'awar sassan teku a matsayin yankinsu na kasuwancin kamun kifi na gida. Wasu yankuna masu riba mai yawa, kamar Tekun Bering, suna da tarihin takaddama; a shekarar 1886 Daular Biritaniya da Amurka sun yi tahaliki a kan sassan kamun kifi na kadojin teku (seals),&lt;ref&gt;The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2007, Columbia University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a yau kasar Rasha ta kewaye wani sashe na ruwan kasa da kasa da aka sani da Bering Sea Donut Hole. An warware rikici game da hanyoyin kamun kifi da samun dama ga ramin a shekarar 1995 ta hanyar wata yarjejeniya da ake kira Donut Hole Agreement.&lt;ref&gt;Dunlap, William W. The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, Volume 10, Number 1, 1995, pp. 114-135(22)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gurbacewa ===
Bukatar kamfanoni galibi tana giciye da bukatun kasuwanci masu adawa da juna, da kuma damuwar muhalli, wanda ke kaiwa ga wani nau'in takaddama. A shekarun 1960, Tafkin Erie, da kuma sauran Manyan Tafkuna (Great Lakes) sun gurbata har ta kai ga mace-macen kifi masu yawa. Al'ummomin gida sun sha wahala sosai daga mummunan ingancin ruwa har sai da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta zartar da Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa (Clean Water Act) a shekarar 1972.&lt;ref&gt;33 U.S.C. § 1251 et seq.&lt;/ref&gt;

Gurbacewar ruwa tana haifar da babban hadari ga lafiya, musamman a yankunan da ke da masana'antu da yawa da kuma yawan jama'a kamar kasar Sin. Don mayar da martani ga mummunan yanayi inda birane baki daya ba su da ruwan sha mai aminci, kasar Sin ta zartar da ingantacciyar Dokar Kare da Sarrafa Gurbacewar Ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-02/29/content_6494712.htm] China Daily, Updated February 29, 2008. Accessed November 21, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Yiwuwar ruwan da ya gurbata ya tsallaka iyakokin kasashen duniya, da kuma gurbacewar ruwa da ba a amince da ita ba a cikin kasa matsi, yana kawo tambayoyi game da hakkin dan adam, wanda ke ba da damar shigar kasashen duniya cikin batun gurbacewar ruwa. Babu wani tsari guda daya na magance takaddamar gurbacewa ta cikin gida a kasa.

== Mayar da Martani ==

=== Hadin Gwiwa ===
Ana iya tsara cibiyoyin da ke kula da iyakokin kasashen duniya don inganta hadin gwiwa, shawo kan takaddama na farko, da kuma nemo hanyoyin jurewa rashin tabbas da canjin yanayi ke haifarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2008-016.pdf |title=Share: managing Water across Boundaries |publisher=IUCN |year=2008 |isbn=978-2-8317-1029-7 |editor=Sadoff, C. |display-editors=etal |archive-date=2012-10-24 |access-date=2011-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024164900/http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2008-016.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma za a iya sanya idanu kan ingancin irin wadannan cibiyoyin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Hukumar Kogin Indus (Permanent Indus Commission) da Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus ta shekarar 1960 sun tsira daga yakoki biyu tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan duk da gaba da ke tsakanin kasashen biyu, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da zama tsari mai nasara wajen warware rikice-rikice ta hanyar samar da kyakkyawan tsarin tattaunawa, bincike, da musayar bayanai. A yanzu ne kawai aka dakatar da yarjejeniyar. Hukumar Mekong (Mekong Committee) ta yi aiki tun daga shekarar 1957 kuma ta dore har bayan Yakin Vietnam na shekarun 1955-1975. Akasin haka, rashin kwanciyar hankali na shiyya yana faruwa ne lokacin da kasashe ba su da cibiyoyin hadin gwiwa a fannin huldar shiyya, kamar tsarin kasar Masar na gina babban madatsar ruwa a kan Kogin Nilu. Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, babu wata cibiya ta duniya da ke kula da tafiyar da albarkatun ruwa da ke ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya, kuma hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa ya faru ne ta hanyar hadaka ta musamman tsakanin hukumomi, kamar Hukumar Mekong wacce ta fito sakamakon kawance tsakanin UNICEF da Hukumar Gyaran Kasa ta Amurka (US Bureau of Reclamation). Samar da cibiyoyi masu karfi na kasa da kasa ya bayyana{{original research inline|date=September 2019}} a matsayin hanyar ci gaba a gaba – suna karfafa shiga tsakani da gudanarwa da wuri,{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} tare da kauce wa hanyoyin warware takaddama masu tsada.

Yarjejeniyar ruwa-don-wutar-lantarki ta Project Prosperity tsakanin Isra'ila da Jordan,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/business/cop/israel-jordan-move-forward-with-water-for-energy-deal-2022-11-08/ | title=Israel and Jordan move forward with water-for-energy deal | newspaper=Reuters | date=8 November 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/12/16/water-for-energy-is-better-than-land-for-peace/ | title=Water-for-Energy is Better Than Land-for-Peace | date=16 December 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da hadin gwiwar Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (UAE), za ta kawo wutar lantarki da aka samar ta hanyar hasken rana daga Jordan zuwa Isra'ila, sannan Isra'ila za ta samar da ruwan teku da aka tacewa (wanda aka cire wa gishiri) ga kasar Jordan. Kasar UAE za ta taimaka wajen girka tsarin wutar lantarki na hasken rana a kasar Jordan.

Wani abu guda daya da ya saba faruwa a kusan duk takaddamar da aka warware shi ne cewa tattaunawar ta dogara ne akan tsarin &quot;dogaro da bukata&quot; maimakon tsarin &quot;dogaro da hakki&quot;. Gonakin da za a iya yin noman rani a kansu, yawan jama'a, da dabarun ayyuka ne ke bayyana &quot;bukatu&quot;. Nasarar tsarin dogaro da bukata tana bayyana ne a cikin yarjejeniyar ruwa guda daya tilo da aka taba cimma a kwarin Kogin Jordan, wacce ta mayar da hankali kan bukatu ba wai kan hakkin kasashen da ke kusa da kogin ba. A yankin kasan Indiya, bukatun noman rani na kasar Bangladesh ne ke nuna rabon ruwa na Kogin Ganges.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Tsarin shiyya na dogaro da bukata yana mayar da hankali ne wajen gamsar da daidaikun mutane da bukatarsu ta ruwa, tare da tabbatar da cewa an biya mafi karancin bukatun adadi. Wannan yana kauce wa rikicin da ke tasowa lokacin da kasashe ke kallon yarjejeniyar ta mahimman moriyar kasa kadai, kuma yana motsawa daga tsarin babu-riba-babu-rashi zuwa ga tsarin hadaka mai amfani ga kowa wanda ke raba ruwa da alfanunsa cikin adalci.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Wannan yana nufin cewa duka adalci da ingancin tsarin amfani da ruwa sun zama masu mahimmanci, musamman a lokacin karancin ruwa. Ya kamata hadakar wadannan abubuwa guda biyu na ingantaccen aiki ta faru ne a cikin tsarin dorewa wanda ke sa ci gaba da hadin gwiwa tsakanin duk masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin yanayin koyo ya zama abin bukata kwarai da gaske.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Haie|first=Naim|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bfm%3A978-981-15-6284-6%2F1.pdf|title=Transparent Water Management Theory: Sefficiency in Sequity|publisher=Springer|year=2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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[[File:Vallee_fertile_du_Nil_a_Louxor.jpg|thumb|Matakin da kasar Habasha ta dauka na cike madatsar ruwa ta Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) zai iya rage kwararar ruwan fari na Kogin Nilu da kusan kashi 25% tare da lalata gonakin kasar Masar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=27 February 2018 |title=In Africa, War Over Water Looms As Ethiopia Nears Completion Of Nile River Dam |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/02/27/589240174/in-africa-war-over-water-looms-as-ethiopia-nears-completion-of-nile-river-dam?t=1595668819363}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Rikicin ruwa''' yawanci yana nufin tasiri ko takaddama da ke da alaka da samun dama, ko iko da albarkatun ruwa, ko amfani da ruwa ko tsarin samar da ruwa a matsayin makami ko kuma zama abin cutarwa a lokacin tasiri. Kalmar ''yakin ruwa'' ana amfani da ita a kafafen yada labarai don wasu takaddama a kan ruwa, kuma mafi yawanci ta takaitu ne wajen bayyana rikici tsakanin kasashe, jahohi, ko kungiyoyi a kan hakkin samun damar yin amfani da albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allianz&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Tulloch |first=James |date=August 26, 2009 |title=Water Conflicts: Fight or Flight? |url=http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/climate_change/natural_disasters/water_conflicts.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080829171957/http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/climate_change/natural_disasters/water_conflicts.html |archive-date=2008-08-29 |access-date=14 January 2010 |publisher=Allianz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WWilson&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Kameri-Mbote |first=Patricia |date=January 2007 |title=Water, Conflict, and Cooperation: Lessons from the nile river Basin |url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue4.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Navigating Peace |publisher=Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars |issue=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706033750/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue4.pdf |archive-date=2010-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince cewa takaddamar ruwa tana tasowa ne daga sabanin bukatu na masu amfani da ruwa, na gwamnati ko na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/ United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008]&lt;/ref&gt; Kyakkyawan tsari na rikice-rikicen ruwa ya bayyana a cikin tarihi, kodayake da kyar ake fafata yakokin gargajiya a kan ruwa kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Peter Gleick, 1993. [http://www2.pacinst.org/reports/international_security_gleick_1993.pdf &quot;Water and conflict.&quot;] ''International Security'' Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 79-112 (Summer 1993).&lt;/ref&gt; A maimakon haka, ruwa ya dade yana zama sanadin takaddama kuma daya daga cikin dalilan rikici. Rikicin ruwa yana tasowa ne saboda dalilai da dama, da suka hada da takaddamar iyakokin kasa, fafutukar neman albarkatu, da kuma moriyar dabarun yaki.&lt;ref&gt;Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research (Department of Political Science, University of Heidelberg); Conflict Barometer 2007:Crises – Wars – Coups d'État – Nagotiations – Mediations – Peace Settlements, 16th annual conflict analysis, 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

Rikicin ruwa na iya faruwa a matakin cikin gida (na kasa daya) da kuma matakin tsakanin kasashe daban-daban. Rikici tsakanin kasashe yana faruwa ne tsakanin kasashe biyu ko fiye da ke raba tushen ruwa guda daya da ya ratsa iyakokinsu, kamar kogi, teku, ko tafkin ruwan karkashin kasa. Misali, yankin Gabas Ta Tsakiya yana da kashi 1% kacal na ruwan fari na duniya wanda kashi 5% na al'ummar duniya ke rabawa, kuma galibin koramu da koguna suna ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Sutherland |first=Ben |date=March 18, 2003 |title=Water shortages 'foster terrorism' |publisher=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2859937.stm |access-date=14 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rikicin cikin gida kuma yana faruwa ne tsakanin bangarori biyu ko fiye a cikin kasa daya, kamar rikici tsakanin manoma da masu amfani da ruwa na cikin birni.

Mafi yawan rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa suna faruwa ne a kan ruwan fari saboda wadannan albarkatu suna da mahimmanci ga bukatun dan adam na yau da kullum, amma galibi suna iya yin karanci ko gurbata ko kuma rashin daidaiton rabo tsakanin masu amfani da su. Karancin ruwa yana kara rura wutar takaddamar ruwa saboda gasar neman ruwan sha, noman rani, samar da wutar lantarki da sauran bukatu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=671&amp;section=14 |title=Patp &gt; &gt; &gt; |access-date=2010-04-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010731141012/http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=671&amp;section=14 |archive-date=2001-07-31 }} Freshwater: lifeblood of the planet, accessed November 21, 2008&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake ruwan fari muhimmin albarkatun kasa ne, amma kuma rarrabuwarsa ba daidai ba ce a doron kasa, samuwarsa galibi tana tasiri ga yanayin rayuwa da tattalin arzikin kasa ko yanki. Rashin wadatar zabukan samar da ruwa masu rahusa a wurare kamar Gabas ta Tsakiya,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858e09.htm Murakami, Masahiro. 1995.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117045902/http://unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858E09.htm |date=2011-01-17 }} ''Managing Water for Peace in the Middle East: Alternative Strategies, ''New York: United Nations University Press. Accessed online November 16, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar karancin ruwa na iya sanya matsin lamba ga duk masu amfani da ruwa, ko na kamfanoni, gwamnati, ko daidaikun mutane, wanda ke kaiwa ga takaddama, kuma watakila ma a goga mashi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/] United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;
Akwai adadin rikice-rikicen ruwa da ke kara karuwa wadanda ba a warware su ba, musamman a matakin kananan hukumomi ko jihohi, kuma wadannan za su kara zama hadari yayin da ruwa ke kara karanci, canjin yanayi na canza yanayin samar da ruwa na gida, kuma al'ummar duniya ke karuwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/457] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124031150/http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/457 |date=2016-11-24 }} Brooks, Nina. &quot;Impending Water Crisis in China,&quot; Arlington Institute. Accessed November 28, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pacific Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |date=17 March 2022 |title=Water Conflicts Continue to Worsen Worldwide |url=https://pacinst.org/water-conflicts-continue-to-worsen-worldwide/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |website=Pacific Institute }}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban nau'ikan takaddamar ruwa yana sa da wuya a magance su, amma akwai dabarun rage kasadar irin wadannan takaddamar da yawa. Dokoki da yarjejeniyoyin gida da na kasa da kasa na iya taimakawa wajen inganta rabon koguna na kasa da kasa da madatsun ruwa na karkashin kasa. Ingantattun fasahohi da cibiyoyi na iya inganta wadatar ruwa da rabon ruwa a yankunan da ke fama da karancin ruwa.


== Dalilai ==

Karancin ruwa ya fi haifar da rikici a matakin gida da na shiyyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wolf |first1=Aaron T |year=2001 |title=Water and Human Security |journal=Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education |volume=118 |page=29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa wani muhimmin abu ne ga rayuwar dan adam, kuma ayyukan dan adam suna da alaka ta kusa da wadatar ruwa da ingancinsa.&lt;ref&gt;ICWE (1992). International Conference on Water and the Environment--Development Issues for the 21st Century, 26–31 January 1992, Dublin, Ireland : [http://www.ircwash.org/resources/international-conference-water-and-environment-development-issues-21st-century-26-31-0 the Dublin statement and report of the conference], Geneva, Switzerland, ICWE Secretariat, World Meteorological Organization&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa rukunin albarkatu ne mai iyaka. Rikicin ruwa yana faruwa ne saboda bukatar albarkatun ruwa da ruwan sha na iya wuce wadatar da ake da ita, ko kuma saboda ana iya takaddama a kan ikon samun dama da raba ruwa, ko kuma saboda cibiyoyin kula da ruwa ba su da karfi ko kuma babu su kwata-kwata. Abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar karancin ruwa na iya sanya matsin lamba ga bangarorin da abin ya shafa don samun Karin albarkatun ruwa da ake rabawa, wanda ke haifar da takaddamar diflomasiyya ko ma rikici na gaba-da-gaba.

Takaddama da rikice-rikice a kan ruwa yanzu suna faruwa akai-akai a matakin cikin gida, maimakon matakin kasashen duniya. Tasiri tsakanin makiyaya da manoma a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na kara karuwa. Hare-hare a kan tsarin samar da ruwa na farar hula yayin yakokin da suka fara saboda wasu dalilai daban sun karu, kamar a kasashen Yemen, Siriya, Iraki, kuma kwanan nan a kasar Yukren.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |date=2019 |title=Water as a weapon and casualty of armed conflict: A review of recent water-related violence in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen |url=https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wat2.1351 |journal=WIREs Water |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1–15 |article-number=e1351 |doi=10.1002/wat2.1351 |bibcode=2019WIRWa...6E1351G |s2cid=195514316|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |last2=Vyshnevskyi |first2=Viktor |last3=Shevchuk |first3=Serhii |date=2023 |title=Rivers and Water Systems as Weapons and Casualties of the Russia-Ukraine War. |journal=Earth's Future |volume=11 |issue=10|article-number=e2023EF003910 |doi=10.1029/2023EF003910 |bibcode=2023EaFut..1103910G |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Karancin ruwa kuma na iya rura wutar rikice-rikice da takaddamar siyasa wadanda ba ruwa ne ya janyo su kai tsaye ba. Raguwa a hankali cikin lokaci a inganci da/ko yawan ruwan fari na iya kara rashin kwanciyar hankali a yanki ta hanyar gurgunta lafiyar al'umma, hana ci gaban tattalin arziki, da kuma rura wutar manyan rikice-rikice.&lt;ref name=&quot;Postel&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Postel |first1=S. L. |last2=Wolf |first2=A. T. |year=2001 |title=Dehydrating Conflict |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/11/18/dehydrating-conflict/ |journal=Foreign Policy |volume=126 |issue=126 |pages=60–67 |doi=10.2307/3183260 |jstor=3183260|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Canjin yanayi da karuwar al'ummar duniya su ma suna haduwa wajen sanya sabbin matsin lamba ga albarkatun ruwa masu iyaka tare da kara hadarin rikicin ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=October 12, 2019|title=The Coming Wars for Water|url=https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/|website=Report Syndication}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hasashe ==
A cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata, 'yan siyasa, masana kimiyya da 'yan jarida sun sha nuna damuwa cewa takaddamar ruwa za ta zama sanadin yakoki na gaba. Kalaman da aka fi ambata sun hada da: na tsohon Ministan Harakokin Wajen kasar Masar kuma tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Boutros Boutros-Ghali, wanda ya yi hasashen cewa, &quot;Yaki na gaba a Gabas ta Tsakiya za a fafata shi ne a kan ruwa, ba siyasa ba&quot;; magajinsa a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Kofi Annan, wanda a shekarar 2001 ya ce, &quot;Gasa mai tsanani ta neman ruwan fari na iya zama sanadin rikici da yakoki a gaba,&quot; da kuma tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Bankin Duniya, Ismail Serageldin, wanda ya ce yakokin karni na gaba za su kasance ne a kan ruwa sai dai idan an sami gagarumin canji a fannin gudanarwa. Haka kuma, &quot;yanzu ana yawan cewa yakoki na gaba a Gabas ta Tsakiya sun fi karkata ga fafatawa a kan ruwa fiye da a kan mai,&quot; in ji Lester R. Brown a wani taron dandalin ruwa na Stockholm da aka yi a baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=EPI Releases - How Water Scarcity Will Shape the New Century - EPI |url=http://www.earth-policy.org/press_room/C68/stockholm_transcript |access-date=9 January 2018 |website=www.earth-policy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasashen yakokin ruwa yana da tushe ne a cikin binciken farko da aka gudanar a kan kalilan din koguna na kasa da kasa kamar Kogin Indus, Kogin Jordan da Kogin Nilu. Wadannan takamaiman koguna sun zama abin mayar da hankali ne saboda sun fuskanci takaddamar da ta shafi ruwa. Takamaiman abubuwan da aka ambata a matsayin shaida sun hada da hararin da Isra'ila ta kai wa Siriya lokacin da take kokarin karkatar da madubin Kogin Jordan, da kuma barazanar soja da Masar ta yi wa kowace kasa da ke gina madatsun ruwa a saman kogin Nilu.

Wani abun da ke kara hadarin rikicin ruwa shi ne karuwar gasar neman ruwa a yankunan da ke fama da karancin ruwa, inda bukatu na samar da ruwa don amfanin dan adam, samar da abinci, muhallin halittu da sauran amfani ke gaba-da-gaba da wadatar ruwan da ake da ita. Mummunan al'amuran ruwa kamar ambaliyar ruwa da fari su ma suna kara tsananta hadarin rikicin ruwa. Yayin da yawan jama'a da ci gaban tattalin arziki ke karuwa, bukatun ruwa ma na iya karuwa, wanda ke kara rura wutar rashin jituwa game da rabo da iko da ruwa mai iyaka a wasu yankuna ko kasashe, musamman lokacin fari, ko kuma a madatsun ruwa na kasashen duniya da ake rabawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pacific Institute&quot;/&gt;

Albarkatun ruwa da suka ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya sun fi karkata wajen zama sanadin hadin gwiwa da abokin aiki fiye da yaki. Masana kimiyya da ke aiki a International Water Management Institute sun kasance suna bincikar shaidun da ke bayan hasashen yakin ruwa. Sakamakon bincikensu ya nuna cewa, ko da yake gaskiya ne an sami rikici mai alaka da ruwa a wasu kalilan din madatsun ruwa na kasashen duniya, a sauran kusan madatsun ruwa 300 da ake rabawa a duniya, tarihin ya kasance mai kyau mafi yawancinsa. Wannan ya nuna a fili ta hanyar daruruwan yarjejeniyoyin da ke akwai wadanda ke jagorantar amfani da ruwa cikin adalci tsakanin kasashen da ke raba albarkatun ruwa. Cibiyoyin da wadannan yarjejeniyoyin suka kafa za su iya zama muhimman abubuwa wajen tabbatar da hadin gwiwa maimakon rikici.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110812233521/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org:80/Publications/Success_Stories/PDF/2010/Issue%208%20-%20Promoting_cooperation_through_effective_management_of_shared_water_resources.pdf ''Promoting cooperation through management of transboundary water resources''], Success Stories, Issue 8, 2010, IWMI&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanai da Ma'anoni ==
Wani rumbun bayanai na intanet mai fadi da kuma budaddiya na rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa — wato Water Conflict Chronology — an samar da shi ta Pacific Institute.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Conflict Chronology |url=http://worldwater.org/water-conflict/ |access-date=November 29, 2023 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan rumbun bayanai ya lissafa tasiri a kan ruwa tun kimanin shekaru 4,500 da suka gabata kuma ya hada da misalai fiye da 1900 na tasiri a kan albarkatun ruwa tare da bayanai kan kwanan wata, wuri, nau'in rikici da cikakkun majiyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |last2=Shimabuku|first2=Morgan|date=2023 |title=Water-related conflicts: definitions, data, and trends from the water conflict chronology|journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=18 |issue=3|page=034022 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/acbb8f |bibcode=2023ERL....18c4022G |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fact Sheet: Water Conflict Chronology Update |url=https://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Water-Conflict-Chronology_Fact-Sheet.pdf |access-date=June 18, 2025 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Karkashin tsarin Water Conflict Chronology, an raba rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa kamar haka:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Water Conflict Chronology |url=http://worldwater.org/water-conflict/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

*Tushen Rikici (Trigger): Ruwa a matsayin abun da ke rura wuta ko tushen rikici, inda ake samun takaddama a kan ikon sarrafa ruwa ko tsarin ruwa ko kuma inda samun damar tattalin arziki ko ta jiki ga ruwa, ko karancin ruwa, ke haifar da tasiri.
*Makami (Weapon): Ruwa a matsayin makamin rikici, inda ake amfani da albarkatun ruwa, ko tsarin ruwa da kansu, a matsayin kayan aiki ko makami a cikin rikici na tasiri.
*Abin cutarwa (Casualty): Albarkatun ruwa ko tsarin ruwa a matsayin abin cutarwa na rikici, inda albarkatun ruwa, ko tsarin ruwa, suka kasance abubuwan da aka nufa da gangan ko kuma cikin hadari don lalata su ko yi musu barna.
== Siyasa da Tattalin Arziki ==

Amfanin ruwa a matsayin albarkatun kasuwanci, wanda ya hada da kamun kifi, aikin gona, masana'antu, nishaɗi da yawon bude ido, da sauran dama, na iya haifar da takaddama ko da lokacin da samun ruwan sha ba lallai ba ne ya zama matsala. A matsayin albarkatu, wasu suna daukar ruwa a matsayin mai daraja kamar mai, wanda kusan kowace masana'antu ke bukata, kuma ana bukatarsa kusan kowace rana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080518071950/http://www.forbes.com/2008/05/13/water-electricity-industry-biz-energy-cx_bp_0514water_print.html] Pentland, William. &quot;The Water-Industrial Complex,&quot; Forbes, May 14, 2008. Accessed November 21, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Karancin ruwa na iya gurgunta masana'antu baki daya kamar yadda zai iya gurgunta al'umma, kuma yana shafar kasashen da suka ci gaba kamar yadda yake shafar kasashen da ba su da ingantaccen tsarin samar da ruwa. Masana'antu da suka dogara da ruwa sun fi fitowa fili a cikin takaddamar ruwa, amma kasuwanci a kowane mataki na iya fuskantar illa saboda rashin ruwa.

=== Kamun Kifi ===
A tarihi, sassan kamun kifi sun kasance manyan wuraren tambaya, yayin da kasashe suka fadada tare da da'awar sassan teku a matsayin yankinsu na kasuwancin kamun kifi na gida. Wasu yankuna masu riba mai yawa, kamar Tekun Bering, suna da tarihin takaddama; a shekarar 1886 Daular Biritaniya da Amurka sun yi tahaliki a kan sassan kamun kifi na kadojin teku (seals),&lt;ref&gt;The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2007, Columbia University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a yau kasar Rasha ta kewaye wani sashe na ruwan kasa da kasa da aka sani da Bering Sea Donut Hole. An warware rikici game da hanyoyin kamun kifi da samun dama ga ramin a shekarar 1995 ta hanyar wata yarjejeniya da ake kira Donut Hole Agreement.&lt;ref&gt;Dunlap, William W. The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, Volume 10, Number 1, 1995, pp. 114-135(22)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gurbacewa ===
Bukatar kamfanoni galibi tana giciye da bukatun kasuwanci masu adawa da juna, da kuma damuwar muhalli, wanda ke kaiwa ga wani nau'in takaddama. A shekarun 1960, Tafkin Erie, da kuma sauran Manyan Tafkuna (Great Lakes) sun gurbata har ta kai ga mace-macen kifi masu yawa. Al'ummomin gida sun sha wahala sosai daga mummunan ingancin ruwa har sai da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta zartar da Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa (Clean Water Act) a shekarar 1972.&lt;ref&gt;33 U.S.C. § 1251 et seq.&lt;/ref&gt;

Gurbacewar ruwa tana haifar da babban hadari ga lafiya, musamman a yankunan da ke da masana'antu da yawa da kuma yawan jama'a kamar kasar Sin. Don mayar da martani ga mummunan yanayi inda birane baki daya ba su da ruwan sha mai aminci, kasar Sin ta zartar da ingantacciyar Dokar Kare da Sarrafa Gurbacewar Ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-02/29/content_6494712.htm] China Daily, Updated February 29, 2008. Accessed November 21, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Yiwuwar ruwan da ya gurbata ya tsallaka iyakokin kasashen duniya, da kuma gurbacewar ruwa da ba a amince da ita ba a cikin kasa matsi, yana kawo tambayoyi game da hakkin dan adam, wanda ke ba da damar shigar kasashen duniya cikin batun gurbacewar ruwa. Babu wani tsari guda daya na magance takaddamar gurbacewa ta cikin gida a kasa.

== Mayar da Martani ==

=== Hadin Gwiwa ===
Ana iya tsara cibiyoyin da ke kula da iyakokin kasashen duniya don inganta hadin gwiwa, shawo kan takaddama na farko, da kuma nemo hanyoyin jurewa rashin tabbas da canjin yanayi ke haifarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2008-016.pdf |title=Share: managing Water across Boundaries |publisher=IUCN |year=2008 |isbn=978-2-8317-1029-7 |editor=Sadoff, C. |display-editors=etal |archive-date=2012-10-24 |access-date=2011-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024164900/http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2008-016.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma za a iya sanya idanu kan ingancin irin wadannan cibiyoyin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Hukumar Kogin Indus (Permanent Indus Commission) da Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus ta shekarar 1960 sun tsira daga yakoki biyu tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan duk da gaba da ke tsakanin kasashen biyu, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da zama tsari mai nasara wajen warware rikice-rikice ta hanyar samar da kyakkyawan tsarin tattaunawa, bincike, da musayar bayanai. A yanzu ne kawai aka dakatar da yarjejeniyar. Hukumar Mekong (Mekong Committee) ta yi aiki tun daga shekarar 1957 kuma ta dore har bayan Yakin Vietnam na shekarun 1955-1975. Akasin haka, rashin kwanciyar hankali na shiyya yana faruwa ne lokacin da kasashe ba su da cibiyoyin hadin gwiwa a fannin huldar shiyya, kamar tsarin kasar Masar na gina babban madatsar ruwa a kan Kogin Nilu. Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, babu wata cibiya ta duniya da ke kula da tafiyar da albarkatun ruwa da ke ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya, kuma hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa ya faru ne ta hanyar hadaka ta musamman tsakanin hukumomi, kamar Hukumar Mekong wacce ta fito sakamakon kawance tsakanin UNICEF da Hukumar Gyaran Kasa ta Amurka (US Bureau of Reclamation). Samar da cibiyoyi masu karfi na kasa da kasa ya bayyana{{original research inline|date=September 2019}} a matsayin hanyar ci gaba a gaba – suna karfafa shiga tsakani da gudanarwa da wuri,{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} tare da kauce wa hanyoyin warware takaddama masu tsada.

Yarjejeniyar ruwa-don-wutar-lantarki ta Project Prosperity tsakanin Isra'ila da Jordan,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/business/cop/israel-jordan-move-forward-with-water-for-energy-deal-2022-11-08/ | title=Israel and Jordan move forward with water-for-energy deal | newspaper=Reuters | date=8 November 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/12/16/water-for-energy-is-better-than-land-for-peace/ | title=Water-for-Energy is Better Than Land-for-Peace | date=16 December 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da hadin gwiwar Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (UAE), za ta kawo wutar lantarki da aka samar ta hanyar hasken rana daga Jordan zuwa Isra'ila, sannan Isra'ila za ta samar da ruwan teku da aka tacewa (wanda aka cire wa gishiri) ga kasar Jordan. Kasar UAE za ta taimaka wajen girka tsarin wutar lantarki na hasken rana a kasar Jordan.

Wani abu guda daya da ya saba faruwa a kusan duk takaddamar da aka warware shi ne cewa tattaunawar ta dogara ne akan tsarin &quot;dogaro da bukata&quot; maimakon tsarin &quot;dogaro da hakki&quot;. Gonakin da za a iya yin noman rani a kansu, yawan jama'a, da dabarun ayyuka ne ke bayyana &quot;bukatu&quot;. Nasarar tsarin dogaro da bukata tana bayyana ne a cikin yarjejeniyar ruwa guda daya tilo da aka taba cimma a kwarin Kogin Jordan, wacce ta mayar da hankali kan bukatu ba wai kan hakkin kasashen da ke kusa da kogin ba. A yankin kasan Indiya, bukatun noman rani na kasar Bangladesh ne ke nuna rabon ruwa na Kogin Ganges.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Tsarin shiyya na dogaro da bukata yana mayar da hankali ne wajen gamsar da daidaikun mutane da bukatarsu ta ruwa, tare da tabbatar da cewa an biya mafi karancin bukatun adadi. Wannan yana kauce wa rikicin da ke tasowa lokacin da kasashe ke kallon yarjejeniyar ta mahimman moriyar kasa kadai, kuma yana motsawa daga tsarin babu-riba-babu-rashi zuwa ga tsarin hadaka mai amfani ga kowa wanda ke raba ruwa da alfanunsa cikin adalci.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Wannan yana nufin cewa duka adalci da ingancin tsarin amfani da ruwa sun zama masu mahimmanci, musamman a lokacin karancin ruwa. Ya kamata hadakar wadannan abubuwa guda biyu na ingantaccen aiki ta faru ne a cikin tsarin dorewa wanda ke sa ci gaba da hadin gwiwa tsakanin duk masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin yanayin koyo ya zama abin bukata kwarai da gaske.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Haie|first=Naim|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bfm%3A978-981-15-6284-6%2F1.pdf|title=Transparent Water Management Theory: Sefficiency in Sequity|publisher=Springer|year=2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dorewar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ===
Tsarin Blue Peace wanda Strategic Foresight Group ta samar tare da hadin gwiwar gwamnatocin kasashen Switzerland da Sweden yana ba da tsarin manufofi na musamman wanda ke inganta dorewar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa tare da hadin gwiwa don samar da zaman lafiya. Ta hanyar amfani da mafi kyawun albarkatun ruwa da ake rabawa ta hanyar hadin gwiwa maimakon rabo kawai tsakanin kasashe, damar samun zaman lafiya na iya karuwa.&lt;ref&gt;''Turkish Review'', March 2013&lt;/ref&gt;{{request quotation|date=September 2019}} Tsarin na Blue Peace ya nuna tasiri mai kyau (misali) a Gabas ta Tsakiya&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Strategic Foresight Group - Anticipating and Influencing Global Future |url=http://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/40595Blue+Peace_Middle+East.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831104124/http://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/40595Blue+Peace_Middle+East.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2018 |access-date=31 August 2018 |website=www.strategicforesight.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.deza.admin.ch/en/Home/Projects/Selected_projects/Water_management_and_peace_promotion_in_the_Middle_East eda.base.components.templates.base.accessKeys] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130926053611/http://www.deza.admin.ch/en/Home/Projects/Selected_projects/Water_management_and_peace_promotion_in_the_Middle_East|date=26 September 2013}}. Deza.admin.ch. Retrieved on 2015-11-24.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma kwarin Kogin Nilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 September 2013 |title=Blue Peace: New Solution for Averting Water Wars in the Nile Basin - Yahoo Finance |work=Yahoo Finance |url=http://finance.yahoo.com/news/blue-peace-solution-averting-water-040000860.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928122750/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/blue-peace-solution-averting-water-040000860.html |archive-date=28 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Shirye-shirye na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ====
Dandalin Ruwan Karkashin Kasa na UN UNESCO-IHP yana da nufin taimakawa wajen inganta fahimtar albarkatun ruwa da kuma karfafa ingantaccen gudanar da ruwa. Amma ya zuwa yanzu, shirin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mafi karsashi wajen warware takaddamar ruwa shi ne shirin Potential Conflict to Co-operation Potential (PCCP), wanda ke a mataki na uku na aikinsa, yana horar da kwararrun fannin ruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da kuma tsara ayyukan ilmantarwa a wasu wurare.&lt;ref name=&quot;IHP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=UNESCO-IHP Groundwater Portal |date=19 December 2014 |url=https://groundwaterportal.net/project/pccp |access-date=2019-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyoyin da shirin ya mayar da hankali a kansu sun hada da jami'an diflomasiyya, masu yin dokoki, kungiyoyin farar hula, da daliban da ke nazarin fannin ruwa; ta hanyar fadada ilimi kan takaddamar ruwa, yana fatan karfafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashe wajen tunkarar rikice-rikice.

Hukumar UNESCO ta wallafa taswirar madatsun ruwan karkashin kasa da ke ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 22, 2008 |title=UNESCO publishes first world map of underground transboundary aquifers |url=http://portal.unesco.org//en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D43767&amp;URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025095526/http://portal.unesco.org//en/ev.php-URL_ID=43767&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html |archive-date=October 25, 2008 |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukan ilimi da suka mayar da hankali kan takaddamar ruwa har yanzu ba su samar da daidaitacciyar hanya ta shiga tsakani ga takaddamar kasa da kasa ba, balle ma ta cikin gida. Amma UNESCO tana da kyakkyawan fata game da makomar gaba yayin da rikice-rikicen ruwa ke kara fitowa fili ga jama'a, kuma yayin da karuwar tsananin matsalar ke sanya masu taurin kai yin tunani na gari.

=== Shiga Tsakani na Kungiyoyin Kasa da Kasa ===

Kungiyoyin kasa da kasa suna taka rawar gani sosai wajen shiga tsakani a takaddamar ruwa da kuma inganta gudanar da ruwa. Daga kokarin kimiyya na auna gurbacewar ruwa, zuwa kokarin Kungiyar Cin Kiki ta Duniya (World Trade Organization) na warware takaddamar cin kiki tsakanin kasashe, ana iya magance nau'ikan takaddamar ruwa da dama ta hanyar tsare-tsare da cibiyoyin da ke akwai a yanzu.</text>
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[[File:Vallee_fertile_du_Nil_a_Louxor.jpg|thumb|Matakin da kasar Habasha ta dauka na cike madatsar ruwa ta Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) zai iya rage kwararar ruwan fari na Kogin Nilu da kusan kashi 25% tare da lalata gonakin kasar Masar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=27 February 2018 |title=In Africa, War Over Water Looms As Ethiopia Nears Completion Of Nile River Dam |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/02/27/589240174/in-africa-war-over-water-looms-as-ethiopia-nears-completion-of-nile-river-dam?t=1595668819363}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Rikicin ruwa''' yawanci yana nufin tasiri ko takaddama da ke da alaka da samun dama, ko iko da albarkatun ruwa, ko amfani da ruwa ko tsarin samar da ruwa a matsayin makami ko kuma zama abin cutarwa a lokacin tasiri. Kalmar ''yakin ruwa'' ana amfani da ita a kafafen yada labarai don wasu takaddama a kan ruwa, kuma mafi yawanci ta takaitu ne wajen bayyana rikici tsakanin kasashe, jahohi, ko kungiyoyi a kan hakkin samun damar yin amfani da albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allianz&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Tulloch |first=James |date=August 26, 2009 |title=Water Conflicts: Fight or Flight? |url=http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/climate_change/natural_disasters/water_conflicts.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080829171957/http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/climate_change/natural_disasters/water_conflicts.html |archive-date=2008-08-29 |access-date=14 January 2010 |publisher=Allianz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WWilson&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Kameri-Mbote |first=Patricia |date=January 2007 |title=Water, Conflict, and Cooperation: Lessons from the nile river Basin |url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue4.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Navigating Peace |publisher=Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars |issue=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706033750/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue4.pdf |archive-date=2010-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince cewa takaddamar ruwa tana tasowa ne daga sabanin bukatu na masu amfani da ruwa, na gwamnati ko na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/ United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008]&lt;/ref&gt; Kyakkyawan tsari na rikice-rikicen ruwa ya bayyana a cikin tarihi, kodayake da kyar ake fafata yakokin gargajiya a kan ruwa kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Peter Gleick, 1993. [http://www2.pacinst.org/reports/international_security_gleick_1993.pdf &quot;Water and conflict.&quot;] ''International Security'' Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 79-112 (Summer 1993).&lt;/ref&gt; A maimakon haka, ruwa ya dade yana zama sanadin takaddama kuma daya daga cikin dalilan rikici. Rikicin ruwa yana tasowa ne saboda dalilai da dama, da suka hada da takaddamar iyakokin kasa, fafutukar neman albarkatu, da kuma moriyar dabarun yaki.&lt;ref&gt;Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research (Department of Political Science, University of Heidelberg); Conflict Barometer 2007:Crises – Wars – Coups d'État – Nagotiations – Mediations – Peace Settlements, 16th annual conflict analysis, 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

Rikicin ruwa na iya faruwa a matakin cikin gida (na kasa daya) da kuma matakin tsakanin kasashe daban-daban. Rikici tsakanin kasashe yana faruwa ne tsakanin kasashe biyu ko fiye da ke raba tushen ruwa guda daya da ya ratsa iyakokinsu, kamar kogi, teku, ko tafkin ruwan karkashin kasa. Misali, yankin Gabas Ta Tsakiya yana da kashi 1% kacal na ruwan fari na duniya wanda kashi 5% na al'ummar duniya ke rabawa, kuma galibin koramu da koguna suna ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Sutherland |first=Ben |date=March 18, 2003 |title=Water shortages 'foster terrorism' |publisher=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2859937.stm |access-date=14 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rikicin cikin gida kuma yana faruwa ne tsakanin bangarori biyu ko fiye a cikin kasa daya, kamar rikici tsakanin manoma da masu amfani da ruwa na cikin birni.

Mafi yawan rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa suna faruwa ne a kan ruwan fari saboda wadannan albarkatu suna da mahimmanci ga bukatun dan adam na yau da kullum, amma galibi suna iya yin karanci ko gurbata ko kuma rashin daidaiton rabo tsakanin masu amfani da su. Karancin ruwa yana kara rura wutar takaddamar ruwa saboda gasar neman ruwan sha, noman rani, samar da wutar lantarki da sauran bukatu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=671&amp;section=14 |title=Patp &gt; &gt; &gt; |access-date=2010-04-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010731141012/http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=671&amp;section=14 |archive-date=2001-07-31 }} Freshwater: lifeblood of the planet, accessed November 21, 2008&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake ruwan fari muhimmin albarkatun kasa ne, amma kuma rarrabuwarsa ba daidai ba ce a doron kasa, samuwarsa galibi tana tasiri ga yanayin rayuwa da tattalin arzikin kasa ko yanki. Rashin wadatar zabukan samar da ruwa masu rahusa a wurare kamar Gabas ta Tsakiya,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858e09.htm Murakami, Masahiro. 1995.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117045902/http://unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858E09.htm |date=2011-01-17 }} ''Managing Water for Peace in the Middle East: Alternative Strategies, ''New York: United Nations University Press. Accessed online November 16, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar karancin ruwa na iya sanya matsin lamba ga duk masu amfani da ruwa, ko na kamfanoni, gwamnati, ko daidaikun mutane, wanda ke kaiwa ga takaddama, kuma watakila ma a goga mashi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/] United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;
Akwai adadin rikice-rikicen ruwa da ke kara karuwa wadanda ba a warware su ba, musamman a matakin kananan hukumomi ko jihohi, kuma wadannan za su kara zama hadari yayin da ruwa ke kara karanci, canjin yanayi na canza yanayin samar da ruwa na gida, kuma al'ummar duniya ke karuwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/457] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124031150/http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/457 |date=2016-11-24 }} Brooks, Nina. &quot;Impending Water Crisis in China,&quot; Arlington Institute. Accessed November 28, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pacific Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |date=17 March 2022 |title=Water Conflicts Continue to Worsen Worldwide |url=https://pacinst.org/water-conflicts-continue-to-worsen-worldwide/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |website=Pacific Institute }}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban nau'ikan takaddamar ruwa yana sa da wuya a magance su, amma akwai dabarun rage kasadar irin wadannan takaddamar da yawa. Dokoki da yarjejeniyoyin gida da na kasa da kasa na iya taimakawa wajen inganta rabon koguna na kasa da kasa da madatsun ruwa na karkashin kasa. Ingantattun fasahohi da cibiyoyi na iya inganta wadatar ruwa da rabon ruwa a yankunan da ke fama da karancin ruwa.


== Dalilai ==

Karancin ruwa ya fi haifar da rikici a matakin gida da na shiyyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wolf |first1=Aaron T |year=2001 |title=Water and Human Security |journal=Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education |volume=118 |page=29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa wani muhimmin abu ne ga rayuwar dan adam, kuma ayyukan dan adam suna da alaka ta kusa da wadatar ruwa da ingancinsa.&lt;ref&gt;ICWE (1992). International Conference on Water and the Environment--Development Issues for the 21st Century, 26–31 January 1992, Dublin, Ireland : [http://www.ircwash.org/resources/international-conference-water-and-environment-development-issues-21st-century-26-31-0 the Dublin statement and report of the conference], Geneva, Switzerland, ICWE Secretariat, World Meteorological Organization&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa rukunin albarkatu ne mai iyaka. Rikicin ruwa yana faruwa ne saboda bukatar albarkatun ruwa da ruwan sha na iya wuce wadatar da ake da ita, ko kuma saboda ana iya takaddama a kan ikon samun dama da raba ruwa, ko kuma saboda cibiyoyin kula da ruwa ba su da karfi ko kuma babu su kwata-kwata. Abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar karancin ruwa na iya sanya matsin lamba ga bangarorin da abin ya shafa don samun Karin albarkatun ruwa da ake rabawa, wanda ke haifar da takaddamar diflomasiyya ko ma rikici na gaba-da-gaba.

Takaddama da rikice-rikice a kan ruwa yanzu suna faruwa akai-akai a matakin cikin gida, maimakon matakin kasashen duniya. Tasiri tsakanin makiyaya da manoma a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na kara karuwa. Hare-hare a kan tsarin samar da ruwa na farar hula yayin yakokin da suka fara saboda wasu dalilai daban sun karu, kamar a kasashen Yemen, Siriya, Iraki, kuma kwanan nan a kasar Yukren.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |date=2019 |title=Water as a weapon and casualty of armed conflict: A review of recent water-related violence in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen |url=https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wat2.1351 |journal=WIREs Water |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1–15 |article-number=e1351 |doi=10.1002/wat2.1351 |bibcode=2019WIRWa...6E1351G |s2cid=195514316|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |last2=Vyshnevskyi |first2=Viktor |last3=Shevchuk |first3=Serhii |date=2023 |title=Rivers and Water Systems as Weapons and Casualties of the Russia-Ukraine War. |journal=Earth's Future |volume=11 |issue=10|article-number=e2023EF003910 |doi=10.1029/2023EF003910 |bibcode=2023EaFut..1103910G |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Karancin ruwa kuma na iya rura wutar rikice-rikice da takaddamar siyasa wadanda ba ruwa ne ya janyo su kai tsaye ba. Raguwa a hankali cikin lokaci a inganci da/ko yawan ruwan fari na iya kara rashin kwanciyar hankali a yanki ta hanyar gurgunta lafiyar al'umma, hana ci gaban tattalin arziki, da kuma rura wutar manyan rikice-rikice.&lt;ref name=&quot;Postel&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Postel |first1=S. L. |last2=Wolf |first2=A. T. |year=2001 |title=Dehydrating Conflict |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/11/18/dehydrating-conflict/ |journal=Foreign Policy |volume=126 |issue=126 |pages=60–67 |doi=10.2307/3183260 |jstor=3183260|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Canjin yanayi da karuwar al'ummar duniya su ma suna haduwa wajen sanya sabbin matsin lamba ga albarkatun ruwa masu iyaka tare da kara hadarin rikicin ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=October 12, 2019|title=The Coming Wars for Water|url=https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/|website=Report Syndication}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hasashe ==
A cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata, 'yan siyasa, masana kimiyya da 'yan jarida sun sha nuna damuwa cewa takaddamar ruwa za ta zama sanadin yakoki na gaba. Kalaman da aka fi ambata sun hada da: na tsohon Ministan Harakokin Wajen kasar Masar kuma tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Boutros Boutros-Ghali, wanda ya yi hasashen cewa, &quot;Yaki na gaba a Gabas ta Tsakiya za a fafata shi ne a kan ruwa, ba siyasa ba&quot;; magajinsa a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Kofi Annan, wanda a shekarar 2001 ya ce, &quot;Gasa mai tsanani ta neman ruwan fari na iya zama sanadin rikici da yakoki a gaba,&quot; da kuma tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Bankin Duniya, Ismail Serageldin, wanda ya ce yakokin karni na gaba za su kasance ne a kan ruwa sai dai idan an sami gagarumin canji a fannin gudanarwa. Haka kuma, &quot;yanzu ana yawan cewa yakoki na gaba a Gabas ta Tsakiya sun fi karkata ga fafatawa a kan ruwa fiye da a kan mai,&quot; in ji Lester R. Brown a wani taron dandalin ruwa na Stockholm da aka yi a baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=EPI Releases - How Water Scarcity Will Shape the New Century - EPI |url=http://www.earth-policy.org/press_room/C68/stockholm_transcript |access-date=9 January 2018 |website=www.earth-policy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasashen yakokin ruwa yana da tushe ne a cikin binciken farko da aka gudanar a kan kalilan din koguna na kasa da kasa kamar Kogin Indus, Kogin Jordan da Kogin Nilu. Wadannan takamaiman koguna sun zama abin mayar da hankali ne saboda sun fuskanci takaddamar da ta shafi ruwa. Takamaiman abubuwan da aka ambata a matsayin shaida sun hada da hararin da Isra'ila ta kai wa Siriya lokacin da take kokarin karkatar da madubin Kogin Jordan, da kuma barazanar soja da Masar ta yi wa kowace kasa da ke gina madatsun ruwa a saman kogin Nilu.

Wani abun da ke kara hadarin rikicin ruwa shi ne karuwar gasar neman ruwa a yankunan da ke fama da karancin ruwa, inda bukatu na samar da ruwa don amfanin dan adam, samar da abinci, muhallin halittu da sauran amfani ke gaba-da-gaba da wadatar ruwan da ake da ita. Mummunan al'amuran ruwa kamar ambaliyar ruwa da fari su ma suna kara tsananta hadarin rikicin ruwa. Yayin da yawan jama'a da ci gaban tattalin arziki ke karuwa, bukatun ruwa ma na iya karuwa, wanda ke kara rura wutar rashin jituwa game da rabo da iko da ruwa mai iyaka a wasu yankuna ko kasashe, musamman lokacin fari, ko kuma a madatsun ruwa na kasashen duniya da ake rabawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pacific Institute&quot;/&gt;

Albarkatun ruwa da suka ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya sun fi karkata wajen zama sanadin hadin gwiwa da abokin aiki fiye da yaki. Masana kimiyya da ke aiki a International Water Management Institute sun kasance suna bincikar shaidun da ke bayan hasashen yakin ruwa. Sakamakon bincikensu ya nuna cewa, ko da yake gaskiya ne an sami rikici mai alaka da ruwa a wasu kalilan din madatsun ruwa na kasashen duniya, a sauran kusan madatsun ruwa 300 da ake rabawa a duniya, tarihin ya kasance mai kyau mafi yawancinsa. Wannan ya nuna a fili ta hanyar daruruwan yarjejeniyoyin da ke akwai wadanda ke jagorantar amfani da ruwa cikin adalci tsakanin kasashen da ke raba albarkatun ruwa. Cibiyoyin da wadannan yarjejeniyoyin suka kafa za su iya zama muhimman abubuwa wajen tabbatar da hadin gwiwa maimakon rikici.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110812233521/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org:80/Publications/Success_Stories/PDF/2010/Issue%208%20-%20Promoting_cooperation_through_effective_management_of_shared_water_resources.pdf ''Promoting cooperation through management of transboundary water resources''], Success Stories, Issue 8, 2010, IWMI&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanai da Ma'anoni ==
Wani rumbun bayanai na intanet mai fadi da kuma budaddiya na rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa — wato Water Conflict Chronology — an samar da shi ta Pacific Institute.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Conflict Chronology |url=http://worldwater.org/water-conflict/ |access-date=November 29, 2023 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan rumbun bayanai ya lissafa tasiri a kan ruwa tun kimanin shekaru 4,500 da suka gabata kuma ya hada da misalai fiye da 1900 na tasiri a kan albarkatun ruwa tare da bayanai kan kwanan wata, wuri, nau'in rikici da cikakkun majiyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |last2=Shimabuku|first2=Morgan|date=2023 |title=Water-related conflicts: definitions, data, and trends from the water conflict chronology|journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=18 |issue=3|page=034022 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/acbb8f |bibcode=2023ERL....18c4022G |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fact Sheet: Water Conflict Chronology Update |url=https://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Water-Conflict-Chronology_Fact-Sheet.pdf |access-date=June 18, 2025 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Karkashin tsarin Water Conflict Chronology, an raba rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa kamar haka:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Water Conflict Chronology |url=http://worldwater.org/water-conflict/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

*Tushen Rikici (Trigger): Ruwa a matsayin abun da ke rura wuta ko tushen rikici, inda ake samun takaddama a kan ikon sarrafa ruwa ko tsarin ruwa ko kuma inda samun damar tattalin arziki ko ta jiki ga ruwa, ko karancin ruwa, ke haifar da tasiri.
*Makami (Weapon): Ruwa a matsayin makamin rikici, inda ake amfani da albarkatun ruwa, ko tsarin ruwa da kansu, a matsayin kayan aiki ko makami a cikin rikici na tasiri.
*Abin cutarwa (Casualty): Albarkatun ruwa ko tsarin ruwa a matsayin abin cutarwa na rikici, inda albarkatun ruwa, ko tsarin ruwa, suka kasance abubuwan da aka nufa da gangan ko kuma cikin hadari don lalata su ko yi musu barna.
== Siyasa da Tattalin Arziki ==

Amfanin ruwa a matsayin albarkatun kasuwanci, wanda ya hada da kamun kifi, aikin gona, masana'antu, nishaɗi da yawon bude ido, da sauran dama, na iya haifar da takaddama ko da lokacin da samun ruwan sha ba lallai ba ne ya zama matsala. A matsayin albarkatu, wasu suna daukar ruwa a matsayin mai daraja kamar mai, wanda kusan kowace masana'antu ke bukata, kuma ana bukatarsa kusan kowace rana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080518071950/http://www.forbes.com/2008/05/13/water-electricity-industry-biz-energy-cx_bp_0514water_print.html] Pentland, William. &quot;The Water-Industrial Complex,&quot; Forbes, May 14, 2008. Accessed November 21, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Karancin ruwa na iya gurgunta masana'antu baki daya kamar yadda zai iya gurgunta al'umma, kuma yana shafar kasashen da suka ci gaba kamar yadda yake shafar kasashen da ba su da ingantaccen tsarin samar da ruwa. Masana'antu da suka dogara da ruwa sun fi fitowa fili a cikin takaddamar ruwa, amma kasuwanci a kowane mataki na iya fuskantar illa saboda rashin ruwa.

=== Kamun Kifi ===
A tarihi, sassan kamun kifi sun kasance manyan wuraren tambaya, yayin da kasashe suka fadada tare da da'awar sassan teku a matsayin yankinsu na kasuwancin kamun kifi na gida. Wasu yankuna masu riba mai yawa, kamar Tekun Bering, suna da tarihin takaddama; a shekarar 1886 Daular Biritaniya da Amurka sun yi tahaliki a kan sassan kamun kifi na kadojin teku (seals),&lt;ref&gt;The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2007, Columbia University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a yau kasar Rasha ta kewaye wani sashe na ruwan kasa da kasa da aka sani da Bering Sea Donut Hole. An warware rikici game da hanyoyin kamun kifi da samun dama ga ramin a shekarar 1995 ta hanyar wata yarjejeniya da ake kira Donut Hole Agreement.&lt;ref&gt;Dunlap, William W. The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, Volume 10, Number 1, 1995, pp. 114-135(22)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gurbacewa ===
Bukatar kamfanoni galibi tana giciye da bukatun kasuwanci masu adawa da juna, da kuma damuwar muhalli, wanda ke kaiwa ga wani nau'in takaddama. A shekarun 1960, Tafkin Erie, da kuma sauran Manyan Tafkuna (Great Lakes) sun gurbata har ta kai ga mace-macen kifi masu yawa. Al'ummomin gida sun sha wahala sosai daga mummunan ingancin ruwa har sai da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta zartar da Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa (Clean Water Act) a shekarar 1972.&lt;ref&gt;33 U.S.C. § 1251 et seq.&lt;/ref&gt;

Gurbacewar ruwa tana haifar da babban hadari ga lafiya, musamman a yankunan da ke da masana'antu da yawa da kuma yawan jama'a kamar kasar Sin. Don mayar da martani ga mummunan yanayi inda birane baki daya ba su da ruwan sha mai aminci, kasar Sin ta zartar da ingantacciyar Dokar Kare da Sarrafa Gurbacewar Ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-02/29/content_6494712.htm] China Daily, Updated February 29, 2008. Accessed November 21, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Yiwuwar ruwan da ya gurbata ya tsallaka iyakokin kasashen duniya, da kuma gurbacewar ruwa da ba a amince da ita ba a cikin kasa matsi, yana kawo tambayoyi game da hakkin dan adam, wanda ke ba da damar shigar kasashen duniya cikin batun gurbacewar ruwa. Babu wani tsari guda daya na magance takaddamar gurbacewa ta cikin gida a kasa.

== Mayar da Martani ==

=== Hadin Gwiwa ===
Ana iya tsara cibiyoyin da ke kula da iyakokin kasashen duniya don inganta hadin gwiwa, shawo kan takaddama na farko, da kuma nemo hanyoyin jurewa rashin tabbas da canjin yanayi ke haifarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2008-016.pdf |title=Share: managing Water across Boundaries |publisher=IUCN |year=2008 |isbn=978-2-8317-1029-7 |editor=Sadoff, C. |display-editors=etal |archive-date=2012-10-24 |access-date=2011-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024164900/http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2008-016.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma za a iya sanya idanu kan ingancin irin wadannan cibiyoyin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Hukumar Kogin Indus (Permanent Indus Commission) da Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus ta shekarar 1960 sun tsira daga yakoki biyu tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan duk da gaba da ke tsakanin kasashen biyu, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da zama tsari mai nasara wajen warware rikice-rikice ta hanyar samar da kyakkyawan tsarin tattaunawa, bincike, da musayar bayanai. A yanzu ne kawai aka dakatar da yarjejeniyar. Hukumar Mekong (Mekong Committee) ta yi aiki tun daga shekarar 1957 kuma ta dore har bayan Yakin Vietnam na shekarun 1955-1975. Akasin haka, rashin kwanciyar hankali na shiyya yana faruwa ne lokacin da kasashe ba su da cibiyoyin hadin gwiwa a fannin huldar shiyya, kamar tsarin kasar Masar na gina babban madatsar ruwa a kan Kogin Nilu. Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, babu wata cibiya ta duniya da ke kula da tafiyar da albarkatun ruwa da ke ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya, kuma hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa ya faru ne ta hanyar hadaka ta musamman tsakanin hukumomi, kamar Hukumar Mekong wacce ta fito sakamakon kawance tsakanin UNICEF da Hukumar Gyaran Kasa ta Amurka (US Bureau of Reclamation). Samar da cibiyoyi masu karfi na kasa da kasa ya bayyana{{original research inline|date=September 2019}} a matsayin hanyar ci gaba a gaba – suna karfafa shiga tsakani da gudanarwa da wuri,{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} tare da kauce wa hanyoyin warware takaddama masu tsada.

Yarjejeniyar ruwa-don-wutar-lantarki ta Project Prosperity tsakanin Isra'ila da Jordan,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/business/cop/israel-jordan-move-forward-with-water-for-energy-deal-2022-11-08/ | title=Israel and Jordan move forward with water-for-energy deal | newspaper=Reuters | date=8 November 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/12/16/water-for-energy-is-better-than-land-for-peace/ | title=Water-for-Energy is Better Than Land-for-Peace | date=16 December 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da hadin gwiwar Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (UAE), za ta kawo wutar lantarki da aka samar ta hanyar hasken rana daga Jordan zuwa Isra'ila, sannan Isra'ila za ta samar da ruwan teku da aka tacewa (wanda aka cire wa gishiri) ga kasar Jordan. Kasar UAE za ta taimaka wajen girka tsarin wutar lantarki na hasken rana a kasar Jordan.

Wani abu guda daya da ya saba faruwa a kusan duk takaddamar da aka warware shi ne cewa tattaunawar ta dogara ne akan tsarin &quot;dogaro da bukata&quot; maimakon tsarin &quot;dogaro da hakki&quot;. Gonakin da za a iya yin noman rani a kansu, yawan jama'a, da dabarun ayyuka ne ke bayyana &quot;bukatu&quot;. Nasarar tsarin dogaro da bukata tana bayyana ne a cikin yarjejeniyar ruwa guda daya tilo da aka taba cimma a kwarin Kogin Jordan, wacce ta mayar da hankali kan bukatu ba wai kan hakkin kasashen da ke kusa da kogin ba. A yankin kasan Indiya, bukatun noman rani na kasar Bangladesh ne ke nuna rabon ruwa na Kogin Ganges.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Tsarin shiyya na dogaro da bukata yana mayar da hankali ne wajen gamsar da daidaikun mutane da bukatarsu ta ruwa, tare da tabbatar da cewa an biya mafi karancin bukatun adadi. Wannan yana kauce wa rikicin da ke tasowa lokacin da kasashe ke kallon yarjejeniyar ta mahimman moriyar kasa kadai, kuma yana motsawa daga tsarin babu-riba-babu-rashi zuwa ga tsarin hadaka mai amfani ga kowa wanda ke raba ruwa da alfanunsa cikin adalci.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Wannan yana nufin cewa duka adalci da ingancin tsarin amfani da ruwa sun zama masu mahimmanci, musamman a lokacin karancin ruwa. Ya kamata hadakar wadannan abubuwa guda biyu na ingantaccen aiki ta faru ne a cikin tsarin dorewa wanda ke sa ci gaba da hadin gwiwa tsakanin duk masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin yanayin koyo ya zama abin bukata kwarai da gaske.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Haie|first=Naim|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bfm%3A978-981-15-6284-6%2F1.pdf|title=Transparent Water Management Theory: Sefficiency in Sequity|publisher=Springer|year=2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dorewar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ===
Tsarin Blue Peace wanda Strategic Foresight Group ta samar tare da hadin gwiwar gwamnatocin kasashen Switzerland da Sweden yana ba da tsarin manufofi na musamman wanda ke inganta dorewar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa tare da hadin gwiwa don samar da zaman lafiya. Ta hanyar amfani da mafi kyawun albarkatun ruwa da ake rabawa ta hanyar hadin gwiwa maimakon rabo kawai tsakanin kasashe, damar samun zaman lafiya na iya karuwa.&lt;ref&gt;''Turkish Review'', March 2013&lt;/ref&gt;{{request quotation|date=September 2019}} Tsarin na Blue Peace ya nuna tasiri mai kyau (misali) a Gabas ta Tsakiya&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Strategic Foresight Group - Anticipating and Influencing Global Future |url=http://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/40595Blue+Peace_Middle+East.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831104124/http://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/40595Blue+Peace_Middle+East.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2018 |access-date=31 August 2018 |website=www.strategicforesight.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.deza.admin.ch/en/Home/Projects/Selected_projects/Water_management_and_peace_promotion_in_the_Middle_East eda.base.components.templates.base.accessKeys] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130926053611/http://www.deza.admin.ch/en/Home/Projects/Selected_projects/Water_management_and_peace_promotion_in_the_Middle_East|date=26 September 2013}}. Deza.admin.ch. Retrieved on 2015-11-24.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma kwarin Kogin Nilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 September 2013 |title=Blue Peace: New Solution for Averting Water Wars in the Nile Basin - Yahoo Finance |work=Yahoo Finance |url=http://finance.yahoo.com/news/blue-peace-solution-averting-water-040000860.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928122750/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/blue-peace-solution-averting-water-040000860.html |archive-date=28 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Shirye-shirye na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ====
Dandalin Ruwan Karkashin Kasa na UN UNESCO-IHP yana da nufin taimakawa wajen inganta fahimtar albarkatun ruwa da kuma karfafa ingantaccen gudanar da ruwa. Amma ya zuwa yanzu, shirin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mafi karsashi wajen warware takaddamar ruwa shi ne shirin Potential Conflict to Co-operation Potential (PCCP), wanda ke a mataki na uku na aikinsa, yana horar da kwararrun fannin ruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da kuma tsara ayyukan ilmantarwa a wasu wurare.&lt;ref name=&quot;IHP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=UNESCO-IHP Groundwater Portal |date=19 December 2014 |url=https://groundwaterportal.net/project/pccp |access-date=2019-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyoyin da shirin ya mayar da hankali a kansu sun hada da jami'an diflomasiyya, masu yin dokoki, kungiyoyin farar hula, da daliban da ke nazarin fannin ruwa; ta hanyar fadada ilimi kan takaddamar ruwa, yana fatan karfafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashe wajen tunkarar rikice-rikice.

Hukumar UNESCO ta wallafa taswirar madatsun ruwan karkashin kasa da ke ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 22, 2008 |title=UNESCO publishes first world map of underground transboundary aquifers |url=http://portal.unesco.org//en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D43767&amp;URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025095526/http://portal.unesco.org//en/ev.php-URL_ID=43767&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html |archive-date=October 25, 2008 |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukan ilimi da suka mayar da hankali kan takaddamar ruwa har yanzu ba su samar da daidaitacciyar hanya ta shiga tsakani ga takaddamar kasa da kasa ba, balle ma ta cikin gida. Amma UNESCO tana da kyakkyawan fata game da makomar gaba yayin da rikice-rikicen ruwa ke kara fitowa fili ga jama'a, kuma yayin da karuwar tsananin matsalar ke sanya masu taurin kai yin tunani na gari.

=== Shiga Tsakani na Kungiyoyin Kasa da Kasa ===

Kungiyoyin kasa da kasa suna taka rawar gani sosai wajen shiga tsakani a takaddamar ruwa da kuma inganta gudanar da ruwa. Daga kokarin kimiyya na auna gurbacewar ruwa, zuwa kokarin Kungiyar Cin Kiki ta Duniya (World Trade Organization) na warware takaddamar cin kiki tsakanin kasashe, ana iya magance nau'ikan takaddamar ruwa da dama ta hanyar tsare-tsare da cibiyoyin da ke akwai a yanzu.

Kungiyar Cin Kiki ta Duniya (WTO) tana iya shiga tsakani a takaddamar ruwa da kasashe mambobinta suka gabatar lokacin da takaddamar ta kasance ta dabi'ar kasuwanci ce. Hukumar WTO tana da wasu kungiyoyi na musamman, kamar Cibiyar Kamun Kifi (Fisheries Center), wadanda ke aiki don sanya idanu da kuma yanke hukunci kan shari'o'in da suka dace, kodayake ba ita ce hukuma ta karshe a kan rikicin albarkatun ruwa ba.

Duk da haka, rikicin ruwa da ke faruwa a cikin gida, da kuma rikicin da mai yiwuwa ba na kasuwanci ba ne baki daya, ka iya zama maras dacewa ga shiga tsakanin WTO.

Saboda ruwa yana da matukar muhimmanci ga cin kikin kayan gona, takaddamar ruwa na iya kasancewa a fakaice cikin shari'o'in WTO ta hanyar &quot;ruwan fargaba&quot; (virtual water),&lt;ref&gt;Morrisette, Jason J. and Douglas A. Borer. &quot;Where Oil and Water Do Mix: Environmental Scarcity and Future Conflict in the Middle East and North Africa.&quot; Parameters, Vol. 34, Winter 2004 pp 94-96.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://kluwerlawonline.com/api/Product/CitationPDFURL?file=Journals%5CTRAD%5CTRAD2013042.pdf|title=Water Footprint and the Law of WTO|first=Piotr|last=Szwedo|date=December 1, 2013|journal=Journal of World Trade|volume=47|issue=6|pages=1259–1284 |doi=10.54648/TRAD2013042 |s2cid=150576275 |via=kluwerlawonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; wato ruwan da ake amfani da shi wajen samar da kayayyaki da ayyuka amma ba a yin cin kikinsa kai tsaye tsakanin kasashe. Kasashen da ke da mafi kyawun samun damar samar da ruwa na iya yin rawar gani sosai ta fannin tattalin arziki fiye da wadanda ke fuskantar matsala, wanda hakan ke haifar da yiwuwar rikici. Sakamakon bacin rai da tallafin aikin gona ke haifarwa wanda ke korar amfanin gonakin gida, kasashen da ke fuskantar karancin ruwa suna kai kararrakinsu ga WTO.

Hukumar WTO tana taka rawa sosai a takaddamar da ta dogara da aikin gona wadanda ke da alaka da rikici a kan takamaiman hanyoyin ruwa. Duk da haka, tana samar da muhimmin tsari wanda ke tsara yadda ruwa zai taka rawa a takaddamar tattalin arziki na gaba. Wata makarantar tunani tana goyon bayan ra'ayin yakin ruwa, wanda shi ne matakin karshe na takaddamar ruwa da ba a warware ba—karancin albarkatun ruwa tare da matsin lamba na karuwar al'umma cikin sauri na iya wuce ikon WTO na kiyaye tsari mai kyau a cikin al'amuran cin kiki.&lt;ref&gt;Morrisette, p. 99&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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[[File:Vallee_fertile_du_Nil_a_Louxor.jpg|thumb|Matakin da kasar Habasha ta dauka na cike madatsar ruwa ta Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) zai iya rage kwararar ruwan fari na Kogin Nilu da kusan kashi 25% tare da lalata gonakin kasar Masar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=27 February 2018 |title=In Africa, War Over Water Looms As Ethiopia Nears Completion Of Nile River Dam |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/02/27/589240174/in-africa-war-over-water-looms-as-ethiopia-nears-completion-of-nile-river-dam?t=1595668819363}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Rikicin ruwa''' yawanci yana nufin tasiri ko takaddama da ke da alaka da samun dama, ko iko da albarkatun ruwa, ko amfani da ruwa ko tsarin samar da ruwa a matsayin makami ko kuma zama abin cutarwa a lokacin tasiri. Kalmar ''yakin ruwa'' ana amfani da ita a kafafen yada labarai don wasu takaddama a kan ruwa, kuma mafi yawanci ta takaitu ne wajen bayyana rikici tsakanin kasashe, jahohi, ko kungiyoyi a kan hakkin samun damar yin amfani da albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allianz&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Tulloch |first=James |date=August 26, 2009 |title=Water Conflicts: Fight or Flight? |url=http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/climate_change/natural_disasters/water_conflicts.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080829171957/http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/climate_change/natural_disasters/water_conflicts.html |archive-date=2008-08-29 |access-date=14 January 2010 |publisher=Allianz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WWilson&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Kameri-Mbote |first=Patricia |date=January 2007 |title=Water, Conflict, and Cooperation: Lessons from the nile river Basin |url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue4.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Navigating Peace |publisher=Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars |issue=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706033750/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue4.pdf |archive-date=2010-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince cewa takaddamar ruwa tana tasowa ne daga sabanin bukatu na masu amfani da ruwa, na gwamnati ko na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/ United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008]&lt;/ref&gt; Kyakkyawan tsari na rikice-rikicen ruwa ya bayyana a cikin tarihi, kodayake da kyar ake fafata yakokin gargajiya a kan ruwa kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Peter Gleick, 1993. [http://www2.pacinst.org/reports/international_security_gleick_1993.pdf &quot;Water and conflict.&quot;] ''International Security'' Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 79-112 (Summer 1993).&lt;/ref&gt; A maimakon haka, ruwa ya dade yana zama sanadin takaddama kuma daya daga cikin dalilan rikici. Rikicin ruwa yana tasowa ne saboda dalilai da dama, da suka hada da takaddamar iyakokin kasa, fafutukar neman albarkatu, da kuma moriyar dabarun yaki.&lt;ref&gt;Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research (Department of Political Science, University of Heidelberg); Conflict Barometer 2007:Crises – Wars – Coups d'État – Nagotiations – Mediations – Peace Settlements, 16th annual conflict analysis, 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

Rikicin ruwa na iya faruwa a matakin cikin gida (na kasa daya) da kuma matakin tsakanin kasashe daban-daban. Rikici tsakanin kasashe yana faruwa ne tsakanin kasashe biyu ko fiye da ke raba tushen ruwa guda daya da ya ratsa iyakokinsu, kamar kogi, teku, ko tafkin ruwan karkashin kasa. Misali, yankin Gabas Ta Tsakiya yana da kashi 1% kacal na ruwan fari na duniya wanda kashi 5% na al'ummar duniya ke rabawa, kuma galibin koramu da koguna suna ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Sutherland |first=Ben |date=March 18, 2003 |title=Water shortages 'foster terrorism' |publisher=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2859937.stm |access-date=14 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rikicin cikin gida kuma yana faruwa ne tsakanin bangarori biyu ko fiye a cikin kasa daya, kamar rikici tsakanin manoma da masu amfani da ruwa na cikin birni.

Mafi yawan rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa suna faruwa ne a kan ruwan fari saboda wadannan albarkatu suna da mahimmanci ga bukatun dan adam na yau da kullum, amma galibi suna iya yin karanci ko gurbata ko kuma rashin daidaiton rabo tsakanin masu amfani da su. Karancin ruwa yana kara rura wutar takaddamar ruwa saboda gasar neman ruwan sha, noman rani, samar da wutar lantarki da sauran bukatu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=671&amp;section=14 |title=Patp &gt; &gt; &gt; |access-date=2010-04-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010731141012/http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=671&amp;section=14 |archive-date=2001-07-31 }} Freshwater: lifeblood of the planet, accessed November 21, 2008&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake ruwan fari muhimmin albarkatun kasa ne, amma kuma rarrabuwarsa ba daidai ba ce a doron kasa, samuwarsa galibi tana tasiri ga yanayin rayuwa da tattalin arzikin kasa ko yanki. Rashin wadatar zabukan samar da ruwa masu rahusa a wurare kamar Gabas ta Tsakiya,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858e09.htm Murakami, Masahiro. 1995.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117045902/http://unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858E09.htm |date=2011-01-17 }} ''Managing Water for Peace in the Middle East: Alternative Strategies, ''New York: United Nations University Press. Accessed online November 16, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar karancin ruwa na iya sanya matsin lamba ga duk masu amfani da ruwa, ko na kamfanoni, gwamnati, ko daidaikun mutane, wanda ke kaiwa ga takaddama, kuma watakila ma a goga mashi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/] United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;
Akwai adadin rikice-rikicen ruwa da ke kara karuwa wadanda ba a warware su ba, musamman a matakin kananan hukumomi ko jihohi, kuma wadannan za su kara zama hadari yayin da ruwa ke kara karanci, canjin yanayi na canza yanayin samar da ruwa na gida, kuma al'ummar duniya ke karuwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/457] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124031150/http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/457 |date=2016-11-24 }} Brooks, Nina. &quot;Impending Water Crisis in China,&quot; Arlington Institute. Accessed November 28, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pacific Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |date=17 March 2022 |title=Water Conflicts Continue to Worsen Worldwide |url=https://pacinst.org/water-conflicts-continue-to-worsen-worldwide/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |website=Pacific Institute }}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban nau'ikan takaddamar ruwa yana sa da wuya a magance su, amma akwai dabarun rage kasadar irin wadannan takaddamar da yawa. Dokoki da yarjejeniyoyin gida da na kasa da kasa na iya taimakawa wajen inganta rabon koguna na kasa da kasa da madatsun ruwa na karkashin kasa. Ingantattun fasahohi da cibiyoyi na iya inganta wadatar ruwa da rabon ruwa a yankunan da ke fama da karancin ruwa.


== Dalilai ==

Karancin ruwa ya fi haifar da rikici a matakin gida da na shiyyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wolf |first1=Aaron T |year=2001 |title=Water and Human Security |journal=Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education |volume=118 |page=29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa wani muhimmin abu ne ga rayuwar dan adam, kuma ayyukan dan adam suna da alaka ta kusa da wadatar ruwa da ingancinsa.&lt;ref&gt;ICWE (1992). International Conference on Water and the Environment--Development Issues for the 21st Century, 26–31 January 1992, Dublin, Ireland : [http://www.ircwash.org/resources/international-conference-water-and-environment-development-issues-21st-century-26-31-0 the Dublin statement and report of the conference], Geneva, Switzerland, ICWE Secretariat, World Meteorological Organization&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa rukunin albarkatu ne mai iyaka. Rikicin ruwa yana faruwa ne saboda bukatar albarkatun ruwa da ruwan sha na iya wuce wadatar da ake da ita, ko kuma saboda ana iya takaddama a kan ikon samun dama da raba ruwa, ko kuma saboda cibiyoyin kula da ruwa ba su da karfi ko kuma babu su kwata-kwata. Abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar karancin ruwa na iya sanya matsin lamba ga bangarorin da abin ya shafa don samun Karin albarkatun ruwa da ake rabawa, wanda ke haifar da takaddamar diflomasiyya ko ma rikici na gaba-da-gaba.

Takaddama da rikice-rikice a kan ruwa yanzu suna faruwa akai-akai a matakin cikin gida, maimakon matakin kasashen duniya. Tasiri tsakanin makiyaya da manoma a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na kara karuwa. Hare-hare a kan tsarin samar da ruwa na farar hula yayin yakokin da suka fara saboda wasu dalilai daban sun karu, kamar a kasashen Yemen, Siriya, Iraki, kuma kwanan nan a kasar Yukren.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |date=2019 |title=Water as a weapon and casualty of armed conflict: A review of recent water-related violence in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen |url=https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wat2.1351 |journal=WIREs Water |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1–15 |article-number=e1351 |doi=10.1002/wat2.1351 |bibcode=2019WIRWa...6E1351G |s2cid=195514316|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |last2=Vyshnevskyi |first2=Viktor |last3=Shevchuk |first3=Serhii |date=2023 |title=Rivers and Water Systems as Weapons and Casualties of the Russia-Ukraine War. |journal=Earth's Future |volume=11 |issue=10|article-number=e2023EF003910 |doi=10.1029/2023EF003910 |bibcode=2023EaFut..1103910G |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Karancin ruwa kuma na iya rura wutar rikice-rikice da takaddamar siyasa wadanda ba ruwa ne ya janyo su kai tsaye ba. Raguwa a hankali cikin lokaci a inganci da/ko yawan ruwan fari na iya kara rashin kwanciyar hankali a yanki ta hanyar gurgunta lafiyar al'umma, hana ci gaban tattalin arziki, da kuma rura wutar manyan rikice-rikice.&lt;ref name=&quot;Postel&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Postel |first1=S. L. |last2=Wolf |first2=A. T. |year=2001 |title=Dehydrating Conflict |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/11/18/dehydrating-conflict/ |journal=Foreign Policy |volume=126 |issue=126 |pages=60–67 |doi=10.2307/3183260 |jstor=3183260|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Canjin yanayi da karuwar al'ummar duniya su ma suna haduwa wajen sanya sabbin matsin lamba ga albarkatun ruwa masu iyaka tare da kara hadarin rikicin ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=October 12, 2019|title=The Coming Wars for Water|url=https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/|website=Report Syndication}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hasashe ==
A cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata, 'yan siyasa, masana kimiyya da 'yan jarida sun sha nuna damuwa cewa takaddamar ruwa za ta zama sanadin yakoki na gaba. Kalaman da aka fi ambata sun hada da: na tsohon Ministan Harakokin Wajen kasar Masar kuma tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Boutros Boutros-Ghali, wanda ya yi hasashen cewa, &quot;Yaki na gaba a Gabas ta Tsakiya za a fafata shi ne a kan ruwa, ba siyasa ba&quot;; magajinsa a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Kofi Annan, wanda a shekarar 2001 ya ce, &quot;Gasa mai tsanani ta neman ruwan fari na iya zama sanadin rikici da yakoki a gaba,&quot; da kuma tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Bankin Duniya, Ismail Serageldin, wanda ya ce yakokin karni na gaba za su kasance ne a kan ruwa sai dai idan an sami gagarumin canji a fannin gudanarwa. Haka kuma, &quot;yanzu ana yawan cewa yakoki na gaba a Gabas ta Tsakiya sun fi karkata ga fafatawa a kan ruwa fiye da a kan mai,&quot; in ji Lester R. Brown a wani taron dandalin ruwa na Stockholm da aka yi a baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=EPI Releases - How Water Scarcity Will Shape the New Century - EPI |url=http://www.earth-policy.org/press_room/C68/stockholm_transcript |access-date=9 January 2018 |website=www.earth-policy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasashen yakokin ruwa yana da tushe ne a cikin binciken farko da aka gudanar a kan kalilan din koguna na kasa da kasa kamar Kogin Indus, Kogin Jordan da Kogin Nilu. Wadannan takamaiman koguna sun zama abin mayar da hankali ne saboda sun fuskanci takaddamar da ta shafi ruwa. Takamaiman abubuwan da aka ambata a matsayin shaida sun hada da hararin da Isra'ila ta kai wa Siriya lokacin da take kokarin karkatar da madubin Kogin Jordan, da kuma barazanar soja da Masar ta yi wa kowace kasa da ke gina madatsun ruwa a saman kogin Nilu.

Wani abun da ke kara hadarin rikicin ruwa shi ne karuwar gasar neman ruwa a yankunan da ke fama da karancin ruwa, inda bukatu na samar da ruwa don amfanin dan adam, samar da abinci, muhallin halittu da sauran amfani ke gaba-da-gaba da wadatar ruwan da ake da ita. Mummunan al'amuran ruwa kamar ambaliyar ruwa da fari su ma suna kara tsananta hadarin rikicin ruwa. Yayin da yawan jama'a da ci gaban tattalin arziki ke karuwa, bukatun ruwa ma na iya karuwa, wanda ke kara rura wutar rashin jituwa game da rabo da iko da ruwa mai iyaka a wasu yankuna ko kasashe, musamman lokacin fari, ko kuma a madatsun ruwa na kasashen duniya da ake rabawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pacific Institute&quot;/&gt;

Albarkatun ruwa da suka ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya sun fi karkata wajen zama sanadin hadin gwiwa da abokin aiki fiye da yaki. Masana kimiyya da ke aiki a International Water Management Institute sun kasance suna bincikar shaidun da ke bayan hasashen yakin ruwa. Sakamakon bincikensu ya nuna cewa, ko da yake gaskiya ne an sami rikici mai alaka da ruwa a wasu kalilan din madatsun ruwa na kasashen duniya, a sauran kusan madatsun ruwa 300 da ake rabawa a duniya, tarihin ya kasance mai kyau mafi yawancinsa. Wannan ya nuna a fili ta hanyar daruruwan yarjejeniyoyin da ke akwai wadanda ke jagorantar amfani da ruwa cikin adalci tsakanin kasashen da ke raba albarkatun ruwa. Cibiyoyin da wadannan yarjejeniyoyin suka kafa za su iya zama muhimman abubuwa wajen tabbatar da hadin gwiwa maimakon rikici.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110812233521/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org:80/Publications/Success_Stories/PDF/2010/Issue%208%20-%20Promoting_cooperation_through_effective_management_of_shared_water_resources.pdf ''Promoting cooperation through management of transboundary water resources''], Success Stories, Issue 8, 2010, IWMI&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanai da Ma'anoni ==
Wani rumbun bayanai na intanet mai fadi da kuma budaddiya na rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa — wato Water Conflict Chronology — an samar da shi ta Pacific Institute.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Conflict Chronology |url=http://worldwater.org/water-conflict/ |access-date=November 29, 2023 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan rumbun bayanai ya lissafa tasiri a kan ruwa tun kimanin shekaru 4,500 da suka gabata kuma ya hada da misalai fiye da 1900 na tasiri a kan albarkatun ruwa tare da bayanai kan kwanan wata, wuri, nau'in rikici da cikakkun majiyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |last2=Shimabuku|first2=Morgan|date=2023 |title=Water-related conflicts: definitions, data, and trends from the water conflict chronology|journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=18 |issue=3|page=034022 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/acbb8f |bibcode=2023ERL....18c4022G |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fact Sheet: Water Conflict Chronology Update |url=https://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Water-Conflict-Chronology_Fact-Sheet.pdf |access-date=June 18, 2025 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Karkashin tsarin Water Conflict Chronology, an raba rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa kamar haka:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Water Conflict Chronology |url=http://worldwater.org/water-conflict/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

*Tushen Rikici (Trigger): Ruwa a matsayin abun da ke rura wuta ko tushen rikici, inda ake samun takaddama a kan ikon sarrafa ruwa ko tsarin ruwa ko kuma inda samun damar tattalin arziki ko ta jiki ga ruwa, ko karancin ruwa, ke haifar da tasiri.
*Makami (Weapon): Ruwa a matsayin makamin rikici, inda ake amfani da albarkatun ruwa, ko tsarin ruwa da kansu, a matsayin kayan aiki ko makami a cikin rikici na tasiri.
*Abin cutarwa (Casualty): Albarkatun ruwa ko tsarin ruwa a matsayin abin cutarwa na rikici, inda albarkatun ruwa, ko tsarin ruwa, suka kasance abubuwan da aka nufa da gangan ko kuma cikin hadari don lalata su ko yi musu barna.
== Siyasa da Tattalin Arziki ==

Amfanin ruwa a matsayin albarkatun kasuwanci, wanda ya hada da kamun kifi, aikin gona, masana'antu, nishaɗi da yawon bude ido, da sauran dama, na iya haifar da takaddama ko da lokacin da samun ruwan sha ba lallai ba ne ya zama matsala. A matsayin albarkatu, wasu suna daukar ruwa a matsayin mai daraja kamar mai, wanda kusan kowace masana'antu ke bukata, kuma ana bukatarsa kusan kowace rana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080518071950/http://www.forbes.com/2008/05/13/water-electricity-industry-biz-energy-cx_bp_0514water_print.html] Pentland, William. &quot;The Water-Industrial Complex,&quot; Forbes, May 14, 2008. Accessed November 21, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Karancin ruwa na iya gurgunta masana'antu baki daya kamar yadda zai iya gurgunta al'umma, kuma yana shafar kasashen da suka ci gaba kamar yadda yake shafar kasashen da ba su da ingantaccen tsarin samar da ruwa. Masana'antu da suka dogara da ruwa sun fi fitowa fili a cikin takaddamar ruwa, amma kasuwanci a kowane mataki na iya fuskantar illa saboda rashin ruwa.

=== Kamun Kifi ===
A tarihi, sassan kamun kifi sun kasance manyan wuraren tambaya, yayin da kasashe suka fadada tare da da'awar sassan teku a matsayin yankinsu na kasuwancin kamun kifi na gida. Wasu yankuna masu riba mai yawa, kamar Tekun Bering, suna da tarihin takaddama; a shekarar 1886 Daular Biritaniya da Amurka sun yi tahaliki a kan sassan kamun kifi na kadojin teku (seals),&lt;ref&gt;The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2007, Columbia University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a yau kasar Rasha ta kewaye wani sashe na ruwan kasa da kasa da aka sani da Bering Sea Donut Hole. An warware rikici game da hanyoyin kamun kifi da samun dama ga ramin a shekarar 1995 ta hanyar wata yarjejeniya da ake kira Donut Hole Agreement.&lt;ref&gt;Dunlap, William W. The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, Volume 10, Number 1, 1995, pp. 114-135(22)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gurbacewa ===
Bukatar kamfanoni galibi tana giciye da bukatun kasuwanci masu adawa da juna, da kuma damuwar muhalli, wanda ke kaiwa ga wani nau'in takaddama. A shekarun 1960, Tafkin Erie, da kuma sauran Manyan Tafkuna (Great Lakes) sun gurbata har ta kai ga mace-macen kifi masu yawa. Al'ummomin gida sun sha wahala sosai daga mummunan ingancin ruwa har sai da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta zartar da Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa (Clean Water Act) a shekarar 1972.&lt;ref&gt;33 U.S.C. § 1251 et seq.&lt;/ref&gt;

Gurbacewar ruwa tana haifar da babban hadari ga lafiya, musamman a yankunan da ke da masana'antu da yawa da kuma yawan jama'a kamar kasar Sin. Don mayar da martani ga mummunan yanayi inda birane baki daya ba su da ruwan sha mai aminci, kasar Sin ta zartar da ingantacciyar Dokar Kare da Sarrafa Gurbacewar Ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-02/29/content_6494712.htm] China Daily, Updated February 29, 2008. Accessed November 21, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Yiwuwar ruwan da ya gurbata ya tsallaka iyakokin kasashen duniya, da kuma gurbacewar ruwa da ba a amince da ita ba a cikin kasa matsi, yana kawo tambayoyi game da hakkin dan adam, wanda ke ba da damar shigar kasashen duniya cikin batun gurbacewar ruwa. Babu wani tsari guda daya na magance takaddamar gurbacewa ta cikin gida a kasa.

== Mayar da Martani ==

=== Hadin Gwiwa ===
Ana iya tsara cibiyoyin da ke kula da iyakokin kasashen duniya don inganta hadin gwiwa, shawo kan takaddama na farko, da kuma nemo hanyoyin jurewa rashin tabbas da canjin yanayi ke haifarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2008-016.pdf |title=Share: managing Water across Boundaries |publisher=IUCN |year=2008 |isbn=978-2-8317-1029-7 |editor=Sadoff, C. |display-editors=etal |archive-date=2012-10-24 |access-date=2011-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024164900/http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2008-016.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma za a iya sanya idanu kan ingancin irin wadannan cibiyoyin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Hukumar Kogin Indus (Permanent Indus Commission) da Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus ta shekarar 1960 sun tsira daga yakoki biyu tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan duk da gaba da ke tsakanin kasashen biyu, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da zama tsari mai nasara wajen warware rikice-rikice ta hanyar samar da kyakkyawan tsarin tattaunawa, bincike, da musayar bayanai. A yanzu ne kawai aka dakatar da yarjejeniyar. Hukumar Mekong (Mekong Committee) ta yi aiki tun daga shekarar 1957 kuma ta dore har bayan Yakin Vietnam na shekarun 1955-1975. Akasin haka, rashin kwanciyar hankali na shiyya yana faruwa ne lokacin da kasashe ba su da cibiyoyin hadin gwiwa a fannin huldar shiyya, kamar tsarin kasar Masar na gina babban madatsar ruwa a kan Kogin Nilu. Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, babu wata cibiya ta duniya da ke kula da tafiyar da albarkatun ruwa da ke ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya, kuma hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa ya faru ne ta hanyar hadaka ta musamman tsakanin hukumomi, kamar Hukumar Mekong wacce ta fito sakamakon kawance tsakanin UNICEF da Hukumar Gyaran Kasa ta Amurka (US Bureau of Reclamation). Samar da cibiyoyi masu karfi na kasa da kasa ya bayyana{{original research inline|date=September 2019}} a matsayin hanyar ci gaba a gaba – suna karfafa shiga tsakani da gudanarwa da wuri,{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} tare da kauce wa hanyoyin warware takaddama masu tsada.

Yarjejeniyar ruwa-don-wutar-lantarki ta Project Prosperity tsakanin Isra'ila da Jordan,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/business/cop/israel-jordan-move-forward-with-water-for-energy-deal-2022-11-08/ | title=Israel and Jordan move forward with water-for-energy deal | newspaper=Reuters | date=8 November 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/12/16/water-for-energy-is-better-than-land-for-peace/ | title=Water-for-Energy is Better Than Land-for-Peace | date=16 December 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da hadin gwiwar Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (UAE), za ta kawo wutar lantarki da aka samar ta hanyar hasken rana daga Jordan zuwa Isra'ila, sannan Isra'ila za ta samar da ruwan teku da aka tacewa (wanda aka cire wa gishiri) ga kasar Jordan. Kasar UAE za ta taimaka wajen girka tsarin wutar lantarki na hasken rana a kasar Jordan.

Wani abu guda daya da ya saba faruwa a kusan duk takaddamar da aka warware shi ne cewa tattaunawar ta dogara ne akan tsarin &quot;dogaro da bukata&quot; maimakon tsarin &quot;dogaro da hakki&quot;. Gonakin da za a iya yin noman rani a kansu, yawan jama'a, da dabarun ayyuka ne ke bayyana &quot;bukatu&quot;. Nasarar tsarin dogaro da bukata tana bayyana ne a cikin yarjejeniyar ruwa guda daya tilo da aka taba cimma a kwarin Kogin Jordan, wacce ta mayar da hankali kan bukatu ba wai kan hakkin kasashen da ke kusa da kogin ba. A yankin kasan Indiya, bukatun noman rani na kasar Bangladesh ne ke nuna rabon ruwa na Kogin Ganges.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Tsarin shiyya na dogaro da bukata yana mayar da hankali ne wajen gamsar da daidaikun mutane da bukatarsu ta ruwa, tare da tabbatar da cewa an biya mafi karancin bukatun adadi. Wannan yana kauce wa rikicin da ke tasowa lokacin da kasashe ke kallon yarjejeniyar ta mahimman moriyar kasa kadai, kuma yana motsawa daga tsarin babu-riba-babu-rashi zuwa ga tsarin hadaka mai amfani ga kowa wanda ke raba ruwa da alfanunsa cikin adalci.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Wannan yana nufin cewa duka adalci da ingancin tsarin amfani da ruwa sun zama masu mahimmanci, musamman a lokacin karancin ruwa. Ya kamata hadakar wadannan abubuwa guda biyu na ingantaccen aiki ta faru ne a cikin tsarin dorewa wanda ke sa ci gaba da hadin gwiwa tsakanin duk masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin yanayin koyo ya zama abin bukata kwarai da gaske.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Haie|first=Naim|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bfm%3A978-981-15-6284-6%2F1.pdf|title=Transparent Water Management Theory: Sefficiency in Sequity|publisher=Springer|year=2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dorewar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ===
Tsarin Blue Peace wanda Strategic Foresight Group ta samar tare da hadin gwiwar gwamnatocin kasashen Switzerland da Sweden yana ba da tsarin manufofi na musamman wanda ke inganta dorewar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa tare da hadin gwiwa don samar da zaman lafiya. Ta hanyar amfani da mafi kyawun albarkatun ruwa da ake rabawa ta hanyar hadin gwiwa maimakon rabo kawai tsakanin kasashe, damar samun zaman lafiya na iya karuwa.&lt;ref&gt;''Turkish Review'', March 2013&lt;/ref&gt;{{request quotation|date=September 2019}} Tsarin na Blue Peace ya nuna tasiri mai kyau (misali) a Gabas ta Tsakiya&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Strategic Foresight Group - Anticipating and Influencing Global Future |url=http://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/40595Blue+Peace_Middle+East.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831104124/http://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/40595Blue+Peace_Middle+East.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2018 |access-date=31 August 2018 |website=www.strategicforesight.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.deza.admin.ch/en/Home/Projects/Selected_projects/Water_management_and_peace_promotion_in_the_Middle_East eda.base.components.templates.base.accessKeys] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130926053611/http://www.deza.admin.ch/en/Home/Projects/Selected_projects/Water_management_and_peace_promotion_in_the_Middle_East|date=26 September 2013}}. Deza.admin.ch. Retrieved on 2015-11-24.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma kwarin Kogin Nilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 September 2013 |title=Blue Peace: New Solution for Averting Water Wars in the Nile Basin - Yahoo Finance |work=Yahoo Finance |url=http://finance.yahoo.com/news/blue-peace-solution-averting-water-040000860.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928122750/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/blue-peace-solution-averting-water-040000860.html |archive-date=28 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dandalin Ruwan Karkashin Kasa na UN UNESCO-IHP yana da nufin taimakawa wajen inganta fahimtar albarkatun ruwa da kuma karfafa ingantaccen gudanar da ruwa. Amma ya zuwa yanzu, shirin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mafi karsashi wajen warware takaddamar ruwa shi ne shirin Potential Conflict to Co-operation Potential (PCCP), wanda ke a mataki na uku na aikinsa, yana horar da kwararrun fannin ruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da kuma tsara ayyukan ilmantarwa a wasu wurare.&lt;ref name=&quot;IHP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=UNESCO-IHP Groundwater Portal |date=19 December 2014 |url=https://groundwaterportal.net/project/pccp |access-date=2019-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyoyin da shirin ya mayar da hankali a kansu sun hada da jami'an diflomasiyya, masu yin dokoki, kungiyoyin farar hula, da daliban da ke nazarin fannin ruwa; ta hanyar fadada ilimi kan takaddamar ruwa, yana fatan karfafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashe wajen tunkarar rikice-rikice.

Hukumar UNESCO ta wallafa taswirar madatsun ruwan karkashin kasa da ke ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 22, 2008 |title=UNESCO publishes first world map of underground transboundary aquifers |url=http://portal.unesco.org//en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D43767&amp;URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025095526/http://portal.unesco.org//en/ev.php-URL_ID=43767&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html |archive-date=October 25, 2008 |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukan ilimi da suka mayar da hankali kan takaddamar ruwa har yanzu ba su samar da daidaitacciyar hanya ta shiga tsakani ga takaddamar kasa da kasa ba, balle ma ta cikin gida. Amma UNESCO tana da kyakkyawan fata game da makomar gaba yayin da rikice-rikicen ruwa ke kara fitowa fili ga jama'a, kuma yayin da karuwar tsananin matsalar ke sanya masu taurin kai yin tunani na gari.

=== Shiga Tsakani na Kungiyoyin Kasa da Kasa ===

Kungiyoyin kasa da kasa suna taka rawar gani sosai wajen shiga tsakani a takaddamar ruwa da kuma inganta gudanar da ruwa. Daga kokarin kimiyya na auna gurbacewar ruwa, zuwa kokarin Kungiyar Cin Kiki ta Duniya (World Trade Organization) na warware takaddamar cin kiki tsakanin kasashe, ana iya magance nau'ikan takaddamar ruwa da dama ta hanyar tsare-tsare da cibiyoyin da ke akwai a yanzu.

Kungiyar Cin Kiki ta Duniya (WTO) tana iya shiga tsakani a takaddamar ruwa da kasashe mambobinta suka gabatar lokacin da takaddamar ta kasance ta dabi'ar kasuwanci ce. Hukumar WTO tana da wasu kungiyoyi na musamman, kamar Cibiyar Kamun Kifi (Fisheries Center), wadanda ke aiki don sanya idanu da kuma yanke hukunci kan shari'o'in da suka dace, kodayake ba ita ce hukuma ta karshe a kan rikicin albarkatun ruwa ba.

Duk da haka, rikicin ruwa da ke faruwa a cikin gida, da kuma rikicin da mai yiwuwa ba na kasuwanci ba ne baki daya, ka iya zama maras dacewa ga shiga tsakanin WTO.

Saboda ruwa yana da matukar muhimmanci ga cin kikin kayan gona, takaddamar ruwa na iya kasancewa a fakaice cikin shari'o'in WTO ta hanyar &quot;ruwan fargaba&quot; (virtual water),&lt;ref&gt;Morrisette, Jason J. and Douglas A. Borer. &quot;Where Oil and Water Do Mix: Environmental Scarcity and Future Conflict in the Middle East and North Africa.&quot; Parameters, Vol. 34, Winter 2004 pp 94-96.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://kluwerlawonline.com/api/Product/CitationPDFURL?file=Journals%5CTRAD%5CTRAD2013042.pdf|title=Water Footprint and the Law of WTO|first=Piotr|last=Szwedo|date=December 1, 2013|journal=Journal of World Trade|volume=47|issue=6|pages=1259–1284 |doi=10.54648/TRAD2013042 |s2cid=150576275 |via=kluwerlawonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; wato ruwan da ake amfani da shi wajen samar da kayayyaki da ayyuka amma ba a yin cin kikinsa kai tsaye tsakanin kasashe. Kasashen da ke da mafi kyawun samun damar samar da ruwa na iya yin rawar gani sosai ta fannin tattalin arziki fiye da wadanda ke fuskantar matsala, wanda hakan ke haifar da yiwuwar rikici. Sakamakon bacin rai da tallafin aikin gona ke haifarwa wanda ke korar amfanin gonakin gida, kasashen da ke fuskantar karancin ruwa suna kai kararrakinsu ga WTO.

Hukumar WTO tana taka rawa sosai a takaddamar da ta dogara da aikin gona wadanda ke da alaka da rikici a kan takamaiman hanyoyin ruwa. Duk da haka, tana samar da muhimmin tsari wanda ke tsara yadda ruwa zai taka rawa a takaddamar tattalin arziki na gaba. Wata makarantar tunani tana goyon bayan ra'ayin yakin ruwa, wanda shi ne matakin karshe na takaddamar ruwa da ba a warware ba—karancin albarkatun ruwa tare da matsin lamba na karuwar al'umma cikin sauri na iya wuce ikon WTO na kiyaye tsari mai kyau a cikin al'amuran cin kiki.&lt;ref&gt;Morrisette, p. 99&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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[[File:Vallee_fertile_du_Nil_a_Louxor.jpg|thumb|Matakin da kasar Habasha ta dauka na cike madatsar ruwa ta Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) zai iya rage kwararar ruwan fari na Kogin Nilu da kusan kashi 25% tare da lalata gonakin kasar Masar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=27 February 2018 |title=In Africa, War Over Water Looms As Ethiopia Nears Completion Of Nile River Dam |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/02/27/589240174/in-africa-war-over-water-looms-as-ethiopia-nears-completion-of-nile-river-dam?t=1595668819363}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Rikicin ruwa''' yawanci yana nufin tasiri ko takaddama da ke da alaka da samun dama, ko iko da albarkatun ruwa, ko amfani da ruwa ko tsarin samar da ruwa a matsayin makami ko kuma zama abin cutarwa a lokacin tasiri. Kalmar ''yakin ruwa'' ana amfani da ita a kafafen yada labarai don wasu takaddama a kan ruwa, kuma mafi yawanci ta takaitu ne wajen bayyana rikici tsakanin kasashe, jahohi, ko kungiyoyi a kan hakkin samun damar yin amfani da albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allianz&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Tulloch |first=James |date=August 26, 2009 |title=Water Conflicts: Fight or Flight? |url=http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/climate_change/natural_disasters/water_conflicts.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080829171957/http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/climate_change/natural_disasters/water_conflicts.html |archive-date=2008-08-29 |access-date=14 January 2010 |publisher=Allianz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WWilson&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Kameri-Mbote |first=Patricia |date=January 2007 |title=Water, Conflict, and Cooperation: Lessons from the nile river Basin |url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue4.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Navigating Peace |publisher=Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars |issue=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706033750/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue4.pdf |archive-date=2010-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince cewa takaddamar ruwa tana tasowa ne daga sabanin bukatu na masu amfani da ruwa, na gwamnati ko na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/ United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008]&lt;/ref&gt; Kyakkyawan tsari na rikice-rikicen ruwa ya bayyana a cikin tarihi, kodayake da kyar ake fafata yakokin gargajiya a kan ruwa kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Peter Gleick, 1993. [http://www2.pacinst.org/reports/international_security_gleick_1993.pdf &quot;Water and conflict.&quot;] ''International Security'' Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 79-112 (Summer 1993).&lt;/ref&gt; A maimakon haka, ruwa ya dade yana zama sanadin takaddama kuma daya daga cikin dalilan rikici. Rikicin ruwa yana tasowa ne saboda dalilai da dama, da suka hada da takaddamar iyakokin kasa, fafutukar neman albarkatu, da kuma moriyar dabarun yaki.&lt;ref&gt;Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research (Department of Political Science, University of Heidelberg); Conflict Barometer 2007:Crises – Wars – Coups d'État – Nagotiations – Mediations – Peace Settlements, 16th annual conflict analysis, 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

Rikicin ruwa na iya faruwa a matakin cikin gida (na kasa daya) da kuma matakin tsakanin kasashe daban-daban. Rikici tsakanin kasashe yana faruwa ne tsakanin kasashe biyu ko fiye da ke raba tushen ruwa guda daya da ya ratsa iyakokinsu, kamar kogi, teku, ko tafkin ruwan karkashin kasa. Misali, yankin Gabas Ta Tsakiya yana da kashi 1% kacal na ruwan fari na duniya wanda kashi 5% na al'ummar duniya ke rabawa, kuma galibin koramu da koguna suna ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Sutherland |first=Ben |date=March 18, 2003 |title=Water shortages 'foster terrorism' |publisher=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2859937.stm |access-date=14 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rikicin cikin gida kuma yana faruwa ne tsakanin bangarori biyu ko fiye a cikin kasa daya, kamar rikici tsakanin manoma da masu amfani da ruwa na cikin birni.

Mafi yawan rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa suna faruwa ne a kan ruwan fari saboda wadannan albarkatu suna da mahimmanci ga bukatun dan adam na yau da kullum, amma galibi suna iya yin karanci ko gurbata ko kuma rashin daidaiton rabo tsakanin masu amfani da su. Karancin ruwa yana kara rura wutar takaddamar ruwa saboda gasar neman ruwan sha, noman rani, samar da wutar lantarki da sauran bukatu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=671&amp;section=14 |title=Patp &gt; &gt; &gt; |access-date=2010-04-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010731141012/http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=671&amp;section=14 |archive-date=2001-07-31 }} Freshwater: lifeblood of the planet, accessed November 21, 2008&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake ruwan fari muhimmin albarkatun kasa ne, amma kuma rarrabuwarsa ba daidai ba ce a doron kasa, samuwarsa galibi tana tasiri ga yanayin rayuwa da tattalin arzikin kasa ko yanki. Rashin wadatar zabukan samar da ruwa masu rahusa a wurare kamar Gabas ta Tsakiya,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858e09.htm Murakami, Masahiro. 1995.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117045902/http://unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858E09.htm |date=2011-01-17 }} ''Managing Water for Peace in the Middle East: Alternative Strategies, ''New York: United Nations University Press. Accessed online November 16, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar karancin ruwa na iya sanya matsin lamba ga duk masu amfani da ruwa, ko na kamfanoni, gwamnati, ko daidaikun mutane, wanda ke kaiwa ga takaddama, kuma watakila ma a goga mashi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/] United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;
Akwai adadin rikice-rikicen ruwa da ke kara karuwa wadanda ba a warware su ba, musamman a matakin kananan hukumomi ko jihohi, kuma wadannan za su kara zama hadari yayin da ruwa ke kara karanci, canjin yanayi na canza yanayin samar da ruwa na gida, kuma al'ummar duniya ke karuwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/457] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124031150/http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/457 |date=2016-11-24 }} Brooks, Nina. &quot;Impending Water Crisis in China,&quot; Arlington Institute. Accessed November 28, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pacific Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |date=17 March 2022 |title=Water Conflicts Continue to Worsen Worldwide |url=https://pacinst.org/water-conflicts-continue-to-worsen-worldwide/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |website=Pacific Institute }}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban nau'ikan takaddamar ruwa yana sa da wuya a magance su, amma akwai dabarun rage kasadar irin wadannan takaddamar da yawa. Dokoki da yarjejeniyoyin gida da na kasa da kasa na iya taimakawa wajen inganta rabon koguna na kasa da kasa da madatsun ruwa na karkashin kasa. Ingantattun fasahohi da cibiyoyi na iya inganta wadatar ruwa da rabon ruwa a yankunan da ke fama da karancin ruwa.


== Dalilai ==

Karancin ruwa ya fi haifar da rikici a matakin gida da na shiyyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wolf |first1=Aaron T |year=2001 |title=Water and Human Security |journal=Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education |volume=118 |page=29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa wani muhimmin abu ne ga rayuwar dan adam, kuma ayyukan dan adam suna da alaka ta kusa da wadatar ruwa da ingancinsa.&lt;ref&gt;ICWE (1992). International Conference on Water and the Environment--Development Issues for the 21st Century, 26–31 January 1992, Dublin, Ireland : [http://www.ircwash.org/resources/international-conference-water-and-environment-development-issues-21st-century-26-31-0 the Dublin statement and report of the conference], Geneva, Switzerland, ICWE Secretariat, World Meteorological Organization&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa rukunin albarkatu ne mai iyaka. Rikicin ruwa yana faruwa ne saboda bukatar albarkatun ruwa da ruwan sha na iya wuce wadatar da ake da ita, ko kuma saboda ana iya takaddama a kan ikon samun dama da raba ruwa, ko kuma saboda cibiyoyin kula da ruwa ba su da karfi ko kuma babu su kwata-kwata. Abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar karancin ruwa na iya sanya matsin lamba ga bangarorin da abin ya shafa don samun Karin albarkatun ruwa da ake rabawa, wanda ke haifar da takaddamar diflomasiyya ko ma rikici na gaba-da-gaba.

Takaddama da rikice-rikice a kan ruwa yanzu suna faruwa akai-akai a matakin cikin gida, maimakon matakin kasashen duniya. Tasiri tsakanin makiyaya da manoma a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na kara karuwa. Hare-hare a kan tsarin samar da ruwa na farar hula yayin yakokin da suka fara saboda wasu dalilai daban sun karu, kamar a kasashen Yemen, Siriya, Iraki, kuma kwanan nan a kasar Yukren.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |date=2019 |title=Water as a weapon and casualty of armed conflict: A review of recent water-related violence in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen |url=https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wat2.1351 |journal=WIREs Water |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1–15 |article-number=e1351 |doi=10.1002/wat2.1351 |bibcode=2019WIRWa...6E1351G |s2cid=195514316|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |last2=Vyshnevskyi |first2=Viktor |last3=Shevchuk |first3=Serhii |date=2023 |title=Rivers and Water Systems as Weapons and Casualties of the Russia-Ukraine War. |journal=Earth's Future |volume=11 |issue=10|article-number=e2023EF003910 |doi=10.1029/2023EF003910 |bibcode=2023EaFut..1103910G |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Karancin ruwa kuma na iya rura wutar rikice-rikice da takaddamar siyasa wadanda ba ruwa ne ya janyo su kai tsaye ba. Raguwa a hankali cikin lokaci a inganci da/ko yawan ruwan fari na iya kara rashin kwanciyar hankali a yanki ta hanyar gurgunta lafiyar al'umma, hana ci gaban tattalin arziki, da kuma rura wutar manyan rikice-rikice.&lt;ref name=&quot;Postel&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Postel |first1=S. L. |last2=Wolf |first2=A. T. |year=2001 |title=Dehydrating Conflict |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/11/18/dehydrating-conflict/ |journal=Foreign Policy |volume=126 |issue=126 |pages=60–67 |doi=10.2307/3183260 |jstor=3183260|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Canjin yanayi da karuwar al'ummar duniya su ma suna haduwa wajen sanya sabbin matsin lamba ga albarkatun ruwa masu iyaka tare da kara hadarin rikicin ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=October 12, 2019|title=The Coming Wars for Water|url=https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/|website=Report Syndication}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hasashe ==
A cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata, 'yan siyasa, masana kimiyya da 'yan jarida sun sha nuna damuwa cewa takaddamar ruwa za ta zama sanadin yakoki na gaba. Kalaman da aka fi ambata sun hada da: na tsohon Ministan Harakokin Wajen kasar Masar kuma tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Boutros Boutros-Ghali, wanda ya yi hasashen cewa, &quot;Yaki na gaba a Gabas ta Tsakiya za a fafata shi ne a kan ruwa, ba siyasa ba&quot;; magajinsa a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Kofi Annan, wanda a shekarar 2001 ya ce, &quot;Gasa mai tsanani ta neman ruwan fari na iya zama sanadin rikici da yakoki a gaba,&quot; da kuma tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Bankin Duniya, Ismail Serageldin, wanda ya ce yakokin karni na gaba za su kasance ne a kan ruwa sai dai idan an sami gagarumin canji a fannin gudanarwa. Haka kuma, &quot;yanzu ana yawan cewa yakoki na gaba a Gabas ta Tsakiya sun fi karkata ga fafatawa a kan ruwa fiye da a kan mai,&quot; in ji Lester R. Brown a wani taron dandalin ruwa na Stockholm da aka yi a baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=EPI Releases - How Water Scarcity Will Shape the New Century - EPI |url=http://www.earth-policy.org/press_room/C68/stockholm_transcript |access-date=9 January 2018 |website=www.earth-policy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasashen yakokin ruwa yana da tushe ne a cikin binciken farko da aka gudanar a kan kalilan din koguna na kasa da kasa kamar Kogin Indus, Kogin Jordan da Kogin Nilu. Wadannan takamaiman koguna sun zama abin mayar da hankali ne saboda sun fuskanci takaddamar da ta shafi ruwa. Takamaiman abubuwan da aka ambata a matsayin shaida sun hada da hararin da Isra'ila ta kai wa Siriya lokacin da take kokarin karkatar da madubin Kogin Jordan, da kuma barazanar soja da Masar ta yi wa kowace kasa da ke gina madatsun ruwa a saman kogin Nilu.

Wani abun da ke kara hadarin rikicin ruwa shi ne karuwar gasar neman ruwa a yankunan da ke fama da karancin ruwa, inda bukatu na samar da ruwa don amfanin dan adam, samar da abinci, muhallin halittu da sauran amfani ke gaba-da-gaba da wadatar ruwan da ake da ita. Mummunan al'amuran ruwa kamar ambaliyar ruwa da fari su ma suna kara tsananta hadarin rikicin ruwa. Yayin da yawan jama'a da ci gaban tattalin arziki ke karuwa, bukatun ruwa ma na iya karuwa, wanda ke kara rura wutar rashin jituwa game da rabo da iko da ruwa mai iyaka a wasu yankuna ko kasashe, musamman lokacin fari, ko kuma a madatsun ruwa na kasashen duniya da ake rabawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pacific Institute&quot;/&gt;

Albarkatun ruwa da suka ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya sun fi karkata wajen zama sanadin hadin gwiwa da abokin aiki fiye da yaki. Masana kimiyya da ke aiki a International Water Management Institute sun kasance suna bincikar shaidun da ke bayan hasashen yakin ruwa. Sakamakon bincikensu ya nuna cewa, ko da yake gaskiya ne an sami rikici mai alaka da ruwa a wasu kalilan din madatsun ruwa na kasashen duniya, a sauran kusan madatsun ruwa 300 da ake rabawa a duniya, tarihin ya kasance mai kyau mafi yawancinsa. Wannan ya nuna a fili ta hanyar daruruwan yarjejeniyoyin da ke akwai wadanda ke jagorantar amfani da ruwa cikin adalci tsakanin kasashen da ke raba albarkatun ruwa. Cibiyoyin da wadannan yarjejeniyoyin suka kafa za su iya zama muhimman abubuwa wajen tabbatar da hadin gwiwa maimakon rikici.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110812233521/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org:80/Publications/Success_Stories/PDF/2010/Issue%208%20-%20Promoting_cooperation_through_effective_management_of_shared_water_resources.pdf ''Promoting cooperation through management of transboundary water resources''], Success Stories, Issue 8, 2010, IWMI&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanai da Ma'anoni ==
Wani rumbun bayanai na intanet mai fadi da kuma budaddiya na rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa — wato Water Conflict Chronology — an samar da shi ta Pacific Institute.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Conflict Chronology |url=http://worldwater.org/water-conflict/ |access-date=November 29, 2023 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan rumbun bayanai ya lissafa tasiri a kan ruwa tun kimanin shekaru 4,500 da suka gabata kuma ya hada da misalai fiye da 1900 na tasiri a kan albarkatun ruwa tare da bayanai kan kwanan wata, wuri, nau'in rikici da cikakkun majiyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |last2=Shimabuku|first2=Morgan|date=2023 |title=Water-related conflicts: definitions, data, and trends from the water conflict chronology|journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=18 |issue=3|page=034022 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/acbb8f |bibcode=2023ERL....18c4022G |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fact Sheet: Water Conflict Chronology Update |url=https://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Water-Conflict-Chronology_Fact-Sheet.pdf |access-date=June 18, 2025 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Karkashin tsarin Water Conflict Chronology, an raba rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa kamar haka:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Water Conflict Chronology |url=http://worldwater.org/water-conflict/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

*Tushen Rikici (Trigger): Ruwa a matsayin abun da ke rura wuta ko tushen rikici, inda ake samun takaddama a kan ikon sarrafa ruwa ko tsarin ruwa ko kuma inda samun damar tattalin arziki ko ta jiki ga ruwa, ko karancin ruwa, ke haifar da tasiri.
*Makami (Weapon): Ruwa a matsayin makamin rikici, inda ake amfani da albarkatun ruwa, ko tsarin ruwa da kansu, a matsayin kayan aiki ko makami a cikin rikici na tasiri.
*Abin cutarwa (Casualty): Albarkatun ruwa ko tsarin ruwa a matsayin abin cutarwa na rikici, inda albarkatun ruwa, ko tsarin ruwa, suka kasance abubuwan da aka nufa da gangan ko kuma cikin hadari don lalata su ko yi musu barna.
== Siyasa da Tattalin Arziki ==

Amfanin ruwa a matsayin albarkatun kasuwanci, wanda ya hada da kamun kifi, aikin gona, masana'antu, nishaɗi da yawon bude ido, da sauran dama, na iya haifar da takaddama ko da lokacin da samun ruwan sha ba lallai ba ne ya zama matsala. A matsayin albarkatu, wasu suna daukar ruwa a matsayin mai daraja kamar mai, wanda kusan kowace masana'antu ke bukata, kuma ana bukatarsa kusan kowace rana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080518071950/http://www.forbes.com/2008/05/13/water-electricity-industry-biz-energy-cx_bp_0514water_print.html] Pentland, William. &quot;The Water-Industrial Complex,&quot; Forbes, May 14, 2008. Accessed November 21, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Karancin ruwa na iya gurgunta masana'antu baki daya kamar yadda zai iya gurgunta al'umma, kuma yana shafar kasashen da suka ci gaba kamar yadda yake shafar kasashen da ba su da ingantaccen tsarin samar da ruwa. Masana'antu da suka dogara da ruwa sun fi fitowa fili a cikin takaddamar ruwa, amma kasuwanci a kowane mataki na iya fuskantar illa saboda rashin ruwa.

=== Kamun Kifi ===
A tarihi, sassan kamun kifi sun kasance manyan wuraren tambaya, yayin da kasashe suka fadada tare da da'awar sassan teku a matsayin yankinsu na kasuwancin kamun kifi na gida. Wasu yankuna masu riba mai yawa, kamar Tekun Bering, suna da tarihin takaddama; a shekarar 1886 Daular Biritaniya da Amurka sun yi tahaliki a kan sassan kamun kifi na kadojin teku (seals),&lt;ref&gt;The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2007, Columbia University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a yau kasar Rasha ta kewaye wani sashe na ruwan kasa da kasa da aka sani da Bering Sea Donut Hole. An warware rikici game da hanyoyin kamun kifi da samun dama ga ramin a shekarar 1995 ta hanyar wata yarjejeniya da ake kira Donut Hole Agreement.&lt;ref&gt;Dunlap, William W. The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, Volume 10, Number 1, 1995, pp. 114-135(22)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gurbacewa ===
Bukatar kamfanoni galibi tana giciye da bukatun kasuwanci masu adawa da juna, da kuma damuwar muhalli, wanda ke kaiwa ga wani nau'in takaddama. A shekarun 1960, Tafkin Erie, da kuma sauran Manyan Tafkuna (Great Lakes) sun gurbata har ta kai ga mace-macen kifi masu yawa. Al'ummomin gida sun sha wahala sosai daga mummunan ingancin ruwa har sai da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta zartar da Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa (Clean Water Act) a shekarar 1972.&lt;ref&gt;33 U.S.C. § 1251 et seq.&lt;/ref&gt;

Gurbacewar ruwa tana haifar da babban hadari ga lafiya, musamman a yankunan da ke da masana'antu da yawa da kuma yawan jama'a kamar kasar Sin. Don mayar da martani ga mummunan yanayi inda birane baki daya ba su da ruwan sha mai aminci, kasar Sin ta zartar da ingantacciyar Dokar Kare da Sarrafa Gurbacewar Ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-02/29/content_6494712.htm] China Daily, Updated February 29, 2008. Accessed November 21, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Yiwuwar ruwan da ya gurbata ya tsallaka iyakokin kasashen duniya, da kuma gurbacewar ruwa da ba a amince da ita ba a cikin kasa matsi, yana kawo tambayoyi game da hakkin dan adam, wanda ke ba da damar shigar kasashen duniya cikin batun gurbacewar ruwa. Babu wani tsari guda daya na magance takaddamar gurbacewa ta cikin gida a kasa.

== Mayar da Martani ==

=== Hadin Gwiwa ===
Ana iya tsara cibiyoyin da ke kula da iyakokin kasashen duniya don inganta hadin gwiwa, shawo kan takaddama na farko, da kuma nemo hanyoyin jurewa rashin tabbas da canjin yanayi ke haifarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2008-016.pdf |title=Share: managing Water across Boundaries |publisher=IUCN |year=2008 |isbn=978-2-8317-1029-7 |editor=Sadoff, C. |display-editors=etal |archive-date=2012-10-24 |access-date=2011-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024164900/http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2008-016.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma za a iya sanya idanu kan ingancin irin wadannan cibiyoyin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Hukumar Kogin Indus (Permanent Indus Commission) da Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus ta shekarar 1960 sun tsira daga yakoki biyu tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan duk da gaba da ke tsakanin kasashen biyu, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da zama tsari mai nasara wajen warware rikice-rikice ta hanyar samar da kyakkyawan tsarin tattaunawa, bincike, da musayar bayanai. A yanzu ne kawai aka dakatar da yarjejeniyar. Hukumar Mekong (Mekong Committee) ta yi aiki tun daga shekarar 1957 kuma ta dore har bayan Yakin Vietnam na shekarun 1955-1975. Akasin haka, rashin kwanciyar hankali na shiyya yana faruwa ne lokacin da kasashe ba su da cibiyoyin hadin gwiwa a fannin huldar shiyya, kamar tsarin kasar Masar na gina babban madatsar ruwa a kan Kogin Nilu. Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, babu wata cibiya ta duniya da ke kula da tafiyar da albarkatun ruwa da ke ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya, kuma hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa ya faru ne ta hanyar hadaka ta musamman tsakanin hukumomi, kamar Hukumar Mekong wacce ta fito sakamakon kawance tsakanin UNICEF da Hukumar Gyaran Kasa ta Amurka (US Bureau of Reclamation). Samar da cibiyoyi masu karfi na kasa da kasa ya bayyana{{original research inline|date=September 2019}} a matsayin hanyar ci gaba a gaba – suna karfafa shiga tsakani da gudanarwa da wuri,{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} tare da kauce wa hanyoyin warware takaddama masu tsada.

Yarjejeniyar ruwa-don-wutar-lantarki ta Project Prosperity tsakanin Isra'ila da Jordan,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/business/cop/israel-jordan-move-forward-with-water-for-energy-deal-2022-11-08/ | title=Israel and Jordan move forward with water-for-energy deal | newspaper=Reuters | date=8 November 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/12/16/water-for-energy-is-better-than-land-for-peace/ | title=Water-for-Energy is Better Than Land-for-Peace | date=16 December 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da hadin gwiwar Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (UAE), za ta kawo wutar lantarki da aka samar ta hanyar hasken rana daga Jordan zuwa Isra'ila, sannan Isra'ila za ta samar da ruwan teku da aka tacewa (wanda aka cire wa gishiri) ga kasar Jordan. Kasar UAE za ta taimaka wajen girka tsarin wutar lantarki na hasken rana a kasar Jordan.

Wani abu guda daya da ya saba faruwa a kusan duk takaddamar da aka warware shi ne cewa tattaunawar ta dogara ne akan tsarin &quot;dogaro da bukata&quot; maimakon tsarin &quot;dogaro da hakki&quot;. Gonakin da za a iya yin noman rani a kansu, yawan jama'a, da dabarun ayyuka ne ke bayyana &quot;bukatu&quot;. Nasarar tsarin dogaro da bukata tana bayyana ne a cikin yarjejeniyar ruwa guda daya tilo da aka taba cimma a kwarin Kogin Jordan, wacce ta mayar da hankali kan bukatu ba wai kan hakkin kasashen da ke kusa da kogin ba. A yankin kasan Indiya, bukatun noman rani na kasar Bangladesh ne ke nuna rabon ruwa na Kogin Ganges.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Tsarin shiyya na dogaro da bukata yana mayar da hankali ne wajen gamsar da daidaikun mutane da bukatarsu ta ruwa, tare da tabbatar da cewa an biya mafi karancin bukatun adadi. Wannan yana kauce wa rikicin da ke tasowa lokacin da kasashe ke kallon yarjejeniyar ta mahimman moriyar kasa kadai, kuma yana motsawa daga tsarin babu-riba-babu-rashi zuwa ga tsarin hadaka mai amfani ga kowa wanda ke raba ruwa da alfanunsa cikin adalci.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Wannan yana nufin cewa duka adalci da ingancin tsarin amfani da ruwa sun zama masu mahimmanci, musamman a lokacin karancin ruwa. Ya kamata hadakar wadannan abubuwa guda biyu na ingantaccen aiki ta faru ne a cikin tsarin dorewa wanda ke sa ci gaba da hadin gwiwa tsakanin duk masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin yanayin koyo ya zama abin bukata kwarai da gaske.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Haie|first=Naim|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bfm%3A978-981-15-6284-6%2F1.pdf|title=Transparent Water Management Theory: Sefficiency in Sequity|publisher=Springer|year=2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dorewar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ===
Tsarin Blue Peace wanda Strategic Foresight Group ta samar tare da hadin gwiwar gwamnatocin kasashen Switzerland da Sweden yana ba da tsarin manufofi na musamman wanda ke inganta dorewar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa tare da hadin gwiwa don samar da zaman lafiya. Ta hanyar amfani da mafi kyawun albarkatun ruwa da ake rabawa ta hanyar hadin gwiwa maimakon rabo kawai tsakanin kasashe, damar samun zaman lafiya na iya karuwa.&lt;ref&gt;''Turkish Review'', March 2013&lt;/ref&gt;{{request quotation|date=September 2019}} Tsarin na Blue Peace ya nuna tasiri mai kyau (misali) a Gabas ta Tsakiya&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Strategic Foresight Group - Anticipating and Influencing Global Future |url=http://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/40595Blue+Peace_Middle+East.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831104124/http://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/40595Blue+Peace_Middle+East.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2018 |access-date=31 August 2018 |website=www.strategicforesight.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.deza.admin.ch/en/Home/Projects/Selected_projects/Water_management_and_peace_promotion_in_the_Middle_East eda.base.components.templates.base.accessKeys] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130926053611/http://www.deza.admin.ch/en/Home/Projects/Selected_projects/Water_management_and_peace_promotion_in_the_Middle_East|date=26 September 2013}}. Deza.admin.ch. Retrieved on 2015-11-24.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma kwarin Kogin Nilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 September 2013 |title=Blue Peace: New Solution for Averting Water Wars in the Nile Basin - Yahoo Finance |work=Yahoo Finance |url=http://finance.yahoo.com/news/blue-peace-solution-averting-water-040000860.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928122750/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/blue-peace-solution-averting-water-040000860.html |archive-date=28 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dandalin Ruwan Karkashin Kasa na UN UNESCO-IHP yana da nufin taimakawa wajen inganta fahimtar albarkatun ruwa da kuma karfafa ingantaccen gudanar da ruwa. Amma ya zuwa yanzu, shirin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mafi karsashi wajen warware takaddamar ruwa shi ne shirin Potential Conflict to Co-operation Potential (PCCP), wanda ke a mataki na uku na aikinsa, yana horar da kwararrun fannin ruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da kuma tsara ayyukan ilmantarwa a wasu wurare.&lt;ref name=&quot;IHP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=UNESCO-IHP Groundwater Portal |date=19 December 2014 |url=https://groundwaterportal.net/project/pccp |access-date=2019-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyoyin da shirin ya mayar da hankali a kansu sun hada da jami'an diflomasiyya, masu yin dokoki, kungiyoyin farar hula, da daliban da ke nazarin fannin ruwa; ta hanyar fadada ilimi kan takaddamar ruwa, yana fatan karfafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashe wajen tunkarar rikice-rikice.

Hukumar UNESCO ta wallafa taswirar madatsun ruwan karkashin kasa da ke ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 22, 2008 |title=UNESCO publishes first world map of underground transboundary aquifers |url=http://portal.unesco.org//en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D43767&amp;URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025095526/http://portal.unesco.org//en/ev.php-URL_ID=43767&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html |archive-date=October 25, 2008 |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukan ilimi da suka mayar da hankali kan takaddamar ruwa har yanzu ba su samar da daidaitacciyar hanya ta shiga tsakani ga takaddamar kasa da kasa ba, balle ma ta cikin gida. Amma UNESCO tana da kyakkyawan fata game da makomar gaba yayin da rikice-rikicen ruwa ke kara fitowa fili ga jama'a, kuma yayin da karuwar tsananin matsalar ke sanya masu taurin kai yin tunani na gari.

=== Shiga Tsakani na Kungiyoyin Kasa da Kasa ===

Kungiyoyin kasa da kasa suna taka rawar gani sosai wajen shiga tsakani a takaddamar ruwa da kuma inganta gudanar da ruwa. Daga kokarin kimiyya na auna gurbacewar ruwa, zuwa kokarin Kungiyar Cin Kiki ta Duniya (World Trade Organization) na warware takaddamar cin kiki tsakanin kasashe, ana iya magance nau'ikan takaddamar ruwa da dama ta hanyar tsare-tsare da cibiyoyin da ke akwai a yanzu.

Kungiyar Cin Kiki ta Duniya (WTO) tana iya shiga tsakani a takaddamar ruwa da kasashe mambobinta suka gabatar lokacin da takaddamar ta kasance ta dabi'ar kasuwanci ce. Hukumar WTO tana da wasu kungiyoyi na musamman, kamar Cibiyar Kamun Kifi (Fisheries Center), wadanda ke aiki don sanya idanu da kuma yanke hukunci kan shari'o'in da suka dace, kodayake ba ita ce hukuma ta karshe a kan rikicin albarkatun ruwa ba.

Duk da haka, rikicin ruwa da ke faruwa a cikin gida, da kuma rikicin da mai yiwuwa ba na kasuwanci ba ne baki daya, ka iya zama maras dacewa ga shiga tsakanin WTO.

Saboda ruwa yana da matukar muhimmanci ga cin kikin kayan gona, takaddamar ruwa na iya kasancewa a fakaice cikin shari'o'in WTO ta hanyar &quot;ruwan fargaba&quot; (virtual water),&lt;ref&gt;Morrisette, Jason J. and Douglas A. Borer. &quot;Where Oil and Water Do Mix: Environmental Scarcity and Future Conflict in the Middle East and North Africa.&quot; Parameters, Vol. 34, Winter 2004 pp 94-96.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://kluwerlawonline.com/api/Product/CitationPDFURL?file=Journals%5CTRAD%5CTRAD2013042.pdf|title=Water Footprint and the Law of WTO|first=Piotr|last=Szwedo|date=December 1, 2013|journal=Journal of World Trade|volume=47|issue=6|pages=1259–1284 |doi=10.54648/TRAD2013042 |s2cid=150576275 |via=kluwerlawonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; wato ruwan da ake amfani da shi wajen samar da kayayyaki da ayyuka amma ba a yin cin kikinsa kai tsaye tsakanin kasashe. Kasashen da ke da mafi kyawun samun damar samar da ruwa na iya yin rawar gani sosai ta fannin tattalin arziki fiye da wadanda ke fuskantar matsala, wanda hakan ke haifar da yiwuwar rikici. Sakamakon bacin rai da tallafin aikin gona ke haifarwa wanda ke korar amfanin gonakin gida, kasashen da ke fuskantar karancin ruwa suna kai kararrakinsu ga WTO.

Hukumar WTO tana taka rawa sosai a takaddamar da ta dogara da aikin gona wadanda ke da alaka da rikici a kan takamaiman hanyoyin ruwa. Duk da haka, tana samar da muhimmin tsari wanda ke tsara yadda ruwa zai taka rawa a takaddamar tattalin arziki na gaba. Wata makarantar tunani tana goyon bayan ra'ayin yakin ruwa, wanda shi ne matakin karshe na takaddamar ruwa da ba a warware ba—karancin albarkatun ruwa tare da matsin lamba na karuwar al'umma cikin sauri na iya wuce ikon WTO na kiyaye tsari mai kyau a cikin al'amuran cin kiki.&lt;ref&gt;Morrisette, p. 99&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rikice-rikicen Ruwa na Ketare Iyakoki ==

Ruwan ketare iyakoki su ne ruwayen da kasashe mabanbanta guda biyu ko fiye suka raba iyaka da su. Domin rage hadarin rikicin ruwa, galibi ana tattaunawa kan tsare-tsare ko yarjejeniyoyin ruwa na ketare iyakoki, amma har yanzu da yawa daga cikin kogunan duniya da ake rabawa ba su da irin wadannan yarjejeniyoyin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeitoun |first1=Mark |last2=Mirumachi |first2=Naho |last3=Warner |first3=Jeroen |last4=Kirkegaard |first4=Matthew |last5=Cascão |first5=Ana |date=2019-05-24 |title=Analysis for water conflict transformation |url=https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/71198/1/Accepted_Manuscript.pdf |journal=Water International |language=en |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=365–384 |doi=10.1080/02508060.2019.1607479 |issn=0250-8060 |s2cid=182388253|url-access= }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wadannan hadin gwiwar ya kamata su kasance cikin adalci da dorewa ta yadda kowace kasa ba za ta ci zarafin ruwan ba, a maimakon haka za su yi amfani da ruwan don amfaninsu mafi kyau tare da kare shi da adana shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Article 5: Equitable and reasonable utilisation and participation - UN Watercourses Convention |url=https://www.unwatercoursesconvention.org/the-convention/part-ii-general-principles/article-5-equitable-and-reasonable-utilisation-and-participation/ |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=www.unwatercoursesconvention.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gasa ta kasa da kasa a kan ruwa na iya tasowa lokacin da wata kasa ta fara dibar ruwa mai yawa daga tushen ruwan da ake rabawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Grover |first=Velma I. |title=Water : a source of conflict or cooperation? |publisher=Science Publishers |year=2007 |location=Enfield, N.H.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan galibi ita ce hanya mafi inganci ta samun ruwan da ake bukata, amma a cikin dogon lokaci na iya haifar da rikici idan aka yi amfani da ruwan fiye da kima. An ce fiye da kasashe 50 a nahiyoyi biyar na fuskantar barazanar rikici a kan ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Paul |first=James |title=Water in Conflict |url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/natres/waterindex.htm |website=www.globalpolicy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da kari, dokar ruwa ta kasa da kasa wani lokacin na iya kara rura wutar rikici: ka'idojin shari'a na &quot;mallakar farko&quot; (prior appropriation) da &quot;hakkin kusa da kogi&quot; (riparianism) duka biyun suna da alaka da rikice-rikicen ruwa na ketare iyakoki saboda duka biyun na iya nufin cewa sa'a ta tarihi da ta labarin kasa na iya raba kasashe bisa doka zuwa wadanda ke da wadatar ruwa da wadanda ke fama da karancinsa.

Rikice-rikicen baya-bayan nan tsakanin kasashe sun faru ne mafi yawanci a Gabas ta Tsakiya (takaddamar da ta samo asali daga kogunan Euphrates da Tigris wadanda Turkiyya, Siriya, da Iraki ke rabawa; da kuma rikicin Kogin Jordan da Isra'ila, Lebanon, Jordan da kuma Kasar Falasdinu ke rabawa), a Afirka (rikice-rikicen da suka shafi Kogin Nilu tsakanin Masar, Habasha, da Sudan),&lt;ref name=&quot;WWilson&quot; /&gt; da kuma a Tsakiyar Asiya (rikicin Tekun Aral tsakanin Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan da Kyrgyzstan). A cikin shekarun 2022 da 2023, takaddama a kan Kogin Helmand da Iran da Afghanistan ke rabawa ita ma ta ruru.

=== Kisan Kare dangi a Gaza ===
A matsayin wani bangare na kisan kare dangi na Gaza na shekarar 2023 zuwa yanzu da kasar Isra'ila ke tafi da shi, ana lalata masana'antun tace ruwan teku da sauran tsarin samar da ruwa da gangan tare da sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira, cibiyoyin raba taimako da aywukan jin kai a kokarin janyo yunwa da kuma sa mutane su mutu saboda kishirwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Natasha |last2=Kirschenbaum |first2=Anita |last3=Michel |first3=David |date=2024-01-12 |title=The Siege of Gaza’s Water |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/siege-gazas-water |journal=CSIS |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutanen da ke zaune a Falasdinu sun ba da rahoton cewa an tilasta musu shan ruwa mai gishiri, maras tsabta, ko mai dauke da cututtuka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gaza residents share fears of thirst after Israel destroys water resources |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/video/newsfeed/2025/4/10/gaza-residents-share-fears-of-thirst-after-israel-destroys-water-resources |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yakin Iran na 2026 ===
A ranar 7 ga Maris, 2026, a matsayin wani bangare na yakin shekarar 2026 tsakanin Isra'ila, Amurka, da Iran, Amurka ta kai hari da gangan kan masana'antar tace ruwan teku ta kasar Iran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=AFP |date=7 March 2026 |title=IRGC says it attacked US base in Bahrain, claims it was used to strike desalination plant in Iran |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/irgc-says-it-attacked-us-base-in-bahrain-claims-it-was-used-to-strike-desalination-plant-in-iran/ |access-date=8 March 2026 |work=The Times of Israel |language=en-US |issn=0040-7909}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu kasashen, har da Isra'ila, sun dogara ne da tace ruwan teku don samun isasshen ruwan sha.</text>
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[[File:Vallee_fertile_du_Nil_a_Louxor.jpg|thumb|Matakin da kasar Habasha ta dauka na cike madatsar ruwa ta Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) zai iya rage kwararar ruwan fari na Kogin Nilu da kusan kashi 25% tare da lalata gonakin kasar Masar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=27 February 2018 |title=In Africa, War Over Water Looms As Ethiopia Nears Completion Of Nile River Dam |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/02/27/589240174/in-africa-war-over-water-looms-as-ethiopia-nears-completion-of-nile-river-dam?t=1595668819363}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Rikicin ruwa''' yawanci yana nufin tasiri ko takaddama da ke da alaka da samun dama, ko iko da albarkatun ruwa, ko amfani da ruwa ko tsarin samar da ruwa a matsayin makami ko kuma zama abin cutarwa a lokacin tasiri. Kalmar ''yakin ruwa'' ana amfani da ita a kafafen yada labarai don wasu takaddama a kan ruwa, kuma mafi yawanci ta takaitu ne wajen bayyana rikici tsakanin kasashe, jahohi, ko kungiyoyi a kan hakkin samun damar yin amfani da albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allianz&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Tulloch |first=James |date=August 26, 2009 |title=Water Conflicts: Fight or Flight? |url=http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/climate_change/natural_disasters/water_conflicts.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080829171957/http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/climate_change/natural_disasters/water_conflicts.html |archive-date=2008-08-29 |access-date=14 January 2010 |publisher=Allianz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WWilson&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Kameri-Mbote |first=Patricia |date=January 2007 |title=Water, Conflict, and Cooperation: Lessons from the nile river Basin |url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue4.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Navigating Peace |publisher=Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars |issue=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706033750/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue4.pdf |archive-date=2010-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince cewa takaddamar ruwa tana tasowa ne daga sabanin bukatu na masu amfani da ruwa, na gwamnati ko na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/ United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008]&lt;/ref&gt; Kyakkyawan tsari na rikice-rikicen ruwa ya bayyana a cikin tarihi, kodayake da kyar ake fafata yakokin gargajiya a kan ruwa kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Peter Gleick, 1993. [http://www2.pacinst.org/reports/international_security_gleick_1993.pdf &quot;Water and conflict.&quot;] ''International Security'' Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 79-112 (Summer 1993).&lt;/ref&gt; A maimakon haka, ruwa ya dade yana zama sanadin takaddama kuma daya daga cikin dalilan rikici. Rikicin ruwa yana tasowa ne saboda dalilai da dama, da suka hada da takaddamar iyakokin kasa, fafutukar neman albarkatu, da kuma moriyar dabarun yaki.&lt;ref&gt;Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research (Department of Political Science, University of Heidelberg); Conflict Barometer 2007:Crises – Wars – Coups d'État – Nagotiations – Mediations – Peace Settlements, 16th annual conflict analysis, 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

Rikicin ruwa na iya faruwa a matakin cikin gida (na kasa daya) da kuma matakin tsakanin kasashe daban-daban. Rikici tsakanin kasashe yana faruwa ne tsakanin kasashe biyu ko fiye da ke raba tushen ruwa guda daya da ya ratsa iyakokinsu, kamar kogi, teku, ko tafkin ruwan karkashin kasa. Misali, yankin Gabas Ta Tsakiya yana da kashi 1% kacal na ruwan fari na duniya wanda kashi 5% na al'ummar duniya ke rabawa, kuma galibin koramu da koguna suna ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Sutherland |first=Ben |date=March 18, 2003 |title=Water shortages 'foster terrorism' |publisher=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2859937.stm |access-date=14 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rikicin cikin gida kuma yana faruwa ne tsakanin bangarori biyu ko fiye a cikin kasa daya, kamar rikici tsakanin manoma da masu amfani da ruwa na cikin birni.

Mafi yawan rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa suna faruwa ne a kan ruwan fari saboda wadannan albarkatu suna da mahimmanci ga bukatun dan adam na yau da kullum, amma galibi suna iya yin karanci ko gurbata ko kuma rashin daidaiton rabo tsakanin masu amfani da su. Karancin ruwa yana kara rura wutar takaddamar ruwa saboda gasar neman ruwan sha, noman rani, samar da wutar lantarki da sauran bukatu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=671&amp;section=14 |title=Patp &gt; &gt; &gt; |access-date=2010-04-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010731141012/http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=671&amp;section=14 |archive-date=2001-07-31 }} Freshwater: lifeblood of the planet, accessed November 21, 2008&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake ruwan fari muhimmin albarkatun kasa ne, amma kuma rarrabuwarsa ba daidai ba ce a doron kasa, samuwarsa galibi tana tasiri ga yanayin rayuwa da tattalin arzikin kasa ko yanki. Rashin wadatar zabukan samar da ruwa masu rahusa a wurare kamar Gabas ta Tsakiya,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858e09.htm Murakami, Masahiro. 1995.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117045902/http://unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858E09.htm |date=2011-01-17 }} ''Managing Water for Peace in the Middle East: Alternative Strategies, ''New York: United Nations University Press. Accessed online November 16, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar karancin ruwa na iya sanya matsin lamba ga duk masu amfani da ruwa, ko na kamfanoni, gwamnati, ko daidaikun mutane, wanda ke kaiwa ga takaddama, kuma watakila ma a goga mashi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/] United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;
Akwai adadin rikice-rikicen ruwa da ke kara karuwa wadanda ba a warware su ba, musamman a matakin kananan hukumomi ko jihohi, kuma wadannan za su kara zama hadari yayin da ruwa ke kara karanci, canjin yanayi na canza yanayin samar da ruwa na gida, kuma al'ummar duniya ke karuwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/457] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124031150/http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/457 |date=2016-11-24 }} Brooks, Nina. &quot;Impending Water Crisis in China,&quot; Arlington Institute. Accessed November 28, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pacific Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |date=17 March 2022 |title=Water Conflicts Continue to Worsen Worldwide |url=https://pacinst.org/water-conflicts-continue-to-worsen-worldwide/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |website=Pacific Institute }}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban nau'ikan takaddamar ruwa yana sa da wuya a magance su, amma akwai dabarun rage kasadar irin wadannan takaddamar da yawa. Dokoki da yarjejeniyoyin gida da na kasa da kasa na iya taimakawa wajen inganta rabon koguna na kasa da kasa da madatsun ruwa na karkashin kasa. Ingantattun fasahohi da cibiyoyi na iya inganta wadatar ruwa da rabon ruwa a yankunan da ke fama da karancin ruwa.


== Dalilai ==

Karancin ruwa ya fi haifar da rikici a matakin gida da na shiyyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wolf |first1=Aaron T |year=2001 |title=Water and Human Security |journal=Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education |volume=118 |page=29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa wani muhimmin abu ne ga rayuwar dan adam, kuma ayyukan dan adam suna da alaka ta kusa da wadatar ruwa da ingancinsa.&lt;ref&gt;ICWE (1992). International Conference on Water and the Environment--Development Issues for the 21st Century, 26–31 January 1992, Dublin, Ireland : [http://www.ircwash.org/resources/international-conference-water-and-environment-development-issues-21st-century-26-31-0 the Dublin statement and report of the conference], Geneva, Switzerland, ICWE Secretariat, World Meteorological Organization&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa rukunin albarkatu ne mai iyaka. Rikicin ruwa yana faruwa ne saboda bukatar albarkatun ruwa da ruwan sha na iya wuce wadatar da ake da ita, ko kuma saboda ana iya takaddama a kan ikon samun dama da raba ruwa, ko kuma saboda cibiyoyin kula da ruwa ba su da karfi ko kuma babu su kwata-kwata. Abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar karancin ruwa na iya sanya matsin lamba ga bangarorin da abin ya shafa don samun Karin albarkatun ruwa da ake rabawa, wanda ke haifar da takaddamar diflomasiyya ko ma rikici na gaba-da-gaba.

Takaddama da rikice-rikice a kan ruwa yanzu suna faruwa akai-akai a matakin cikin gida, maimakon matakin kasashen duniya. Tasiri tsakanin makiyaya da manoma a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na kara karuwa. Hare-hare a kan tsarin samar da ruwa na farar hula yayin yakokin da suka fara saboda wasu dalilai daban sun karu, kamar a kasashen Yemen, Siriya, Iraki, kuma kwanan nan a kasar Yukren.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |date=2019 |title=Water as a weapon and casualty of armed conflict: A review of recent water-related violence in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen |url=https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wat2.1351 |journal=WIREs Water |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1–15 |article-number=e1351 |doi=10.1002/wat2.1351 |bibcode=2019WIRWa...6E1351G |s2cid=195514316|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |last2=Vyshnevskyi |first2=Viktor |last3=Shevchuk |first3=Serhii |date=2023 |title=Rivers and Water Systems as Weapons and Casualties of the Russia-Ukraine War. |journal=Earth's Future |volume=11 |issue=10|article-number=e2023EF003910 |doi=10.1029/2023EF003910 |bibcode=2023EaFut..1103910G |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Karancin ruwa kuma na iya rura wutar rikice-rikice da takaddamar siyasa wadanda ba ruwa ne ya janyo su kai tsaye ba. Raguwa a hankali cikin lokaci a inganci da/ko yawan ruwan fari na iya kara rashin kwanciyar hankali a yanki ta hanyar gurgunta lafiyar al'umma, hana ci gaban tattalin arziki, da kuma rura wutar manyan rikice-rikice.&lt;ref name=&quot;Postel&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Postel |first1=S. L. |last2=Wolf |first2=A. T. |year=2001 |title=Dehydrating Conflict |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/11/18/dehydrating-conflict/ |journal=Foreign Policy |volume=126 |issue=126 |pages=60–67 |doi=10.2307/3183260 |jstor=3183260|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Canjin yanayi da karuwar al'ummar duniya su ma suna haduwa wajen sanya sabbin matsin lamba ga albarkatun ruwa masu iyaka tare da kara hadarin rikicin ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=October 12, 2019|title=The Coming Wars for Water|url=https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/|website=Report Syndication}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hasashe ==
A cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata, 'yan siyasa, masana kimiyya da 'yan jarida sun sha nuna damuwa cewa takaddamar ruwa za ta zama sanadin yakoki na gaba. Kalaman da aka fi ambata sun hada da: na tsohon Ministan Harakokin Wajen kasar Masar kuma tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Boutros Boutros-Ghali, wanda ya yi hasashen cewa, &quot;Yaki na gaba a Gabas ta Tsakiya za a fafata shi ne a kan ruwa, ba siyasa ba&quot;; magajinsa a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Kofi Annan, wanda a shekarar 2001 ya ce, &quot;Gasa mai tsanani ta neman ruwan fari na iya zama sanadin rikici da yakoki a gaba,&quot; da kuma tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Bankin Duniya, Ismail Serageldin, wanda ya ce yakokin karni na gaba za su kasance ne a kan ruwa sai dai idan an sami gagarumin canji a fannin gudanarwa. Haka kuma, &quot;yanzu ana yawan cewa yakoki na gaba a Gabas ta Tsakiya sun fi karkata ga fafatawa a kan ruwa fiye da a kan mai,&quot; in ji Lester R. Brown a wani taron dandalin ruwa na Stockholm da aka yi a baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=EPI Releases - How Water Scarcity Will Shape the New Century - EPI |url=http://www.earth-policy.org/press_room/C68/stockholm_transcript |access-date=9 January 2018 |website=www.earth-policy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasashen yakokin ruwa yana da tushe ne a cikin binciken farko da aka gudanar a kan kalilan din koguna na kasa da kasa kamar Kogin Indus, Kogin Jordan da Kogin Nilu. Wadannan takamaiman koguna sun zama abin mayar da hankali ne saboda sun fuskanci takaddamar da ta shafi ruwa. Takamaiman abubuwan da aka ambata a matsayin shaida sun hada da hararin da Isra'ila ta kai wa Siriya lokacin da take kokarin karkatar da madubin Kogin Jordan, da kuma barazanar soja da Masar ta yi wa kowace kasa da ke gina madatsun ruwa a saman kogin Nilu.

Wani abun da ke kara hadarin rikicin ruwa shi ne karuwar gasar neman ruwa a yankunan da ke fama da karancin ruwa, inda bukatu na samar da ruwa don amfanin dan adam, samar da abinci, muhallin halittu da sauran amfani ke gaba-da-gaba da wadatar ruwan da ake da ita. Mummunan al'amuran ruwa kamar ambaliyar ruwa da fari su ma suna kara tsananta hadarin rikicin ruwa. Yayin da yawan jama'a da ci gaban tattalin arziki ke karuwa, bukatun ruwa ma na iya karuwa, wanda ke kara rura wutar rashin jituwa game da rabo da iko da ruwa mai iyaka a wasu yankuna ko kasashe, musamman lokacin fari, ko kuma a madatsun ruwa na kasashen duniya da ake rabawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pacific Institute&quot;/&gt;

Albarkatun ruwa da suka ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya sun fi karkata wajen zama sanadin hadin gwiwa da abokin aiki fiye da yaki. Masana kimiyya da ke aiki a International Water Management Institute sun kasance suna bincikar shaidun da ke bayan hasashen yakin ruwa. Sakamakon bincikensu ya nuna cewa, ko da yake gaskiya ne an sami rikici mai alaka da ruwa a wasu kalilan din madatsun ruwa na kasashen duniya, a sauran kusan madatsun ruwa 300 da ake rabawa a duniya, tarihin ya kasance mai kyau mafi yawancinsa. Wannan ya nuna a fili ta hanyar daruruwan yarjejeniyoyin da ke akwai wadanda ke jagorantar amfani da ruwa cikin adalci tsakanin kasashen da ke raba albarkatun ruwa. Cibiyoyin da wadannan yarjejeniyoyin suka kafa za su iya zama muhimman abubuwa wajen tabbatar da hadin gwiwa maimakon rikici.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110812233521/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org:80/Publications/Success_Stories/PDF/2010/Issue%208%20-%20Promoting_cooperation_through_effective_management_of_shared_water_resources.pdf ''Promoting cooperation through management of transboundary water resources''], Success Stories, Issue 8, 2010, IWMI&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanai da Ma'anoni ==
Wani rumbun bayanai na intanet mai fadi da kuma budaddiya na rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa — wato Water Conflict Chronology — an samar da shi ta Pacific Institute.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Conflict Chronology |url=http://worldwater.org/water-conflict/ |access-date=November 29, 2023 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan rumbun bayanai ya lissafa tasiri a kan ruwa tun kimanin shekaru 4,500 da suka gabata kuma ya hada da misalai fiye da 1900 na tasiri a kan albarkatun ruwa tare da bayanai kan kwanan wata, wuri, nau'in rikici da cikakkun majiyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |last2=Shimabuku|first2=Morgan|date=2023 |title=Water-related conflicts: definitions, data, and trends from the water conflict chronology|journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=18 |issue=3|page=034022 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/acbb8f |bibcode=2023ERL....18c4022G |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fact Sheet: Water Conflict Chronology Update |url=https://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Water-Conflict-Chronology_Fact-Sheet.pdf |access-date=June 18, 2025 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Karkashin tsarin Water Conflict Chronology, an raba rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa kamar haka:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Water Conflict Chronology |url=http://worldwater.org/water-conflict/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

*Tushen Rikici (Trigger): Ruwa a matsayin abun da ke rura wuta ko tushen rikici, inda ake samun takaddama a kan ikon sarrafa ruwa ko tsarin ruwa ko kuma inda samun damar tattalin arziki ko ta jiki ga ruwa, ko karancin ruwa, ke haifar da tasiri.
*Makami (Weapon): Ruwa a matsayin makamin rikici, inda ake amfani da albarkatun ruwa, ko tsarin ruwa da kansu, a matsayin kayan aiki ko makami a cikin rikici na tasiri.
*Abin cutarwa (Casualty): Albarkatun ruwa ko tsarin ruwa a matsayin abin cutarwa na rikici, inda albarkatun ruwa, ko tsarin ruwa, suka kasance abubuwan da aka nufa da gangan ko kuma cikin hadari don lalata su ko yi musu barna.
== Siyasa da Tattalin Arziki ==

Amfanin ruwa a matsayin albarkatun kasuwanci, wanda ya hada da kamun kifi, aikin gona, masana'antu, nishaɗi da yawon bude ido, da sauran dama, na iya haifar da takaddama ko da lokacin da samun ruwan sha ba lallai ba ne ya zama matsala. A matsayin albarkatu, wasu suna daukar ruwa a matsayin mai daraja kamar mai, wanda kusan kowace masana'antu ke bukata, kuma ana bukatarsa kusan kowace rana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080518071950/http://www.forbes.com/2008/05/13/water-electricity-industry-biz-energy-cx_bp_0514water_print.html] Pentland, William. &quot;The Water-Industrial Complex,&quot; Forbes, May 14, 2008. Accessed November 21, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Karancin ruwa na iya gurgunta masana'antu baki daya kamar yadda zai iya gurgunta al'umma, kuma yana shafar kasashen da suka ci gaba kamar yadda yake shafar kasashen da ba su da ingantaccen tsarin samar da ruwa. Masana'antu da suka dogara da ruwa sun fi fitowa fili a cikin takaddamar ruwa, amma kasuwanci a kowane mataki na iya fuskantar illa saboda rashin ruwa.

=== Kamun Kifi ===
A tarihi, sassan kamun kifi sun kasance manyan wuraren tambaya, yayin da kasashe suka fadada tare da da'awar sassan teku a matsayin yankinsu na kasuwancin kamun kifi na gida. Wasu yankuna masu riba mai yawa, kamar Tekun Bering, suna da tarihin takaddama; a shekarar 1886 Daular Biritaniya da Amurka sun yi tahaliki a kan sassan kamun kifi na kadojin teku (seals),&lt;ref&gt;The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2007, Columbia University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a yau kasar Rasha ta kewaye wani sashe na ruwan kasa da kasa da aka sani da Bering Sea Donut Hole. An warware rikici game da hanyoyin kamun kifi da samun dama ga ramin a shekarar 1995 ta hanyar wata yarjejeniya da ake kira Donut Hole Agreement.&lt;ref&gt;Dunlap, William W. The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, Volume 10, Number 1, 1995, pp. 114-135(22)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gurbacewa ===
Bukatar kamfanoni galibi tana giciye da bukatun kasuwanci masu adawa da juna, da kuma damuwar muhalli, wanda ke kaiwa ga wani nau'in takaddama. A shekarun 1960, Tafkin Erie, da kuma sauran Manyan Tafkuna (Great Lakes) sun gurbata har ta kai ga mace-macen kifi masu yawa. Al'ummomin gida sun sha wahala sosai daga mummunan ingancin ruwa har sai da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta zartar da Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa (Clean Water Act) a shekarar 1972.&lt;ref&gt;33 U.S.C. § 1251 et seq.&lt;/ref&gt;

Gurbacewar ruwa tana haifar da babban hadari ga lafiya, musamman a yankunan da ke da masana'antu da yawa da kuma yawan jama'a kamar kasar Sin. Don mayar da martani ga mummunan yanayi inda birane baki daya ba su da ruwan sha mai aminci, kasar Sin ta zartar da ingantacciyar Dokar Kare da Sarrafa Gurbacewar Ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-02/29/content_6494712.htm] China Daily, Updated February 29, 2008. Accessed November 21, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Yiwuwar ruwan da ya gurbata ya tsallaka iyakokin kasashen duniya, da kuma gurbacewar ruwa da ba a amince da ita ba a cikin kasa matsi, yana kawo tambayoyi game da hakkin dan adam, wanda ke ba da damar shigar kasashen duniya cikin batun gurbacewar ruwa. Babu wani tsari guda daya na magance takaddamar gurbacewa ta cikin gida a kasa.

== Mayar da Martani ==

=== Hadin Gwiwa ===
Ana iya tsara cibiyoyin da ke kula da iyakokin kasashen duniya don inganta hadin gwiwa, shawo kan takaddama na farko, da kuma nemo hanyoyin jurewa rashin tabbas da canjin yanayi ke haifarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2008-016.pdf |title=Share: managing Water across Boundaries |publisher=IUCN |year=2008 |isbn=978-2-8317-1029-7 |editor=Sadoff, C. |display-editors=etal |archive-date=2012-10-24 |access-date=2011-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024164900/http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2008-016.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma za a iya sanya idanu kan ingancin irin wadannan cibiyoyin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Hukumar Kogin Indus (Permanent Indus Commission) da Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus ta shekarar 1960 sun tsira daga yakoki biyu tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan duk da gaba da ke tsakanin kasashen biyu, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da zama tsari mai nasara wajen warware rikice-rikice ta hanyar samar da kyakkyawan tsarin tattaunawa, bincike, da musayar bayanai. A yanzu ne kawai aka dakatar da yarjejeniyar. Hukumar Mekong (Mekong Committee) ta yi aiki tun daga shekarar 1957 kuma ta dore har bayan Yakin Vietnam na shekarun 1955-1975. Akasin haka, rashin kwanciyar hankali na shiyya yana faruwa ne lokacin da kasashe ba su da cibiyoyin hadin gwiwa a fannin huldar shiyya, kamar tsarin kasar Masar na gina babban madatsar ruwa a kan Kogin Nilu. Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, babu wata cibiya ta duniya da ke kula da tafiyar da albarkatun ruwa da ke ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya, kuma hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa ya faru ne ta hanyar hadaka ta musamman tsakanin hukumomi, kamar Hukumar Mekong wacce ta fito sakamakon kawance tsakanin UNICEF da Hukumar Gyaran Kasa ta Amurka (US Bureau of Reclamation). Samar da cibiyoyi masu karfi na kasa da kasa ya bayyana{{original research inline|date=September 2019}} a matsayin hanyar ci gaba a gaba – suna karfafa shiga tsakani da gudanarwa da wuri,{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} tare da kauce wa hanyoyin warware takaddama masu tsada.

Yarjejeniyar ruwa-don-wutar-lantarki ta Project Prosperity tsakanin Isra'ila da Jordan,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/business/cop/israel-jordan-move-forward-with-water-for-energy-deal-2022-11-08/ | title=Israel and Jordan move forward with water-for-energy deal | newspaper=Reuters | date=8 November 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/12/16/water-for-energy-is-better-than-land-for-peace/ | title=Water-for-Energy is Better Than Land-for-Peace | date=16 December 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da hadin gwiwar Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (UAE), za ta kawo wutar lantarki da aka samar ta hanyar hasken rana daga Jordan zuwa Isra'ila, sannan Isra'ila za ta samar da ruwan teku da aka tacewa (wanda aka cire wa gishiri) ga kasar Jordan. Kasar UAE za ta taimaka wajen girka tsarin wutar lantarki na hasken rana a kasar Jordan.

Wani abu guda daya da ya saba faruwa a kusan duk takaddamar da aka warware shi ne cewa tattaunawar ta dogara ne akan tsarin &quot;dogaro da bukata&quot; maimakon tsarin &quot;dogaro da hakki&quot;. Gonakin da za a iya yin noman rani a kansu, yawan jama'a, da dabarun ayyuka ne ke bayyana &quot;bukatu&quot;. Nasarar tsarin dogaro da bukata tana bayyana ne a cikin yarjejeniyar ruwa guda daya tilo da aka taba cimma a kwarin Kogin Jordan, wacce ta mayar da hankali kan bukatu ba wai kan hakkin kasashen da ke kusa da kogin ba. A yankin kasan Indiya, bukatun noman rani na kasar Bangladesh ne ke nuna rabon ruwa na Kogin Ganges.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Tsarin shiyya na dogaro da bukata yana mayar da hankali ne wajen gamsar da daidaikun mutane da bukatarsu ta ruwa, tare da tabbatar da cewa an biya mafi karancin bukatun adadi. Wannan yana kauce wa rikicin da ke tasowa lokacin da kasashe ke kallon yarjejeniyar ta mahimman moriyar kasa kadai, kuma yana motsawa daga tsarin babu-riba-babu-rashi zuwa ga tsarin hadaka mai amfani ga kowa wanda ke raba ruwa da alfanunsa cikin adalci.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Wannan yana nufin cewa duka adalci da ingancin tsarin amfani da ruwa sun zama masu mahimmanci, musamman a lokacin karancin ruwa. Ya kamata hadakar wadannan abubuwa guda biyu na ingantaccen aiki ta faru ne a cikin tsarin dorewa wanda ke sa ci gaba da hadin gwiwa tsakanin duk masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin yanayin koyo ya zama abin bukata kwarai da gaske.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Haie|first=Naim|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bfm%3A978-981-15-6284-6%2F1.pdf|title=Transparent Water Management Theory: Sefficiency in Sequity|publisher=Springer|year=2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dorewar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ===
Tsarin Blue Peace wanda Strategic Foresight Group ta samar tare da hadin gwiwar gwamnatocin kasashen Switzerland da Sweden yana ba da tsarin manufofi na musamman wanda ke inganta dorewar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa tare da hadin gwiwa don samar da zaman lafiya. Ta hanyar amfani da mafi kyawun albarkatun ruwa da ake rabawa ta hanyar hadin gwiwa maimakon rabo kawai tsakanin kasashe, damar samun zaman lafiya na iya karuwa.&lt;ref&gt;''Turkish Review'', March 2013&lt;/ref&gt;{{request quotation|date=September 2019}} Tsarin na Blue Peace ya nuna tasiri mai kyau (misali) a Gabas ta Tsakiya&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Strategic Foresight Group - Anticipating and Influencing Global Future |url=http://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/40595Blue+Peace_Middle+East.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831104124/http://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/40595Blue+Peace_Middle+East.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2018 |access-date=31 August 2018 |website=www.strategicforesight.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.deza.admin.ch/en/Home/Projects/Selected_projects/Water_management_and_peace_promotion_in_the_Middle_East eda.base.components.templates.base.accessKeys] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130926053611/http://www.deza.admin.ch/en/Home/Projects/Selected_projects/Water_management_and_peace_promotion_in_the_Middle_East|date=26 September 2013}}. Deza.admin.ch. Retrieved on 2015-11-24.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma kwarin Kogin Nilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 September 2013 |title=Blue Peace: New Solution for Averting Water Wars in the Nile Basin - Yahoo Finance |work=Yahoo Finance |url=http://finance.yahoo.com/news/blue-peace-solution-averting-water-040000860.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928122750/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/blue-peace-solution-averting-water-040000860.html |archive-date=28 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dandalin Ruwan Karkashin Kasa na UN UNESCO-IHP yana da nufin taimakawa wajen inganta fahimtar albarkatun ruwa da kuma karfafa ingantaccen gudanar da ruwa. Amma ya zuwa yanzu, shirin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mafi karsashi wajen warware takaddamar ruwa shi ne shirin Potential Conflict to Co-operation Potential (PCCP), wanda ke a mataki na uku na aikinsa, yana horar da kwararrun fannin ruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da kuma tsara ayyukan ilmantarwa a wasu wurare.&lt;ref name=&quot;IHP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=UNESCO-IHP Groundwater Portal |date=19 December 2014 |url=https://groundwaterportal.net/project/pccp |access-date=2019-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyoyin da shirin ya mayar da hankali a kansu sun hada da jami'an diflomasiyya, masu yin dokoki, kungiyoyin farar hula, da daliban da ke nazarin fannin ruwa; ta hanyar fadada ilimi kan takaddamar ruwa, yana fatan karfafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashe wajen tunkarar rikice-rikice.

Hukumar UNESCO ta wallafa taswirar madatsun ruwan karkashin kasa da ke ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 22, 2008 |title=UNESCO publishes first world map of underground transboundary aquifers |url=http://portal.unesco.org//en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D43767&amp;URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025095526/http://portal.unesco.org//en/ev.php-URL_ID=43767&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html |archive-date=October 25, 2008 |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukan ilimi da suka mayar da hankali kan takaddamar ruwa har yanzu ba su samar da daidaitacciyar hanya ta shiga tsakani ga takaddamar kasa da kasa ba, balle ma ta cikin gida. Amma UNESCO tana da kyakkyawan fata game da makomar gaba yayin da rikice-rikicen ruwa ke kara fitowa fili ga jama'a, kuma yayin da karuwar tsananin matsalar ke sanya masu taurin kai yin tunani na gari.

=== Shiga Tsakani na Kungiyoyin Kasa da Kasa ===

Kungiyoyin kasa da kasa suna taka rawar gani sosai wajen shiga tsakani a takaddamar ruwa da kuma inganta gudanar da ruwa. Daga kokarin kimiyya na auna gurbacewar ruwa, zuwa kokarin Kungiyar Cin Kiki ta Duniya (World Trade Organization) na warware takaddamar cin kiki tsakanin kasashe, ana iya magance nau'ikan takaddamar ruwa da dama ta hanyar tsare-tsare da cibiyoyin da ke akwai a yanzu.

Kungiyar Cin Kiki ta Duniya (WTO) tana iya shiga tsakani a takaddamar ruwa da kasashe mambobinta suka gabatar lokacin da takaddamar ta kasance ta dabi'ar kasuwanci ce. Hukumar WTO tana da wasu kungiyoyi na musamman, kamar Cibiyar Kamun Kifi (Fisheries Center), wadanda ke aiki don sanya idanu da kuma yanke hukunci kan shari'o'in da suka dace, kodayake ba ita ce hukuma ta karshe a kan rikicin albarkatun ruwa ba.

Duk da haka, rikicin ruwa da ke faruwa a cikin gida, da kuma rikicin da mai yiwuwa ba na kasuwanci ba ne baki daya, ka iya zama maras dacewa ga shiga tsakanin WTO.

Saboda ruwa yana da matukar muhimmanci ga cin kikin kayan gona, takaddamar ruwa na iya kasancewa a fakaice cikin shari'o'in WTO ta hanyar &quot;ruwan fargaba&quot; (virtual water),&lt;ref&gt;Morrisette, Jason J. and Douglas A. Borer. &quot;Where Oil and Water Do Mix: Environmental Scarcity and Future Conflict in the Middle East and North Africa.&quot; Parameters, Vol. 34, Winter 2004 pp 94-96.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://kluwerlawonline.com/api/Product/CitationPDFURL?file=Journals%5CTRAD%5CTRAD2013042.pdf|title=Water Footprint and the Law of WTO|first=Piotr|last=Szwedo|date=December 1, 2013|journal=Journal of World Trade|volume=47|issue=6|pages=1259–1284 |doi=10.54648/TRAD2013042 |s2cid=150576275 |via=kluwerlawonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; wato ruwan da ake amfani da shi wajen samar da kayayyaki da ayyuka amma ba a yin cin kikinsa kai tsaye tsakanin kasashe. Kasashen da ke da mafi kyawun samun damar samar da ruwa na iya yin rawar gani sosai ta fannin tattalin arziki fiye da wadanda ke fuskantar matsala, wanda hakan ke haifar da yiwuwar rikici. Sakamakon bacin rai da tallafin aikin gona ke haifarwa wanda ke korar amfanin gonakin gida, kasashen da ke fuskantar karancin ruwa suna kai kararrakinsu ga WTO.

Hukumar WTO tana taka rawa sosai a takaddamar da ta dogara da aikin gona wadanda ke da alaka da rikici a kan takamaiman hanyoyin ruwa. Duk da haka, tana samar da muhimmin tsari wanda ke tsara yadda ruwa zai taka rawa a takaddamar tattalin arziki na gaba. Wata makarantar tunani tana goyon bayan ra'ayin yakin ruwa, wanda shi ne matakin karshe na takaddamar ruwa da ba a warware ba—karancin albarkatun ruwa tare da matsin lamba na karuwar al'umma cikin sauri na iya wuce ikon WTO na kiyaye tsari mai kyau a cikin al'amuran cin kiki.&lt;ref&gt;Morrisette, p. 99&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rikice-rikicen Ruwa na Ketare Iyakoki ==

Ruwan ketare iyakoki su ne ruwayen da kasashe mabanbanta guda biyu ko fiye suka raba iyaka da su. Domin rage hadarin rikicin ruwa, galibi ana tattaunawa kan tsare-tsare ko yarjejeniyoyin ruwa na ketare iyakoki, amma har yanzu da yawa daga cikin kogunan duniya da ake rabawa ba su da irin wadannan yarjejeniyoyin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeitoun |first1=Mark |last2=Mirumachi |first2=Naho |last3=Warner |first3=Jeroen |last4=Kirkegaard |first4=Matthew |last5=Cascão |first5=Ana |date=2019-05-24 |title=Analysis for water conflict transformation |url=https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/71198/1/Accepted_Manuscript.pdf |journal=Water International |language=en |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=365–384 |doi=10.1080/02508060.2019.1607479 |issn=0250-8060 |s2cid=182388253|url-access= }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wadannan hadin gwiwar ya kamata su kasance cikin adalci da dorewa ta yadda kowace kasa ba za ta ci zarafin ruwan ba, a maimakon haka za su yi amfani da ruwan don amfaninsu mafi kyau tare da kare shi da adana shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Article 5: Equitable and reasonable utilisation and participation - UN Watercourses Convention |url=https://www.unwatercoursesconvention.org/the-convention/part-ii-general-principles/article-5-equitable-and-reasonable-utilisation-and-participation/ |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=www.unwatercoursesconvention.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gasa ta kasa da kasa a kan ruwa na iya tasowa lokacin da wata kasa ta fara dibar ruwa mai yawa daga tushen ruwan da ake rabawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Grover |first=Velma I. |title=Water : a source of conflict or cooperation? |publisher=Science Publishers |year=2007 |location=Enfield, N.H.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan galibi ita ce hanya mafi inganci ta samun ruwan da ake bukata, amma a cikin dogon lokaci na iya haifar da rikici idan aka yi amfani da ruwan fiye da kima. An ce fiye da kasashe 50 a nahiyoyi biyar na fuskantar barazanar rikici a kan ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Paul |first=James |title=Water in Conflict |url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/natres/waterindex.htm |website=www.globalpolicy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da kari, dokar ruwa ta kasa da kasa wani lokacin na iya kara rura wutar rikici: ka'idojin shari'a na &quot;mallakar farko&quot; (prior appropriation) da &quot;hakkin kusa da kogi&quot; (riparianism) duka biyun suna da alaka da rikice-rikicen ruwa na ketare iyakoki saboda duka biyun na iya nufin cewa sa'a ta tarihi da ta labarin kasa na iya raba kasashe bisa doka zuwa wadanda ke da wadatar ruwa da wadanda ke fama da karancinsa.

Rikice-rikicen baya-bayan nan tsakanin kasashe sun faru ne mafi yawanci a Gabas ta Tsakiya (takaddamar da ta samo asali daga kogunan Euphrates da Tigris wadanda Turkiyya, Siriya, da Iraki ke rabawa; da kuma rikicin Kogin Jordan da Isra'ila, Lebanon, Jordan da kuma Kasar Falasdinu ke rabawa), a Afirka (rikice-rikicen da suka shafi Kogin Nilu tsakanin Masar, Habasha, da Sudan),&lt;ref name=&quot;WWilson&quot; /&gt; da kuma a Tsakiyar Asiya (rikicin Tekun Aral tsakanin Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan da Kyrgyzstan). A cikin shekarun 2022 da 2023, takaddama a kan Kogin Helmand da Iran da Afghanistan ke rabawa ita ma ta ruru.

=== Kisan Kare dangi a Gaza ===
A matsayin wani bangare na kisan kare dangi na Gaza na shekarar 2023 zuwa yanzu da kasar Isra'ila ke tafi da shi, ana lalata masana'antun tace ruwan teku da sauran tsarin samar da ruwa da gangan tare da sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira, cibiyoyin raba taimako da aywukan jin kai a kokarin janyo yunwa da kuma sa mutane su mutu saboda kishirwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Natasha |last2=Kirschenbaum |first2=Anita |last3=Michel |first3=David |date=2024-01-12 |title=The Siege of Gaza’s Water |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/siege-gazas-water |journal=CSIS |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutanen da ke zaune a Falasdinu sun ba da rahoton cewa an tilasta musu shan ruwa mai gishiri, maras tsabta, ko mai dauke da cututtuka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gaza residents share fears of thirst after Israel destroys water resources |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/video/newsfeed/2025/4/10/gaza-residents-share-fears-of-thirst-after-israel-destroys-water-resources |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yakin Iran na 2026 ===
A ranar 7 ga Maris, 2026, a matsayin wani bangare na yakin shekarar 2026 tsakanin Isra'ila, Amurka, da Iran, Amurka ta kai hari da gangan kan masana'antar tace ruwan teku ta kasar Iran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=AFP |date=7 March 2026 |title=IRGC says it attacked US base in Bahrain, claims it was used to strike desalination plant in Iran |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/irgc-says-it-attacked-us-base-in-bahrain-claims-it-was-used-to-strike-desalination-plant-in-iran/ |access-date=8 March 2026 |work=The Times of Israel |language=en-US |issn=0040-7909}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu kasashen, har da Isra'ila, sun dogara ne da tace ruwan teku don samun isasshen ruwan sha.

=== Kogunan Tigris da Euphrates ===
A cikin tarihi an sami rikici mai yawa game da amfani da ruwa daga koguna kamar su Tigris da Euphrates, kuma daya daga cikin &quot;yakokin ruwa&quot; na farko da aka sani shi ne a shekara ta 2400 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (BCE) tsakanin tsoffin jihohin Sumerian na Umma da Lagash a kan ruwan noman rani.&lt;ref name=&quot;stormingmedia.us&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.stormingmedia.us/75/7593/A759324.html |title=The Euphrates Triangle: Security Implications of the Southeastern Anatolia Project |website=www.stormingmedia.us |access-date=March 11, 2023 |archive-date=June 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604152753/http://www.stormingmedia.us/75/7593/A759324.html |author1= Frederick M. Lorenz |author2=Edward J. Erickson}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shiri na Kudu maso Gabashin Anatolia na kasar Turkiyya (Southeastern Anatolia Project ko GAP) a kan Kogin Euphrates yana da yiwuwar haifar da mummunan sakamako ga samar da ruwa a Siriya da Iraki. A lokacin shekarun 1950, an fara gina madatsun ruwa da sauran ayyukan ruwa da yawa sakamakon damuwa game da rabon ruwa musamman ga kasashen da ke kasan kogin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Çarkoğlu |first1=Ali |last2=Eder |first2=Mine |date=2001 |title=Domestic Concerns and the Water Conflict over the Euphrates-Tigris River Basin |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4284138 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=41–71 |doi=10.1080/714004364 |jstor=4284138 |s2cid=144773147 |issn=0026-3206|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kwarin Mekong (Kasar Sin da sauran kasashen Asiya) ===
A kwarin Mekong, kasar Sin wadda ita ce kasa mafi can sama inda kogin ke fitowa, ta gina jerin madatsun ruwa a kan tushen Kogin Mekong, wanda hakan ya canza yawan kwararar ruwa da kuma lokutan kwarararsa ga kasashen da ke kasan kogin kamar Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia da Thailand.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=25 April 2020 |title=China's dams exacerbated extreme drought in lower Mekong: Study |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/chinas-dams-exacerbated-extreme-drought-mekong-study-200424231003795.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=22 April 2020 |title=Science Shows Chinese Dams Are Devastating the Mekong |work=Foreign Policy |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/22/science-shows-chinese-dams-devastating-mekong-river/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, kasar Sin ta gina madatsun ruwa guda 11 a kan Kogin Mekong, wanda ke kwarara daga kasar Sin ta cikin Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia da Vietnam zuwa Tekun Kudancin Sin. Masana suna fargabar cewa ikon kasar Sin na sarrafa kwararar Kogin Mekong yana ba ta damar yin amfani da hakan azaman kariya ko matsin lamba ga kasashen kasan kogin wadanda suka dogara da kyakkyawar niyyar kasar Sin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nikkei Asian Review&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Chellaney |first=Brahma |date=28 October 2019 |title=China is weaponizing water and worsening droughts in Asia |newspaper=Nikkei Asian Review |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Opinion/China-is-weaponizing-water-and-worsening-droughts-in-Asia}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2018, matakan ruwa a Kogin Mekong sun sauka zuwa mafi kankanta a cikin shekaru sama da 100, har ma a lokacin damina na shekara-shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Project Syndicate&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2 August 2019 |title=Damming the Mekong Basin to Environmental Hell |url=https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/china-dams-mekong-basin-exacerbate-drought-by-brahma-chellaney-2019-08 |publisher=Project Syndicate}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Madatsar ruwa ta Jinghong, wadda ya zuwa Janairu 2020 ita ce madatsar ruwa ta kasar Sin mafi kusa da iyakar kasar Thailand, ta haifar da babban canji da rashin daidaituwa a matakan kogin, wanda ke shafar hanyoyin rayuwar mutane a kasan kogin ta hanyar hargitsa tsarin dabi'ar kogin.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABC News&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Bainbridge |first=Amy |date=20 January 2020 |title=China's Mekong River dams are generating renewable energy, but are costing locals their livelihoods |newspaper=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-20/china-mekong-river-plan-creates-renewable-energy-but-costs-jobs/11872640}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rikicin Tekun Aral ===
Fadada aikin gona na noman rani fiye da kima a zamanin Tarayyar Soviet (musamman ga auduga) a Tsakiyar Asiya ya sanya Kogin Amu Darya, wanda Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan da Afghanistan ke rabawa, ya kusan bushewa baki daya, har ta kai ga ya daina isa ga Tekun Aral, wanda a yanzu girmansa da yawansa sun ragu sosai</text>
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[[File:Vallee_fertile_du_Nil_a_Louxor.jpg|thumb|Matakin da kasar Habasha ta dauka na cike madatsar ruwa ta Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) zai iya rage kwararar ruwan fari na Kogin Nilu da kusan kashi 25% tare da lalata gonakin kasar Masar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=27 February 2018 |title=In Africa, War Over Water Looms As Ethiopia Nears Completion Of Nile River Dam |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/02/27/589240174/in-africa-war-over-water-looms-as-ethiopia-nears-completion-of-nile-river-dam?t=1595668819363}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Rikicin ruwa''' yawanci yana nufin tasiri ko takaddama da ke da alaka da samun dama, ko iko da albarkatun ruwa, ko amfani da ruwa ko tsarin samar da ruwa a matsayin makami ko kuma zama abin cutarwa a lokacin tasiri. Kalmar ''yakin ruwa'' ana amfani da ita a kafafen yada labarai don wasu takaddama a kan ruwa, kuma mafi yawanci ta takaitu ne wajen bayyana rikici tsakanin kasashe, jahohi, ko kungiyoyi a kan hakkin samun damar yin amfani da albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allianz&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Tulloch |first=James |date=August 26, 2009 |title=Water Conflicts: Fight or Flight? |url=http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/climate_change/natural_disasters/water_conflicts.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080829171957/http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/climate_change/natural_disasters/water_conflicts.html |archive-date=2008-08-29 |access-date=14 January 2010 |publisher=Allianz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WWilson&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Kameri-Mbote |first=Patricia |date=January 2007 |title=Water, Conflict, and Cooperation: Lessons from the nile river Basin |url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue4.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Navigating Peace |publisher=Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars |issue=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706033750/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue4.pdf |archive-date=2010-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince cewa takaddamar ruwa tana tasowa ne daga sabanin bukatu na masu amfani da ruwa, na gwamnati ko na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/ United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008]&lt;/ref&gt; Kyakkyawan tsari na rikice-rikicen ruwa ya bayyana a cikin tarihi, kodayake da kyar ake fafata yakokin gargajiya a kan ruwa kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Peter Gleick, 1993. [http://www2.pacinst.org/reports/international_security_gleick_1993.pdf &quot;Water and conflict.&quot;] ''International Security'' Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 79-112 (Summer 1993).&lt;/ref&gt; A maimakon haka, ruwa ya dade yana zama sanadin takaddama kuma daya daga cikin dalilan rikici. Rikicin ruwa yana tasowa ne saboda dalilai da dama, da suka hada da takaddamar iyakokin kasa, fafutukar neman albarkatu, da kuma moriyar dabarun yaki.&lt;ref&gt;Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research (Department of Political Science, University of Heidelberg); Conflict Barometer 2007:Crises – Wars – Coups d'État – Nagotiations – Mediations – Peace Settlements, 16th annual conflict analysis, 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

Rikicin ruwa na iya faruwa a matakin cikin gida (na kasa daya) da kuma matakin tsakanin kasashe daban-daban. Rikici tsakanin kasashe yana faruwa ne tsakanin kasashe biyu ko fiye da ke raba tushen ruwa guda daya da ya ratsa iyakokinsu, kamar kogi, teku, ko tafkin ruwan karkashin kasa. Misali, yankin Gabas Ta Tsakiya yana da kashi 1% kacal na ruwan fari na duniya wanda kashi 5% na al'ummar duniya ke rabawa, kuma galibin koramu da koguna suna ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Sutherland |first=Ben |date=March 18, 2003 |title=Water shortages 'foster terrorism' |publisher=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2859937.stm |access-date=14 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rikicin cikin gida kuma yana faruwa ne tsakanin bangarori biyu ko fiye a cikin kasa daya, kamar rikici tsakanin manoma da masu amfani da ruwa na cikin birni.

Mafi yawan rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa suna faruwa ne a kan ruwan fari saboda wadannan albarkatu suna da mahimmanci ga bukatun dan adam na yau da kullum, amma galibi suna iya yin karanci ko gurbata ko kuma rashin daidaiton rabo tsakanin masu amfani da su. Karancin ruwa yana kara rura wutar takaddamar ruwa saboda gasar neman ruwan sha, noman rani, samar da wutar lantarki da sauran bukatu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=671&amp;section=14 |title=Patp &gt; &gt; &gt; |access-date=2010-04-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010731141012/http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=671&amp;section=14 |archive-date=2001-07-31 }} Freshwater: lifeblood of the planet, accessed November 21, 2008&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake ruwan fari muhimmin albarkatun kasa ne, amma kuma rarrabuwarsa ba daidai ba ce a doron kasa, samuwarsa galibi tana tasiri ga yanayin rayuwa da tattalin arzikin kasa ko yanki. Rashin wadatar zabukan samar da ruwa masu rahusa a wurare kamar Gabas ta Tsakiya,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858e09.htm Murakami, Masahiro. 1995.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117045902/http://unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858E09.htm |date=2011-01-17 }} ''Managing Water for Peace in the Middle East: Alternative Strategies, ''New York: United Nations University Press. Accessed online November 16, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar karancin ruwa na iya sanya matsin lamba ga duk masu amfani da ruwa, ko na kamfanoni, gwamnati, ko daidaikun mutane, wanda ke kaiwa ga takaddama, kuma watakila ma a goga mashi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/] United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;
Akwai adadin rikice-rikicen ruwa da ke kara karuwa wadanda ba a warware su ba, musamman a matakin kananan hukumomi ko jihohi, kuma wadannan za su kara zama hadari yayin da ruwa ke kara karanci, canjin yanayi na canza yanayin samar da ruwa na gida, kuma al'ummar duniya ke karuwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/457] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124031150/http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/457 |date=2016-11-24 }} Brooks, Nina. &quot;Impending Water Crisis in China,&quot; Arlington Institute. Accessed November 28, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pacific Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |date=17 March 2022 |title=Water Conflicts Continue to Worsen Worldwide |url=https://pacinst.org/water-conflicts-continue-to-worsen-worldwide/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |website=Pacific Institute }}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban nau'ikan takaddamar ruwa yana sa da wuya a magance su, amma akwai dabarun rage kasadar irin wadannan takaddamar da yawa. Dokoki da yarjejeniyoyin gida da na kasa da kasa na iya taimakawa wajen inganta rabon koguna na kasa da kasa da madatsun ruwa na karkashin kasa. Ingantattun fasahohi da cibiyoyi na iya inganta wadatar ruwa da rabon ruwa a yankunan da ke fama da karancin ruwa.


== Dalilai ==

Karancin ruwa ya fi haifar da rikici a matakin gida da na shiyyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wolf |first1=Aaron T |year=2001 |title=Water and Human Security |journal=Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education |volume=118 |page=29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa wani muhimmin abu ne ga rayuwar dan adam, kuma ayyukan dan adam suna da alaka ta kusa da wadatar ruwa da ingancinsa.&lt;ref&gt;ICWE (1992). International Conference on Water and the Environment--Development Issues for the 21st Century, 26–31 January 1992, Dublin, Ireland : [http://www.ircwash.org/resources/international-conference-water-and-environment-development-issues-21st-century-26-31-0 the Dublin statement and report of the conference], Geneva, Switzerland, ICWE Secretariat, World Meteorological Organization&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa rukunin albarkatu ne mai iyaka. Rikicin ruwa yana faruwa ne saboda bukatar albarkatun ruwa da ruwan sha na iya wuce wadatar da ake da ita, ko kuma saboda ana iya takaddama a kan ikon samun dama da raba ruwa, ko kuma saboda cibiyoyin kula da ruwa ba su da karfi ko kuma babu su kwata-kwata. Abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar karancin ruwa na iya sanya matsin lamba ga bangarorin da abin ya shafa don samun Karin albarkatun ruwa da ake rabawa, wanda ke haifar da takaddamar diflomasiyya ko ma rikici na gaba-da-gaba.

Takaddama da rikice-rikice a kan ruwa yanzu suna faruwa akai-akai a matakin cikin gida, maimakon matakin kasashen duniya. Tasiri tsakanin makiyaya da manoma a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na kara karuwa. Hare-hare a kan tsarin samar da ruwa na farar hula yayin yakokin da suka fara saboda wasu dalilai daban sun karu, kamar a kasashen Yemen, Siriya, Iraki, kuma kwanan nan a kasar Yukren.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |date=2019 |title=Water as a weapon and casualty of armed conflict: A review of recent water-related violence in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen |url=https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wat2.1351 |journal=WIREs Water |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1–15 |article-number=e1351 |doi=10.1002/wat2.1351 |bibcode=2019WIRWa...6E1351G |s2cid=195514316|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |last2=Vyshnevskyi |first2=Viktor |last3=Shevchuk |first3=Serhii |date=2023 |title=Rivers and Water Systems as Weapons and Casualties of the Russia-Ukraine War. |journal=Earth's Future |volume=11 |issue=10|article-number=e2023EF003910 |doi=10.1029/2023EF003910 |bibcode=2023EaFut..1103910G |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Karancin ruwa kuma na iya rura wutar rikice-rikice da takaddamar siyasa wadanda ba ruwa ne ya janyo su kai tsaye ba. Raguwa a hankali cikin lokaci a inganci da/ko yawan ruwan fari na iya kara rashin kwanciyar hankali a yanki ta hanyar gurgunta lafiyar al'umma, hana ci gaban tattalin arziki, da kuma rura wutar manyan rikice-rikice.&lt;ref name=&quot;Postel&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Postel |first1=S. L. |last2=Wolf |first2=A. T. |year=2001 |title=Dehydrating Conflict |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/11/18/dehydrating-conflict/ |journal=Foreign Policy |volume=126 |issue=126 |pages=60–67 |doi=10.2307/3183260 |jstor=3183260|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Canjin yanayi da karuwar al'ummar duniya su ma suna haduwa wajen sanya sabbin matsin lamba ga albarkatun ruwa masu iyaka tare da kara hadarin rikicin ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=October 12, 2019|title=The Coming Wars for Water|url=https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/|website=Report Syndication}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hasashe ==
A cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata, 'yan siyasa, masana kimiyya da 'yan jarida sun sha nuna damuwa cewa takaddamar ruwa za ta zama sanadin yakoki na gaba. Kalaman da aka fi ambata sun hada da: na tsohon Ministan Harakokin Wajen kasar Masar kuma tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Boutros Boutros-Ghali, wanda ya yi hasashen cewa, &quot;Yaki na gaba a Gabas ta Tsakiya za a fafata shi ne a kan ruwa, ba siyasa ba&quot;; magajinsa a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Kofi Annan, wanda a shekarar 2001 ya ce, &quot;Gasa mai tsanani ta neman ruwan fari na iya zama sanadin rikici da yakoki a gaba,&quot; da kuma tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Bankin Duniya, Ismail Serageldin, wanda ya ce yakokin karni na gaba za su kasance ne a kan ruwa sai dai idan an sami gagarumin canji a fannin gudanarwa. Haka kuma, &quot;yanzu ana yawan cewa yakoki na gaba a Gabas ta Tsakiya sun fi karkata ga fafatawa a kan ruwa fiye da a kan mai,&quot; in ji Lester R. Brown a wani taron dandalin ruwa na Stockholm da aka yi a baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=EPI Releases - How Water Scarcity Will Shape the New Century - EPI |url=http://www.earth-policy.org/press_room/C68/stockholm_transcript |access-date=9 January 2018 |website=www.earth-policy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasashen yakokin ruwa yana da tushe ne a cikin binciken farko da aka gudanar a kan kalilan din koguna na kasa da kasa kamar Kogin Indus, Kogin Jordan da Kogin Nilu. Wadannan takamaiman koguna sun zama abin mayar da hankali ne saboda sun fuskanci takaddamar da ta shafi ruwa. Takamaiman abubuwan da aka ambata a matsayin shaida sun hada da hararin da Isra'ila ta kai wa Siriya lokacin da take kokarin karkatar da madubin Kogin Jordan, da kuma barazanar soja da Masar ta yi wa kowace kasa da ke gina madatsun ruwa a saman kogin Nilu.

Wani abun da ke kara hadarin rikicin ruwa shi ne karuwar gasar neman ruwa a yankunan da ke fama da karancin ruwa, inda bukatu na samar da ruwa don amfanin dan adam, samar da abinci, muhallin halittu da sauran amfani ke gaba-da-gaba da wadatar ruwan da ake da ita. Mummunan al'amuran ruwa kamar ambaliyar ruwa da fari su ma suna kara tsananta hadarin rikicin ruwa. Yayin da yawan jama'a da ci gaban tattalin arziki ke karuwa, bukatun ruwa ma na iya karuwa, wanda ke kara rura wutar rashin jituwa game da rabo da iko da ruwa mai iyaka a wasu yankuna ko kasashe, musamman lokacin fari, ko kuma a madatsun ruwa na kasashen duniya da ake rabawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pacific Institute&quot;/&gt;

Albarkatun ruwa da suka ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya sun fi karkata wajen zama sanadin hadin gwiwa da abokin aiki fiye da yaki. Masana kimiyya da ke aiki a International Water Management Institute sun kasance suna bincikar shaidun da ke bayan hasashen yakin ruwa. Sakamakon bincikensu ya nuna cewa, ko da yake gaskiya ne an sami rikici mai alaka da ruwa a wasu kalilan din madatsun ruwa na kasashen duniya, a sauran kusan madatsun ruwa 300 da ake rabawa a duniya, tarihin ya kasance mai kyau mafi yawancinsa. Wannan ya nuna a fili ta hanyar daruruwan yarjejeniyoyin da ke akwai wadanda ke jagorantar amfani da ruwa cikin adalci tsakanin kasashen da ke raba albarkatun ruwa. Cibiyoyin da wadannan yarjejeniyoyin suka kafa za su iya zama muhimman abubuwa wajen tabbatar da hadin gwiwa maimakon rikici.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110812233521/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org:80/Publications/Success_Stories/PDF/2010/Issue%208%20-%20Promoting_cooperation_through_effective_management_of_shared_water_resources.pdf ''Promoting cooperation through management of transboundary water resources''], Success Stories, Issue 8, 2010, IWMI&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanai da Ma'anoni ==
Wani rumbun bayanai na intanet mai fadi da kuma budaddiya na rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa — wato Water Conflict Chronology — an samar da shi ta Pacific Institute.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Conflict Chronology |url=http://worldwater.org/water-conflict/ |access-date=November 29, 2023 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan rumbun bayanai ya lissafa tasiri a kan ruwa tun kimanin shekaru 4,500 da suka gabata kuma ya hada da misalai fiye da 1900 na tasiri a kan albarkatun ruwa tare da bayanai kan kwanan wata, wuri, nau'in rikici da cikakkun majiyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |last2=Shimabuku|first2=Morgan|date=2023 |title=Water-related conflicts: definitions, data, and trends from the water conflict chronology|journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=18 |issue=3|page=034022 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/acbb8f |bibcode=2023ERL....18c4022G |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fact Sheet: Water Conflict Chronology Update |url=https://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Water-Conflict-Chronology_Fact-Sheet.pdf |access-date=June 18, 2025 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Karkashin tsarin Water Conflict Chronology, an raba rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa kamar haka:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Water Conflict Chronology |url=http://worldwater.org/water-conflict/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

*Tushen Rikici (Trigger): Ruwa a matsayin abun da ke rura wuta ko tushen rikici, inda ake samun takaddama a kan ikon sarrafa ruwa ko tsarin ruwa ko kuma inda samun damar tattalin arziki ko ta jiki ga ruwa, ko karancin ruwa, ke haifar da tasiri.
*Makami (Weapon): Ruwa a matsayin makamin rikici, inda ake amfani da albarkatun ruwa, ko tsarin ruwa da kansu, a matsayin kayan aiki ko makami a cikin rikici na tasiri.
*Abin cutarwa (Casualty): Albarkatun ruwa ko tsarin ruwa a matsayin abin cutarwa na rikici, inda albarkatun ruwa, ko tsarin ruwa, suka kasance abubuwan da aka nufa da gangan ko kuma cikin hadari don lalata su ko yi musu barna.
== Siyasa da Tattalin Arziki ==

Amfanin ruwa a matsayin albarkatun kasuwanci, wanda ya hada da kamun kifi, aikin gona, masana'antu, nishaɗi da yawon bude ido, da sauran dama, na iya haifar da takaddama ko da lokacin da samun ruwan sha ba lallai ba ne ya zama matsala. A matsayin albarkatu, wasu suna daukar ruwa a matsayin mai daraja kamar mai, wanda kusan kowace masana'antu ke bukata, kuma ana bukatarsa kusan kowace rana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080518071950/http://www.forbes.com/2008/05/13/water-electricity-industry-biz-energy-cx_bp_0514water_print.html] Pentland, William. &quot;The Water-Industrial Complex,&quot; Forbes, May 14, 2008. Accessed November 21, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Karancin ruwa na iya gurgunta masana'antu baki daya kamar yadda zai iya gurgunta al'umma, kuma yana shafar kasashen da suka ci gaba kamar yadda yake shafar kasashen da ba su da ingantaccen tsarin samar da ruwa. Masana'antu da suka dogara da ruwa sun fi fitowa fili a cikin takaddamar ruwa, amma kasuwanci a kowane mataki na iya fuskantar illa saboda rashin ruwa.

=== Kamun Kifi ===
A tarihi, sassan kamun kifi sun kasance manyan wuraren tambaya, yayin da kasashe suka fadada tare da da'awar sassan teku a matsayin yankinsu na kasuwancin kamun kifi na gida. Wasu yankuna masu riba mai yawa, kamar Tekun Bering, suna da tarihin takaddama; a shekarar 1886 Daular Biritaniya da Amurka sun yi tahaliki a kan sassan kamun kifi na kadojin teku (seals),&lt;ref&gt;The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2007, Columbia University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a yau kasar Rasha ta kewaye wani sashe na ruwan kasa da kasa da aka sani da Bering Sea Donut Hole. An warware rikici game da hanyoyin kamun kifi da samun dama ga ramin a shekarar 1995 ta hanyar wata yarjejeniya da ake kira Donut Hole Agreement.&lt;ref&gt;Dunlap, William W. The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, Volume 10, Number 1, 1995, pp. 114-135(22)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gurbacewa ===
Bukatar kamfanoni galibi tana giciye da bukatun kasuwanci masu adawa da juna, da kuma damuwar muhalli, wanda ke kaiwa ga wani nau'in takaddama. A shekarun 1960, Tafkin Erie, da kuma sauran Manyan Tafkuna (Great Lakes) sun gurbata har ta kai ga mace-macen kifi masu yawa. Al'ummomin gida sun sha wahala sosai daga mummunan ingancin ruwa har sai da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta zartar da Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa (Clean Water Act) a shekarar 1972.&lt;ref&gt;33 U.S.C. § 1251 et seq.&lt;/ref&gt;

Gurbacewar ruwa tana haifar da babban hadari ga lafiya, musamman a yankunan da ke da masana'antu da yawa da kuma yawan jama'a kamar kasar Sin. Don mayar da martani ga mummunan yanayi inda birane baki daya ba su da ruwan sha mai aminci, kasar Sin ta zartar da ingantacciyar Dokar Kare da Sarrafa Gurbacewar Ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-02/29/content_6494712.htm] China Daily, Updated February 29, 2008. Accessed November 21, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Yiwuwar ruwan da ya gurbata ya tsallaka iyakokin kasashen duniya, da kuma gurbacewar ruwa da ba a amince da ita ba a cikin kasa matsi, yana kawo tambayoyi game da hakkin dan adam, wanda ke ba da damar shigar kasashen duniya cikin batun gurbacewar ruwa. Babu wani tsari guda daya na magance takaddamar gurbacewa ta cikin gida a kasa.

== Mayar da Martani ==

=== Hadin Gwiwa ===
Ana iya tsara cibiyoyin da ke kula da iyakokin kasashen duniya don inganta hadin gwiwa, shawo kan takaddama na farko, da kuma nemo hanyoyin jurewa rashin tabbas da canjin yanayi ke haifarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2008-016.pdf |title=Share: managing Water across Boundaries |publisher=IUCN |year=2008 |isbn=978-2-8317-1029-7 |editor=Sadoff, C. |display-editors=etal |archive-date=2012-10-24 |access-date=2011-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024164900/http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2008-016.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma za a iya sanya idanu kan ingancin irin wadannan cibiyoyin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Hukumar Kogin Indus (Permanent Indus Commission) da Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus ta shekarar 1960 sun tsira daga yakoki biyu tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan duk da gaba da ke tsakanin kasashen biyu, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da zama tsari mai nasara wajen warware rikice-rikice ta hanyar samar da kyakkyawan tsarin tattaunawa, bincike, da musayar bayanai. A yanzu ne kawai aka dakatar da yarjejeniyar. Hukumar Mekong (Mekong Committee) ta yi aiki tun daga shekarar 1957 kuma ta dore har bayan Yakin Vietnam na shekarun 1955-1975. Akasin haka, rashin kwanciyar hankali na shiyya yana faruwa ne lokacin da kasashe ba su da cibiyoyin hadin gwiwa a fannin huldar shiyya, kamar tsarin kasar Masar na gina babban madatsar ruwa a kan Kogin Nilu. Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, babu wata cibiya ta duniya da ke kula da tafiyar da albarkatun ruwa da ke ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya, kuma hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa ya faru ne ta hanyar hadaka ta musamman tsakanin hukumomi, kamar Hukumar Mekong wacce ta fito sakamakon kawance tsakanin UNICEF da Hukumar Gyaran Kasa ta Amurka (US Bureau of Reclamation). Samar da cibiyoyi masu karfi na kasa da kasa ya bayyana{{original research inline|date=September 2019}} a matsayin hanyar ci gaba a gaba – suna karfafa shiga tsakani da gudanarwa da wuri,{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} tare da kauce wa hanyoyin warware takaddama masu tsada.

Yarjejeniyar ruwa-don-wutar-lantarki ta Project Prosperity tsakanin Isra'ila da Jordan,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/business/cop/israel-jordan-move-forward-with-water-for-energy-deal-2022-11-08/ | title=Israel and Jordan move forward with water-for-energy deal | newspaper=Reuters | date=8 November 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/12/16/water-for-energy-is-better-than-land-for-peace/ | title=Water-for-Energy is Better Than Land-for-Peace | date=16 December 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da hadin gwiwar Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (UAE), za ta kawo wutar lantarki da aka samar ta hanyar hasken rana daga Jordan zuwa Isra'ila, sannan Isra'ila za ta samar da ruwan teku da aka tacewa (wanda aka cire wa gishiri) ga kasar Jordan. Kasar UAE za ta taimaka wajen girka tsarin wutar lantarki na hasken rana a kasar Jordan.

Wani abu guda daya da ya saba faruwa a kusan duk takaddamar da aka warware shi ne cewa tattaunawar ta dogara ne akan tsarin &quot;dogaro da bukata&quot; maimakon tsarin &quot;dogaro da hakki&quot;. Gonakin da za a iya yin noman rani a kansu, yawan jama'a, da dabarun ayyuka ne ke bayyana &quot;bukatu&quot;. Nasarar tsarin dogaro da bukata tana bayyana ne a cikin yarjejeniyar ruwa guda daya tilo da aka taba cimma a kwarin Kogin Jordan, wacce ta mayar da hankali kan bukatu ba wai kan hakkin kasashen da ke kusa da kogin ba. A yankin kasan Indiya, bukatun noman rani na kasar Bangladesh ne ke nuna rabon ruwa na Kogin Ganges.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Tsarin shiyya na dogaro da bukata yana mayar da hankali ne wajen gamsar da daidaikun mutane da bukatarsu ta ruwa, tare da tabbatar da cewa an biya mafi karancin bukatun adadi. Wannan yana kauce wa rikicin da ke tasowa lokacin da kasashe ke kallon yarjejeniyar ta mahimman moriyar kasa kadai, kuma yana motsawa daga tsarin babu-riba-babu-rashi zuwa ga tsarin hadaka mai amfani ga kowa wanda ke raba ruwa da alfanunsa cikin adalci.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Wannan yana nufin cewa duka adalci da ingancin tsarin amfani da ruwa sun zama masu mahimmanci, musamman a lokacin karancin ruwa. Ya kamata hadakar wadannan abubuwa guda biyu na ingantaccen aiki ta faru ne a cikin tsarin dorewa wanda ke sa ci gaba da hadin gwiwa tsakanin duk masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin yanayin koyo ya zama abin bukata kwarai da gaske.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Haie|first=Naim|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bfm%3A978-981-15-6284-6%2F1.pdf|title=Transparent Water Management Theory: Sefficiency in Sequity|publisher=Springer|year=2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dorewar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ===
Tsarin Blue Peace wanda Strategic Foresight Group ta samar tare da hadin gwiwar gwamnatocin kasashen Switzerland da Sweden yana ba da tsarin manufofi na musamman wanda ke inganta dorewar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa tare da hadin gwiwa don samar da zaman lafiya. Ta hanyar amfani da mafi kyawun albarkatun ruwa da ake rabawa ta hanyar hadin gwiwa maimakon rabo kawai tsakanin kasashe, damar samun zaman lafiya na iya karuwa.&lt;ref&gt;''Turkish Review'', March 2013&lt;/ref&gt;{{request quotation|date=September 2019}} Tsarin na Blue Peace ya nuna tasiri mai kyau (misali) a Gabas ta Tsakiya&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Strategic Foresight Group - Anticipating and Influencing Global Future |url=http://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/40595Blue+Peace_Middle+East.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831104124/http://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/40595Blue+Peace_Middle+East.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2018 |access-date=31 August 2018 |website=www.strategicforesight.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.deza.admin.ch/en/Home/Projects/Selected_projects/Water_management_and_peace_promotion_in_the_Middle_East eda.base.components.templates.base.accessKeys] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130926053611/http://www.deza.admin.ch/en/Home/Projects/Selected_projects/Water_management_and_peace_promotion_in_the_Middle_East|date=26 September 2013}}. Deza.admin.ch. Retrieved on 2015-11-24.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma kwarin Kogin Nilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 September 2013 |title=Blue Peace: New Solution for Averting Water Wars in the Nile Basin - Yahoo Finance |work=Yahoo Finance |url=http://finance.yahoo.com/news/blue-peace-solution-averting-water-040000860.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928122750/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/blue-peace-solution-averting-water-040000860.html |archive-date=28 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dandalin Ruwan Karkashin Kasa na UN UNESCO-IHP yana da nufin taimakawa wajen inganta fahimtar albarkatun ruwa da kuma karfafa ingantaccen gudanar da ruwa. Amma ya zuwa yanzu, shirin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mafi karsashi wajen warware takaddamar ruwa shi ne shirin Potential Conflict to Co-operation Potential (PCCP), wanda ke a mataki na uku na aikinsa, yana horar da kwararrun fannin ruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da kuma tsara ayyukan ilmantarwa a wasu wurare.&lt;ref name=&quot;IHP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=UNESCO-IHP Groundwater Portal |date=19 December 2014 |url=https://groundwaterportal.net/project/pccp |access-date=2019-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyoyin da shirin ya mayar da hankali a kansu sun hada da jami'an diflomasiyya, masu yin dokoki, kungiyoyin farar hula, da daliban da ke nazarin fannin ruwa; ta hanyar fadada ilimi kan takaddamar ruwa, yana fatan karfafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashe wajen tunkarar rikice-rikice.

Hukumar UNESCO ta wallafa taswirar madatsun ruwan karkashin kasa da ke ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 22, 2008 |title=UNESCO publishes first world map of underground transboundary aquifers |url=http://portal.unesco.org//en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D43767&amp;URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025095526/http://portal.unesco.org//en/ev.php-URL_ID=43767&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html |archive-date=October 25, 2008 |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukan ilimi da suka mayar da hankali kan takaddamar ruwa har yanzu ba su samar da daidaitacciyar hanya ta shiga tsakani ga takaddamar kasa da kasa ba, balle ma ta cikin gida. Amma UNESCO tana da kyakkyawan fata game da makomar gaba yayin da rikice-rikicen ruwa ke kara fitowa fili ga jama'a, kuma yayin da karuwar tsananin matsalar ke sanya masu taurin kai yin tunani na gari.

=== Shiga Tsakani na Kungiyoyin Kasa da Kasa ===

Kungiyoyin kasa da kasa suna taka rawar gani sosai wajen shiga tsakani a takaddamar ruwa da kuma inganta gudanar da ruwa. Daga kokarin kimiyya na auna gurbacewar ruwa, zuwa kokarin Kungiyar Cin Kiki ta Duniya (World Trade Organization) na warware takaddamar cin kiki tsakanin kasashe, ana iya magance nau'ikan takaddamar ruwa da dama ta hanyar tsare-tsare da cibiyoyin da ke akwai a yanzu.

Kungiyar Cin Kiki ta Duniya (WTO) tana iya shiga tsakani a takaddamar ruwa da kasashe mambobinta suka gabatar lokacin da takaddamar ta kasance ta dabi'ar kasuwanci ce. Hukumar WTO tana da wasu kungiyoyi na musamman, kamar Cibiyar Kamun Kifi (Fisheries Center), wadanda ke aiki don sanya idanu da kuma yanke hukunci kan shari'o'in da suka dace, kodayake ba ita ce hukuma ta karshe a kan rikicin albarkatun ruwa ba.

Duk da haka, rikicin ruwa da ke faruwa a cikin gida, da kuma rikicin da mai yiwuwa ba na kasuwanci ba ne baki daya, ka iya zama maras dacewa ga shiga tsakanin WTO.

Saboda ruwa yana da matukar muhimmanci ga cin kikin kayan gona, takaddamar ruwa na iya kasancewa a fakaice cikin shari'o'in WTO ta hanyar &quot;ruwan fargaba&quot; (virtual water),&lt;ref&gt;Morrisette, Jason J. and Douglas A. Borer. &quot;Where Oil and Water Do Mix: Environmental Scarcity and Future Conflict in the Middle East and North Africa.&quot; Parameters, Vol. 34, Winter 2004 pp 94-96.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://kluwerlawonline.com/api/Product/CitationPDFURL?file=Journals%5CTRAD%5CTRAD2013042.pdf|title=Water Footprint and the Law of WTO|first=Piotr|last=Szwedo|date=December 1, 2013|journal=Journal of World Trade|volume=47|issue=6|pages=1259–1284 |doi=10.54648/TRAD2013042 |s2cid=150576275 |via=kluwerlawonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; wato ruwan da ake amfani da shi wajen samar da kayayyaki da ayyuka amma ba a yin cin kikinsa kai tsaye tsakanin kasashe. Kasashen da ke da mafi kyawun samun damar samar da ruwa na iya yin rawar gani sosai ta fannin tattalin arziki fiye da wadanda ke fuskantar matsala, wanda hakan ke haifar da yiwuwar rikici. Sakamakon bacin rai da tallafin aikin gona ke haifarwa wanda ke korar amfanin gonakin gida, kasashen da ke fuskantar karancin ruwa suna kai kararrakinsu ga WTO.

Hukumar WTO tana taka rawa sosai a takaddamar da ta dogara da aikin gona wadanda ke da alaka da rikici a kan takamaiman hanyoyin ruwa. Duk da haka, tana samar da muhimmin tsari wanda ke tsara yadda ruwa zai taka rawa a takaddamar tattalin arziki na gaba. Wata makarantar tunani tana goyon bayan ra'ayin yakin ruwa, wanda shi ne matakin karshe na takaddamar ruwa da ba a warware ba—karancin albarkatun ruwa tare da matsin lamba na karuwar al'umma cikin sauri na iya wuce ikon WTO na kiyaye tsari mai kyau a cikin al'amuran cin kiki.&lt;ref&gt;Morrisette, p. 99&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rikice-rikicen Ruwa na Ketare Iyakoki ==

Ruwan ketare iyakoki su ne ruwayen da kasashe mabanbanta guda biyu ko fiye suka raba iyaka da su. Domin rage hadarin rikicin ruwa, galibi ana tattaunawa kan tsare-tsare ko yarjejeniyoyin ruwa na ketare iyakoki, amma har yanzu da yawa daga cikin kogunan duniya da ake rabawa ba su da irin wadannan yarjejeniyoyin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeitoun |first1=Mark |last2=Mirumachi |first2=Naho |last3=Warner |first3=Jeroen |last4=Kirkegaard |first4=Matthew |last5=Cascão |first5=Ana |date=2019-05-24 |title=Analysis for water conflict transformation |url=https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/71198/1/Accepted_Manuscript.pdf |journal=Water International |language=en |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=365–384 |doi=10.1080/02508060.2019.1607479 |issn=0250-8060 |s2cid=182388253|url-access= }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wadannan hadin gwiwar ya kamata su kasance cikin adalci da dorewa ta yadda kowace kasa ba za ta ci zarafin ruwan ba, a maimakon haka za su yi amfani da ruwan don amfaninsu mafi kyau tare da kare shi da adana shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Article 5: Equitable and reasonable utilisation and participation - UN Watercourses Convention |url=https://www.unwatercoursesconvention.org/the-convention/part-ii-general-principles/article-5-equitable-and-reasonable-utilisation-and-participation/ |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=www.unwatercoursesconvention.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gasa ta kasa da kasa a kan ruwa na iya tasowa lokacin da wata kasa ta fara dibar ruwa mai yawa daga tushen ruwan da ake rabawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Grover |first=Velma I. |title=Water : a source of conflict or cooperation? |publisher=Science Publishers |year=2007 |location=Enfield, N.H.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan galibi ita ce hanya mafi inganci ta samun ruwan da ake bukata, amma a cikin dogon lokaci na iya haifar da rikici idan aka yi amfani da ruwan fiye da kima. An ce fiye da kasashe 50 a nahiyoyi biyar na fuskantar barazanar rikici a kan ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Paul |first=James |title=Water in Conflict |url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/natres/waterindex.htm |website=www.globalpolicy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da kari, dokar ruwa ta kasa da kasa wani lokacin na iya kara rura wutar rikici: ka'idojin shari'a na &quot;mallakar farko&quot; (prior appropriation) da &quot;hakkin kusa da kogi&quot; (riparianism) duka biyun suna da alaka da rikice-rikicen ruwa na ketare iyakoki saboda duka biyun na iya nufin cewa sa'a ta tarihi da ta labarin kasa na iya raba kasashe bisa doka zuwa wadanda ke da wadatar ruwa da wadanda ke fama da karancinsa.

Rikice-rikicen baya-bayan nan tsakanin kasashe sun faru ne mafi yawanci a Gabas ta Tsakiya (takaddamar da ta samo asali daga kogunan Euphrates da Tigris wadanda Turkiyya, Siriya, da Iraki ke rabawa; da kuma rikicin Kogin Jordan da Isra'ila, Lebanon, Jordan da kuma Kasar Falasdinu ke rabawa), a Afirka (rikice-rikicen da suka shafi Kogin Nilu tsakanin Masar, Habasha, da Sudan),&lt;ref name=&quot;WWilson&quot; /&gt; da kuma a Tsakiyar Asiya (rikicin Tekun Aral tsakanin Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan da Kyrgyzstan). A cikin shekarun 2022 da 2023, takaddama a kan Kogin Helmand da Iran da Afghanistan ke rabawa ita ma ta ruru.

=== Kisan Kare dangi a Gaza ===
A matsayin wani bangare na kisan kare dangi na Gaza na shekarar 2023 zuwa yanzu da kasar Isra'ila ke tafi da shi, ana lalata masana'antun tace ruwan teku da sauran tsarin samar da ruwa da gangan tare da sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira, cibiyoyin raba taimako da aywukan jin kai a kokarin janyo yunwa da kuma sa mutane su mutu saboda kishirwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Natasha |last2=Kirschenbaum |first2=Anita |last3=Michel |first3=David |date=2024-01-12 |title=The Siege of Gaza’s Water |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/siege-gazas-water |journal=CSIS |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutanen da ke zaune a Falasdinu sun ba da rahoton cewa an tilasta musu shan ruwa mai gishiri, maras tsabta, ko mai dauke da cututtuka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gaza residents share fears of thirst after Israel destroys water resources |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/video/newsfeed/2025/4/10/gaza-residents-share-fears-of-thirst-after-israel-destroys-water-resources |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yakin Iran na 2026 ===
A ranar 7 ga Maris, 2026, a matsayin wani bangare na yakin shekarar 2026 tsakanin Isra'ila, Amurka, da Iran, Amurka ta kai hari da gangan kan masana'antar tace ruwan teku ta kasar Iran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=AFP |date=7 March 2026 |title=IRGC says it attacked US base in Bahrain, claims it was used to strike desalination plant in Iran |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/irgc-says-it-attacked-us-base-in-bahrain-claims-it-was-used-to-strike-desalination-plant-in-iran/ |access-date=8 March 2026 |work=The Times of Israel |language=en-US |issn=0040-7909}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu kasashen, har da Isra'ila, sun dogara ne da tace ruwan teku don samun isasshen ruwan sha.

=== Kogunan Tigris da Euphrates ===
A cikin tarihi an sami rikici mai yawa game da amfani da ruwa daga koguna kamar su Tigris da Euphrates, kuma daya daga cikin &quot;yakokin ruwa&quot; na farko da aka sani shi ne a shekara ta 2400 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (BCE) tsakanin tsoffin jihohin Sumerian na Umma da Lagash a kan ruwan noman rani.&lt;ref name=&quot;stormingmedia.us&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.stormingmedia.us/75/7593/A759324.html |title=The Euphrates Triangle: Security Implications of the Southeastern Anatolia Project |website=www.stormingmedia.us |access-date=March 11, 2023 |archive-date=June 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604152753/http://www.stormingmedia.us/75/7593/A759324.html |author1= Frederick M. Lorenz |author2=Edward J. Erickson}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shiri na Kudu maso Gabashin Anatolia na kasar Turkiyya (Southeastern Anatolia Project ko GAP) a kan Kogin Euphrates yana da yiwuwar haifar da mummunan sakamako ga samar da ruwa a Siriya da Iraki. A lokacin shekarun 1950, an fara gina madatsun ruwa da sauran ayyukan ruwa da yawa sakamakon damuwa game da rabon ruwa musamman ga kasashen da ke kasan kogin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Çarkoğlu |first1=Ali |last2=Eder |first2=Mine |date=2001 |title=Domestic Concerns and the Water Conflict over the Euphrates-Tigris River Basin |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4284138 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=41–71 |doi=10.1080/714004364 |jstor=4284138 |s2cid=144773147 |issn=0026-3206|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kwarin Mekong (Kasar Sin da sauran kasashen Asiya) ===
A kwarin Mekong, kasar Sin wadda ita ce kasa mafi can sama inda kogin ke fitowa, ta gina jerin madatsun ruwa a kan tushen Kogin Mekong, wanda hakan ya canza yawan kwararar ruwa da kuma lokutan kwarararsa ga kasashen da ke kasan kogin kamar Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia da Thailand.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=25 April 2020 |title=China's dams exacerbated extreme drought in lower Mekong: Study |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/chinas-dams-exacerbated-extreme-drought-mekong-study-200424231003795.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=22 April 2020 |title=Science Shows Chinese Dams Are Devastating the Mekong |work=Foreign Policy |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/22/science-shows-chinese-dams-devastating-mekong-river/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, kasar Sin ta gina madatsun ruwa guda 11 a kan Kogin Mekong, wanda ke kwarara daga kasar Sin ta cikin Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia da Vietnam zuwa Tekun Kudancin Sin. Masana suna fargabar cewa ikon kasar Sin na sarrafa kwararar Kogin Mekong yana ba ta damar yin amfani da hakan azaman kariya ko matsin lamba ga kasashen kasan kogin wadanda suka dogara da kyakkyawar niyyar kasar Sin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nikkei Asian Review&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Chellaney |first=Brahma |date=28 October 2019 |title=China is weaponizing water and worsening droughts in Asia |newspaper=Nikkei Asian Review |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Opinion/China-is-weaponizing-water-and-worsening-droughts-in-Asia}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2018, matakan ruwa a Kogin Mekong sun sauka zuwa mafi kankanta a cikin shekaru sama da 100, har ma a lokacin damina na shekara-shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Project Syndicate&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2 August 2019 |title=Damming the Mekong Basin to Environmental Hell |url=https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/china-dams-mekong-basin-exacerbate-drought-by-brahma-chellaney-2019-08 |publisher=Project Syndicate}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Madatsar ruwa ta Jinghong, wadda ya zuwa Janairu 2020 ita ce madatsar ruwa ta kasar Sin mafi kusa da iyakar kasar Thailand, ta haifar da babban canji da rashin daidaituwa a matakan kogin, wanda ke shafar hanyoyin rayuwar mutane a kasan kogin ta hanyar hargitsa tsarin dabi'ar kogin.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABC News&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Bainbridge |first=Amy |date=20 January 2020 |title=China's Mekong River dams are generating renewable energy, but are costing locals their livelihoods |newspaper=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-20/china-mekong-river-plan-creates-renewable-energy-but-costs-jobs/11872640}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rikicin Tekun Aral ===
Fadada aikin gona na noman rani fiye da kima a zamanin Tarayyar Soviet (musamman ga auduga) a Tsakiyar Asiya ya sanya Kogin Amu Darya, wanda Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan da Afghanistan ke rabawa, ya kusan bushewa baki daya, har ta kai ga ya daina isa ga Tekun Aral, wanda a yanzu girmansa da yawansa sun ragu sosai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Prokurat |first=Sergiusz |title=Drought and water shortages in Asia as a threat and economic problem |date=2015 |url=http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwmeta1.element.desklight-95d2a7ec-8c5f-474d-84ed-8b8baed8f8c0/c/235_PDFsam_Joms_3_26_2015.pdf |pages=235–250 |location=Józefów |publisher=&quot;Journal of Modern Science” 3/26/2015 |access-date=13 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Masar da Habasha ===
A shekarar 1979, Shugaban kasar Masar Anwar Sadat ya bayyana cewa idan kasar Masar za ta sake tsunduma cikin wani yaki a gaba, to tabbas zai kasance ne a kan ruwa. A wani bangaren daban kuma, a tsakanin huldar Masar da Habasha, Firayim Ministan Habasha Meles Zenawi ya ce: &quot;Ba na fargabar cewa Masarawa za su far wa Habasha ba zato tsammani. Babu wanda ya taba gwada hakan da ya rayu har ya ba da labarin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Malone |first=Barry |title=Next on Egypt's to-do: Ethiopia and the Nile |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/12/next-egypt-do-ethiopia-nile-201312872410501805.html |access-date=9 January 2018 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rikici tsakanin Masar da Habasha a kan madatsar ruwa ta Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam ya tsananta a shekarar 2020 saboda damuwar cewa madatsar ruwan ta Habasha a kan Kogin Blue Nile na iya rage kwararar ruwa zuwa kasar Masar, wadda ta dogara kacokan a kan ruwan Kogin Nilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Decian |date=9 February 2020 |title=For Thousands of Years, Egypt Controlled the Nile. A New Dam Threatens That |newspaper=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/09/world/africa/nile-river-dam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210015121/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/09/world/africa/nile-river-dam.html |archive-date=10 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Week&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=8 July 2020 |title=Are Egypt and Ethiopia heading for a water war? |work=The Week |url=https://www.theweek.co.uk/107468/are-egypt-and-ethiopia-heading-for-a-water-war}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nature&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=15 July 2020 |title=Row over Africa's largest dam in danger of escalating, warn scientists |work=Nature |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02124-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Ministan Habasha Abiy Ahmed ya yi gargadin cewa &quot;Babu wani karfi da zai iya hana Habasha gina madatsar ruwa. Idan akwai bukatar yin yaki, za mu iya sanya miliyoyin mutane cikin shirin ko-ta-kwana.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Week&quot;/&gt;

Masar tana kallon madatsar ruwan a matsayin barazana ga rayuwar kasarta. Kasashen biyu duka suna fuskantar barazanar karancin ruwa, yayin da ake hasashen bukatun ruwa za su karu saboda karuwar jama'a, karuwar birane da kuma neman ci gaban tattalin arziki. Ana kara rura wutar takaddama sakamakon mabanbantan akidu a kan hakkin ruwa; Masar tana da'awar hakki a kan ruwan Nilu bisa ga tsarin tarihi, yayin da Habasha kuma take da'awar hakki a kan ruwan bisa ga labarin kasa (geography),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-11-04 |title=Nile Basin Water Wars: The Never-Ending Struggle Between Egypt, Ethiopia, and Sudan |url=https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/nile-basin-water-wars-the-never-ending-struggle-between-egypt-ethiopia-and-sudan/ |access-date=2020-11-20 |website=Geopolitical Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; inda kashi 85% na ruwanta ke fitowa daga yankunan tuddai da ke cikin kasarta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |title=Water, Security and Conflict |last2=Iceland |first2=Charles |publisher=World Resources Institute |year=2018 |location=Washington, DC. USA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da Shiri na Kwarin Nilu (Nile Basin Initiative) yake samar da dandamali don tabbatar da dorewar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa ta hanyar hadin gwiwar kasashen da ke kusa da kogin,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Who we are {{!}} Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) |url=https://nilebasin.org/nbi/who-we-are |access-date=2020-11-20 |website=nilebasin.org |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Hadin Gwiwa (Cooperative Framework Agreement) kasashe 6 kacal ne suka amince da ita daga cikin kasashe 11 zuwa yanzu.&lt;ref&gt;</text>
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[[File:Vallee_fertile_du_Nil_a_Louxor.jpg|thumb|Matakin da kasar Habasha ta dauka na cike madatsar ruwa ta Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) zai iya rage kwararar ruwan fari na Kogin Nilu da kusan kashi 25% tare da lalata gonakin kasar Masar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=27 February 2018 |title=In Africa, War Over Water Looms As Ethiopia Nears Completion Of Nile River Dam |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/02/27/589240174/in-africa-war-over-water-looms-as-ethiopia-nears-completion-of-nile-river-dam?t=1595668819363}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Rikicin ruwa''' yawanci yana nufin tasiri ko takaddama da ke da alaka da samun dama, ko iko da albarkatun ruwa, ko amfani da ruwa ko tsarin samar da ruwa a matsayin makami ko kuma zama abin cutarwa a lokacin tasiri. Kalmar ''yakin ruwa'' ana amfani da ita a kafafen yada labarai don wasu takaddama a kan ruwa, kuma mafi yawanci ta takaitu ne wajen bayyana rikici tsakanin kasashe, jahohi, ko kungiyoyi a kan hakkin samun damar yin amfani da albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allianz&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Tulloch |first=James |date=August 26, 2009 |title=Water Conflicts: Fight or Flight? |url=http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/climate_change/natural_disasters/water_conflicts.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080829171957/http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/climate_change/natural_disasters/water_conflicts.html |archive-date=2008-08-29 |access-date=14 January 2010 |publisher=Allianz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WWilson&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Kameri-Mbote |first=Patricia |date=January 2007 |title=Water, Conflict, and Cooperation: Lessons from the nile river Basin |url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue4.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Navigating Peace |publisher=Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars |issue=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706033750/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue4.pdf |archive-date=2010-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince cewa takaddamar ruwa tana tasowa ne daga sabanin bukatu na masu amfani da ruwa, na gwamnati ko na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/ United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008]&lt;/ref&gt; Kyakkyawan tsari na rikice-rikicen ruwa ya bayyana a cikin tarihi, kodayake da kyar ake fafata yakokin gargajiya a kan ruwa kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Peter Gleick, 1993. [http://www2.pacinst.org/reports/international_security_gleick_1993.pdf &quot;Water and conflict.&quot;] ''International Security'' Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 79-112 (Summer 1993).&lt;/ref&gt; A maimakon haka, ruwa ya dade yana zama sanadin takaddama kuma daya daga cikin dalilan rikici. Rikicin ruwa yana tasowa ne saboda dalilai da dama, da suka hada da takaddamar iyakokin kasa, fafutukar neman albarkatu, da kuma moriyar dabarun yaki.&lt;ref&gt;Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research (Department of Political Science, University of Heidelberg); Conflict Barometer 2007:Crises – Wars – Coups d'État – Nagotiations – Mediations – Peace Settlements, 16th annual conflict analysis, 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

Rikicin ruwa na iya faruwa a matakin cikin gida (na kasa daya) da kuma matakin tsakanin kasashe daban-daban. Rikici tsakanin kasashe yana faruwa ne tsakanin kasashe biyu ko fiye da ke raba tushen ruwa guda daya da ya ratsa iyakokinsu, kamar kogi, teku, ko tafkin ruwan karkashin kasa. Misali, yankin Gabas Ta Tsakiya yana da kashi 1% kacal na ruwan fari na duniya wanda kashi 5% na al'ummar duniya ke rabawa, kuma galibin koramu da koguna suna ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Sutherland |first=Ben |date=March 18, 2003 |title=Water shortages 'foster terrorism' |publisher=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2859937.stm |access-date=14 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rikicin cikin gida kuma yana faruwa ne tsakanin bangarori biyu ko fiye a cikin kasa daya, kamar rikici tsakanin manoma da masu amfani da ruwa na cikin birni.

Mafi yawan rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa suna faruwa ne a kan ruwan fari saboda wadannan albarkatu suna da mahimmanci ga bukatun dan adam na yau da kullum, amma galibi suna iya yin karanci ko gurbata ko kuma rashin daidaiton rabo tsakanin masu amfani da su. Karancin ruwa yana kara rura wutar takaddamar ruwa saboda gasar neman ruwan sha, noman rani, samar da wutar lantarki da sauran bukatu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=671&amp;section=14 |title=Patp &gt; &gt; &gt; |access-date=2010-04-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010731141012/http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=671&amp;section=14 |archive-date=2001-07-31 }} Freshwater: lifeblood of the planet, accessed November 21, 2008&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake ruwan fari muhimmin albarkatun kasa ne, amma kuma rarrabuwarsa ba daidai ba ce a doron kasa, samuwarsa galibi tana tasiri ga yanayin rayuwa da tattalin arzikin kasa ko yanki. Rashin wadatar zabukan samar da ruwa masu rahusa a wurare kamar Gabas ta Tsakiya,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858e09.htm Murakami, Masahiro. 1995.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117045902/http://unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858E09.htm |date=2011-01-17 }} ''Managing Water for Peace in the Middle East: Alternative Strategies, ''New York: United Nations University Press. Accessed online November 16, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar karancin ruwa na iya sanya matsin lamba ga duk masu amfani da ruwa, ko na kamfanoni, gwamnati, ko daidaikun mutane, wanda ke kaiwa ga takaddama, kuma watakila ma a goga mashi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/] United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;
Akwai adadin rikice-rikicen ruwa da ke kara karuwa wadanda ba a warware su ba, musamman a matakin kananan hukumomi ko jihohi, kuma wadannan za su kara zama hadari yayin da ruwa ke kara karanci, canjin yanayi na canza yanayin samar da ruwa na gida, kuma al'ummar duniya ke karuwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/457] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124031150/http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/457 |date=2016-11-24 }} Brooks, Nina. &quot;Impending Water Crisis in China,&quot; Arlington Institute. Accessed November 28, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pacific Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |date=17 March 2022 |title=Water Conflicts Continue to Worsen Worldwide |url=https://pacinst.org/water-conflicts-continue-to-worsen-worldwide/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |website=Pacific Institute }}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban nau'ikan takaddamar ruwa yana sa da wuya a magance su, amma akwai dabarun rage kasadar irin wadannan takaddamar da yawa. Dokoki da yarjejeniyoyin gida da na kasa da kasa na iya taimakawa wajen inganta rabon koguna na kasa da kasa da madatsun ruwa na karkashin kasa. Ingantattun fasahohi da cibiyoyi na iya inganta wadatar ruwa da rabon ruwa a yankunan da ke fama da karancin ruwa.


== Dalilai ==

Karancin ruwa ya fi haifar da rikici a matakin gida da na shiyyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wolf |first1=Aaron T |year=2001 |title=Water and Human Security |journal=Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education |volume=118 |page=29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa wani muhimmin abu ne ga rayuwar dan adam, kuma ayyukan dan adam suna da alaka ta kusa da wadatar ruwa da ingancinsa.&lt;ref&gt;ICWE (1992). International Conference on Water and the Environment--Development Issues for the 21st Century, 26–31 January 1992, Dublin, Ireland : [http://www.ircwash.org/resources/international-conference-water-and-environment-development-issues-21st-century-26-31-0 the Dublin statement and report of the conference], Geneva, Switzerland, ICWE Secretariat, World Meteorological Organization&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa rukunin albarkatu ne mai iyaka. Rikicin ruwa yana faruwa ne saboda bukatar albarkatun ruwa da ruwan sha na iya wuce wadatar da ake da ita, ko kuma saboda ana iya takaddama a kan ikon samun dama da raba ruwa, ko kuma saboda cibiyoyin kula da ruwa ba su da karfi ko kuma babu su kwata-kwata. Abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar karancin ruwa na iya sanya matsin lamba ga bangarorin da abin ya shafa don samun Karin albarkatun ruwa da ake rabawa, wanda ke haifar da takaddamar diflomasiyya ko ma rikici na gaba-da-gaba.

Takaddama da rikice-rikice a kan ruwa yanzu suna faruwa akai-akai a matakin cikin gida, maimakon matakin kasashen duniya. Tasiri tsakanin makiyaya da manoma a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na kara karuwa. Hare-hare a kan tsarin samar da ruwa na farar hula yayin yakokin da suka fara saboda wasu dalilai daban sun karu, kamar a kasashen Yemen, Siriya, Iraki, kuma kwanan nan a kasar Yukren.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |date=2019 |title=Water as a weapon and casualty of armed conflict: A review of recent water-related violence in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen |url=https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wat2.1351 |journal=WIREs Water |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1–15 |article-number=e1351 |doi=10.1002/wat2.1351 |bibcode=2019WIRWa...6E1351G |s2cid=195514316|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |last2=Vyshnevskyi |first2=Viktor |last3=Shevchuk |first3=Serhii |date=2023 |title=Rivers and Water Systems as Weapons and Casualties of the Russia-Ukraine War. |journal=Earth's Future |volume=11 |issue=10|article-number=e2023EF003910 |doi=10.1029/2023EF003910 |bibcode=2023EaFut..1103910G |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Karancin ruwa kuma na iya rura wutar rikice-rikice da takaddamar siyasa wadanda ba ruwa ne ya janyo su kai tsaye ba. Raguwa a hankali cikin lokaci a inganci da/ko yawan ruwan fari na iya kara rashin kwanciyar hankali a yanki ta hanyar gurgunta lafiyar al'umma, hana ci gaban tattalin arziki, da kuma rura wutar manyan rikice-rikice.&lt;ref name=&quot;Postel&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Postel |first1=S. L. |last2=Wolf |first2=A. T. |year=2001 |title=Dehydrating Conflict |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/11/18/dehydrating-conflict/ |journal=Foreign Policy |volume=126 |issue=126 |pages=60–67 |doi=10.2307/3183260 |jstor=3183260|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Canjin yanayi da karuwar al'ummar duniya su ma suna haduwa wajen sanya sabbin matsin lamba ga albarkatun ruwa masu iyaka tare da kara hadarin rikicin ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=October 12, 2019|title=The Coming Wars for Water|url=https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/|website=Report Syndication}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hasashe ==
A cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata, 'yan siyasa, masana kimiyya da 'yan jarida sun sha nuna damuwa cewa takaddamar ruwa za ta zama sanadin yakoki na gaba. Kalaman da aka fi ambata sun hada da: na tsohon Ministan Harakokin Wajen kasar Masar kuma tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Boutros Boutros-Ghali, wanda ya yi hasashen cewa, &quot;Yaki na gaba a Gabas ta Tsakiya za a fafata shi ne a kan ruwa, ba siyasa ba&quot;; magajinsa a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Kofi Annan, wanda a shekarar 2001 ya ce, &quot;Gasa mai tsanani ta neman ruwan fari na iya zama sanadin rikici da yakoki a gaba,&quot; da kuma tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Bankin Duniya, Ismail Serageldin, wanda ya ce yakokin karni na gaba za su kasance ne a kan ruwa sai dai idan an sami gagarumin canji a fannin gudanarwa. Haka kuma, &quot;yanzu ana yawan cewa yakoki na gaba a Gabas ta Tsakiya sun fi karkata ga fafatawa a kan ruwa fiye da a kan mai,&quot; in ji Lester R. Brown a wani taron dandalin ruwa na Stockholm da aka yi a baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=EPI Releases - How Water Scarcity Will Shape the New Century - EPI |url=http://www.earth-policy.org/press_room/C68/stockholm_transcript |access-date=9 January 2018 |website=www.earth-policy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasashen yakokin ruwa yana da tushe ne a cikin binciken farko da aka gudanar a kan kalilan din koguna na kasa da kasa kamar Kogin Indus, Kogin Jordan da Kogin Nilu. Wadannan takamaiman koguna sun zama abin mayar da hankali ne saboda sun fuskanci takaddamar da ta shafi ruwa. Takamaiman abubuwan da aka ambata a matsayin shaida sun hada da hararin da Isra'ila ta kai wa Siriya lokacin da take kokarin karkatar da madubin Kogin Jordan, da kuma barazanar soja da Masar ta yi wa kowace kasa da ke gina madatsun ruwa a saman kogin Nilu.

Wani abun da ke kara hadarin rikicin ruwa shi ne karuwar gasar neman ruwa a yankunan da ke fama da karancin ruwa, inda bukatu na samar da ruwa don amfanin dan adam, samar da abinci, muhallin halittu da sauran amfani ke gaba-da-gaba da wadatar ruwan da ake da ita. Mummunan al'amuran ruwa kamar ambaliyar ruwa da fari su ma suna kara tsananta hadarin rikicin ruwa. Yayin da yawan jama'a da ci gaban tattalin arziki ke karuwa, bukatun ruwa ma na iya karuwa, wanda ke kara rura wutar rashin jituwa game da rabo da iko da ruwa mai iyaka a wasu yankuna ko kasashe, musamman lokacin fari, ko kuma a madatsun ruwa na kasashen duniya da ake rabawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pacific Institute&quot;/&gt;

Albarkatun ruwa da suka ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya sun fi karkata wajen zama sanadin hadin gwiwa da abokin aiki fiye da yaki. Masana kimiyya da ke aiki a International Water Management Institute sun kasance suna bincikar shaidun da ke bayan hasashen yakin ruwa. Sakamakon bincikensu ya nuna cewa, ko da yake gaskiya ne an sami rikici mai alaka da ruwa a wasu kalilan din madatsun ruwa na kasashen duniya, a sauran kusan madatsun ruwa 300 da ake rabawa a duniya, tarihin ya kasance mai kyau mafi yawancinsa. Wannan ya nuna a fili ta hanyar daruruwan yarjejeniyoyin da ke akwai wadanda ke jagorantar amfani da ruwa cikin adalci tsakanin kasashen da ke raba albarkatun ruwa. Cibiyoyin da wadannan yarjejeniyoyin suka kafa za su iya zama muhimman abubuwa wajen tabbatar da hadin gwiwa maimakon rikici.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110812233521/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org:80/Publications/Success_Stories/PDF/2010/Issue%208%20-%20Promoting_cooperation_through_effective_management_of_shared_water_resources.pdf ''Promoting cooperation through management of transboundary water resources''], Success Stories, Issue 8, 2010, IWMI&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanai da Ma'anoni ==
Wani rumbun bayanai na intanet mai fadi da kuma budaddiya na rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa — wato Water Conflict Chronology — an samar da shi ta Pacific Institute.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Conflict Chronology |url=http://worldwater.org/water-conflict/ |access-date=November 29, 2023 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan rumbun bayanai ya lissafa tasiri a kan ruwa tun kimanin shekaru 4,500 da suka gabata kuma ya hada da misalai fiye da 1900 na tasiri a kan albarkatun ruwa tare da bayanai kan kwanan wata, wuri, nau'in rikici da cikakkun majiyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |last2=Shimabuku|first2=Morgan|date=2023 |title=Water-related conflicts: definitions, data, and trends from the water conflict chronology|journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=18 |issue=3|page=034022 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/acbb8f |bibcode=2023ERL....18c4022G |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fact Sheet: Water Conflict Chronology Update |url=https://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Water-Conflict-Chronology_Fact-Sheet.pdf |access-date=June 18, 2025 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Karkashin tsarin Water Conflict Chronology, an raba rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa kamar haka:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Water Conflict Chronology |url=http://worldwater.org/water-conflict/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

*Tushen Rikici (Trigger): Ruwa a matsayin abun da ke rura wuta ko tushen rikici, inda ake samun takaddama a kan ikon sarrafa ruwa ko tsarin ruwa ko kuma inda samun damar tattalin arziki ko ta jiki ga ruwa, ko karancin ruwa, ke haifar da tasiri.
*Makami (Weapon): Ruwa a matsayin makamin rikici, inda ake amfani da albarkatun ruwa, ko tsarin ruwa da kansu, a matsayin kayan aiki ko makami a cikin rikici na tasiri.
*Abin cutarwa (Casualty): Albarkatun ruwa ko tsarin ruwa a matsayin abin cutarwa na rikici, inda albarkatun ruwa, ko tsarin ruwa, suka kasance abubuwan da aka nufa da gangan ko kuma cikin hadari don lalata su ko yi musu barna.
== Siyasa da Tattalin Arziki ==

Amfanin ruwa a matsayin albarkatun kasuwanci, wanda ya hada da kamun kifi, aikin gona, masana'antu, nishaɗi da yawon bude ido, da sauran dama, na iya haifar da takaddama ko da lokacin da samun ruwan sha ba lallai ba ne ya zama matsala. A matsayin albarkatu, wasu suna daukar ruwa a matsayin mai daraja kamar mai, wanda kusan kowace masana'antu ke bukata, kuma ana bukatarsa kusan kowace rana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080518071950/http://www.forbes.com/2008/05/13/water-electricity-industry-biz-energy-cx_bp_0514water_print.html] Pentland, William. &quot;The Water-Industrial Complex,&quot; Forbes, May 14, 2008. Accessed November 21, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Karancin ruwa na iya gurgunta masana'antu baki daya kamar yadda zai iya gurgunta al'umma, kuma yana shafar kasashen da suka ci gaba kamar yadda yake shafar kasashen da ba su da ingantaccen tsarin samar da ruwa. Masana'antu da suka dogara da ruwa sun fi fitowa fili a cikin takaddamar ruwa, amma kasuwanci a kowane mataki na iya fuskantar illa saboda rashin ruwa.

=== Kamun Kifi ===
A tarihi, sassan kamun kifi sun kasance manyan wuraren tambaya, yayin da kasashe suka fadada tare da da'awar sassan teku a matsayin yankinsu na kasuwancin kamun kifi na gida. Wasu yankuna masu riba mai yawa, kamar Tekun Bering, suna da tarihin takaddama; a shekarar 1886 Daular Biritaniya da Amurka sun yi tahaliki a kan sassan kamun kifi na kadojin teku (seals),&lt;ref&gt;The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2007, Columbia University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a yau kasar Rasha ta kewaye wani sashe na ruwan kasa da kasa da aka sani da Bering Sea Donut Hole. An warware rikici game da hanyoyin kamun kifi da samun dama ga ramin a shekarar 1995 ta hanyar wata yarjejeniya da ake kira Donut Hole Agreement.&lt;ref&gt;Dunlap, William W. The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, Volume 10, Number 1, 1995, pp. 114-135(22)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gurbacewa ===
Bukatar kamfanoni galibi tana giciye da bukatun kasuwanci masu adawa da juna, da kuma damuwar muhalli, wanda ke kaiwa ga wani nau'in takaddama. A shekarun 1960, Tafkin Erie, da kuma sauran Manyan Tafkuna (Great Lakes) sun gurbata har ta kai ga mace-macen kifi masu yawa. Al'ummomin gida sun sha wahala sosai daga mummunan ingancin ruwa har sai da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta zartar da Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa (Clean Water Act) a shekarar 1972.&lt;ref&gt;33 U.S.C. § 1251 et seq.&lt;/ref&gt;

Gurbacewar ruwa tana haifar da babban hadari ga lafiya, musamman a yankunan da ke da masana'antu da yawa da kuma yawan jama'a kamar kasar Sin. Don mayar da martani ga mummunan yanayi inda birane baki daya ba su da ruwan sha mai aminci, kasar Sin ta zartar da ingantacciyar Dokar Kare da Sarrafa Gurbacewar Ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-02/29/content_6494712.htm] China Daily, Updated February 29, 2008. Accessed November 21, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Yiwuwar ruwan da ya gurbata ya tsallaka iyakokin kasashen duniya, da kuma gurbacewar ruwa da ba a amince da ita ba a cikin kasa matsi, yana kawo tambayoyi game da hakkin dan adam, wanda ke ba da damar shigar kasashen duniya cikin batun gurbacewar ruwa. Babu wani tsari guda daya na magance takaddamar gurbacewa ta cikin gida a kasa.

== Mayar da Martani ==

=== Hadin Gwiwa ===
Ana iya tsara cibiyoyin da ke kula da iyakokin kasashen duniya don inganta hadin gwiwa, shawo kan takaddama na farko, da kuma nemo hanyoyin jurewa rashin tabbas da canjin yanayi ke haifarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2008-016.pdf |title=Share: managing Water across Boundaries |publisher=IUCN |year=2008 |isbn=978-2-8317-1029-7 |editor=Sadoff, C. |display-editors=etal |archive-date=2012-10-24 |access-date=2011-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024164900/http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2008-016.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma za a iya sanya idanu kan ingancin irin wadannan cibiyoyin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Hukumar Kogin Indus (Permanent Indus Commission) da Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus ta shekarar 1960 sun tsira daga yakoki biyu tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan duk da gaba da ke tsakanin kasashen biyu, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da zama tsari mai nasara wajen warware rikice-rikice ta hanyar samar da kyakkyawan tsarin tattaunawa, bincike, da musayar bayanai. A yanzu ne kawai aka dakatar da yarjejeniyar. Hukumar Mekong (Mekong Committee) ta yi aiki tun daga shekarar 1957 kuma ta dore har bayan Yakin Vietnam na shekarun 1955-1975. Akasin haka, rashin kwanciyar hankali na shiyya yana faruwa ne lokacin da kasashe ba su da cibiyoyin hadin gwiwa a fannin huldar shiyya, kamar tsarin kasar Masar na gina babban madatsar ruwa a kan Kogin Nilu. Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, babu wata cibiya ta duniya da ke kula da tafiyar da albarkatun ruwa da ke ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya, kuma hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa ya faru ne ta hanyar hadaka ta musamman tsakanin hukumomi, kamar Hukumar Mekong wacce ta fito sakamakon kawance tsakanin UNICEF da Hukumar Gyaran Kasa ta Amurka (US Bureau of Reclamation). Samar da cibiyoyi masu karfi na kasa da kasa ya bayyana{{original research inline|date=September 2019}} a matsayin hanyar ci gaba a gaba – suna karfafa shiga tsakani da gudanarwa da wuri,{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} tare da kauce wa hanyoyin warware takaddama masu tsada.

Yarjejeniyar ruwa-don-wutar-lantarki ta Project Prosperity tsakanin Isra'ila da Jordan,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/business/cop/israel-jordan-move-forward-with-water-for-energy-deal-2022-11-08/ | title=Israel and Jordan move forward with water-for-energy deal | newspaper=Reuters | date=8 November 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/12/16/water-for-energy-is-better-than-land-for-peace/ | title=Water-for-Energy is Better Than Land-for-Peace | date=16 December 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da hadin gwiwar Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (UAE), za ta kawo wutar lantarki da aka samar ta hanyar hasken rana daga Jordan zuwa Isra'ila, sannan Isra'ila za ta samar da ruwan teku da aka tacewa (wanda aka cire wa gishiri) ga kasar Jordan. Kasar UAE za ta taimaka wajen girka tsarin wutar lantarki na hasken rana a kasar Jordan.

Wani abu guda daya da ya saba faruwa a kusan duk takaddamar da aka warware shi ne cewa tattaunawar ta dogara ne akan tsarin &quot;dogaro da bukata&quot; maimakon tsarin &quot;dogaro da hakki&quot;. Gonakin da za a iya yin noman rani a kansu, yawan jama'a, da dabarun ayyuka ne ke bayyana &quot;bukatu&quot;. Nasarar tsarin dogaro da bukata tana bayyana ne a cikin yarjejeniyar ruwa guda daya tilo da aka taba cimma a kwarin Kogin Jordan, wacce ta mayar da hankali kan bukatu ba wai kan hakkin kasashen da ke kusa da kogin ba. A yankin kasan Indiya, bukatun noman rani na kasar Bangladesh ne ke nuna rabon ruwa na Kogin Ganges.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Tsarin shiyya na dogaro da bukata yana mayar da hankali ne wajen gamsar da daidaikun mutane da bukatarsu ta ruwa, tare da tabbatar da cewa an biya mafi karancin bukatun adadi. Wannan yana kauce wa rikicin da ke tasowa lokacin da kasashe ke kallon yarjejeniyar ta mahimman moriyar kasa kadai, kuma yana motsawa daga tsarin babu-riba-babu-rashi zuwa ga tsarin hadaka mai amfani ga kowa wanda ke raba ruwa da alfanunsa cikin adalci.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Wannan yana nufin cewa duka adalci da ingancin tsarin amfani da ruwa sun zama masu mahimmanci, musamman a lokacin karancin ruwa. Ya kamata hadakar wadannan abubuwa guda biyu na ingantaccen aiki ta faru ne a cikin tsarin dorewa wanda ke sa ci gaba da hadin gwiwa tsakanin duk masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin yanayin koyo ya zama abin bukata kwarai da gaske.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Haie|first=Naim|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bfm%3A978-981-15-6284-6%2F1.pdf|title=Transparent Water Management Theory: Sefficiency in Sequity|publisher=Springer|year=2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dorewar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ===
Tsarin Blue Peace wanda Strategic Foresight Group ta samar tare da hadin gwiwar gwamnatocin kasashen Switzerland da Sweden yana ba da tsarin manufofi na musamman wanda ke inganta dorewar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa tare da hadin gwiwa don samar da zaman lafiya. Ta hanyar amfani da mafi kyawun albarkatun ruwa da ake rabawa ta hanyar hadin gwiwa maimakon rabo kawai tsakanin kasashe, damar samun zaman lafiya na iya karuwa.&lt;ref&gt;''Turkish Review'', March 2013&lt;/ref&gt;{{request quotation|date=September 2019}} Tsarin na Blue Peace ya nuna tasiri mai kyau (misali) a Gabas ta Tsakiya&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Strategic Foresight Group - Anticipating and Influencing Global Future |url=http://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/40595Blue+Peace_Middle+East.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831104124/http://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/40595Blue+Peace_Middle+East.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2018 |access-date=31 August 2018 |website=www.strategicforesight.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.deza.admin.ch/en/Home/Projects/Selected_projects/Water_management_and_peace_promotion_in_the_Middle_East eda.base.components.templates.base.accessKeys] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130926053611/http://www.deza.admin.ch/en/Home/Projects/Selected_projects/Water_management_and_peace_promotion_in_the_Middle_East|date=26 September 2013}}. Deza.admin.ch. Retrieved on 2015-11-24.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma kwarin Kogin Nilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 September 2013 |title=Blue Peace: New Solution for Averting Water Wars in the Nile Basin - Yahoo Finance |work=Yahoo Finance |url=http://finance.yahoo.com/news/blue-peace-solution-averting-water-040000860.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928122750/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/blue-peace-solution-averting-water-040000860.html |archive-date=28 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dandalin Ruwan Karkashin Kasa na UN UNESCO-IHP yana da nufin taimakawa wajen inganta fahimtar albarkatun ruwa da kuma karfafa ingantaccen gudanar da ruwa. Amma ya zuwa yanzu, shirin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mafi karsashi wajen warware takaddamar ruwa shi ne shirin Potential Conflict to Co-operation Potential (PCCP), wanda ke a mataki na uku na aikinsa, yana horar da kwararrun fannin ruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da kuma tsara ayyukan ilmantarwa a wasu wurare.&lt;ref name=&quot;IHP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=UNESCO-IHP Groundwater Portal |date=19 December 2014 |url=https://groundwaterportal.net/project/pccp |access-date=2019-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyoyin da shirin ya mayar da hankali a kansu sun hada da jami'an diflomasiyya, masu yin dokoki, kungiyoyin farar hula, da daliban da ke nazarin fannin ruwa; ta hanyar fadada ilimi kan takaddamar ruwa, yana fatan karfafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashe wajen tunkarar rikice-rikice.

Hukumar UNESCO ta wallafa taswirar madatsun ruwan karkashin kasa da ke ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 22, 2008 |title=UNESCO publishes first world map of underground transboundary aquifers |url=http://portal.unesco.org//en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D43767&amp;URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025095526/http://portal.unesco.org//en/ev.php-URL_ID=43767&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html |archive-date=October 25, 2008 |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukan ilimi da suka mayar da hankali kan takaddamar ruwa har yanzu ba su samar da daidaitacciyar hanya ta shiga tsakani ga takaddamar kasa da kasa ba, balle ma ta cikin gida. Amma UNESCO tana da kyakkyawan fata game da makomar gaba yayin da rikice-rikicen ruwa ke kara fitowa fili ga jama'a, kuma yayin da karuwar tsananin matsalar ke sanya masu taurin kai yin tunani na gari.

=== Shiga Tsakani na Kungiyoyin Kasa da Kasa ===

Kungiyoyin kasa da kasa suna taka rawar gani sosai wajen shiga tsakani a takaddamar ruwa da kuma inganta gudanar da ruwa. Daga kokarin kimiyya na auna gurbacewar ruwa, zuwa kokarin Kungiyar Cin Kiki ta Duniya (World Trade Organization) na warware takaddamar cin kiki tsakanin kasashe, ana iya magance nau'ikan takaddamar ruwa da dama ta hanyar tsare-tsare da cibiyoyin da ke akwai a yanzu.

Kungiyar Cin Kiki ta Duniya (WTO) tana iya shiga tsakani a takaddamar ruwa da kasashe mambobinta suka gabatar lokacin da takaddamar ta kasance ta dabi'ar kasuwanci ce. Hukumar WTO tana da wasu kungiyoyi na musamman, kamar Cibiyar Kamun Kifi (Fisheries Center), wadanda ke aiki don sanya idanu da kuma yanke hukunci kan shari'o'in da suka dace, kodayake ba ita ce hukuma ta karshe a kan rikicin albarkatun ruwa ba.

Duk da haka, rikicin ruwa da ke faruwa a cikin gida, da kuma rikicin da mai yiwuwa ba na kasuwanci ba ne baki daya, ka iya zama maras dacewa ga shiga tsakanin WTO.

Saboda ruwa yana da matukar muhimmanci ga cin kikin kayan gona, takaddamar ruwa na iya kasancewa a fakaice cikin shari'o'in WTO ta hanyar &quot;ruwan fargaba&quot; (virtual water),&lt;ref&gt;Morrisette, Jason J. and Douglas A. Borer. &quot;Where Oil and Water Do Mix: Environmental Scarcity and Future Conflict in the Middle East and North Africa.&quot; Parameters, Vol. 34, Winter 2004 pp 94-96.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://kluwerlawonline.com/api/Product/CitationPDFURL?file=Journals%5CTRAD%5CTRAD2013042.pdf|title=Water Footprint and the Law of WTO|first=Piotr|last=Szwedo|date=December 1, 2013|journal=Journal of World Trade|volume=47|issue=6|pages=1259–1284 |doi=10.54648/TRAD2013042 |s2cid=150576275 |via=kluwerlawonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; wato ruwan da ake amfani da shi wajen samar da kayayyaki da ayyuka amma ba a yin cin kikinsa kai tsaye tsakanin kasashe. Kasashen da ke da mafi kyawun samun damar samar da ruwa na iya yin rawar gani sosai ta fannin tattalin arziki fiye da wadanda ke fuskantar matsala, wanda hakan ke haifar da yiwuwar rikici. Sakamakon bacin rai da tallafin aikin gona ke haifarwa wanda ke korar amfanin gonakin gida, kasashen da ke fuskantar karancin ruwa suna kai kararrakinsu ga WTO.

Hukumar WTO tana taka rawa sosai a takaddamar da ta dogara da aikin gona wadanda ke da alaka da rikici a kan takamaiman hanyoyin ruwa. Duk da haka, tana samar da muhimmin tsari wanda ke tsara yadda ruwa zai taka rawa a takaddamar tattalin arziki na gaba. Wata makarantar tunani tana goyon bayan ra'ayin yakin ruwa, wanda shi ne matakin karshe na takaddamar ruwa da ba a warware ba—karancin albarkatun ruwa tare da matsin lamba na karuwar al'umma cikin sauri na iya wuce ikon WTO na kiyaye tsari mai kyau a cikin al'amuran cin kiki.&lt;ref&gt;Morrisette, p. 99&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rikice-rikicen Ruwa na Ketare Iyakoki ==

Ruwan ketare iyakoki su ne ruwayen da kasashe mabanbanta guda biyu ko fiye suka raba iyaka da su. Domin rage hadarin rikicin ruwa, galibi ana tattaunawa kan tsare-tsare ko yarjejeniyoyin ruwa na ketare iyakoki, amma har yanzu da yawa daga cikin kogunan duniya da ake rabawa ba su da irin wadannan yarjejeniyoyin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeitoun |first1=Mark |last2=Mirumachi |first2=Naho |last3=Warner |first3=Jeroen |last4=Kirkegaard |first4=Matthew |last5=Cascão |first5=Ana |date=2019-05-24 |title=Analysis for water conflict transformation |url=https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/71198/1/Accepted_Manuscript.pdf |journal=Water International |language=en |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=365–384 |doi=10.1080/02508060.2019.1607479 |issn=0250-8060 |s2cid=182388253|url-access= }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wadannan hadin gwiwar ya kamata su kasance cikin adalci da dorewa ta yadda kowace kasa ba za ta ci zarafin ruwan ba, a maimakon haka za su yi amfani da ruwan don amfaninsu mafi kyau tare da kare shi da adana shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Article 5: Equitable and reasonable utilisation and participation - UN Watercourses Convention |url=https://www.unwatercoursesconvention.org/the-convention/part-ii-general-principles/article-5-equitable-and-reasonable-utilisation-and-participation/ |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=www.unwatercoursesconvention.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gasa ta kasa da kasa a kan ruwa na iya tasowa lokacin da wata kasa ta fara dibar ruwa mai yawa daga tushen ruwan da ake rabawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Grover |first=Velma I. |title=Water : a source of conflict or cooperation? |publisher=Science Publishers |year=2007 |location=Enfield, N.H.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan galibi ita ce hanya mafi inganci ta samun ruwan da ake bukata, amma a cikin dogon lokaci na iya haifar da rikici idan aka yi amfani da ruwan fiye da kima. An ce fiye da kasashe 50 a nahiyoyi biyar na fuskantar barazanar rikici a kan ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Paul |first=James |title=Water in Conflict |url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/natres/waterindex.htm |website=www.globalpolicy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da kari, dokar ruwa ta kasa da kasa wani lokacin na iya kara rura wutar rikici: ka'idojin shari'a na &quot;mallakar farko&quot; (prior appropriation) da &quot;hakkin kusa da kogi&quot; (riparianism) duka biyun suna da alaka da rikice-rikicen ruwa na ketare iyakoki saboda duka biyun na iya nufin cewa sa'a ta tarihi da ta labarin kasa na iya raba kasashe bisa doka zuwa wadanda ke da wadatar ruwa da wadanda ke fama da karancinsa.

Rikice-rikicen baya-bayan nan tsakanin kasashe sun faru ne mafi yawanci a Gabas ta Tsakiya (takaddamar da ta samo asali daga kogunan Euphrates da Tigris wadanda Turkiyya, Siriya, da Iraki ke rabawa; da kuma rikicin Kogin Jordan da Isra'ila, Lebanon, Jordan da kuma Kasar Falasdinu ke rabawa), a Afirka (rikice-rikicen da suka shafi Kogin Nilu tsakanin Masar, Habasha, da Sudan),&lt;ref name=&quot;WWilson&quot; /&gt; da kuma a Tsakiyar Asiya (rikicin Tekun Aral tsakanin Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan da Kyrgyzstan). A cikin shekarun 2022 da 2023, takaddama a kan Kogin Helmand da Iran da Afghanistan ke rabawa ita ma ta ruru.

=== Kisan Kare dangi a Gaza ===
A matsayin wani bangare na kisan kare dangi na Gaza na shekarar 2023 zuwa yanzu da kasar Isra'ila ke tafi da shi, ana lalata masana'antun tace ruwan teku da sauran tsarin samar da ruwa da gangan tare da sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira, cibiyoyin raba taimako da aywukan jin kai a kokarin janyo yunwa da kuma sa mutane su mutu saboda kishirwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Natasha |last2=Kirschenbaum |first2=Anita |last3=Michel |first3=David |date=2024-01-12 |title=The Siege of Gaza’s Water |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/siege-gazas-water |journal=CSIS |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutanen da ke zaune a Falasdinu sun ba da rahoton cewa an tilasta musu shan ruwa mai gishiri, maras tsabta, ko mai dauke da cututtuka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gaza residents share fears of thirst after Israel destroys water resources |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/video/newsfeed/2025/4/10/gaza-residents-share-fears-of-thirst-after-israel-destroys-water-resources |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yakin Iran na 2026 ===
A ranar 7 ga Maris, 2026, a matsayin wani bangare na yakin shekarar 2026 tsakanin Isra'ila, Amurka, da Iran, Amurka ta kai hari da gangan kan masana'antar tace ruwan teku ta kasar Iran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=AFP |date=7 March 2026 |title=IRGC says it attacked US base in Bahrain, claims it was used to strike desalination plant in Iran |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/irgc-says-it-attacked-us-base-in-bahrain-claims-it-was-used-to-strike-desalination-plant-in-iran/ |access-date=8 March 2026 |work=The Times of Israel |language=en-US |issn=0040-7909}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu kasashen, har da Isra'ila, sun dogara ne da tace ruwan teku don samun isasshen ruwan sha.

=== Kogunan Tigris da Euphrates ===
A cikin tarihi an sami rikici mai yawa game da amfani da ruwa daga koguna kamar su Tigris da Euphrates, kuma daya daga cikin &quot;yakokin ruwa&quot; na farko da aka sani shi ne a shekara ta 2400 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (BCE) tsakanin tsoffin jihohin Sumerian na Umma da Lagash a kan ruwan noman rani.&lt;ref name=&quot;stormingmedia.us&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.stormingmedia.us/75/7593/A759324.html |title=The Euphrates Triangle: Security Implications of the Southeastern Anatolia Project |website=www.stormingmedia.us |access-date=March 11, 2023 |archive-date=June 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604152753/http://www.stormingmedia.us/75/7593/A759324.html |author1= Frederick M. Lorenz |author2=Edward J. Erickson}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shiri na Kudu maso Gabashin Anatolia na kasar Turkiyya (Southeastern Anatolia Project ko GAP) a kan Kogin Euphrates yana da yiwuwar haifar da mummunan sakamako ga samar da ruwa a Siriya da Iraki. A lokacin shekarun 1950, an fara gina madatsun ruwa da sauran ayyukan ruwa da yawa sakamakon damuwa game da rabon ruwa musamman ga kasashen da ke kasan kogin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Çarkoğlu |first1=Ali |last2=Eder |first2=Mine |date=2001 |title=Domestic Concerns and the Water Conflict over the Euphrates-Tigris River Basin |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4284138 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=41–71 |doi=10.1080/714004364 |jstor=4284138 |s2cid=144773147 |issn=0026-3206|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kwarin Mekong (Kasar Sin da sauran kasashen Asiya) ===
A kwarin Mekong, kasar Sin wadda ita ce kasa mafi can sama inda kogin ke fitowa, ta gina jerin madatsun ruwa a kan tushen Kogin Mekong, wanda hakan ya canza yawan kwararar ruwa da kuma lokutan kwarararsa ga kasashen da ke kasan kogin kamar Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia da Thailand.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=25 April 2020 |title=China's dams exacerbated extreme drought in lower Mekong: Study |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/chinas-dams-exacerbated-extreme-drought-mekong-study-200424231003795.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=22 April 2020 |title=Science Shows Chinese Dams Are Devastating the Mekong |work=Foreign Policy |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/22/science-shows-chinese-dams-devastating-mekong-river/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, kasar Sin ta gina madatsun ruwa guda 11 a kan Kogin Mekong, wanda ke kwarara daga kasar Sin ta cikin Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia da Vietnam zuwa Tekun Kudancin Sin. Masana suna fargabar cewa ikon kasar Sin na sarrafa kwararar Kogin Mekong yana ba ta damar yin amfani da hakan azaman kariya ko matsin lamba ga kasashen kasan kogin wadanda suka dogara da kyakkyawar niyyar kasar Sin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nikkei Asian Review&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Chellaney |first=Brahma |date=28 October 2019 |title=China is weaponizing water and worsening droughts in Asia |newspaper=Nikkei Asian Review |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Opinion/China-is-weaponizing-water-and-worsening-droughts-in-Asia}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2018, matakan ruwa a Kogin Mekong sun sauka zuwa mafi kankanta a cikin shekaru sama da 100, har ma a lokacin damina na shekara-shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Project Syndicate&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2 August 2019 |title=Damming the Mekong Basin to Environmental Hell |url=https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/china-dams-mekong-basin-exacerbate-drought-by-brahma-chellaney-2019-08 |publisher=Project Syndicate}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Madatsar ruwa ta Jinghong, wadda ya zuwa Janairu 2020 ita ce madatsar ruwa ta kasar Sin mafi kusa da iyakar kasar Thailand, ta haifar da babban canji da rashin daidaituwa a matakan kogin, wanda ke shafar hanyoyin rayuwar mutane a kasan kogin ta hanyar hargitsa tsarin dabi'ar kogin.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABC News&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Bainbridge |first=Amy |date=20 January 2020 |title=China's Mekong River dams are generating renewable energy, but are costing locals their livelihoods |newspaper=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-20/china-mekong-river-plan-creates-renewable-energy-but-costs-jobs/11872640}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rikicin Tekun Aral ===
Fadada aikin gona na noman rani fiye da kima a zamanin Tarayyar Soviet (musamman ga auduga) a Tsakiyar Asiya ya sanya Kogin Amu Darya, wanda Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan da Afghanistan ke rabawa, ya kusan bushewa baki daya, har ta kai ga ya daina isa ga Tekun Aral, wanda a yanzu girmansa da yawansa sun ragu sosai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Prokurat |first=Sergiusz |title=Drought and water shortages in Asia as a threat and economic problem |date=2015 |url=http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwmeta1.element.desklight-95d2a7ec-8c5f-474d-84ed-8b8baed8f8c0/c/235_PDFsam_Joms_3_26_2015.pdf |pages=235–250 |location=Józefów |publisher=&quot;Journal of Modern Science” 3/26/2015 |access-date=13 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Masar da Habasha ===
A shekarar 1979, Shugaban kasar Masar Anwar Sadat ya bayyana cewa idan kasar Masar za ta sake tsunduma cikin wani yaki a gaba, to tabbas zai kasance ne a kan ruwa. A wani bangaren daban kuma, a tsakanin huldar Masar da Habasha, Firayim Ministan Habasha Meles Zenawi ya ce: &quot;Ba na fargabar cewa Masarawa za su far wa Habasha ba zato tsammani. Babu wanda ya taba gwada hakan da ya rayu har ya ba da labarin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Malone |first=Barry |title=Next on Egypt's to-do: Ethiopia and the Nile |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/12/next-egypt-do-ethiopia-nile-201312872410501805.html |access-date=9 January 2018 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rikici tsakanin Masar da Habasha a kan madatsar ruwa ta Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam ya tsananta a shekarar 2020 saboda damuwar cewa madatsar ruwan ta Habasha a kan Kogin Blue Nile na iya rage kwararar ruwa zuwa kasar Masar, wadda ta dogara kacokan a kan ruwan Kogin Nilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Decian |date=9 February 2020 |title=For Thousands of Years, Egypt Controlled the Nile. A New Dam Threatens That |newspaper=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/09/world/africa/nile-river-dam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210015121/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/09/world/africa/nile-river-dam.html |archive-date=10 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Week&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=8 July 2020 |title=Are Egypt and Ethiopia heading for a water war? |work=The Week |url=https://www.theweek.co.uk/107468/are-egypt-and-ethiopia-heading-for-a-water-war}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nature&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=15 July 2020 |title=Row over Africa's largest dam in danger of escalating, warn scientists |work=Nature |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02124-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Ministan Habasha Abiy Ahmed ya yi gargadin cewa &quot;Babu wani karfi da zai iya hana Habasha gina madatsar ruwa. Idan akwai bukatar yin yaki, za mu iya sanya miliyoyin mutane cikin shirin ko-ta-kwana.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Week&quot;/&gt;

Masar tana kallon madatsar ruwan a matsayin barazana ga rayuwar kasarta. Kasashen biyu duka suna fuskantar barazanar karancin ruwa, yayin da ake hasashen bukatun ruwa za su karu saboda karuwar jama'a, karuwar birane da kuma neman ci gaban tattalin arziki. Ana kara rura wutar takaddama sakamakon mabanbantan akidu a kan hakkin ruwa; Masar tana da'awar hakki a kan ruwan Nilu bisa ga tsarin tarihi, yayin da Habasha kuma take da'awar hakki a kan ruwan bisa ga labarin kasa (geography),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-11-04 |title=Nile Basin Water Wars: The Never-Ending Struggle Between Egypt, Ethiopia, and Sudan |url=https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/nile-basin-water-wars-the-never-ending-struggle-between-egypt-ethiopia-and-sudan/ |access-date=2020-11-20 |website=Geopolitical Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; inda kashi 85% na ruwanta ke fitowa daga yankunan tuddai da ke cikin kasarta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |title=Water, Security and Conflict |last2=Iceland |first2=Charles |publisher=World Resources Institute |year=2018 |location=Washington, DC. USA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da Shiri na Kwarin Nilu (Nile Basin Initiative) yake samar da dandamali don tabbatar da dorewar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa ta hanyar hadin gwiwar kasashen da ke kusa da kogin,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Who we are {{!}} Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) |url=https://nilebasin.org/nbi/who-we-are |access-date=2020-11-20 |website=nilebasin.org |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Hadin Gwiwa (Cooperative Framework Agreement) kasashe 6 kacal ne suka amince da ita daga cikin kasashe 11 zuwa yanzu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CFA {{!}} Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) |url=https://nilebasin.org/nbi/cooperative-framework-agreement |access-date=2020-11-20 |website=nilebasin.org |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Sameura_dam_20050903.jpg|right|thumb|Sakamakon karancin ruwan sama da aka samu a lokacin bazara na 2005, madatsar ruwa ta Sameura ta yi kasa sosai. Madatsar tana samar da ruwa ne ga Takamatsu, Kagawa, Tsibirin Shikoku, kasar Japan.]]

=== Rikice-rikicen Ruwa tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan ===
A shekarar 1948, Indiya da Pakistan sun fuskanci takaddama a kan rabon hakkin ruwa na Kogin Indus da rassan kogunan da ke kwarara zuwa cikinsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sal,Upr&quot;&gt;{{citation |last1=Salman |first1=Salman M. A. |title=Conflict and Cooperation on South Asia's International Rivers: A Legal Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GEr4fyDbqgC&amp;pg=PA42 |pages=42–44 |year=2002 |publisher=World Bank Publications |isbn=978-0-8213-5352-3 |last2=Uprety |first2=Kishor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gilm&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Gilmartin |first=David |title=Blood and Water: The Indus River Basin in Modern History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfXLDwAAQBAJ |pages=210–211 |year=2020 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-35553-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; An cimma yarjejeniya bayan makonni biyar kuma takaddamar ta biyo bayan sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus a shekarar 1960.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sal,Upr&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gilm&quot; /&gt;

Gasa ga hanyoyin ruwa na ketare iyakoki kuma tana iya tsananta sakamakon karuwar takaddama tsakanin kasashen, kamar yadda lamarin yake tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan. Kasashen biyu sun dogara sosai a kan kwarin Kogin Indus don samar da ruwa, wanda ke karkashin ikon Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus da aka kafa a shekarar 1960. A watan Fabrairun 2019, Indiya ta yi barazanar yanke wa Pakistan ruwa, a matsayin martani ga fadan soja na Kashmir,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Dasgupta |first=Mehr Nadeem, Saad Sayeed, Neha |date=2019-08-19 |title=Pakistan, India spar over using water as a weapon in Kashmir dispute |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-pakistan-water-idUSKCN1V91B9 |access-date=2020-11-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; tana mai karkatar da ruwan zuwa yankuna kamar Jammu, Kashmir da Punjab a maimakon haka. Gina madatsun ruwa a saman kogin kuma zai janyo ambaliyar ruwa a kasan kogin idan aka saki ruwan da sauri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-08-19 |title=Pakistan accuses India of using water as weapon in Kashmir conflict |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/south-asia/article/3023486/pakistan-accuses-india-waging-fifth-generation-warfare-kashmir |access-date=2020-11-20 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tunda kasashen biyu suna raba albarkatun kwarin ruwa na Indus, Indiya da Pakistan sun yanke shawara kan wata shahararriyar yarjejeniya mai tasiri da ake kira Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus (IWT). Yarjejeniyar tana karkashin shiga tsakani na Bankin Duniya kuma tana tsara amfani da ruwa da kwararar koguna da yawa na kwarin ga kowace kasa. Yarjejeniyar ta tsira daga yakoki uku, amma ta fuskanci kalubalen matsalolin diflomasiyya na kasashen biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Qamar |first1=Muhammad Uzair |last2=Azmat |first2=Muhammad |last3=Claps |first3=Pierluigi |date=2019 |title=Pitfalls in transboundary Indus Water Treaty: a perspective to prevent unattended threats to the global security |journal=npj Clean Water |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |page=22 |doi=10.1038/s41545-019-0046-x |issn=2059-7037 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2019npjCW...2...22Q }}&lt;/ref&gt; Biye da babban takaddama a shekarar 2019, Firayim Ministan Indiya ya yi barazanar takaita kwararar ruwa zuwa Pakistan a yankin – matakin da Pakistan ta ce za ta dauka a matsayin wata alama ta yaki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Nadeen |first1=Mehr |last2=Sayeed |first2=Saad |last3=Dasgupta |first3=Neha |date=2019-08-19 |title=Pakistan, India spar over using water as a weapon in Kashmir dispute |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-pakistan-water-idUSKCN1V91B9 |access-date=2021-03-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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[[File:Vallee_fertile_du_Nil_a_Louxor.jpg|thumb|Matakin da kasar Habasha ta dauka na cike madatsar ruwa ta Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) zai iya rage kwararar ruwan fari na Kogin Nilu da kusan kashi 25% tare da lalata gonakin kasar Masar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=27 February 2018 |title=In Africa, War Over Water Looms As Ethiopia Nears Completion Of Nile River Dam |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/02/27/589240174/in-africa-war-over-water-looms-as-ethiopia-nears-completion-of-nile-river-dam?t=1595668819363}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Rikicin ruwa''' yawanci yana nufin tasiri ko takaddama da ke da alaka da samun dama, ko iko da albarkatun ruwa, ko amfani da ruwa ko tsarin samar da ruwa a matsayin makami ko kuma zama abin cutarwa a lokacin tasiri. Kalmar ''yakin ruwa'' ana amfani da ita a kafafen yada labarai don wasu takaddama a kan ruwa, kuma mafi yawanci ta takaitu ne wajen bayyana rikici tsakanin kasashe, jahohi, ko kungiyoyi a kan hakkin samun damar yin amfani da albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allianz&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Tulloch |first=James |date=August 26, 2009 |title=Water Conflicts: Fight or Flight? |url=http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/climate_change/natural_disasters/water_conflicts.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080829171957/http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/climate_change/natural_disasters/water_conflicts.html |archive-date=2008-08-29 |access-date=14 January 2010 |publisher=Allianz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WWilson&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Kameri-Mbote |first=Patricia |date=January 2007 |title=Water, Conflict, and Cooperation: Lessons from the nile river Basin |url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue4.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Navigating Peace |publisher=Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars |issue=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706033750/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue4.pdf |archive-date=2010-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince cewa takaddamar ruwa tana tasowa ne daga sabanin bukatu na masu amfani da ruwa, na gwamnati ko na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/ United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008]&lt;/ref&gt; Kyakkyawan tsari na rikice-rikicen ruwa ya bayyana a cikin tarihi, kodayake da kyar ake fafata yakokin gargajiya a kan ruwa kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Peter Gleick, 1993. [http://www2.pacinst.org/reports/international_security_gleick_1993.pdf &quot;Water and conflict.&quot;] ''International Security'' Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 79-112 (Summer 1993).&lt;/ref&gt; A maimakon haka, ruwa ya dade yana zama sanadin takaddama kuma daya daga cikin dalilan rikici. Rikicin ruwa yana tasowa ne saboda dalilai da dama, da suka hada da takaddamar iyakokin kasa, fafutukar neman albarkatu, da kuma moriyar dabarun yaki.&lt;ref&gt;Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research (Department of Political Science, University of Heidelberg); Conflict Barometer 2007:Crises – Wars – Coups d'État – Nagotiations – Mediations – Peace Settlements, 16th annual conflict analysis, 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

Rikicin ruwa na iya faruwa a matakin cikin gida (na kasa daya) da kuma matakin tsakanin kasashe daban-daban. Rikici tsakanin kasashe yana faruwa ne tsakanin kasashe biyu ko fiye da ke raba tushen ruwa guda daya da ya ratsa iyakokinsu, kamar kogi, teku, ko tafkin ruwan karkashin kasa. Misali, yankin Gabas Ta Tsakiya yana da kashi 1% kacal na ruwan fari na duniya wanda kashi 5% na al'ummar duniya ke rabawa, kuma galibin koramu da koguna suna ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Sutherland |first=Ben |date=March 18, 2003 |title=Water shortages 'foster terrorism' |publisher=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2859937.stm |access-date=14 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rikicin cikin gida kuma yana faruwa ne tsakanin bangarori biyu ko fiye a cikin kasa daya, kamar rikici tsakanin manoma da masu amfani da ruwa na cikin birni.

Mafi yawan rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa suna faruwa ne a kan ruwan fari saboda wadannan albarkatu suna da mahimmanci ga bukatun dan adam na yau da kullum, amma galibi suna iya yin karanci ko gurbata ko kuma rashin daidaiton rabo tsakanin masu amfani da su. Karancin ruwa yana kara rura wutar takaddamar ruwa saboda gasar neman ruwan sha, noman rani, samar da wutar lantarki da sauran bukatu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=671&amp;section=14 |title=Patp &gt; &gt; &gt; |access-date=2010-04-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010731141012/http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=671&amp;section=14 |archive-date=2001-07-31 }} Freshwater: lifeblood of the planet, accessed November 21, 2008&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake ruwan fari muhimmin albarkatun kasa ne, amma kuma rarrabuwarsa ba daidai ba ce a doron kasa, samuwarsa galibi tana tasiri ga yanayin rayuwa da tattalin arzikin kasa ko yanki. Rashin wadatar zabukan samar da ruwa masu rahusa a wurare kamar Gabas ta Tsakiya,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858e09.htm Murakami, Masahiro. 1995.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117045902/http://unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858E09.htm |date=2011-01-17 }} ''Managing Water for Peace in the Middle East: Alternative Strategies, ''New York: United Nations University Press. Accessed online November 16, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar karancin ruwa na iya sanya matsin lamba ga duk masu amfani da ruwa, ko na kamfanoni, gwamnati, ko daidaikun mutane, wanda ke kaiwa ga takaddama, kuma watakila ma a goga mashi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/] United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;
Akwai adadin rikice-rikicen ruwa da ke kara karuwa wadanda ba a warware su ba, musamman a matakin kananan hukumomi ko jihohi, kuma wadannan za su kara zama hadari yayin da ruwa ke kara karanci, canjin yanayi na canza yanayin samar da ruwa na gida, kuma al'ummar duniya ke karuwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/457] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124031150/http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/457 |date=2016-11-24 }} Brooks, Nina. &quot;Impending Water Crisis in China,&quot; Arlington Institute. Accessed November 28, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pacific Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |date=17 March 2022 |title=Water Conflicts Continue to Worsen Worldwide |url=https://pacinst.org/water-conflicts-continue-to-worsen-worldwide/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |website=Pacific Institute }}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban nau'ikan takaddamar ruwa yana sa da wuya a magance su, amma akwai dabarun rage kasadar irin wadannan takaddamar da yawa. Dokoki da yarjejeniyoyin gida da na kasa da kasa na iya taimakawa wajen inganta rabon koguna na kasa da kasa da madatsun ruwa na karkashin kasa. Ingantattun fasahohi da cibiyoyi na iya inganta wadatar ruwa da rabon ruwa a yankunan da ke fama da karancin ruwa.


== Dalilai ==

Karancin ruwa ya fi haifar da rikici a matakin gida da na shiyyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wolf |first1=Aaron T |year=2001 |title=Water and Human Security |journal=Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education |volume=118 |page=29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa wani muhimmin abu ne ga rayuwar dan adam, kuma ayyukan dan adam suna da alaka ta kusa da wadatar ruwa da ingancinsa.&lt;ref&gt;ICWE (1992). International Conference on Water and the Environment--Development Issues for the 21st Century, 26–31 January 1992, Dublin, Ireland : [http://www.ircwash.org/resources/international-conference-water-and-environment-development-issues-21st-century-26-31-0 the Dublin statement and report of the conference], Geneva, Switzerland, ICWE Secretariat, World Meteorological Organization&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa rukunin albarkatu ne mai iyaka. Rikicin ruwa yana faruwa ne saboda bukatar albarkatun ruwa da ruwan sha na iya wuce wadatar da ake da ita, ko kuma saboda ana iya takaddama a kan ikon samun dama da raba ruwa, ko kuma saboda cibiyoyin kula da ruwa ba su da karfi ko kuma babu su kwata-kwata. Abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar karancin ruwa na iya sanya matsin lamba ga bangarorin da abin ya shafa don samun Karin albarkatun ruwa da ake rabawa, wanda ke haifar da takaddamar diflomasiyya ko ma rikici na gaba-da-gaba.

Takaddama da rikice-rikice a kan ruwa yanzu suna faruwa akai-akai a matakin cikin gida, maimakon matakin kasashen duniya. Tasiri tsakanin makiyaya da manoma a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na kara karuwa. Hare-hare a kan tsarin samar da ruwa na farar hula yayin yakokin da suka fara saboda wasu dalilai daban sun karu, kamar a kasashen Yemen, Siriya, Iraki, kuma kwanan nan a kasar Yukren.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |date=2019 |title=Water as a weapon and casualty of armed conflict: A review of recent water-related violence in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen |url=https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wat2.1351 |journal=WIREs Water |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1–15 |article-number=e1351 |doi=10.1002/wat2.1351 |bibcode=2019WIRWa...6E1351G |s2cid=195514316|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |last2=Vyshnevskyi |first2=Viktor |last3=Shevchuk |first3=Serhii |date=2023 |title=Rivers and Water Systems as Weapons and Casualties of the Russia-Ukraine War. |journal=Earth's Future |volume=11 |issue=10|article-number=e2023EF003910 |doi=10.1029/2023EF003910 |bibcode=2023EaFut..1103910G |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Karancin ruwa kuma na iya rura wutar rikice-rikice da takaddamar siyasa wadanda ba ruwa ne ya janyo su kai tsaye ba. Raguwa a hankali cikin lokaci a inganci da/ko yawan ruwan fari na iya kara rashin kwanciyar hankali a yanki ta hanyar gurgunta lafiyar al'umma, hana ci gaban tattalin arziki, da kuma rura wutar manyan rikice-rikice.&lt;ref name=&quot;Postel&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Postel |first1=S. L. |last2=Wolf |first2=A. T. |year=2001 |title=Dehydrating Conflict |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/11/18/dehydrating-conflict/ |journal=Foreign Policy |volume=126 |issue=126 |pages=60–67 |doi=10.2307/3183260 |jstor=3183260|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Canjin yanayi da karuwar al'ummar duniya su ma suna haduwa wajen sanya sabbin matsin lamba ga albarkatun ruwa masu iyaka tare da kara hadarin rikicin ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=October 12, 2019|title=The Coming Wars for Water|url=https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/|website=Report Syndication}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hasashe ==
A cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata, 'yan siyasa, masana kimiyya da 'yan jarida sun sha nuna damuwa cewa takaddamar ruwa za ta zama sanadin yakoki na gaba. Kalaman da aka fi ambata sun hada da: na tsohon Ministan Harakokin Wajen kasar Masar kuma tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Boutros Boutros-Ghali, wanda ya yi hasashen cewa, &quot;Yaki na gaba a Gabas ta Tsakiya za a fafata shi ne a kan ruwa, ba siyasa ba&quot;; magajinsa a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Kofi Annan, wanda a shekarar 2001 ya ce, &quot;Gasa mai tsanani ta neman ruwan fari na iya zama sanadin rikici da yakoki a gaba,&quot; da kuma tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Bankin Duniya, Ismail Serageldin, wanda ya ce yakokin karni na gaba za su kasance ne a kan ruwa sai dai idan an sami gagarumin canji a fannin gudanarwa. Haka kuma, &quot;yanzu ana yawan cewa yakoki na gaba a Gabas ta Tsakiya sun fi karkata ga fafatawa a kan ruwa fiye da a kan mai,&quot; in ji Lester R. Brown a wani taron dandalin ruwa na Stockholm da aka yi a baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=EPI Releases - How Water Scarcity Will Shape the New Century - EPI |url=http://www.earth-policy.org/press_room/C68/stockholm_transcript |access-date=9 January 2018 |website=www.earth-policy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasashen yakokin ruwa yana da tushe ne a cikin binciken farko da aka gudanar a kan kalilan din koguna na kasa da kasa kamar Kogin Indus, Kogin Jordan da Kogin Nilu. Wadannan takamaiman koguna sun zama abin mayar da hankali ne saboda sun fuskanci takaddamar da ta shafi ruwa. Takamaiman abubuwan da aka ambata a matsayin shaida sun hada da hararin da Isra'ila ta kai wa Siriya lokacin da take kokarin karkatar da madubin Kogin Jordan, da kuma barazanar soja da Masar ta yi wa kowace kasa da ke gina madatsun ruwa a saman kogin Nilu.

Wani abun da ke kara hadarin rikicin ruwa shi ne karuwar gasar neman ruwa a yankunan da ke fama da karancin ruwa, inda bukatu na samar da ruwa don amfanin dan adam, samar da abinci, muhallin halittu da sauran amfani ke gaba-da-gaba da wadatar ruwan da ake da ita. Mummunan al'amuran ruwa kamar ambaliyar ruwa da fari su ma suna kara tsananta hadarin rikicin ruwa. Yayin da yawan jama'a da ci gaban tattalin arziki ke karuwa, bukatun ruwa ma na iya karuwa, wanda ke kara rura wutar rashin jituwa game da rabo da iko da ruwa mai iyaka a wasu yankuna ko kasashe, musamman lokacin fari, ko kuma a madatsun ruwa na kasashen duniya da ake rabawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pacific Institute&quot;/&gt;

Albarkatun ruwa da suka ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya sun fi karkata wajen zama sanadin hadin gwiwa da abokin aiki fiye da yaki. Masana kimiyya da ke aiki a International Water Management Institute sun kasance suna bincikar shaidun da ke bayan hasashen yakin ruwa. Sakamakon bincikensu ya nuna cewa, ko da yake gaskiya ne an sami rikici mai alaka da ruwa a wasu kalilan din madatsun ruwa na kasashen duniya, a sauran kusan madatsun ruwa 300 da ake rabawa a duniya, tarihin ya kasance mai kyau mafi yawancinsa. Wannan ya nuna a fili ta hanyar daruruwan yarjejeniyoyin da ke akwai wadanda ke jagorantar amfani da ruwa cikin adalci tsakanin kasashen da ke raba albarkatun ruwa. Cibiyoyin da wadannan yarjejeniyoyin suka kafa za su iya zama muhimman abubuwa wajen tabbatar da hadin gwiwa maimakon rikici.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110812233521/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org:80/Publications/Success_Stories/PDF/2010/Issue%208%20-%20Promoting_cooperation_through_effective_management_of_shared_water_resources.pdf ''Promoting cooperation through management of transboundary water resources''], Success Stories, Issue 8, 2010, IWMI&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanai da Ma'anoni ==
Wani rumbun bayanai na intanet mai fadi da kuma budaddiya na rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa — wato Water Conflict Chronology — an samar da shi ta Pacific Institute.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Conflict Chronology |url=http://worldwater.org/water-conflict/ |access-date=November 29, 2023 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan rumbun bayanai ya lissafa tasiri a kan ruwa tun kimanin shekaru 4,500 da suka gabata kuma ya hada da misalai fiye da 1900 na tasiri a kan albarkatun ruwa tare da bayanai kan kwanan wata, wuri, nau'in rikici da cikakkun majiyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |last2=Shimabuku|first2=Morgan|date=2023 |title=Water-related conflicts: definitions, data, and trends from the water conflict chronology|journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=18 |issue=3|page=034022 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/acbb8f |bibcode=2023ERL....18c4022G |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fact Sheet: Water Conflict Chronology Update |url=https://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Water-Conflict-Chronology_Fact-Sheet.pdf |access-date=June 18, 2025 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Karkashin tsarin Water Conflict Chronology, an raba rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa kamar haka:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Water Conflict Chronology |url=http://worldwater.org/water-conflict/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

*Tushen Rikici (Trigger): Ruwa a matsayin abun da ke rura wuta ko tushen rikici, inda ake samun takaddama a kan ikon sarrafa ruwa ko tsarin ruwa ko kuma inda samun damar tattalin arziki ko ta jiki ga ruwa, ko karancin ruwa, ke haifar da tasiri.
*Makami (Weapon): Ruwa a matsayin makamin rikici, inda ake amfani da albarkatun ruwa, ko tsarin ruwa da kansu, a matsayin kayan aiki ko makami a cikin rikici na tasiri.
*Abin cutarwa (Casualty): Albarkatun ruwa ko tsarin ruwa a matsayin abin cutarwa na rikici, inda albarkatun ruwa, ko tsarin ruwa, suka kasance abubuwan da aka nufa da gangan ko kuma cikin hadari don lalata su ko yi musu barna.
== Siyasa da Tattalin Arziki ==

Amfanin ruwa a matsayin albarkatun kasuwanci, wanda ya hada da kamun kifi, aikin gona, masana'antu, nishaɗi da yawon bude ido, da sauran dama, na iya haifar da takaddama ko da lokacin da samun ruwan sha ba lallai ba ne ya zama matsala. A matsayin albarkatu, wasu suna daukar ruwa a matsayin mai daraja kamar mai, wanda kusan kowace masana'antu ke bukata, kuma ana bukatarsa kusan kowace rana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080518071950/http://www.forbes.com/2008/05/13/water-electricity-industry-biz-energy-cx_bp_0514water_print.html] Pentland, William. &quot;The Water-Industrial Complex,&quot; Forbes, May 14, 2008. Accessed November 21, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Karancin ruwa na iya gurgunta masana'antu baki daya kamar yadda zai iya gurgunta al'umma, kuma yana shafar kasashen da suka ci gaba kamar yadda yake shafar kasashen da ba su da ingantaccen tsarin samar da ruwa. Masana'antu da suka dogara da ruwa sun fi fitowa fili a cikin takaddamar ruwa, amma kasuwanci a kowane mataki na iya fuskantar illa saboda rashin ruwa.

=== Kamun Kifi ===
A tarihi, sassan kamun kifi sun kasance manyan wuraren tambaya, yayin da kasashe suka fadada tare da da'awar sassan teku a matsayin yankinsu na kasuwancin kamun kifi na gida. Wasu yankuna masu riba mai yawa, kamar Tekun Bering, suna da tarihin takaddama; a shekarar 1886 Daular Biritaniya da Amurka sun yi tahaliki a kan sassan kamun kifi na kadojin teku (seals),&lt;ref&gt;The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2007, Columbia University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a yau kasar Rasha ta kewaye wani sashe na ruwan kasa da kasa da aka sani da Bering Sea Donut Hole. An warware rikici game da hanyoyin kamun kifi da samun dama ga ramin a shekarar 1995 ta hanyar wata yarjejeniya da ake kira Donut Hole Agreement.&lt;ref&gt;Dunlap, William W. The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, Volume 10, Number 1, 1995, pp. 114-135(22)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gurbacewa ===
Bukatar kamfanoni galibi tana giciye da bukatun kasuwanci masu adawa da juna, da kuma damuwar muhalli, wanda ke kaiwa ga wani nau'in takaddama. A shekarun 1960, Tafkin Erie, da kuma sauran Manyan Tafkuna (Great Lakes) sun gurbata har ta kai ga mace-macen kifi masu yawa. Al'ummomin gida sun sha wahala sosai daga mummunan ingancin ruwa har sai da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta zartar da Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa (Clean Water Act) a shekarar 1972.&lt;ref&gt;33 U.S.C. § 1251 et seq.&lt;/ref&gt;

Gurbacewar ruwa tana haifar da babban hadari ga lafiya, musamman a yankunan da ke da masana'antu da yawa da kuma yawan jama'a kamar kasar Sin. Don mayar da martani ga mummunan yanayi inda birane baki daya ba su da ruwan sha mai aminci, kasar Sin ta zartar da ingantacciyar Dokar Kare da Sarrafa Gurbacewar Ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-02/29/content_6494712.htm] China Daily, Updated February 29, 2008. Accessed November 21, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Yiwuwar ruwan da ya gurbata ya tsallaka iyakokin kasashen duniya, da kuma gurbacewar ruwa da ba a amince da ita ba a cikin kasa matsi, yana kawo tambayoyi game da hakkin dan adam, wanda ke ba da damar shigar kasashen duniya cikin batun gurbacewar ruwa. Babu wani tsari guda daya na magance takaddamar gurbacewa ta cikin gida a kasa.

== Mayar da Martani ==

=== Hadin Gwiwa ===
Ana iya tsara cibiyoyin da ke kula da iyakokin kasashen duniya don inganta hadin gwiwa, shawo kan takaddama na farko, da kuma nemo hanyoyin jurewa rashin tabbas da canjin yanayi ke haifarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2008-016.pdf |title=Share: managing Water across Boundaries |publisher=IUCN |year=2008 |isbn=978-2-8317-1029-7 |editor=Sadoff, C. |display-editors=etal |archive-date=2012-10-24 |access-date=2011-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024164900/http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2008-016.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma za a iya sanya idanu kan ingancin irin wadannan cibiyoyin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Hukumar Kogin Indus (Permanent Indus Commission) da Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus ta shekarar 1960 sun tsira daga yakoki biyu tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan duk da gaba da ke tsakanin kasashen biyu, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da zama tsari mai nasara wajen warware rikice-rikice ta hanyar samar da kyakkyawan tsarin tattaunawa, bincike, da musayar bayanai. A yanzu ne kawai aka dakatar da yarjejeniyar. Hukumar Mekong (Mekong Committee) ta yi aiki tun daga shekarar 1957 kuma ta dore har bayan Yakin Vietnam na shekarun 1955-1975. Akasin haka, rashin kwanciyar hankali na shiyya yana faruwa ne lokacin da kasashe ba su da cibiyoyin hadin gwiwa a fannin huldar shiyya, kamar tsarin kasar Masar na gina babban madatsar ruwa a kan Kogin Nilu. Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, babu wata cibiya ta duniya da ke kula da tafiyar da albarkatun ruwa da ke ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya, kuma hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa ya faru ne ta hanyar hadaka ta musamman tsakanin hukumomi, kamar Hukumar Mekong wacce ta fito sakamakon kawance tsakanin UNICEF da Hukumar Gyaran Kasa ta Amurka (US Bureau of Reclamation). Samar da cibiyoyi masu karfi na kasa da kasa ya bayyana{{original research inline|date=September 2019}} a matsayin hanyar ci gaba a gaba – suna karfafa shiga tsakani da gudanarwa da wuri,{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} tare da kauce wa hanyoyin warware takaddama masu tsada.

Yarjejeniyar ruwa-don-wutar-lantarki ta Project Prosperity tsakanin Isra'ila da Jordan,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/business/cop/israel-jordan-move-forward-with-water-for-energy-deal-2022-11-08/ | title=Israel and Jordan move forward with water-for-energy deal | newspaper=Reuters | date=8 November 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/12/16/water-for-energy-is-better-than-land-for-peace/ | title=Water-for-Energy is Better Than Land-for-Peace | date=16 December 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da hadin gwiwar Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (UAE), za ta kawo wutar lantarki da aka samar ta hanyar hasken rana daga Jordan zuwa Isra'ila, sannan Isra'ila za ta samar da ruwan teku da aka tacewa (wanda aka cire wa gishiri) ga kasar Jordan. Kasar UAE za ta taimaka wajen girka tsarin wutar lantarki na hasken rana a kasar Jordan.

Wani abu guda daya da ya saba faruwa a kusan duk takaddamar da aka warware shi ne cewa tattaunawar ta dogara ne akan tsarin &quot;dogaro da bukata&quot; maimakon tsarin &quot;dogaro da hakki&quot;. Gonakin da za a iya yin noman rani a kansu, yawan jama'a, da dabarun ayyuka ne ke bayyana &quot;bukatu&quot;. Nasarar tsarin dogaro da bukata tana bayyana ne a cikin yarjejeniyar ruwa guda daya tilo da aka taba cimma a kwarin Kogin Jordan, wacce ta mayar da hankali kan bukatu ba wai kan hakkin kasashen da ke kusa da kogin ba. A yankin kasan Indiya, bukatun noman rani na kasar Bangladesh ne ke nuna rabon ruwa na Kogin Ganges.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Tsarin shiyya na dogaro da bukata yana mayar da hankali ne wajen gamsar da daidaikun mutane da bukatarsu ta ruwa, tare da tabbatar da cewa an biya mafi karancin bukatun adadi. Wannan yana kauce wa rikicin da ke tasowa lokacin da kasashe ke kallon yarjejeniyar ta mahimman moriyar kasa kadai, kuma yana motsawa daga tsarin babu-riba-babu-rashi zuwa ga tsarin hadaka mai amfani ga kowa wanda ke raba ruwa da alfanunsa cikin adalci.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Wannan yana nufin cewa duka adalci da ingancin tsarin amfani da ruwa sun zama masu mahimmanci, musamman a lokacin karancin ruwa. Ya kamata hadakar wadannan abubuwa guda biyu na ingantaccen aiki ta faru ne a cikin tsarin dorewa wanda ke sa ci gaba da hadin gwiwa tsakanin duk masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin yanayin koyo ya zama abin bukata kwarai da gaske.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Haie|first=Naim|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bfm%3A978-981-15-6284-6%2F1.pdf|title=Transparent Water Management Theory: Sefficiency in Sequity|publisher=Springer|year=2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dorewar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ===
Tsarin Blue Peace wanda Strategic Foresight Group ta samar tare da hadin gwiwar gwamnatocin kasashen Switzerland da Sweden yana ba da tsarin manufofi na musamman wanda ke inganta dorewar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa tare da hadin gwiwa don samar da zaman lafiya. Ta hanyar amfani da mafi kyawun albarkatun ruwa da ake rabawa ta hanyar hadin gwiwa maimakon rabo kawai tsakanin kasashe, damar samun zaman lafiya na iya karuwa.&lt;ref&gt;''Turkish Review'', March 2013&lt;/ref&gt;{{request quotation|date=September 2019}} Tsarin na Blue Peace ya nuna tasiri mai kyau (misali) a Gabas ta Tsakiya&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Strategic Foresight Group - Anticipating and Influencing Global Future |url=http://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/40595Blue+Peace_Middle+East.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831104124/http://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/40595Blue+Peace_Middle+East.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2018 |access-date=31 August 2018 |website=www.strategicforesight.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.deza.admin.ch/en/Home/Projects/Selected_projects/Water_management_and_peace_promotion_in_the_Middle_East eda.base.components.templates.base.accessKeys] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130926053611/http://www.deza.admin.ch/en/Home/Projects/Selected_projects/Water_management_and_peace_promotion_in_the_Middle_East|date=26 September 2013}}. Deza.admin.ch. Retrieved on 2015-11-24.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma kwarin Kogin Nilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 September 2013 |title=Blue Peace: New Solution for Averting Water Wars in the Nile Basin - Yahoo Finance |work=Yahoo Finance |url=http://finance.yahoo.com/news/blue-peace-solution-averting-water-040000860.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928122750/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/blue-peace-solution-averting-water-040000860.html |archive-date=28 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dandalin Ruwan Karkashin Kasa na UN UNESCO-IHP yana da nufin taimakawa wajen inganta fahimtar albarkatun ruwa da kuma karfafa ingantaccen gudanar da ruwa. Amma ya zuwa yanzu, shirin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mafi karsashi wajen warware takaddamar ruwa shi ne shirin Potential Conflict to Co-operation Potential (PCCP), wanda ke a mataki na uku na aikinsa, yana horar da kwararrun fannin ruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da kuma tsara ayyukan ilmantarwa a wasu wurare.&lt;ref name=&quot;IHP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=UNESCO-IHP Groundwater Portal |date=19 December 2014 |url=https://groundwaterportal.net/project/pccp |access-date=2019-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyoyin da shirin ya mayar da hankali a kansu sun hada da jami'an diflomasiyya, masu yin dokoki, kungiyoyin farar hula, da daliban da ke nazarin fannin ruwa; ta hanyar fadada ilimi kan takaddamar ruwa, yana fatan karfafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashe wajen tunkarar rikice-rikice.

Hukumar UNESCO ta wallafa taswirar madatsun ruwan karkashin kasa da ke ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 22, 2008 |title=UNESCO publishes first world map of underground transboundary aquifers |url=http://portal.unesco.org//en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D43767&amp;URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025095526/http://portal.unesco.org//en/ev.php-URL_ID=43767&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html |archive-date=October 25, 2008 |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukan ilimi da suka mayar da hankali kan takaddamar ruwa har yanzu ba su samar da daidaitacciyar hanya ta shiga tsakani ga takaddamar kasa da kasa ba, balle ma ta cikin gida. Amma UNESCO tana da kyakkyawan fata game da makomar gaba yayin da rikice-rikicen ruwa ke kara fitowa fili ga jama'a, kuma yayin da karuwar tsananin matsalar ke sanya masu taurin kai yin tunani na gari.

=== Shiga Tsakani na Kungiyoyin Kasa da Kasa ===

Kungiyoyin kasa da kasa suna taka rawar gani sosai wajen shiga tsakani a takaddamar ruwa da kuma inganta gudanar da ruwa. Daga kokarin kimiyya na auna gurbacewar ruwa, zuwa kokarin Kungiyar Cin Kiki ta Duniya (World Trade Organization) na warware takaddamar cin kiki tsakanin kasashe, ana iya magance nau'ikan takaddamar ruwa da dama ta hanyar tsare-tsare da cibiyoyin da ke akwai a yanzu.

Kungiyar Cin Kiki ta Duniya (WTO) tana iya shiga tsakani a takaddamar ruwa da kasashe mambobinta suka gabatar lokacin da takaddamar ta kasance ta dabi'ar kasuwanci ce. Hukumar WTO tana da wasu kungiyoyi na musamman, kamar Cibiyar Kamun Kifi (Fisheries Center), wadanda ke aiki don sanya idanu da kuma yanke hukunci kan shari'o'in da suka dace, kodayake ba ita ce hukuma ta karshe a kan rikicin albarkatun ruwa ba.

Duk da haka, rikicin ruwa da ke faruwa a cikin gida, da kuma rikicin da mai yiwuwa ba na kasuwanci ba ne baki daya, ka iya zama maras dacewa ga shiga tsakanin WTO.

Saboda ruwa yana da matukar muhimmanci ga cin kikin kayan gona, takaddamar ruwa na iya kasancewa a fakaice cikin shari'o'in WTO ta hanyar &quot;ruwan fargaba&quot; (virtual water),&lt;ref&gt;Morrisette, Jason J. and Douglas A. Borer. &quot;Where Oil and Water Do Mix: Environmental Scarcity and Future Conflict in the Middle East and North Africa.&quot; Parameters, Vol. 34, Winter 2004 pp 94-96.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://kluwerlawonline.com/api/Product/CitationPDFURL?file=Journals%5CTRAD%5CTRAD2013042.pdf|title=Water Footprint and the Law of WTO|first=Piotr|last=Szwedo|date=December 1, 2013|journal=Journal of World Trade|volume=47|issue=6|pages=1259–1284 |doi=10.54648/TRAD2013042 |s2cid=150576275 |via=kluwerlawonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; wato ruwan da ake amfani da shi wajen samar da kayayyaki da ayyuka amma ba a yin cin kikinsa kai tsaye tsakanin kasashe. Kasashen da ke da mafi kyawun samun damar samar da ruwa na iya yin rawar gani sosai ta fannin tattalin arziki fiye da wadanda ke fuskantar matsala, wanda hakan ke haifar da yiwuwar rikici. Sakamakon bacin rai da tallafin aikin gona ke haifarwa wanda ke korar amfanin gonakin gida, kasashen da ke fuskantar karancin ruwa suna kai kararrakinsu ga WTO.

Hukumar WTO tana taka rawa sosai a takaddamar da ta dogara da aikin gona wadanda ke da alaka da rikici a kan takamaiman hanyoyin ruwa. Duk da haka, tana samar da muhimmin tsari wanda ke tsara yadda ruwa zai taka rawa a takaddamar tattalin arziki na gaba. Wata makarantar tunani tana goyon bayan ra'ayin yakin ruwa, wanda shi ne matakin karshe na takaddamar ruwa da ba a warware ba—karancin albarkatun ruwa tare da matsin lamba na karuwar al'umma cikin sauri na iya wuce ikon WTO na kiyaye tsari mai kyau a cikin al'amuran cin kiki.&lt;ref&gt;Morrisette, p. 99&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rikice-rikicen Ruwa na Ketare Iyakoki ==

Ruwan ketare iyakoki su ne ruwayen da kasashe mabanbanta guda biyu ko fiye suka raba iyaka da su. Domin rage hadarin rikicin ruwa, galibi ana tattaunawa kan tsare-tsare ko yarjejeniyoyin ruwa na ketare iyakoki, amma har yanzu da yawa daga cikin kogunan duniya da ake rabawa ba su da irin wadannan yarjejeniyoyin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeitoun |first1=Mark |last2=Mirumachi |first2=Naho |last3=Warner |first3=Jeroen |last4=Kirkegaard |first4=Matthew |last5=Cascão |first5=Ana |date=2019-05-24 |title=Analysis for water conflict transformation |url=https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/71198/1/Accepted_Manuscript.pdf |journal=Water International |language=en |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=365–384 |doi=10.1080/02508060.2019.1607479 |issn=0250-8060 |s2cid=182388253|url-access= }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wadannan hadin gwiwar ya kamata su kasance cikin adalci da dorewa ta yadda kowace kasa ba za ta ci zarafin ruwan ba, a maimakon haka za su yi amfani da ruwan don amfaninsu mafi kyau tare da kare shi da adana shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Article 5: Equitable and reasonable utilisation and participation - UN Watercourses Convention |url=https://www.unwatercoursesconvention.org/the-convention/part-ii-general-principles/article-5-equitable-and-reasonable-utilisation-and-participation/ |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=www.unwatercoursesconvention.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gasa ta kasa da kasa a kan ruwa na iya tasowa lokacin da wata kasa ta fara dibar ruwa mai yawa daga tushen ruwan da ake rabawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Grover |first=Velma I. |title=Water : a source of conflict or cooperation? |publisher=Science Publishers |year=2007 |location=Enfield, N.H.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan galibi ita ce hanya mafi inganci ta samun ruwan da ake bukata, amma a cikin dogon lokaci na iya haifar da rikici idan aka yi amfani da ruwan fiye da kima. An ce fiye da kasashe 50 a nahiyoyi biyar na fuskantar barazanar rikici a kan ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Paul |first=James |title=Water in Conflict |url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/natres/waterindex.htm |website=www.globalpolicy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da kari, dokar ruwa ta kasa da kasa wani lokacin na iya kara rura wutar rikici: ka'idojin shari'a na &quot;mallakar farko&quot; (prior appropriation) da &quot;hakkin kusa da kogi&quot; (riparianism) duka biyun suna da alaka da rikice-rikicen ruwa na ketare iyakoki saboda duka biyun na iya nufin cewa sa'a ta tarihi da ta labarin kasa na iya raba kasashe bisa doka zuwa wadanda ke da wadatar ruwa da wadanda ke fama da karancinsa.

Rikice-rikicen baya-bayan nan tsakanin kasashe sun faru ne mafi yawanci a Gabas ta Tsakiya (takaddamar da ta samo asali daga kogunan Euphrates da Tigris wadanda Turkiyya, Siriya, da Iraki ke rabawa; da kuma rikicin Kogin Jordan da Isra'ila, Lebanon, Jordan da kuma Kasar Falasdinu ke rabawa), a Afirka (rikice-rikicen da suka shafi Kogin Nilu tsakanin Masar, Habasha, da Sudan),&lt;ref name=&quot;WWilson&quot; /&gt; da kuma a Tsakiyar Asiya (rikicin Tekun Aral tsakanin Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan da Kyrgyzstan). A cikin shekarun 2022 da 2023, takaddama a kan Kogin Helmand da Iran da Afghanistan ke rabawa ita ma ta ruru.

=== Kisan Kare dangi a Gaza ===
A matsayin wani bangare na kisan kare dangi na Gaza na shekarar 2023 zuwa yanzu da kasar Isra'ila ke tafi da shi, ana lalata masana'antun tace ruwan teku da sauran tsarin samar da ruwa da gangan tare da sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira, cibiyoyin raba taimako da aywukan jin kai a kokarin janyo yunwa da kuma sa mutane su mutu saboda kishirwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Natasha |last2=Kirschenbaum |first2=Anita |last3=Michel |first3=David |date=2024-01-12 |title=The Siege of Gaza’s Water |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/siege-gazas-water |journal=CSIS |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutanen da ke zaune a Falasdinu sun ba da rahoton cewa an tilasta musu shan ruwa mai gishiri, maras tsabta, ko mai dauke da cututtuka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gaza residents share fears of thirst after Israel destroys water resources |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/video/newsfeed/2025/4/10/gaza-residents-share-fears-of-thirst-after-israel-destroys-water-resources |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yakin Iran na 2026 ===
A ranar 7 ga Maris, 2026, a matsayin wani bangare na yakin shekarar 2026 tsakanin Isra'ila, Amurka, da Iran, Amurka ta kai hari da gangan kan masana'antar tace ruwan teku ta kasar Iran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=AFP |date=7 March 2026 |title=IRGC says it attacked US base in Bahrain, claims it was used to strike desalination plant in Iran |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/irgc-says-it-attacked-us-base-in-bahrain-claims-it-was-used-to-strike-desalination-plant-in-iran/ |access-date=8 March 2026 |work=The Times of Israel |language=en-US |issn=0040-7909}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu kasashen, har da Isra'ila, sun dogara ne da tace ruwan teku don samun isasshen ruwan sha.

=== Kogunan Tigris da Euphrates ===
A cikin tarihi an sami rikici mai yawa game da amfani da ruwa daga koguna kamar su Tigris da Euphrates, kuma daya daga cikin &quot;yakokin ruwa&quot; na farko da aka sani shi ne a shekara ta 2400 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (BCE) tsakanin tsoffin jihohin Sumerian na Umma da Lagash a kan ruwan noman rani.&lt;ref name=&quot;stormingmedia.us&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.stormingmedia.us/75/7593/A759324.html |title=The Euphrates Triangle: Security Implications of the Southeastern Anatolia Project |website=www.stormingmedia.us |access-date=March 11, 2023 |archive-date=June 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604152753/http://www.stormingmedia.us/75/7593/A759324.html |author1= Frederick M. Lorenz |author2=Edward J. Erickson}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shiri na Kudu maso Gabashin Anatolia na kasar Turkiyya (Southeastern Anatolia Project ko GAP) a kan Kogin Euphrates yana da yiwuwar haifar da mummunan sakamako ga samar da ruwa a Siriya da Iraki. A lokacin shekarun 1950, an fara gina madatsun ruwa da sauran ayyukan ruwa da yawa sakamakon damuwa game da rabon ruwa musamman ga kasashen da ke kasan kogin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Çarkoğlu |first1=Ali |last2=Eder |first2=Mine |date=2001 |title=Domestic Concerns and the Water Conflict over the Euphrates-Tigris River Basin |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4284138 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=41–71 |doi=10.1080/714004364 |jstor=4284138 |s2cid=144773147 |issn=0026-3206|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kwarin Mekong (Kasar Sin da sauran kasashen Asiya) ===
A kwarin Mekong, kasar Sin wadda ita ce kasa mafi can sama inda kogin ke fitowa, ta gina jerin madatsun ruwa a kan tushen Kogin Mekong, wanda hakan ya canza yawan kwararar ruwa da kuma lokutan kwarararsa ga kasashen da ke kasan kogin kamar Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia da Thailand.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=25 April 2020 |title=China's dams exacerbated extreme drought in lower Mekong: Study |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/chinas-dams-exacerbated-extreme-drought-mekong-study-200424231003795.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=22 April 2020 |title=Science Shows Chinese Dams Are Devastating the Mekong |work=Foreign Policy |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/22/science-shows-chinese-dams-devastating-mekong-river/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, kasar Sin ta gina madatsun ruwa guda 11 a kan Kogin Mekong, wanda ke kwarara daga kasar Sin ta cikin Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia da Vietnam zuwa Tekun Kudancin Sin. Masana suna fargabar cewa ikon kasar Sin na sarrafa kwararar Kogin Mekong yana ba ta damar yin amfani da hakan azaman kariya ko matsin lamba ga kasashen kasan kogin wadanda suka dogara da kyakkyawar niyyar kasar Sin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nikkei Asian Review&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Chellaney |first=Brahma |date=28 October 2019 |title=China is weaponizing water and worsening droughts in Asia |newspaper=Nikkei Asian Review |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Opinion/China-is-weaponizing-water-and-worsening-droughts-in-Asia}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2018, matakan ruwa a Kogin Mekong sun sauka zuwa mafi kankanta a cikin shekaru sama da 100, har ma a lokacin damina na shekara-shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Project Syndicate&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2 August 2019 |title=Damming the Mekong Basin to Environmental Hell |url=https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/china-dams-mekong-basin-exacerbate-drought-by-brahma-chellaney-2019-08 |publisher=Project Syndicate}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Madatsar ruwa ta Jinghong, wadda ya zuwa Janairu 2020 ita ce madatsar ruwa ta kasar Sin mafi kusa da iyakar kasar Thailand, ta haifar da babban canji da rashin daidaituwa a matakan kogin, wanda ke shafar hanyoyin rayuwar mutane a kasan kogin ta hanyar hargitsa tsarin dabi'ar kogin.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABC News&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Bainbridge |first=Amy |date=20 January 2020 |title=China's Mekong River dams are generating renewable energy, but are costing locals their livelihoods |newspaper=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-20/china-mekong-river-plan-creates-renewable-energy-but-costs-jobs/11872640}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rikicin Tekun Aral ===
Fadada aikin gona na noman rani fiye da kima a zamanin Tarayyar Soviet (musamman ga auduga) a Tsakiyar Asiya ya sanya Kogin Amu Darya, wanda Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan da Afghanistan ke rabawa, ya kusan bushewa baki daya, har ta kai ga ya daina isa ga Tekun Aral, wanda a yanzu girmansa da yawansa sun ragu sosai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Prokurat |first=Sergiusz |title=Drought and water shortages in Asia as a threat and economic problem |date=2015 |url=http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwmeta1.element.desklight-95d2a7ec-8c5f-474d-84ed-8b8baed8f8c0/c/235_PDFsam_Joms_3_26_2015.pdf |pages=235–250 |location=Józefów |publisher=&quot;Journal of Modern Science” 3/26/2015 |access-date=13 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Masar da Habasha ===
A shekarar 1979, Shugaban kasar Masar Anwar Sadat ya bayyana cewa idan kasar Masar za ta sake tsunduma cikin wani yaki a gaba, to tabbas zai kasance ne a kan ruwa. A wani bangaren daban kuma, a tsakanin huldar Masar da Habasha, Firayim Ministan Habasha Meles Zenawi ya ce: &quot;Ba na fargabar cewa Masarawa za su far wa Habasha ba zato tsammani. Babu wanda ya taba gwada hakan da ya rayu har ya ba da labarin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Malone |first=Barry |title=Next on Egypt's to-do: Ethiopia and the Nile |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/12/next-egypt-do-ethiopia-nile-201312872410501805.html |access-date=9 January 2018 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rikici tsakanin Masar da Habasha a kan madatsar ruwa ta Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam ya tsananta a shekarar 2020 saboda damuwar cewa madatsar ruwan ta Habasha a kan Kogin Blue Nile na iya rage kwararar ruwa zuwa kasar Masar, wadda ta dogara kacokan a kan ruwan Kogin Nilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Decian |date=9 February 2020 |title=For Thousands of Years, Egypt Controlled the Nile. A New Dam Threatens That |newspaper=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/09/world/africa/nile-river-dam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210015121/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/09/world/africa/nile-river-dam.html |archive-date=10 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Week&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=8 July 2020 |title=Are Egypt and Ethiopia heading for a water war? |work=The Week |url=https://www.theweek.co.uk/107468/are-egypt-and-ethiopia-heading-for-a-water-war}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nature&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=15 July 2020 |title=Row over Africa's largest dam in danger of escalating, warn scientists |work=Nature |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02124-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Ministan Habasha Abiy Ahmed ya yi gargadin cewa &quot;Babu wani karfi da zai iya hana Habasha gina madatsar ruwa. Idan akwai bukatar yin yaki, za mu iya sanya miliyoyin mutane cikin shirin ko-ta-kwana.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Week&quot;/&gt;

Masar tana kallon madatsar ruwan a matsayin barazana ga rayuwar kasarta. Kasashen biyu duka suna fuskantar barazanar karancin ruwa, yayin da ake hasashen bukatun ruwa za su karu saboda karuwar jama'a, karuwar birane da kuma neman ci gaban tattalin arziki. Ana kara rura wutar takaddama sakamakon mabanbantan akidu a kan hakkin ruwa; Masar tana da'awar hakki a kan ruwan Nilu bisa ga tsarin tarihi, yayin da Habasha kuma take da'awar hakki a kan ruwan bisa ga labarin kasa (geography),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-11-04 |title=Nile Basin Water Wars: The Never-Ending Struggle Between Egypt, Ethiopia, and Sudan |url=https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/nile-basin-water-wars-the-never-ending-struggle-between-egypt-ethiopia-and-sudan/ |access-date=2020-11-20 |website=Geopolitical Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; inda kashi 85% na ruwanta ke fitowa daga yankunan tuddai da ke cikin kasarta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |title=Water, Security and Conflict |last2=Iceland |first2=Charles |publisher=World Resources Institute |year=2018 |location=Washington, DC. USA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da Shiri na Kwarin Nilu (Nile Basin Initiative) yake samar da dandamali don tabbatar da dorewar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa ta hanyar hadin gwiwar kasashen da ke kusa da kogin,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Who we are {{!}} Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) |url=https://nilebasin.org/nbi/who-we-are |access-date=2020-11-20 |website=nilebasin.org |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Hadin Gwiwa (Cooperative Framework Agreement) kasashe 6 kacal ne suka amince da ita daga cikin kasashe 11 zuwa yanzu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CFA {{!}} Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) |url=https://nilebasin.org/nbi/cooperative-framework-agreement |access-date=2020-11-20 |website=nilebasin.org |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Sameura_dam_20050903.jpg|right|thumb|Sakamakon karancin ruwan sama da aka samu a lokacin bazara na 2005, madatsar ruwa ta Sameura ta yi kasa sosai. Madatsar tana samar da ruwa ne ga Takamatsu, Kagawa, Tsibirin Shikoku, kasar Japan.]]

=== Rikice-rikicen Ruwa tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan ===
A shekarar 1948, Indiya da Pakistan sun fuskanci takaddama a kan rabon hakkin ruwa na Kogin Indus da rassan kogunan da ke kwarara zuwa cikinsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sal,Upr&quot;&gt;{{citation |last1=Salman |first1=Salman M. A. |title=Conflict and Cooperation on South Asia's International Rivers: A Legal Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GEr4fyDbqgC&amp;pg=PA42 |pages=42–44 |year=2002 |publisher=World Bank Publications |isbn=978-0-8213-5352-3 |last2=Uprety |first2=Kishor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gilm&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Gilmartin |first=David |title=Blood and Water: The Indus River Basin in Modern History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfXLDwAAQBAJ |pages=210–211 |year=2020 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-35553-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; An cimma yarjejeniya bayan makonni biyar kuma takaddamar ta biyo bayan sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus a shekarar 1960.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sal,Upr&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gilm&quot; /&gt;

Gasa ga hanyoyin ruwa na ketare iyakoki kuma tana iya tsananta sakamakon karuwar takaddama tsakanin kasashen, kamar yadda lamarin yake tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan. Kasashen biyu sun dogara sosai a kan kwarin Kogin Indus don samar da ruwa, wanda ke karkashin ikon Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus da aka kafa a shekarar 1960. A watan Fabrairun 2019, Indiya ta yi barazanar yanke wa Pakistan ruwa, a matsayin martani ga fadan soja na Kashmir,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Dasgupta |first=Mehr Nadeem, Saad Sayeed, Neha |date=2019-08-19 |title=Pakistan, India spar over using water as a weapon in Kashmir dispute |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-pakistan-water-idUSKCN1V91B9 |access-date=2020-11-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; tana mai karkatar da ruwan zuwa yankuna kamar Jammu, Kashmir da Punjab a maimakon haka. Gina madatsun ruwa a saman kogin kuma zai janyo ambaliyar ruwa a kasan kogin idan aka saki ruwan da sauri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-08-19 |title=Pakistan accuses India of using water as weapon in Kashmir conflict |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/south-asia/article/3023486/pakistan-accuses-india-waging-fifth-generation-warfare-kashmir |access-date=2020-11-20 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tunda kasashen biyu suna raba albarkatun kwarin ruwa na Indus, Indiya da Pakistan sun yanke shawara kan wata shahararriyar yarjejeniya mai tasiri da ake kira Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus (IWT). Yarjejeniyar tana karkashin shiga tsakani na Bankin Duniya kuma tana tsara amfani da ruwa da kwararar koguna da yawa na kwarin ga kowace kasa. Yarjejeniyar ta tsira daga yakoki uku, amma ta fuskanci kalubalen matsalolin diflomasiyya na kasashen biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Qamar |first1=Muhammad Uzair |last2=Azmat |first2=Muhammad |last3=Claps |first3=Pierluigi |date=2019 |title=Pitfalls in transboundary Indus Water Treaty: a perspective to prevent unattended threats to the global security |journal=npj Clean Water |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |page=22 |doi=10.1038/s41545-019-0046-x |issn=2059-7037 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2019npjCW...2...22Q }}&lt;/ref&gt; Biye da babban takaddama a shekarar 2019, Firayim Ministan Indiya ya yi barazanar takaita kwararar ruwa zuwa Pakistan a yankin – matakin da Pakistan ta ce za ta dauka a matsayin wata alama ta yaki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Nadeen |first1=Mehr |last2=Sayeed |first2=Saad |last3=Dasgupta |first3=Neha |date=2019-08-19 |title=Pakistan, India spar over using water as a weapon in Kashmir dispute |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-pakistan-water-idUSKCN1V91B9 |access-date=2021-03-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rikice-rikicen ruwa na ketare iyakoki da tasirinsu ga muhalli ==
=== Kogunan Tigris da Euphrates ===

Tun daga shekarun 1960,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Turkey, Syria and Iraq: Conflict over the Euphrates-Tigris {{!}} Climate-Diplomacy |url=https://climate-diplomacy.org/case-studies/turkey-syria-and-iraq-conflict-over-euphrates-tigris |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=climate-diplomacy.org |date=January 1960 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; an sami rikici da ya shafi ruwa a Turkiyya, Siriya, da Iraki. Tsawon shekaru, kasar Turkiyya ta ci gaba da yanke shawarar kin bin yarjejeniyar 1987 wadda ta tabbatar da kwararar kusan mita cubic 500 na ruwa a kowane dakika zuwa kasa ta cikin kogunan Tigris da Euphrates domin samar da ruwa ga Lallukan Mesopotamiya (Mesopotamian Marshes) da kuma miliyoyin mutane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Turkey is reportedly depriving hundreds of thousands of people of water |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/north-africa-west-asia/turkey-reportedly-depriving-hundreds-thousands-people-water/ |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=openDemocracy |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Turkiyya ta yanke shawarar fara Shiri na Kudu maso Gabashin Anatolia ko GAP, wanda ya kunshi gina madatsun ruwa 20 wadanda za su iya daukar kusan biliyan 120 na mita cubic na ruwa tare da na'urorin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa guda sha tara, lamarin da ya bar miliyoyin mutane da namun daji da ke zaune a kasan kogin wadanda suka dogara da kogunan Tigris da Euphrates ba tare da ruwa ba.

=== Turkiyya da Tsarin GAP ===

Tsarin GAP na kogunan Tigris da Euphrates, wanda ya kunshi (hekta miliyan 1.7)&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Abdulrahman |first=May F. |date=2021-08-31 |title=Effect of Discharge on Water Quality in Euphrates River Between Hit and Ramadi, Iraq |journal=Iraqi Geological Journal |volume=54 |issue=2B |pages=101–111 |doi=10.46717/igj.54.2b.9ms-2021-08-29 |s2cid=239713983 |issn=2414-6064|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ya rura wutar lamarin sannan ya haifar da lalacewar muhalli da ba za a iya gyarawa ba a yanzu da kuma nan gaba, ba wai kawai ga kasashen da ke kewaye da ita ba har ma ga Turkiyya kanta. Shirin na GAP ya rage ruwa da kashi 50% daga kogunan Tigris da Euphrates zuwa kasashen kasan kogin da ke kewaye, wato Siriya da Iraki. Karancin ruwa a kasan kogin ya sa Kurds da yawa sun rasa matsugunansu, ya kuma kara gishiri a cikin Kogin Euphrates har ya kai 1000 PPM, sannan ya hana Iraki komawa ga samun wadatacciyar kasa mai albarka da ake amfani da ita don aikin gona. Bugu da kari, karancin ruwa a kasan kogin yana hana magudanar ruwa ta dabi'a, gami da gishiri da gurbataccen iska wadanda kogunan ke wankewa ta dabi'a, wanda hakan ke shafar lafiyar miliyoyin mutane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Mesopotamian_Marshes_2000-2009.gif|thumb|Canjin matakan ruwa na shekara-shekara na Lallukan Mesopotamiya a farkon watan Fabrairu.]]

=== Tasiri a kan Lallukan Mesopotamiya ===

Lallukan Mesopotamiya, wadanda kuma aka sani da Lallukan Iraki, sun fuskanci raguwa sosai lokacin yakin 1980-1988 da kasar Iran lokacin da Saddam Hussein, shugaba na biyar na kasar Iraki, ya zargi mazauna yankin na Larabawa da haitanci, saboda haka ya yi amfani da ruwa a matsayin makami domin korarsu daga Lallukan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2016-07-17 |title=Iraq's marshes, once drained by Saddam, named world heritage site |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-heritage-iraq-idUSKCN0ZX0SN |access-date=2022-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Domin fitar da dubban mutane daga yankin, gwamnatin Iraki ta tace kashi 10%, wanda ya taba rufe murabba'in kilomita 9,000 (murabba'in miliyan 3,500) zuwa kilomita murabba'i 760 kacal, kuma a shekarar 2005 ta samu kashi 40 kacal na ainihin girmanta na farko.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt; Kogin Na Uku (The Third River) aikin gini ne mai tsayin kilomita 172 wanda aka fara a shekarar 1992. Ya kunshi karamin kogi na daban wajen kwashe ruwan da ke kwarara daga Kogin Tigris da kuma tura shi ta cikin lallukan da kuma Kogin Euphrates kusa da Al-Qurna. Aikin ya tilasta wa rabin miliyan na mutanen yankin lalluka hijira, ya kone garuruwan da ke kewaye, sannan ya gurbata gonaki da ruwan da ke kewaye, wanda hakan ya sa kasar ta gaza zama gida ga dubban nau'ikan halittu da rayuwar dan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;</text>
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[[File:Vallee_fertile_du_Nil_a_Louxor.jpg|thumb|Matakin da kasar Habasha ta dauka na cike madatsar ruwa ta Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) zai iya rage kwararar ruwan fari na Kogin Nilu da kusan kashi 25% tare da lalata gonakin kasar Masar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=27 February 2018 |title=In Africa, War Over Water Looms As Ethiopia Nears Completion Of Nile River Dam |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/02/27/589240174/in-africa-war-over-water-looms-as-ethiopia-nears-completion-of-nile-river-dam?t=1595668819363}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Rikicin ruwa''' yawanci yana nufin tasiri ko takaddama da ke da alaka da samun dama, ko iko da albarkatun ruwa, ko amfani da ruwa ko tsarin samar da ruwa a matsayin makami ko kuma zama abin cutarwa a lokacin tasiri. Kalmar ''yakin ruwa'' ana amfani da ita a kafafen yada labarai don wasu takaddama a kan ruwa, kuma mafi yawanci ta takaitu ne wajen bayyana rikici tsakanin kasashe, jahohi, ko kungiyoyi a kan hakkin samun damar yin amfani da albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allianz&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Tulloch |first=James |date=August 26, 2009 |title=Water Conflicts: Fight or Flight? |url=http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/climate_change/natural_disasters/water_conflicts.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080829171957/http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/climate_change/natural_disasters/water_conflicts.html |archive-date=2008-08-29 |access-date=14 January 2010 |publisher=Allianz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WWilson&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Kameri-Mbote |first=Patricia |date=January 2007 |title=Water, Conflict, and Cooperation: Lessons from the nile river Basin |url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue4.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Navigating Peace |publisher=Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars |issue=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706033750/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue4.pdf |archive-date=2010-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince cewa takaddamar ruwa tana tasowa ne daga sabanin bukatu na masu amfani da ruwa, na gwamnati ko na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/ United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008]&lt;/ref&gt; Kyakkyawan tsari na rikice-rikicen ruwa ya bayyana a cikin tarihi, kodayake da kyar ake fafata yakokin gargajiya a kan ruwa kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Peter Gleick, 1993. [http://www2.pacinst.org/reports/international_security_gleick_1993.pdf &quot;Water and conflict.&quot;] ''International Security'' Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 79-112 (Summer 1993).&lt;/ref&gt; A maimakon haka, ruwa ya dade yana zama sanadin takaddama kuma daya daga cikin dalilan rikici. Rikicin ruwa yana tasowa ne saboda dalilai da dama, da suka hada da takaddamar iyakokin kasa, fafutukar neman albarkatu, da kuma moriyar dabarun yaki.&lt;ref&gt;Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research (Department of Political Science, University of Heidelberg); Conflict Barometer 2007:Crises – Wars – Coups d'État – Nagotiations – Mediations – Peace Settlements, 16th annual conflict analysis, 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

Rikicin ruwa na iya faruwa a matakin cikin gida (na kasa daya) da kuma matakin tsakanin kasashe daban-daban. Rikici tsakanin kasashe yana faruwa ne tsakanin kasashe biyu ko fiye da ke raba tushen ruwa guda daya da ya ratsa iyakokinsu, kamar kogi, teku, ko tafkin ruwan karkashin kasa. Misali, yankin Gabas Ta Tsakiya yana da kashi 1% kacal na ruwan fari na duniya wanda kashi 5% na al'ummar duniya ke rabawa, kuma galibin koramu da koguna suna ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Sutherland |first=Ben |date=March 18, 2003 |title=Water shortages 'foster terrorism' |publisher=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2859937.stm |access-date=14 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rikicin cikin gida kuma yana faruwa ne tsakanin bangarori biyu ko fiye a cikin kasa daya, kamar rikici tsakanin manoma da masu amfani da ruwa na cikin birni.

Mafi yawan rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa suna faruwa ne a kan ruwan fari saboda wadannan albarkatu suna da mahimmanci ga bukatun dan adam na yau da kullum, amma galibi suna iya yin karanci ko gurbata ko kuma rashin daidaiton rabo tsakanin masu amfani da su. Karancin ruwa yana kara rura wutar takaddamar ruwa saboda gasar neman ruwan sha, noman rani, samar da wutar lantarki da sauran bukatu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=671&amp;section=14 |title=Patp &gt; &gt; &gt; |access-date=2010-04-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010731141012/http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=671&amp;section=14 |archive-date=2001-07-31 }} Freshwater: lifeblood of the planet, accessed November 21, 2008&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake ruwan fari muhimmin albarkatun kasa ne, amma kuma rarrabuwarsa ba daidai ba ce a doron kasa, samuwarsa galibi tana tasiri ga yanayin rayuwa da tattalin arzikin kasa ko yanki. Rashin wadatar zabukan samar da ruwa masu rahusa a wurare kamar Gabas ta Tsakiya,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858e09.htm Murakami, Masahiro. 1995.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117045902/http://unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858E09.htm |date=2011-01-17 }} ''Managing Water for Peace in the Middle East: Alternative Strategies, ''New York: United Nations University Press. Accessed online November 16, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar karancin ruwa na iya sanya matsin lamba ga duk masu amfani da ruwa, ko na kamfanoni, gwamnati, ko daidaikun mutane, wanda ke kaiwa ga takaddama, kuma watakila ma a goga mashi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/] United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;
Akwai adadin rikice-rikicen ruwa da ke kara karuwa wadanda ba a warware su ba, musamman a matakin kananan hukumomi ko jihohi, kuma wadannan za su kara zama hadari yayin da ruwa ke kara karanci, canjin yanayi na canza yanayin samar da ruwa na gida, kuma al'ummar duniya ke karuwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/457] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124031150/http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/457 |date=2016-11-24 }} Brooks, Nina. &quot;Impending Water Crisis in China,&quot; Arlington Institute. Accessed November 28, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pacific Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |date=17 March 2022 |title=Water Conflicts Continue to Worsen Worldwide |url=https://pacinst.org/water-conflicts-continue-to-worsen-worldwide/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |website=Pacific Institute }}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban nau'ikan takaddamar ruwa yana sa da wuya a magance su, amma akwai dabarun rage kasadar irin wadannan takaddamar da yawa. Dokoki da yarjejeniyoyin gida da na kasa da kasa na iya taimakawa wajen inganta rabon koguna na kasa da kasa da madatsun ruwa na karkashin kasa. Ingantattun fasahohi da cibiyoyi na iya inganta wadatar ruwa da rabon ruwa a yankunan da ke fama da karancin ruwa.


== Dalilai ==

Karancin ruwa ya fi haifar da rikici a matakin gida da na shiyyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wolf |first1=Aaron T |year=2001 |title=Water and Human Security |journal=Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education |volume=118 |page=29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa wani muhimmin abu ne ga rayuwar dan adam, kuma ayyukan dan adam suna da alaka ta kusa da wadatar ruwa da ingancinsa.&lt;ref&gt;ICWE (1992). International Conference on Water and the Environment--Development Issues for the 21st Century, 26–31 January 1992, Dublin, Ireland : [http://www.ircwash.org/resources/international-conference-water-and-environment-development-issues-21st-century-26-31-0 the Dublin statement and report of the conference], Geneva, Switzerland, ICWE Secretariat, World Meteorological Organization&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa rukunin albarkatu ne mai iyaka. Rikicin ruwa yana faruwa ne saboda bukatar albarkatun ruwa da ruwan sha na iya wuce wadatar da ake da ita, ko kuma saboda ana iya takaddama a kan ikon samun dama da raba ruwa, ko kuma saboda cibiyoyin kula da ruwa ba su da karfi ko kuma babu su kwata-kwata. Abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar karancin ruwa na iya sanya matsin lamba ga bangarorin da abin ya shafa don samun Karin albarkatun ruwa da ake rabawa, wanda ke haifar da takaddamar diflomasiyya ko ma rikici na gaba-da-gaba.

Takaddama da rikice-rikice a kan ruwa yanzu suna faruwa akai-akai a matakin cikin gida, maimakon matakin kasashen duniya. Tasiri tsakanin makiyaya da manoma a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na kara karuwa. Hare-hare a kan tsarin samar da ruwa na farar hula yayin yakokin da suka fara saboda wasu dalilai daban sun karu, kamar a kasashen Yemen, Siriya, Iraki, kuma kwanan nan a kasar Yukren.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |date=2019 |title=Water as a weapon and casualty of armed conflict: A review of recent water-related violence in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen |url=https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wat2.1351 |journal=WIREs Water |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1–15 |article-number=e1351 |doi=10.1002/wat2.1351 |bibcode=2019WIRWa...6E1351G |s2cid=195514316|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |last2=Vyshnevskyi |first2=Viktor |last3=Shevchuk |first3=Serhii |date=2023 |title=Rivers and Water Systems as Weapons and Casualties of the Russia-Ukraine War. |journal=Earth's Future |volume=11 |issue=10|article-number=e2023EF003910 |doi=10.1029/2023EF003910 |bibcode=2023EaFut..1103910G |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Karancin ruwa kuma na iya rura wutar rikice-rikice da takaddamar siyasa wadanda ba ruwa ne ya janyo su kai tsaye ba. Raguwa a hankali cikin lokaci a inganci da/ko yawan ruwan fari na iya kara rashin kwanciyar hankali a yanki ta hanyar gurgunta lafiyar al'umma, hana ci gaban tattalin arziki, da kuma rura wutar manyan rikice-rikice.&lt;ref name=&quot;Postel&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Postel |first1=S. L. |last2=Wolf |first2=A. T. |year=2001 |title=Dehydrating Conflict |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/11/18/dehydrating-conflict/ |journal=Foreign Policy |volume=126 |issue=126 |pages=60–67 |doi=10.2307/3183260 |jstor=3183260|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Canjin yanayi da karuwar al'ummar duniya su ma suna haduwa wajen sanya sabbin matsin lamba ga albarkatun ruwa masu iyaka tare da kara hadarin rikicin ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=October 12, 2019|title=The Coming Wars for Water|url=https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/|website=Report Syndication}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hasashe ==
A cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata, 'yan siyasa, masana kimiyya da 'yan jarida sun sha nuna damuwa cewa takaddamar ruwa za ta zama sanadin yakoki na gaba. Kalaman da aka fi ambata sun hada da: na tsohon Ministan Harakokin Wajen kasar Masar kuma tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Boutros Boutros-Ghali, wanda ya yi hasashen cewa, &quot;Yaki na gaba a Gabas ta Tsakiya za a fafata shi ne a kan ruwa, ba siyasa ba&quot;; magajinsa a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Kofi Annan, wanda a shekarar 2001 ya ce, &quot;Gasa mai tsanani ta neman ruwan fari na iya zama sanadin rikici da yakoki a gaba,&quot; da kuma tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Bankin Duniya, Ismail Serageldin, wanda ya ce yakokin karni na gaba za su kasance ne a kan ruwa sai dai idan an sami gagarumin canji a fannin gudanarwa. Haka kuma, &quot;yanzu ana yawan cewa yakoki na gaba a Gabas ta Tsakiya sun fi karkata ga fafatawa a kan ruwa fiye da a kan mai,&quot; in ji Lester R. Brown a wani taron dandalin ruwa na Stockholm da aka yi a baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=EPI Releases - How Water Scarcity Will Shape the New Century - EPI |url=http://www.earth-policy.org/press_room/C68/stockholm_transcript |access-date=9 January 2018 |website=www.earth-policy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasashen yakokin ruwa yana da tushe ne a cikin binciken farko da aka gudanar a kan kalilan din koguna na kasa da kasa kamar Kogin Indus, Kogin Jordan da Kogin Nilu. Wadannan takamaiman koguna sun zama abin mayar da hankali ne saboda sun fuskanci takaddamar da ta shafi ruwa. Takamaiman abubuwan da aka ambata a matsayin shaida sun hada da hararin da Isra'ila ta kai wa Siriya lokacin da take kokarin karkatar da madubin Kogin Jordan, da kuma barazanar soja da Masar ta yi wa kowace kasa da ke gina madatsun ruwa a saman kogin Nilu.

Wani abun da ke kara hadarin rikicin ruwa shi ne karuwar gasar neman ruwa a yankunan da ke fama da karancin ruwa, inda bukatu na samar da ruwa don amfanin dan adam, samar da abinci, muhallin halittu da sauran amfani ke gaba-da-gaba da wadatar ruwan da ake da ita. Mummunan al'amuran ruwa kamar ambaliyar ruwa da fari su ma suna kara tsananta hadarin rikicin ruwa. Yayin da yawan jama'a da ci gaban tattalin arziki ke karuwa, bukatun ruwa ma na iya karuwa, wanda ke kara rura wutar rashin jituwa game da rabo da iko da ruwa mai iyaka a wasu yankuna ko kasashe, musamman lokacin fari, ko kuma a madatsun ruwa na kasashen duniya da ake rabawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pacific Institute&quot;/&gt;

Albarkatun ruwa da suka ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya sun fi karkata wajen zama sanadin hadin gwiwa da abokin aiki fiye da yaki. Masana kimiyya da ke aiki a International Water Management Institute sun kasance suna bincikar shaidun da ke bayan hasashen yakin ruwa. Sakamakon bincikensu ya nuna cewa, ko da yake gaskiya ne an sami rikici mai alaka da ruwa a wasu kalilan din madatsun ruwa na kasashen duniya, a sauran kusan madatsun ruwa 300 da ake rabawa a duniya, tarihin ya kasance mai kyau mafi yawancinsa. Wannan ya nuna a fili ta hanyar daruruwan yarjejeniyoyin da ke akwai wadanda ke jagorantar amfani da ruwa cikin adalci tsakanin kasashen da ke raba albarkatun ruwa. Cibiyoyin da wadannan yarjejeniyoyin suka kafa za su iya zama muhimman abubuwa wajen tabbatar da hadin gwiwa maimakon rikici.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110812233521/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org:80/Publications/Success_Stories/PDF/2010/Issue%208%20-%20Promoting_cooperation_through_effective_management_of_shared_water_resources.pdf ''Promoting cooperation through management of transboundary water resources''], Success Stories, Issue 8, 2010, IWMI&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanai da Ma'anoni ==
Wani rumbun bayanai na intanet mai fadi da kuma budaddiya na rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa — wato Water Conflict Chronology — an samar da shi ta Pacific Institute.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Conflict Chronology |url=http://worldwater.org/water-conflict/ |access-date=November 29, 2023 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan rumbun bayanai ya lissafa tasiri a kan ruwa tun kimanin shekaru 4,500 da suka gabata kuma ya hada da misalai fiye da 1900 na tasiri a kan albarkatun ruwa tare da bayanai kan kwanan wata, wuri, nau'in rikici da cikakkun majiyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |last2=Shimabuku|first2=Morgan|date=2023 |title=Water-related conflicts: definitions, data, and trends from the water conflict chronology|journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=18 |issue=3|page=034022 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/acbb8f |bibcode=2023ERL....18c4022G |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fact Sheet: Water Conflict Chronology Update |url=https://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Water-Conflict-Chronology_Fact-Sheet.pdf |access-date=June 18, 2025 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Karkashin tsarin Water Conflict Chronology, an raba rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa kamar haka:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Water Conflict Chronology |url=http://worldwater.org/water-conflict/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

*Tushen Rikici (Trigger): Ruwa a matsayin abun da ke rura wuta ko tushen rikici, inda ake samun takaddama a kan ikon sarrafa ruwa ko tsarin ruwa ko kuma inda samun damar tattalin arziki ko ta jiki ga ruwa, ko karancin ruwa, ke haifar da tasiri.
*Makami (Weapon): Ruwa a matsayin makamin rikici, inda ake amfani da albarkatun ruwa, ko tsarin ruwa da kansu, a matsayin kayan aiki ko makami a cikin rikici na tasiri.
*Abin cutarwa (Casualty): Albarkatun ruwa ko tsarin ruwa a matsayin abin cutarwa na rikici, inda albarkatun ruwa, ko tsarin ruwa, suka kasance abubuwan da aka nufa da gangan ko kuma cikin hadari don lalata su ko yi musu barna.
== Siyasa da Tattalin Arziki ==

Amfanin ruwa a matsayin albarkatun kasuwanci, wanda ya hada da kamun kifi, aikin gona, masana'antu, nishaɗi da yawon bude ido, da sauran dama, na iya haifar da takaddama ko da lokacin da samun ruwan sha ba lallai ba ne ya zama matsala. A matsayin albarkatu, wasu suna daukar ruwa a matsayin mai daraja kamar mai, wanda kusan kowace masana'antu ke bukata, kuma ana bukatarsa kusan kowace rana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080518071950/http://www.forbes.com/2008/05/13/water-electricity-industry-biz-energy-cx_bp_0514water_print.html] Pentland, William. &quot;The Water-Industrial Complex,&quot; Forbes, May 14, 2008. Accessed November 21, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Karancin ruwa na iya gurgunta masana'antu baki daya kamar yadda zai iya gurgunta al'umma, kuma yana shafar kasashen da suka ci gaba kamar yadda yake shafar kasashen da ba su da ingantaccen tsarin samar da ruwa. Masana'antu da suka dogara da ruwa sun fi fitowa fili a cikin takaddamar ruwa, amma kasuwanci a kowane mataki na iya fuskantar illa saboda rashin ruwa.

=== Kamun Kifi ===
A tarihi, sassan kamun kifi sun kasance manyan wuraren tambaya, yayin da kasashe suka fadada tare da da'awar sassan teku a matsayin yankinsu na kasuwancin kamun kifi na gida. Wasu yankuna masu riba mai yawa, kamar Tekun Bering, suna da tarihin takaddama; a shekarar 1886 Daular Biritaniya da Amurka sun yi tahaliki a kan sassan kamun kifi na kadojin teku (seals),&lt;ref&gt;The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2007, Columbia University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a yau kasar Rasha ta kewaye wani sashe na ruwan kasa da kasa da aka sani da Bering Sea Donut Hole. An warware rikici game da hanyoyin kamun kifi da samun dama ga ramin a shekarar 1995 ta hanyar wata yarjejeniya da ake kira Donut Hole Agreement.&lt;ref&gt;Dunlap, William W. The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, Volume 10, Number 1, 1995, pp. 114-135(22)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gurbacewa ===
Bukatar kamfanoni galibi tana giciye da bukatun kasuwanci masu adawa da juna, da kuma damuwar muhalli, wanda ke kaiwa ga wani nau'in takaddama. A shekarun 1960, Tafkin Erie, da kuma sauran Manyan Tafkuna (Great Lakes) sun gurbata har ta kai ga mace-macen kifi masu yawa. Al'ummomin gida sun sha wahala sosai daga mummunan ingancin ruwa har sai da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta zartar da Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa (Clean Water Act) a shekarar 1972.&lt;ref&gt;33 U.S.C. § 1251 et seq.&lt;/ref&gt;

Gurbacewar ruwa tana haifar da babban hadari ga lafiya, musamman a yankunan da ke da masana'antu da yawa da kuma yawan jama'a kamar kasar Sin. Don mayar da martani ga mummunan yanayi inda birane baki daya ba su da ruwan sha mai aminci, kasar Sin ta zartar da ingantacciyar Dokar Kare da Sarrafa Gurbacewar Ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-02/29/content_6494712.htm] China Daily, Updated February 29, 2008. Accessed November 21, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Yiwuwar ruwan da ya gurbata ya tsallaka iyakokin kasashen duniya, da kuma gurbacewar ruwa da ba a amince da ita ba a cikin kasa matsi, yana kawo tambayoyi game da hakkin dan adam, wanda ke ba da damar shigar kasashen duniya cikin batun gurbacewar ruwa. Babu wani tsari guda daya na magance takaddamar gurbacewa ta cikin gida a kasa.

== Mayar da Martani ==

=== Hadin Gwiwa ===
Ana iya tsara cibiyoyin da ke kula da iyakokin kasashen duniya don inganta hadin gwiwa, shawo kan takaddama na farko, da kuma nemo hanyoyin jurewa rashin tabbas da canjin yanayi ke haifarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2008-016.pdf |title=Share: managing Water across Boundaries |publisher=IUCN |year=2008 |isbn=978-2-8317-1029-7 |editor=Sadoff, C. |display-editors=etal |archive-date=2012-10-24 |access-date=2011-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024164900/http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2008-016.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma za a iya sanya idanu kan ingancin irin wadannan cibiyoyin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Hukumar Kogin Indus (Permanent Indus Commission) da Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus ta shekarar 1960 sun tsira daga yakoki biyu tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan duk da gaba da ke tsakanin kasashen biyu, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da zama tsari mai nasara wajen warware rikice-rikice ta hanyar samar da kyakkyawan tsarin tattaunawa, bincike, da musayar bayanai. A yanzu ne kawai aka dakatar da yarjejeniyar. Hukumar Mekong (Mekong Committee) ta yi aiki tun daga shekarar 1957 kuma ta dore har bayan Yakin Vietnam na shekarun 1955-1975. Akasin haka, rashin kwanciyar hankali na shiyya yana faruwa ne lokacin da kasashe ba su da cibiyoyin hadin gwiwa a fannin huldar shiyya, kamar tsarin kasar Masar na gina babban madatsar ruwa a kan Kogin Nilu. Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, babu wata cibiya ta duniya da ke kula da tafiyar da albarkatun ruwa da ke ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya, kuma hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa ya faru ne ta hanyar hadaka ta musamman tsakanin hukumomi, kamar Hukumar Mekong wacce ta fito sakamakon kawance tsakanin UNICEF da Hukumar Gyaran Kasa ta Amurka (US Bureau of Reclamation). Samar da cibiyoyi masu karfi na kasa da kasa ya bayyana{{original research inline|date=September 2019}} a matsayin hanyar ci gaba a gaba – suna karfafa shiga tsakani da gudanarwa da wuri,{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} tare da kauce wa hanyoyin warware takaddama masu tsada.

Yarjejeniyar ruwa-don-wutar-lantarki ta Project Prosperity tsakanin Isra'ila da Jordan,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/business/cop/israel-jordan-move-forward-with-water-for-energy-deal-2022-11-08/ | title=Israel and Jordan move forward with water-for-energy deal | newspaper=Reuters | date=8 November 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/12/16/water-for-energy-is-better-than-land-for-peace/ | title=Water-for-Energy is Better Than Land-for-Peace | date=16 December 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da hadin gwiwar Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (UAE), za ta kawo wutar lantarki da aka samar ta hanyar hasken rana daga Jordan zuwa Isra'ila, sannan Isra'ila za ta samar da ruwan teku da aka tacewa (wanda aka cire wa gishiri) ga kasar Jordan. Kasar UAE za ta taimaka wajen girka tsarin wutar lantarki na hasken rana a kasar Jordan.

Wani abu guda daya da ya saba faruwa a kusan duk takaddamar da aka warware shi ne cewa tattaunawar ta dogara ne akan tsarin &quot;dogaro da bukata&quot; maimakon tsarin &quot;dogaro da hakki&quot;. Gonakin da za a iya yin noman rani a kansu, yawan jama'a, da dabarun ayyuka ne ke bayyana &quot;bukatu&quot;. Nasarar tsarin dogaro da bukata tana bayyana ne a cikin yarjejeniyar ruwa guda daya tilo da aka taba cimma a kwarin Kogin Jordan, wacce ta mayar da hankali kan bukatu ba wai kan hakkin kasashen da ke kusa da kogin ba. A yankin kasan Indiya, bukatun noman rani na kasar Bangladesh ne ke nuna rabon ruwa na Kogin Ganges.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Tsarin shiyya na dogaro da bukata yana mayar da hankali ne wajen gamsar da daidaikun mutane da bukatarsu ta ruwa, tare da tabbatar da cewa an biya mafi karancin bukatun adadi. Wannan yana kauce wa rikicin da ke tasowa lokacin da kasashe ke kallon yarjejeniyar ta mahimman moriyar kasa kadai, kuma yana motsawa daga tsarin babu-riba-babu-rashi zuwa ga tsarin hadaka mai amfani ga kowa wanda ke raba ruwa da alfanunsa cikin adalci.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Wannan yana nufin cewa duka adalci da ingancin tsarin amfani da ruwa sun zama masu mahimmanci, musamman a lokacin karancin ruwa. Ya kamata hadakar wadannan abubuwa guda biyu na ingantaccen aiki ta faru ne a cikin tsarin dorewa wanda ke sa ci gaba da hadin gwiwa tsakanin duk masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin yanayin koyo ya zama abin bukata kwarai da gaske.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Haie|first=Naim|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bfm%3A978-981-15-6284-6%2F1.pdf|title=Transparent Water Management Theory: Sefficiency in Sequity|publisher=Springer|year=2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dorewar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ===
Tsarin Blue Peace wanda Strategic Foresight Group ta samar tare da hadin gwiwar gwamnatocin kasashen Switzerland da Sweden yana ba da tsarin manufofi na musamman wanda ke inganta dorewar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa tare da hadin gwiwa don samar da zaman lafiya. Ta hanyar amfani da mafi kyawun albarkatun ruwa da ake rabawa ta hanyar hadin gwiwa maimakon rabo kawai tsakanin kasashe, damar samun zaman lafiya na iya karuwa.&lt;ref&gt;''Turkish Review'', March 2013&lt;/ref&gt;{{request quotation|date=September 2019}} Tsarin na Blue Peace ya nuna tasiri mai kyau (misali) a Gabas ta Tsakiya&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Strategic Foresight Group - Anticipating and Influencing Global Future |url=http://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/40595Blue+Peace_Middle+East.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831104124/http://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/40595Blue+Peace_Middle+East.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2018 |access-date=31 August 2018 |website=www.strategicforesight.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.deza.admin.ch/en/Home/Projects/Selected_projects/Water_management_and_peace_promotion_in_the_Middle_East eda.base.components.templates.base.accessKeys] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130926053611/http://www.deza.admin.ch/en/Home/Projects/Selected_projects/Water_management_and_peace_promotion_in_the_Middle_East|date=26 September 2013}}. Deza.admin.ch. Retrieved on 2015-11-24.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma kwarin Kogin Nilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 September 2013 |title=Blue Peace: New Solution for Averting Water Wars in the Nile Basin - Yahoo Finance |work=Yahoo Finance |url=http://finance.yahoo.com/news/blue-peace-solution-averting-water-040000860.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928122750/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/blue-peace-solution-averting-water-040000860.html |archive-date=28 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dandalin Ruwan Karkashin Kasa na UN UNESCO-IHP yana da nufin taimakawa wajen inganta fahimtar albarkatun ruwa da kuma karfafa ingantaccen gudanar da ruwa. Amma ya zuwa yanzu, shirin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mafi karsashi wajen warware takaddamar ruwa shi ne shirin Potential Conflict to Co-operation Potential (PCCP), wanda ke a mataki na uku na aikinsa, yana horar da kwararrun fannin ruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da kuma tsara ayyukan ilmantarwa a wasu wurare.&lt;ref name=&quot;IHP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=UNESCO-IHP Groundwater Portal |date=19 December 2014 |url=https://groundwaterportal.net/project/pccp |access-date=2019-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyoyin da shirin ya mayar da hankali a kansu sun hada da jami'an diflomasiyya, masu yin dokoki, kungiyoyin farar hula, da daliban da ke nazarin fannin ruwa; ta hanyar fadada ilimi kan takaddamar ruwa, yana fatan karfafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashe wajen tunkarar rikice-rikice.

Hukumar UNESCO ta wallafa taswirar madatsun ruwan karkashin kasa da ke ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 22, 2008 |title=UNESCO publishes first world map of underground transboundary aquifers |url=http://portal.unesco.org//en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D43767&amp;URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025095526/http://portal.unesco.org//en/ev.php-URL_ID=43767&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html |archive-date=October 25, 2008 |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukan ilimi da suka mayar da hankali kan takaddamar ruwa har yanzu ba su samar da daidaitacciyar hanya ta shiga tsakani ga takaddamar kasa da kasa ba, balle ma ta cikin gida. Amma UNESCO tana da kyakkyawan fata game da makomar gaba yayin da rikice-rikicen ruwa ke kara fitowa fili ga jama'a, kuma yayin da karuwar tsananin matsalar ke sanya masu taurin kai yin tunani na gari.

=== Shiga Tsakani na Kungiyoyin Kasa da Kasa ===

Kungiyoyin kasa da kasa suna taka rawar gani sosai wajen shiga tsakani a takaddamar ruwa da kuma inganta gudanar da ruwa. Daga kokarin kimiyya na auna gurbacewar ruwa, zuwa kokarin Kungiyar Cin Kiki ta Duniya (World Trade Organization) na warware takaddamar cin kiki tsakanin kasashe, ana iya magance nau'ikan takaddamar ruwa da dama ta hanyar tsare-tsare da cibiyoyin da ke akwai a yanzu.

Kungiyar Cin Kiki ta Duniya (WTO) tana iya shiga tsakani a takaddamar ruwa da kasashe mambobinta suka gabatar lokacin da takaddamar ta kasance ta dabi'ar kasuwanci ce. Hukumar WTO tana da wasu kungiyoyi na musamman, kamar Cibiyar Kamun Kifi (Fisheries Center), wadanda ke aiki don sanya idanu da kuma yanke hukunci kan shari'o'in da suka dace, kodayake ba ita ce hukuma ta karshe a kan rikicin albarkatun ruwa ba.

Duk da haka, rikicin ruwa da ke faruwa a cikin gida, da kuma rikicin da mai yiwuwa ba na kasuwanci ba ne baki daya, ka iya zama maras dacewa ga shiga tsakanin WTO.

Saboda ruwa yana da matukar muhimmanci ga cin kikin kayan gona, takaddamar ruwa na iya kasancewa a fakaice cikin shari'o'in WTO ta hanyar &quot;ruwan fargaba&quot; (virtual water),&lt;ref&gt;Morrisette, Jason J. and Douglas A. Borer. &quot;Where Oil and Water Do Mix: Environmental Scarcity and Future Conflict in the Middle East and North Africa.&quot; Parameters, Vol. 34, Winter 2004 pp 94-96.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://kluwerlawonline.com/api/Product/CitationPDFURL?file=Journals%5CTRAD%5CTRAD2013042.pdf|title=Water Footprint and the Law of WTO|first=Piotr|last=Szwedo|date=December 1, 2013|journal=Journal of World Trade|volume=47|issue=6|pages=1259–1284 |doi=10.54648/TRAD2013042 |s2cid=150576275 |via=kluwerlawonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; wato ruwan da ake amfani da shi wajen samar da kayayyaki da ayyuka amma ba a yin cin kikinsa kai tsaye tsakanin kasashe. Kasashen da ke da mafi kyawun samun damar samar da ruwa na iya yin rawar gani sosai ta fannin tattalin arziki fiye da wadanda ke fuskantar matsala, wanda hakan ke haifar da yiwuwar rikici. Sakamakon bacin rai da tallafin aikin gona ke haifarwa wanda ke korar amfanin gonakin gida, kasashen da ke fuskantar karancin ruwa suna kai kararrakinsu ga WTO.

Hukumar WTO tana taka rawa sosai a takaddamar da ta dogara da aikin gona wadanda ke da alaka da rikici a kan takamaiman hanyoyin ruwa. Duk da haka, tana samar da muhimmin tsari wanda ke tsara yadda ruwa zai taka rawa a takaddamar tattalin arziki na gaba. Wata makarantar tunani tana goyon bayan ra'ayin yakin ruwa, wanda shi ne matakin karshe na takaddamar ruwa da ba a warware ba—karancin albarkatun ruwa tare da matsin lamba na karuwar al'umma cikin sauri na iya wuce ikon WTO na kiyaye tsari mai kyau a cikin al'amuran cin kiki.&lt;ref&gt;Morrisette, p. 99&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rikice-rikicen Ruwa na Ketare Iyakoki ==

Ruwan ketare iyakoki su ne ruwayen da kasashe mabanbanta guda biyu ko fiye suka raba iyaka da su. Domin rage hadarin rikicin ruwa, galibi ana tattaunawa kan tsare-tsare ko yarjejeniyoyin ruwa na ketare iyakoki, amma har yanzu da yawa daga cikin kogunan duniya da ake rabawa ba su da irin wadannan yarjejeniyoyin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeitoun |first1=Mark |last2=Mirumachi |first2=Naho |last3=Warner |first3=Jeroen |last4=Kirkegaard |first4=Matthew |last5=Cascão |first5=Ana |date=2019-05-24 |title=Analysis for water conflict transformation |url=https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/71198/1/Accepted_Manuscript.pdf |journal=Water International |language=en |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=365–384 |doi=10.1080/02508060.2019.1607479 |issn=0250-8060 |s2cid=182388253|url-access= }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wadannan hadin gwiwar ya kamata su kasance cikin adalci da dorewa ta yadda kowace kasa ba za ta ci zarafin ruwan ba, a maimakon haka za su yi amfani da ruwan don amfaninsu mafi kyau tare da kare shi da adana shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Article 5: Equitable and reasonable utilisation and participation - UN Watercourses Convention |url=https://www.unwatercoursesconvention.org/the-convention/part-ii-general-principles/article-5-equitable-and-reasonable-utilisation-and-participation/ |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=www.unwatercoursesconvention.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gasa ta kasa da kasa a kan ruwa na iya tasowa lokacin da wata kasa ta fara dibar ruwa mai yawa daga tushen ruwan da ake rabawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Grover |first=Velma I. |title=Water : a source of conflict or cooperation? |publisher=Science Publishers |year=2007 |location=Enfield, N.H.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan galibi ita ce hanya mafi inganci ta samun ruwan da ake bukata, amma a cikin dogon lokaci na iya haifar da rikici idan aka yi amfani da ruwan fiye da kima. An ce fiye da kasashe 50 a nahiyoyi biyar na fuskantar barazanar rikici a kan ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Paul |first=James |title=Water in Conflict |url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/natres/waterindex.htm |website=www.globalpolicy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da kari, dokar ruwa ta kasa da kasa wani lokacin na iya kara rura wutar rikici: ka'idojin shari'a na &quot;mallakar farko&quot; (prior appropriation) da &quot;hakkin kusa da kogi&quot; (riparianism) duka biyun suna da alaka da rikice-rikicen ruwa na ketare iyakoki saboda duka biyun na iya nufin cewa sa'a ta tarihi da ta labarin kasa na iya raba kasashe bisa doka zuwa wadanda ke da wadatar ruwa da wadanda ke fama da karancinsa.

Rikice-rikicen baya-bayan nan tsakanin kasashe sun faru ne mafi yawanci a Gabas ta Tsakiya (takaddamar da ta samo asali daga kogunan Euphrates da Tigris wadanda Turkiyya, Siriya, da Iraki ke rabawa; da kuma rikicin Kogin Jordan da Isra'ila, Lebanon, Jordan da kuma Kasar Falasdinu ke rabawa), a Afirka (rikice-rikicen da suka shafi Kogin Nilu tsakanin Masar, Habasha, da Sudan),&lt;ref name=&quot;WWilson&quot; /&gt; da kuma a Tsakiyar Asiya (rikicin Tekun Aral tsakanin Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan da Kyrgyzstan). A cikin shekarun 2022 da 2023, takaddama a kan Kogin Helmand da Iran da Afghanistan ke rabawa ita ma ta ruru.

=== Kisan Kare dangi a Gaza ===
A matsayin wani bangare na kisan kare dangi na Gaza na shekarar 2023 zuwa yanzu da kasar Isra'ila ke tafi da shi, ana lalata masana'antun tace ruwan teku da sauran tsarin samar da ruwa da gangan tare da sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira, cibiyoyin raba taimako da aywukan jin kai a kokarin janyo yunwa da kuma sa mutane su mutu saboda kishirwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Natasha |last2=Kirschenbaum |first2=Anita |last3=Michel |first3=David |date=2024-01-12 |title=The Siege of Gaza’s Water |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/siege-gazas-water |journal=CSIS |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutanen da ke zaune a Falasdinu sun ba da rahoton cewa an tilasta musu shan ruwa mai gishiri, maras tsabta, ko mai dauke da cututtuka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gaza residents share fears of thirst after Israel destroys water resources |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/video/newsfeed/2025/4/10/gaza-residents-share-fears-of-thirst-after-israel-destroys-water-resources |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yakin Iran na 2026 ===
A ranar 7 ga Maris, 2026, a matsayin wani bangare na yakin shekarar 2026 tsakanin Isra'ila, Amurka, da Iran, Amurka ta kai hari da gangan kan masana'antar tace ruwan teku ta kasar Iran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=AFP |date=7 March 2026 |title=IRGC says it attacked US base in Bahrain, claims it was used to strike desalination plant in Iran |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/irgc-says-it-attacked-us-base-in-bahrain-claims-it-was-used-to-strike-desalination-plant-in-iran/ |access-date=8 March 2026 |work=The Times of Israel |language=en-US |issn=0040-7909}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu kasashen, har da Isra'ila, sun dogara ne da tace ruwan teku don samun isasshen ruwan sha.

=== Kogunan Tigris da Euphrates ===
A cikin tarihi an sami rikici mai yawa game da amfani da ruwa daga koguna kamar su Tigris da Euphrates, kuma daya daga cikin &quot;yakokin ruwa&quot; na farko da aka sani shi ne a shekara ta 2400 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (BCE) tsakanin tsoffin jihohin Sumerian na Umma da Lagash a kan ruwan noman rani.&lt;ref name=&quot;stormingmedia.us&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.stormingmedia.us/75/7593/A759324.html |title=The Euphrates Triangle: Security Implications of the Southeastern Anatolia Project |website=www.stormingmedia.us |access-date=March 11, 2023 |archive-date=June 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604152753/http://www.stormingmedia.us/75/7593/A759324.html |author1= Frederick M. Lorenz |author2=Edward J. Erickson}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shiri na Kudu maso Gabashin Anatolia na kasar Turkiyya (Southeastern Anatolia Project ko GAP) a kan Kogin Euphrates yana da yiwuwar haifar da mummunan sakamako ga samar da ruwa a Siriya da Iraki. A lokacin shekarun 1950, an fara gina madatsun ruwa da sauran ayyukan ruwa da yawa sakamakon damuwa game da rabon ruwa musamman ga kasashen da ke kasan kogin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Çarkoğlu |first1=Ali |last2=Eder |first2=Mine |date=2001 |title=Domestic Concerns and the Water Conflict over the Euphrates-Tigris River Basin |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4284138 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=41–71 |doi=10.1080/714004364 |jstor=4284138 |s2cid=144773147 |issn=0026-3206|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kwarin Mekong (Kasar Sin da sauran kasashen Asiya) ===
A kwarin Mekong, kasar Sin wadda ita ce kasa mafi can sama inda kogin ke fitowa, ta gina jerin madatsun ruwa a kan tushen Kogin Mekong, wanda hakan ya canza yawan kwararar ruwa da kuma lokutan kwarararsa ga kasashen da ke kasan kogin kamar Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia da Thailand.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=25 April 2020 |title=China's dams exacerbated extreme drought in lower Mekong: Study |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/chinas-dams-exacerbated-extreme-drought-mekong-study-200424231003795.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=22 April 2020 |title=Science Shows Chinese Dams Are Devastating the Mekong |work=Foreign Policy |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/22/science-shows-chinese-dams-devastating-mekong-river/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, kasar Sin ta gina madatsun ruwa guda 11 a kan Kogin Mekong, wanda ke kwarara daga kasar Sin ta cikin Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia da Vietnam zuwa Tekun Kudancin Sin. Masana suna fargabar cewa ikon kasar Sin na sarrafa kwararar Kogin Mekong yana ba ta damar yin amfani da hakan azaman kariya ko matsin lamba ga kasashen kasan kogin wadanda suka dogara da kyakkyawar niyyar kasar Sin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nikkei Asian Review&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Chellaney |first=Brahma |date=28 October 2019 |title=China is weaponizing water and worsening droughts in Asia |newspaper=Nikkei Asian Review |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Opinion/China-is-weaponizing-water-and-worsening-droughts-in-Asia}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2018, matakan ruwa a Kogin Mekong sun sauka zuwa mafi kankanta a cikin shekaru sama da 100, har ma a lokacin damina na shekara-shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Project Syndicate&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2 August 2019 |title=Damming the Mekong Basin to Environmental Hell |url=https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/china-dams-mekong-basin-exacerbate-drought-by-brahma-chellaney-2019-08 |publisher=Project Syndicate}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Madatsar ruwa ta Jinghong, wadda ya zuwa Janairu 2020 ita ce madatsar ruwa ta kasar Sin mafi kusa da iyakar kasar Thailand, ta haifar da babban canji da rashin daidaituwa a matakan kogin, wanda ke shafar hanyoyin rayuwar mutane a kasan kogin ta hanyar hargitsa tsarin dabi'ar kogin.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABC News&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Bainbridge |first=Amy |date=20 January 2020 |title=China's Mekong River dams are generating renewable energy, but are costing locals their livelihoods |newspaper=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-20/china-mekong-river-plan-creates-renewable-energy-but-costs-jobs/11872640}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rikicin Tekun Aral ===
Fadada aikin gona na noman rani fiye da kima a zamanin Tarayyar Soviet (musamman ga auduga) a Tsakiyar Asiya ya sanya Kogin Amu Darya, wanda Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan da Afghanistan ke rabawa, ya kusan bushewa baki daya, har ta kai ga ya daina isa ga Tekun Aral, wanda a yanzu girmansa da yawansa sun ragu sosai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Prokurat |first=Sergiusz |title=Drought and water shortages in Asia as a threat and economic problem |date=2015 |url=http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwmeta1.element.desklight-95d2a7ec-8c5f-474d-84ed-8b8baed8f8c0/c/235_PDFsam_Joms_3_26_2015.pdf |pages=235–250 |location=Józefów |publisher=&quot;Journal of Modern Science” 3/26/2015 |access-date=13 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Masar da Habasha ===
A shekarar 1979, Shugaban kasar Masar Anwar Sadat ya bayyana cewa idan kasar Masar za ta sake tsunduma cikin wani yaki a gaba, to tabbas zai kasance ne a kan ruwa. A wani bangaren daban kuma, a tsakanin huldar Masar da Habasha, Firayim Ministan Habasha Meles Zenawi ya ce: &quot;Ba na fargabar cewa Masarawa za su far wa Habasha ba zato tsammani. Babu wanda ya taba gwada hakan da ya rayu har ya ba da labarin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Malone |first=Barry |title=Next on Egypt's to-do: Ethiopia and the Nile |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/12/next-egypt-do-ethiopia-nile-201312872410501805.html |access-date=9 January 2018 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rikici tsakanin Masar da Habasha a kan madatsar ruwa ta Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam ya tsananta a shekarar 2020 saboda damuwar cewa madatsar ruwan ta Habasha a kan Kogin Blue Nile na iya rage kwararar ruwa zuwa kasar Masar, wadda ta dogara kacokan a kan ruwan Kogin Nilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Decian |date=9 February 2020 |title=For Thousands of Years, Egypt Controlled the Nile. A New Dam Threatens That |newspaper=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/09/world/africa/nile-river-dam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210015121/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/09/world/africa/nile-river-dam.html |archive-date=10 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Week&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=8 July 2020 |title=Are Egypt and Ethiopia heading for a water war? |work=The Week |url=https://www.theweek.co.uk/107468/are-egypt-and-ethiopia-heading-for-a-water-war}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nature&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=15 July 2020 |title=Row over Africa's largest dam in danger of escalating, warn scientists |work=Nature |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02124-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Ministan Habasha Abiy Ahmed ya yi gargadin cewa &quot;Babu wani karfi da zai iya hana Habasha gina madatsar ruwa. Idan akwai bukatar yin yaki, za mu iya sanya miliyoyin mutane cikin shirin ko-ta-kwana.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Week&quot;/&gt;

Masar tana kallon madatsar ruwan a matsayin barazana ga rayuwar kasarta. Kasashen biyu duka suna fuskantar barazanar karancin ruwa, yayin da ake hasashen bukatun ruwa za su karu saboda karuwar jama'a, karuwar birane da kuma neman ci gaban tattalin arziki. Ana kara rura wutar takaddama sakamakon mabanbantan akidu a kan hakkin ruwa; Masar tana da'awar hakki a kan ruwan Nilu bisa ga tsarin tarihi, yayin da Habasha kuma take da'awar hakki a kan ruwan bisa ga labarin kasa (geography),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-11-04 |title=Nile Basin Water Wars: The Never-Ending Struggle Between Egypt, Ethiopia, and Sudan |url=https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/nile-basin-water-wars-the-never-ending-struggle-between-egypt-ethiopia-and-sudan/ |access-date=2020-11-20 |website=Geopolitical Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; inda kashi 85% na ruwanta ke fitowa daga yankunan tuddai da ke cikin kasarta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |title=Water, Security and Conflict |last2=Iceland |first2=Charles |publisher=World Resources Institute |year=2018 |location=Washington, DC. USA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da Shiri na Kwarin Nilu (Nile Basin Initiative) yake samar da dandamali don tabbatar da dorewar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa ta hanyar hadin gwiwar kasashen da ke kusa da kogin,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Who we are {{!}} Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) |url=https://nilebasin.org/nbi/who-we-are |access-date=2020-11-20 |website=nilebasin.org |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Hadin Gwiwa (Cooperative Framework Agreement) kasashe 6 kacal ne suka amince da ita daga cikin kasashe 11 zuwa yanzu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CFA {{!}} Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) |url=https://nilebasin.org/nbi/cooperative-framework-agreement |access-date=2020-11-20 |website=nilebasin.org |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Sameura_dam_20050903.jpg|right|thumb|Sakamakon karancin ruwan sama da aka samu a lokacin bazara na 2005, madatsar ruwa ta Sameura ta yi kasa sosai. Madatsar tana samar da ruwa ne ga Takamatsu, Kagawa, Tsibirin Shikoku, kasar Japan.]]

=== Rikice-rikicen Ruwa tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan ===
A shekarar 1948, Indiya da Pakistan sun fuskanci takaddama a kan rabon hakkin ruwa na Kogin Indus da rassan kogunan da ke kwarara zuwa cikinsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sal,Upr&quot;&gt;{{citation |last1=Salman |first1=Salman M. A. |title=Conflict and Cooperation on South Asia's International Rivers: A Legal Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GEr4fyDbqgC&amp;pg=PA42 |pages=42–44 |year=2002 |publisher=World Bank Publications |isbn=978-0-8213-5352-3 |last2=Uprety |first2=Kishor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gilm&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Gilmartin |first=David |title=Blood and Water: The Indus River Basin in Modern History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfXLDwAAQBAJ |pages=210–211 |year=2020 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-35553-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; An cimma yarjejeniya bayan makonni biyar kuma takaddamar ta biyo bayan sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus a shekarar 1960.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sal,Upr&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gilm&quot; /&gt;

Gasa ga hanyoyin ruwa na ketare iyakoki kuma tana iya tsananta sakamakon karuwar takaddama tsakanin kasashen, kamar yadda lamarin yake tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan. Kasashen biyu sun dogara sosai a kan kwarin Kogin Indus don samar da ruwa, wanda ke karkashin ikon Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus da aka kafa a shekarar 1960. A watan Fabrairun 2019, Indiya ta yi barazanar yanke wa Pakistan ruwa, a matsayin martani ga fadan soja na Kashmir,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Dasgupta |first=Mehr Nadeem, Saad Sayeed, Neha |date=2019-08-19 |title=Pakistan, India spar over using water as a weapon in Kashmir dispute |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-pakistan-water-idUSKCN1V91B9 |access-date=2020-11-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; tana mai karkatar da ruwan zuwa yankuna kamar Jammu, Kashmir da Punjab a maimakon haka. Gina madatsun ruwa a saman kogin kuma zai janyo ambaliyar ruwa a kasan kogin idan aka saki ruwan da sauri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-08-19 |title=Pakistan accuses India of using water as weapon in Kashmir conflict |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/south-asia/article/3023486/pakistan-accuses-india-waging-fifth-generation-warfare-kashmir |access-date=2020-11-20 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tunda kasashen biyu suna raba albarkatun kwarin ruwa na Indus, Indiya da Pakistan sun yanke shawara kan wata shahararriyar yarjejeniya mai tasiri da ake kira Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus (IWT). Yarjejeniyar tana karkashin shiga tsakani na Bankin Duniya kuma tana tsara amfani da ruwa da kwararar koguna da yawa na kwarin ga kowace kasa. Yarjejeniyar ta tsira daga yakoki uku, amma ta fuskanci kalubalen matsalolin diflomasiyya na kasashen biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Qamar |first1=Muhammad Uzair |last2=Azmat |first2=Muhammad |last3=Claps |first3=Pierluigi |date=2019 |title=Pitfalls in transboundary Indus Water Treaty: a perspective to prevent unattended threats to the global security |journal=npj Clean Water |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |page=22 |doi=10.1038/s41545-019-0046-x |issn=2059-7037 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2019npjCW...2...22Q }}&lt;/ref&gt; Biye da babban takaddama a shekarar 2019, Firayim Ministan Indiya ya yi barazanar takaita kwararar ruwa zuwa Pakistan a yankin – matakin da Pakistan ta ce za ta dauka a matsayin wata alama ta yaki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Nadeen |first1=Mehr |last2=Sayeed |first2=Saad |last3=Dasgupta |first3=Neha |date=2019-08-19 |title=Pakistan, India spar over using water as a weapon in Kashmir dispute |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-pakistan-water-idUSKCN1V91B9 |access-date=2021-03-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rikice-rikicen ruwa na ketare iyakoki da tasirinsu ga muhalli ==
=== Kogunan Tigris da Euphrates ===

Tun daga shekarun 1960,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Turkey, Syria and Iraq: Conflict over the Euphrates-Tigris {{!}} Climate-Diplomacy |url=https://climate-diplomacy.org/case-studies/turkey-syria-and-iraq-conflict-over-euphrates-tigris |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=climate-diplomacy.org |date=January 1960 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; an sami rikici da ya shafi ruwa a Turkiyya, Siriya, da Iraki. Tsawon shekaru, kasar Turkiyya ta ci gaba da yanke shawarar kin bin yarjejeniyar 1987 wadda ta tabbatar da kwararar kusan mita cubic 500 na ruwa a kowane dakika zuwa kasa ta cikin kogunan Tigris da Euphrates domin samar da ruwa ga Lallukan Mesopotamiya (Mesopotamian Marshes) da kuma miliyoyin mutane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Turkey is reportedly depriving hundreds of thousands of people of water |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/north-africa-west-asia/turkey-reportedly-depriving-hundreds-thousands-people-water/ |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=openDemocracy |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Turkiyya ta yanke shawarar fara Shiri na Kudu maso Gabashin Anatolia ko GAP, wanda ya kunshi gina madatsun ruwa 20 wadanda za su iya daukar kusan biliyan 120 na mita cubic na ruwa tare da na'urorin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa guda sha tara, lamarin da ya bar miliyoyin mutane da namun daji da ke zaune a kasan kogin wadanda suka dogara da kogunan Tigris da Euphrates ba tare da ruwa ba.

=== Turkiyya da Tsarin GAP ===

Tsarin GAP na kogunan Tigris da Euphrates, wanda ya kunshi (hekta miliyan 1.7)&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Abdulrahman |first=May F. |date=2021-08-31 |title=Effect of Discharge on Water Quality in Euphrates River Between Hit and Ramadi, Iraq |journal=Iraqi Geological Journal |volume=54 |issue=2B |pages=101–111 |doi=10.46717/igj.54.2b.9ms-2021-08-29 |s2cid=239713983 |issn=2414-6064|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ya rura wutar lamarin sannan ya haifar da lalacewar muhalli da ba za a iya gyarawa ba a yanzu da kuma nan gaba, ba wai kawai ga kasashen da ke kewaye da ita ba har ma ga Turkiyya kanta. Shirin na GAP ya rage ruwa da kashi 50% daga kogunan Tigris da Euphrates zuwa kasashen kasan kogin da ke kewaye, wato Siriya da Iraki. Karancin ruwa a kasan kogin ya sa Kurds da yawa sun rasa matsugunansu, ya kuma kara gishiri a cikin Kogin Euphrates har ya kai 1000 PPM, sannan ya hana Iraki komawa ga samun wadatacciyar kasa mai albarka da ake amfani da ita don aikin gona. Bugu da kari, karancin ruwa a kasan kogin yana hana magudanar ruwa ta dabi'a, gami da gishiri da gurbataccen iska wadanda kogunan ke wankewa ta dabi'a, wanda hakan ke shafar lafiyar miliyoyin mutane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Mesopotamian_Marshes_2000-2009.gif|thumb|Canjin matakan ruwa na shekara-shekara na Lallukan Mesopotamiya a farkon watan Fabrairu.]]

=== Tasiri a kan Lallukan Mesopotamiya ===

Lallukan Mesopotamiya, wadanda kuma aka sani da Lallukan Iraki, sun fuskanci raguwa sosai lokacin yakin 1980-1988 da kasar Iran lokacin da Saddam Hussein, shugaba na biyar na kasar Iraki, ya zargi mazauna yankin na Larabawa da haitanci, saboda haka ya yi amfani da ruwa a matsayin makami domin korarsu daga Lallukan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2016-07-17 |title=Iraq's marshes, once drained by Saddam, named world heritage site |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-heritage-iraq-idUSKCN0ZX0SN |access-date=2022-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Domin fitar da dubban mutane daga yankin, gwamnatin Iraki ta tace kashi 10%, wanda ya taba rufe murabba'in kilomita 9,000 (murabba'in miliyan 3,500) zuwa kilomita murabba'i 760 kacal, kuma a shekarar 2005 ta samu kashi 40 kacal na ainihin girmanta na farko.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt; Kogin Na Uku (The Third River) aikin gini ne mai tsayin kilomita 172 wanda aka fara a shekarar 1992. Ya kunshi karamin kogi na daban wajen kwashe ruwan da ke kwarara daga Kogin Tigris da kuma tura shi ta cikin lallukan da kuma Kogin Euphrates kusa da Al-Qurna. Aikin ya tilasta wa rabin miliyan na mutanen yankin lalluka hijira, ya kone garuruwan da ke kewaye, sannan ya gurbata gonaki da ruwan da ke kewaye, wanda hakan ya sa kasar ta gaza zama gida ga dubban nau'ikan halittu da rayuwar dan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;
=== Madatsun Ruwa na Mosul da Haditha ===
[[File:Mosul_Dam_Lake_2019.jpg|thumb|Matakan ruwa a wani babban tafki da ke saman Madatsar Ruwa ta Mosul.]]
Rikici a kogunan Tigris da Euphrates ya janyo raguwar madatsun ruwa cikin sauri. A shekarun 1985 da 1986, an gina manyan madatsun ruwa guda biyu, Mosul da Haditha, wadanda ke kan kogunan Tigris da Euphrates, domin samar da wutar lantarki da kuma kwararar ruwa zuwa kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hasan |first1=Mejs |last2=Moody |first2=Aaron |last3=Benninger |first3=Larry |last4=Hedlund |first4=Heloise  |date=March 2019 |title=How war, drought, and dam management impact water supply in the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2068657730 |language=English |pages=264–279 |doi=10.1007/s13280-018-1073-4 |journal=Ambio |volume=48 |issue=3 |pmid=30003512 |pmc=6374223 |bibcode=2019Ambio..48..264H |id={{ProQuest|2068657730}} }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin Yakin Gulf na farko, a shekarun 1990 da 1991,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Persian Gulf War {{!}} Summary, Dates, Combatants, Casualties, Syndrome, Map, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Persian-Gulf-War |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; kilomita murabba'i 3.3 na fadin fili ya rika bacewa a kowace rana a madatsar ruwa ta Mosul, inda ta sauka daga 372 zuwa kilomita 346. A ranakun 25 ga Janairu da 10 ga Fabrairu, 1991, madatsar ta ci gaba da rasa kusan kilomita murabba'i 3.4 a kowace rana na fadin tafkin, wanda hakan ya kai ga fadin karshe na kilomita murabba'i 215 da kuma girman ruwa na 3.3 km3.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; Wannan shi ne daidai lokacin a watan Fabrairun 1991 lokacin da wasu jiragen ruwan yaki na Birtaniya suka harba bama-bamai da yawa suka bugi gadoji a kudanci da yammacin Iraki, inda suka kashe mutane sama da 100 a kowane hari &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=The airstrike in Mosul was potentially one of the worst U.S.-led civilian bombings in 25 years |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2017/03/28/the-airstrike-in-mosul-was-potentially-one-of-the-worst-u-s-led-civilian-bombings-in-25-years/ |access-date=2022-06-23 |issn=0190-8286}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da shafar matakan ruwa. A daidai wannan lokacin, tsakanin 17 ga Janairu da 10 ga Fabrairu, 1991, madatsar ruwa ta Haditha, wadda ita ma take a Iraki, ta rasa matsakaicin kilomita murabba'i 2.5 na fadin tafkin a kowace rana, kuma a cikin mako uku, ta rasa jimillar kashi 21%. A watan Agustan 2014, kungiyar 'yan tawaye ta ISIS ta mamaye Madatsar Ruwa ta Mosul, lamarin da majiyoyin Kurds ke fargabar za a iya amfani da shi wajen nutsar da kasashen kasan kogin da ambaliya, wanda zai janyo mutuwar dubban mutane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2014-08-17 |title=Kurdish forces 'break IS hold on Mosul dam' |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28826349 |access-date=2022-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amurka ta tura hare-haren sama sama da 130 domin taimakawa wajen kwato madatsar ruwan daga hannun ISIS a arewacin Iraki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2014-09-07 |title=US strikes Islamic State militants at Iraq's Haditha dam |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29098791 |access-date=2022-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kasar Amurka kuma ta tura hare-haren sama inda suka rurrushe yankunan da ke kewaye da madatsar ruwa ta Haditha domin hana ISIS kwace wata madatsar ruwa mai muhimmanci da ke zama tushen ruwa ga miliyoyin mutane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=US launches airstrikes around Iraq's Haditha Dam |url=https://popularmilitary.com/us-launches-airstrikes-around-iraqs-haditha-dam/#:~:text=US%20launches%20airstrikes%20around%20Iraq%E2%80%99s%20Haditha%20Dam%20September,prevent%20the%20group%20from%20capturing%20the%20vital%20dam |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=popularmilitary.com| date=8 September 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rikici a kan albarkatun yankin ya sanya duka madatsun ruwa na Mosul da Haditha yin asarar fadin fili a kan karkashin kashi 2.0 na kilomita murabba'i a rana daya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;</text>
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[[File:Vallee_fertile_du_Nil_a_Louxor.jpg|thumb|Matakin da kasar Habasha ta dauka na cike madatsar ruwa ta Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) zai iya rage kwararar ruwan fari na Kogin Nilu da kusan kashi 25% tare da lalata gonakin kasar Masar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=27 February 2018 |title=In Africa, War Over Water Looms As Ethiopia Nears Completion Of Nile River Dam |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/02/27/589240174/in-africa-war-over-water-looms-as-ethiopia-nears-completion-of-nile-river-dam?t=1595668819363}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Rikicin ruwa''' yawanci yana nufin tasiri ko takaddama da ke da alaka da samun dama, ko iko da albarkatun ruwa, ko amfani da ruwa ko tsarin samar da ruwa a matsayin makami ko kuma zama abin cutarwa a lokacin tasiri. Kalmar ''yakin ruwa'' ana amfani da ita a kafafen yada labarai don wasu takaddama a kan ruwa, kuma mafi yawanci ta takaitu ne wajen bayyana rikici tsakanin kasashe, jahohi, ko kungiyoyi a kan hakkin samun damar yin amfani da albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allianz&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Tulloch |first=James |date=August 26, 2009 |title=Water Conflicts: Fight or Flight? |url=http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/climate_change/natural_disasters/water_conflicts.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080829171957/http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/climate_change/natural_disasters/water_conflicts.html |archive-date=2008-08-29 |access-date=14 January 2010 |publisher=Allianz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WWilson&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Kameri-Mbote |first=Patricia |date=January 2007 |title=Water, Conflict, and Cooperation: Lessons from the nile river Basin |url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue4.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Navigating Peace |publisher=Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars |issue=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706033750/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue4.pdf |archive-date=2010-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince cewa takaddamar ruwa tana tasowa ne daga sabanin bukatu na masu amfani da ruwa, na gwamnati ko na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/ United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008]&lt;/ref&gt; Kyakkyawan tsari na rikice-rikicen ruwa ya bayyana a cikin tarihi, kodayake da kyar ake fafata yakokin gargajiya a kan ruwa kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Peter Gleick, 1993. [http://www2.pacinst.org/reports/international_security_gleick_1993.pdf &quot;Water and conflict.&quot;] ''International Security'' Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 79-112 (Summer 1993).&lt;/ref&gt; A maimakon haka, ruwa ya dade yana zama sanadin takaddama kuma daya daga cikin dalilan rikici. Rikicin ruwa yana tasowa ne saboda dalilai da dama, da suka hada da takaddamar iyakokin kasa, fafutukar neman albarkatu, da kuma moriyar dabarun yaki.&lt;ref&gt;Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research (Department of Political Science, University of Heidelberg); Conflict Barometer 2007:Crises – Wars – Coups d'État – Nagotiations – Mediations – Peace Settlements, 16th annual conflict analysis, 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

Rikicin ruwa na iya faruwa a matakin cikin gida (na kasa daya) da kuma matakin tsakanin kasashe daban-daban. Rikici tsakanin kasashe yana faruwa ne tsakanin kasashe biyu ko fiye da ke raba tushen ruwa guda daya da ya ratsa iyakokinsu, kamar kogi, teku, ko tafkin ruwan karkashin kasa. Misali, yankin Gabas Ta Tsakiya yana da kashi 1% kacal na ruwan fari na duniya wanda kashi 5% na al'ummar duniya ke rabawa, kuma galibin koramu da koguna suna ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Sutherland |first=Ben |date=March 18, 2003 |title=Water shortages 'foster terrorism' |publisher=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2859937.stm |access-date=14 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rikicin cikin gida kuma yana faruwa ne tsakanin bangarori biyu ko fiye a cikin kasa daya, kamar rikici tsakanin manoma da masu amfani da ruwa na cikin birni.

Mafi yawan rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa suna faruwa ne a kan ruwan fari saboda wadannan albarkatu suna da mahimmanci ga bukatun dan adam na yau da kullum, amma galibi suna iya yin karanci ko gurbata ko kuma rashin daidaiton rabo tsakanin masu amfani da su. Karancin ruwa yana kara rura wutar takaddamar ruwa saboda gasar neman ruwan sha, noman rani, samar da wutar lantarki da sauran bukatu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=671&amp;section=14 |title=Patp &gt; &gt; &gt; |access-date=2010-04-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010731141012/http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=671&amp;section=14 |archive-date=2001-07-31 }} Freshwater: lifeblood of the planet, accessed November 21, 2008&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake ruwan fari muhimmin albarkatun kasa ne, amma kuma rarrabuwarsa ba daidai ba ce a doron kasa, samuwarsa galibi tana tasiri ga yanayin rayuwa da tattalin arzikin kasa ko yanki. Rashin wadatar zabukan samar da ruwa masu rahusa a wurare kamar Gabas ta Tsakiya,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858e09.htm Murakami, Masahiro. 1995.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117045902/http://unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858E09.htm |date=2011-01-17 }} ''Managing Water for Peace in the Middle East: Alternative Strategies, ''New York: United Nations University Press. Accessed online November 16, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar karancin ruwa na iya sanya matsin lamba ga duk masu amfani da ruwa, ko na kamfanoni, gwamnati, ko daidaikun mutane, wanda ke kaiwa ga takaddama, kuma watakila ma a goga mashi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/] United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;
Akwai adadin rikice-rikicen ruwa da ke kara karuwa wadanda ba a warware su ba, musamman a matakin kananan hukumomi ko jihohi, kuma wadannan za su kara zama hadari yayin da ruwa ke kara karanci, canjin yanayi na canza yanayin samar da ruwa na gida, kuma al'ummar duniya ke karuwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/457] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124031150/http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/457 |date=2016-11-24 }} Brooks, Nina. &quot;Impending Water Crisis in China,&quot; Arlington Institute. Accessed November 28, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pacific Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |date=17 March 2022 |title=Water Conflicts Continue to Worsen Worldwide |url=https://pacinst.org/water-conflicts-continue-to-worsen-worldwide/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |website=Pacific Institute }}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban nau'ikan takaddamar ruwa yana sa da wuya a magance su, amma akwai dabarun rage kasadar irin wadannan takaddamar da yawa. Dokoki da yarjejeniyoyin gida da na kasa da kasa na iya taimakawa wajen inganta rabon koguna na kasa da kasa da madatsun ruwa na karkashin kasa. Ingantattun fasahohi da cibiyoyi na iya inganta wadatar ruwa da rabon ruwa a yankunan da ke fama da karancin ruwa.


== Dalilai ==

Karancin ruwa ya fi haifar da rikici a matakin gida da na shiyyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wolf |first1=Aaron T |year=2001 |title=Water and Human Security |journal=Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education |volume=118 |page=29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa wani muhimmin abu ne ga rayuwar dan adam, kuma ayyukan dan adam suna da alaka ta kusa da wadatar ruwa da ingancinsa.&lt;ref&gt;ICWE (1992). International Conference on Water and the Environment--Development Issues for the 21st Century, 26–31 January 1992, Dublin, Ireland : [http://www.ircwash.org/resources/international-conference-water-and-environment-development-issues-21st-century-26-31-0 the Dublin statement and report of the conference], Geneva, Switzerland, ICWE Secretariat, World Meteorological Organization&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa rukunin albarkatu ne mai iyaka. Rikicin ruwa yana faruwa ne saboda bukatar albarkatun ruwa da ruwan sha na iya wuce wadatar da ake da ita, ko kuma saboda ana iya takaddama a kan ikon samun dama da raba ruwa, ko kuma saboda cibiyoyin kula da ruwa ba su da karfi ko kuma babu su kwata-kwata. Abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar karancin ruwa na iya sanya matsin lamba ga bangarorin da abin ya shafa don samun Karin albarkatun ruwa da ake rabawa, wanda ke haifar da takaddamar diflomasiyya ko ma rikici na gaba-da-gaba.

Takaddama da rikice-rikice a kan ruwa yanzu suna faruwa akai-akai a matakin cikin gida, maimakon matakin kasashen duniya. Tasiri tsakanin makiyaya da manoma a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na kara karuwa. Hare-hare a kan tsarin samar da ruwa na farar hula yayin yakokin da suka fara saboda wasu dalilai daban sun karu, kamar a kasashen Yemen, Siriya, Iraki, kuma kwanan nan a kasar Yukren.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |date=2019 |title=Water as a weapon and casualty of armed conflict: A review of recent water-related violence in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen |url=https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wat2.1351 |journal=WIREs Water |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1–15 |article-number=e1351 |doi=10.1002/wat2.1351 |bibcode=2019WIRWa...6E1351G |s2cid=195514316|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |last2=Vyshnevskyi |first2=Viktor |last3=Shevchuk |first3=Serhii |date=2023 |title=Rivers and Water Systems as Weapons and Casualties of the Russia-Ukraine War. |journal=Earth's Future |volume=11 |issue=10|article-number=e2023EF003910 |doi=10.1029/2023EF003910 |bibcode=2023EaFut..1103910G |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Karancin ruwa kuma na iya rura wutar rikice-rikice da takaddamar siyasa wadanda ba ruwa ne ya janyo su kai tsaye ba. Raguwa a hankali cikin lokaci a inganci da/ko yawan ruwan fari na iya kara rashin kwanciyar hankali a yanki ta hanyar gurgunta lafiyar al'umma, hana ci gaban tattalin arziki, da kuma rura wutar manyan rikice-rikice.&lt;ref name=&quot;Postel&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Postel |first1=S. L. |last2=Wolf |first2=A. T. |year=2001 |title=Dehydrating Conflict |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/11/18/dehydrating-conflict/ |journal=Foreign Policy |volume=126 |issue=126 |pages=60–67 |doi=10.2307/3183260 |jstor=3183260|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Canjin yanayi da karuwar al'ummar duniya su ma suna haduwa wajen sanya sabbin matsin lamba ga albarkatun ruwa masu iyaka tare da kara hadarin rikicin ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=October 12, 2019|title=The Coming Wars for Water|url=https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/|website=Report Syndication}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hasashe ==
A cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata, 'yan siyasa, masana kimiyya da 'yan jarida sun sha nuna damuwa cewa takaddamar ruwa za ta zama sanadin yakoki na gaba. Kalaman da aka fi ambata sun hada da: na tsohon Ministan Harakokin Wajen kasar Masar kuma tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Boutros Boutros-Ghali, wanda ya yi hasashen cewa, &quot;Yaki na gaba a Gabas ta Tsakiya za a fafata shi ne a kan ruwa, ba siyasa ba&quot;; magajinsa a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Kofi Annan, wanda a shekarar 2001 ya ce, &quot;Gasa mai tsanani ta neman ruwan fari na iya zama sanadin rikici da yakoki a gaba,&quot; da kuma tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Bankin Duniya, Ismail Serageldin, wanda ya ce yakokin karni na gaba za su kasance ne a kan ruwa sai dai idan an sami gagarumin canji a fannin gudanarwa. Haka kuma, &quot;yanzu ana yawan cewa yakoki na gaba a Gabas ta Tsakiya sun fi karkata ga fafatawa a kan ruwa fiye da a kan mai,&quot; in ji Lester R. Brown a wani taron dandalin ruwa na Stockholm da aka yi a baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=EPI Releases - How Water Scarcity Will Shape the New Century - EPI |url=http://www.earth-policy.org/press_room/C68/stockholm_transcript |access-date=9 January 2018 |website=www.earth-policy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasashen yakokin ruwa yana da tushe ne a cikin binciken farko da aka gudanar a kan kalilan din koguna na kasa da kasa kamar Kogin Indus, Kogin Jordan da Kogin Nilu. Wadannan takamaiman koguna sun zama abin mayar da hankali ne saboda sun fuskanci takaddamar da ta shafi ruwa. Takamaiman abubuwan da aka ambata a matsayin shaida sun hada da hararin da Isra'ila ta kai wa Siriya lokacin da take kokarin karkatar da madubin Kogin Jordan, da kuma barazanar soja da Masar ta yi wa kowace kasa da ke gina madatsun ruwa a saman kogin Nilu.

Wani abun da ke kara hadarin rikicin ruwa shi ne karuwar gasar neman ruwa a yankunan da ke fama da karancin ruwa, inda bukatu na samar da ruwa don amfanin dan adam, samar da abinci, muhallin halittu da sauran amfani ke gaba-da-gaba da wadatar ruwan da ake da ita. Mummunan al'amuran ruwa kamar ambaliyar ruwa da fari su ma suna kara tsananta hadarin rikicin ruwa. Yayin da yawan jama'a da ci gaban tattalin arziki ke karuwa, bukatun ruwa ma na iya karuwa, wanda ke kara rura wutar rashin jituwa game da rabo da iko da ruwa mai iyaka a wasu yankuna ko kasashe, musamman lokacin fari, ko kuma a madatsun ruwa na kasashen duniya da ake rabawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pacific Institute&quot;/&gt;

Albarkatun ruwa da suka ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya sun fi karkata wajen zama sanadin hadin gwiwa da abokin aiki fiye da yaki. Masana kimiyya da ke aiki a International Water Management Institute sun kasance suna bincikar shaidun da ke bayan hasashen yakin ruwa. Sakamakon bincikensu ya nuna cewa, ko da yake gaskiya ne an sami rikici mai alaka da ruwa a wasu kalilan din madatsun ruwa na kasashen duniya, a sauran kusan madatsun ruwa 300 da ake rabawa a duniya, tarihin ya kasance mai kyau mafi yawancinsa. Wannan ya nuna a fili ta hanyar daruruwan yarjejeniyoyin da ke akwai wadanda ke jagorantar amfani da ruwa cikin adalci tsakanin kasashen da ke raba albarkatun ruwa. Cibiyoyin da wadannan yarjejeniyoyin suka kafa za su iya zama muhimman abubuwa wajen tabbatar da hadin gwiwa maimakon rikici.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110812233521/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org:80/Publications/Success_Stories/PDF/2010/Issue%208%20-%20Promoting_cooperation_through_effective_management_of_shared_water_resources.pdf ''Promoting cooperation through management of transboundary water resources''], Success Stories, Issue 8, 2010, IWMI&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanai da Ma'anoni ==
Wani rumbun bayanai na intanet mai fadi da kuma budaddiya na rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa — wato Water Conflict Chronology — an samar da shi ta Pacific Institute.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Conflict Chronology |url=http://worldwater.org/water-conflict/ |access-date=November 29, 2023 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan rumbun bayanai ya lissafa tasiri a kan ruwa tun kimanin shekaru 4,500 da suka gabata kuma ya hada da misalai fiye da 1900 na tasiri a kan albarkatun ruwa tare da bayanai kan kwanan wata, wuri, nau'in rikici da cikakkun majiyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |last2=Shimabuku|first2=Morgan|date=2023 |title=Water-related conflicts: definitions, data, and trends from the water conflict chronology|journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=18 |issue=3|page=034022 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/acbb8f |bibcode=2023ERL....18c4022G |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fact Sheet: Water Conflict Chronology Update |url=https://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Water-Conflict-Chronology_Fact-Sheet.pdf |access-date=June 18, 2025 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Karkashin tsarin Water Conflict Chronology, an raba rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa kamar haka:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Water Conflict Chronology |url=http://worldwater.org/water-conflict/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

*Tushen Rikici (Trigger): Ruwa a matsayin abun da ke rura wuta ko tushen rikici, inda ake samun takaddama a kan ikon sarrafa ruwa ko tsarin ruwa ko kuma inda samun damar tattalin arziki ko ta jiki ga ruwa, ko karancin ruwa, ke haifar da tasiri.
*Makami (Weapon): Ruwa a matsayin makamin rikici, inda ake amfani da albarkatun ruwa, ko tsarin ruwa da kansu, a matsayin kayan aiki ko makami a cikin rikici na tasiri.
*Abin cutarwa (Casualty): Albarkatun ruwa ko tsarin ruwa a matsayin abin cutarwa na rikici, inda albarkatun ruwa, ko tsarin ruwa, suka kasance abubuwan da aka nufa da gangan ko kuma cikin hadari don lalata su ko yi musu barna.
== Siyasa da Tattalin Arziki ==

Amfanin ruwa a matsayin albarkatun kasuwanci, wanda ya hada da kamun kifi, aikin gona, masana'antu, nishaɗi da yawon bude ido, da sauran dama, na iya haifar da takaddama ko da lokacin da samun ruwan sha ba lallai ba ne ya zama matsala. A matsayin albarkatu, wasu suna daukar ruwa a matsayin mai daraja kamar mai, wanda kusan kowace masana'antu ke bukata, kuma ana bukatarsa kusan kowace rana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080518071950/http://www.forbes.com/2008/05/13/water-electricity-industry-biz-energy-cx_bp_0514water_print.html] Pentland, William. &quot;The Water-Industrial Complex,&quot; Forbes, May 14, 2008. Accessed November 21, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Karancin ruwa na iya gurgunta masana'antu baki daya kamar yadda zai iya gurgunta al'umma, kuma yana shafar kasashen da suka ci gaba kamar yadda yake shafar kasashen da ba su da ingantaccen tsarin samar da ruwa. Masana'antu da suka dogara da ruwa sun fi fitowa fili a cikin takaddamar ruwa, amma kasuwanci a kowane mataki na iya fuskantar illa saboda rashin ruwa.

=== Kamun Kifi ===
A tarihi, sassan kamun kifi sun kasance manyan wuraren tambaya, yayin da kasashe suka fadada tare da da'awar sassan teku a matsayin yankinsu na kasuwancin kamun kifi na gida. Wasu yankuna masu riba mai yawa, kamar Tekun Bering, suna da tarihin takaddama; a shekarar 1886 Daular Biritaniya da Amurka sun yi tahaliki a kan sassan kamun kifi na kadojin teku (seals),&lt;ref&gt;The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2007, Columbia University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a yau kasar Rasha ta kewaye wani sashe na ruwan kasa da kasa da aka sani da Bering Sea Donut Hole. An warware rikici game da hanyoyin kamun kifi da samun dama ga ramin a shekarar 1995 ta hanyar wata yarjejeniya da ake kira Donut Hole Agreement.&lt;ref&gt;Dunlap, William W. The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, Volume 10, Number 1, 1995, pp. 114-135(22)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gurbacewa ===
Bukatar kamfanoni galibi tana giciye da bukatun kasuwanci masu adawa da juna, da kuma damuwar muhalli, wanda ke kaiwa ga wani nau'in takaddama. A shekarun 1960, Tafkin Erie, da kuma sauran Manyan Tafkuna (Great Lakes) sun gurbata har ta kai ga mace-macen kifi masu yawa. Al'ummomin gida sun sha wahala sosai daga mummunan ingancin ruwa har sai da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta zartar da Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa (Clean Water Act) a shekarar 1972.&lt;ref&gt;33 U.S.C. § 1251 et seq.&lt;/ref&gt;

Gurbacewar ruwa tana haifar da babban hadari ga lafiya, musamman a yankunan da ke da masana'antu da yawa da kuma yawan jama'a kamar kasar Sin. Don mayar da martani ga mummunan yanayi inda birane baki daya ba su da ruwan sha mai aminci, kasar Sin ta zartar da ingantacciyar Dokar Kare da Sarrafa Gurbacewar Ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-02/29/content_6494712.htm] China Daily, Updated February 29, 2008. Accessed November 21, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Yiwuwar ruwan da ya gurbata ya tsallaka iyakokin kasashen duniya, da kuma gurbacewar ruwa da ba a amince da ita ba a cikin kasa matsi, yana kawo tambayoyi game da hakkin dan adam, wanda ke ba da damar shigar kasashen duniya cikin batun gurbacewar ruwa. Babu wani tsari guda daya na magance takaddamar gurbacewa ta cikin gida a kasa.

== Mayar da Martani ==

=== Hadin Gwiwa ===
Ana iya tsara cibiyoyin da ke kula da iyakokin kasashen duniya don inganta hadin gwiwa, shawo kan takaddama na farko, da kuma nemo hanyoyin jurewa rashin tabbas da canjin yanayi ke haifarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2008-016.pdf |title=Share: managing Water across Boundaries |publisher=IUCN |year=2008 |isbn=978-2-8317-1029-7 |editor=Sadoff, C. |display-editors=etal |archive-date=2012-10-24 |access-date=2011-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024164900/http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2008-016.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma za a iya sanya idanu kan ingancin irin wadannan cibiyoyin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Hukumar Kogin Indus (Permanent Indus Commission) da Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus ta shekarar 1960 sun tsira daga yakoki biyu tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan duk da gaba da ke tsakanin kasashen biyu, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da zama tsari mai nasara wajen warware rikice-rikice ta hanyar samar da kyakkyawan tsarin tattaunawa, bincike, da musayar bayanai. A yanzu ne kawai aka dakatar da yarjejeniyar. Hukumar Mekong (Mekong Committee) ta yi aiki tun daga shekarar 1957 kuma ta dore har bayan Yakin Vietnam na shekarun 1955-1975. Akasin haka, rashin kwanciyar hankali na shiyya yana faruwa ne lokacin da kasashe ba su da cibiyoyin hadin gwiwa a fannin huldar shiyya, kamar tsarin kasar Masar na gina babban madatsar ruwa a kan Kogin Nilu. Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, babu wata cibiya ta duniya da ke kula da tafiyar da albarkatun ruwa da ke ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya, kuma hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa ya faru ne ta hanyar hadaka ta musamman tsakanin hukumomi, kamar Hukumar Mekong wacce ta fito sakamakon kawance tsakanin UNICEF da Hukumar Gyaran Kasa ta Amurka (US Bureau of Reclamation). Samar da cibiyoyi masu karfi na kasa da kasa ya bayyana{{original research inline|date=September 2019}} a matsayin hanyar ci gaba a gaba – suna karfafa shiga tsakani da gudanarwa da wuri,{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} tare da kauce wa hanyoyin warware takaddama masu tsada.

Yarjejeniyar ruwa-don-wutar-lantarki ta Project Prosperity tsakanin Isra'ila da Jordan,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/business/cop/israel-jordan-move-forward-with-water-for-energy-deal-2022-11-08/ | title=Israel and Jordan move forward with water-for-energy deal | newspaper=Reuters | date=8 November 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/12/16/water-for-energy-is-better-than-land-for-peace/ | title=Water-for-Energy is Better Than Land-for-Peace | date=16 December 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da hadin gwiwar Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (UAE), za ta kawo wutar lantarki da aka samar ta hanyar hasken rana daga Jordan zuwa Isra'ila, sannan Isra'ila za ta samar da ruwan teku da aka tacewa (wanda aka cire wa gishiri) ga kasar Jordan. Kasar UAE za ta taimaka wajen girka tsarin wutar lantarki na hasken rana a kasar Jordan.

Wani abu guda daya da ya saba faruwa a kusan duk takaddamar da aka warware shi ne cewa tattaunawar ta dogara ne akan tsarin &quot;dogaro da bukata&quot; maimakon tsarin &quot;dogaro da hakki&quot;. Gonakin da za a iya yin noman rani a kansu, yawan jama'a, da dabarun ayyuka ne ke bayyana &quot;bukatu&quot;. Nasarar tsarin dogaro da bukata tana bayyana ne a cikin yarjejeniyar ruwa guda daya tilo da aka taba cimma a kwarin Kogin Jordan, wacce ta mayar da hankali kan bukatu ba wai kan hakkin kasashen da ke kusa da kogin ba. A yankin kasan Indiya, bukatun noman rani na kasar Bangladesh ne ke nuna rabon ruwa na Kogin Ganges.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Tsarin shiyya na dogaro da bukata yana mayar da hankali ne wajen gamsar da daidaikun mutane da bukatarsu ta ruwa, tare da tabbatar da cewa an biya mafi karancin bukatun adadi. Wannan yana kauce wa rikicin da ke tasowa lokacin da kasashe ke kallon yarjejeniyar ta mahimman moriyar kasa kadai, kuma yana motsawa daga tsarin babu-riba-babu-rashi zuwa ga tsarin hadaka mai amfani ga kowa wanda ke raba ruwa da alfanunsa cikin adalci.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Wannan yana nufin cewa duka adalci da ingancin tsarin amfani da ruwa sun zama masu mahimmanci, musamman a lokacin karancin ruwa. Ya kamata hadakar wadannan abubuwa guda biyu na ingantaccen aiki ta faru ne a cikin tsarin dorewa wanda ke sa ci gaba da hadin gwiwa tsakanin duk masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin yanayin koyo ya zama abin bukata kwarai da gaske.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Haie|first=Naim|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bfm%3A978-981-15-6284-6%2F1.pdf|title=Transparent Water Management Theory: Sefficiency in Sequity|publisher=Springer|year=2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dorewar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ===
Tsarin Blue Peace wanda Strategic Foresight Group ta samar tare da hadin gwiwar gwamnatocin kasashen Switzerland da Sweden yana ba da tsarin manufofi na musamman wanda ke inganta dorewar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa tare da hadin gwiwa don samar da zaman lafiya. Ta hanyar amfani da mafi kyawun albarkatun ruwa da ake rabawa ta hanyar hadin gwiwa maimakon rabo kawai tsakanin kasashe, damar samun zaman lafiya na iya karuwa.&lt;ref&gt;''Turkish Review'', March 2013&lt;/ref&gt;{{request quotation|date=September 2019}} Tsarin na Blue Peace ya nuna tasiri mai kyau (misali) a Gabas ta Tsakiya&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Strategic Foresight Group - Anticipating and Influencing Global Future |url=http://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/40595Blue+Peace_Middle+East.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831104124/http://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/40595Blue+Peace_Middle+East.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2018 |access-date=31 August 2018 |website=www.strategicforesight.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.deza.admin.ch/en/Home/Projects/Selected_projects/Water_management_and_peace_promotion_in_the_Middle_East eda.base.components.templates.base.accessKeys] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130926053611/http://www.deza.admin.ch/en/Home/Projects/Selected_projects/Water_management_and_peace_promotion_in_the_Middle_East|date=26 September 2013}}. Deza.admin.ch. Retrieved on 2015-11-24.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma kwarin Kogin Nilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 September 2013 |title=Blue Peace: New Solution for Averting Water Wars in the Nile Basin - Yahoo Finance |work=Yahoo Finance |url=http://finance.yahoo.com/news/blue-peace-solution-averting-water-040000860.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928122750/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/blue-peace-solution-averting-water-040000860.html |archive-date=28 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dandalin Ruwan Karkashin Kasa na UN UNESCO-IHP yana da nufin taimakawa wajen inganta fahimtar albarkatun ruwa da kuma karfafa ingantaccen gudanar da ruwa. Amma ya zuwa yanzu, shirin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mafi karsashi wajen warware takaddamar ruwa shi ne shirin Potential Conflict to Co-operation Potential (PCCP), wanda ke a mataki na uku na aikinsa, yana horar da kwararrun fannin ruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da kuma tsara ayyukan ilmantarwa a wasu wurare.&lt;ref name=&quot;IHP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=UNESCO-IHP Groundwater Portal |date=19 December 2014 |url=https://groundwaterportal.net/project/pccp |access-date=2019-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyoyin da shirin ya mayar da hankali a kansu sun hada da jami'an diflomasiyya, masu yin dokoki, kungiyoyin farar hula, da daliban da ke nazarin fannin ruwa; ta hanyar fadada ilimi kan takaddamar ruwa, yana fatan karfafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashe wajen tunkarar rikice-rikice.

Hukumar UNESCO ta wallafa taswirar madatsun ruwan karkashin kasa da ke ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 22, 2008 |title=UNESCO publishes first world map of underground transboundary aquifers |url=http://portal.unesco.org//en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D43767&amp;URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025095526/http://portal.unesco.org//en/ev.php-URL_ID=43767&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html |archive-date=October 25, 2008 |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukan ilimi da suka mayar da hankali kan takaddamar ruwa har yanzu ba su samar da daidaitacciyar hanya ta shiga tsakani ga takaddamar kasa da kasa ba, balle ma ta cikin gida. Amma UNESCO tana da kyakkyawan fata game da makomar gaba yayin da rikice-rikicen ruwa ke kara fitowa fili ga jama'a, kuma yayin da karuwar tsananin matsalar ke sanya masu taurin kai yin tunani na gari.

=== Shiga Tsakani na Kungiyoyin Kasa da Kasa ===

Kungiyoyin kasa da kasa suna taka rawar gani sosai wajen shiga tsakani a takaddamar ruwa da kuma inganta gudanar da ruwa. Daga kokarin kimiyya na auna gurbacewar ruwa, zuwa kokarin Kungiyar Cin Kiki ta Duniya (World Trade Organization) na warware takaddamar cin kiki tsakanin kasashe, ana iya magance nau'ikan takaddamar ruwa da dama ta hanyar tsare-tsare da cibiyoyin da ke akwai a yanzu.

Kungiyar Cin Kiki ta Duniya (WTO) tana iya shiga tsakani a takaddamar ruwa da kasashe mambobinta suka gabatar lokacin da takaddamar ta kasance ta dabi'ar kasuwanci ce. Hukumar WTO tana da wasu kungiyoyi na musamman, kamar Cibiyar Kamun Kifi (Fisheries Center), wadanda ke aiki don sanya idanu da kuma yanke hukunci kan shari'o'in da suka dace, kodayake ba ita ce hukuma ta karshe a kan rikicin albarkatun ruwa ba.

Duk da haka, rikicin ruwa da ke faruwa a cikin gida, da kuma rikicin da mai yiwuwa ba na kasuwanci ba ne baki daya, ka iya zama maras dacewa ga shiga tsakanin WTO.

Saboda ruwa yana da matukar muhimmanci ga cin kikin kayan gona, takaddamar ruwa na iya kasancewa a fakaice cikin shari'o'in WTO ta hanyar &quot;ruwan fargaba&quot; (virtual water),&lt;ref&gt;Morrisette, Jason J. and Douglas A. Borer. &quot;Where Oil and Water Do Mix: Environmental Scarcity and Future Conflict in the Middle East and North Africa.&quot; Parameters, Vol. 34, Winter 2004 pp 94-96.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://kluwerlawonline.com/api/Product/CitationPDFURL?file=Journals%5CTRAD%5CTRAD2013042.pdf|title=Water Footprint and the Law of WTO|first=Piotr|last=Szwedo|date=December 1, 2013|journal=Journal of World Trade|volume=47|issue=6|pages=1259–1284 |doi=10.54648/TRAD2013042 |s2cid=150576275 |via=kluwerlawonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; wato ruwan da ake amfani da shi wajen samar da kayayyaki da ayyuka amma ba a yin cin kikinsa kai tsaye tsakanin kasashe. Kasashen da ke da mafi kyawun samun damar samar da ruwa na iya yin rawar gani sosai ta fannin tattalin arziki fiye da wadanda ke fuskantar matsala, wanda hakan ke haifar da yiwuwar rikici. Sakamakon bacin rai da tallafin aikin gona ke haifarwa wanda ke korar amfanin gonakin gida, kasashen da ke fuskantar karancin ruwa suna kai kararrakinsu ga WTO.

Hukumar WTO tana taka rawa sosai a takaddamar da ta dogara da aikin gona wadanda ke da alaka da rikici a kan takamaiman hanyoyin ruwa. Duk da haka, tana samar da muhimmin tsari wanda ke tsara yadda ruwa zai taka rawa a takaddamar tattalin arziki na gaba. Wata makarantar tunani tana goyon bayan ra'ayin yakin ruwa, wanda shi ne matakin karshe na takaddamar ruwa da ba a warware ba—karancin albarkatun ruwa tare da matsin lamba na karuwar al'umma cikin sauri na iya wuce ikon WTO na kiyaye tsari mai kyau a cikin al'amuran cin kiki.&lt;ref&gt;Morrisette, p. 99&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rikice-rikicen Ruwa na Ketare Iyakoki ==

Ruwan ketare iyakoki su ne ruwayen da kasashe mabanbanta guda biyu ko fiye suka raba iyaka da su. Domin rage hadarin rikicin ruwa, galibi ana tattaunawa kan tsare-tsare ko yarjejeniyoyin ruwa na ketare iyakoki, amma har yanzu da yawa daga cikin kogunan duniya da ake rabawa ba su da irin wadannan yarjejeniyoyin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeitoun |first1=Mark |last2=Mirumachi |first2=Naho |last3=Warner |first3=Jeroen |last4=Kirkegaard |first4=Matthew |last5=Cascão |first5=Ana |date=2019-05-24 |title=Analysis for water conflict transformation |url=https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/71198/1/Accepted_Manuscript.pdf |journal=Water International |language=en |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=365–384 |doi=10.1080/02508060.2019.1607479 |issn=0250-8060 |s2cid=182388253|url-access= }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wadannan hadin gwiwar ya kamata su kasance cikin adalci da dorewa ta yadda kowace kasa ba za ta ci zarafin ruwan ba, a maimakon haka za su yi amfani da ruwan don amfaninsu mafi kyau tare da kare shi da adana shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Article 5: Equitable and reasonable utilisation and participation - UN Watercourses Convention |url=https://www.unwatercoursesconvention.org/the-convention/part-ii-general-principles/article-5-equitable-and-reasonable-utilisation-and-participation/ |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=www.unwatercoursesconvention.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gasa ta kasa da kasa a kan ruwa na iya tasowa lokacin da wata kasa ta fara dibar ruwa mai yawa daga tushen ruwan da ake rabawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Grover |first=Velma I. |title=Water : a source of conflict or cooperation? |publisher=Science Publishers |year=2007 |location=Enfield, N.H.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan galibi ita ce hanya mafi inganci ta samun ruwan da ake bukata, amma a cikin dogon lokaci na iya haifar da rikici idan aka yi amfani da ruwan fiye da kima. An ce fiye da kasashe 50 a nahiyoyi biyar na fuskantar barazanar rikici a kan ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Paul |first=James |title=Water in Conflict |url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/natres/waterindex.htm |website=www.globalpolicy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da kari, dokar ruwa ta kasa da kasa wani lokacin na iya kara rura wutar rikici: ka'idojin shari'a na &quot;mallakar farko&quot; (prior appropriation) da &quot;hakkin kusa da kogi&quot; (riparianism) duka biyun suna da alaka da rikice-rikicen ruwa na ketare iyakoki saboda duka biyun na iya nufin cewa sa'a ta tarihi da ta labarin kasa na iya raba kasashe bisa doka zuwa wadanda ke da wadatar ruwa da wadanda ke fama da karancinsa.

Rikice-rikicen baya-bayan nan tsakanin kasashe sun faru ne mafi yawanci a Gabas ta Tsakiya (takaddamar da ta samo asali daga kogunan Euphrates da Tigris wadanda Turkiyya, Siriya, da Iraki ke rabawa; da kuma rikicin Kogin Jordan da Isra'ila, Lebanon, Jordan da kuma Kasar Falasdinu ke rabawa), a Afirka (rikice-rikicen da suka shafi Kogin Nilu tsakanin Masar, Habasha, da Sudan),&lt;ref name=&quot;WWilson&quot; /&gt; da kuma a Tsakiyar Asiya (rikicin Tekun Aral tsakanin Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan da Kyrgyzstan). A cikin shekarun 2022 da 2023, takaddama a kan Kogin Helmand da Iran da Afghanistan ke rabawa ita ma ta ruru.

=== Kisan Kare dangi a Gaza ===
A matsayin wani bangare na kisan kare dangi na Gaza na shekarar 2023 zuwa yanzu da kasar Isra'ila ke tafi da shi, ana lalata masana'antun tace ruwan teku da sauran tsarin samar da ruwa da gangan tare da sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira, cibiyoyin raba taimako da aywukan jin kai a kokarin janyo yunwa da kuma sa mutane su mutu saboda kishirwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Natasha |last2=Kirschenbaum |first2=Anita |last3=Michel |first3=David |date=2024-01-12 |title=The Siege of Gaza’s Water |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/siege-gazas-water |journal=CSIS |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutanen da ke zaune a Falasdinu sun ba da rahoton cewa an tilasta musu shan ruwa mai gishiri, maras tsabta, ko mai dauke da cututtuka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gaza residents share fears of thirst after Israel destroys water resources |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/video/newsfeed/2025/4/10/gaza-residents-share-fears-of-thirst-after-israel-destroys-water-resources |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yakin Iran na 2026 ===
A ranar 7 ga Maris, 2026, a matsayin wani bangare na yakin shekarar 2026 tsakanin Isra'ila, Amurka, da Iran, Amurka ta kai hari da gangan kan masana'antar tace ruwan teku ta kasar Iran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=AFP |date=7 March 2026 |title=IRGC says it attacked US base in Bahrain, claims it was used to strike desalination plant in Iran |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/irgc-says-it-attacked-us-base-in-bahrain-claims-it-was-used-to-strike-desalination-plant-in-iran/ |access-date=8 March 2026 |work=The Times of Israel |language=en-US |issn=0040-7909}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu kasashen, har da Isra'ila, sun dogara ne da tace ruwan teku don samun isasshen ruwan sha.

=== Kogunan Tigris da Euphrates ===
A cikin tarihi an sami rikici mai yawa game da amfani da ruwa daga koguna kamar su Tigris da Euphrates, kuma daya daga cikin &quot;yakokin ruwa&quot; na farko da aka sani shi ne a shekara ta 2400 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (BCE) tsakanin tsoffin jihohin Sumerian na Umma da Lagash a kan ruwan noman rani.&lt;ref name=&quot;stormingmedia.us&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.stormingmedia.us/75/7593/A759324.html |title=The Euphrates Triangle: Security Implications of the Southeastern Anatolia Project |website=www.stormingmedia.us |access-date=March 11, 2023 |archive-date=June 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604152753/http://www.stormingmedia.us/75/7593/A759324.html |author1= Frederick M. Lorenz |author2=Edward J. Erickson}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shiri na Kudu maso Gabashin Anatolia na kasar Turkiyya (Southeastern Anatolia Project ko GAP) a kan Kogin Euphrates yana da yiwuwar haifar da mummunan sakamako ga samar da ruwa a Siriya da Iraki. A lokacin shekarun 1950, an fara gina madatsun ruwa da sauran ayyukan ruwa da yawa sakamakon damuwa game da rabon ruwa musamman ga kasashen da ke kasan kogin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Çarkoğlu |first1=Ali |last2=Eder |first2=Mine |date=2001 |title=Domestic Concerns and the Water Conflict over the Euphrates-Tigris River Basin |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4284138 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=41–71 |doi=10.1080/714004364 |jstor=4284138 |s2cid=144773147 |issn=0026-3206|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kwarin Mekong (Kasar Sin da sauran kasashen Asiya) ===
A kwarin Mekong, kasar Sin wadda ita ce kasa mafi can sama inda kogin ke fitowa, ta gina jerin madatsun ruwa a kan tushen Kogin Mekong, wanda hakan ya canza yawan kwararar ruwa da kuma lokutan kwarararsa ga kasashen da ke kasan kogin kamar Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia da Thailand.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=25 April 2020 |title=China's dams exacerbated extreme drought in lower Mekong: Study |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/chinas-dams-exacerbated-extreme-drought-mekong-study-200424231003795.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=22 April 2020 |title=Science Shows Chinese Dams Are Devastating the Mekong |work=Foreign Policy |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/22/science-shows-chinese-dams-devastating-mekong-river/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, kasar Sin ta gina madatsun ruwa guda 11 a kan Kogin Mekong, wanda ke kwarara daga kasar Sin ta cikin Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia da Vietnam zuwa Tekun Kudancin Sin. Masana suna fargabar cewa ikon kasar Sin na sarrafa kwararar Kogin Mekong yana ba ta damar yin amfani da hakan azaman kariya ko matsin lamba ga kasashen kasan kogin wadanda suka dogara da kyakkyawar niyyar kasar Sin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nikkei Asian Review&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Chellaney |first=Brahma |date=28 October 2019 |title=China is weaponizing water and worsening droughts in Asia |newspaper=Nikkei Asian Review |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Opinion/China-is-weaponizing-water-and-worsening-droughts-in-Asia}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2018, matakan ruwa a Kogin Mekong sun sauka zuwa mafi kankanta a cikin shekaru sama da 100, har ma a lokacin damina na shekara-shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Project Syndicate&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2 August 2019 |title=Damming the Mekong Basin to Environmental Hell |url=https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/china-dams-mekong-basin-exacerbate-drought-by-brahma-chellaney-2019-08 |publisher=Project Syndicate}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Madatsar ruwa ta Jinghong, wadda ya zuwa Janairu 2020 ita ce madatsar ruwa ta kasar Sin mafi kusa da iyakar kasar Thailand, ta haifar da babban canji da rashin daidaituwa a matakan kogin, wanda ke shafar hanyoyin rayuwar mutane a kasan kogin ta hanyar hargitsa tsarin dabi'ar kogin.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABC News&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Bainbridge |first=Amy |date=20 January 2020 |title=China's Mekong River dams are generating renewable energy, but are costing locals their livelihoods |newspaper=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-20/china-mekong-river-plan-creates-renewable-energy-but-costs-jobs/11872640}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rikicin Tekun Aral ===
Fadada aikin gona na noman rani fiye da kima a zamanin Tarayyar Soviet (musamman ga auduga) a Tsakiyar Asiya ya sanya Kogin Amu Darya, wanda Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan da Afghanistan ke rabawa, ya kusan bushewa baki daya, har ta kai ga ya daina isa ga Tekun Aral, wanda a yanzu girmansa da yawansa sun ragu sosai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Prokurat |first=Sergiusz |title=Drought and water shortages in Asia as a threat and economic problem |date=2015 |url=http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwmeta1.element.desklight-95d2a7ec-8c5f-474d-84ed-8b8baed8f8c0/c/235_PDFsam_Joms_3_26_2015.pdf |pages=235–250 |location=Józefów |publisher=&quot;Journal of Modern Science” 3/26/2015 |access-date=13 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Masar da Habasha ===
A shekarar 1979, Shugaban kasar Masar Anwar Sadat ya bayyana cewa idan kasar Masar za ta sake tsunduma cikin wani yaki a gaba, to tabbas zai kasance ne a kan ruwa. A wani bangaren daban kuma, a tsakanin huldar Masar da Habasha, Firayim Ministan Habasha Meles Zenawi ya ce: &quot;Ba na fargabar cewa Masarawa za su far wa Habasha ba zato tsammani. Babu wanda ya taba gwada hakan da ya rayu har ya ba da labarin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Malone |first=Barry |title=Next on Egypt's to-do: Ethiopia and the Nile |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/12/next-egypt-do-ethiopia-nile-201312872410501805.html |access-date=9 January 2018 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rikici tsakanin Masar da Habasha a kan madatsar ruwa ta Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam ya tsananta a shekarar 2020 saboda damuwar cewa madatsar ruwan ta Habasha a kan Kogin Blue Nile na iya rage kwararar ruwa zuwa kasar Masar, wadda ta dogara kacokan a kan ruwan Kogin Nilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Decian |date=9 February 2020 |title=For Thousands of Years, Egypt Controlled the Nile. A New Dam Threatens That |newspaper=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/09/world/africa/nile-river-dam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210015121/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/09/world/africa/nile-river-dam.html |archive-date=10 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Week&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=8 July 2020 |title=Are Egypt and Ethiopia heading for a water war? |work=The Week |url=https://www.theweek.co.uk/107468/are-egypt-and-ethiopia-heading-for-a-water-war}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nature&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=15 July 2020 |title=Row over Africa's largest dam in danger of escalating, warn scientists |work=Nature |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02124-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Ministan Habasha Abiy Ahmed ya yi gargadin cewa &quot;Babu wani karfi da zai iya hana Habasha gina madatsar ruwa. Idan akwai bukatar yin yaki, za mu iya sanya miliyoyin mutane cikin shirin ko-ta-kwana.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Week&quot;/&gt;

Masar tana kallon madatsar ruwan a matsayin barazana ga rayuwar kasarta. Kasashen biyu duka suna fuskantar barazanar karancin ruwa, yayin da ake hasashen bukatun ruwa za su karu saboda karuwar jama'a, karuwar birane da kuma neman ci gaban tattalin arziki. Ana kara rura wutar takaddama sakamakon mabanbantan akidu a kan hakkin ruwa; Masar tana da'awar hakki a kan ruwan Nilu bisa ga tsarin tarihi, yayin da Habasha kuma take da'awar hakki a kan ruwan bisa ga labarin kasa (geography),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-11-04 |title=Nile Basin Water Wars: The Never-Ending Struggle Between Egypt, Ethiopia, and Sudan |url=https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/nile-basin-water-wars-the-never-ending-struggle-between-egypt-ethiopia-and-sudan/ |access-date=2020-11-20 |website=Geopolitical Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; inda kashi 85% na ruwanta ke fitowa daga yankunan tuddai da ke cikin kasarta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |title=Water, Security and Conflict |last2=Iceland |first2=Charles |publisher=World Resources Institute |year=2018 |location=Washington, DC. USA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da Shiri na Kwarin Nilu (Nile Basin Initiative) yake samar da dandamali don tabbatar da dorewar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa ta hanyar hadin gwiwar kasashen da ke kusa da kogin,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Who we are {{!}} Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) |url=https://nilebasin.org/nbi/who-we-are |access-date=2020-11-20 |website=nilebasin.org |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Hadin Gwiwa (Cooperative Framework Agreement) kasashe 6 kacal ne suka amince da ita daga cikin kasashe 11 zuwa yanzu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CFA {{!}} Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) |url=https://nilebasin.org/nbi/cooperative-framework-agreement |access-date=2020-11-20 |website=nilebasin.org |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Sameura_dam_20050903.jpg|right|thumb|Sakamakon karancin ruwan sama da aka samu a lokacin bazara na 2005, madatsar ruwa ta Sameura ta yi kasa sosai. Madatsar tana samar da ruwa ne ga Takamatsu, Kagawa, Tsibirin Shikoku, kasar Japan.]]

=== Rikice-rikicen Ruwa tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan ===
A shekarar 1948, Indiya da Pakistan sun fuskanci takaddama a kan rabon hakkin ruwa na Kogin Indus da rassan kogunan da ke kwarara zuwa cikinsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sal,Upr&quot;&gt;{{citation |last1=Salman |first1=Salman M. A. |title=Conflict and Cooperation on South Asia's International Rivers: A Legal Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GEr4fyDbqgC&amp;pg=PA42 |pages=42–44 |year=2002 |publisher=World Bank Publications |isbn=978-0-8213-5352-3 |last2=Uprety |first2=Kishor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gilm&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Gilmartin |first=David |title=Blood and Water: The Indus River Basin in Modern History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfXLDwAAQBAJ |pages=210–211 |year=2020 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-35553-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; An cimma yarjejeniya bayan makonni biyar kuma takaddamar ta biyo bayan sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus a shekarar 1960.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sal,Upr&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gilm&quot; /&gt;

Gasa ga hanyoyin ruwa na ketare iyakoki kuma tana iya tsananta sakamakon karuwar takaddama tsakanin kasashen, kamar yadda lamarin yake tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan. Kasashen biyu sun dogara sosai a kan kwarin Kogin Indus don samar da ruwa, wanda ke karkashin ikon Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus da aka kafa a shekarar 1960. A watan Fabrairun 2019, Indiya ta yi barazanar yanke wa Pakistan ruwa, a matsayin martani ga fadan soja na Kashmir,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Dasgupta |first=Mehr Nadeem, Saad Sayeed, Neha |date=2019-08-19 |title=Pakistan, India spar over using water as a weapon in Kashmir dispute |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-pakistan-water-idUSKCN1V91B9 |access-date=2020-11-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; tana mai karkatar da ruwan zuwa yankuna kamar Jammu, Kashmir da Punjab a maimakon haka. Gina madatsun ruwa a saman kogin kuma zai janyo ambaliyar ruwa a kasan kogin idan aka saki ruwan da sauri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-08-19 |title=Pakistan accuses India of using water as weapon in Kashmir conflict |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/south-asia/article/3023486/pakistan-accuses-india-waging-fifth-generation-warfare-kashmir |access-date=2020-11-20 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tunda kasashen biyu suna raba albarkatun kwarin ruwa na Indus, Indiya da Pakistan sun yanke shawara kan wata shahararriyar yarjejeniya mai tasiri da ake kira Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus (IWT). Yarjejeniyar tana karkashin shiga tsakani na Bankin Duniya kuma tana tsara amfani da ruwa da kwararar koguna da yawa na kwarin ga kowace kasa. Yarjejeniyar ta tsira daga yakoki uku, amma ta fuskanci kalubalen matsalolin diflomasiyya na kasashen biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Qamar |first1=Muhammad Uzair |last2=Azmat |first2=Muhammad |last3=Claps |first3=Pierluigi |date=2019 |title=Pitfalls in transboundary Indus Water Treaty: a perspective to prevent unattended threats to the global security |journal=npj Clean Water |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |page=22 |doi=10.1038/s41545-019-0046-x |issn=2059-7037 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2019npjCW...2...22Q }}&lt;/ref&gt; Biye da babban takaddama a shekarar 2019, Firayim Ministan Indiya ya yi barazanar takaita kwararar ruwa zuwa Pakistan a yankin – matakin da Pakistan ta ce za ta dauka a matsayin wata alama ta yaki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Nadeen |first1=Mehr |last2=Sayeed |first2=Saad |last3=Dasgupta |first3=Neha |date=2019-08-19 |title=Pakistan, India spar over using water as a weapon in Kashmir dispute |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-pakistan-water-idUSKCN1V91B9 |access-date=2021-03-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rikice-rikicen ruwa na ketare iyakoki da tasirinsu ga muhalli ==
=== Kogunan Tigris da Euphrates ===

Tun daga shekarun 1960,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Turkey, Syria and Iraq: Conflict over the Euphrates-Tigris {{!}} Climate-Diplomacy |url=https://climate-diplomacy.org/case-studies/turkey-syria-and-iraq-conflict-over-euphrates-tigris |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=climate-diplomacy.org |date=January 1960 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; an sami rikici da ya shafi ruwa a Turkiyya, Siriya, da Iraki. Tsawon shekaru, kasar Turkiyya ta ci gaba da yanke shawarar kin bin yarjejeniyar 1987 wadda ta tabbatar da kwararar kusan mita cubic 500 na ruwa a kowane dakika zuwa kasa ta cikin kogunan Tigris da Euphrates domin samar da ruwa ga Lallukan Mesopotamiya (Mesopotamian Marshes) da kuma miliyoyin mutane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Turkey is reportedly depriving hundreds of thousands of people of water |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/north-africa-west-asia/turkey-reportedly-depriving-hundreds-thousands-people-water/ |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=openDemocracy |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Turkiyya ta yanke shawarar fara Shiri na Kudu maso Gabashin Anatolia ko GAP, wanda ya kunshi gina madatsun ruwa 20 wadanda za su iya daukar kusan biliyan 120 na mita cubic na ruwa tare da na'urorin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa guda sha tara, lamarin da ya bar miliyoyin mutane da namun daji da ke zaune a kasan kogin wadanda suka dogara da kogunan Tigris da Euphrates ba tare da ruwa ba.

=== Turkiyya da Tsarin GAP ===

Tsarin GAP na kogunan Tigris da Euphrates, wanda ya kunshi (hekta miliyan 1.7)&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Abdulrahman |first=May F. |date=2021-08-31 |title=Effect of Discharge on Water Quality in Euphrates River Between Hit and Ramadi, Iraq |journal=Iraqi Geological Journal |volume=54 |issue=2B |pages=101–111 |doi=10.46717/igj.54.2b.9ms-2021-08-29 |s2cid=239713983 |issn=2414-6064|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ya rura wutar lamarin sannan ya haifar da lalacewar muhalli da ba za a iya gyarawa ba a yanzu da kuma nan gaba, ba wai kawai ga kasashen da ke kewaye da ita ba har ma ga Turkiyya kanta. Shirin na GAP ya rage ruwa da kashi 50% daga kogunan Tigris da Euphrates zuwa kasashen kasan kogin da ke kewaye, wato Siriya da Iraki. Karancin ruwa a kasan kogin ya sa Kurds da yawa sun rasa matsugunansu, ya kuma kara gishiri a cikin Kogin Euphrates har ya kai 1000 PPM, sannan ya hana Iraki komawa ga samun wadatacciyar kasa mai albarka da ake amfani da ita don aikin gona. Bugu da kari, karancin ruwa a kasan kogin yana hana magudanar ruwa ta dabi'a, gami da gishiri da gurbataccen iska wadanda kogunan ke wankewa ta dabi'a, wanda hakan ke shafar lafiyar miliyoyin mutane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Mesopotamian_Marshes_2000-2009.gif|thumb|Canjin matakan ruwa na shekara-shekara na Lallukan Mesopotamiya a farkon watan Fabrairu.]]

=== Tasiri a kan Lallukan Mesopotamiya ===

Lallukan Mesopotamiya, wadanda kuma aka sani da Lallukan Iraki, sun fuskanci raguwa sosai lokacin yakin 1980-1988 da kasar Iran lokacin da Saddam Hussein, shugaba na biyar na kasar Iraki, ya zargi mazauna yankin na Larabawa da haitanci, saboda haka ya yi amfani da ruwa a matsayin makami domin korarsu daga Lallukan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2016-07-17 |title=Iraq's marshes, once drained by Saddam, named world heritage site |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-heritage-iraq-idUSKCN0ZX0SN |access-date=2022-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Domin fitar da dubban mutane daga yankin, gwamnatin Iraki ta tace kashi 10%, wanda ya taba rufe murabba'in kilomita 9,000 (murabba'in miliyan 3,500) zuwa kilomita murabba'i 760 kacal, kuma a shekarar 2005 ta samu kashi 40 kacal na ainihin girmanta na farko.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt; Kogin Na Uku (The Third River) aikin gini ne mai tsayin kilomita 172 wanda aka fara a shekarar 1992. Ya kunshi karamin kogi na daban wajen kwashe ruwan da ke kwarara daga Kogin Tigris da kuma tura shi ta cikin lallukan da kuma Kogin Euphrates kusa da Al-Qurna. Aikin ya tilasta wa rabin miliyan na mutanen yankin lalluka hijira, ya kone garuruwan da ke kewaye, sannan ya gurbata gonaki da ruwan da ke kewaye, wanda hakan ya sa kasar ta gaza zama gida ga dubban nau'ikan halittu da rayuwar dan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;
=== Madatsun Ruwa na Mosul da Haditha ===
[[File:Mosul_Dam_Lake_2019.jpg|thumb|Matakan ruwa a wani babban tafki da ke saman Madatsar Ruwa ta Mosul.]]
Rikici a kogunan Tigris da Euphrates ya janyo raguwar madatsun ruwa cikin sauri. A shekarun 1985 da 1986, an gina manyan madatsun ruwa guda biyu, Mosul da Haditha, wadanda ke kan kogunan Tigris da Euphrates, domin samar da wutar lantarki da kuma kwararar ruwa zuwa kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hasan |first1=Mejs |last2=Moody |first2=Aaron |last3=Benninger |first3=Larry |last4=Hedlund |first4=Heloise  |date=March 2019 |title=How war, drought, and dam management impact water supply in the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2068657730 |language=English |pages=264–279 |doi=10.1007/s13280-018-1073-4 |journal=Ambio |volume=48 |issue=3 |pmid=30003512 |pmc=6374223 |bibcode=2019Ambio..48..264H |id={{ProQuest|2068657730}} }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin Yakin Gulf na farko, a shekarun 1990 da 1991,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Persian Gulf War {{!}} Summary, Dates, Combatants, Casualties, Syndrome, Map, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Persian-Gulf-War |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; kilomita murabba'i 3.3 na fadin fili ya rika bacewa a kowace rana a madatsar ruwa ta Mosul, inda ta sauka daga 372 zuwa kilomita 346. A ranakun 25 ga Janairu da 10 ga Fabrairu, 1991, madatsar ta ci gaba da rasa kusan kilomita murabba'i 3.4 a kowace rana na fadin tafkin, wanda hakan ya kai ga fadin karshe na kilomita murabba'i 215 da kuma girman ruwa na 3.3 km3.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; Wannan shi ne daidai lokacin a watan Fabrairun 1991 lokacin da wasu jiragen ruwan yaki na Birtaniya suka harba bama-bamai da yawa suka bugi gadoji a kudanci da yammacin Iraki, inda suka kashe mutane sama da 100 a kowane hari &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=The airstrike in Mosul was potentially one of the worst U.S.-led civilian bombings in 25 years |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2017/03/28/the-airstrike-in-mosul-was-potentially-one-of-the-worst-u-s-led-civilian-bombings-in-25-years/ |access-date=2022-06-23 |issn=0190-8286}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da shafar matakan ruwa. A daidai wannan lokacin, tsakanin 17 ga Janairu da 10 ga Fabrairu, 1991, madatsar ruwa ta Haditha, wadda ita ma take a Iraki, ta rasa matsakaicin kilomita murabba'i 2.5 na fadin tafkin a kowace rana, kuma a cikin mako uku, ta rasa jimillar kashi 21%. A watan Agustan 2014, kungiyar 'yan tawaye ta ISIS ta mamaye Madatsar Ruwa ta Mosul, lamarin da majiyoyin Kurds ke fargabar za a iya amfani da shi wajen nutsar da kasashen kasan kogin da ambaliya, wanda zai janyo mutuwar dubban mutane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2014-08-17 |title=Kurdish forces 'break IS hold on Mosul dam' |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28826349 |access-date=2022-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amurka ta tura hare-haren sama sama da 130 domin taimakawa wajen kwato madatsar ruwan daga hannun ISIS a arewacin Iraki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2014-09-07 |title=US strikes Islamic State militants at Iraq's Haditha dam |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29098791 |access-date=2022-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kasar Amurka kuma ta tura hare-haren sama inda suka rurrushe yankunan da ke kewaye da madatsar ruwa ta Haditha domin hana ISIS kwace wata madatsar ruwa mai muhimmanci da ke zama tushen ruwa ga miliyoyin mutane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=US launches airstrikes around Iraq's Haditha Dam |url=https://popularmilitary.com/us-launches-airstrikes-around-iraqs-haditha-dam/#:~:text=US%20launches%20airstrikes%20around%20Iraq%E2%80%99s%20Haditha%20Dam%20September,prevent%20the%20group%20from%20capturing%20the%20vital%20dam |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=popularmilitary.com| date=8 September 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rikici a kan albarkatun yankin ya sanya duka madatsun ruwa na Mosul da Haditha yin asarar fadin fili a kan karkashin kashi 2.0 na kilomita murabba'i a rana daya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;

== Wasu fitattun rikice-rikice ==
* Misali mafi farko da aka sani na ainihin rikici tsakanin kasashe mabanbanta a kan ruwa ya faru ne tsakanin shekarar 2500 zuwa 2350 BC tsakanin jihohin Sumerian na Lagash da Umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Rasler |first1=Karen A. |last2=Thompson |first2=W. R. |year=2006 |title=Contested Territory, Strategic Rivalries, and Conflict Escalation |journal=International Studies Quarterly |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=145–168 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2478.2006.00396.x|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* A matakin gida, wani babban misali mai ban mamaki shi ne zanga-zangar Cochabamba ta shekarar 2000 a kasar Bolivia, wadda aka nuna a cikin fim din Sipaniya na shekarar 2010 mai suna Even the Rain na Icíar Bollaín.
* Biye da mamaye yankin Crimea da kasar Rasha ta yi, kasar Ukraine ta toshe Hanyar Ruwa ta Arewa maso gabashin Crimea (North Crimean Canal), wanda ke samar da kashi 85% na ruwan sha na Crimea.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=29 March 2020 |title=Pray For Rain: Crimea's Dry-Up A Headache For Moscow, Dilemma For Kyiv |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/pray-for-rain-crimea-s-dry-up-a-headache-for-moscow-dilemma-for-kyiv/30515986.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vasily Stashuk, babban jami'in kula da ayyukan noman rani na Ukraine a wancan lokacin, ya ce matakin zai haifar da &quot;matsalolin jin kai mai tsanani&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=4 January 2017 |title=Dam leaves Crimea population in chronic water shortage |work=Al-Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/1/4/dam-leaves-crimea-population-in-chronic-water-shortage}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A karshen watan Afrilun 2021, wani rikici a kan ruwa ya ruru har ya kai ga kazamin fadan kan iyaka tsakanin Kyrgyzstan da Tajikistan tun bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1991.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=29 April 2021 |title=Kyrgyz, Tajik security forces clash at border in water dispute |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/kyrgyzstan-tajikistan-border-clashes-idUSL8N2MM5JM}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Yakin Ruwa (Kogin Jordan) - takaddama tsakanin Isra'ila da Kungiyar Kasashen Larabawa (Arab League) a karshen shekarun 1960 a kan samar da ruwa daga kwarin kogin Jordan.
* Yakokin Ruwa na California - jerin rikice-rikice ne tsakanin birnin Los Angeles, manoma da makiyaya a kwarin Owens da ke Gabashin California, da kuma masu fafutukar kare muhalli.
* Yakokin ruwa a Florida - matsalolin karancin ruwa a Florida.
* Takaddamar ruwa tsakanin Tennessee da Georgia - takaddamar yankuna da ke ci gaba da faruwa.
* Takaddamar ruwa ta jihohi uku - rikici ne na amfanin ruwa tsakanin jihohin Georgia, Alabama, da Florida a kan kwarin kogin Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint da kwarin kogin Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa.
* Takaddamar ruwan Kogin Kaveri - Rikicin Ruwa tsakanin jihohin Indiya na Karnataka da Tamil Nadu a kan kogin Kaveri wanda ke kwararawa ta cikin Karnataka da Tamil Nadu.
* Hirmand tsakanin mutanen Iran da mutanen Afghanistan (Fadan Afghanistan da Iran na 2023)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202305208790 | title=Iran's Water Dispute Continues with Taliban as They Ridicule Raisi | date=25 January 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Manoman Isfahan&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.voanews.com/a/iran-water-shortage-protests-third-day/4345262.html | title=Angered by Water Shortages, Iranians March for 3rd Day | date=12 April 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike ==
Wasu bincike daga Cibiyar Gudanar da Ruwa ta Duniya (International Water Management Institute) da Jami'ar Jihar Oregon sun gano cewa rikice-rikicen ruwa tsakanin kasashe ba su cika faruwa ba idan aka kwatanta da hadin gwiwa, ganin cewa akwai daruruwan yarjejeniyoyi da tsare-tsare da aka kafa. Rikice-rikicen ruwa galibi suna tasowa ne a matsayin sakamakon sauran matsalolin zamantakewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Success_Stories/index.aspx|title=''Promoting cooperation through management of trans-boundary water resources'', Success Stories, Issue 8, 2010|publisher=IWMI|access-date=9 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>qa1unjjyoe5fp1d15xabvnldeuwwiij</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>855566</id>
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[[File:Vallee_fertile_du_Nil_a_Louxor.jpg|thumb|Matakin da kasar Habasha ta dauka na cike madatsar ruwa ta Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) zai iya rage kwararar ruwan fari na Kogin Nilu da kusan kashi 25% tare da lalata gonakin kasar Masar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=27 February 2018 |title=In Africa, War Over Water Looms As Ethiopia Nears Completion Of Nile River Dam |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/02/27/589240174/in-africa-war-over-water-looms-as-ethiopia-nears-completion-of-nile-river-dam?t=1595668819363}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Rikicin ruwa''' yawanci yana nufin tasiri ko takaddama da ke da alaka da samun dama, ko iko da albarkatun ruwa, ko amfani da ruwa ko tsarin samar da ruwa a matsayin makami ko kuma zama abin cutarwa a lokacin tasiri. Kalmar ''yakin ruwa'' ana amfani da ita a kafafen yada labarai don wasu takaddama a kan ruwa, kuma mafi yawanci ta takaitu ne wajen bayyana rikici tsakanin kasashe, jahohi, ko kungiyoyi a kan hakkin samun damar yin amfani da albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allianz&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Tulloch |first=James |date=August 26, 2009 |title=Water Conflicts: Fight or Flight? |url=http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/climate_change/natural_disasters/water_conflicts.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080829171957/http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/climate_change/natural_disasters/water_conflicts.html |archive-date=2008-08-29 |access-date=14 January 2010 |publisher=Allianz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WWilson&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Kameri-Mbote |first=Patricia |date=January 2007 |title=Water, Conflict, and Cooperation: Lessons from the nile river Basin |url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue4.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Navigating Peace |publisher=Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars |issue=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706033750/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue4.pdf |archive-date=2010-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince cewa takaddamar ruwa tana tasowa ne daga sabanin bukatu na masu amfani da ruwa, na gwamnati ko na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/ United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008]&lt;/ref&gt; Kyakkyawan tsari na rikice-rikicen ruwa ya bayyana a cikin tarihi, kodayake da kyar ake fafata yakokin gargajiya a kan ruwa kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Peter Gleick, 1993. [http://www2.pacinst.org/reports/international_security_gleick_1993.pdf &quot;Water and conflict.&quot;] ''International Security'' Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 79-112 (Summer 1993).&lt;/ref&gt; A maimakon haka, ruwa ya dade yana zama sanadin takaddama kuma daya daga cikin dalilan rikici. Rikicin ruwa yana tasowa ne saboda dalilai da dama, da suka hada da takaddamar iyakokin kasa, fafutukar neman albarkatu, da kuma moriyar dabarun yaki.&lt;ref&gt;Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research (Department of Political Science, University of Heidelberg); Conflict Barometer 2007:Crises – Wars – Coups d'État – Nagotiations – Mediations – Peace Settlements, 16th annual conflict analysis, 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

Rikicin ruwa na iya faruwa a matakin cikin gida (na kasa daya) da kuma matakin tsakanin kasashe daban-daban. Rikici tsakanin kasashe yana faruwa ne tsakanin kasashe biyu ko fiye da ke raba tushen ruwa guda daya da ya ratsa iyakokinsu, kamar kogi, teku, ko tafkin ruwan karkashin kasa. Misali, yankin Gabas Ta Tsakiya yana da kashi 1% kacal na ruwan fari na duniya wanda kashi 5% na al'ummar duniya ke rabawa, kuma galibin koramu da koguna suna ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Sutherland |first=Ben |date=March 18, 2003 |title=Water shortages 'foster terrorism' |publisher=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2859937.stm |access-date=14 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rikicin cikin gida kuma yana faruwa ne tsakanin bangarori biyu ko fiye a cikin kasa daya, kamar rikici tsakanin manoma da masu amfani da ruwa na cikin birni.

Mafi yawan rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa suna faruwa ne a kan ruwan fari saboda wadannan albarkatu suna da mahimmanci ga bukatun dan adam na yau da kullum, amma galibi suna iya yin karanci ko gurbata ko kuma rashin daidaiton rabo tsakanin masu amfani da su. Karancin ruwa yana kara rura wutar takaddamar ruwa saboda gasar neman ruwan sha, noman rani, samar da wutar lantarki da sauran bukatu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=671&amp;section=14 |title=Patp &gt; &gt; &gt; |access-date=2010-04-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010731141012/http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=671&amp;section=14 |archive-date=2001-07-31 }} Freshwater: lifeblood of the planet, accessed November 21, 2008&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake ruwan fari muhimmin albarkatun kasa ne, amma kuma rarrabuwarsa ba daidai ba ce a doron kasa, samuwarsa galibi tana tasiri ga yanayin rayuwa da tattalin arzikin kasa ko yanki. Rashin wadatar zabukan samar da ruwa masu rahusa a wurare kamar Gabas ta Tsakiya,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858e09.htm Murakami, Masahiro. 1995.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117045902/http://unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858E09.htm |date=2011-01-17 }} ''Managing Water for Peace in the Middle East: Alternative Strategies, ''New York: United Nations University Press. Accessed online November 16, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar karancin ruwa na iya sanya matsin lamba ga duk masu amfani da ruwa, ko na kamfanoni, gwamnati, ko daidaikun mutane, wanda ke kaiwa ga takaddama, kuma watakila ma a goga mashi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/] United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;
Akwai adadin rikice-rikicen ruwa da ke kara karuwa wadanda ba a warware su ba, musamman a matakin kananan hukumomi ko jihohi, kuma wadannan za su kara zama hadari yayin da ruwa ke kara karanci, canjin yanayi na canza yanayin samar da ruwa na gida, kuma al'ummar duniya ke karuwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/457] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124031150/http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/457 |date=2016-11-24 }} Brooks, Nina. &quot;Impending Water Crisis in China,&quot; Arlington Institute. Accessed November 28, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pacific Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |date=17 March 2022 |title=Water Conflicts Continue to Worsen Worldwide |url=https://pacinst.org/water-conflicts-continue-to-worsen-worldwide/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |website=Pacific Institute }}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban nau'ikan takaddamar ruwa yana sa da wuya a magance su, amma akwai dabarun rage kasadar irin wadannan takaddamar da yawa. Dokoki da yarjejeniyoyin gida da na kasa da kasa na iya taimakawa wajen inganta rabon koguna na kasa da kasa da madatsun ruwa na karkashin kasa. Ingantattun fasahohi da cibiyoyi na iya inganta wadatar ruwa da rabon ruwa a yankunan da ke fama da karancin ruwa.


== Dalilai ==

Karancin ruwa ya fi haifar da rikici a matakin gida da na shiyyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wolf |first1=Aaron T |year=2001 |title=Water and Human Security |journal=Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education |volume=118 |page=29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa wani muhimmin abu ne ga rayuwar dan adam, kuma ayyukan dan adam suna da alaka ta kusa da wadatar ruwa da ingancinsa.&lt;ref&gt;ICWE (1992). International Conference on Water and the Environment--Development Issues for the 21st Century, 26–31 January 1992, Dublin, Ireland : [http://www.ircwash.org/resources/international-conference-water-and-environment-development-issues-21st-century-26-31-0 the Dublin statement and report of the conference], Geneva, Switzerland, ICWE Secretariat, World Meteorological Organization&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa rukunin albarkatu ne mai iyaka. Rikicin ruwa yana faruwa ne saboda bukatar albarkatun ruwa da ruwan sha na iya wuce wadatar da ake da ita, ko kuma saboda ana iya takaddama a kan ikon samun dama da raba ruwa, ko kuma saboda cibiyoyin kula da ruwa ba su da karfi ko kuma babu su kwata-kwata. Abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar karancin ruwa na iya sanya matsin lamba ga bangarorin da abin ya shafa don samun Karin albarkatun ruwa da ake rabawa, wanda ke haifar da takaddamar diflomasiyya ko ma rikici na gaba-da-gaba.

Takaddama da rikice-rikice a kan ruwa yanzu suna faruwa akai-akai a matakin cikin gida, maimakon matakin kasashen duniya. Tasiri tsakanin makiyaya da manoma a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na kara karuwa. Hare-hare a kan tsarin samar da ruwa na farar hula yayin yakokin da suka fara saboda wasu dalilai daban sun karu, kamar a kasashen Yemen, Siriya, Iraki, kuma kwanan nan a kasar Yukren.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |date=2019 |title=Water as a weapon and casualty of armed conflict: A review of recent water-related violence in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen |url=https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wat2.1351 |journal=WIREs Water |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1–15 |article-number=e1351 |doi=10.1002/wat2.1351 |bibcode=2019WIRWa...6E1351G |s2cid=195514316|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |last2=Vyshnevskyi |first2=Viktor |last3=Shevchuk |first3=Serhii |date=2023 |title=Rivers and Water Systems as Weapons and Casualties of the Russia-Ukraine War. |journal=Earth's Future |volume=11 |issue=10|article-number=e2023EF003910 |doi=10.1029/2023EF003910 |bibcode=2023EaFut..1103910G |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Karancin ruwa kuma na iya rura wutar rikice-rikice da takaddamar siyasa wadanda ba ruwa ne ya janyo su kai tsaye ba. Raguwa a hankali cikin lokaci a inganci da/ko yawan ruwan fari na iya kara rashin kwanciyar hankali a yanki ta hanyar gurgunta lafiyar al'umma, hana ci gaban tattalin arziki, da kuma rura wutar manyan rikice-rikice.&lt;ref name=&quot;Postel&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Postel |first1=S. L. |last2=Wolf |first2=A. T. |year=2001 |title=Dehydrating Conflict |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/11/18/dehydrating-conflict/ |journal=Foreign Policy |volume=126 |issue=126 |pages=60–67 |doi=10.2307/3183260 |jstor=3183260|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Canjin yanayi da karuwar al'ummar duniya su ma suna haduwa wajen sanya sabbin matsin lamba ga albarkatun ruwa masu iyaka tare da kara hadarin rikicin ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=October 12, 2019|title=The Coming Wars for Water|url=https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/|website=Report Syndication}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hasashe ==
A cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata, 'yan siyasa, masana kimiyya da 'yan jarida sun sha nuna damuwa cewa takaddamar ruwa za ta zama sanadin yakoki na gaba. Kalaman da aka fi ambata sun hada da: na tsohon Ministan Harakokin Wajen kasar Masar kuma tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Boutros Boutros-Ghali, wanda ya yi hasashen cewa, &quot;Yaki na gaba a Gabas ta Tsakiya za a fafata shi ne a kan ruwa, ba siyasa ba&quot;; magajinsa a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Kofi Annan, wanda a shekarar 2001 ya ce, &quot;Gasa mai tsanani ta neman ruwan fari na iya zama sanadin rikici da yakoki a gaba,&quot; da kuma tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Bankin Duniya, Ismail Serageldin, wanda ya ce yakokin karni na gaba za su kasance ne a kan ruwa sai dai idan an sami gagarumin canji a fannin gudanarwa. Haka kuma, &quot;yanzu ana yawan cewa yakoki na gaba a Gabas ta Tsakiya sun fi karkata ga fafatawa a kan ruwa fiye da a kan mai,&quot; in ji Lester R. Brown a wani taron dandalin ruwa na Stockholm da aka yi a baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=EPI Releases - How Water Scarcity Will Shape the New Century - EPI |url=http://www.earth-policy.org/press_room/C68/stockholm_transcript |access-date=9 January 2018 |website=www.earth-policy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasashen yakokin ruwa yana da tushe ne a cikin binciken farko da aka gudanar a kan kalilan din koguna na kasa da kasa kamar Kogin Indus, Kogin Jordan da Kogin Nilu. Wadannan takamaiman koguna sun zama abin mayar da hankali ne saboda sun fuskanci takaddamar da ta shafi ruwa. Takamaiman abubuwan da aka ambata a matsayin shaida sun hada da hararin da Isra'ila ta kai wa Siriya lokacin da take kokarin karkatar da madubin Kogin Jordan, da kuma barazanar soja da Masar ta yi wa kowace kasa da ke gina madatsun ruwa a saman kogin Nilu.

Wani abun da ke kara hadarin rikicin ruwa shi ne karuwar gasar neman ruwa a yankunan da ke fama da karancin ruwa, inda bukatu na samar da ruwa don amfanin dan adam, samar da abinci, muhallin halittu da sauran amfani ke gaba-da-gaba da wadatar ruwan da ake da ita. Mummunan al'amuran ruwa kamar ambaliyar ruwa da fari su ma suna kara tsananta hadarin rikicin ruwa. Yayin da yawan jama'a da ci gaban tattalin arziki ke karuwa, bukatun ruwa ma na iya karuwa, wanda ke kara rura wutar rashin jituwa game da rabo da iko da ruwa mai iyaka a wasu yankuna ko kasashe, musamman lokacin fari, ko kuma a madatsun ruwa na kasashen duniya da ake rabawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pacific Institute&quot;/&gt;

Albarkatun ruwa da suka ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya sun fi karkata wajen zama sanadin hadin gwiwa da abokin aiki fiye da yaki. Masana kimiyya da ke aiki a International Water Management Institute sun kasance suna bincikar shaidun da ke bayan hasashen yakin ruwa. Sakamakon bincikensu ya nuna cewa, ko da yake gaskiya ne an sami rikici mai alaka da ruwa a wasu kalilan din madatsun ruwa na kasashen duniya, a sauran kusan madatsun ruwa 300 da ake rabawa a duniya, tarihin ya kasance mai kyau mafi yawancinsa. Wannan ya nuna a fili ta hanyar daruruwan yarjejeniyoyin da ke akwai wadanda ke jagorantar amfani da ruwa cikin adalci tsakanin kasashen da ke raba albarkatun ruwa. Cibiyoyin da wadannan yarjejeniyoyin suka kafa za su iya zama muhimman abubuwa wajen tabbatar da hadin gwiwa maimakon rikici.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110812233521/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org:80/Publications/Success_Stories/PDF/2010/Issue%208%20-%20Promoting_cooperation_through_effective_management_of_shared_water_resources.pdf ''Promoting cooperation through management of transboundary water resources''], Success Stories, Issue 8, 2010, IWMI&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanai da Ma'anoni ==
Wani rumbun bayanai na intanet mai fadi da kuma budaddiya na rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa — wato Water Conflict Chronology — an samar da shi ta Pacific Institute.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Conflict Chronology |url=http://worldwater.org/water-conflict/ |access-date=November 29, 2023 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan rumbun bayanai ya lissafa tasiri a kan ruwa tun kimanin shekaru 4,500 da suka gabata kuma ya hada da misalai fiye da 1900 na tasiri a kan albarkatun ruwa tare da bayanai kan kwanan wata, wuri, nau'in rikici da cikakkun majiyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |last2=Shimabuku|first2=Morgan|date=2023 |title=Water-related conflicts: definitions, data, and trends from the water conflict chronology|journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=18 |issue=3|page=034022 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/acbb8f |bibcode=2023ERL....18c4022G |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fact Sheet: Water Conflict Chronology Update |url=https://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Water-Conflict-Chronology_Fact-Sheet.pdf |access-date=June 18, 2025 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Karkashin tsarin Water Conflict Chronology, an raba rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa kamar haka:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Water Conflict Chronology |url=http://worldwater.org/water-conflict/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

*Tushen Rikici (Trigger): Ruwa a matsayin abun da ke rura wuta ko tushen rikici, inda ake samun takaddama a kan ikon sarrafa ruwa ko tsarin ruwa ko kuma inda samun damar tattalin arziki ko ta jiki ga ruwa, ko karancin ruwa, ke haifar da tasiri.
*Makami (Weapon): Ruwa a matsayin makamin rikici, inda ake amfani da albarkatun ruwa, ko tsarin ruwa da kansu, a matsayin kayan aiki ko makami a cikin rikici na tasiri.
*Abin cutarwa (Casualty): Albarkatun ruwa ko tsarin ruwa a matsayin abin cutarwa na rikici, inda albarkatun ruwa, ko tsarin ruwa, suka kasance abubuwan da aka nufa da gangan ko kuma cikin hadari don lalata su ko yi musu barna.
== Siyasa da Tattalin Arziki ==

Amfanin ruwa a matsayin albarkatun kasuwanci, wanda ya hada da kamun kifi, aikin gona, masana'antu, nishaɗi da yawon bude ido, da sauran dama, na iya haifar da takaddama ko da lokacin da samun ruwan sha ba lallai ba ne ya zama matsala. A matsayin albarkatu, wasu suna daukar ruwa a matsayin mai daraja kamar mai, wanda kusan kowace masana'antu ke bukata, kuma ana bukatarsa kusan kowace rana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080518071950/http://www.forbes.com/2008/05/13/water-electricity-industry-biz-energy-cx_bp_0514water_print.html] Pentland, William. &quot;The Water-Industrial Complex,&quot; Forbes, May 14, 2008. Accessed November 21, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Karancin ruwa na iya gurgunta masana'antu baki daya kamar yadda zai iya gurgunta al'umma, kuma yana shafar kasashen da suka ci gaba kamar yadda yake shafar kasashen da ba su da ingantaccen tsarin samar da ruwa. Masana'antu da suka dogara da ruwa sun fi fitowa fili a cikin takaddamar ruwa, amma kasuwanci a kowane mataki na iya fuskantar illa saboda rashin ruwa.

=== Kamun Kifi ===
A tarihi, sassan kamun kifi sun kasance manyan wuraren tambaya, yayin da kasashe suka fadada tare da da'awar sassan teku a matsayin yankinsu na kasuwancin kamun kifi na gida. Wasu yankuna masu riba mai yawa, kamar Tekun Bering, suna da tarihin takaddama; a shekarar 1886 Daular Biritaniya da Amurka sun yi tahaliki a kan sassan kamun kifi na kadojin teku (seals),&lt;ref&gt;The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2007, Columbia University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a yau kasar Rasha ta kewaye wani sashe na ruwan kasa da kasa da aka sani da Bering Sea Donut Hole. An warware rikici game da hanyoyin kamun kifi da samun dama ga ramin a shekarar 1995 ta hanyar wata yarjejeniya da ake kira Donut Hole Agreement.&lt;ref&gt;Dunlap, William W. The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, Volume 10, Number 1, 1995, pp. 114-135(22)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gurbacewa ===
Bukatar kamfanoni galibi tana giciye da bukatun kasuwanci masu adawa da juna, da kuma damuwar muhalli, wanda ke kaiwa ga wani nau'in takaddama. A shekarun 1960, Tafkin Erie, da kuma sauran Manyan Tafkuna (Great Lakes) sun gurbata har ta kai ga mace-macen kifi masu yawa. Al'ummomin gida sun sha wahala sosai daga mummunan ingancin ruwa har sai da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta zartar da Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa (Clean Water Act) a shekarar 1972.&lt;ref&gt;33 U.S.C. § 1251 et seq.&lt;/ref&gt;

Gurbacewar ruwa tana haifar da babban hadari ga lafiya, musamman a yankunan da ke da masana'antu da yawa da kuma yawan jama'a kamar kasar Sin. Don mayar da martani ga mummunan yanayi inda birane baki daya ba su da ruwan sha mai aminci, kasar Sin ta zartar da ingantacciyar Dokar Kare da Sarrafa Gurbacewar Ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-02/29/content_6494712.htm] China Daily, Updated February 29, 2008. Accessed November 21, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Yiwuwar ruwan da ya gurbata ya tsallaka iyakokin kasashen duniya, da kuma gurbacewar ruwa da ba a amince da ita ba a cikin kasa matsi, yana kawo tambayoyi game da hakkin dan adam, wanda ke ba da damar shigar kasashen duniya cikin batun gurbacewar ruwa. Babu wani tsari guda daya na magance takaddamar gurbacewa ta cikin gida a kasa.

== Mayar da Martani ==

=== Hadin Gwiwa ===
Ana iya tsara cibiyoyin da ke kula da iyakokin kasashen duniya don inganta hadin gwiwa, shawo kan takaddama na farko, da kuma nemo hanyoyin jurewa rashin tabbas da canjin yanayi ke haifarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2008-016.pdf |title=Share: managing Water across Boundaries |publisher=IUCN |year=2008 |isbn=978-2-8317-1029-7 |editor=Sadoff, C. |display-editors=etal |archive-date=2012-10-24 |access-date=2011-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024164900/http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2008-016.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma za a iya sanya idanu kan ingancin irin wadannan cibiyoyin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Hukumar Kogin Indus (Permanent Indus Commission) da Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus ta shekarar 1960 sun tsira daga yakoki biyu tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan duk da gaba da ke tsakanin kasashen biyu, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da zama tsari mai nasara wajen warware rikice-rikice ta hanyar samar da kyakkyawan tsarin tattaunawa, bincike, da musayar bayanai. A yanzu ne kawai aka dakatar da yarjejeniyar. Hukumar Mekong (Mekong Committee) ta yi aiki tun daga shekarar 1957 kuma ta dore har bayan Yakin Vietnam na shekarun 1955-1975. Akasin haka, rashin kwanciyar hankali na shiyya yana faruwa ne lokacin da kasashe ba su da cibiyoyin hadin gwiwa a fannin huldar shiyya, kamar tsarin kasar Masar na gina babban madatsar ruwa a kan Kogin Nilu. Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, babu wata cibiya ta duniya da ke kula da tafiyar da albarkatun ruwa da ke ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya, kuma hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa ya faru ne ta hanyar hadaka ta musamman tsakanin hukumomi, kamar Hukumar Mekong wacce ta fito sakamakon kawance tsakanin UNICEF da Hukumar Gyaran Kasa ta Amurka (US Bureau of Reclamation). Samar da cibiyoyi masu karfi na kasa da kasa ya bayyana{{original research inline|date=September 2019}} a matsayin hanyar ci gaba a gaba – suna karfafa shiga tsakani da gudanarwa da wuri,{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} tare da kauce wa hanyoyin warware takaddama masu tsada.

Yarjejeniyar ruwa-don-wutar-lantarki ta Project Prosperity tsakanin Isra'ila da Jordan,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/business/cop/israel-jordan-move-forward-with-water-for-energy-deal-2022-11-08/ | title=Israel and Jordan move forward with water-for-energy deal | newspaper=Reuters | date=8 November 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/12/16/water-for-energy-is-better-than-land-for-peace/ | title=Water-for-Energy is Better Than Land-for-Peace | date=16 December 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da hadin gwiwar Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (UAE), za ta kawo wutar lantarki da aka samar ta hanyar hasken rana daga Jordan zuwa Isra'ila, sannan Isra'ila za ta samar da ruwan teku da aka tacewa (wanda aka cire wa gishiri) ga kasar Jordan. Kasar UAE za ta taimaka wajen girka tsarin wutar lantarki na hasken rana a kasar Jordan.

Wani abu guda daya da ya saba faruwa a kusan duk takaddamar da aka warware shi ne cewa tattaunawar ta dogara ne akan tsarin &quot;dogaro da bukata&quot; maimakon tsarin &quot;dogaro da hakki&quot;. Gonakin da za a iya yin noman rani a kansu, yawan jama'a, da dabarun ayyuka ne ke bayyana &quot;bukatu&quot;. Nasarar tsarin dogaro da bukata tana bayyana ne a cikin yarjejeniyar ruwa guda daya tilo da aka taba cimma a kwarin Kogin Jordan, wacce ta mayar da hankali kan bukatu ba wai kan hakkin kasashen da ke kusa da kogin ba. A yankin kasan Indiya, bukatun noman rani na kasar Bangladesh ne ke nuna rabon ruwa na Kogin Ganges.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Tsarin shiyya na dogaro da bukata yana mayar da hankali ne wajen gamsar da daidaikun mutane da bukatarsu ta ruwa, tare da tabbatar da cewa an biya mafi karancin bukatun adadi. Wannan yana kauce wa rikicin da ke tasowa lokacin da kasashe ke kallon yarjejeniyar ta mahimman moriyar kasa kadai, kuma yana motsawa daga tsarin babu-riba-babu-rashi zuwa ga tsarin hadaka mai amfani ga kowa wanda ke raba ruwa da alfanunsa cikin adalci.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Wannan yana nufin cewa duka adalci da ingancin tsarin amfani da ruwa sun zama masu mahimmanci, musamman a lokacin karancin ruwa. Ya kamata hadakar wadannan abubuwa guda biyu na ingantaccen aiki ta faru ne a cikin tsarin dorewa wanda ke sa ci gaba da hadin gwiwa tsakanin duk masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin yanayin koyo ya zama abin bukata kwarai da gaske.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Haie|first=Naim|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bfm%3A978-981-15-6284-6%2F1.pdf|title=Transparent Water Management Theory: Sefficiency in Sequity|publisher=Springer|year=2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dorewar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ===
Tsarin Blue Peace wanda Strategic Foresight Group ta samar tare da hadin gwiwar gwamnatocin kasashen Switzerland da Sweden yana ba da tsarin manufofi na musamman wanda ke inganta dorewar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa tare da hadin gwiwa don samar da zaman lafiya. Ta hanyar amfani da mafi kyawun albarkatun ruwa da ake rabawa ta hanyar hadin gwiwa maimakon rabo kawai tsakanin kasashe, damar samun zaman lafiya na iya karuwa.&lt;ref&gt;''Turkish Review'', March 2013&lt;/ref&gt;{{request quotation|date=September 2019}} Tsarin na Blue Peace ya nuna tasiri mai kyau (misali) a Gabas ta Tsakiya&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Strategic Foresight Group - Anticipating and Influencing Global Future |url=http://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/40595Blue+Peace_Middle+East.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831104124/http://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/40595Blue+Peace_Middle+East.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2018 |access-date=31 August 2018 |website=www.strategicforesight.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.deza.admin.ch/en/Home/Projects/Selected_projects/Water_management_and_peace_promotion_in_the_Middle_East eda.base.components.templates.base.accessKeys] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130926053611/http://www.deza.admin.ch/en/Home/Projects/Selected_projects/Water_management_and_peace_promotion_in_the_Middle_East|date=26 September 2013}}. Deza.admin.ch. Retrieved on 2015-11-24.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma kwarin Kogin Nilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 September 2013 |title=Blue Peace: New Solution for Averting Water Wars in the Nile Basin - Yahoo Finance |work=Yahoo Finance |url=http://finance.yahoo.com/news/blue-peace-solution-averting-water-040000860.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928122750/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/blue-peace-solution-averting-water-040000860.html |archive-date=28 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dandalin Ruwan Karkashin Kasa na UN UNESCO-IHP yana da nufin taimakawa wajen inganta fahimtar albarkatun ruwa da kuma karfafa ingantaccen gudanar da ruwa. Amma ya zuwa yanzu, shirin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mafi karsashi wajen warware takaddamar ruwa shi ne shirin Potential Conflict to Co-operation Potential (PCCP), wanda ke a mataki na uku na aikinsa, yana horar da kwararrun fannin ruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da kuma tsara ayyukan ilmantarwa a wasu wurare.&lt;ref name=&quot;IHP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=UNESCO-IHP Groundwater Portal |date=19 December 2014 |url=https://groundwaterportal.net/project/pccp |access-date=2019-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyoyin da shirin ya mayar da hankali a kansu sun hada da jami'an diflomasiyya, masu yin dokoki, kungiyoyin farar hula, da daliban da ke nazarin fannin ruwa; ta hanyar fadada ilimi kan takaddamar ruwa, yana fatan karfafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashe wajen tunkarar rikice-rikice.

Hukumar UNESCO ta wallafa taswirar madatsun ruwan karkashin kasa da ke ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 22, 2008 |title=UNESCO publishes first world map of underground transboundary aquifers |url=http://portal.unesco.org//en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D43767&amp;URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025095526/http://portal.unesco.org//en/ev.php-URL_ID=43767&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html |archive-date=October 25, 2008 |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukan ilimi da suka mayar da hankali kan takaddamar ruwa har yanzu ba su samar da daidaitacciyar hanya ta shiga tsakani ga takaddamar kasa da kasa ba, balle ma ta cikin gida. Amma UNESCO tana da kyakkyawan fata game da makomar gaba yayin da rikice-rikicen ruwa ke kara fitowa fili ga jama'a, kuma yayin da karuwar tsananin matsalar ke sanya masu taurin kai yin tunani na gari.

=== Shiga Tsakani na Kungiyoyin Kasa da Kasa ===

Kungiyoyin kasa da kasa suna taka rawar gani sosai wajen shiga tsakani a takaddamar ruwa da kuma inganta gudanar da ruwa. Daga kokarin kimiyya na auna gurbacewar ruwa, zuwa kokarin Kungiyar Cin Kiki ta Duniya (World Trade Organization) na warware takaddamar cin kiki tsakanin kasashe, ana iya magance nau'ikan takaddamar ruwa da dama ta hanyar tsare-tsare da cibiyoyin da ke akwai a yanzu.

Kungiyar Cin Kiki ta Duniya (WTO) tana iya shiga tsakani a takaddamar ruwa da kasashe mambobinta suka gabatar lokacin da takaddamar ta kasance ta dabi'ar kasuwanci ce. Hukumar WTO tana da wasu kungiyoyi na musamman, kamar Cibiyar Kamun Kifi (Fisheries Center), wadanda ke aiki don sanya idanu da kuma yanke hukunci kan shari'o'in da suka dace, kodayake ba ita ce hukuma ta karshe a kan rikicin albarkatun ruwa ba.

Duk da haka, rikicin ruwa da ke faruwa a cikin gida, da kuma rikicin da mai yiwuwa ba na kasuwanci ba ne baki daya, ka iya zama maras dacewa ga shiga tsakanin WTO.

Saboda ruwa yana da matukar muhimmanci ga cin kikin kayan gona, takaddamar ruwa na iya kasancewa a fakaice cikin shari'o'in WTO ta hanyar &quot;ruwan fargaba&quot; (virtual water),&lt;ref&gt;Morrisette, Jason J. and Douglas A. Borer. &quot;Where Oil and Water Do Mix: Environmental Scarcity and Future Conflict in the Middle East and North Africa.&quot; Parameters, Vol. 34, Winter 2004 pp 94-96.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://kluwerlawonline.com/api/Product/CitationPDFURL?file=Journals%5CTRAD%5CTRAD2013042.pdf|title=Water Footprint and the Law of WTO|first=Piotr|last=Szwedo|date=December 1, 2013|journal=Journal of World Trade|volume=47|issue=6|pages=1259–1284 |doi=10.54648/TRAD2013042 |s2cid=150576275 |via=kluwerlawonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; wato ruwan da ake amfani da shi wajen samar da kayayyaki da ayyuka amma ba a yin cin kikinsa kai tsaye tsakanin kasashe. Kasashen da ke da mafi kyawun samun damar samar da ruwa na iya yin rawar gani sosai ta fannin tattalin arziki fiye da wadanda ke fuskantar matsala, wanda hakan ke haifar da yiwuwar rikici. Sakamakon bacin rai da tallafin aikin gona ke haifarwa wanda ke korar amfanin gonakin gida, kasashen da ke fuskantar karancin ruwa suna kai kararrakinsu ga WTO.

Hukumar WTO tana taka rawa sosai a takaddamar da ta dogara da aikin gona wadanda ke da alaka da rikici a kan takamaiman hanyoyin ruwa. Duk da haka, tana samar da muhimmin tsari wanda ke tsara yadda ruwa zai taka rawa a takaddamar tattalin arziki na gaba. Wata makarantar tunani tana goyon bayan ra'ayin yakin ruwa, wanda shi ne matakin karshe na takaddamar ruwa da ba a warware ba—karancin albarkatun ruwa tare da matsin lamba na karuwar al'umma cikin sauri na iya wuce ikon WTO na kiyaye tsari mai kyau a cikin al'amuran cin kiki.&lt;ref&gt;Morrisette, p. 99&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rikice-rikicen Ruwa na Ketare Iyakoki ==

Ruwan ketare iyakoki su ne ruwayen da kasashe mabanbanta guda biyu ko fiye suka raba iyaka da su. Domin rage hadarin rikicin ruwa, galibi ana tattaunawa kan tsare-tsare ko yarjejeniyoyin ruwa na ketare iyakoki, amma har yanzu da yawa daga cikin kogunan duniya da ake rabawa ba su da irin wadannan yarjejeniyoyin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeitoun |first1=Mark |last2=Mirumachi |first2=Naho |last3=Warner |first3=Jeroen |last4=Kirkegaard |first4=Matthew |last5=Cascão |first5=Ana |date=2019-05-24 |title=Analysis for water conflict transformation |url=https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/71198/1/Accepted_Manuscript.pdf |journal=Water International |language=en |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=365–384 |doi=10.1080/02508060.2019.1607479 |issn=0250-8060 |s2cid=182388253|url-access= }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wadannan hadin gwiwar ya kamata su kasance cikin adalci da dorewa ta yadda kowace kasa ba za ta ci zarafin ruwan ba, a maimakon haka za su yi amfani da ruwan don amfaninsu mafi kyau tare da kare shi da adana shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Article 5: Equitable and reasonable utilisation and participation - UN Watercourses Convention |url=https://www.unwatercoursesconvention.org/the-convention/part-ii-general-principles/article-5-equitable-and-reasonable-utilisation-and-participation/ |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=www.unwatercoursesconvention.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gasa ta kasa da kasa a kan ruwa na iya tasowa lokacin da wata kasa ta fara dibar ruwa mai yawa daga tushen ruwan da ake rabawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Grover |first=Velma I. |title=Water : a source of conflict or cooperation? |publisher=Science Publishers |year=2007 |location=Enfield, N.H.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan galibi ita ce hanya mafi inganci ta samun ruwan da ake bukata, amma a cikin dogon lokaci na iya haifar da rikici idan aka yi amfani da ruwan fiye da kima. An ce fiye da kasashe 50 a nahiyoyi biyar na fuskantar barazanar rikici a kan ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Paul |first=James |title=Water in Conflict |url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/natres/waterindex.htm |website=www.globalpolicy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da kari, dokar ruwa ta kasa da kasa wani lokacin na iya kara rura wutar rikici: ka'idojin shari'a na &quot;mallakar farko&quot; (prior appropriation) da &quot;hakkin kusa da kogi&quot; (riparianism) duka biyun suna da alaka da rikice-rikicen ruwa na ketare iyakoki saboda duka biyun na iya nufin cewa sa'a ta tarihi da ta labarin kasa na iya raba kasashe bisa doka zuwa wadanda ke da wadatar ruwa da wadanda ke fama da karancinsa.

Rikice-rikicen baya-bayan nan tsakanin kasashe sun faru ne mafi yawanci a Gabas ta Tsakiya (takaddamar da ta samo asali daga kogunan Euphrates da Tigris wadanda Turkiyya, Siriya, da Iraki ke rabawa; da kuma rikicin Kogin Jordan da Isra'ila, Lebanon, Jordan da kuma Kasar Falasdinu ke rabawa), a Afirka (rikice-rikicen da suka shafi Kogin Nilu tsakanin Masar, Habasha, da Sudan),&lt;ref name=&quot;WWilson&quot; /&gt; da kuma a Tsakiyar Asiya (rikicin Tekun Aral tsakanin Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan da Kyrgyzstan). A cikin shekarun 2022 da 2023, takaddama a kan Kogin Helmand da Iran da Afghanistan ke rabawa ita ma ta ruru.

=== Kisan Kare dangi a Gaza ===
A matsayin wani bangare na kisan kare dangi na Gaza na shekarar 2023 zuwa yanzu da kasar Isra'ila ke tafi da shi, ana lalata masana'antun tace ruwan teku da sauran tsarin samar da ruwa da gangan tare da sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira, cibiyoyin raba taimako da aywukan jin kai a kokarin janyo yunwa da kuma sa mutane su mutu saboda kishirwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Natasha |last2=Kirschenbaum |first2=Anita |last3=Michel |first3=David |date=2024-01-12 |title=The Siege of Gaza’s Water |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/siege-gazas-water |journal=CSIS |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutanen da ke zaune a Falasdinu sun ba da rahoton cewa an tilasta musu shan ruwa mai gishiri, maras tsabta, ko mai dauke da cututtuka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gaza residents share fears of thirst after Israel destroys water resources |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/video/newsfeed/2025/4/10/gaza-residents-share-fears-of-thirst-after-israel-destroys-water-resources |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yakin Iran na 2026 ===
A ranar 7 ga Maris, 2026, a matsayin wani bangare na yakin shekarar 2026 tsakanin Isra'ila, Amurka, da Iran, Amurka ta kai hari da gangan kan masana'antar tace ruwan teku ta kasar Iran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=AFP |date=7 March 2026 |title=IRGC says it attacked US base in Bahrain, claims it was used to strike desalination plant in Iran |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/irgc-says-it-attacked-us-base-in-bahrain-claims-it-was-used-to-strike-desalination-plant-in-iran/ |access-date=8 March 2026 |work=The Times of Israel |language=en-US |issn=0040-7909}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu kasashen, har da Isra'ila, sun dogara ne da tace ruwan teku don samun isasshen ruwan sha.

=== Kogunan Tigris da Euphrates ===
A cikin tarihi an sami rikici mai yawa game da amfani da ruwa daga koguna kamar su Tigris da Euphrates, kuma daya daga cikin &quot;yakokin ruwa&quot; na farko da aka sani shi ne a shekara ta 2400 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (BCE) tsakanin tsoffin jihohin Sumerian na Umma da Lagash a kan ruwan noman rani.&lt;ref name=&quot;stormingmedia.us&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.stormingmedia.us/75/7593/A759324.html |title=The Euphrates Triangle: Security Implications of the Southeastern Anatolia Project |website=www.stormingmedia.us |access-date=March 11, 2023 |archive-date=June 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604152753/http://www.stormingmedia.us/75/7593/A759324.html |author1= Frederick M. Lorenz |author2=Edward J. Erickson}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shiri na Kudu maso Gabashin Anatolia na kasar Turkiyya (Southeastern Anatolia Project ko GAP) a kan Kogin Euphrates yana da yiwuwar haifar da mummunan sakamako ga samar da ruwa a Siriya da Iraki. A lokacin shekarun 1950, an fara gina madatsun ruwa da sauran ayyukan ruwa da yawa sakamakon damuwa game da rabon ruwa musamman ga kasashen da ke kasan kogin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Çarkoğlu |first1=Ali |last2=Eder |first2=Mine |date=2001 |title=Domestic Concerns and the Water Conflict over the Euphrates-Tigris River Basin |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4284138 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=41–71 |doi=10.1080/714004364 |jstor=4284138 |s2cid=144773147 |issn=0026-3206|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kwarin Mekong (Kasar Sin da sauran kasashen Asiya) ===
A kwarin Mekong, kasar Sin wadda ita ce kasa mafi can sama inda kogin ke fitowa, ta gina jerin madatsun ruwa a kan tushen Kogin Mekong, wanda hakan ya canza yawan kwararar ruwa da kuma lokutan kwarararsa ga kasashen da ke kasan kogin kamar Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia da Thailand.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=25 April 2020 |title=China's dams exacerbated extreme drought in lower Mekong: Study |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/chinas-dams-exacerbated-extreme-drought-mekong-study-200424231003795.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=22 April 2020 |title=Science Shows Chinese Dams Are Devastating the Mekong |work=Foreign Policy |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/22/science-shows-chinese-dams-devastating-mekong-river/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, kasar Sin ta gina madatsun ruwa guda 11 a kan Kogin Mekong, wanda ke kwarara daga kasar Sin ta cikin Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia da Vietnam zuwa Tekun Kudancin Sin. Masana suna fargabar cewa ikon kasar Sin na sarrafa kwararar Kogin Mekong yana ba ta damar yin amfani da hakan azaman kariya ko matsin lamba ga kasashen kasan kogin wadanda suka dogara da kyakkyawar niyyar kasar Sin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nikkei Asian Review&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Chellaney |first=Brahma |date=28 October 2019 |title=China is weaponizing water and worsening droughts in Asia |newspaper=Nikkei Asian Review |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Opinion/China-is-weaponizing-water-and-worsening-droughts-in-Asia}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2018, matakan ruwa a Kogin Mekong sun sauka zuwa mafi kankanta a cikin shekaru sama da 100, har ma a lokacin damina na shekara-shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Project Syndicate&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2 August 2019 |title=Damming the Mekong Basin to Environmental Hell |url=https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/china-dams-mekong-basin-exacerbate-drought-by-brahma-chellaney-2019-08 |publisher=Project Syndicate}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Madatsar ruwa ta Jinghong, wadda ya zuwa Janairu 2020 ita ce madatsar ruwa ta kasar Sin mafi kusa da iyakar kasar Thailand, ta haifar da babban canji da rashin daidaituwa a matakan kogin, wanda ke shafar hanyoyin rayuwar mutane a kasan kogin ta hanyar hargitsa tsarin dabi'ar kogin.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABC News&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Bainbridge |first=Amy |date=20 January 2020 |title=China's Mekong River dams are generating renewable energy, but are costing locals their livelihoods |newspaper=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-20/china-mekong-river-plan-creates-renewable-energy-but-costs-jobs/11872640}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rikicin Tekun Aral ===
Fadada aikin gona na noman rani fiye da kima a zamanin Tarayyar Soviet (musamman ga auduga) a Tsakiyar Asiya ya sanya Kogin Amu Darya, wanda Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan da Afghanistan ke rabawa, ya kusan bushewa baki daya, har ta kai ga ya daina isa ga Tekun Aral, wanda a yanzu girmansa da yawansa sun ragu sosai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Prokurat |first=Sergiusz |title=Drought and water shortages in Asia as a threat and economic problem |date=2015 |url=http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwmeta1.element.desklight-95d2a7ec-8c5f-474d-84ed-8b8baed8f8c0/c/235_PDFsam_Joms_3_26_2015.pdf |pages=235–250 |location=Józefów |publisher=&quot;Journal of Modern Science” 3/26/2015 |access-date=13 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Masar da Habasha ===
A shekarar 1979, Shugaban kasar Masar Anwar Sadat ya bayyana cewa idan kasar Masar za ta sake tsunduma cikin wani yaki a gaba, to tabbas zai kasance ne a kan ruwa. A wani bangaren daban kuma, a tsakanin huldar Masar da Habasha, Firayim Ministan Habasha Meles Zenawi ya ce: &quot;Ba na fargabar cewa Masarawa za su far wa Habasha ba zato tsammani. Babu wanda ya taba gwada hakan da ya rayu har ya ba da labarin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Malone |first=Barry |title=Next on Egypt's to-do: Ethiopia and the Nile |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/12/next-egypt-do-ethiopia-nile-201312872410501805.html |access-date=9 January 2018 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rikici tsakanin Masar da Habasha a kan madatsar ruwa ta Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam ya tsananta a shekarar 2020 saboda damuwar cewa madatsar ruwan ta Habasha a kan Kogin Blue Nile na iya rage kwararar ruwa zuwa kasar Masar, wadda ta dogara kacokan a kan ruwan Kogin Nilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Decian |date=9 February 2020 |title=For Thousands of Years, Egypt Controlled the Nile. A New Dam Threatens That |newspaper=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/09/world/africa/nile-river-dam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210015121/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/09/world/africa/nile-river-dam.html |archive-date=10 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Week&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=8 July 2020 |title=Are Egypt and Ethiopia heading for a water war? |work=The Week |url=https://www.theweek.co.uk/107468/are-egypt-and-ethiopia-heading-for-a-water-war}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nature&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=15 July 2020 |title=Row over Africa's largest dam in danger of escalating, warn scientists |work=Nature |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02124-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Ministan Habasha Abiy Ahmed ya yi gargadin cewa &quot;Babu wani karfi da zai iya hana Habasha gina madatsar ruwa. Idan akwai bukatar yin yaki, za mu iya sanya miliyoyin mutane cikin shirin ko-ta-kwana.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Week&quot;/&gt;

Masar tana kallon madatsar ruwan a matsayin barazana ga rayuwar kasarta. Kasashen biyu duka suna fuskantar barazanar karancin ruwa, yayin da ake hasashen bukatun ruwa za su karu saboda karuwar jama'a, karuwar birane da kuma neman ci gaban tattalin arziki. Ana kara rura wutar takaddama sakamakon mabanbantan akidu a kan hakkin ruwa; Masar tana da'awar hakki a kan ruwan Nilu bisa ga tsarin tarihi, yayin da Habasha kuma take da'awar hakki a kan ruwan bisa ga labarin kasa (geography),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-11-04 |title=Nile Basin Water Wars: The Never-Ending Struggle Between Egypt, Ethiopia, and Sudan |url=https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/nile-basin-water-wars-the-never-ending-struggle-between-egypt-ethiopia-and-sudan/ |access-date=2020-11-20 |website=Geopolitical Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; inda kashi 85% na ruwanta ke fitowa daga yankunan tuddai da ke cikin kasarta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |title=Water, Security and Conflict |last2=Iceland |first2=Charles |publisher=World Resources Institute |year=2018 |location=Washington, DC. USA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da Shiri na Kwarin Nilu (Nile Basin Initiative) yake samar da dandamali don tabbatar da dorewar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa ta hanyar hadin gwiwar kasashen da ke kusa da kogin,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Who we are {{!}} Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) |url=https://nilebasin.org/nbi/who-we-are |access-date=2020-11-20 |website=nilebasin.org |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Hadin Gwiwa (Cooperative Framework Agreement) kasashe 6 kacal ne suka amince da ita daga cikin kasashe 11 zuwa yanzu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CFA {{!}} Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) |url=https://nilebasin.org/nbi/cooperative-framework-agreement |access-date=2020-11-20 |website=nilebasin.org |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Sameura_dam_20050903.jpg|right|thumb|Sakamakon karancin ruwan sama da aka samu a lokacin bazara na 2005, madatsar ruwa ta Sameura ta yi kasa sosai. Madatsar tana samar da ruwa ne ga Takamatsu, Kagawa, Tsibirin Shikoku, kasar Japan.]]

=== Rikice-rikicen Ruwa tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan ===
A shekarar 1948, Indiya da Pakistan sun fuskanci takaddama a kan rabon hakkin ruwa na Kogin Indus da rassan kogunan da ke kwarara zuwa cikinsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sal,Upr&quot;&gt;{{citation |last1=Salman |first1=Salman M. A. |title=Conflict and Cooperation on South Asia's International Rivers: A Legal Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GEr4fyDbqgC&amp;pg=PA42 |pages=42–44 |year=2002 |publisher=World Bank Publications |isbn=978-0-8213-5352-3 |last2=Uprety |first2=Kishor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gilm&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Gilmartin |first=David |title=Blood and Water: The Indus River Basin in Modern History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfXLDwAAQBAJ |pages=210–211 |year=2020 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-35553-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; An cimma yarjejeniya bayan makonni biyar kuma takaddamar ta biyo bayan sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus a shekarar 1960.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sal,Upr&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gilm&quot; /&gt;

Gasa ga hanyoyin ruwa na ketare iyakoki kuma tana iya tsananta sakamakon karuwar takaddama tsakanin kasashen, kamar yadda lamarin yake tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan. Kasashen biyu sun dogara sosai a kan kwarin Kogin Indus don samar da ruwa, wanda ke karkashin ikon Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus da aka kafa a shekarar 1960. A watan Fabrairun 2019, Indiya ta yi barazanar yanke wa Pakistan ruwa, a matsayin martani ga fadan soja na Kashmir,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Dasgupta |first=Mehr Nadeem, Saad Sayeed, Neha |date=2019-08-19 |title=Pakistan, India spar over using water as a weapon in Kashmir dispute |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-pakistan-water-idUSKCN1V91B9 |access-date=2020-11-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; tana mai karkatar da ruwan zuwa yankuna kamar Jammu, Kashmir da Punjab a maimakon haka. Gina madatsun ruwa a saman kogin kuma zai janyo ambaliyar ruwa a kasan kogin idan aka saki ruwan da sauri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-08-19 |title=Pakistan accuses India of using water as weapon in Kashmir conflict |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/south-asia/article/3023486/pakistan-accuses-india-waging-fifth-generation-warfare-kashmir |access-date=2020-11-20 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tunda kasashen biyu suna raba albarkatun kwarin ruwa na Indus, Indiya da Pakistan sun yanke shawara kan wata shahararriyar yarjejeniya mai tasiri da ake kira Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus (IWT). Yarjejeniyar tana karkashin shiga tsakani na Bankin Duniya kuma tana tsara amfani da ruwa da kwararar koguna da yawa na kwarin ga kowace kasa. Yarjejeniyar ta tsira daga yakoki uku, amma ta fuskanci kalubalen matsalolin diflomasiyya na kasashen biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Qamar |first1=Muhammad Uzair |last2=Azmat |first2=Muhammad |last3=Claps |first3=Pierluigi |date=2019 |title=Pitfalls in transboundary Indus Water Treaty: a perspective to prevent unattended threats to the global security |journal=npj Clean Water |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |page=22 |doi=10.1038/s41545-019-0046-x |issn=2059-7037 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2019npjCW...2...22Q }}&lt;/ref&gt; Biye da babban takaddama a shekarar 2019, Firayim Ministan Indiya ya yi barazanar takaita kwararar ruwa zuwa Pakistan a yankin – matakin da Pakistan ta ce za ta dauka a matsayin wata alama ta yaki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Nadeen |first1=Mehr |last2=Sayeed |first2=Saad |last3=Dasgupta |first3=Neha |date=2019-08-19 |title=Pakistan, India spar over using water as a weapon in Kashmir dispute |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-pakistan-water-idUSKCN1V91B9 |access-date=2021-03-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rikice-rikicen ruwa na ketare iyakoki da tasirinsu ga muhalli ==
=== Kogunan Tigris da Euphrates ===

Tun daga shekarun 1960,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Turkey, Syria and Iraq: Conflict over the Euphrates-Tigris {{!}} Climate-Diplomacy |url=https://climate-diplomacy.org/case-studies/turkey-syria-and-iraq-conflict-over-euphrates-tigris |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=climate-diplomacy.org |date=January 1960 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; an sami rikici da ya shafi ruwa a Turkiyya, Siriya, da Iraki. Tsawon shekaru, kasar Turkiyya ta ci gaba da yanke shawarar kin bin yarjejeniyar 1987 wadda ta tabbatar da kwararar kusan mita cubic 500 na ruwa a kowane dakika zuwa kasa ta cikin kogunan Tigris da Euphrates domin samar da ruwa ga Lallukan Mesopotamiya (Mesopotamian Marshes) da kuma miliyoyin mutane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Turkey is reportedly depriving hundreds of thousands of people of water |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/north-africa-west-asia/turkey-reportedly-depriving-hundreds-thousands-people-water/ |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=openDemocracy |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Turkiyya ta yanke shawarar fara Shiri na Kudu maso Gabashin Anatolia ko GAP, wanda ya kunshi gina madatsun ruwa 20 wadanda za su iya daukar kusan biliyan 120 na mita cubic na ruwa tare da na'urorin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa guda sha tara, lamarin da ya bar miliyoyin mutane da namun daji da ke zaune a kasan kogin wadanda suka dogara da kogunan Tigris da Euphrates ba tare da ruwa ba.

=== Turkiyya da Tsarin GAP ===

Tsarin GAP na kogunan Tigris da Euphrates, wanda ya kunshi (hekta miliyan 1.7)&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Abdulrahman |first=May F. |date=2021-08-31 |title=Effect of Discharge on Water Quality in Euphrates River Between Hit and Ramadi, Iraq |journal=Iraqi Geological Journal |volume=54 |issue=2B |pages=101–111 |doi=10.46717/igj.54.2b.9ms-2021-08-29 |s2cid=239713983 |issn=2414-6064|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ya rura wutar lamarin sannan ya haifar da lalacewar muhalli da ba za a iya gyarawa ba a yanzu da kuma nan gaba, ba wai kawai ga kasashen da ke kewaye da ita ba har ma ga Turkiyya kanta. Shirin na GAP ya rage ruwa da kashi 50% daga kogunan Tigris da Euphrates zuwa kasashen kasan kogin da ke kewaye, wato Siriya da Iraki. Karancin ruwa a kasan kogin ya sa Kurds da yawa sun rasa matsugunansu, ya kuma kara gishiri a cikin Kogin Euphrates har ya kai 1000 PPM, sannan ya hana Iraki komawa ga samun wadatacciyar kasa mai albarka da ake amfani da ita don aikin gona. Bugu da kari, karancin ruwa a kasan kogin yana hana magudanar ruwa ta dabi'a, gami da gishiri da gurbataccen iska wadanda kogunan ke wankewa ta dabi'a, wanda hakan ke shafar lafiyar miliyoyin mutane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Mesopotamian_Marshes_2000-2009.gif|thumb|Canjin matakan ruwa na shekara-shekara na Lallukan Mesopotamiya a farkon watan Fabrairu.]]

=== Tasiri a kan Lallukan Mesopotamiya ===

Lallukan Mesopotamiya, wadanda kuma aka sani da Lallukan Iraki, sun fuskanci raguwa sosai lokacin yakin 1980-1988 da kasar Iran lokacin da Saddam Hussein, shugaba na biyar na kasar Iraki, ya zargi mazauna yankin na Larabawa da haitanci, saboda haka ya yi amfani da ruwa a matsayin makami domin korarsu daga Lallukan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2016-07-17 |title=Iraq's marshes, once drained by Saddam, named world heritage site |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-heritage-iraq-idUSKCN0ZX0SN |access-date=2022-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Domin fitar da dubban mutane daga yankin, gwamnatin Iraki ta tace kashi 10%, wanda ya taba rufe murabba'in kilomita 9,000 (murabba'in miliyan 3,500) zuwa kilomita murabba'i 760 kacal, kuma a shekarar 2005 ta samu kashi 40 kacal na ainihin girmanta na farko.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt; Kogin Na Uku (The Third River) aikin gini ne mai tsayin kilomita 172 wanda aka fara a shekarar 1992. Ya kunshi karamin kogi na daban wajen kwashe ruwan da ke kwarara daga Kogin Tigris da kuma tura shi ta cikin lallukan da kuma Kogin Euphrates kusa da Al-Qurna. Aikin ya tilasta wa rabin miliyan na mutanen yankin lalluka hijira, ya kone garuruwan da ke kewaye, sannan ya gurbata gonaki da ruwan da ke kewaye, wanda hakan ya sa kasar ta gaza zama gida ga dubban nau'ikan halittu da rayuwar dan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;
=== Madatsun Ruwa na Mosul da Haditha ===
[[File:Mosul_Dam_Lake_2019.jpg|thumb|Matakan ruwa a wani babban tafki da ke saman Madatsar Ruwa ta Mosul.]]
Rikici a kogunan Tigris da Euphrates ya janyo raguwar madatsun ruwa cikin sauri. A shekarun 1985 da 1986, an gina manyan madatsun ruwa guda biyu, Mosul da Haditha, wadanda ke kan kogunan Tigris da Euphrates, domin samar da wutar lantarki da kuma kwararar ruwa zuwa kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hasan |first1=Mejs |last2=Moody |first2=Aaron |last3=Benninger |first3=Larry |last4=Hedlund |first4=Heloise  |date=March 2019 |title=How war, drought, and dam management impact water supply in the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2068657730 |language=English |pages=264–279 |doi=10.1007/s13280-018-1073-4 |journal=Ambio |volume=48 |issue=3 |pmid=30003512 |pmc=6374223 |bibcode=2019Ambio..48..264H |id={{ProQuest|2068657730}} }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin Yakin Gulf na farko, a shekarun 1990 da 1991,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Persian Gulf War {{!}} Summary, Dates, Combatants, Casualties, Syndrome, Map, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Persian-Gulf-War |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; kilomita murabba'i 3.3 na fadin fili ya rika bacewa a kowace rana a madatsar ruwa ta Mosul, inda ta sauka daga 372 zuwa kilomita 346. A ranakun 25 ga Janairu da 10 ga Fabrairu, 1991, madatsar ta ci gaba da rasa kusan kilomita murabba'i 3.4 a kowace rana na fadin tafkin, wanda hakan ya kai ga fadin karshe na kilomita murabba'i 215 da kuma girman ruwa na 3.3 km3.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; Wannan shi ne daidai lokacin a watan Fabrairun 1991 lokacin da wasu jiragen ruwan yaki na Birtaniya suka harba bama-bamai da yawa suka bugi gadoji a kudanci da yammacin Iraki, inda suka kashe mutane sama da 100 a kowane hari &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=The airstrike in Mosul was potentially one of the worst U.S.-led civilian bombings in 25 years |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2017/03/28/the-airstrike-in-mosul-was-potentially-one-of-the-worst-u-s-led-civilian-bombings-in-25-years/ |access-date=2022-06-23 |issn=0190-8286}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da shafar matakan ruwa. A daidai wannan lokacin, tsakanin 17 ga Janairu da 10 ga Fabrairu, 1991, madatsar ruwa ta Haditha, wadda ita ma take a Iraki, ta rasa matsakaicin kilomita murabba'i 2.5 na fadin tafkin a kowace rana, kuma a cikin mako uku, ta rasa jimillar kashi 21%. A watan Agustan 2014, kungiyar 'yan tawaye ta ISIS ta mamaye Madatsar Ruwa ta Mosul, lamarin da majiyoyin Kurds ke fargabar za a iya amfani da shi wajen nutsar da kasashen kasan kogin da ambaliya, wanda zai janyo mutuwar dubban mutane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2014-08-17 |title=Kurdish forces 'break IS hold on Mosul dam' |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28826349 |access-date=2022-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amurka ta tura hare-haren sama sama da 130 domin taimakawa wajen kwato madatsar ruwan daga hannun ISIS a arewacin Iraki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2014-09-07 |title=US strikes Islamic State militants at Iraq's Haditha dam |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29098791 |access-date=2022-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kasar Amurka kuma ta tura hare-haren sama inda suka rurrushe yankunan da ke kewaye da madatsar ruwa ta Haditha domin hana ISIS kwace wata madatsar ruwa mai muhimmanci da ke zama tushen ruwa ga miliyoyin mutane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=US launches airstrikes around Iraq's Haditha Dam |url=https://popularmilitary.com/us-launches-airstrikes-around-iraqs-haditha-dam/#:~:text=US%20launches%20airstrikes%20around%20Iraq%E2%80%99s%20Haditha%20Dam%20September,prevent%20the%20group%20from%20capturing%20the%20vital%20dam |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=popularmilitary.com| date=8 September 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rikici a kan albarkatun yankin ya sanya duka madatsun ruwa na Mosul da Haditha yin asarar fadin fili a kan karkashin kashi 2.0 na kilomita murabba'i a rana daya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;

== Wasu fitattun rikice-rikice ==
* Misali mafi farko da aka sani na ainihin rikici tsakanin kasashe mabanbanta a kan ruwa ya faru ne tsakanin shekarar 2500 zuwa 2350 BC tsakanin jihohin Sumerian na Lagash da Umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Rasler |first1=Karen A. |last2=Thompson |first2=W. R. |year=2006 |title=Contested Territory, Strategic Rivalries, and Conflict Escalation |journal=International Studies Quarterly |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=145–168 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2478.2006.00396.x|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* A matakin gida, wani babban misali mai ban mamaki shi ne zanga-zangar Cochabamba ta shekarar 2000 a kasar Bolivia, wadda aka nuna a cikin fim din Sipaniya na shekarar 2010 mai suna Even the Rain na Icíar Bollaín.
* Biye da mamaye yankin Crimea da kasar Rasha ta yi, kasar Ukraine ta toshe Hanyar Ruwa ta Arewa maso gabashin Crimea (North Crimean Canal), wanda ke samar da kashi 85% na ruwan sha na Crimea.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=29 March 2020 |title=Pray For Rain: Crimea's Dry-Up A Headache For Moscow, Dilemma For Kyiv |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/pray-for-rain-crimea-s-dry-up-a-headache-for-moscow-dilemma-for-kyiv/30515986.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vasily Stashuk, babban jami'in kula da ayyukan noman rani na Ukraine a wancan lokacin, ya ce matakin zai haifar da &quot;matsalolin jin kai mai tsanani&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=4 January 2017 |title=Dam leaves Crimea population in chronic water shortage |work=Al-Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/1/4/dam-leaves-crimea-population-in-chronic-water-shortage}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A karshen watan Afrilun 2021, wani rikici a kan ruwa ya ruru har ya kai ga kazamin fadan kan iyaka tsakanin Kyrgyzstan da Tajikistan tun bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1991.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=29 April 2021 |title=Kyrgyz, Tajik security forces clash at border in water dispute |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/kyrgyzstan-tajikistan-border-clashes-idUSL8N2MM5JM}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Yakin Ruwa (Kogin Jordan) - takaddama tsakanin Isra'ila da Kungiyar Kasashen Larabawa (Arab League) a karshen shekarun 1960 a kan samar da ruwa daga kwarin kogin Jordan.
* Yakokin Ruwa na California - jerin rikice-rikice ne tsakanin birnin Los Angeles, manoma da makiyaya a kwarin Owens da ke Gabashin California, da kuma masu fafutukar kare muhalli.
* Yakokin ruwa a Florida - matsalolin karancin ruwa a Florida.
* Takaddamar ruwa tsakanin Tennessee da Georgia - takaddamar yankuna da ke ci gaba da faruwa.
* Takaddamar ruwa ta jihohi uku - rikici ne na amfanin ruwa tsakanin jihohin Georgia, Alabama, da Florida a kan kwarin kogin Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint da kwarin kogin Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa.
* Takaddamar ruwan Kogin Kaveri - Rikicin Ruwa tsakanin jihohin Indiya na Karnataka da Tamil Nadu a kan kogin Kaveri wanda ke kwararawa ta cikin Karnataka da Tamil Nadu.
* Hirmand tsakanin mutanen Iran da mutanen Afghanistan (Fadan Afghanistan da Iran na 2023)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202305208790 | title=Iran's Water Dispute Continues with Taliban as They Ridicule Raisi | date=25 January 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Manoman Isfahan&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.voanews.com/a/iran-water-shortage-protests-third-day/4345262.html | title=Angered by Water Shortages, Iranians March for 3rd Day | date=12 April 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike ==
Wasu bincike daga Cibiyar Gudanar da Ruwa ta Duniya (International Water Management Institute) da Jami'ar Jihar Oregon sun gano cewa rikice-rikicen ruwa tsakanin kasashe ba su cika faruwa ba idan aka kwatanta da hadin gwiwa, ganin cewa akwai daruruwan yarjejeniyoyi da tsare-tsare da aka kafa. Rikice-rikicen ruwa galibi suna tasowa ne a matsayin sakamakon sauran matsalolin zamantakewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Success_Stories/index.aspx|title=''Promoting cooperation through management of trans-boundary water resources'', Success Stories, Issue 8, 2010|publisher=IWMI|access-date=9 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Sabanin haka, Cibiyar Pacific (Pacific Institute) ta nuna cewa yayin da rikice-rikicen ruwa tsakanin kasashe (wato kasa da kasa) ke raguwa, akwai alamun karuwar hadarin rikice-rikice a cikin gida tsakanin masu amfani da ruwa, yankuna, kabilu, da mabanbantan bukatun tattalin arziki. Bayanai daga Tsarin Lokaci na Rikicin Ruwa (Water Conflict Chronology) sun nuna cewa wadannan rikice-rikice na cikin gida sune mafi girma da ke ci gaba da karuwa a cikin dukkan takaddamar ruwa, kuma hanyoyin kasa da kasa na al'ada don magance su, kamar yarjejeniyoyin kasashen biyu ko na kasashe da yawa, ba su da tasiri sosai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://worldwater.org/water-conflict/ |title=Water Conflict Chronology |publisher=Pacific Institute |access-date=June 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Wasu manazarta sun kiyasta cewa sakamakon karuwar amfani da albarkatun ruwa da bil'adama ke yi, rikice-rikicen ruwa za su zama ruwan dare a nan gaba kadan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 19, 2008 |title=Worldwide battle for water |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7569453.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819053044/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7569453.stm |archive-date=August 19, 2008 |access-date=June 13, 2023 |url-status=live |website=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Greste |first=Peter |date=March 26, 2009 |title=The dam that divides Ethiopians |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7959814.stm |access-date=June 13, 2009 |website=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Naho Mirumachi da John Anthony Allan sun ba da shawarar tsarin Transboundary Water Interaction Nexus (TWINS) a shekarar 2007 a matsayin wata hanya mai bangarori biyu don tunkarar rikicin ruwa da hadin gwiwa.&lt;ref&gt;Mirumachi, Naho and John Anthony Allan. &quot;Revisiting Transboundary Water Governance: Power, Conflict, Cooperation and the Political Economy.&quot; In CAIWA Conference Paper, 2007, [http://www.newater.uni-osnabrueck.de/caiwa/data/papers%20session/F3/CAIWA-FullPaper-MirumachiAllan25Oct07submitted2.pdf], accessed January 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan samfurin ya yi watsi da tsarin daidaitawa na al'ada na rikici da hadin gwiwa, a maimakon haka yana kallon duka biyun a matsayin abubuwan da ke kasancewa tare kuma ba sa korar juna. Sun bayyana cewa ba dukkan hadin gwiwa ba ne ke da kyau, kuma ba dukkan rikici ba ne ke da muni.&lt;ref&gt;Zeitoun, Mark and Naho Mirumachi. &quot;Transboundary Water Interaction I: Reconsidering Conflict and Cooperation.&quot; In International Environmental Agreements, 8/4, 2008, pp. 297–316&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin na TWINS kuma zai iya zama mataki na karshe mai amfani bayan gudanar da bincike daban-daban kan hanyoyin hadin gwiwa da matakan tsananin rikici.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Rein, Marlen. &quot;Power Asymmetry in the Mekong River Basin: The Impact of Hydro-Hegemony on Sharing Transboundary Water.&quot; In Vienna Journal of East Asian Studies, Volume 8, eds. Rudiger Frank, Ina Hein, Lukas Pokorny, and Agnes Schick-Chen. Vienna: Praesens Verlag, 2016, pp. 127–162. {{doi|10.2478/vjeas-2016-0005}}&lt;/ref&gt; An raba samfurin gida biyu—ma'asunin kwance (wanda ke auna tsananin hadin gwiwa) da kuma ma'asunin tsaye (wanda ke auna tsananin rikici).</text>
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[[File:Vallee_fertile_du_Nil_a_Louxor.jpg|thumb|Matakin da kasar Habasha ta dauka na cike madatsar ruwa ta Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) zai iya rage kwararar ruwan fari na Kogin Nilu da kusan kashi 25% tare da lalata gonakin kasar Masar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=27 February 2018 |title=In Africa, War Over Water Looms As Ethiopia Nears Completion Of Nile River Dam |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/02/27/589240174/in-africa-war-over-water-looms-as-ethiopia-nears-completion-of-nile-river-dam?t=1595668819363}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

'''Rikicin ruwa''' yawanci yana nufin tasiri ko takaddama da ke da alaka da samun dama, ko iko da albarkatun ruwa, ko amfani da ruwa ko tsarin samar da ruwa a matsayin makami ko kuma zama abin cutarwa a lokacin tasiri. Kalmar ''yakin ruwa'' ana amfani da ita a kafafen yada labarai don wasu takaddama a kan ruwa, kuma mafi yawanci ta takaitu ne wajen bayyana rikici tsakanin kasashe, jahohi, ko kungiyoyi a kan hakkin samun damar yin amfani da albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Allianz&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Tulloch |first=James |date=August 26, 2009 |title=Water Conflicts: Fight or Flight? |url=http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/climate_change/natural_disasters/water_conflicts.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080829171957/http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/climate_change/natural_disasters/water_conflicts.html |archive-date=2008-08-29 |access-date=14 January 2010 |publisher=Allianz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WWilson&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Kameri-Mbote |first=Patricia |date=January 2007 |title=Water, Conflict, and Cooperation: Lessons from the nile river Basin |url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue4.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Navigating Peace |publisher=Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars |issue=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706033750/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/NavigatingPeaceIssue4.pdf |archive-date=2010-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince cewa takaddamar ruwa tana tasowa ne daga sabanin bukatu na masu amfani da ruwa, na gwamnati ko na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/ United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008]&lt;/ref&gt; Kyakkyawan tsari na rikice-rikicen ruwa ya bayyana a cikin tarihi, kodayake da kyar ake fafata yakokin gargajiya a kan ruwa kadai.&lt;ref&gt;Peter Gleick, 1993. [http://www2.pacinst.org/reports/international_security_gleick_1993.pdf &quot;Water and conflict.&quot;] ''International Security'' Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 79-112 (Summer 1993).&lt;/ref&gt; A maimakon haka, ruwa ya dade yana zama sanadin takaddama kuma daya daga cikin dalilan rikici. Rikicin ruwa yana tasowa ne saboda dalilai da dama, da suka hada da takaddamar iyakokin kasa, fafutukar neman albarkatu, da kuma moriyar dabarun yaki.&lt;ref&gt;Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research (Department of Political Science, University of Heidelberg); Conflict Barometer 2007:Crises – Wars – Coups d'État – Nagotiations – Mediations – Peace Settlements, 16th annual conflict analysis, 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

Rikicin ruwa na iya faruwa a matakin cikin gida (na kasa daya) da kuma matakin tsakanin kasashe daban-daban. Rikici tsakanin kasashe yana faruwa ne tsakanin kasashe biyu ko fiye da ke raba tushen ruwa guda daya da ya ratsa iyakokinsu, kamar kogi, teku, ko tafkin ruwan karkashin kasa. Misali, yankin Gabas Ta Tsakiya yana da kashi 1% kacal na ruwan fari na duniya wanda kashi 5% na al'ummar duniya ke rabawa, kuma galibin koramu da koguna suna ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Sutherland |first=Ben |date=March 18, 2003 |title=Water shortages 'foster terrorism' |publisher=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2859937.stm |access-date=14 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rikicin cikin gida kuma yana faruwa ne tsakanin bangarori biyu ko fiye a cikin kasa daya, kamar rikici tsakanin manoma da masu amfani da ruwa na cikin birni.

Mafi yawan rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa suna faruwa ne a kan ruwan fari saboda wadannan albarkatu suna da mahimmanci ga bukatun dan adam na yau da kullum, amma galibi suna iya yin karanci ko gurbata ko kuma rashin daidaiton rabo tsakanin masu amfani da su. Karancin ruwa yana kara rura wutar takaddamar ruwa saboda gasar neman ruwan sha, noman rani, samar da wutar lantarki da sauran bukatu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=671&amp;section=14 |title=Patp &gt; &gt; &gt; |access-date=2010-04-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010731141012/http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=671&amp;section=14 |archive-date=2001-07-31 }} Freshwater: lifeblood of the planet, accessed November 21, 2008&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake ruwan fari muhimmin albarkatun kasa ne, amma kuma rarrabuwarsa ba daidai ba ce a doron kasa, samuwarsa galibi tana tasiri ga yanayin rayuwa da tattalin arzikin kasa ko yanki. Rashin wadatar zabukan samar da ruwa masu rahusa a wurare kamar Gabas ta Tsakiya,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858e09.htm Murakami, Masahiro. 1995.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117045902/http://unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80858e/80858E09.htm |date=2011-01-17 }} ''Managing Water for Peace in the Middle East: Alternative Strategies, ''New York: United Nations University Press. Accessed online November 16, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; tare da sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar karancin ruwa na iya sanya matsin lamba ga duk masu amfani da ruwa, ko na kamfanoni, gwamnati, ko daidaikun mutane, wanda ke kaiwa ga takaddama, kuma watakila ma a goga mashi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/] United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;
Akwai adadin rikice-rikicen ruwa da ke kara karuwa wadanda ba a warware su ba, musamman a matakin kananan hukumomi ko jihohi, kuma wadannan za su kara zama hadari yayin da ruwa ke kara karanci, canjin yanayi na canza yanayin samar da ruwa na gida, kuma al'ummar duniya ke karuwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/457] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124031150/http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/457 |date=2016-11-24 }} Brooks, Nina. &quot;Impending Water Crisis in China,&quot; Arlington Institute. Accessed November 28, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pacific Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |date=17 March 2022 |title=Water Conflicts Continue to Worsen Worldwide |url=https://pacinst.org/water-conflicts-continue-to-worsen-worldwide/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |website=Pacific Institute }}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban nau'ikan takaddamar ruwa yana sa da wuya a magance su, amma akwai dabarun rage kasadar irin wadannan takaddamar da yawa. Dokoki da yarjejeniyoyin gida da na kasa da kasa na iya taimakawa wajen inganta rabon koguna na kasa da kasa da madatsun ruwa na karkashin kasa. Ingantattun fasahohi da cibiyoyi na iya inganta wadatar ruwa da rabon ruwa a yankunan da ke fama da karancin ruwa.


== Dalilai ==

Karancin ruwa ya fi haifar da rikici a matakin gida da na shiyyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wolf |first1=Aaron T |year=2001 |title=Water and Human Security |journal=Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education |volume=118 |page=29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa wani muhimmin abu ne ga rayuwar dan adam, kuma ayyukan dan adam suna da alaka ta kusa da wadatar ruwa da ingancinsa.&lt;ref&gt;ICWE (1992). International Conference on Water and the Environment--Development Issues for the 21st Century, 26–31 January 1992, Dublin, Ireland : [http://www.ircwash.org/resources/international-conference-water-and-environment-development-issues-21st-century-26-31-0 the Dublin statement and report of the conference], Geneva, Switzerland, ICWE Secretariat, World Meteorological Organization&lt;/ref&gt; Ruwa rukunin albarkatu ne mai iyaka. Rikicin ruwa yana faruwa ne saboda bukatar albarkatun ruwa da ruwan sha na iya wuce wadatar da ake da ita, ko kuma saboda ana iya takaddama a kan ikon samun dama da raba ruwa, ko kuma saboda cibiyoyin kula da ruwa ba su da karfi ko kuma babu su kwata-kwata. Abubuwan da ke haifar da matsalar karancin ruwa na iya sanya matsin lamba ga bangarorin da abin ya shafa don samun Karin albarkatun ruwa da ake rabawa, wanda ke haifar da takaddamar diflomasiyya ko ma rikici na gaba-da-gaba.

Takaddama da rikice-rikice a kan ruwa yanzu suna faruwa akai-akai a matakin cikin gida, maimakon matakin kasashen duniya. Tasiri tsakanin makiyaya da manoma a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na kara karuwa. Hare-hare a kan tsarin samar da ruwa na farar hula yayin yakokin da suka fara saboda wasu dalilai daban sun karu, kamar a kasashen Yemen, Siriya, Iraki, kuma kwanan nan a kasar Yukren.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |date=2019 |title=Water as a weapon and casualty of armed conflict: A review of recent water-related violence in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen |url=https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wat2.1351 |journal=WIREs Water |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1–15 |article-number=e1351 |doi=10.1002/wat2.1351 |bibcode=2019WIRWa...6E1351G |s2cid=195514316|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |last2=Vyshnevskyi |first2=Viktor |last3=Shevchuk |first3=Serhii |date=2023 |title=Rivers and Water Systems as Weapons and Casualties of the Russia-Ukraine War. |journal=Earth's Future |volume=11 |issue=10|article-number=e2023EF003910 |doi=10.1029/2023EF003910 |bibcode=2023EaFut..1103910G |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Karancin ruwa kuma na iya rura wutar rikice-rikice da takaddamar siyasa wadanda ba ruwa ne ya janyo su kai tsaye ba. Raguwa a hankali cikin lokaci a inganci da/ko yawan ruwan fari na iya kara rashin kwanciyar hankali a yanki ta hanyar gurgunta lafiyar al'umma, hana ci gaban tattalin arziki, da kuma rura wutar manyan rikice-rikice.&lt;ref name=&quot;Postel&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Postel |first1=S. L. |last2=Wolf |first2=A. T. |year=2001 |title=Dehydrating Conflict |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/11/18/dehydrating-conflict/ |journal=Foreign Policy |volume=126 |issue=126 |pages=60–67 |doi=10.2307/3183260 |jstor=3183260|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Canjin yanayi da karuwar al'ummar duniya su ma suna haduwa wajen sanya sabbin matsin lamba ga albarkatun ruwa masu iyaka tare da kara hadarin rikicin ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=October 12, 2019|title=The Coming Wars for Water|url=https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/|website=Report Syndication}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hasashe ==
A cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata, 'yan siyasa, masana kimiyya da 'yan jarida sun sha nuna damuwa cewa takaddamar ruwa za ta zama sanadin yakoki na gaba. Kalaman da aka fi ambata sun hada da: na tsohon Ministan Harakokin Wajen kasar Masar kuma tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Boutros Boutros-Ghali, wanda ya yi hasashen cewa, &quot;Yaki na gaba a Gabas ta Tsakiya za a fafata shi ne a kan ruwa, ba siyasa ba&quot;; magajinsa a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Kofi Annan, wanda a shekarar 2001 ya ce, &quot;Gasa mai tsanani ta neman ruwan fari na iya zama sanadin rikici da yakoki a gaba,&quot; da kuma tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Bankin Duniya, Ismail Serageldin, wanda ya ce yakokin karni na gaba za su kasance ne a kan ruwa sai dai idan an sami gagarumin canji a fannin gudanarwa. Haka kuma, &quot;yanzu ana yawan cewa yakoki na gaba a Gabas ta Tsakiya sun fi karkata ga fafatawa a kan ruwa fiye da a kan mai,&quot; in ji Lester R. Brown a wani taron dandalin ruwa na Stockholm da aka yi a baya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=EPI Releases - How Water Scarcity Will Shape the New Century - EPI |url=http://www.earth-policy.org/press_room/C68/stockholm_transcript |access-date=9 January 2018 |website=www.earth-policy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hasashen yakokin ruwa yana da tushe ne a cikin binciken farko da aka gudanar a kan kalilan din koguna na kasa da kasa kamar Kogin Indus, Kogin Jordan da Kogin Nilu. Wadannan takamaiman koguna sun zama abin mayar da hankali ne saboda sun fuskanci takaddamar da ta shafi ruwa. Takamaiman abubuwan da aka ambata a matsayin shaida sun hada da hararin da Isra'ila ta kai wa Siriya lokacin da take kokarin karkatar da madubin Kogin Jordan, da kuma barazanar soja da Masar ta yi wa kowace kasa da ke gina madatsun ruwa a saman kogin Nilu.

Wani abun da ke kara hadarin rikicin ruwa shi ne karuwar gasar neman ruwa a yankunan da ke fama da karancin ruwa, inda bukatu na samar da ruwa don amfanin dan adam, samar da abinci, muhallin halittu da sauran amfani ke gaba-da-gaba da wadatar ruwan da ake da ita. Mummunan al'amuran ruwa kamar ambaliyar ruwa da fari su ma suna kara tsananta hadarin rikicin ruwa. Yayin da yawan jama'a da ci gaban tattalin arziki ke karuwa, bukatun ruwa ma na iya karuwa, wanda ke kara rura wutar rashin jituwa game da rabo da iko da ruwa mai iyaka a wasu yankuna ko kasashe, musamman lokacin fari, ko kuma a madatsun ruwa na kasashen duniya da ake rabawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pacific Institute&quot;/&gt;

Albarkatun ruwa da suka ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya sun fi karkata wajen zama sanadin hadin gwiwa da abokin aiki fiye da yaki. Masana kimiyya da ke aiki a International Water Management Institute sun kasance suna bincikar shaidun da ke bayan hasashen yakin ruwa. Sakamakon bincikensu ya nuna cewa, ko da yake gaskiya ne an sami rikici mai alaka da ruwa a wasu kalilan din madatsun ruwa na kasashen duniya, a sauran kusan madatsun ruwa 300 da ake rabawa a duniya, tarihin ya kasance mai kyau mafi yawancinsa. Wannan ya nuna a fili ta hanyar daruruwan yarjejeniyoyin da ke akwai wadanda ke jagorantar amfani da ruwa cikin adalci tsakanin kasashen da ke raba albarkatun ruwa. Cibiyoyin da wadannan yarjejeniyoyin suka kafa za su iya zama muhimman abubuwa wajen tabbatar da hadin gwiwa maimakon rikici.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110812233521/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org:80/Publications/Success_Stories/PDF/2010/Issue%208%20-%20Promoting_cooperation_through_effective_management_of_shared_water_resources.pdf ''Promoting cooperation through management of transboundary water resources''], Success Stories, Issue 8, 2010, IWMI&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bayanai da Ma'anoni ==
Wani rumbun bayanai na intanet mai fadi da kuma budaddiya na rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa — wato Water Conflict Chronology — an samar da shi ta Pacific Institute.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Conflict Chronology |url=http://worldwater.org/water-conflict/ |access-date=November 29, 2023 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan rumbun bayanai ya lissafa tasiri a kan ruwa tun kimanin shekaru 4,500 da suka gabata kuma ya hada da misalai fiye da 1900 na tasiri a kan albarkatun ruwa tare da bayanai kan kwanan wata, wuri, nau'in rikici da cikakkun majiyoyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |last2=Shimabuku|first2=Morgan|date=2023 |title=Water-related conflicts: definitions, data, and trends from the water conflict chronology|journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=18 |issue=3|page=034022 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/acbb8f |bibcode=2023ERL....18c4022G |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Fact Sheet: Water Conflict Chronology Update |url=https://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Water-Conflict-Chronology_Fact-Sheet.pdf |access-date=June 18, 2025 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Karkashin tsarin Water Conflict Chronology, an raba rikice-rikicen da suka shafi ruwa kamar haka:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Water Conflict Chronology |url=http://worldwater.org/water-conflict/ |access-date=March 17, 2022 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;

*Tushen Rikici (Trigger): Ruwa a matsayin abun da ke rura wuta ko tushen rikici, inda ake samun takaddama a kan ikon sarrafa ruwa ko tsarin ruwa ko kuma inda samun damar tattalin arziki ko ta jiki ga ruwa, ko karancin ruwa, ke haifar da tasiri.
*Makami (Weapon): Ruwa a matsayin makamin rikici, inda ake amfani da albarkatun ruwa, ko tsarin ruwa da kansu, a matsayin kayan aiki ko makami a cikin rikici na tasiri.
*Abin cutarwa (Casualty): Albarkatun ruwa ko tsarin ruwa a matsayin abin cutarwa na rikici, inda albarkatun ruwa, ko tsarin ruwa, suka kasance abubuwan da aka nufa da gangan ko kuma cikin hadari don lalata su ko yi musu barna.
== Siyasa da Tattalin Arziki ==

Amfanin ruwa a matsayin albarkatun kasuwanci, wanda ya hada da kamun kifi, aikin gona, masana'antu, nishaɗi da yawon bude ido, da sauran dama, na iya haifar da takaddama ko da lokacin da samun ruwan sha ba lallai ba ne ya zama matsala. A matsayin albarkatu, wasu suna daukar ruwa a matsayin mai daraja kamar mai, wanda kusan kowace masana'antu ke bukata, kuma ana bukatarsa kusan kowace rana.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080518071950/http://www.forbes.com/2008/05/13/water-electricity-industry-biz-energy-cx_bp_0514water_print.html] Pentland, William. &quot;The Water-Industrial Complex,&quot; Forbes, May 14, 2008. Accessed November 21, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Karancin ruwa na iya gurgunta masana'antu baki daya kamar yadda zai iya gurgunta al'umma, kuma yana shafar kasashen da suka ci gaba kamar yadda yake shafar kasashen da ba su da ingantaccen tsarin samar da ruwa. Masana'antu da suka dogara da ruwa sun fi fitowa fili a cikin takaddamar ruwa, amma kasuwanci a kowane mataki na iya fuskantar illa saboda rashin ruwa.

=== Kamun Kifi ===
A tarihi, sassan kamun kifi sun kasance manyan wuraren tambaya, yayin da kasashe suka fadada tare da da'awar sassan teku a matsayin yankinsu na kasuwancin kamun kifi na gida. Wasu yankuna masu riba mai yawa, kamar Tekun Bering, suna da tarihin takaddama; a shekarar 1886 Daular Biritaniya da Amurka sun yi tahaliki a kan sassan kamun kifi na kadojin teku (seals),&lt;ref&gt;The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2007, Columbia University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a yau kasar Rasha ta kewaye wani sashe na ruwan kasa da kasa da aka sani da Bering Sea Donut Hole. An warware rikici game da hanyoyin kamun kifi da samun dama ga ramin a shekarar 1995 ta hanyar wata yarjejeniya da ake kira Donut Hole Agreement.&lt;ref&gt;Dunlap, William W. The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, Volume 10, Number 1, 1995, pp. 114-135(22)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gurbacewa ===
Bukatar kamfanoni galibi tana giciye da bukatun kasuwanci masu adawa da juna, da kuma damuwar muhalli, wanda ke kaiwa ga wani nau'in takaddama. A shekarun 1960, Tafkin Erie, da kuma sauran Manyan Tafkuna (Great Lakes) sun gurbata har ta kai ga mace-macen kifi masu yawa. Al'ummomin gida sun sha wahala sosai daga mummunan ingancin ruwa har sai da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta zartar da Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa (Clean Water Act) a shekarar 1972.&lt;ref&gt;33 U.S.C. § 1251 et seq.&lt;/ref&gt;

Gurbacewar ruwa tana haifar da babban hadari ga lafiya, musamman a yankunan da ke da masana'antu da yawa da kuma yawan jama'a kamar kasar Sin. Don mayar da martani ga mummunan yanayi inda birane baki daya ba su da ruwan sha mai aminci, kasar Sin ta zartar da ingantacciyar Dokar Kare da Sarrafa Gurbacewar Ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-02/29/content_6494712.htm] China Daily, Updated February 29, 2008. Accessed November 21, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Yiwuwar ruwan da ya gurbata ya tsallaka iyakokin kasashen duniya, da kuma gurbacewar ruwa da ba a amince da ita ba a cikin kasa matsi, yana kawo tambayoyi game da hakkin dan adam, wanda ke ba da damar shigar kasashen duniya cikin batun gurbacewar ruwa. Babu wani tsari guda daya na magance takaddamar gurbacewa ta cikin gida a kasa.

== Mayar da Martani ==

=== Hadin Gwiwa ===
Ana iya tsara cibiyoyin da ke kula da iyakokin kasashen duniya don inganta hadin gwiwa, shawo kan takaddama na farko, da kuma nemo hanyoyin jurewa rashin tabbas da canjin yanayi ke haifarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2008-016.pdf |title=Share: managing Water across Boundaries |publisher=IUCN |year=2008 |isbn=978-2-8317-1029-7 |editor=Sadoff, C. |display-editors=etal |archive-date=2012-10-24 |access-date=2011-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024164900/http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/2008-016.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma za a iya sanya idanu kan ingancin irin wadannan cibiyoyin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Hukumar Kogin Indus (Permanent Indus Commission) da Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus ta shekarar 1960 sun tsira daga yakoki biyu tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan duk da gaba da ke tsakanin kasashen biyu, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da zama tsari mai nasara wajen warware rikice-rikice ta hanyar samar da kyakkyawan tsarin tattaunawa, bincike, da musayar bayanai. A yanzu ne kawai aka dakatar da yarjejeniyar. Hukumar Mekong (Mekong Committee) ta yi aiki tun daga shekarar 1957 kuma ta dore har bayan Yakin Vietnam na shekarun 1955-1975. Akasin haka, rashin kwanciyar hankali na shiyya yana faruwa ne lokacin da kasashe ba su da cibiyoyin hadin gwiwa a fannin huldar shiyya, kamar tsarin kasar Masar na gina babban madatsar ruwa a kan Kogin Nilu. Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, babu wata cibiya ta duniya da ke kula da tafiyar da albarkatun ruwa da ke ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya, kuma hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa ya faru ne ta hanyar hadaka ta musamman tsakanin hukumomi, kamar Hukumar Mekong wacce ta fito sakamakon kawance tsakanin UNICEF da Hukumar Gyaran Kasa ta Amurka (US Bureau of Reclamation). Samar da cibiyoyi masu karfi na kasa da kasa ya bayyana{{original research inline|date=September 2019}} a matsayin hanyar ci gaba a gaba – suna karfafa shiga tsakani da gudanarwa da wuri,{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} tare da kauce wa hanyoyin warware takaddama masu tsada.

Yarjejeniyar ruwa-don-wutar-lantarki ta Project Prosperity tsakanin Isra'ila da Jordan,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/business/cop/israel-jordan-move-forward-with-water-for-energy-deal-2022-11-08/ | title=Israel and Jordan move forward with water-for-energy deal | newspaper=Reuters | date=8 November 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/12/16/water-for-energy-is-better-than-land-for-peace/ | title=Water-for-Energy is Better Than Land-for-Peace | date=16 December 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da hadin gwiwar Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (UAE), za ta kawo wutar lantarki da aka samar ta hanyar hasken rana daga Jordan zuwa Isra'ila, sannan Isra'ila za ta samar da ruwan teku da aka tacewa (wanda aka cire wa gishiri) ga kasar Jordan. Kasar UAE za ta taimaka wajen girka tsarin wutar lantarki na hasken rana a kasar Jordan.

Wani abu guda daya da ya saba faruwa a kusan duk takaddamar da aka warware shi ne cewa tattaunawar ta dogara ne akan tsarin &quot;dogaro da bukata&quot; maimakon tsarin &quot;dogaro da hakki&quot;. Gonakin da za a iya yin noman rani a kansu, yawan jama'a, da dabarun ayyuka ne ke bayyana &quot;bukatu&quot;. Nasarar tsarin dogaro da bukata tana bayyana ne a cikin yarjejeniyar ruwa guda daya tilo da aka taba cimma a kwarin Kogin Jordan, wacce ta mayar da hankali kan bukatu ba wai kan hakkin kasashen da ke kusa da kogin ba. A yankin kasan Indiya, bukatun noman rani na kasar Bangladesh ne ke nuna rabon ruwa na Kogin Ganges.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Tsarin shiyya na dogaro da bukata yana mayar da hankali ne wajen gamsar da daidaikun mutane da bukatarsu ta ruwa, tare da tabbatar da cewa an biya mafi karancin bukatun adadi. Wannan yana kauce wa rikicin da ke tasowa lokacin da kasashe ke kallon yarjejeniyar ta mahimman moriyar kasa kadai, kuma yana motsawa daga tsarin babu-riba-babu-rashi zuwa ga tsarin hadaka mai amfani ga kowa wanda ke raba ruwa da alfanunsa cikin adalci.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Wannan yana nufin cewa duka adalci da ingancin tsarin amfani da ruwa sun zama masu mahimmanci, musamman a lokacin karancin ruwa. Ya kamata hadakar wadannan abubuwa guda biyu na ingantaccen aiki ta faru ne a cikin tsarin dorewa wanda ke sa ci gaba da hadin gwiwa tsakanin duk masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin yanayin koyo ya zama abin bukata kwarai da gaske.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Haie|first=Naim|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bfm%3A978-981-15-6284-6%2F1.pdf|title=Transparent Water Management Theory: Sefficiency in Sequity|publisher=Springer|year=2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dorewar Gudanar da Albarkatun Ruwa ===
Tsarin Blue Peace wanda Strategic Foresight Group ta samar tare da hadin gwiwar gwamnatocin kasashen Switzerland da Sweden yana ba da tsarin manufofi na musamman wanda ke inganta dorewar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa tare da hadin gwiwa don samar da zaman lafiya. Ta hanyar amfani da mafi kyawun albarkatun ruwa da ake rabawa ta hanyar hadin gwiwa maimakon rabo kawai tsakanin kasashe, damar samun zaman lafiya na iya karuwa.&lt;ref&gt;''Turkish Review'', March 2013&lt;/ref&gt;{{request quotation|date=September 2019}} Tsarin na Blue Peace ya nuna tasiri mai kyau (misali) a Gabas ta Tsakiya&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Strategic Foresight Group - Anticipating and Influencing Global Future |url=http://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/40595Blue+Peace_Middle+East.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831104124/http://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/40595Blue+Peace_Middle+East.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2018 |access-date=31 August 2018 |website=www.strategicforesight.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.deza.admin.ch/en/Home/Projects/Selected_projects/Water_management_and_peace_promotion_in_the_Middle_East eda.base.components.templates.base.accessKeys] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130926053611/http://www.deza.admin.ch/en/Home/Projects/Selected_projects/Water_management_and_peace_promotion_in_the_Middle_East|date=26 September 2013}}. Deza.admin.ch. Retrieved on 2015-11-24.&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma kwarin Kogin Nilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 September 2013 |title=Blue Peace: New Solution for Averting Water Wars in the Nile Basin - Yahoo Finance |work=Yahoo Finance |url=http://finance.yahoo.com/news/blue-peace-solution-averting-water-040000860.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928122750/http://finance.yahoo.com/news/blue-peace-solution-averting-water-040000860.html |archive-date=28 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dandalin Ruwan Karkashin Kasa na UN UNESCO-IHP yana da nufin taimakawa wajen inganta fahimtar albarkatun ruwa da kuma karfafa ingantaccen gudanar da ruwa. Amma ya zuwa yanzu, shirin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mafi karsashi wajen warware takaddamar ruwa shi ne shirin Potential Conflict to Co-operation Potential (PCCP), wanda ke a mataki na uku na aikinsa, yana horar da kwararrun fannin ruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da kuma tsara ayyukan ilmantarwa a wasu wurare.&lt;ref name=&quot;IHP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=UNESCO-IHP Groundwater Portal |date=19 December 2014 |url=https://groundwaterportal.net/project/pccp |access-date=2019-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyoyin da shirin ya mayar da hankali a kansu sun hada da jami'an diflomasiyya, masu yin dokoki, kungiyoyin farar hula, da daliban da ke nazarin fannin ruwa; ta hanyar fadada ilimi kan takaddamar ruwa, yana fatan karfafa hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashe wajen tunkarar rikice-rikice.

Hukumar UNESCO ta wallafa taswirar madatsun ruwan karkashin kasa da ke ratsa iyakokin kasashen duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 22, 2008 |title=UNESCO publishes first world map of underground transboundary aquifers |url=http://portal.unesco.org//en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D43767&amp;URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION%3D201.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025095526/http://portal.unesco.org//en/ev.php-URL_ID=43767&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html |archive-date=October 25, 2008 |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayyukan ilimi da suka mayar da hankali kan takaddamar ruwa har yanzu ba su samar da daidaitacciyar hanya ta shiga tsakani ga takaddamar kasa da kasa ba, balle ma ta cikin gida. Amma UNESCO tana da kyakkyawan fata game da makomar gaba yayin da rikice-rikicen ruwa ke kara fitowa fili ga jama'a, kuma yayin da karuwar tsananin matsalar ke sanya masu taurin kai yin tunani na gari.

=== Shiga Tsakani na Kungiyoyin Kasa da Kasa ===

Kungiyoyin kasa da kasa suna taka rawar gani sosai wajen shiga tsakani a takaddamar ruwa da kuma inganta gudanar da ruwa. Daga kokarin kimiyya na auna gurbacewar ruwa, zuwa kokarin Kungiyar Cin Kiki ta Duniya (World Trade Organization) na warware takaddamar cin kiki tsakanin kasashe, ana iya magance nau'ikan takaddamar ruwa da dama ta hanyar tsare-tsare da cibiyoyin da ke akwai a yanzu.

Kungiyar Cin Kiki ta Duniya (WTO) tana iya shiga tsakani a takaddamar ruwa da kasashe mambobinta suka gabatar lokacin da takaddamar ta kasance ta dabi'ar kasuwanci ce. Hukumar WTO tana da wasu kungiyoyi na musamman, kamar Cibiyar Kamun Kifi (Fisheries Center), wadanda ke aiki don sanya idanu da kuma yanke hukunci kan shari'o'in da suka dace, kodayake ba ita ce hukuma ta karshe a kan rikicin albarkatun ruwa ba.

Duk da haka, rikicin ruwa da ke faruwa a cikin gida, da kuma rikicin da mai yiwuwa ba na kasuwanci ba ne baki daya, ka iya zama maras dacewa ga shiga tsakanin WTO.

Saboda ruwa yana da matukar muhimmanci ga cin kikin kayan gona, takaddamar ruwa na iya kasancewa a fakaice cikin shari'o'in WTO ta hanyar &quot;ruwan fargaba&quot; (virtual water),&lt;ref&gt;Morrisette, Jason J. and Douglas A. Borer. &quot;Where Oil and Water Do Mix: Environmental Scarcity and Future Conflict in the Middle East and North Africa.&quot; Parameters, Vol. 34, Winter 2004 pp 94-96.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://kluwerlawonline.com/api/Product/CitationPDFURL?file=Journals%5CTRAD%5CTRAD2013042.pdf|title=Water Footprint and the Law of WTO|first=Piotr|last=Szwedo|date=December 1, 2013|journal=Journal of World Trade|volume=47|issue=6|pages=1259–1284 |doi=10.54648/TRAD2013042 |s2cid=150576275 |via=kluwerlawonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; wato ruwan da ake amfani da shi wajen samar da kayayyaki da ayyuka amma ba a yin cin kikinsa kai tsaye tsakanin kasashe. Kasashen da ke da mafi kyawun samun damar samar da ruwa na iya yin rawar gani sosai ta fannin tattalin arziki fiye da wadanda ke fuskantar matsala, wanda hakan ke haifar da yiwuwar rikici. Sakamakon bacin rai da tallafin aikin gona ke haifarwa wanda ke korar amfanin gonakin gida, kasashen da ke fuskantar karancin ruwa suna kai kararrakinsu ga WTO.

Hukumar WTO tana taka rawa sosai a takaddamar da ta dogara da aikin gona wadanda ke da alaka da rikici a kan takamaiman hanyoyin ruwa. Duk da haka, tana samar da muhimmin tsari wanda ke tsara yadda ruwa zai taka rawa a takaddamar tattalin arziki na gaba. Wata makarantar tunani tana goyon bayan ra'ayin yakin ruwa, wanda shi ne matakin karshe na takaddamar ruwa da ba a warware ba—karancin albarkatun ruwa tare da matsin lamba na karuwar al'umma cikin sauri na iya wuce ikon WTO na kiyaye tsari mai kyau a cikin al'amuran cin kiki.&lt;ref&gt;Morrisette, p. 99&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rikice-rikicen Ruwa na Ketare Iyakoki ==

Ruwan ketare iyakoki su ne ruwayen da kasashe mabanbanta guda biyu ko fiye suka raba iyaka da su. Domin rage hadarin rikicin ruwa, galibi ana tattaunawa kan tsare-tsare ko yarjejeniyoyin ruwa na ketare iyakoki, amma har yanzu da yawa daga cikin kogunan duniya da ake rabawa ba su da irin wadannan yarjejeniyoyin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeitoun |first1=Mark |last2=Mirumachi |first2=Naho |last3=Warner |first3=Jeroen |last4=Kirkegaard |first4=Matthew |last5=Cascão |first5=Ana |date=2019-05-24 |title=Analysis for water conflict transformation |url=https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/71198/1/Accepted_Manuscript.pdf |journal=Water International |language=en |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=365–384 |doi=10.1080/02508060.2019.1607479 |issn=0250-8060 |s2cid=182388253|url-access= }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wadannan hadin gwiwar ya kamata su kasance cikin adalci da dorewa ta yadda kowace kasa ba za ta ci zarafin ruwan ba, a maimakon haka za su yi amfani da ruwan don amfaninsu mafi kyau tare da kare shi da adana shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Article 5: Equitable and reasonable utilisation and participation - UN Watercourses Convention |url=https://www.unwatercoursesconvention.org/the-convention/part-ii-general-principles/article-5-equitable-and-reasonable-utilisation-and-participation/ |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=www.unwatercoursesconvention.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gasa ta kasa da kasa a kan ruwa na iya tasowa lokacin da wata kasa ta fara dibar ruwa mai yawa daga tushen ruwan da ake rabawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Grover |first=Velma I. |title=Water : a source of conflict or cooperation? |publisher=Science Publishers |year=2007 |location=Enfield, N.H.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan galibi ita ce hanya mafi inganci ta samun ruwan da ake bukata, amma a cikin dogon lokaci na iya haifar da rikici idan aka yi amfani da ruwan fiye da kima. An ce fiye da kasashe 50 a nahiyoyi biyar na fuskantar barazanar rikici a kan ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Paul |first=James |title=Water in Conflict |url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/natres/waterindex.htm |website=www.globalpolicy.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da kari, dokar ruwa ta kasa da kasa wani lokacin na iya kara rura wutar rikici: ka'idojin shari'a na &quot;mallakar farko&quot; (prior appropriation) da &quot;hakkin kusa da kogi&quot; (riparianism) duka biyun suna da alaka da rikice-rikicen ruwa na ketare iyakoki saboda duka biyun na iya nufin cewa sa'a ta tarihi da ta labarin kasa na iya raba kasashe bisa doka zuwa wadanda ke da wadatar ruwa da wadanda ke fama da karancinsa.

Rikice-rikicen baya-bayan nan tsakanin kasashe sun faru ne mafi yawanci a Gabas ta Tsakiya (takaddamar da ta samo asali daga kogunan Euphrates da Tigris wadanda Turkiyya, Siriya, da Iraki ke rabawa; da kuma rikicin Kogin Jordan da Isra'ila, Lebanon, Jordan da kuma Kasar Falasdinu ke rabawa), a Afirka (rikice-rikicen da suka shafi Kogin Nilu tsakanin Masar, Habasha, da Sudan),&lt;ref name=&quot;WWilson&quot; /&gt; da kuma a Tsakiyar Asiya (rikicin Tekun Aral tsakanin Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan da Kyrgyzstan). A cikin shekarun 2022 da 2023, takaddama a kan Kogin Helmand da Iran da Afghanistan ke rabawa ita ma ta ruru.

=== Kisan Kare dangi a Gaza ===
A matsayin wani bangare na kisan kare dangi na Gaza na shekarar 2023 zuwa yanzu da kasar Isra'ila ke tafi da shi, ana lalata masana'antun tace ruwan teku da sauran tsarin samar da ruwa da gangan tare da sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira, cibiyoyin raba taimako da aywukan jin kai a kokarin janyo yunwa da kuma sa mutane su mutu saboda kishirwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Natasha |last2=Kirschenbaum |first2=Anita |last3=Michel |first3=David |date=2024-01-12 |title=The Siege of Gaza’s Water |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/siege-gazas-water |journal=CSIS |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mutanen da ke zaune a Falasdinu sun ba da rahoton cewa an tilasta musu shan ruwa mai gishiri, maras tsabta, ko mai dauke da cututtuka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gaza residents share fears of thirst after Israel destroys water resources |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/video/newsfeed/2025/4/10/gaza-residents-share-fears-of-thirst-after-israel-destroys-water-resources |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yakin Iran na 2026 ===
A ranar 7 ga Maris, 2026, a matsayin wani bangare na yakin shekarar 2026 tsakanin Isra'ila, Amurka, da Iran, Amurka ta kai hari da gangan kan masana'antar tace ruwan teku ta kasar Iran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=AFP |date=7 March 2026 |title=IRGC says it attacked US base in Bahrain, claims it was used to strike desalination plant in Iran |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/irgc-says-it-attacked-us-base-in-bahrain-claims-it-was-used-to-strike-desalination-plant-in-iran/ |access-date=8 March 2026 |work=The Times of Israel |language=en-US |issn=0040-7909}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu kasashen, har da Isra'ila, sun dogara ne da tace ruwan teku don samun isasshen ruwan sha.

=== Kogunan Tigris da Euphrates ===
A cikin tarihi an sami rikici mai yawa game da amfani da ruwa daga koguna kamar su Tigris da Euphrates, kuma daya daga cikin &quot;yakokin ruwa&quot; na farko da aka sani shi ne a shekara ta 2400 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (BCE) tsakanin tsoffin jihohin Sumerian na Umma da Lagash a kan ruwan noman rani.&lt;ref name=&quot;stormingmedia.us&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.stormingmedia.us/75/7593/A759324.html |title=The Euphrates Triangle: Security Implications of the Southeastern Anatolia Project |website=www.stormingmedia.us |access-date=March 11, 2023 |archive-date=June 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604152753/http://www.stormingmedia.us/75/7593/A759324.html |author1= Frederick M. Lorenz |author2=Edward J. Erickson}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shiri na Kudu maso Gabashin Anatolia na kasar Turkiyya (Southeastern Anatolia Project ko GAP) a kan Kogin Euphrates yana da yiwuwar haifar da mummunan sakamako ga samar da ruwa a Siriya da Iraki. A lokacin shekarun 1950, an fara gina madatsun ruwa da sauran ayyukan ruwa da yawa sakamakon damuwa game da rabon ruwa musamman ga kasashen da ke kasan kogin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Çarkoğlu |first1=Ali |last2=Eder |first2=Mine |date=2001 |title=Domestic Concerns and the Water Conflict over the Euphrates-Tigris River Basin |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4284138 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=41–71 |doi=10.1080/714004364 |jstor=4284138 |s2cid=144773147 |issn=0026-3206|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kwarin Mekong (Kasar Sin da sauran kasashen Asiya) ===
A kwarin Mekong, kasar Sin wadda ita ce kasa mafi can sama inda kogin ke fitowa, ta gina jerin madatsun ruwa a kan tushen Kogin Mekong, wanda hakan ya canza yawan kwararar ruwa da kuma lokutan kwarararsa ga kasashen da ke kasan kogin kamar Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia da Thailand.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=25 April 2020 |title=China's dams exacerbated extreme drought in lower Mekong: Study |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/chinas-dams-exacerbated-extreme-drought-mekong-study-200424231003795.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=22 April 2020 |title=Science Shows Chinese Dams Are Devastating the Mekong |work=Foreign Policy |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/22/science-shows-chinese-dams-devastating-mekong-river/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, kasar Sin ta gina madatsun ruwa guda 11 a kan Kogin Mekong, wanda ke kwarara daga kasar Sin ta cikin Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia da Vietnam zuwa Tekun Kudancin Sin. Masana suna fargabar cewa ikon kasar Sin na sarrafa kwararar Kogin Mekong yana ba ta damar yin amfani da hakan azaman kariya ko matsin lamba ga kasashen kasan kogin wadanda suka dogara da kyakkyawar niyyar kasar Sin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nikkei Asian Review&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Chellaney |first=Brahma |date=28 October 2019 |title=China is weaponizing water and worsening droughts in Asia |newspaper=Nikkei Asian Review |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Opinion/China-is-weaponizing-water-and-worsening-droughts-in-Asia}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekarar 2018, matakan ruwa a Kogin Mekong sun sauka zuwa mafi kankanta a cikin shekaru sama da 100, har ma a lokacin damina na shekara-shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Project Syndicate&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2 August 2019 |title=Damming the Mekong Basin to Environmental Hell |url=https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/china-dams-mekong-basin-exacerbate-drought-by-brahma-chellaney-2019-08 |publisher=Project Syndicate}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Madatsar ruwa ta Jinghong, wadda ya zuwa Janairu 2020 ita ce madatsar ruwa ta kasar Sin mafi kusa da iyakar kasar Thailand, ta haifar da babban canji da rashin daidaituwa a matakan kogin, wanda ke shafar hanyoyin rayuwar mutane a kasan kogin ta hanyar hargitsa tsarin dabi'ar kogin.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABC News&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Bainbridge |first=Amy |date=20 January 2020 |title=China's Mekong River dams are generating renewable energy, but are costing locals their livelihoods |newspaper=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-20/china-mekong-river-plan-creates-renewable-energy-but-costs-jobs/11872640}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rikicin Tekun Aral ===
Fadada aikin gona na noman rani fiye da kima a zamanin Tarayyar Soviet (musamman ga auduga) a Tsakiyar Asiya ya sanya Kogin Amu Darya, wanda Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan da Afghanistan ke rabawa, ya kusan bushewa baki daya, har ta kai ga ya daina isa ga Tekun Aral, wanda a yanzu girmansa da yawansa sun ragu sosai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Prokurat |first=Sergiusz |title=Drought and water shortages in Asia as a threat and economic problem |date=2015 |url=http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwmeta1.element.desklight-95d2a7ec-8c5f-474d-84ed-8b8baed8f8c0/c/235_PDFsam_Joms_3_26_2015.pdf |pages=235–250 |location=Józefów |publisher=&quot;Journal of Modern Science” 3/26/2015 |access-date=13 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Masar da Habasha ===
A shekarar 1979, Shugaban kasar Masar Anwar Sadat ya bayyana cewa idan kasar Masar za ta sake tsunduma cikin wani yaki a gaba, to tabbas zai kasance ne a kan ruwa. A wani bangaren daban kuma, a tsakanin huldar Masar da Habasha, Firayim Ministan Habasha Meles Zenawi ya ce: &quot;Ba na fargabar cewa Masarawa za su far wa Habasha ba zato tsammani. Babu wanda ya taba gwada hakan da ya rayu har ya ba da labarin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Malone |first=Barry |title=Next on Egypt's to-do: Ethiopia and the Nile |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/12/next-egypt-do-ethiopia-nile-201312872410501805.html |access-date=9 January 2018 |website=www.aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rikici tsakanin Masar da Habasha a kan madatsar ruwa ta Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam ya tsananta a shekarar 2020 saboda damuwar cewa madatsar ruwan ta Habasha a kan Kogin Blue Nile na iya rage kwararar ruwa zuwa kasar Masar, wadda ta dogara kacokan a kan ruwan Kogin Nilu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Decian |date=9 February 2020 |title=For Thousands of Years, Egypt Controlled the Nile. A New Dam Threatens That |newspaper=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/09/world/africa/nile-river-dam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210015121/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/09/world/africa/nile-river-dam.html |archive-date=10 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Week&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=8 July 2020 |title=Are Egypt and Ethiopia heading for a water war? |work=The Week |url=https://www.theweek.co.uk/107468/are-egypt-and-ethiopia-heading-for-a-water-war}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nature&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=15 July 2020 |title=Row over Africa's largest dam in danger of escalating, warn scientists |work=Nature |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02124-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Firayim Ministan Habasha Abiy Ahmed ya yi gargadin cewa &quot;Babu wani karfi da zai iya hana Habasha gina madatsar ruwa. Idan akwai bukatar yin yaki, za mu iya sanya miliyoyin mutane cikin shirin ko-ta-kwana.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Week&quot;/&gt;

Masar tana kallon madatsar ruwan a matsayin barazana ga rayuwar kasarta. Kasashen biyu duka suna fuskantar barazanar karancin ruwa, yayin da ake hasashen bukatun ruwa za su karu saboda karuwar jama'a, karuwar birane da kuma neman ci gaban tattalin arziki. Ana kara rura wutar takaddama sakamakon mabanbantan akidu a kan hakkin ruwa; Masar tana da'awar hakki a kan ruwan Nilu bisa ga tsarin tarihi, yayin da Habasha kuma take da'awar hakki a kan ruwan bisa ga labarin kasa (geography),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-11-04 |title=Nile Basin Water Wars: The Never-Ending Struggle Between Egypt, Ethiopia, and Sudan |url=https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/nile-basin-water-wars-the-never-ending-struggle-between-egypt-ethiopia-and-sudan/ |access-date=2020-11-20 |website=Geopolitical Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; inda kashi 85% na ruwanta ke fitowa daga yankunan tuddai da ke cikin kasarta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Gleick |first1=Peter |title=Water, Security and Conflict |last2=Iceland |first2=Charles |publisher=World Resources Institute |year=2018 |location=Washington, DC. USA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da Shiri na Kwarin Nilu (Nile Basin Initiative) yake samar da dandamali don tabbatar da dorewar gudanar da albarkatun ruwa ta hanyar hadin gwiwar kasashen da ke kusa da kogin,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Who we are {{!}} Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) |url=https://nilebasin.org/nbi/who-we-are |access-date=2020-11-20 |website=nilebasin.org |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Hadin Gwiwa (Cooperative Framework Agreement) kasashe 6 kacal ne suka amince da ita daga cikin kasashe 11 zuwa yanzu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CFA {{!}} Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) |url=https://nilebasin.org/nbi/cooperative-framework-agreement |access-date=2020-11-20 |website=nilebasin.org |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Sameura_dam_20050903.jpg|right|thumb|Sakamakon karancin ruwan sama da aka samu a lokacin bazara na 2005, madatsar ruwa ta Sameura ta yi kasa sosai. Madatsar tana samar da ruwa ne ga Takamatsu, Kagawa, Tsibirin Shikoku, kasar Japan.]]

=== Rikice-rikicen Ruwa tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan ===
A shekarar 1948, Indiya da Pakistan sun fuskanci takaddama a kan rabon hakkin ruwa na Kogin Indus da rassan kogunan da ke kwarara zuwa cikinsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sal,Upr&quot;&gt;{{citation |last1=Salman |first1=Salman M. A. |title=Conflict and Cooperation on South Asia's International Rivers: A Legal Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GEr4fyDbqgC&amp;pg=PA42 |pages=42–44 |year=2002 |publisher=World Bank Publications |isbn=978-0-8213-5352-3 |last2=Uprety |first2=Kishor}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gilm&quot;&gt;{{citation |last=Gilmartin |first=David |title=Blood and Water: The Indus River Basin in Modern History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfXLDwAAQBAJ |pages=210–211 |year=2020 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-35553-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; An cimma yarjejeniya bayan makonni biyar kuma takaddamar ta biyo bayan sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus a shekarar 1960.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sal,Upr&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gilm&quot; /&gt;

Gasa ga hanyoyin ruwa na ketare iyakoki kuma tana iya tsananta sakamakon karuwar takaddama tsakanin kasashen, kamar yadda lamarin yake tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan. Kasashen biyu sun dogara sosai a kan kwarin Kogin Indus don samar da ruwa, wanda ke karkashin ikon Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus da aka kafa a shekarar 1960. A watan Fabrairun 2019, Indiya ta yi barazanar yanke wa Pakistan ruwa, a matsayin martani ga fadan soja na Kashmir,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Dasgupta |first=Mehr Nadeem, Saad Sayeed, Neha |date=2019-08-19 |title=Pakistan, India spar over using water as a weapon in Kashmir dispute |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-pakistan-water-idUSKCN1V91B9 |access-date=2020-11-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; tana mai karkatar da ruwan zuwa yankuna kamar Jammu, Kashmir da Punjab a maimakon haka. Gina madatsun ruwa a saman kogin kuma zai janyo ambaliyar ruwa a kasan kogin idan aka saki ruwan da sauri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-08-19 |title=Pakistan accuses India of using water as weapon in Kashmir conflict |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/south-asia/article/3023486/pakistan-accuses-india-waging-fifth-generation-warfare-kashmir |access-date=2020-11-20 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tunda kasashen biyu suna raba albarkatun kwarin ruwa na Indus, Indiya da Pakistan sun yanke shawara kan wata shahararriyar yarjejeniya mai tasiri da ake kira Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Indus (IWT). Yarjejeniyar tana karkashin shiga tsakani na Bankin Duniya kuma tana tsara amfani da ruwa da kwararar koguna da yawa na kwarin ga kowace kasa. Yarjejeniyar ta tsira daga yakoki uku, amma ta fuskanci kalubalen matsalolin diflomasiyya na kasashen biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Qamar |first1=Muhammad Uzair |last2=Azmat |first2=Muhammad |last3=Claps |first3=Pierluigi |date=2019 |title=Pitfalls in transboundary Indus Water Treaty: a perspective to prevent unattended threats to the global security |journal=npj Clean Water |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |page=22 |doi=10.1038/s41545-019-0046-x |issn=2059-7037 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2019npjCW...2...22Q }}&lt;/ref&gt; Biye da babban takaddama a shekarar 2019, Firayim Ministan Indiya ya yi barazanar takaita kwararar ruwa zuwa Pakistan a yankin – matakin da Pakistan ta ce za ta dauka a matsayin wata alama ta yaki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Nadeen |first1=Mehr |last2=Sayeed |first2=Saad |last3=Dasgupta |first3=Neha |date=2019-08-19 |title=Pakistan, India spar over using water as a weapon in Kashmir dispute |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-pakistan-water-idUSKCN1V91B9 |access-date=2021-03-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rikice-rikicen ruwa na ketare iyakoki da tasirinsu ga muhalli ==
=== Kogunan Tigris da Euphrates ===

Tun daga shekarun 1960,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Turkey, Syria and Iraq: Conflict over the Euphrates-Tigris {{!}} Climate-Diplomacy |url=https://climate-diplomacy.org/case-studies/turkey-syria-and-iraq-conflict-over-euphrates-tigris |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=climate-diplomacy.org |date=January 1960 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; an sami rikici da ya shafi ruwa a Turkiyya, Siriya, da Iraki. Tsawon shekaru, kasar Turkiyya ta ci gaba da yanke shawarar kin bin yarjejeniyar 1987 wadda ta tabbatar da kwararar kusan mita cubic 500 na ruwa a kowane dakika zuwa kasa ta cikin kogunan Tigris da Euphrates domin samar da ruwa ga Lallukan Mesopotamiya (Mesopotamian Marshes) da kuma miliyoyin mutane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Turkey is reportedly depriving hundreds of thousands of people of water |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/north-africa-west-asia/turkey-reportedly-depriving-hundreds-thousands-people-water/ |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=openDemocracy |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Turkiyya ta yanke shawarar fara Shiri na Kudu maso Gabashin Anatolia ko GAP, wanda ya kunshi gina madatsun ruwa 20 wadanda za su iya daukar kusan biliyan 120 na mita cubic na ruwa tare da na'urorin samar da wutar lantarki na ruwa guda sha tara, lamarin da ya bar miliyoyin mutane da namun daji da ke zaune a kasan kogin wadanda suka dogara da kogunan Tigris da Euphrates ba tare da ruwa ba.

=== Turkiyya da Tsarin GAP ===

Tsarin GAP na kogunan Tigris da Euphrates, wanda ya kunshi (hekta miliyan 1.7)&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Abdulrahman |first=May F. |date=2021-08-31 |title=Effect of Discharge on Water Quality in Euphrates River Between Hit and Ramadi, Iraq |journal=Iraqi Geological Journal |volume=54 |issue=2B |pages=101–111 |doi=10.46717/igj.54.2b.9ms-2021-08-29 |s2cid=239713983 |issn=2414-6064|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; ya rura wutar lamarin sannan ya haifar da lalacewar muhalli da ba za a iya gyarawa ba a yanzu da kuma nan gaba, ba wai kawai ga kasashen da ke kewaye da ita ba har ma ga Turkiyya kanta. Shirin na GAP ya rage ruwa da kashi 50% daga kogunan Tigris da Euphrates zuwa kasashen kasan kogin da ke kewaye, wato Siriya da Iraki. Karancin ruwa a kasan kogin ya sa Kurds da yawa sun rasa matsugunansu, ya kuma kara gishiri a cikin Kogin Euphrates har ya kai 1000 PPM, sannan ya hana Iraki komawa ga samun wadatacciyar kasa mai albarka da ake amfani da ita don aikin gona. Bugu da kari, karancin ruwa a kasan kogin yana hana magudanar ruwa ta dabi'a, gami da gishiri da gurbataccen iska wadanda kogunan ke wankewa ta dabi'a, wanda hakan ke shafar lafiyar miliyoyin mutane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Mesopotamian_Marshes_2000-2009.gif|thumb|Canjin matakan ruwa na shekara-shekara na Lallukan Mesopotamiya a farkon watan Fabrairu.]]

=== Tasiri a kan Lallukan Mesopotamiya ===

Lallukan Mesopotamiya, wadanda kuma aka sani da Lallukan Iraki, sun fuskanci raguwa sosai lokacin yakin 1980-1988 da kasar Iran lokacin da Saddam Hussein, shugaba na biyar na kasar Iraki, ya zargi mazauna yankin na Larabawa da haitanci, saboda haka ya yi amfani da ruwa a matsayin makami domin korarsu daga Lallukan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2016-07-17 |title=Iraq's marshes, once drained by Saddam, named world heritage site |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-un-heritage-iraq-idUSKCN0ZX0SN |access-date=2022-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Domin fitar da dubban mutane daga yankin, gwamnatin Iraki ta tace kashi 10%, wanda ya taba rufe murabba'in kilomita 9,000 (murabba'in miliyan 3,500) zuwa kilomita murabba'i 760 kacal, kuma a shekarar 2005 ta samu kashi 40 kacal na ainihin girmanta na farko.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt; Kogin Na Uku (The Third River) aikin gini ne mai tsayin kilomita 172 wanda aka fara a shekarar 1992. Ya kunshi karamin kogi na daban wajen kwashe ruwan da ke kwarara daga Kogin Tigris da kuma tura shi ta cikin lallukan da kuma Kogin Euphrates kusa da Al-Qurna. Aikin ya tilasta wa rabin miliyan na mutanen yankin lalluka hijira, ya kone garuruwan da ke kewaye, sannan ya gurbata gonaki da ruwan da ke kewaye, wanda hakan ya sa kasar ta gaza zama gida ga dubban nau'ikan halittu da rayuwar dan adam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;
=== Madatsun Ruwa na Mosul da Haditha ===
[[File:Mosul_Dam_Lake_2019.jpg|thumb|Matakan ruwa a wani babban tafki da ke saman Madatsar Ruwa ta Mosul.]]
Rikici a kogunan Tigris da Euphrates ya janyo raguwar madatsun ruwa cikin sauri. A shekarun 1985 da 1986, an gina manyan madatsun ruwa guda biyu, Mosul da Haditha, wadanda ke kan kogunan Tigris da Euphrates, domin samar da wutar lantarki da kuma kwararar ruwa zuwa kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hasan |first1=Mejs |last2=Moody |first2=Aaron |last3=Benninger |first3=Larry |last4=Hedlund |first4=Heloise  |date=March 2019 |title=How war, drought, and dam management impact water supply in the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2068657730 |language=English |pages=264–279 |doi=10.1007/s13280-018-1073-4 |journal=Ambio |volume=48 |issue=3 |pmid=30003512 |pmc=6374223 |bibcode=2019Ambio..48..264H |id={{ProQuest|2068657730}} }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin Yakin Gulf na farko, a shekarun 1990 da 1991,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Persian Gulf War {{!}} Summary, Dates, Combatants, Casualties, Syndrome, Map, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Persian-Gulf-War |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; kilomita murabba'i 3.3 na fadin fili ya rika bacewa a kowace rana a madatsar ruwa ta Mosul, inda ta sauka daga 372 zuwa kilomita 346. A ranakun 25 ga Janairu da 10 ga Fabrairu, 1991, madatsar ta ci gaba da rasa kusan kilomita murabba'i 3.4 a kowace rana na fadin tafkin, wanda hakan ya kai ga fadin karshe na kilomita murabba'i 215 da kuma girman ruwa na 3.3 km3.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; Wannan shi ne daidai lokacin a watan Fabrairun 1991 lokacin da wasu jiragen ruwan yaki na Birtaniya suka harba bama-bamai da yawa suka bugi gadoji a kudanci da yammacin Iraki, inda suka kashe mutane sama da 100 a kowane hari &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=The airstrike in Mosul was potentially one of the worst U.S.-led civilian bombings in 25 years |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2017/03/28/the-airstrike-in-mosul-was-potentially-one-of-the-worst-u-s-led-civilian-bombings-in-25-years/ |access-date=2022-06-23 |issn=0190-8286}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da shafar matakan ruwa. A daidai wannan lokacin, tsakanin 17 ga Janairu da 10 ga Fabrairu, 1991, madatsar ruwa ta Haditha, wadda ita ma take a Iraki, ta rasa matsakaicin kilomita murabba'i 2.5 na fadin tafkin a kowace rana, kuma a cikin mako uku, ta rasa jimillar kashi 21%. A watan Agustan 2014, kungiyar 'yan tawaye ta ISIS ta mamaye Madatsar Ruwa ta Mosul, lamarin da majiyoyin Kurds ke fargabar za a iya amfani da shi wajen nutsar da kasashen kasan kogin da ambaliya, wanda zai janyo mutuwar dubban mutane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2014-08-17 |title=Kurdish forces 'break IS hold on Mosul dam' |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28826349 |access-date=2022-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amurka ta tura hare-haren sama sama da 130 domin taimakawa wajen kwato madatsar ruwan daga hannun ISIS a arewacin Iraki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2014-09-07 |title=US strikes Islamic State militants at Iraq's Haditha dam |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29098791 |access-date=2022-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kasar Amurka kuma ta tura hare-haren sama inda suka rurrushe yankunan da ke kewaye da madatsar ruwa ta Haditha domin hana ISIS kwace wata madatsar ruwa mai muhimmanci da ke zama tushen ruwa ga miliyoyin mutane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=US launches airstrikes around Iraq's Haditha Dam |url=https://popularmilitary.com/us-launches-airstrikes-around-iraqs-haditha-dam/#:~:text=US%20launches%20airstrikes%20around%20Iraq%E2%80%99s%20Haditha%20Dam%20September,prevent%20the%20group%20from%20capturing%20the%20vital%20dam |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=popularmilitary.com| date=8 September 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Rikici a kan albarkatun yankin ya sanya duka madatsun ruwa na Mosul da Haditha yin asarar fadin fili a kan karkashin kashi 2.0 na kilomita murabba'i a rana daya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;

== Wasu fitattun rikice-rikice ==
* Misali mafi farko da aka sani na ainihin rikici tsakanin kasashe mabanbanta a kan ruwa ya faru ne tsakanin shekarar 2500 zuwa 2350 BC tsakanin jihohin Sumerian na Lagash da Umma.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Rasler |first1=Karen A. |last2=Thompson |first2=W. R. |year=2006 |title=Contested Territory, Strategic Rivalries, and Conflict Escalation |journal=International Studies Quarterly |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=145–168 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2478.2006.00396.x|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* A matakin gida, wani babban misali mai ban mamaki shi ne zanga-zangar Cochabamba ta shekarar 2000 a kasar Bolivia, wadda aka nuna a cikin fim din Sipaniya na shekarar 2010 mai suna Even the Rain na Icíar Bollaín.
* Biye da mamaye yankin Crimea da kasar Rasha ta yi, kasar Ukraine ta toshe Hanyar Ruwa ta Arewa maso gabashin Crimea (North Crimean Canal), wanda ke samar da kashi 85% na ruwan sha na Crimea.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=29 March 2020 |title=Pray For Rain: Crimea's Dry-Up A Headache For Moscow, Dilemma For Kyiv |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/pray-for-rain-crimea-s-dry-up-a-headache-for-moscow-dilemma-for-kyiv/30515986.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vasily Stashuk, babban jami'in kula da ayyukan noman rani na Ukraine a wancan lokacin, ya ce matakin zai haifar da &quot;matsalolin jin kai mai tsanani&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=4 January 2017 |title=Dam leaves Crimea population in chronic water shortage |work=Al-Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/1/4/dam-leaves-crimea-population-in-chronic-water-shortage}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A karshen watan Afrilun 2021, wani rikici a kan ruwa ya ruru har ya kai ga kazamin fadan kan iyaka tsakanin Kyrgyzstan da Tajikistan tun bayan samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1991.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=29 April 2021 |title=Kyrgyz, Tajik security forces clash at border in water dispute |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/kyrgyzstan-tajikistan-border-clashes-idUSL8N2MM5JM}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Yakin Ruwa (Kogin Jordan) - takaddama tsakanin Isra'ila da Kungiyar Kasashen Larabawa (Arab League) a karshen shekarun 1960 a kan samar da ruwa daga kwarin kogin Jordan.
* Yakokin Ruwa na California - jerin rikice-rikice ne tsakanin birnin Los Angeles, manoma da makiyaya a kwarin Owens da ke Gabashin California, da kuma masu fafutukar kare muhalli.
* Yakokin ruwa a Florida - matsalolin karancin ruwa a Florida.
* Takaddamar ruwa tsakanin Tennessee da Georgia - takaddamar yankuna da ke ci gaba da faruwa.
* Takaddamar ruwa ta jihohi uku - rikici ne na amfanin ruwa tsakanin jihohin Georgia, Alabama, da Florida a kan kwarin kogin Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint da kwarin kogin Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa.
* Takaddamar ruwan Kogin Kaveri - Rikicin Ruwa tsakanin jihohin Indiya na Karnataka da Tamil Nadu a kan kogin Kaveri wanda ke kwararawa ta cikin Karnataka da Tamil Nadu.
* Hirmand tsakanin mutanen Iran da mutanen Afghanistan (Fadan Afghanistan da Iran na 2023)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202305208790 | title=Iran's Water Dispute Continues with Taliban as They Ridicule Raisi | date=25 January 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Manoman Isfahan&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.voanews.com/a/iran-water-shortage-protests-third-day/4345262.html | title=Angered by Water Shortages, Iranians March for 3rd Day | date=12 April 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bincike ==
Wasu bincike daga Cibiyar Gudanar da Ruwa ta Duniya (International Water Management Institute) da Jami'ar Jihar Oregon sun gano cewa rikice-rikicen ruwa tsakanin kasashe ba su cika faruwa ba idan aka kwatanta da hadin gwiwa, ganin cewa akwai daruruwan yarjejeniyoyi da tsare-tsare da aka kafa. Rikice-rikicen ruwa galibi suna tasowa ne a matsayin sakamakon sauran matsalolin zamantakewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Success_Stories/index.aspx|title=''Promoting cooperation through management of trans-boundary water resources'', Success Stories, Issue 8, 2010|publisher=IWMI|access-date=9 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Sabanin haka, Cibiyar Pacific (Pacific Institute) ta nuna cewa yayin da rikice-rikicen ruwa tsakanin kasashe (wato kasa da kasa) ke raguwa, akwai alamun karuwar hadarin rikice-rikice a cikin gida tsakanin masu amfani da ruwa, yankuna, kabilu, da mabanbantan bukatun tattalin arziki. Bayanai daga Tsarin Lokaci na Rikicin Ruwa (Water Conflict Chronology) sun nuna cewa wadannan rikice-rikice na cikin gida sune mafi girma da ke ci gaba da karuwa a cikin dukkan takaddamar ruwa, kuma hanyoyin kasa da kasa na al'ada don magance su, kamar yarjejeniyoyin kasashen biyu ko na kasashe da yawa, ba su da tasiri sosai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://worldwater.org/water-conflict/ |title=Water Conflict Chronology |publisher=Pacific Institute |access-date=June 21, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Wasu manazarta sun kiyasta cewa sakamakon karuwar amfani da albarkatun ruwa da bil'adama ke yi, rikice-rikicen ruwa za su zama ruwan dare a nan gaba kadan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 19, 2008 |title=Worldwide battle for water |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7569453.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819053044/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7569453.stm |archive-date=August 19, 2008 |access-date=June 13, 2023 |url-status=live |website=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Greste |first=Peter |date=March 26, 2009 |title=The dam that divides Ethiopians |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7959814.stm |access-date=June 13, 2009 |website=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Naho Mirumachi da John Anthony Allan sun ba da shawarar tsarin Transboundary Water Interaction Nexus (TWINS) a shekarar 2007 a matsayin wata hanya mai bangarori biyu don tunkarar rikicin ruwa da hadin gwiwa.&lt;ref&gt;Mirumachi, Naho and John Anthony Allan. &quot;Revisiting Transboundary Water Governance: Power, Conflict, Cooperation and the Political Economy.&quot; In CAIWA Conference Paper, 2007, [http://www.newater.uni-osnabrueck.de/caiwa/data/papers%20session/F3/CAIWA-FullPaper-MirumachiAllan25Oct07submitted2.pdf], accessed January 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan samfurin ya yi watsi da tsarin daidaitawa na al'ada na rikici da hadin gwiwa, a maimakon haka yana kallon duka biyun a matsayin abubuwan da ke kasancewa tare kuma ba sa korar juna. Sun bayyana cewa ba dukkan hadin gwiwa ba ne ke da kyau, kuma ba dukkan rikici ba ne ke da muni.&lt;ref&gt;Zeitoun, Mark and Naho Mirumachi. &quot;Transboundary Water Interaction I: Reconsidering Conflict and Cooperation.&quot; In International Environmental Agreements, 8/4, 2008, pp. 297–316&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin na TWINS kuma zai iya zama mataki na karshe mai amfani bayan gudanar da bincike daban-daban kan hanyoyin hadin gwiwa da matakan tsananin rikici.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Rein, Marlen. &quot;Power Asymmetry in the Mekong River Basin: The Impact of Hydro-Hegemony on Sharing Transboundary Water.&quot; In Vienna Journal of East Asian Studies, Volume 8, eds. Rudiger Frank, Ina Hein, Lukas Pokorny, and Agnes Schick-Chen. Vienna: Praesens Verlag, 2016, pp. 127–162. {{doi|10.2478/vjeas-2016-0005}}&lt;/ref&gt; An raba samfurin gida biyu—ma'asunin kwance (wanda ke auna tsananin hadin gwiwa) da kuma ma'asunin tsaye (wanda ke auna tsananin rikici).

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Aikin tiyata na ƙashi</title>
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        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357740679|Orthopedic surgery]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Infobox medical intervention|Name=Orthopedic|Image=Teardrop fracture.jpg|Caption=A fracture of the lower [[cervical vertebrae]], one of the conditions treated by orthopedic surgeons and [[neurosurgeons]]|ICD10=|ICD9=|ICD9_mult=|MeshID=D019637|OPS301=|OtherCodes=}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;'''Tiyatar ƙashi''' ko '''ƙashi''' ( wani nau'in rubutun '''ƙashi''' ) reshe ne na tiyata da ke da alaƙa da yanayin da ya shafi [[Tsarin tsokoki da ƙashi na mutum|tsarin ƙashi]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 December 2019 |title=Orthopedic Surgeons: Seven Things You Need to Know |url=https://www.pennmedicine.org/updates/blogs/musculoskeletal-and-rheumatology/2019/december/ortho-surgeons-7-things-to-know |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=Penn Musculoskeletal and Rheumatology Blog |publisher=The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania}}&lt;/ref&gt; Likitocin ƙashi suna amfani da hanyoyin tiyata da waɗanda ba tiyata ba don magance raunin ƙashi, cututtukan ƙashi, [[raunin wasanni]], [[Cutar da ke raguwa|cututtukan da suka shafi lalacewa]], cututtuka, ciwace -ciwacen daji da kuma matsalolin haihuwa .&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Template:TOC limit/styles.css&quot; /&gt; &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

Nicolas Andry ya ƙirƙiro kalmar a cikin Faransanci a matsayin ''{{Lang|fr|orthopédie}}'', an samo shi ne daga tsoffin kalmomin Girkanci {{Lang|grc|ὀρθός}} {{Lang|grc-latn|orthos}} (&quot;daidai&quot;, &quot;madaidaici&quot;) da {{Lang|grc|παιδίον}} {{Lang|grc-latn|paidion}} (&quot;yaro&quot;), kuma sun buga ''Orthopedie'' (wanda aka fassara a matsayin ''Orthopædia: Ko kuma Fasahar Gyara da Hana Nakasa a Yara'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 November 1980 |title=Orthopædia, or, The art of correcting and preventing deformities in children |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJ9sAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Classics of Medicine Library |via=[[Google Books]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ) a cikin 1741. An haɗa kalmar zuwa Turanci a matsayin ''orthopædics'' ; ligature ''æ'' ya zama ruwan dare a wannan zamanin don ''ae'' a cikin kalmomin Girka da Latin. Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, an fara haɓaka horon ne da kulawa ga yara, amma gyaran nakasar ƙashi da ƙashi a dukkan matakai na rayuwa daga ƙarshe ya zama ginshiƙin aikin orthopedic. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Bambance-bambance a cikin rubutu ===
Kamar yadda yake da kalmomi da yawa da aka samo daga ligature na &quot;æ&quot;, sauƙaƙawa zuwa ko dai &quot;ae&quot; ko kawai &quot;e&quot; abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare, musamman a Arewacin Amurka. A Amurka, yawancin shirye-shiryen kwaleji, jami'a, da zama, har ma da Kwalejin Likitocin Kafa ta Amurka, har yanzu suna amfani da rubutun tare da digraph ae, kodayake asibitoci yawanci suna amfani da gajeriyar hanyar. A wani wuri, amfani ba iri ɗaya ba ne; a Kanada, duka haruffan ana yarda da su; &quot;orthopaedics&quot; shine rubutun da aka saba yi a Burtaniya daidai da sauran fannoni waɗanda ke riƙe &quot;ae&quot;. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== Kashin baya na farko ===
An samu ci gaba da yawa a fannin tiyatar ƙashi sakamakon gogewa a lokacin yaƙi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Smith DC |date=September 2015 |title=Extremity Injury and War: A Historical Reflection |journal=[[Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research]] |volume=473 |issue=9 |pages=2771–2776 |doi=10.1007/s11999-015-4327-5 |pmc=4523509 |pmid=25930212}}&lt;/ref&gt; A fagen fama na [[Zamanin Tsakiya|Tsakiyar Zamani]], an yi wa waɗanda suka ji rauni magani da bandeji da aka jika a cikin jinin dawaki, wanda ya bushe don ya zama ƙashin baya mai tauri, idan ba shi da tsafta. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Da farko, kalmar orthopedics tana nufin gyara nakasar tsoka a cikin yara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Orthopedic surgery |url=https://howellmedical.com/orthopedic-surgery/ |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=Harbin Howell Medical Apparatus and Instruments Co., LTD |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nicolas Andry, farfesa a fannin likitanci a Jami'ar Paris, ya ƙirƙiro kalmar a cikin littafin farko da aka rubuta kan wannan batu a shekara ta 1741. Ya ba da shawarar amfani da motsa jiki, sarrafa hannu, da kuma cire ƙashin baya don magance nakasar yara. Littafinsa ya yi magana ne game da iyaye, kuma yayin da wasu batutuwa za su saba da masu maganin ƙashi a yau, ya kuma haɗa da 'gumi mai yawa na tafin hannu' da freckles. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Sugar-Tong Forearm Splinting Technique: Application of Sugar-Tong Splint, Postprocedural Care, Complications |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/80127-technique |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=Medscape |publisher=WebMD LLC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jean-André Venel ya kafa cibiyar kashin baya ta farko a shekarar 1780, wadda ita ce asibiti ta farko da aka keɓe don kula da nakasar ƙasusuwan yara. Ya ƙirƙiro takalmin ƙafa mai kama da na ƙwallon ƙafa ga yaran da aka haifa da nakasar ƙafa da kuma hanyoyi daban-daban na magance lanƙwasa na kashin baya. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Ci gaban da aka samu a fannin tiyata a ƙarni na 18, kamar binciken John Hunter kan warkar da jijiyoyi da kuma aikin Percivall Pott kan nakasar ƙashin baya ya ci gaba da ƙara yawan sabbin hanyoyin da ake da su don samun ingantaccen magani. Robert Chessher, wani ƙwararren likitan ƙashin baya na Burtaniya, ya ƙirƙiro jirgin sama mai karkata biyu, wanda ake amfani da shi don magance karyewar ƙashi a ƙananan jiki, a cikin 1790. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Valentin |first=Bruno |date=October 1958 |title=Robert Chessher (1750–1831): An English Pioneer in Orthopaedics |journal=Medical History |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=308–313 |doi=10.1017/s0025727300024054 |issn=0025-7273 |pmc=1034426 |pmid=13599783}}&lt;/ref&gt; Antonius Mathijsen, wani likitan tiyata na soja na Holland, ya ƙirƙiro simintin gyaran ƙafa na Paris a cikin 1851. Har zuwa shekarun 1890, duk da haka, tiyatar ƙashin baya har yanzu bincike ne da aka iyakance ga gyaran nakasar yara. Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin tiyata na farko da aka haɓaka shine tiyatar ƙashin baya. Wannan ya haɗa da yanke jijiyar, wacce asalinta ita ce jijiyar Achilles, don taimakawa wajen magance nakasar tare da ƙarfafa gwiwa da motsa jiki. A ƙarshen shekarun 1800 da farkon shekarun 1900, babbar ce-ce-ku-ce ta taso game da ko tiyatar ƙashin baya ya kamata ta haɗa da hanyoyin tiyata kwata-kwata. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Kashin baya na zamani ===
[[Fayil:Hugh_Owen_Thomas.jpg|right|thumb|Hugh Owen Thomas, wani majagaba a fannin tiyatar ƙashi ta zamani]]
Misalan mutanen da suka taimaka wajen haɓaka tiyatar ƙashi ta zamani sune Hugh Owen Thomas, likitan fiɗa daga [[Wales]], da ɗan uwansa, Robert Jones . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Beckett D |date=1999 |title=From bonesetters to orthopedic surgeons: a history of the specialty of orthopedics. |url=http://www.ast.org/pdf/173.pdf |journal=Surgical Technologist |volume=31 |pages=6–11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thomas ya fara sha'awar tiyatar ƙashi da daidaita ƙashi tun yana ƙarami, kuma bayan ya kafa nasa aikin, ya ci gaba da faɗaɗa fannin zuwa ga maganin karyewar ƙashi da sauran matsalolin ƙashi. Ya ba da shawarar a tilasta hutawa a matsayin mafi kyawun magani ga karyewar ƙashi da [[tarin fuka]], kuma ya ƙirƙiri abin da ake kira &quot;Thomas splint&quot; don daidaita karyewar ƙashi da hana kamuwa da cuta. Shi ne kuma ke da alhakin wasu sabbin abubuwa na likitanci da yawa waɗanda duk suna ɗauke da sunansa: wuyan Thomas don magance tarin fuka na kashin baya na mahaifa, aikin Thomas, binciken ƙashi don karyewar haɗin gwiwa na kwatangwalo, gwajin Thomas, hanyar gano nakasar kwatangwalo ta hanyar sa majiyyacin ya kwanta a kan gado, da kuma abin da Thomas ke yi don rage karyewar ƙashi, da kuma abin da ake kira &quot;osteoclast&quot; don karya da sake saita ƙashi. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Ba a cika yaba wa aikin Thomas ba a rayuwarsa. Sai a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya ne aka fara amfani da dabarunsa ga sojojin da suka ji rauni a fagen daga. Ɗan uwansa, Sir Robert Jones, ya riga ya sami ci gaba sosai a fannin tiyatar ƙashi a matsayinsa na likitan tiyata da kuma mai kula da ginin Magudanar Ruwa ta Manchester a shekarar 1888. Shi ne ke da alhakin raunin da ya faru a cikin ma'aikata 20,000, kuma ya shirya cikakken sabis na haɗari na farko a duniya, inda ya raba wurin mai nisan mil 36 zuwa sassa uku, sannan ya kafa asibiti da jerin wuraren taimakon gaggawa a kowane sashe. Ya horar da ma'aikatan lafiya kan kula da karyewar ƙashi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Irving M |date=September 1981 |title=Care of emergencies in the United Kingdom |journal=[[British Medical Journal]] |volume=283 |issue=6295 |pages=847–849 |doi=10.1136/bmj.283.6295.847 |pmc=1507078 |pmid=6794724}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi da kansa ya kula da shari'o'i 3,000 kuma ya yi tiyata 300 a asibitinsa. Wannan matsayin ya ba shi damar koyon sabbin dabaru da inganta tsarin kula da karyewar ƙashi. Likitoci daga ko'ina cikin duniya sun zo asibitin Jones don koyon dabarunsa. Tare da Alfred Tubby, Jones ya kafa [[British Orthopedic Society|ƙungiyar ƙashi ta Burtaniya]] a shekarar 1894.

A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, Jones ya yi aiki a matsayin likitan tiyata na rundunar Yankuna . Ya lura cewa maganin karyewar ƙashi a gaba da kuma a asibitoci a gida bai isa ba, kuma ƙoƙarinsa ya haifar da gabatar da asibitocin kashin baya na soja. An naɗa shi Babban Jami'in Kula da Kashi na Sojoji, wanda ke da alhakin gadaje 30,000. Asibitin da ke kan titin Ducane, Hammersmith, ya zama abin koyi ga asibitocin kashin baya na Birtaniya da Amurka. Yaƙinsa na amfani da Thomas splint don maganin karyewar ƙashi na farko ya rage mace-macen karyewar ƙashi a cinyar daga kashi 87% zuwa ƙasa da kashi 8% a tsakanin shekarun 1916 zuwa 1918. 

Amfani da sandunan intramedullary don magance karyewar ƙashi na femur da tibia shine Gerhard Küntscher na Jamus ya fara. Wannan ya haifar da babban canji ga saurin murmurewa na sojojin Jamus da suka ji rauni a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu kuma ya haifar da ɗaukar ƙarin tsarin gyaran karyewar ƙashi na intramedullary a sauran sassan duniya. Traction ita ce hanyar da aka saba amfani da ita wajen magance karyewar ƙashi na cinya har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1970, lokacin da ƙungiyar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harborview da ke Seattle ta shahara da gyaran intramedullary ba tare da buɗe karyewar ba.
[[Fayil:Hip_replacement_Image_3684-PH.jpg|left|thumb|X-ray na maye gurbin kwatangwalo]]
Sir John Charnley, ƙwararre a fannin tribology a Asibitin Wrightington, a Ingila, ne ya fara maye gurbin kwatangwalo na zamani a shekarun 1960. &lt;ref name=&quot;Wroblewski2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wroblewski BM |date=July 2002 |title=Professor Sir John Charnley (1911–1982) |journal=[[Rheumatology (journal)|Rheumatology]] |publisher=The British Society for Rheumatology via Oxford Journals |volume=41 |issue=7 |pages=824–825 |doi=10.1093/rheumatology/41.7.824 |pmid=12096235 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya gano cewa ana iya maye gurbin saman haɗin gwiwa da dashen da aka siminti a ƙashi. Tsarinsa ya ƙunshi ƙarfe mai bakin ƙarfe, tushen cinya da kai mai yanki ɗaya, da kuma wani abu mai kama da polyethylene acetabular, waɗanda duka an haɗa su da ƙashi ta amfani da simintin ƙashi na PMMA (acrylic). Fiye da shekaru ashirin, tiyatar arthroplasty mai ƙarancin karyewa ta Charnley da ƙirar da aka samo asali su ne tsarin da aka fi amfani da shi a duniya. Wannan ya zama tushen duk dashen kwatangwalo na zamani.

An haɓaka tsarin maye gurbin kwatangwalo na Exeter (tare da ɗan bambancin yanayin tushe) a lokaci guda. Tun daga Charnley, ci gaba da haɓakawa ya kasance ci gaba a cikin ƙira da dabarun maye gurbin haɗin gwiwa (arthroplasty) tare da masu ba da gudummawa da yawa, ciki har da WH Harris, ɗan RI Harris, wanda ƙungiyarsa a Harvard ta fara dabarun arthroplasty marasa tsari tare da haɗa ƙashi kai tsaye zuwa dashen.

An fara [[Knee replacements|maye gurbin gwiwa]], ta amfani da irin wannan fasaha, ta hannun McIntosh a cikin masu fama [[Rheumatoid amosanin gabbai|da cutar arthritis]], sannan daga baya Gunston da Marmor suka fara amfani da shi don magance [[osteoarthritis]] a shekarun 1970, wanda John Insall ya ƙirƙiro a New York ta amfani da tsarin bearing mai tsayayye, da kuma Frederick Buechel da Michael Pappas ta amfani da tsarin bearing mai motsi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hamelynck2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hamelynck KJ |date=September 2006 |title=The history of mobile-bearing total knee replacement systems |journal=Orthopedics |volume=29 |issue=9 Suppl |pages=S7-12 |pmid=17002140}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Likitocin tiyata na Amurka sun inganta gyaran karyewar jiki a waje a lokacin Yaƙin Vietnam, amma Gavriil Ilizarov ya bayar da babbar gudummawa a cikin [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] . An tura shi, ba tare da horo mai yawa na ƙashi ba, don kula da sojojin Rasha da suka ji rauni a Siberia a shekarun 1950. Ba tare da kayan aiki ba, ya fuskanci yanayi masu rauni na karyewar da ba a warke ba, waɗanda suka kamu da cutar, da kuma waɗanda ba su daidaita ba. Tare da taimakon shagon kekuna na gida, ya ƙirƙiro na'urorin gyarawa na waje waɗanda ke da ƙarfi kamar na keke. Da wannan kayan aikin, ya sami waraka, gyarawa, da tsawaitawa zuwa wani lokaci da ba a taɓa gani ba a wasu wurare. Har yanzu ana amfani da na'urar Ilizarov ɗinsa a yau a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin kawar da osteogenesis. 

Binciken tiyatar ƙashi da tsoka na zamani sun yi ƙoƙarin rage yawan kamuwa da cuta da kuma sa sassan da aka dasa su zama mafi kyau da dorewa. A gefe guda kuma, tun bayan bullar annobar opioid, an gano likitocin ƙashi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu rubuta magungunan opioid.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Armstrong_2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Armstrong AD, Hassenbein SE, Black S, Hollenbeak CS |date=November 2020 |title=Risk Factors for Increased Postoperative Pain and Recommended Orderset for Postoperative Analgesic Usage |journal=The Clinical Journal of Pain |volume=36 |issue=11 |pages=845–851 |doi=10.1097/AJP.0000000000000876 |pmc=7671821 |pmid=32889819}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rage yawan shan magungunan opioid yayin da har yanzu ake samar da isasshen maganin rage radadi ci gaba ne a tiyatar ƙashi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Armstrong_2020&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid27428259&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=3 |vauthors=Seangleulur A, Vanasbodeekul P, Prapaitrakool S, Worathongchai S, Anothaisintawee T, McEvoy M, Vendittoli PA, Attia J, Thakkinstian A |date=November 2016 |title=The efficacy of local infiltration analgesia in the early postoperative period after total knee arthroplasty: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=[[European Journal of Anaesthesiology]] |volume=33 |issue=11 |pages=816–831 |doi=10.1097/EJA.0000000000000516 |pmid=27428259 |s2cid=13813622}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid27423648&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hansen RN, Pham A, Strassels SA, Balaban S, Wan GJ |date=September 2016 |title=Comparative Analysis of Length of Stay and Inpatient Costs for Orthopedic Surgery Patients Treated with IV Acetaminophen and IV Opioids vs. IV Opioids Alone for Post-Operative Pain |journal=[[Advances in Therapy]] |volume=33 |issue=9 |pages=1635–1645 |doi=10.1007/s12325-016-0368-8 |pmc=5020121 |pmid=27423648}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Horarwa ==
[[Fayil:Repair-of-fracture-to-right-acetabulum.jpg|thumb|Wannan hoton, wanda aka ɗauka a watan Satumba na 2006, ya nuna gagarumin aikin gyara a acetabulum na dama shekaru shida bayan an yi shi (2000). Farawar amosanin gabbai, wata cuta ta ƙashi/gabobi, ya sa ƙarin lalacewar gaɓoɓin ya bayyana.]]
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
A Amurka, likitocin ƙashi galibi suna kammala karatun digiri na farko da shekaru huɗu na makarantar likitanci kuma suna samun digiri na Doctor of Medicine (MD) ko digiri na Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO). Daga baya, waɗannan ɗaliban makarantar likitanci suna yin horon zama a fannin tiyatar ƙashi. Zaman zama na shekaru biyar horo ne na tiyatar ƙashi na musamman.

Zaɓar horon zama a fannin tiyatar ƙashi yana da matuƙar gasa. Kimanin likitoci 700 ne ke kammala horon zama a ƙashi kowace shekara a Amurka. Kimanin kashi 10% na mazaunan tiyatar ƙashi na yanzu mata ne; kusan kashi 20% membobi ne na ƙungiyoyin tsiraru. Kimanin likitoci 20,400 da ke aiki a fannin tiyatar ƙashi da mazauna suna cikin Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Orthopaedics |url=http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00274 |website=OrthoInfo |publisher=American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar sabon littafin Jagorar Occupational Outlook Handbook (2011–2012) wanda Ma'aikatar Aiki ta Amurka ta buga, kashi 3–4% na dukkan likitocin da ke aiki a ƙashi ne.

Yawancin likitocin ƙashi suna zaɓar yin ƙarin horo, ko kuma horon aiki, bayan sun kammala horon zama. Horar da ƙungiyar ƙashi a fannin ƙashi yawanci yana ɗaukar shekara ɗaya (wani lokacin biyu) kuma wani lokacin yana da ɓangaren bincike da ya shafi horon asibiti da na tiyata. Misalan horar da ƙwararrun ƙashi a Amurka sune:

* Tiyatar ƙafa da idon sawu
* Hannun hannu da gaɓɓan sama
* Tiyatar hip da gwiwa
* Likitan Kasusuwa
* raunin ƙashi
* Haɗin kai na Osseo
* Kashin baya na yara
* Kafada da gwiwar hannu
* Tiyatar kashin baya
* Maganin wasanni na tiyata
* Gyaran haɗin gwiwa gaba ɗaya ( arthroplasty )

Waɗannan fannoni na musamman na likitanci ba wai kawai tiyatar ƙashi ba ce. Misali, wasu likitocin filastik ne ke yin tiyatar hannu, kuma yawancin likitocin jijiyoyin kwakwalwa ne ke yin tiyatar ƙashin baya. Bugu da ƙari, likitocin kula da lafiyar ƙafa da idon ƙafa suma suna yin tiyatar a Amurka. Wasu likitocin kula da lafiyar ƙafa (DPM) a Amurka suna yin tiyatar wasanni, amma iyakokin aikinsu ba sa aiki.

Bayan kammala horon zama na musamman &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Your Surgeon is certified by The American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery |url=http://www.abos.org/ModDefault.aspx?module=Public&amp;section=PubBoardCert |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612064843/https://www.abos.org/ModDefault.aspx?module=Public&amp;section=PubBoardCert |archive-date=2007-06-12 |access-date=26 October 2008 |publisher=American Board of Orthopedic Surgery}}&lt;/ref&gt; magatakarda, likitan tiyata na kashin &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=AOBOS 2012 Candidate Handbook |url=http://www.aobos.org/mm/files/Candidate-Handbook-Master.pdf |access-date=19 September 2012 |publisher=American Osteopathic Board of Orthopedic Surgery}}&lt;/ref&gt; cancanci samun takardar shaidar hukumar daga Hukumar Ƙwararrun Likitoci ta Amurka ko Ofishin Ƙwararrun ...

A Amurka, ƙwararru a fannin tiyatar hannu da kuma maganin ƙashi na iya samun takardar shaidar ƙarin cancanta ban da takardar shaidar farko ta hukumar gudanarwarsu ta hanyar kammala jarrabawa daban-daban. Babu wani ƙarin tsarin takardar shaida ga sauran ƙwararrun.

== Aiki ==
[[Fayil:Xraymachine.JPG|thumb|Radiography don gano karyewar ƙashi bayan rauni a gwiwa]]
[[Fayil:X-ray3.jpg|thumb|427x427px|Dashen ƙashi don gyara karyewar da ke faruwa a radius da ulna. Lura da karyewar da ake gani a ulna. (hannun dama)]]
[[Fayil:X_ray_internal_fixation_leg_fracture.jpg|thumb|Duba hotunan gaba da gefe na karyewar ƙafar hagu tare da gyara ciki bayan tiyata]]
A bisa ga aikace-aikacen neman takardar shaidar hukumar gudanarwa daga 1999 zuwa 2003, manyan hanyoyin aiki guda 25 da likitocin kashin baya ke gudanarwa (a jere) sune: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Garrett WE, Swiontkowski MF, Weinstein JN, Callaghan J, Rosier RN, Berry DJ, Harrast J, Derosa GP |date=March 2006 |title=American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery Practice of the Orthopaedic Surgeon: Part-II, certification examination case mix |url=https://www.abos.org/media/289/ABOS%20Board%20data.pdf |journal=The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=660–667 |doi=10.2106/JBJS.E.01208 |doi-broken-date=16 May 2026 |pmid=16510834 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205013444/https://www.abos.org/media/289/ABOS%20Board%20data.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2017 |access-date=November 30, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

# Gyaran gwiwa da kuma [[wiktionary:meniscectomy|cirewar meniscectomy]]
# Gyaran kafada da kuma rage matsa lamba (decompression)
# Sakin ramin Carpal
# Gyaran gwiwa da kuma tiyatar chondroplasty
# Cire dashen tallafi
# Gyaran jijiyoyin gwiwa da kuma gyaran haɗin gwiwa na gaba (anterior cruciate ligament)
# Sauya gwiwa
# Gyaran karyewar wuyan femoral
# Gyaran karyewar trochanteric
# Rushewar fata/ tsoka / ƙashi /karya
# Gyaran arthroscopy na gwiwa na menisci guda biyu
# Sauya cinya
# Gyaran kafada/cirewar clavicle a cikin kafada
# Gyaran jijiyar da ke juyawa da ƙugu
# Gyara karyewar radius / ulna
# Laminectomy
# Gyaran karyewar idon ƙafa (nau'in bimalleolar)
# Arthroscopy na kafada da kuma cirewar ƙashin ƙugu
# Haɗin kashin baya na lumbar
# Gyara karyewar ɓangaren nesa na radius
# Tiyatar Disc na Intervertebral a ƙasan baya
# Murfin jijiyar yatsa mai kauri
# Gyaran karyewar idon ƙafa ( fibula )
# Gyaran karyewar shaft ɗin femoral
# Gyaran karyewar trochanteric

Jadawalin aikin likitan ƙashi na yau da kullun ya ƙunshi awanni 50-55 na aiki a kowane mako wanda aka raba tsakanin asibiti, tiyata, ayyuka daban-daban na gudanarwa, da kuma yiwuwar koyarwa da/ko bincike idan yana cikin yanayin ilimi. A cewar Ƙungiyar Kwalejojin Likitoci ta Amurka a shekarar 2021, matsakaicin makon aiki na likitan ƙashi shine awanni 57. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pollock_2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Pollock JR, Moore ML, Llanes AC, Brinkman JC, Makovicka JL, Dulle DL, Hinckley NB, Barcia A, Anastasi M, Chhabra A |date=2022-04-08 |title=Medical Scribes in an Orthopedic Sports Medicine Clinic Improve Productivity and Physician Well-Being |url=https://arthroscopysportsmedicineandrehabilitation.org/article/S2666-061X(22)00020-7/abstract |journal=Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation |language=en |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=e997–e1005 |doi=10.1016/j.asmr.2022.02.003 |issn=2666-061X |pmc=9210372 |pmid=35747641 |s2cid=248064612}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Orthopaedic Surgery {{!}} Careers in Medicine |url=https://www.aamc.org/cim/explore-options/specialty-profiles/orthopaedic-surgery |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=www.aamc.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, wannan ƙiyasin ba shi da yawa, domin binciken da aka samu daga binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2013 na likitocin ƙashi waɗanda suka bayyana kansu a matsayin &quot;masu nasara sosai&quot; saboda matsayinsu a fagen ya nuna matsakaicin makonnin aiki na awanni 70 ko fiye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Klein G, Hussain N, Sprague S, Mehlman CT, Dogbey G, Bhandari M |year=2013 |title=Characteristics of highly successful orthopedic surgeons: a survey of orthopedic chairs and editors |journal=[[Canadian Journal of Surgery]] |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=192–198 |doi=10.1503/cjs.017511 |pmc=3672433 |pmid=23706848}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Pollock_2022&quot; /&gt;

== Tiyatar kashin baya ==
Tiyatar kashin baya wani ɓangare ne na tiyatar kashin baya da tiyatar jijiyoyi wanda ke mai da hankali kan gano da kuma magance matsalolin da ke tattare da kashin baya. Alamomin da aka fi sani sun haɗa da yanayin da ke lalacewa kamar su herniation na diski na intervertebral, stenosis na kashin baya, da spondylolisthesis, da kuma nakasar kashin baya, rauni, kamuwa da cuta, da ƙari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NASS Diagnosis And Treatment Of Degenerative Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Guideline Summary - Guideline Central |url=https://www.guidelinecentral.com/guideline/9909 |access-date=2026-05-15 |website=www.guidelinecentral.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Clinical Guidelines |url=https://www.spine.org/Research/Clinical-Guidelines |access-date=2026-05-15 |website=www.spine.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maganin farko na yawancin cututtukan ƙashi yawanci yana da tsari kuma yana iya haɗawa da maganin ciwon magunguna, maganin motsa jiki, da sauran matakan da ba na tiyata ba. An keɓe tiyata ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da ciwo mai ɗorewa, ƙarancin jijiyoyi masu ci gaba, ko rashin kwanciyar hankali a tsarin. 

Hanyoyin tiyata da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da tiyatar cirewa, musamman tiyatar cirewa ta hanyar microdiscectomy don cirewar diski na lumbar, tiyatar laminectomy don rage matsewar tsarin jijiyoyi, da kuma haɗakar kashin baya don daidaita sassan kashin baya da abin ya shafa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Costa |first=Francesco |last2=Oertel |first2=Joachim |last3=Zileli |first3=Mehmet |last4=Restelli |first4=Francesco |last5=Zygourakis |first5=Corinna Clio |last6=Sharif |first6=Salman |date=April 2024 |title=Role of surgery in primary lumbar disk herniation: WFNS spine committee recommendations |journal=World Neurosurgery: X |volume=22 |doi=10.1016/j.wnsx.2024.100276 |issn=2590-1397 |pmc=10943953 |pmid=38496347}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ci gaban da aka samu a fannin fasaha ya haifar da haɓaka hanyoyin da ba su da tasiri sosai da nufin rage lalacewar nama da lokacin murmurewa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Staff |date=2026-01-01 |title=Minimally invasive spine surgery devices: Transforming spinal care with precision and faster recovery |url=https://www.spinalsurgerynews.com/2026/01/minimally-invasive-spine-surgery-devices-transforming-spinal-care-with-precision-and-faster-recovery/153305 |access-date=2026-05-15 |website=Spinal Surgery News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Skovrlj |first=Branko |last2=Gilligan |first2=Jeffrey |last3=Cutler |first3=Holt S. |last4=Qureshi |first4=Sheeraz A. |date=2015-01-16 |title=Minimally invasive procedures on the lumbar spine |journal=World Journal of Clinical Cases |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.12998/wjcc.v3.i1.1 |issn=2307-8960 |pmc=4295214 |pmid=25610845 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma binciki dabarun da ba su da tasiri sosai kuma masu tasiri sosai don rage zafi da kuma lalacewar fata da ke da alaƙa da faifan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Skovrlj |first=Branko |last2=Gilligan |first2=Jeffrey |last3=Cutler |first3=Holt S. |last4=Qureshi |first4=Sheeraz A. |date=January 2015 |title=Minimally invasive procedures on the lumbar spine |journal=World Journal of Clinical Cases |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.12998/wjcc.v3.i1.1 |issn=2307-8960 |pmc=4295214 |pmid=25610845 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Zileli |first=Mehmet |last2=Oertel |first2=Joachim |last3=Sharif |first3=Salman |last4=Zygourakis |first4=Corinna |date=April 2024 |title=Lumbar disc herniation: Prevention and treatment of recurrence: WFNS spine committee recommendations |journal=World Neurosurgery: X |volume=22 |doi=10.1016/j.wnsx.2024.100275 |issn=2590-1397 |pmc=10878111 |pmid=38385057}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan sun haɗa da hanyoyin kamar rage matsin lamba a cikin faifan laser na fata (PLDD), wanda ake amfani da makamashin laser don rage matsin lamba a cikin faifan diski da ƙarar faifan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Radoš |first=Ivan |last2=Lončarić Katušin |first2=Mirjana |last3=Budrovac |first3=Dino |last4=Dimitrijević |first4=Iva |last5=Hnatešen |first5=Dijana |last6=Omrčen |first6=Ivan |date=November 2023 |title=Percutaneous Laser Disc Decompression for Lumbar Radicular Pain: A Systematic Review of Pubmed in the Last Five Years |journal=Acta Clinica Croatica |volume=62 |issue=Suppl4 |pages=63–67 |doi=10.20471/acc.2023.62.s4.9 |issn=1333-9451 |pmc=12128808 |pmid=40463453}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gazzeri |first=Roberto |last2=Occhigrossi |first2=Felice |last3=Galarza |first3=Marcelo |last4=Mercieri |first4=Marco |last5=Leoni |first5=Matteo Luigi Giuseppe |date=2025-11-01 |title=Radiological analysis of herniated disc size changes after percutaneous laser disc decompression |url=https://academic.oup.com/painmedicine/article/26/11/741/8149198 |journal=Pain Medicine |language=en |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=741–748 |doi=10.1093/pm/pnaf070 |issn=1526-2375 |pmid=40418221 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nazari da yawa na lura sun ba da rahoton ci gaba na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin alamun ciwo da alamun raguwar faifan diski, tare da ƙarancin adadin rikice-rikice da aka ruwaito a cikin jerin da aka buga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gazzeri |first=Roberto |last2=Occhigrossi |first2=Felice |last3=Galarza |first3=Marcelo |last4=Mercieri |first4=Marco |last5=Leoni |first5=Matteo Luigi Giuseppe |date=2025-11-01 |title=Radiological analysis of herniated disc size changes after percutaneous laser disc decompression |url=https://academic.oup.com/painmedicine/article/26/11/741/8149198 |journal=Pain Medicine |language=en |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=741–748 |doi=10.1093/pm/pnaf070 |issn=1526-2375 |pmid=40418221 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Radoš |first=Ivan |last2=Lončarić Katušin |first2=Mirjana |last3=Budrovac |first3=Dino |last4=Dimitrijević |first4=Iva |last5=Hnatešen |first5=Dijana |last6=Omrčen |first6=Ivan |date=November 2023 |title=Percutaneous Laser Disc Decompression for Lumbar Radicular Pain: A Systematic Review of Pubmed in the Last Five Years |journal=Acta Clinica Croatica |volume=62 |issue=Suppl4 |pages=63–67 |doi=10.20471/acc.2023.62.s4.9 |issn=1333-9451 |pmc=12128808 |pmid=40463453}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Policicchio |first=Domenico |last2=Boniferro |first2=Benedetta |last3=Lo Turco |first3=Erica |last4=Mauro |first4=Giuseppe |last5=Veraldi |first5=Antonio |last6=Vescio |first6=Virginia |last7=Vescio |first7=Giuseppe |last8=Dipellegrini |first8=Giosuè |date=2025-06-14 |title=Comparative Efficacy of Percutaneous Laser Disc Decompression (PLDD) and Conservative Therapy for Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Retrospective, Observational, Single-Center Study |journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine |language=en |volume=14 |issue=12 |pages=4235 |doi=10.3390/jcm14124235 |issn=2077-0383 |pmc=12194567 |pmid=40565980 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawanci ana yin wannan aikin ne a asibiti a ƙarƙashin maganin sa barci na gida ko kuma kwantar da hankali, wanda ke ba da damar murmurewa cikin sauri a cikin zaɓaɓɓun marasa lafiya. Duk da cewa binciken farko ya nuna fa'idodi masu yuwuwa na ɗan gajeren lokaci, ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike na dogon lokaci mai inganci don fayyace ingancin kwatancen sa da wurinsa a cikin aikin asibiti.

Baya ga hanyoyin tiyata, ana iya amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na magance ciwo ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da ciwon baya mai ɗorewa, musamman a lokuta da suka gamu da matsalar tiyatar baya . Waɗannan sun haɗa da allurar periradicular (epidural ko tushen jijiya), cire haɗin gwiwa na facet ko medial reshe, da dabarun neuromodulation kamar ƙarfafa kashin baya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sayed |first=Dawood |last2=Grider |first2=Jay |last3=Strand |first3=Natalie |last4=Hagedorn |first4=Jonathan M. |last5=Falowski |first5=Steven |last6=Lam |first6=Christopher M. |last7=Tieppo Francio |first7=Vinicius |last8=Beall |first8=Douglas P. |last9=Tomycz |first9=Nestor D. |last10=Davanzo |first10=Justin R. |last11=Aiyer |first11=Rohit |last12=Lee |first12=David W. |last13=Kalia |first13=Hemant |last14=Sheen |first14=Soun |last15=Malinowski |first15=Mark N. |date=2022 |title=The American Society of Pain and Neuroscience (ASPN) Evidence-Based Clinical Guideline of Interventional Treatments for Low Back Pain |journal=Journal of Pain Research |volume=15 |pages=3729–3832 |doi=10.2147/JPR.S386879 |issn=1178-7090 |pmc=9739111 |pmid=36510616 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan jiyya galibi ƙwararru ne ke yin su a fannin maganin ciwo ko tiyatar jijiyoyi kuma suna aiki azaman ƙarin hanyoyin kula da tiyata maimakon manyan hanyoyin.

== Arthroscopy ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Amfani da dabarun arthroscopic ya kasance mai matuƙar muhimmanci ga marasa lafiya da suka ji rauni. Masaki Watanabe na Japan ne ya fara yin tiyatar arthroscopic a farkon shekarun 1950 don yin tiyatar guringuntsi mai ƙarancin mamayewa da sake gina jijiyoyin da suka yage. Arthroscopic yana ba marasa lafiya damar murmurewa daga tiyatar cikin 'yan kwanaki, maimakon makonni zuwa watanni da ake buƙata ta hanyar tiyata ta al'ada, &quot;buɗe&quot;; dabara ce da ta shahara sosai. Arthroscopy na gwiwa yana ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan da likitocin ƙashi ke yi a yau, kuma galibi ana haɗa shi da meniscectomy ko chondroplasty. Yawancin hanyoyin ƙashi na waje na sama-ƙasa ana yin su ta hanyar arthroscopic. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid24397703&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jain NB, Higgins LD, Losina E, Collins J, Blazar PE, Katz JN |date=January 2014 |title=Epidemiology of musculoskeletal upper extremity ambulatory surgery in the United States |journal=[[BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders]] |volume=15 |issue= |doi=10.1186/1471-2474-15-4 |pmc=3893587 |pmid=24397703 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gyaran tiyata ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Arthroplasty tiyata ce ta kashin baya inda ake maye gurbin saman haɗin gwiwa na musculoskeletal, gyara shi, ko sake daidaita shi ta hanyar osteotomy ko wani tsari. &lt;ref name=&quot;jhu&quot; /&gt; Hanya ce ta zaɓi da ake yi don rage zafi da dawo da aiki ga haɗin gwiwa bayan lalacewa ta hanyar arthritis ( rheumasurgery ) ko wani nau'in rauni. &lt;ref name=&quot;jhu&quot; /&gt; Baya ga tiyatar maye gurbin gwiwa ta yau da kullun, ana iya yin maye gurbin gwiwa mai sassauƙa, wanda a cikinsa ake maye gurbin saman gwiwa ɗaya kawai mai ɗauke da nauyi, &lt;ref name=&quot;jhu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Restoring Joint Function with Arthroplasty |url=http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/test_procedures/orthopaedic/arthroplasty_92,P07677 |access-date=17 February 2024 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma yana da babban haɗarin tiyatar gyara. &lt;ref name=&quot;levy&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=3 |vauthors=Levy KH, Fusco PJ, Salazar-Restrepo SA, Mathew DM, Pandey R, Ahmed S, Varghese KS, Rogando DO, Ahmed A, Ng MK |date=December 2023 |title=Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty revised to total knee arthroplasty versus primary total knee arthroplasty: A meta-analysis of matched studies |url=https://www.thekneejournal.com/article/S0968-0160(23)00194-1/ |journal=The Knee |volume=45 |issue= |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1016/j.knee.2023.09.001 |pmid=37708740 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana amfani da maye gurbin haɗin gwiwa don wasu gidajen haɗin gwiwa, galibi hip &lt;ref name=&quot;jhu-hip&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Hip replacement surgery |url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/hip-replacement-surgery |access-date=17 February 2024 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University}}&lt;/ref&gt; ko kafada . &lt;ref name=&quot;nihr&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=18 January 2024 |title=Shoulder replacements are less likely to be revised when surgeons perform more than 10 a year |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/shoulder-replacements-less-likely-revised-surgeons-perform-more-than-10-a-year/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |doi=10.3310/nihrevidence_61746 |s2cid=267133950 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abin da ke damun bayan tiyatar maye gurbin haɗin gwiwa shine lalacewar saman abubuwan da ke ɗauke da kayan haɗin. &lt;ref name=&quot;dreyer&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=3 |vauthors=Dreyer MJ, Weisse B, Contreras Raggio JI, Zboray R, Taylor WR, Preiss S, Horn N |date=November 2023 |title=The influence of implant design and limb alignment on in vivo wear rates of fixed-bearing and rotating-platform knee implant retrievals |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jor.25734 |journal=Journal of Orthopaedic Research |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=777–787 |doi=10.1002/jor.25734 |pmid=37975250 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan na iya haifar da lalacewa ga ƙashin da ke kewaye kuma yana haifar da gazawar dashen. &lt;ref name=&quot;dreyer&quot; /&gt; Roba da aka zaɓa yawanci polyethylene ne mai nauyin ƙwayoyin halitta mai yawa, wanda kuma ana iya canza shi ta hanyoyin da za su iya inganta halayen lalacewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;dreyer&quot; /&gt; An kuma nuna cewa haɗarin tiyatar gyara yana da alaƙa da ƙarar likitan tiyata. &lt;ref name=&quot;nihr&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=18 January 2024 |title=Shoulder replacements are less likely to be revised when surgeons perform more than 10 a year |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/shoulder-replacements-less-likely-revised-surgeons-perform-more-than-10-a-year/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |doi=10.3310/nihrevidence_61746 |s2cid=267133950 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/shoulder-replacements-less-likely-revised-surgeons-perform-more-than-10-a-year/ &quot;Shoulder replacements are less likely to be revised when surgeons perform more than 10 a year&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''NIHR Evidence''. 18 January 2024. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.3310/nihrevidence_61746|10.3310/nihrevidence_61746]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:267133950 267133950].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Valsamis |first=Epaminondas Markos |last2=Collins |first2=Gary S. |last3=Pinedo-Villanueva |first3=Rafael |last4=Whitehouse |first4=Michael R. |last5=Rangan |first5=Amar |last6=Sayers |first6=Adrian |last7=Rees |first7=Jonathan L. |display-authors=3 |date=2023-06-21 |title=Association between surgeon volume and patient outcomes after elective shoulder replacement surgery using data from the National Joint Registry and Hospital Episode Statistics for England: population based cohort study |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/381/bmj-2023-075355 |journal=BMJ |language=en |volume=381 |doi=10.1136/bmj-2023-075355 |issn=1756-1833 |pmc=10283034 |pmid=37343999}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin Cututtuka ==
Tsakanin 2001 da 2016, yawan hanyoyin gyaran tsoka ya ƙaru sosai a Amurka, daga kashi 17.9% zuwa kashi 24.2% na dukkan hanyoyin tiyata (OR) da aka yi a lokacin zaman asibiti. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Weiss AJ, Elixhauser A |date=March 2014 |title=Trends in Operating Room Procedures in U.S. Hospitals, 2001—2011 |url=http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb171-Operating-Room-Procedure-Trends.jsp |journal=HCUP Statistical Brief No. 171 |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |pmid=24851286}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wani bincike da aka yi kan zuwa asibiti a Amurka a shekarar 2012, hanyoyin tiyatar kashin baya da haɗin gwiwa sun zama ruwan dare a tsakanin dukkan ƙungiyoyin shekaru banda jarirai. Haɗa kashin baya yana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin tiyatar OR guda biyar da aka fi yi a kowace ƙungiya banda jarirai 'yan ƙasa da shekara 1 da manya 'yan shekara 85 zuwa sama. Laminectomy ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin manya masu shekaru 18-84. Gyaran gwiwa da maye gurbin kugu suna cikin manyan hanyoyin tiyatar OR guda biyar ga manya masu shekaru 45 zuwa sama. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 2014 |title=Most Frequent Operating Room Procedures Performed in U.S. Hospitals, 2003–2012 |url=https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb186-Operating-Room-Procedures-United-States-2012.jsp |website=HCUP Statistical Brief No. 186 |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
 

* Dashen ƙashi
* Jerin labaran raunin da kuma cututtukan ƙashi
* Jerin abubuwan da aka dasa a kashin baya
* Mataimakin likitan ƙashi
* Maganin Orthotics
* Bayani game da rauni da ƙashi

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* {{Commons category-inline|Orthopedics}}
* [https://globalorthopedicsolutions.com/ Global Orthopedic Solutions]
{{Medicine}}{{Bone, cartilage, and joint procedures}}{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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{{Infobox medical intervention|Name=Orthopedic|Image=Teardrop fracture.jpg|Caption=A fracture of the lower [[cervical vertebrae]], one of the conditions treated by orthopedic surgeons and [[neurosurgeons]]|ICD10=|ICD9=|ICD9_mult=|MeshID=D019637|OPS301=|OtherCodes=}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;'''Tiyatar ƙashi''' ko '''ƙashi''' ( wani nau'in rubutun '''ƙashi''' ) reshe ne na tiyata da ke da alaƙa da yanayin da ya shafi [[Tsarin tsokoki da ƙashi na mutum|tsarin ƙashi]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 December 2019 |title=Orthopedic Surgeons: Seven Things You Need to Know |url=https://www.pennmedicine.org/updates/blogs/musculoskeletal-and-rheumatology/2019/december/ortho-surgeons-7-things-to-know |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=Penn Musculoskeletal and Rheumatology Blog |publisher=The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania}}&lt;/ref&gt; Likitocin ƙashi suna amfani da hanyoyin tiyata da waɗanda ba tiyata ba don magance raunin ƙashi, cututtukan ƙashi, [[raunin wasanni]], [[Cutar da ke raguwa|cututtukan da suka shafi lalacewa]], cututtuka, ciwace -ciwacen daji da kuma matsalolin haihuwa .&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Template:TOC limit/styles.css&quot; /&gt; &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

Nicolas Andry ya ƙirƙiro kalmar a cikin Faransanci a matsayin ''{{Lang|fr|orthopédie}}'', an samo shi ne daga tsoffin kalmomin Girkanci {{Lang|grc|ὀρθός}} {{Lang|grc-latn|orthos}} (&quot;daidai&quot;, &quot;madaidaici&quot;) da {{Lang|grc|παιδίον}} {{Lang|grc-latn|paidion}} (&quot;yaro&quot;), kuma sun buga ''Orthopedie'' (wanda aka fassara a matsayin ''Orthopædia: Ko kuma Fasahar Gyara da Hana Nakasa a Yara'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 November 1980 |title=Orthopædia, or, The art of correcting and preventing deformities in children |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJ9sAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Classics of Medicine Library |via=[[Google Books]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ) a cikin 1741. An haɗa kalmar zuwa Turanci a matsayin ''orthopædics'' ; ligature ''æ'' ya zama ruwan dare a wannan zamanin don ''ae'' a cikin kalmomin Girka da Latin. Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, an fara haɓaka horon ne da kulawa ga yara, amma gyaran nakasar ƙashi da ƙashi a dukkan matakai na rayuwa daga ƙarshe ya zama ginshiƙin aikin orthopedic. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Bambance-bambance a cikin rubutu ===
Kamar yadda yake da kalmomi da yawa da aka samo daga ligature na &quot;æ&quot;, sauƙaƙawa zuwa ko dai &quot;ae&quot; ko kawai &quot;e&quot; abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare, musamman a Arewacin Amurka. A Amurka, yawancin shirye-shiryen kwaleji, jami'a, da zama, har ma da Kwalejin Likitocin Kafa ta Amurka, har yanzu suna amfani da rubutun tare da digraph ae, kodayake asibitoci yawanci suna amfani da gajeriyar hanyar. A wani wuri, amfani ba iri ɗaya ba ne; a Kanada, duka haruffan ana yarda da su; &quot;orthopaedics&quot; shine rubutun da aka saba yi a Burtaniya daidai da sauran fannoni waɗanda ke riƙe &quot;ae&quot;. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Tarihi ==

=== Kashin baya na farko ===
An samu ci gaba da yawa a fannin tiyatar ƙashi sakamakon gogewa a lokacin yaƙi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Smith DC |date=September 2015 |title=Extremity Injury and War: A Historical Reflection |journal=[[Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research]] |volume=473 |issue=9 |pages=2771–2776 |doi=10.1007/s11999-015-4327-5 |pmc=4523509 |pmid=25930212}}&lt;/ref&gt; A fagen fama na [[Zamanin Tsakiya|Tsakiyar Zamani]], an yi wa waɗanda suka ji rauni magani da bandeji da aka jika a cikin jinin dawaki, wanda ya bushe don ya zama ƙashin baya mai tauri, idan ba shi da tsafta. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Da farko, kalmar orthopedics tana nufin gyara nakasar tsoka a cikin yara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Orthopedic surgery |url=https://howellmedical.com/orthopedic-surgery/ |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=Harbin Howell Medical Apparatus and Instruments Co., LTD |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nicolas Andry, farfesa a fannin likitanci a Jami'ar Paris, ya ƙirƙiro kalmar a cikin littafin farko da aka rubuta kan wannan batu a shekara ta 1741. Ya ba da shawarar amfani da motsa jiki, sarrafa hannu, da kuma cire ƙashin baya don magance nakasar yara. Littafinsa ya yi magana ne game da iyaye, kuma yayin da wasu batutuwa za su saba da masu maganin ƙashi a yau, ya kuma haɗa da 'gumi mai yawa na tafin hannu' da freckles. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Sugar-Tong Forearm Splinting Technique: Application of Sugar-Tong Splint, Postprocedural Care, Complications |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/80127-technique |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=Medscape |publisher=WebMD LLC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jean-André Venel ya kafa cibiyar kashin baya ta farko a shekarar 1780, wadda ita ce asibiti ta farko da aka keɓe don kula da nakasar ƙasusuwan yara. Ya ƙirƙiro takalmin ƙafa mai kama da na ƙwallon ƙafa ga yaran da aka haifa da nakasar ƙafa da kuma hanyoyi daban-daban na magance lanƙwasa na kashin baya. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Ci gaban da aka samu a fannin tiyata a ƙarni na 18, kamar binciken John Hunter kan warkar da jijiyoyi da kuma aikin Percivall Pott kan nakasar ƙashin baya ya ci gaba da ƙara yawan sabbin hanyoyin da ake da su don samun ingantaccen magani. Robert Chessher, wani ƙwararren likitan ƙashin baya na Burtaniya, ya ƙirƙiro jirgin sama mai karkata biyu, wanda ake amfani da shi don magance karyewar ƙashi a ƙananan jiki, a cikin 1790. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Valentin |first=Bruno |date=October 1958 |title=Robert Chessher (1750–1831): An English Pioneer in Orthopaedics |journal=Medical History |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=308–313 |doi=10.1017/s0025727300024054 |issn=0025-7273 |pmc=1034426 |pmid=13599783}}&lt;/ref&gt; Antonius Mathijsen, wani likitan tiyata na soja na Holland, ya ƙirƙiro simintin gyaran ƙafa na Paris a cikin 1851. Har zuwa shekarun 1890, duk da haka, tiyatar ƙashin baya har yanzu bincike ne da aka iyakance ga gyaran nakasar yara. Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin tiyata na farko da aka haɓaka shine tiyatar ƙashin baya. Wannan ya haɗa da yanke jijiyar, wacce asalinta ita ce jijiyar Achilles, don taimakawa wajen magance nakasar tare da ƙarfafa gwiwa da motsa jiki. A ƙarshen shekarun 1800 da farkon shekarun 1900, babbar ce-ce-ku-ce ta taso game da ko tiyatar ƙashin baya ya kamata ta haɗa da hanyoyin tiyata kwata-kwata. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Kashin baya na zamani ===
[[Fayil:Hugh_Owen_Thomas.jpg|right|thumb|Hugh Owen Thomas, wani majagaba a fannin tiyatar ƙashi ta zamani]]
Misalan mutanen da suka taimaka wajen haɓaka tiyatar ƙashi ta zamani sune Hugh Owen Thomas, likitan fiɗa daga [[Wales]], da ɗan uwansa, Robert Jones . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Beckett D |date=1999 |title=From bonesetters to orthopedic surgeons: a history of the specialty of orthopedics. |url=http://www.ast.org/pdf/173.pdf |journal=Surgical Technologist |volume=31 |pages=6–11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thomas ya fara sha'awar tiyatar ƙashi da daidaita ƙashi tun yana ƙarami, kuma bayan ya kafa nasa aikin, ya ci gaba da faɗaɗa fannin zuwa ga maganin karyewar ƙashi da sauran matsalolin ƙashi. Ya ba da shawarar a tilasta hutawa a matsayin mafi kyawun magani ga karyewar ƙashi da [[tarin fuka]], kuma ya ƙirƙiri abin da ake kira &quot;Thomas splint&quot; don daidaita karyewar ƙashi da hana kamuwa da cuta. Shi ne kuma ke da alhakin wasu sabbin abubuwa na likitanci da yawa waɗanda duk suna ɗauke da sunansa: wuyan Thomas don magance tarin fuka na kashin baya na mahaifa, aikin Thomas, binciken ƙashi don karyewar haɗin gwiwa na kwatangwalo, gwajin Thomas, hanyar gano nakasar kwatangwalo ta hanyar sa majiyyacin ya kwanta a kan gado, da kuma abin da Thomas ke yi don rage karyewar ƙashi, da kuma abin da ake kira &quot;osteoclast&quot; don karya da sake saita ƙashi. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Ba a cika yaba wa aikin Thomas ba a rayuwarsa. Sai a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya ne aka fara amfani da dabarunsa ga sojojin da suka ji rauni a fagen daga. Ɗan uwansa, Sir Robert Jones, ya riga ya sami ci gaba sosai a fannin tiyatar ƙashi a matsayinsa na likitan tiyata da kuma mai kula da ginin Magudanar Ruwa ta Manchester a shekarar 1888. Shi ne ke da alhakin raunin da ya faru a cikin ma'aikata 20,000, kuma ya shirya cikakken sabis na haɗari na farko a duniya, inda ya raba wurin mai nisan mil 36 zuwa sassa uku, sannan ya kafa asibiti da jerin wuraren taimakon gaggawa a kowane sashe. Ya horar da ma'aikatan lafiya kan kula da karyewar ƙashi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Irving M |date=September 1981 |title=Care of emergencies in the United Kingdom |journal=[[British Medical Journal]] |volume=283 |issue=6295 |pages=847–849 |doi=10.1136/bmj.283.6295.847 |pmc=1507078 |pmid=6794724}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shi da kansa ya kula da shari'o'i 3,000 kuma ya yi tiyata 300 a asibitinsa. Wannan matsayin ya ba shi damar koyon sabbin dabaru da inganta tsarin kula da karyewar ƙashi. Likitoci daga ko'ina cikin duniya sun zo asibitin Jones don koyon dabarunsa. Tare da Alfred Tubby, Jones ya kafa [[British Orthopedic Society|ƙungiyar ƙashi ta Burtaniya]] a shekarar 1894.

A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, Jones ya yi aiki a matsayin likitan tiyata na rundunar Yankuna . Ya lura cewa maganin karyewar ƙashi a gaba da kuma a asibitoci a gida bai isa ba, kuma ƙoƙarinsa ya haifar da gabatar da asibitocin kashin baya na soja. An naɗa shi Babban Jami'in Kula da Kashi na Sojoji, wanda ke da alhakin gadaje 30,000. Asibitin da ke kan titin Ducane, Hammersmith, ya zama abin koyi ga asibitocin kashin baya na Birtaniya da Amurka. Yaƙinsa na amfani da Thomas splint don maganin karyewar ƙashi na farko ya rage mace-macen karyewar ƙashi a cinyar daga kashi 87% zuwa ƙasa da kashi 8% a tsakanin shekarun 1916 zuwa 1918. 

Amfani da sandunan intramedullary don magance karyewar ƙashi na femur da tibia shine Gerhard Küntscher na Jamus ya fara. Wannan ya haifar da babban canji ga saurin murmurewa na sojojin Jamus da suka ji rauni a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu kuma ya haifar da ɗaukar ƙarin tsarin gyaran karyewar ƙashi na intramedullary a sauran sassan duniya. Traction ita ce hanyar da aka saba amfani da ita wajen magance karyewar ƙashi na cinya har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1970, lokacin da ƙungiyar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harborview da ke Seattle ta shahara da gyaran intramedullary ba tare da buɗe karyewar ba.
[[Fayil:Hip_replacement_Image_3684-PH.jpg|left|thumb|X-ray na maye gurbin kwatangwalo]]
Sir John Charnley, ƙwararre a fannin tribology a Asibitin Wrightington, a Ingila, ne ya fara maye gurbin kwatangwalo na zamani a shekarun 1960. &lt;ref name=&quot;Wroblewski2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wroblewski BM |date=July 2002 |title=Professor Sir John Charnley (1911–1982) |journal=[[Rheumatology (journal)|Rheumatology]] |publisher=The British Society for Rheumatology via Oxford Journals |volume=41 |issue=7 |pages=824–825 |doi=10.1093/rheumatology/41.7.824 |pmid=12096235 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya gano cewa ana iya maye gurbin saman haɗin gwiwa da dashen da aka siminti a ƙashi. Tsarinsa ya ƙunshi ƙarfe mai bakin ƙarfe, tushen cinya da kai mai yanki ɗaya, da kuma wani abu mai kama da polyethylene acetabular, waɗanda duka an haɗa su da ƙashi ta amfani da simintin ƙashi na PMMA (acrylic). Fiye da shekaru ashirin, tiyatar arthroplasty mai ƙarancin karyewa ta Charnley da ƙirar da aka samo asali su ne tsarin da aka fi amfani da shi a duniya. Wannan ya zama tushen duk dashen kwatangwalo na zamani.

An haɓaka tsarin maye gurbin kwatangwalo na Exeter (tare da ɗan bambancin yanayin tushe) a lokaci guda. Tun daga Charnley, ci gaba da haɓakawa ya kasance ci gaba a cikin ƙira da dabarun maye gurbin haɗin gwiwa (arthroplasty) tare da masu ba da gudummawa da yawa, ciki har da WH Harris, ɗan RI Harris, wanda ƙungiyarsa a Harvard ta fara dabarun arthroplasty marasa tsari tare da haɗa ƙashi kai tsaye zuwa dashen.

An fara [[Knee replacements|maye gurbin gwiwa]], ta amfani da irin wannan fasaha, ta hannun McIntosh a cikin masu fama [[Rheumatoid amosanin gabbai|da cutar arthritis]], sannan daga baya Gunston da Marmor suka fara amfani da shi don magance [[osteoarthritis]] a shekarun 1970, wanda John Insall ya ƙirƙiro a New York ta amfani da tsarin bearing mai tsayayye, da kuma Frederick Buechel da Michael Pappas ta amfani da tsarin bearing mai motsi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hamelynck2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hamelynck KJ |date=September 2006 |title=The history of mobile-bearing total knee replacement systems |journal=Orthopedics |volume=29 |issue=9 Suppl |pages=S7-12 |pmid=17002140}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Likitocin tiyata na Amurka sun inganta gyaran karyewar jiki a waje a lokacin Yaƙin Vietnam, amma Gavriil Ilizarov ya bayar da babbar gudummawa a cikin [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] . An tura shi, ba tare da horo mai yawa na ƙashi ba, don kula da sojojin Rasha da suka ji rauni a Siberia a shekarun 1950. Ba tare da kayan aiki ba, ya fuskanci yanayi masu rauni na karyewar da ba a warke ba, waɗanda suka kamu da cutar, da kuma waɗanda ba su daidaita ba. Tare da taimakon shagon kekuna na gida, ya ƙirƙiro na'urorin gyarawa na waje waɗanda ke da ƙarfi kamar na keke. Da wannan kayan aikin, ya sami waraka, gyarawa, da tsawaitawa zuwa wani lokaci da ba a taɓa gani ba a wasu wurare. Har yanzu ana amfani da na'urar Ilizarov ɗinsa a yau a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin kawar da osteogenesis. 

Binciken tiyatar ƙashi da tsoka na zamani sun yi ƙoƙarin rage yawan kamuwa da cuta da kuma sa sassan da aka dasa su zama mafi kyau da dorewa. A gefe guda kuma, tun bayan bullar annobar opioid, an gano likitocin ƙashi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu rubuta magungunan opioid.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Armstrong_2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Armstrong AD, Hassenbein SE, Black S, Hollenbeak CS |date=November 2020 |title=Risk Factors for Increased Postoperative Pain and Recommended Orderset for Postoperative Analgesic Usage |journal=The Clinical Journal of Pain |volume=36 |issue=11 |pages=845–851 |doi=10.1097/AJP.0000000000000876 |pmc=7671821 |pmid=32889819}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rage yawan shan magungunan opioid yayin da har yanzu ake samar da isasshen maganin rage radadi ci gaba ne a tiyatar ƙashi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Armstrong_2020&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid27428259&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=3 |vauthors=Seangleulur A, Vanasbodeekul P, Prapaitrakool S, Worathongchai S, Anothaisintawee T, McEvoy M, Vendittoli PA, Attia J, Thakkinstian A |date=November 2016 |title=The efficacy of local infiltration analgesia in the early postoperative period after total knee arthroplasty: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=[[European Journal of Anaesthesiology]] |volume=33 |issue=11 |pages=816–831 |doi=10.1097/EJA.0000000000000516 |pmid=27428259 |s2cid=13813622}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid27423648&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hansen RN, Pham A, Strassels SA, Balaban S, Wan GJ |date=September 2016 |title=Comparative Analysis of Length of Stay and Inpatient Costs for Orthopedic Surgery Patients Treated with IV Acetaminophen and IV Opioids vs. IV Opioids Alone for Post-Operative Pain |journal=[[Advances in Therapy]] |volume=33 |issue=9 |pages=1635–1645 |doi=10.1007/s12325-016-0368-8 |pmc=5020121 |pmid=27423648}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Horarwa ==
[[Fayil:Repair-of-fracture-to-right-acetabulum.jpg|thumb|Wannan hoton, wanda aka ɗauka a watan Satumba na 2006, ya nuna gagarumin aikin gyara a acetabulum na dama shekaru shida bayan an yi shi (2000). Farawar amosanin gabbai, wata cuta ta ƙashi/gabobi, ya sa ƙarin lalacewar gaɓoɓin ya bayyana.]]
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
A Amurka, likitocin ƙashi galibi suna kammala karatun digiri na farko da shekaru huɗu na makarantar likitanci kuma suna samun digiri na Doctor of Medicine (MD) ko digiri na Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO). Daga baya, waɗannan ɗaliban makarantar likitanci suna yin horon zama a fannin tiyatar ƙashi. Zaman zama na shekaru biyar horo ne na tiyatar ƙashi na musamman.

Zaɓar horon zama a fannin tiyatar ƙashi yana da matuƙar gasa. Kimanin likitoci 700 ne ke kammala horon zama a ƙashi kowace shekara a Amurka. Kimanin kashi 10% na mazaunan tiyatar ƙashi na yanzu mata ne; kusan kashi 20% membobi ne na ƙungiyoyin tsiraru. Kimanin likitoci 20,400 da ke aiki a fannin tiyatar ƙashi da mazauna suna cikin Amurka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Orthopaedics |url=http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00274 |website=OrthoInfo |publisher=American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS)}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar sabon littafin Jagorar Occupational Outlook Handbook (2011–2012) wanda Ma'aikatar Aiki ta Amurka ta buga, kashi 3–4% na dukkan likitocin da ke aiki a ƙashi ne.

Yawancin likitocin ƙashi suna zaɓar yin ƙarin horo, ko kuma horon aiki, bayan sun kammala horon zama. Horar da ƙungiyar ƙashi a fannin ƙashi yawanci yana ɗaukar shekara ɗaya (wani lokacin biyu) kuma wani lokacin yana da ɓangaren bincike da ya shafi horon asibiti da na tiyata. Misalan horar da ƙwararrun ƙashi a Amurka sune:

* Tiyatar ƙafa da idon sawu
* Hannun hannu da gaɓɓan sama
* Tiyatar hip da gwiwa
* Likitan Kasusuwa
* raunin ƙashi
* Haɗin kai na Osseo
* Kashin baya na yara
* Kafada da gwiwar hannu
* Tiyatar kashin baya
* Maganin wasanni na tiyata
* Gyaran haɗin gwiwa gaba ɗaya ( arthroplasty )

Waɗannan fannoni na musamman na likitanci ba wai kawai tiyatar ƙashi ba ce. Misali, wasu likitocin filastik ne ke yin tiyatar hannu, kuma yawancin likitocin jijiyoyin kwakwalwa ne ke yin tiyatar ƙashin baya. Bugu da ƙari, likitocin kula da lafiyar ƙafa da idon ƙafa suma suna yin tiyatar a Amurka. Wasu likitocin kula da lafiyar ƙafa (DPM) a Amurka suna yin tiyatar wasanni, amma iyakokin aikinsu ba sa aiki.

Bayan kammala horon zama na musamman &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Your Surgeon is certified by The American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery |url=http://www.abos.org/ModDefault.aspx?module=Public&amp;section=PubBoardCert |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612064843/https://www.abos.org/ModDefault.aspx?module=Public&amp;section=PubBoardCert |archive-date=2007-06-12 |access-date=26 October 2008 |publisher=American Board of Orthopedic Surgery}}&lt;/ref&gt; magatakarda, likitan tiyata na kashin &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=AOBOS 2012 Candidate Handbook |url=http://www.aobos.org/mm/files/Candidate-Handbook-Master.pdf |access-date=19 September 2012 |publisher=American Osteopathic Board of Orthopedic Surgery}}&lt;/ref&gt; cancanci samun takardar shaidar hukumar daga Hukumar Ƙwararrun Likitoci ta Amurka ko Ofishin Ƙwararrun ...

A Amurka, ƙwararru a fannin tiyatar hannu da kuma maganin ƙashi na iya samun takardar shaidar ƙarin cancanta ban da takardar shaidar farko ta hukumar gudanarwarsu ta hanyar kammala jarrabawa daban-daban. Babu wani ƙarin tsarin takardar shaida ga sauran ƙwararrun.

== Aiki ==
[[Fayil:Xraymachine.JPG|thumb|Radiography don gano karyewar ƙashi bayan rauni a gwiwa]]
[[Fayil:X-ray3.jpg|thumb|427x427px|Dashen ƙashi don gyara karyewar da ke faruwa a radius da ulna. Lura da karyewar da ake gani a ulna. (hannun dama)]]
[[Fayil:X_ray_internal_fixation_leg_fracture.jpg|thumb|Duba hotunan gaba da gefe na karyewar ƙafar hagu tare da gyara ciki bayan tiyata]]
A bisa ga aikace-aikacen neman takardar shaidar hukumar gudanarwa daga 1999 zuwa 2003, manyan hanyoyin aiki guda 25 da likitocin kashin baya ke gudanarwa (a jere) sune: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Garrett WE, Swiontkowski MF, Weinstein JN, Callaghan J, Rosier RN, Berry DJ, Harrast J, Derosa GP |date=March 2006 |title=American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery Practice of the Orthopaedic Surgeon: Part-II, certification examination case mix |url=https://www.abos.org/media/289/ABOS%20Board%20data.pdf |journal=The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=660–667 |doi=10.2106/JBJS.E.01208 |doi-broken-date=16 May 2026 |pmid=16510834 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205013444/https://www.abos.org/media/289/ABOS%20Board%20data.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2017 |access-date=November 30, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

# Gyaran gwiwa da kuma [[wiktionary:meniscectomy|cirewar meniscectomy]]
# Gyaran kafada da kuma rage matsa lamba (decompression)
# Sakin ramin Carpal
# Gyaran gwiwa da kuma tiyatar chondroplasty
# Cire dashen tallafi
# Gyaran jijiyoyin gwiwa da kuma gyaran haɗin gwiwa na gaba (anterior cruciate ligament)
# Sauya gwiwa
# Gyaran karyewar wuyan femoral
# Gyaran karyewar trochanteric
# Rushewar fata/ tsoka / ƙashi /karya
# Gyaran arthroscopy na gwiwa na menisci guda biyu
# Sauya cinya
# Gyaran kafada/cirewar clavicle a cikin kafada
# Gyaran jijiyar da ke juyawa da ƙugu
# Gyara karyewar radius / ulna
# Laminectomy
# Gyaran karyewar idon ƙafa (nau'in bimalleolar)
# Arthroscopy na kafada da kuma cirewar ƙashin ƙugu
# Haɗin kashin baya na lumbar
# Gyara karyewar ɓangaren nesa na radius
# Tiyatar Disc na Intervertebral a ƙasan baya
# Murfin jijiyar yatsa mai kauri
# Gyaran karyewar idon ƙafa ( fibula )
# Gyaran karyewar shaft ɗin femoral
# Gyaran karyewar trochanteric

Jadawalin aikin likitan ƙashi na yau da kullun ya ƙunshi awanni 50-55 na aiki a kowane mako wanda aka raba tsakanin asibiti, tiyata, ayyuka daban-daban na gudanarwa, da kuma yiwuwar koyarwa da/ko bincike idan yana cikin yanayin ilimi. A cewar Ƙungiyar Kwalejojin Likitoci ta Amurka a shekarar 2021, matsakaicin makon aiki na likitan ƙashi shine awanni 57. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pollock_2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Pollock JR, Moore ML, Llanes AC, Brinkman JC, Makovicka JL, Dulle DL, Hinckley NB, Barcia A, Anastasi M, Chhabra A |date=2022-04-08 |title=Medical Scribes in an Orthopedic Sports Medicine Clinic Improve Productivity and Physician Well-Being |url=https://arthroscopysportsmedicineandrehabilitation.org/article/S2666-061X(22)00020-7/abstract |journal=Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation |language=en |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=e997–e1005 |doi=10.1016/j.asmr.2022.02.003 |issn=2666-061X |pmc=9210372 |pmid=35747641 |s2cid=248064612}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Orthopaedic Surgery {{!}} Careers in Medicine |url=https://www.aamc.org/cim/explore-options/specialty-profiles/orthopaedic-surgery |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=www.aamc.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, wannan ƙiyasin ba shi da yawa, domin binciken da aka samu daga binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2013 na likitocin ƙashi waɗanda suka bayyana kansu a matsayin &quot;masu nasara sosai&quot; saboda matsayinsu a fagen ya nuna matsakaicin makonnin aiki na awanni 70 ko fiye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Klein G, Hussain N, Sprague S, Mehlman CT, Dogbey G, Bhandari M |year=2013 |title=Characteristics of highly successful orthopedic surgeons: a survey of orthopedic chairs and editors |journal=[[Canadian Journal of Surgery]] |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=192–198 |doi=10.1503/cjs.017511 |pmc=3672433 |pmid=23706848}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Pollock_2022&quot; /&gt;

== Tiyatar kashin baya ==
Tiyatar kashin baya wani ɓangare ne na tiyatar kashin baya da tiyatar jijiyoyi wanda ke mai da hankali kan gano da kuma magance matsalolin da ke tattare da kashin baya. Alamomin da aka fi sani sun haɗa da yanayin da ke lalacewa kamar su herniation na diski na intervertebral, stenosis na kashin baya, da spondylolisthesis, da kuma nakasar kashin baya, rauni, kamuwa da cuta, da ƙari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=NASS Diagnosis And Treatment Of Degenerative Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Guideline Summary - Guideline Central |url=https://www.guidelinecentral.com/guideline/9909 |access-date=2026-05-15 |website=www.guidelinecentral.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Clinical Guidelines |url=https://www.spine.org/Research/Clinical-Guidelines |access-date=2026-05-15 |website=www.spine.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maganin farko na yawancin cututtukan ƙashi yawanci yana da tsari kuma yana iya haɗawa da maganin ciwon magunguna, maganin motsa jiki, da sauran matakan da ba na tiyata ba. An keɓe tiyata ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da ciwo mai ɗorewa, ƙarancin jijiyoyi masu ci gaba, ko rashin kwanciyar hankali a tsarin. 

Hanyoyin tiyata da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da tiyatar cirewa, musamman tiyatar cirewa ta hanyar microdiscectomy don cirewar diski na lumbar, tiyatar laminectomy don rage matsewar tsarin jijiyoyi, da kuma haɗakar kashin baya don daidaita sassan kashin baya da abin ya shafa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Costa |first=Francesco |last2=Oertel |first2=Joachim |last3=Zileli |first3=Mehmet |last4=Restelli |first4=Francesco |last5=Zygourakis |first5=Corinna Clio |last6=Sharif |first6=Salman |date=April 2024 |title=Role of surgery in primary lumbar disk herniation: WFNS spine committee recommendations |journal=World Neurosurgery: X |volume=22 |doi=10.1016/j.wnsx.2024.100276 |issn=2590-1397 |pmc=10943953 |pmid=38496347}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ci gaban da aka samu a fannin fasaha ya haifar da haɓaka hanyoyin da ba su da tasiri sosai da nufin rage lalacewar nama da lokacin murmurewa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Staff |date=2026-01-01 |title=Minimally invasive spine surgery devices: Transforming spinal care with precision and faster recovery |url=https://www.spinalsurgerynews.com/2026/01/minimally-invasive-spine-surgery-devices-transforming-spinal-care-with-precision-and-faster-recovery/153305 |access-date=2026-05-15 |website=Spinal Surgery News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Skovrlj |first=Branko |last2=Gilligan |first2=Jeffrey |last3=Cutler |first3=Holt S. |last4=Qureshi |first4=Sheeraz A. |date=2015-01-16 |title=Minimally invasive procedures on the lumbar spine |journal=World Journal of Clinical Cases |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.12998/wjcc.v3.i1.1 |issn=2307-8960 |pmc=4295214 |pmid=25610845 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma binciki dabarun da ba su da tasiri sosai kuma masu tasiri sosai don rage zafi da kuma lalacewar fata da ke da alaƙa da faifan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Skovrlj |first=Branko |last2=Gilligan |first2=Jeffrey |last3=Cutler |first3=Holt S. |last4=Qureshi |first4=Sheeraz A. |date=January 2015 |title=Minimally invasive procedures on the lumbar spine |journal=World Journal of Clinical Cases |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.12998/wjcc.v3.i1.1 |issn=2307-8960 |pmc=4295214 |pmid=25610845 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Zileli |first=Mehmet |last2=Oertel |first2=Joachim |last3=Sharif |first3=Salman |last4=Zygourakis |first4=Corinna |date=April 2024 |title=Lumbar disc herniation: Prevention and treatment of recurrence: WFNS spine committee recommendations |journal=World Neurosurgery: X |volume=22 |doi=10.1016/j.wnsx.2024.100275 |issn=2590-1397 |pmc=10878111 |pmid=38385057}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan sun haɗa da hanyoyin kamar rage matsin lamba a cikin faifan laser na fata (PLDD), wanda ake amfani da makamashin laser don rage matsin lamba a cikin faifan diski da ƙarar faifan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Radoš |first=Ivan |last2=Lončarić Katušin |first2=Mirjana |last3=Budrovac |first3=Dino |last4=Dimitrijević |first4=Iva |last5=Hnatešen |first5=Dijana |last6=Omrčen |first6=Ivan |date=November 2023 |title=Percutaneous Laser Disc Decompression for Lumbar Radicular Pain: A Systematic Review of Pubmed in the Last Five Years |journal=Acta Clinica Croatica |volume=62 |issue=Suppl4 |pages=63–67 |doi=10.20471/acc.2023.62.s4.9 |issn=1333-9451 |pmc=12128808 |pmid=40463453}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gazzeri |first=Roberto |last2=Occhigrossi |first2=Felice |last3=Galarza |first3=Marcelo |last4=Mercieri |first4=Marco |last5=Leoni |first5=Matteo Luigi Giuseppe |date=2025-11-01 |title=Radiological analysis of herniated disc size changes after percutaneous laser disc decompression |url=https://academic.oup.com/painmedicine/article/26/11/741/8149198 |journal=Pain Medicine |language=en |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=741–748 |doi=10.1093/pm/pnaf070 |issn=1526-2375 |pmid=40418221 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nazari da yawa na lura sun ba da rahoton ci gaba na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin alamun ciwo da alamun raguwar faifan diski, tare da ƙarancin adadin rikice-rikice da aka ruwaito a cikin jerin da aka buga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gazzeri |first=Roberto |last2=Occhigrossi |first2=Felice |last3=Galarza |first3=Marcelo |last4=Mercieri |first4=Marco |last5=Leoni |first5=Matteo Luigi Giuseppe |date=2025-11-01 |title=Radiological analysis of herniated disc size changes after percutaneous laser disc decompression |url=https://academic.oup.com/painmedicine/article/26/11/741/8149198 |journal=Pain Medicine |language=en |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=741–748 |doi=10.1093/pm/pnaf070 |issn=1526-2375 |pmid=40418221 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Radoš |first=Ivan |last2=Lončarić Katušin |first2=Mirjana |last3=Budrovac |first3=Dino |last4=Dimitrijević |first4=Iva |last5=Hnatešen |first5=Dijana |last6=Omrčen |first6=Ivan |date=November 2023 |title=Percutaneous Laser Disc Decompression for Lumbar Radicular Pain: A Systematic Review of Pubmed in the Last Five Years |journal=Acta Clinica Croatica |volume=62 |issue=Suppl4 |pages=63–67 |doi=10.20471/acc.2023.62.s4.9 |issn=1333-9451 |pmc=12128808 |pmid=40463453}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Policicchio |first=Domenico |last2=Boniferro |first2=Benedetta |last3=Lo Turco |first3=Erica |last4=Mauro |first4=Giuseppe |last5=Veraldi |first5=Antonio |last6=Vescio |first6=Virginia |last7=Vescio |first7=Giuseppe |last8=Dipellegrini |first8=Giosuè |date=2025-06-14 |title=Comparative Efficacy of Percutaneous Laser Disc Decompression (PLDD) and Conservative Therapy for Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Retrospective, Observational, Single-Center Study |journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine |language=en |volume=14 |issue=12 |pages=4235 |doi=10.3390/jcm14124235 |issn=2077-0383 |pmc=12194567 |pmid=40565980 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawanci ana yin wannan aikin ne a asibiti a ƙarƙashin maganin sa barci na gida ko kuma kwantar da hankali, wanda ke ba da damar murmurewa cikin sauri a cikin zaɓaɓɓun marasa lafiya. Duk da cewa binciken farko ya nuna fa'idodi masu yuwuwa na ɗan gajeren lokaci, ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike na dogon lokaci mai inganci don fayyace ingancin kwatancen sa da wurinsa a cikin aikin asibiti.

Baya ga hanyoyin tiyata, ana iya amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na magance ciwo ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da ciwon baya mai ɗorewa, musamman a lokuta da suka gamu da matsalar tiyatar baya . Waɗannan sun haɗa da allurar periradicular (epidural ko tushen jijiya), cire haɗin gwiwa na facet ko medial reshe, da dabarun neuromodulation kamar ƙarfafa kashin baya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sayed |first=Dawood |last2=Grider |first2=Jay |last3=Strand |first3=Natalie |last4=Hagedorn |first4=Jonathan M. |last5=Falowski |first5=Steven |last6=Lam |first6=Christopher M. |last7=Tieppo Francio |first7=Vinicius |last8=Beall |first8=Douglas P. |last9=Tomycz |first9=Nestor D. |last10=Davanzo |first10=Justin R. |last11=Aiyer |first11=Rohit |last12=Lee |first12=David W. |last13=Kalia |first13=Hemant |last14=Sheen |first14=Soun |last15=Malinowski |first15=Mark N. |date=2022 |title=The American Society of Pain and Neuroscience (ASPN) Evidence-Based Clinical Guideline of Interventional Treatments for Low Back Pain |journal=Journal of Pain Research |volume=15 |pages=3729–3832 |doi=10.2147/JPR.S386879 |issn=1178-7090 |pmc=9739111 |pmid=36510616 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan jiyya galibi ƙwararru ne ke yin su a fannin maganin ciwo ko tiyatar jijiyoyi kuma suna aiki azaman ƙarin hanyoyin kula da tiyata maimakon manyan hanyoyin.

== Arthroscopy ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Amfani da dabarun arthroscopic ya kasance mai matuƙar muhimmanci ga marasa lafiya da suka ji rauni. Masaki Watanabe na Japan ne ya fara yin tiyatar arthroscopic a farkon shekarun 1950 don yin tiyatar guringuntsi mai ƙarancin mamayewa da sake gina jijiyoyin da suka yage. Arthroscopic yana ba marasa lafiya damar murmurewa daga tiyatar cikin 'yan kwanaki, maimakon makonni zuwa watanni da ake buƙata ta hanyar tiyata ta al'ada, &quot;buɗe&quot;; dabara ce da ta shahara sosai. Arthroscopy na gwiwa yana ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan da likitocin ƙashi ke yi a yau, kuma galibi ana haɗa shi da meniscectomy ko chondroplasty. Yawancin hanyoyin ƙashi na waje na sama-ƙasa ana yin su ta hanyar arthroscopic. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid24397703&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jain NB, Higgins LD, Losina E, Collins J, Blazar PE, Katz JN |date=January 2014 |title=Epidemiology of musculoskeletal upper extremity ambulatory surgery in the United States |journal=[[BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders]] |volume=15 |issue= |doi=10.1186/1471-2474-15-4 |pmc=3893587 |pmid=24397703 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gyaran tiyata ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Arthroplasty tiyata ce ta kashin baya inda ake maye gurbin saman haɗin gwiwa na musculoskeletal, gyara shi, ko sake daidaita shi ta hanyar osteotomy ko wani tsari. &lt;ref name=&quot;jhu&quot; /&gt; Hanya ce ta zaɓi da ake yi don rage zafi da dawo da aiki ga haɗin gwiwa bayan lalacewa ta hanyar arthritis ( rheumasurgery ) ko wani nau'in rauni. &lt;ref name=&quot;jhu&quot; /&gt; Baya ga tiyatar maye gurbin gwiwa ta yau da kullun, ana iya yin maye gurbin gwiwa mai sassauƙa, wanda a cikinsa ake maye gurbin saman gwiwa ɗaya kawai mai ɗauke da nauyi, &lt;ref name=&quot;jhu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Restoring Joint Function with Arthroplasty |url=http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/test_procedures/orthopaedic/arthroplasty_92,P07677 |access-date=17 February 2024 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma yana da babban haɗarin tiyatar gyara. &lt;ref name=&quot;levy&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=3 |vauthors=Levy KH, Fusco PJ, Salazar-Restrepo SA, Mathew DM, Pandey R, Ahmed S, Varghese KS, Rogando DO, Ahmed A, Ng MK |date=December 2023 |title=Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty revised to total knee arthroplasty versus primary total knee arthroplasty: A meta-analysis of matched studies |url=https://www.thekneejournal.com/article/S0968-0160(23)00194-1/ |journal=The Knee |volume=45 |issue= |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1016/j.knee.2023.09.001 |pmid=37708740 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana amfani da maye gurbin haɗin gwiwa don wasu gidajen haɗin gwiwa, galibi hip &lt;ref name=&quot;jhu-hip&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Hip replacement surgery |url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/hip-replacement-surgery |access-date=17 February 2024 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University}}&lt;/ref&gt; ko kafada . &lt;ref name=&quot;nihr&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=18 January 2024 |title=Shoulder replacements are less likely to be revised when surgeons perform more than 10 a year |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/shoulder-replacements-less-likely-revised-surgeons-perform-more-than-10-a-year/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |doi=10.3310/nihrevidence_61746 |s2cid=267133950 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abin da ke damun bayan tiyatar maye gurbin haɗin gwiwa shine lalacewar saman abubuwan da ke ɗauke da kayan haɗin. &lt;ref name=&quot;dreyer&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=3 |vauthors=Dreyer MJ, Weisse B, Contreras Raggio JI, Zboray R, Taylor WR, Preiss S, Horn N |date=November 2023 |title=The influence of implant design and limb alignment on in vivo wear rates of fixed-bearing and rotating-platform knee implant retrievals |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jor.25734 |journal=Journal of Orthopaedic Research |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=777–787 |doi=10.1002/jor.25734 |pmid=37975250 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan na iya haifar da lalacewa ga ƙashin da ke kewaye kuma yana haifar da gazawar dashen. &lt;ref name=&quot;dreyer&quot; /&gt; Roba da aka zaɓa yawanci polyethylene ne mai nauyin ƙwayoyin halitta mai yawa, wanda kuma ana iya canza shi ta hanyoyin da za su iya inganta halayen lalacewa. &lt;ref name=&quot;dreyer&quot; /&gt; An kuma nuna cewa haɗarin tiyatar gyara yana da alaƙa da ƙarar likitan tiyata. &lt;ref name=&quot;nihr&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=18 January 2024 |title=Shoulder replacements are less likely to be revised when surgeons perform more than 10 a year |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/shoulder-replacements-less-likely-revised-surgeons-perform-more-than-10-a-year/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |doi=10.3310/nihrevidence_61746 |s2cid=267133950 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/shoulder-replacements-less-likely-revised-surgeons-perform-more-than-10-a-year/ &quot;Shoulder replacements are less likely to be revised when surgeons perform more than 10 a year&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''NIHR Evidence''. 18 January 2024. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.3310/nihrevidence_61746|10.3310/nihrevidence_61746]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:267133950 267133950].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Valsamis |first=Epaminondas Markos |last2=Collins |first2=Gary S. |last3=Pinedo-Villanueva |first3=Rafael |last4=Whitehouse |first4=Michael R. |last5=Rangan |first5=Amar |last6=Sayers |first6=Adrian |last7=Rees |first7=Jonathan L. |display-authors=3 |date=2023-06-21 |title=Association between surgeon volume and patient outcomes after elective shoulder replacement surgery using data from the National Joint Registry and Hospital Episode Statistics for England: population based cohort study |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/381/bmj-2023-075355 |journal=BMJ |language=en |volume=381 |doi=10.1136/bmj-2023-075355 |issn=1756-1833 |pmc=10283034 |pmid=37343999}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilimin Cututtuka ==
Tsakanin 2001 da 2016, yawan hanyoyin gyaran tsoka ya ƙaru sosai a Amurka, daga kashi 17.9% zuwa kashi 24.2% na dukkan hanyoyin tiyata (OR) da aka yi a lokacin zaman asibiti. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Weiss AJ, Elixhauser A |date=March 2014 |title=Trends in Operating Room Procedures in U.S. Hospitals, 2001—2011 |url=http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb171-Operating-Room-Procedure-Trends.jsp |journal=HCUP Statistical Brief No. 171 |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |pmid=24851286}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wani bincike da aka yi kan zuwa asibiti a Amurka a shekarar 2012, hanyoyin tiyatar kashin baya da haɗin gwiwa sun zama ruwan dare a tsakanin dukkan ƙungiyoyin shekaru banda jarirai. Haɗa kashin baya yana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin tiyatar OR guda biyar da aka fi yi a kowace ƙungiya banda jarirai 'yan ƙasa da shekara 1 da manya 'yan shekara 85 zuwa sama. Laminectomy ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin manya masu shekaru 18-84. Gyaran gwiwa da maye gurbin kugu suna cikin manyan hanyoyin tiyatar OR guda biyar ga manya masu shekaru 45 zuwa sama. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=December 2014 |title=Most Frequent Operating Room Procedures Performed in U.S. Hospitals, 2003–2012 |url=https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb186-Operating-Room-Procedures-United-States-2012.jsp |website=HCUP Statistical Brief No. 186 |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
 

* Dashen ƙashi
* Jerin labaran raunin da kuma cututtukan ƙashi
* Jerin abubuwan da aka dasa a kashin baya
* Mataimakin likitan ƙashi
* Maganin Orthotics
* Bayani game da rauni da ƙashi

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* {{Commons category-inline|Orthopedics}}
* [https://globalorthopedicsolutions.com/ Global Orthopedic Solutions]
{{Medicine}}{{Bone, cartilage, and joint procedures}}{{Authority control}}
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    <title>Masanin kimiyyar man fetur</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1274321102|Petroleum Geoscience]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="374" sha1="g2en5medgw54w43lqgw28z4xcojbse5" xml:space="preserve">Petroleum Geoscience wata mujallar kimiyya ce ta kwata-kwata da aka buga ta Geological Society of London da European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers. Ya ƙunshi bincike a cikin ilimin ƙasa da fasaha da ke da alaƙa da [[Danyen mai|man fetur]] da Injiniyan tafkin. A cewar Jaridar Citation Reports, mujallar tana da tasirin tasirin 2011 na 1.161.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Abdullahi T. Yeldu</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347046733|Abdullahi T. Yeldu]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Abdullahi T. Yeldu''' [[ɗan siyasa]] Najeriya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kebbi, wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Arewa . Ya mutu a shekarar 2015 a lokacin tashin hankali na Mina a aikin hajji a [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title='Kebbi lawmaker died in Hajj stampede' |url=https://dailytrust.com/kebbi-lawmaker-died-in-hajj-stampede/ |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya taba aiki a matsayin Sakatare na Dindindin a Gwamnatin Jihar Kebbi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Kebbi gets 5 new permanent secretaries |url=https://dailytrust.com/kebbi-gets-5-new-permanent-secretaries/ |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2015-10-11 |title=Kebbi Lawmaker Among Hundreds Lost in Hajj Stampede Tragedy |url=https://caretakernewsnow.com/kebbi-lawmaker-among-hundreds-lost-in-hajj-stampede-tragedy/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=CareTaker News Now |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;(((((([[:en:Politician|politician]] who served as a member of the Kebbi State House of Assembly, representing the Arewa constituency. He died in 2015 during the [[:en:2015_Mina_stampede|Mina stampede]] at the Hajj pilgrimage in [[:en:Saudi_Arabia|Saudi Arabia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title='Kebbi lawmaker died in Hajj stampede' |url=https://dailytrust.com/kebbi-lawmaker-died-in-hajj-stampede/ |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; He previously served as a Permanent Secretary in the ((((((

== Mutuwa ==
Abdullahi T. Yeldu died on 7 October 2015 in the [[Turmutsutsin Hajji na 2015|Mina stampede]] (also referred to as the Jamarat stampede) during the Hajj pilgrimage in [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]]. The incident resulted in 769 fatalities and over 900 injuries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Hajj stampede: Bagudu condoles lawmaker's family |url=https://dailytrust.com/hajj-stampede-bagudu-condoles-lawmakers-family/ |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>855559</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-12T19:40:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
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      <text bytes="1979" sha1="7fxd34cr4thc1dnpbwfikukgfb2cald" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Abdullahi T. Yeldu
| office = Member of the Kebbi State House of Assembly
| constituency = Arewa Constituency
| term_start = 
| term_end = 7 October 2015
| death_date = 7 October 2015
| death_place = Mina, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| party = All Progressives Congress (APC)
| death_cause = Stampede during the Hajj
}}
'''Abdullahi T. Yeldu''' [[ɗan siyasa]] Najeriya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kebbi, wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Arewa . Ya mutu a shekarar 2015 a lokacin tashin hankali na Mina a aikin hajji a [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title='Kebbi lawmaker died in Hajj stampede' |url=https://dailytrust.com/kebbi-lawmaker-died-in-hajj-stampede/ |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya taba aiki a matsayin Sakatare na Dindindin a Gwamnatin Jihar Kebbi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Kebbi gets 5 new permanent secretaries |url=https://dailytrust.com/kebbi-gets-5-new-permanent-secretaries/ |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2015-10-11 |title=Kebbi Lawmaker Among Hundreds Lost in Hajj Stampede Tragedy |url=https://caretakernewsnow.com/kebbi-lawmaker-among-hundreds-lost-in-hajj-stampede-tragedy/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=CareTaker News Now |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title='Kebbi lawmaker died in Hajj stampede' |url=https://dailytrust.com/kebbi-lawmaker-died-in-hajj-stampede/ |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Mutuwa ==
Abdullahi T. Yeldu died on 7 October 2015 in the [[Turmutsutsin Hajji na 2015|Mina stampede]] (also referred to as the Jamarat stampede) during the Hajj pilgrimage in [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]]. The incident resulted in 769 fatalities and over 900 injuries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Hajj stampede: Bagudu condoles lawmaker's family |url=https://dailytrust.com/hajj-stampede-bagudu-condoles-lawmakers-family/ |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Abdulsalam Gambo Mubarak</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>855564</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T19:45:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328431124|Abdulsalam Gambo Mubarak]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Abdulsalam Gambo Mubarak''' listenⓘ ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne. Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Bali / Gassol a Majalisar Wakilai. An haife shi a shekara ta 1974, ya fito ne daga [[Jahar Taraba|Jihar Taraba]] . An zabe shi a cikin Majalisar a zaben 2019 a karkashin All Progressives Congress (APC). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/abdulsalam-gambo-mubarak |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gaddafi |first=Ibrahim Tanko |date=2023-01-09 |title=Kwenum, Bwacha lead Taraba lawmakers in NASS Scorecard |url=https://orderpaper.ng/new/?p=4493 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117184737/https://orderpaper.ng/new/?p=4493 |archive-date=2025-01-17 |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=OrderPaper |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; ((((He served as a member representing Bali/Gassol Federal Constituency in the [[:en:House_of_Representatives_(Nigeria)|House of Representatives]]. Born in 1974, he hails from [[:en:Taraba_State|Taraba State]]. He was elected into the House of Assembly at the 2019 elections under the [[:en:All_Progressives_Congress|All Progressives Congress]]

== Bayanan da aka ambata ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>855567</id>
      <parentid>855564</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T19:47:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>855567</origin>
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'''Abdulsalam Gambo Mubarak''' ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne. Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Bali / Gassol a Majalisar Wakilai. An haife shi a shekara ta 1974, ya fito ne daga [[Jahar Taraba|Jihar Taraba]] . An zabe shi a cikin Majalisar a zaben 2019 a karkashin All Progressives Congress (APC). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/abdulsalam-gambo-mubarak |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gaddafi |first=Ibrahim Tanko |date=2023-01-09 |title=Kwenum, Bwacha lead Taraba lawmakers in NASS Scorecard |url=https://orderpaper.ng/new/?p=4493 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117184737/https://orderpaper.ng/new/?p=4493 |archive-date=2025-01-17 |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=OrderPaper |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Abubakar Maigari Umar</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>156969</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855570</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T19:50:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329342323|Abubakar Maigari Umar]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855570</origin>
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      <text bytes="820" sha1="sijdylq2s1xiljfwygqzl9eqa750z4n" xml:space="preserve">'''Abubakar Maigari Umar''' ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda aka haife shi a 1980 a [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]], wanda ya wakilci Bauchi a mazabar Azare (Zaki II) na Majalisar Dokoki a 2023. Ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Ceto ta Jama'a (PRP).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=undefined candidate data for 2023 - Stears Elections |url=https://www.stears.co/elections/candidates/umar-maigari-abubakar/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=www.stears.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/abubakar-maigari-umar |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;(((((Bauchi in the Azare (Zaki II) constituency of the House of Assembly in 2023. He was a membe

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]]</text>
      <sha1>sijdylq2s1xiljfwygqzl9eqa750z4n</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855571</id>
      <parentid>855570</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T19:51:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>855571</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="724" sha1="5ki6hhxwpzys6h6rua1il506ke7898d" xml:space="preserve">'''Abubakar Maigari Umar''' ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda aka haife shi a 1980 a [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]], wanda ya wakilci Bauchi a mazabar Azare (Zaki II) na Majalisar Dokoki a 2023. Ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Ceto ta Jama'a (PRP).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=undefined candidate data for 2023 - Stears Elections |url=https://www.stears.co/elections/candidates/umar-maigari-abubakar/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=www.stears.co}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/abubakar-maigari-umar |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Taƙaddamar ruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>156970</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855572</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T19:53:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirjat</username>
        <id>20447</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: '''Rikicin ruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka''' (MENA) ya fi mayar da hankali ne a kan manyan kwarurukan koguna guda uku: kwarin Kogin Jordan, kwarin kogunan Tigris da Euphrates, da kuma kwarin Kogin Nilu. Yankin MENA ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita miliyan 11.1. Akwai manyan hamada guda uku a yankin na MENA:&lt;ref name=&quot;abuzeid2006&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Conflict and Conflict Management Mechanisms in the Middle East and North Africa |url=http://water.cedare.int/ce...</comment>
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      <text bytes="4460" sha1="1m6m3ue4vwyrens70rus6aazydjriok" xml:space="preserve">'''Rikicin ruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka''' (MENA) ya fi mayar da hankali ne a kan manyan kwarurukan koguna guda uku: kwarin Kogin Jordan, kwarin kogunan Tigris da Euphrates, da kuma kwarin Kogin Nilu. Yankin MENA ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita miliyan 11.1. Akwai manyan hamada guda uku a yankin na MENA:&lt;ref name=&quot;abuzeid2006&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Conflict and Conflict Management Mechanisms in the Middle East and North Africa |url=http://water.cedare.int/cedare.int/files15%5CFile2862.pdf |publisher=Centre for Environment and Development for the Arab Region and Europe |author1=Khaled AbuZeid |author2=Amr Abdel-Meguid |date=March 2006 |access-date=2012-05-04 |archive-date=2015-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610224547/http://water.cedare.int/cedare.int/files15%5CFile2862.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hamadar Sahara, wadda ta kunshi manyan sassa na Arewacin Afirka.
* Rub' al Khali, a kudancin Yarjejeniyar Larabawa (Arabian Peninsula).
* Badiat El-Sham (Hamadar Siriya), a arewacin Yarjejeniyar Larabawa.
Bugu da kari, babban sashi na kasar Iran hamada ne ya mamaye shi. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara bai kai 100 mm ba a kashi 65% na yankin, yana tsakanin 100 da 300 mm a kashi 15% na yankin, kuma ya fi 300 mm a sauran yankunan da suka rage.&lt;ref name=&quot;abuzeid2006&quot;/&gt; Yanayin da ke haifar da rikici ana hasashen zai kara ta'azzara kuma ya dada sarkakiya yayin da cikakken tasirin canjin yanayi a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka zai bayyana a cikin karni na 21.

== Kwarin Kogin Jordan ==

=== Albarkatun ruwa ===
[[File:Middle East Topographic Political EN.svg|thumb|left|Taswirar tauraron dan adam na Gabas ta Tsakiya.]]
Hanyoyin ruwa guda uku da ke samar da Kogin Jordan – Kogin Hasbani (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 250 Mm3), Kogin Banias (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 125 Mm3), da Kogin Dan (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 250 Mm3) sun samo asali ne daga kasashen Lebanon, Siriya, da Isra'ila.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Ju'ub|first=Dr. Ghassan Abu|title=Water Conflicts in the Middle East Between the Present and the Future|url=http://www.alazhar.edu.ps/arabic/centers/IWE/Researches/GazaPaper-new/water.pdf|publisher=Al-Azhar University|access-date=2012-04-10|archive-date=2012-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711013149/http://www.alazhar.edu.ps/arabic/centers/IWE/Researches/GazaPaper-new/water.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna haduwa ne a Tafkin Huleh sannan su kwarara zuwa kudu a matsayin Kogin Jordan. Daidai kudancin Tiberias, Kogin Yarmuk yana haduwa da Kogin Jordan. Gaba daya, Kogin Jordan yana kwarara ne na kusan kilomita 350, yana farawa daga gindin Dutsen Hermon a arewa kuma ya kare a Tekun Gishiri (Dead Sea) a kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kogin yana da kiyasin kwararar ruwa na 1880 MCM/Y, inda kashi 73 cikin dari na ruwan ya samo asali ne daga kasashen Larabawa sannan kashi 27 cikin dari kuma ya samo asali daga Isra'ila.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Kiser|first=Stephen|title=WATER: THE HYDRAULIC PARAMETER OF CONFLICT IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA|journal=USAF Institute for National Security Studies|date=September 2000|series=INSS Occasional Papers|issue=35|pages=59|url=http://www.usafa.edu/df/inss/OCP/ocp35.pdf|access-date=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wani binciken USAF na watan Satumban 2000, sama da kashi 90% na ruwan kasar Siriya ana raba shi ne da kasashen makwabta kamar su Iraki, Turkiyya, Isra'ila, Lebanon, da Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kusan kashi 36 cikin dari na hanyoyin ruwan kasar Jordan ana raba su ne da Siriya, Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank), da Isra'ila, kuma sama da rabin ruwan Isra'ila ana raba shi ne da Siriya, Lebanon, Jordan, da Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;

Yankin can gaba zuwa arewa, Kogin Litani da Kogin Orontes sune suka kunshi yankin magudanar ruwa na arewacin Levant. Kodayake wuraren da kogunan suka samo asali suna kusa da juna a labarin kasa, Kogin Litani yana kwarara ne zuwa kudu sannan yamma zuwa Tekun Mediterane kusa da Tyre, yana ratsawa ta cikin kasar Lebanon kadai, yayin da Kogin Orontes kuma yake kwarara zuwa arewa zuwa cikin kasar Siriya, yana shiga Tekun Mediterane a kusa da birnin Antioch.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kiyasin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na Kogin Litani wanda ya kai 410 MCM/Y ya kasance manufar shawarwarin magance matsalar ruwa da Siriya, Jordan, da Isra'ila suka gabatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>855573</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-12T19:54:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirjat</username>
        <id>20447</id>
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      <text bytes="9574" sha1="nwhwozyqzpgo4bach9vacjhyoxa3usg" xml:space="preserve">'''Rikicin ruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka''' (MENA) ya fi mayar da hankali ne a kan manyan kwarurukan koguna guda uku: kwarin Kogin Jordan, kwarin kogunan Tigris da Euphrates, da kuma kwarin Kogin Nilu. Yankin MENA ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita miliyan 11.1. Akwai manyan hamada guda uku a yankin na MENA:&lt;ref name=&quot;abuzeid2006&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Conflict and Conflict Management Mechanisms in the Middle East and North Africa |url=http://water.cedare.int/cedare.int/files15%5CFile2862.pdf |publisher=Centre for Environment and Development for the Arab Region and Europe |author1=Khaled AbuZeid |author2=Amr Abdel-Meguid |date=March 2006 |access-date=2012-05-04 |archive-date=2015-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610224547/http://water.cedare.int/cedare.int/files15%5CFile2862.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hamadar Sahara, wadda ta kunshi manyan sassa na Arewacin Afirka.
* Rub' al Khali, a kudancin Yarjejeniyar Larabawa (Arabian Peninsula).
* Badiat El-Sham (Hamadar Siriya), a arewacin Yarjejeniyar Larabawa.
Bugu da kari, babban sashi na kasar Iran hamada ne ya mamaye shi. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara bai kai 100 mm ba a kashi 65% na yankin, yana tsakanin 100 da 300 mm a kashi 15% na yankin, kuma ya fi 300 mm a sauran yankunan da suka rage.&lt;ref name=&quot;abuzeid2006&quot;/&gt; Yanayin da ke haifar da rikici ana hasashen zai kara ta'azzara kuma ya dada sarkakiya yayin da cikakken tasirin canjin yanayi a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka zai bayyana a cikin karni na 21.

== Kwarin Kogin Jordan ==

=== Albarkatun ruwa ===
[[File:Middle East Topographic Political EN.svg|thumb|left|Taswirar tauraron dan adam na Gabas ta Tsakiya.]]
Hanyoyin ruwa guda uku da ke samar da Kogin Jordan – Kogin Hasbani (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 250 Mm3), Kogin Banias (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 125 Mm3), da Kogin Dan (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 250 Mm3) sun samo asali ne daga kasashen Lebanon, Siriya, da Isra'ila.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Ju'ub|first=Dr. Ghassan Abu|title=Water Conflicts in the Middle East Between the Present and the Future|url=http://www.alazhar.edu.ps/arabic/centers/IWE/Researches/GazaPaper-new/water.pdf|publisher=Al-Azhar University|access-date=2012-04-10|archive-date=2012-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711013149/http://www.alazhar.edu.ps/arabic/centers/IWE/Researches/GazaPaper-new/water.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna haduwa ne a Tafkin Huleh sannan su kwarara zuwa kudu a matsayin Kogin Jordan. Daidai kudancin Tiberias, Kogin Yarmuk yana haduwa da Kogin Jordan. Gaba daya, Kogin Jordan yana kwarara ne na kusan kilomita 350, yana farawa daga gindin Dutsen Hermon a arewa kuma ya kare a Tekun Gishiri (Dead Sea) a kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kogin yana da kiyasin kwararar ruwa na 1880 MCM/Y, inda kashi 73 cikin dari na ruwan ya samo asali ne daga kasashen Larabawa sannan kashi 27 cikin dari kuma ya samo asali daga Isra'ila.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Kiser|first=Stephen|title=WATER: THE HYDRAULIC PARAMETER OF CONFLICT IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA|journal=USAF Institute for National Security Studies|date=September 2000|series=INSS Occasional Papers|issue=35|pages=59|url=http://www.usafa.edu/df/inss/OCP/ocp35.pdf|access-date=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wani binciken USAF na watan Satumban 2000, sama da kashi 90% na ruwan kasar Siriya ana raba shi ne da kasashen makwabta kamar su Iraki, Turkiyya, Isra'ila, Lebanon, da Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kusan kashi 36 cikin dari na hanyoyin ruwan kasar Jordan ana raba su ne da Siriya, Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank), da Isra'ila, kuma sama da rabin ruwan Isra'ila ana raba shi ne da Siriya, Lebanon, Jordan, da Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;

Yankin can gaba zuwa arewa, Kogin Litani da Kogin Orontes sune suka kunshi yankin magudanar ruwa na arewacin Levant. Kodayake wuraren da kogunan suka samo asali suna kusa da juna a labarin kasa, Kogin Litani yana kwarara ne zuwa kudu sannan yamma zuwa Tekun Mediterane kusa da Tyre, yana ratsawa ta cikin kasar Lebanon kadai, yayin da Kogin Orontes kuma yake kwarara zuwa arewa zuwa cikin kasar Siriya, yana shiga Tekun Mediterane a kusa da birnin Antioch.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kiyasin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na Kogin Litani wanda ya kai 410 MCM/Y ya kasance manufar shawarwarin magance matsalar ruwa da Siriya, Jordan, da Isra'ila suka gabatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Siriya, Lebanon, da Isra'ila duka suna da madatsun ruwan sha na karkashin kasa na dabi'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Akwai manyan madatsun ruwa guda biyu na karkashin kasa wadanda ke samar da ruwan sha ga Isra'ila ta zamani. Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse (Mountain Aquifer) tana karkashin Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank). Tana sake cika kanta da 679 Mm3 na ruwa duk shekara, inda 78 Mm3 daga ciki yake da gishiri-gishiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Manyan kwaruruka guda uku na Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse sune kwarin Gabas, kwarin Yamma, da kuma kwarin Arewa maso Gabas. Kwarin Gabas shi ne mafi kankanta dangane da yawan ruwan sha amma shi ne mafi girma dangane da fadin kasa. Ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita 3260.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kwarin Yamma shi ne mafi girma a cikin ukun dangane da yawan ruwan sha da yake dauke da shi. Ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita 1780.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; A karshe, kwarin Arewa maso Gabas yana da fadin kusan murabba'in kilomita 610.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Madatsar Ruwa ta Gabar Teku (Coastal Aquifer) da ke tare da Gabar Tekun Mediterane tana da jimillar sake cika kanta ta shekara-shekara na 330 Mm3.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt;

Yankin da ke kewaye da kwarin Kogin Jordan yana daya daga cikin mafi bushewa a duniya. Isra'ila da arewa maso yammacin Jordan suna samun matsakaicin ruwan sama na 1190 cm a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kadan ne kawai daga cikin wannan ruwan za a iya amfani da shi. Kasashen Kuwait, Libya, Oman, da Singapore ne kadai ke samun karancin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara fiye da Jordan ko Isra'ila. Siriya da Lebanon, sabanin haka, suna samun isasshen ruwan sama don tallafawa aikin gona da sake cika madatsun ruwa na karkashin kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kamar yadda aka bayyana a baya, yayin da sassan arewacin Jordan da Isra'ila ke samun 110 cm na ruwan sama na shekara-shekara, tsakiyar Jordan da Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan suna samun 20 mcm/y. Sai dai kashi 3 mcm/y kacal ne na wannan ruwan za a iya amfani da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;

=== Amfani da ruwa ===
Isra'ila tana amfani da kusan 850 MCM/Y na ruwan karkashin kasa, inda 400 MCM/Y daga ciki ke fitowa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse. A shekarar 1964, Isra'ila ta fara dibar 320 MCM/Y daga Kogin Jordan don babban Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Kasa (National Water Carrier). Ya zuwa shekarar 1967, babban Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Kasa na Isra'ila yana kwashe kusan kashi 70 cikin dari na Kogin Jordan kafin ya kai ga mutanen Falasdinu a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; A shekarun 1980, 'yan ciranin Yahudawa da suka zauna a yankin sun shanye ruwa sau bakai fiye da manoman Larabawa. Wasu majiyoyin sun nuna bambanci kadan, kodayake har yanzu yana da yawa. A cewar wani binciken watan Satumba na shekarar 2000, Isra'ila tana amfani da 1180 MCM/Y, ko kashi 62 cikin dari na jimillar samar da ruwa na shekara-shekara a aikin gona. Idan aka kwatanta, kasar Jordan tana amfani da 67 MCM/Y, ko kashi 74 cikin dari na jimillar samar da ruwanta a aikin gona.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kusan kashi 48 cikin dari na matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na shekara-shekara na Isra'ila wanda ya kai 1,950 MCM/Y yana fitowa ne daga yankunan da aka kwace a shekarar 1967. 400 MCM/Y na wannan ruwan yana fitowa ne daga ruwan karkashin kasa na Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan, yayin da 450 MCM/Y ke fitowa daga saman Kogin Jordan da Tuddan Golan (Golan Heights).&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Sai dai tun a shekarar 1981, kasar Isra'ila ta kasance tana amfani da kashi 99 cikin dari na albarkatun ruwan da take da su.

=== Tsarin Samar da Ruwa ===

==== Lokacin Mulkin Mallaka na Birtaniya (1917–1948)====
A lokacin da Birtaniya ke mulkin mallaka a Falasdinu (1913–1948), akwai tsarin noman rani guda uku a gefen gabashin tuddan Yahudawa (Judaean Mountains). Magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Qelt tana samar da 3 MCM/Y na ruwan sha ga birnin Jericho daga idon ruwan Ein Fara, Ein Fawar, da Ein Qelt.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Bugu da kari, magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Uja tana wadata kwarin Uja da 7 MCM/Y na ruwan sha daga idon ruwan Ein Uja, sannan magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Faria ta kwashe 5 MCM/Y na ruwa daga idon ruwan Ein Shibli, Ein Isca, da Ein Baidan zuwa Giftlik.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Gvirtzman|first=Haim|title=The Israeli-Palestinian Water Conflict: An Israeli Perspective|url=http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/MSPS94.pdf|publisher=The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karkashin mulkin Roma, magudanar ruwa na Nablus da Jerusalem sun kasance suna aiki a tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya. Wadannan magudanar ruwa sun kawo karin jimillar 3 MCM/Y ga Sabastia da Kudus. Lokacin mulkin mallakar na Birtaniya, an sake amfani da wasu kananan idon ruwa na karkashin kasa guda 200 sannan aka tara ruwan sama daga tankuna, wanda hakan ya samar da karin 5 MCM/Y na ruwan sha a lokutan damina mai yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; Tare da karin masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu wadanda ke samar da karin 2 MCM/Y ga Kudus da Ramallah, matsakaicin karfin ruwa a tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya ya kasance 25 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; [[File:Lasjalomne023 (7).jpg|thumb|left|alt=Tafkin Tiberias.| Tafkin Tiberias]]</text>
      <sha1>nwhwozyqzpgo4bach9vacjhyoxa3usg</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>855575</id>
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      <comment>/* Lokacin Mulkin Mallaka na Birtaniya (1917–1948) */</comment>
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      <text bytes="14310" sha1="e0motttpfd0lp5m2up5rhh5ezutw8a6" xml:space="preserve">'''Rikicin ruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka''' (MENA) ya fi mayar da hankali ne a kan manyan kwarurukan koguna guda uku: kwarin Kogin Jordan, kwarin kogunan Tigris da Euphrates, da kuma kwarin Kogin Nilu. Yankin MENA ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita miliyan 11.1. Akwai manyan hamada guda uku a yankin na MENA:&lt;ref name=&quot;abuzeid2006&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Conflict and Conflict Management Mechanisms in the Middle East and North Africa |url=http://water.cedare.int/cedare.int/files15%5CFile2862.pdf |publisher=Centre for Environment and Development for the Arab Region and Europe |author1=Khaled AbuZeid |author2=Amr Abdel-Meguid |date=March 2006 |access-date=2012-05-04 |archive-date=2015-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610224547/http://water.cedare.int/cedare.int/files15%5CFile2862.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hamadar Sahara, wadda ta kunshi manyan sassa na Arewacin Afirka.
* Rub' al Khali, a kudancin Yarjejeniyar Larabawa (Arabian Peninsula).
* Badiat El-Sham (Hamadar Siriya), a arewacin Yarjejeniyar Larabawa.
Bugu da kari, babban sashi na kasar Iran hamada ne ya mamaye shi. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara bai kai 100 mm ba a kashi 65% na yankin, yana tsakanin 100 da 300 mm a kashi 15% na yankin, kuma ya fi 300 mm a sauran yankunan da suka rage.&lt;ref name=&quot;abuzeid2006&quot;/&gt; Yanayin da ke haifar da rikici ana hasashen zai kara ta'azzara kuma ya dada sarkakiya yayin da cikakken tasirin canjin yanayi a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka zai bayyana a cikin karni na 21.

== Kwarin Kogin Jordan ==

=== Albarkatun ruwa ===
[[File:Middle East Topographic Political EN.svg|thumb|left|Taswirar tauraron dan adam na Gabas ta Tsakiya.]]
Hanyoyin ruwa guda uku da ke samar da Kogin Jordan – Kogin Hasbani (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 250 Mm3), Kogin Banias (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 125 Mm3), da Kogin Dan (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 250 Mm3) sun samo asali ne daga kasashen Lebanon, Siriya, da Isra'ila.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Ju'ub|first=Dr. Ghassan Abu|title=Water Conflicts in the Middle East Between the Present and the Future|url=http://www.alazhar.edu.ps/arabic/centers/IWE/Researches/GazaPaper-new/water.pdf|publisher=Al-Azhar University|access-date=2012-04-10|archive-date=2012-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711013149/http://www.alazhar.edu.ps/arabic/centers/IWE/Researches/GazaPaper-new/water.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna haduwa ne a Tafkin Huleh sannan su kwarara zuwa kudu a matsayin Kogin Jordan. Daidai kudancin Tiberias, Kogin Yarmuk yana haduwa da Kogin Jordan. Gaba daya, Kogin Jordan yana kwarara ne na kusan kilomita 350, yana farawa daga gindin Dutsen Hermon a arewa kuma ya kare a Tekun Gishiri (Dead Sea) a kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kogin yana da kiyasin kwararar ruwa na 1880 MCM/Y, inda kashi 73 cikin dari na ruwan ya samo asali ne daga kasashen Larabawa sannan kashi 27 cikin dari kuma ya samo asali daga Isra'ila.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Kiser|first=Stephen|title=WATER: THE HYDRAULIC PARAMETER OF CONFLICT IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA|journal=USAF Institute for National Security Studies|date=September 2000|series=INSS Occasional Papers|issue=35|pages=59|url=http://www.usafa.edu/df/inss/OCP/ocp35.pdf|access-date=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wani binciken USAF na watan Satumban 2000, sama da kashi 90% na ruwan kasar Siriya ana raba shi ne da kasashen makwabta kamar su Iraki, Turkiyya, Isra'ila, Lebanon, da Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kusan kashi 36 cikin dari na hanyoyin ruwan kasar Jordan ana raba su ne da Siriya, Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank), da Isra'ila, kuma sama da rabin ruwan Isra'ila ana raba shi ne da Siriya, Lebanon, Jordan, da Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;

Yankin can gaba zuwa arewa, Kogin Litani da Kogin Orontes sune suka kunshi yankin magudanar ruwa na arewacin Levant. Kodayake wuraren da kogunan suka samo asali suna kusa da juna a labarin kasa, Kogin Litani yana kwarara ne zuwa kudu sannan yamma zuwa Tekun Mediterane kusa da Tyre, yana ratsawa ta cikin kasar Lebanon kadai, yayin da Kogin Orontes kuma yake kwarara zuwa arewa zuwa cikin kasar Siriya, yana shiga Tekun Mediterane a kusa da birnin Antioch.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kiyasin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na Kogin Litani wanda ya kai 410 MCM/Y ya kasance manufar shawarwarin magance matsalar ruwa da Siriya, Jordan, da Isra'ila suka gabatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Siriya, Lebanon, da Isra'ila duka suna da madatsun ruwan sha na karkashin kasa na dabi'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Akwai manyan madatsun ruwa guda biyu na karkashin kasa wadanda ke samar da ruwan sha ga Isra'ila ta zamani. Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse (Mountain Aquifer) tana karkashin Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank). Tana sake cika kanta da 679 Mm3 na ruwa duk shekara, inda 78 Mm3 daga ciki yake da gishiri-gishiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Manyan kwaruruka guda uku na Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse sune kwarin Gabas, kwarin Yamma, da kuma kwarin Arewa maso Gabas. Kwarin Gabas shi ne mafi kankanta dangane da yawan ruwan sha amma shi ne mafi girma dangane da fadin kasa. Ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita 3260.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kwarin Yamma shi ne mafi girma a cikin ukun dangane da yawan ruwan sha da yake dauke da shi. Ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita 1780.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; A karshe, kwarin Arewa maso Gabas yana da fadin kusan murabba'in kilomita 610.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Madatsar Ruwa ta Gabar Teku (Coastal Aquifer) da ke tare da Gabar Tekun Mediterane tana da jimillar sake cika kanta ta shekara-shekara na 330 Mm3.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt;

Yankin da ke kewaye da kwarin Kogin Jordan yana daya daga cikin mafi bushewa a duniya. Isra'ila da arewa maso yammacin Jordan suna samun matsakaicin ruwan sama na 1190 cm a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kadan ne kawai daga cikin wannan ruwan za a iya amfani da shi. Kasashen Kuwait, Libya, Oman, da Singapore ne kadai ke samun karancin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara fiye da Jordan ko Isra'ila. Siriya da Lebanon, sabanin haka, suna samun isasshen ruwan sama don tallafawa aikin gona da sake cika madatsun ruwa na karkashin kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kamar yadda aka bayyana a baya, yayin da sassan arewacin Jordan da Isra'ila ke samun 110 cm na ruwan sama na shekara-shekara, tsakiyar Jordan da Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan suna samun 20 mcm/y. Sai dai kashi 3 mcm/y kacal ne na wannan ruwan za a iya amfani da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;

=== Amfani da ruwa ===
Isra'ila tana amfani da kusan 850 MCM/Y na ruwan karkashin kasa, inda 400 MCM/Y daga ciki ke fitowa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse. A shekarar 1964, Isra'ila ta fara dibar 320 MCM/Y daga Kogin Jordan don babban Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Kasa (National Water Carrier). Ya zuwa shekarar 1967, babban Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Kasa na Isra'ila yana kwashe kusan kashi 70 cikin dari na Kogin Jordan kafin ya kai ga mutanen Falasdinu a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; A shekarun 1980, 'yan ciranin Yahudawa da suka zauna a yankin sun shanye ruwa sau bakai fiye da manoman Larabawa. Wasu majiyoyin sun nuna bambanci kadan, kodayake har yanzu yana da yawa. A cewar wani binciken watan Satumba na shekarar 2000, Isra'ila tana amfani da 1180 MCM/Y, ko kashi 62 cikin dari na jimillar samar da ruwa na shekara-shekara a aikin gona. Idan aka kwatanta, kasar Jordan tana amfani da 67 MCM/Y, ko kashi 74 cikin dari na jimillar samar da ruwanta a aikin gona.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kusan kashi 48 cikin dari na matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na shekara-shekara na Isra'ila wanda ya kai 1,950 MCM/Y yana fitowa ne daga yankunan da aka kwace a shekarar 1967. 400 MCM/Y na wannan ruwan yana fitowa ne daga ruwan karkashin kasa na Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan, yayin da 450 MCM/Y ke fitowa daga saman Kogin Jordan da Tuddan Golan (Golan Heights).&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Sai dai tun a shekarar 1981, kasar Isra'ila ta kasance tana amfani da kashi 99 cikin dari na albarkatun ruwan da take da su.

=== Tsarin Samar da Ruwa ===

==== Lokacin Mulkin Mallaka na Birtaniya (1917–1948)====
A lokacin da Birtaniya ke mulkin mallaka a Falasdinu (1913–1948), akwai tsarin noman rani guda uku a gefen gabashin tuddan Yahudawa (Judaean Mountains). Magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Qelt tana samar da 3 MCM/Y na ruwan sha ga birnin Jericho daga idon ruwan Ein Fara, Ein Fawar, da Ein Qelt.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Bugu da kari, magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Uja tana wadata kwarin Uja da 7 MCM/Y na ruwan sha daga idon ruwan Ein Uja, sannan magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Faria ta kwashe 5 MCM/Y na ruwa daga idon ruwan Ein Shibli, Ein Isca, da Ein Baidan zuwa Giftlik.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Gvirtzman|first=Haim|title=The Israeli-Palestinian Water Conflict: An Israeli Perspective|url=http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/MSPS94.pdf|publisher=The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karkashin mulkin Roma, magudanar ruwa na Nablus da Jerusalem sun kasance suna aiki a tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya. Wadannan magudanar ruwa sun kawo karin jimillar 3 MCM/Y ga Sabastia da Kudus. Lokacin mulkin mallakar na Birtaniya, an sake amfani da wasu kananan idon ruwa na karkashin kasa guda 200 sannan aka tara ruwan sama daga tankuna, wanda hakan ya samar da karin 5 MCM/Y na ruwan sha a lokutan damina mai yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; Tare da karin masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu wadanda ke samar da karin 2 MCM/Y ga Kudus da Ramallah, matsakaicin karfin ruwa a tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya ya kasance 25 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; [[File:Lasjalomne023 (7).jpg|thumb|left|alt=Tafkin Tiberias.| Tafkin Tiberias]]
Tsare-tsare da yawa sun yi kokarin raba albarkatun ruwa na yankin lokacin mulkin mallakar Birtaniya. Tsarin Ionides na shekarar 1939 ya ba da shawarwari guda uku. Na farko, ya ba da shawarar adana ruwan ambaliya na Kogin Yarmouk a cikin Tafkin Tiberias (Tekun Galilea).&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Isaac|first=Jad|title=Roots of the Water Conflict in the Middle East|url=http://web.macam.ac.il/~arnon/Int-ME/water/Roots%20of%20the%20Water%20Conflict%20in%20the%20Middle%20East.htm|publisher=Applied Research Institute – Jerusalem|author2=Leonardo Hosh |date=7–9 May 1992}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na biyu, ya kayyadewa sassan ruwan tafkin da za a karkatar ta hanyar madatsar ruwa ta East Ghor Canal don amfani da shi a aikin noman rani a gabashin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Na uku, ya takaita amfani da ruwan kwarin Kogin Jordan ga kwarin Kogin Jordan kadai.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Masu fafutukar sahyoniyanci (Zionist advocates) sun yi watsi da wannan shirin saboda sun hango amfani da ruwan kwarin Kogin Jordan don gina matsugunai a Hamadar Negev da ke kudancin kasar. Sabanin haka, Tsarin Lowdermilk, wanda Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta dauki nauyin gudanarwa, ya ba da shawarar shayar da kwarin Kogin Jordan da karkatar da kogunan Jordan da Yarmouk don samar da wutar lantarki.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1948, James B. Hays ya yi amfani da sakamakon binciken Lowdermilk a matsayin tushen Tsarin Hays, inda za a karkatar da Kogin Yarmouk zuwa Tafkin Tiberias domin biyan diyyar ruwan da aka rasa wajen karkatar da Kogin Jordan don ayyukan aikin gona.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt;

==== Mulkin kasar Jordan (1948–1967) ====
A shekarar 1948, Isra'ila ta zama kasa a hukumance. Masarautar Jordan ta karbi ikon kula da albarkatun ruwa na tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya. Sun ci gaba da rike ikon mallakar yankin har zuwa Yakin Kwanaki Shida (Six-Day War) a shekarar 1967. Karin rijiyoyin da aka tona a wannan lokacin ya sanya matsakaicin samar da ruwa a yankin ya kai 66 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; Sai dai garuruwan Falasdinawa hudu kacal daga cikin 708 ne ke da alaka da tsarin samar da ruwa a wancan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1965 an sake tona wasu rijiyoyi 350, wadanda ke samar da jimillar 41 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt;
A lokacin Yakin Falasdinu na 1947-1949, dakarun Yahudawa sun lalata masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta Rutenburg a kokarinsu na hana ikon Larabawa na musamman a kan kogunan Jordan da Yarmouk.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Sakamakon haka, Gvernatin Jordan da Hukumar Agaji da Ayyuka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNRWA) suka ba da umarnin gudanar da Tsarin MacDonald, wanda ya yi kama da Tsarin Ionides (1939) wajen takaita ruwan kwarin Kogin Jordan ga kwarin Kogin Jordan kadai. Ya kuma yi kira da a karkatar da Kogin Yarmouk don adana shi a Tafkin Tiberias domin amfani da shi wajen tallafawa ci gaban aikin gona a bangarorin biyu na Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Jordan da Siriya sun goyi bayan Tsarin Bunger, wanda ya ba da shawarar gina madatsar ruwa a Kogin Yarmouk da samar da masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu don wadatar da Jordan da Siriya da wutar lantarki. A shekarar 1953, jim kadan bayan an fara ginin, karuwar matsin lamba daga Amurka ta tilasta wa Jordan da Siriya yin watsi da shirye-shiryen nasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Gwamnatin Eisenhower ta tura Eric Johnston a matsayin jakada na musamman. Tsarin Johnston ya aiwatar da manufofin binciken Hukumar Kwarin Tennessee wanda Chales Main ya gudanar – wato Tsarin Main – wanda ya kunshi kason raba ruwa na kwarin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Kodayake babu wani bangare da ya amince da shirin, an yi amfani da shi azaman tushen shawarwari da dama na warware rikicin ruwa na gaba.

==== Hukumar Isra'ila (1967–yanzu) ====
[[File:Water supply in West Bank and Gaza February 2014 5water photoblog.jpg|thumb|right|Mazauna kauyen Falasdinu suna siyan ruwa daga motocin dakon ruwa a Khirbet A-Duqaiqah a tuddan Hebron]]
Lokacin da Isra'ila ta mamaye Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank) a Yakin Kwanaki Shida na shekarar 1967, an bayyana albarkatun ruwa na yankin a matsayin mallakar kasa. Mamayar tana da tasiri mai yawa a kan rayuwar yau da kullum ta al'ummar Falasdinu da kuma samar musu da ruwa:&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Palestinian Water: Resources, Use, Conservation, Climate Change, and Land Use |last = Hassan, M.A., McIntyre G.|date = 2012|journal = Digest of Middle East Studies |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=313–326| doi=10.1111/j.1949-3606.2012.00175.x }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title = The Jordan Valley: a case study profile. Part of CLICO project tasks.|last = Tamimi, A., Abu Jamous, S.|date = 2012|journal = Unpublished CLICO Deliverable}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="19430" sha1="7bwmvipizxk3j21gbh1nllsaxjjmr4a" xml:space="preserve">'''Rikicin ruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka''' (MENA) ya fi mayar da hankali ne a kan manyan kwarurukan koguna guda uku: kwarin Kogin Jordan, kwarin kogunan Tigris da Euphrates, da kuma kwarin Kogin Nilu. Yankin MENA ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita miliyan 11.1. Akwai manyan hamada guda uku a yankin na MENA:&lt;ref name=&quot;abuzeid2006&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Conflict and Conflict Management Mechanisms in the Middle East and North Africa |url=http://water.cedare.int/cedare.int/files15%5CFile2862.pdf |publisher=Centre for Environment and Development for the Arab Region and Europe |author1=Khaled AbuZeid |author2=Amr Abdel-Meguid |date=March 2006 |access-date=2012-05-04 |archive-date=2015-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610224547/http://water.cedare.int/cedare.int/files15%5CFile2862.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hamadar Sahara, wadda ta kunshi manyan sassa na Arewacin Afirka.
* Rub' al Khali, a kudancin Yarjejeniyar Larabawa (Arabian Peninsula).
* Badiat El-Sham (Hamadar Siriya), a arewacin Yarjejeniyar Larabawa.
Bugu da kari, babban sashi na kasar Iran hamada ne ya mamaye shi. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara bai kai 100 mm ba a kashi 65% na yankin, yana tsakanin 100 da 300 mm a kashi 15% na yankin, kuma ya fi 300 mm a sauran yankunan da suka rage.&lt;ref name=&quot;abuzeid2006&quot;/&gt; Yanayin da ke haifar da rikici ana hasashen zai kara ta'azzara kuma ya dada sarkakiya yayin da cikakken tasirin canjin yanayi a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka zai bayyana a cikin karni na 21.

== Kwarin Kogin Jordan ==

=== Albarkatun ruwa ===
[[File:Middle East Topographic Political EN.svg|thumb|left|Taswirar tauraron dan adam na Gabas ta Tsakiya.]]
Hanyoyin ruwa guda uku da ke samar da Kogin Jordan – Kogin Hasbani (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 250 Mm3), Kogin Banias (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 125 Mm3), da Kogin Dan (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 250 Mm3) sun samo asali ne daga kasashen Lebanon, Siriya, da Isra'ila.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Ju'ub|first=Dr. Ghassan Abu|title=Water Conflicts in the Middle East Between the Present and the Future|url=http://www.alazhar.edu.ps/arabic/centers/IWE/Researches/GazaPaper-new/water.pdf|publisher=Al-Azhar University|access-date=2012-04-10|archive-date=2012-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711013149/http://www.alazhar.edu.ps/arabic/centers/IWE/Researches/GazaPaper-new/water.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna haduwa ne a Tafkin Huleh sannan su kwarara zuwa kudu a matsayin Kogin Jordan. Daidai kudancin Tiberias, Kogin Yarmuk yana haduwa da Kogin Jordan. Gaba daya, Kogin Jordan yana kwarara ne na kusan kilomita 350, yana farawa daga gindin Dutsen Hermon a arewa kuma ya kare a Tekun Gishiri (Dead Sea) a kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kogin yana da kiyasin kwararar ruwa na 1880 MCM/Y, inda kashi 73 cikin dari na ruwan ya samo asali ne daga kasashen Larabawa sannan kashi 27 cikin dari kuma ya samo asali daga Isra'ila.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Kiser|first=Stephen|title=WATER: THE HYDRAULIC PARAMETER OF CONFLICT IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA|journal=USAF Institute for National Security Studies|date=September 2000|series=INSS Occasional Papers|issue=35|pages=59|url=http://www.usafa.edu/df/inss/OCP/ocp35.pdf|access-date=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wani binciken USAF na watan Satumban 2000, sama da kashi 90% na ruwan kasar Siriya ana raba shi ne da kasashen makwabta kamar su Iraki, Turkiyya, Isra'ila, Lebanon, da Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kusan kashi 36 cikin dari na hanyoyin ruwan kasar Jordan ana raba su ne da Siriya, Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank), da Isra'ila, kuma sama da rabin ruwan Isra'ila ana raba shi ne da Siriya, Lebanon, Jordan, da Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;

Yankin can gaba zuwa arewa, Kogin Litani da Kogin Orontes sune suka kunshi yankin magudanar ruwa na arewacin Levant. Kodayake wuraren da kogunan suka samo asali suna kusa da juna a labarin kasa, Kogin Litani yana kwarara ne zuwa kudu sannan yamma zuwa Tekun Mediterane kusa da Tyre, yana ratsawa ta cikin kasar Lebanon kadai, yayin da Kogin Orontes kuma yake kwarara zuwa arewa zuwa cikin kasar Siriya, yana shiga Tekun Mediterane a kusa da birnin Antioch.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kiyasin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na Kogin Litani wanda ya kai 410 MCM/Y ya kasance manufar shawarwarin magance matsalar ruwa da Siriya, Jordan, da Isra'ila suka gabatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Siriya, Lebanon, da Isra'ila duka suna da madatsun ruwan sha na karkashin kasa na dabi'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Akwai manyan madatsun ruwa guda biyu na karkashin kasa wadanda ke samar da ruwan sha ga Isra'ila ta zamani. Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse (Mountain Aquifer) tana karkashin Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank). Tana sake cika kanta da 679 Mm3 na ruwa duk shekara, inda 78 Mm3 daga ciki yake da gishiri-gishiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Manyan kwaruruka guda uku na Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse sune kwarin Gabas, kwarin Yamma, da kuma kwarin Arewa maso Gabas. Kwarin Gabas shi ne mafi kankanta dangane da yawan ruwan sha amma shi ne mafi girma dangane da fadin kasa. Ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita 3260.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kwarin Yamma shi ne mafi girma a cikin ukun dangane da yawan ruwan sha da yake dauke da shi. Ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita 1780.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; A karshe, kwarin Arewa maso Gabas yana da fadin kusan murabba'in kilomita 610.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Madatsar Ruwa ta Gabar Teku (Coastal Aquifer) da ke tare da Gabar Tekun Mediterane tana da jimillar sake cika kanta ta shekara-shekara na 330 Mm3.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt;

Yankin da ke kewaye da kwarin Kogin Jordan yana daya daga cikin mafi bushewa a duniya. Isra'ila da arewa maso yammacin Jordan suna samun matsakaicin ruwan sama na 1190 cm a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kadan ne kawai daga cikin wannan ruwan za a iya amfani da shi. Kasashen Kuwait, Libya, Oman, da Singapore ne kadai ke samun karancin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara fiye da Jordan ko Isra'ila. Siriya da Lebanon, sabanin haka, suna samun isasshen ruwan sama don tallafawa aikin gona da sake cika madatsun ruwa na karkashin kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kamar yadda aka bayyana a baya, yayin da sassan arewacin Jordan da Isra'ila ke samun 110 cm na ruwan sama na shekara-shekara, tsakiyar Jordan da Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan suna samun 20 mcm/y. Sai dai kashi 3 mcm/y kacal ne na wannan ruwan za a iya amfani da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;

=== Amfani da ruwa ===
Isra'ila tana amfani da kusan 850 MCM/Y na ruwan karkashin kasa, inda 400 MCM/Y daga ciki ke fitowa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse. A shekarar 1964, Isra'ila ta fara dibar 320 MCM/Y daga Kogin Jordan don babban Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Kasa (National Water Carrier). Ya zuwa shekarar 1967, babban Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Kasa na Isra'ila yana kwashe kusan kashi 70 cikin dari na Kogin Jordan kafin ya kai ga mutanen Falasdinu a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; A shekarun 1980, 'yan ciranin Yahudawa da suka zauna a yankin sun shanye ruwa sau bakai fiye da manoman Larabawa. Wasu majiyoyin sun nuna bambanci kadan, kodayake har yanzu yana da yawa. A cewar wani binciken watan Satumba na shekarar 2000, Isra'ila tana amfani da 1180 MCM/Y, ko kashi 62 cikin dari na jimillar samar da ruwa na shekara-shekara a aikin gona. Idan aka kwatanta, kasar Jordan tana amfani da 67 MCM/Y, ko kashi 74 cikin dari na jimillar samar da ruwanta a aikin gona.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kusan kashi 48 cikin dari na matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na shekara-shekara na Isra'ila wanda ya kai 1,950 MCM/Y yana fitowa ne daga yankunan da aka kwace a shekarar 1967. 400 MCM/Y na wannan ruwan yana fitowa ne daga ruwan karkashin kasa na Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan, yayin da 450 MCM/Y ke fitowa daga saman Kogin Jordan da Tuddan Golan (Golan Heights).&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Sai dai tun a shekarar 1981, kasar Isra'ila ta kasance tana amfani da kashi 99 cikin dari na albarkatun ruwan da take da su.

=== Tsarin Samar da Ruwa ===

==== Lokacin Mulkin Mallaka na Birtaniya (1917–1948)====
A lokacin da Birtaniya ke mulkin mallaka a Falasdinu (1913–1948), akwai tsarin noman rani guda uku a gefen gabashin tuddan Yahudawa (Judaean Mountains). Magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Qelt tana samar da 3 MCM/Y na ruwan sha ga birnin Jericho daga idon ruwan Ein Fara, Ein Fawar, da Ein Qelt.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Bugu da kari, magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Uja tana wadata kwarin Uja da 7 MCM/Y na ruwan sha daga idon ruwan Ein Uja, sannan magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Faria ta kwashe 5 MCM/Y na ruwa daga idon ruwan Ein Shibli, Ein Isca, da Ein Baidan zuwa Giftlik.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Gvirtzman|first=Haim|title=The Israeli-Palestinian Water Conflict: An Israeli Perspective|url=http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/MSPS94.pdf|publisher=The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karkashin mulkin Roma, magudanar ruwa na Nablus da Jerusalem sun kasance suna aiki a tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya. Wadannan magudanar ruwa sun kawo karin jimillar 3 MCM/Y ga Sabastia da Kudus. Lokacin mulkin mallakar na Birtaniya, an sake amfani da wasu kananan idon ruwa na karkashin kasa guda 200 sannan aka tara ruwan sama daga tankuna, wanda hakan ya samar da karin 5 MCM/Y na ruwan sha a lokutan damina mai yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; Tare da karin masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu wadanda ke samar da karin 2 MCM/Y ga Kudus da Ramallah, matsakaicin karfin ruwa a tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya ya kasance 25 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; [[File:Lasjalomne023 (7).jpg|thumb|left|alt=Tafkin Tiberias.| Tafkin Tiberias]]
Tsare-tsare da yawa sun yi kokarin raba albarkatun ruwa na yankin lokacin mulkin mallakar Birtaniya. Tsarin Ionides na shekarar 1939 ya ba da shawarwari guda uku. Na farko, ya ba da shawarar adana ruwan ambaliya na Kogin Yarmouk a cikin Tafkin Tiberias (Tekun Galilea).&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Isaac|first=Jad|title=Roots of the Water Conflict in the Middle East|url=http://web.macam.ac.il/~arnon/Int-ME/water/Roots%20of%20the%20Water%20Conflict%20in%20the%20Middle%20East.htm|publisher=Applied Research Institute – Jerusalem|author2=Leonardo Hosh |date=7–9 May 1992}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na biyu, ya kayyadewa sassan ruwan tafkin da za a karkatar ta hanyar madatsar ruwa ta East Ghor Canal don amfani da shi a aikin noman rani a gabashin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Na uku, ya takaita amfani da ruwan kwarin Kogin Jordan ga kwarin Kogin Jordan kadai.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Masu fafutukar sahyoniyanci (Zionist advocates) sun yi watsi da wannan shirin saboda sun hango amfani da ruwan kwarin Kogin Jordan don gina matsugunai a Hamadar Negev da ke kudancin kasar. Sabanin haka, Tsarin Lowdermilk, wanda Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta dauki nauyin gudanarwa, ya ba da shawarar shayar da kwarin Kogin Jordan da karkatar da kogunan Jordan da Yarmouk don samar da wutar lantarki.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1948, James B. Hays ya yi amfani da sakamakon binciken Lowdermilk a matsayin tushen Tsarin Hays, inda za a karkatar da Kogin Yarmouk zuwa Tafkin Tiberias domin biyan diyyar ruwan da aka rasa wajen karkatar da Kogin Jordan don ayyukan aikin gona.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt;

==== Mulkin kasar Jordan (1948–1967) ====
A shekarar 1948, Isra'ila ta zama kasa a hukumance. Masarautar Jordan ta karbi ikon kula da albarkatun ruwa na tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya. Sun ci gaba da rike ikon mallakar yankin har zuwa Yakin Kwanaki Shida (Six-Day War) a shekarar 1967. Karin rijiyoyin da aka tona a wannan lokacin ya sanya matsakaicin samar da ruwa a yankin ya kai 66 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; Sai dai garuruwan Falasdinawa hudu kacal daga cikin 708 ne ke da alaka da tsarin samar da ruwa a wancan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1965 an sake tona wasu rijiyoyi 350, wadanda ke samar da jimillar 41 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt;
A lokacin Yakin Falasdinu na 1947-1949, dakarun Yahudawa sun lalata masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta Rutenburg a kokarinsu na hana ikon Larabawa na musamman a kan kogunan Jordan da Yarmouk.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Sakamakon haka, Gvernatin Jordan da Hukumar Agaji da Ayyuka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNRWA) suka ba da umarnin gudanar da Tsarin MacDonald, wanda ya yi kama da Tsarin Ionides (1939) wajen takaita ruwan kwarin Kogin Jordan ga kwarin Kogin Jordan kadai. Ya kuma yi kira da a karkatar da Kogin Yarmouk don adana shi a Tafkin Tiberias domin amfani da shi wajen tallafawa ci gaban aikin gona a bangarorin biyu na Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Jordan da Siriya sun goyi bayan Tsarin Bunger, wanda ya ba da shawarar gina madatsar ruwa a Kogin Yarmouk da samar da masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu don wadatar da Jordan da Siriya da wutar lantarki. A shekarar 1953, jim kadan bayan an fara ginin, karuwar matsin lamba daga Amurka ta tilasta wa Jordan da Siriya yin watsi da shirye-shiryen nasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Gwamnatin Eisenhower ta tura Eric Johnston a matsayin jakada na musamman. Tsarin Johnston ya aiwatar da manufofin binciken Hukumar Kwarin Tennessee wanda Chales Main ya gudanar – wato Tsarin Main – wanda ya kunshi kason raba ruwa na kwarin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Kodayake babu wani bangare da ya amince da shirin, an yi amfani da shi azaman tushen shawarwari da dama na warware rikicin ruwa na gaba.

==== Hukumar Isra'ila (1967–yanzu) ====
[[File:Water supply in West Bank and Gaza February 2014 5water photoblog.jpg|thumb|right|Mazauna kauyen Falasdinu suna siyan ruwa daga motocin dakon ruwa a Khirbet A-Duqaiqah a tuddan Hebron]]
Lokacin da Isra'ila ta mamaye Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank) a Yakin Kwanaki Shida na shekarar 1967, an bayyana albarkatun ruwa na yankin a matsayin mallakar kasa. Mamayar tana da tasiri mai yawa a kan rayuwar yau da kullum ta al'ummar Falasdinu da kuma samar musu da ruwa:&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Palestinian Water: Resources, Use, Conservation, Climate Change, and Land Use |last = Hassan, M.A., McIntyre G.|date = 2012|journal = Digest of Middle East Studies |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=313–326| doi=10.1111/j.1949-3606.2012.00175.x }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title = The Jordan Valley: a case study profile. Part of CLICO project tasks.|last = Tamimi, A., Abu Jamous, S.|date = 2012|journal = Unpublished CLICO Deliverable}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta fannoni da dama, mamayar tana nuna keta dokokin kasa da kasa, kamar dokar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa ko dokar jinkai ta kasa da kasa. Musamman kwace filaye da rushe gine-gine da sojopin Isra'ila ke yi gami da sanya takunkumi kan zirga-zirgar mutane da kayayyaki sun fuskanci suka mai tsanani. Tun daga shekarar 1967, mafi yawancin hanyoyin ruwa sojopin Isra'ila ne ke iko da su. Haka kuma, ana karkatar da albarkatun ruwan kuma ana hana al'ummar Falasdinu samun damar yin amfani da yawancinsu. A lokaci guda, Isra'ila tana da'awar cewa Falasdinawa suna tona rijiyoyi ba tare da izini ba. Kayan aikin ruwa masu yawa na Falasdinawa, gami da tankunan adana ruwa, rijiyoyi, da tsarin noman rani, ana bayyana su a matsayin haramtattu sannan ana rushe su cikin tsari. Da yake galibi an hana gina sabbin kayan aikin ruwa na Falasdinawa, tsarin samar da ruwa na Falasdinawa yana cikin mummunan yanayi. Ta wannan hanyar, suna nuna rauni da rashin tabbas na matsayin siyasa na Falasdinu. Da yake mafi yawancin mutane a Gabas ta Yammacin Kogin Jordan sun dogara ne da aikin gona, karancin ruwan na Falasdinawa yana raunana tattalin arzikin yankin. Ta haka, yana taimakawa sosai wajen haifar da talauci da rashin aikin yi. Rashin daidaiton rabon ruwa a yankunan Falasdinawa ya haifar da kalmar &quot;wariya ta ruwa&quot; (water apartheid).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title = When the rivers run dry: What happens when our water runs out?|last = Pearce, F.|publisher = Eden Project Books.|year = 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

 Kodayake yana da wahala a sami ingantattun bayanai, matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na Isra'ila a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan ya ninka kusan sau 6 matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na Falasdinawa wanda ke kusan lita 50 ga mutum daya a rana, wanda hakan kusan rabin matakin mafi kankanta da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ba da shawarar amfani da shi ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Sai dai akwai wasu bayanan da ke nuna yanayi mabanbanci. Ta hanyar cire ruwan kazanta da aka tace da ruwan teku da aka tace gami da amfani da mabanbantan bayanan al'umma, Gvirtzman&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot; /&gt; (2012) misali yana jayayya cewa matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na Isra'ila da na Falasdinawa a yau ya kusan zama daya. Manyan bambance-bambance a cikin bayanan ruwa na Isra'ila da Falasdinu suna nuna yadda batun rabon ruwa yake da takaddama da kuma gaggawa har yanzu.
[[File:Ma'ale adumim 02.JPG|thumb|right|Wurin ninkaya a matsugunin Yahudawa na Ma'ale Adumim, a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan]]
Har zuwa yau, babu wata yarjejeniya ta karshe da ke ba al'ummar Falasdinu hakkin ruwa. Kodayake batutuwan ruwa sun kasance babban jigo a Tsarin Zaman Lafiya na Oslo (Oslo Peace Process), ba a warware takaddamar ruwan ba ta hanyar shawarwarin. Lallai, Sashi na 40 na &quot;Yarjejeniyar Riko ta Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan da Katariyar Gaza&quot; (1995) yana bayani ne kan hakkin ruwa na Falasdinawa, amma yana bayyana cewa &quot;za a tattauna wadannan a cikin shawarwarin matsayi na dindindin kuma a daidaita su a cikin Yarjejeniyar Matsayi na Dindindin da ta shafi mabanbantan albarkatun ruwa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Peace/Guide/Pages/THE%20ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN%20INTERIM%20AGREEMENT%20-%20Annex%20III.aspx#app-40|title = The Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip - Annex III.|date = 1995|access-date = 2015-11-25|publisher = Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}&lt;/ref&gt; A halin da ake ciki, &quot;a lokacin riko za a raba jimillar ruwa na 28.6 mcm/shekara&quot; ga al'ummar Falasdinu &quot;domin biyan bukatu na gaggawa [..] na ruwan sha don amfanin gida&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A zahiri, sakamakon takaddama da ke ci gaba da faruwa tsakanin Isra'ila da Falasdinu, ba a tattauna Yarjejeniyar Matsayi na Dindindin ba. Saboda haka, yarjejeniyar ta ci gaba da kiyaye mamayar Isra'ila a fakaice a kan albarkatun ruwa sannan ta dauki batun karancin ruwa a yankunan Falasdinawa da aka mamaye a matsayin batun bukatar jin kai maimakon hakki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Bugu da kari, an kafa Hukumar Ruwa ta Hadin Gwiwa tsakanin Isra'ila da Falasdinu (JWC) domin aiwatar da yarjejeniyar cikin tsarin hadin gwiwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Kwamitocin Ruwa, Injiniya, Kazanta, da Farashi na JWC suna tattaunawa akai-akai don amincewa da ginin tsarin samar da ruwa ko gine-ginen kwashe kazanta. A matsayin wani bangare na wannan yarjejeniya, Isra'ila ta mika ragamar kula da samar da ruwa a yankunan Falasdinawa ga Hukumar Falasdinu (Palestinian Authority). Duk da haka, Hukumar Falasdinun tana da wahalar sauke nauyin da ke kanta, domin mambobin Isra'ila na Hukumar Ruwa ta Hadin Gwiwa suna da ikon yin watsi da (veto) kowane shiri na Falasdinawa. Haka kuma, mambobin Hukumar Falasdinun ba su da damar shiga yawancin yankuna saboda sojoji sun hana su izini. Sakamakon shi ne cewa sama da kashi 33% na ruwan da ake kaiwa yankunan Falasdinawa &quot;yana zuba ne daga bututun cikin gida&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot; /&gt; Bangarorin biyu suna jayayya cewa ba a sake bin dokokin da aka kafa a Oslo. Da yake ba a raba wa al'ummar Falasdinu isasshen ruwa ba, za a iya kallon ayyukan Hukumar Ruwa ta Hadin Gwiwa a matsayin marasa gamsarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;</text>
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      <comment>/* Hukumar Isra'ila (1967–yanzu) */</comment>
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      <text bytes="19429" sha1="60uei4fw87atkzkpnsp3vd3e1xbf6q6" xml:space="preserve">'''Rikicin ruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka''' (MENA) ya fi mayar da hankali ne a kan manyan kwarurukan koguna guda uku: kwarin Kogin Jordan, kwarin kogunan Tigris da Euphrates, da kuma kwarin Kogin Nilu. Yankin MENA ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita miliyan 11.1. Akwai manyan hamada guda uku a yankin na MENA:&lt;ref name=&quot;abuzeid2006&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Conflict and Conflict Management Mechanisms in the Middle East and North Africa |url=http://water.cedare.int/cedare.int/files15%5CFile2862.pdf |publisher=Centre for Environment and Development for the Arab Region and Europe |author1=Khaled AbuZeid |author2=Amr Abdel-Meguid |date=March 2006 |access-date=2012-05-04 |archive-date=2015-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610224547/http://water.cedare.int/cedare.int/files15%5CFile2862.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hamadar Sahara, wadda ta kunshi manyan sassa na Arewacin Afirka.
* Rub' al Khali, a kudancin Yarjejeniyar Larabawa (Arabian Peninsula).
* Badiat El-Sham (Hamadar Siriya), a arewacin Yarjejeniyar Larabawa.
Bugu da kari, babban sashi na kasar Iran hamada ne ya mamaye shi. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara bai kai 100 mm ba a kashi 65% na yankin, yana tsakanin 100 da 300 mm a kashi 15% na yankin, kuma ya fi 300 mm a sauran yankunan da suka rage.&lt;ref name=&quot;abuzeid2006&quot;/&gt; Yanayin da ke haifar da rikici ana hasashen zai kara ta'azzara kuma ya dada sarkakiya yayin da cikakken tasirin canjin yanayi a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka zai bayyana a cikin karni na 21.

== Kwarin Kogin Jordan ==

=== Albarkatun ruwa ===
[[File:Middle East Topographic Political EN.svg|thumb|left|Taswirar tauraron dan adam na Gabas ta Tsakiya.]]
Hanyoyin ruwa guda uku da ke samar da Kogin Jordan – Kogin Hasbani (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 250 Mm3), Kogin Banias (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 125 Mm3), da Kogin Dan (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 250 Mm3) sun samo asali ne daga kasashen Lebanon, Siriya, da Isra'ila.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Ju'ub|first=Dr. Ghassan Abu|title=Water Conflicts in the Middle East Between the Present and the Future|url=http://www.alazhar.edu.ps/arabic/centers/IWE/Researches/GazaPaper-new/water.pdf|publisher=Al-Azhar University|access-date=2012-04-10|archive-date=2012-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711013149/http://www.alazhar.edu.ps/arabic/centers/IWE/Researches/GazaPaper-new/water.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna haduwa ne a Tafkin Huleh sannan su kwarara zuwa kudu a matsayin Kogin Jordan. Daidai kudancin Tiberias, Kogin Yarmuk yana haduwa da Kogin Jordan. Gaba daya, Kogin Jordan yana kwarara ne na kusan kilomita 350, yana farawa daga gindin Dutsen Hermon a arewa kuma ya kare a Tekun Gishiri (Dead Sea) a kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kogin yana da kiyasin kwararar ruwa na 1880 MCM/Y, inda kashi 73 cikin dari na ruwan ya samo asali ne daga kasashen Larabawa sannan kashi 27 cikin dari kuma ya samo asali daga Isra'ila.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Kiser|first=Stephen|title=WATER: THE HYDRAULIC PARAMETER OF CONFLICT IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA|journal=USAF Institute for National Security Studies|date=September 2000|series=INSS Occasional Papers|issue=35|pages=59|url=http://www.usafa.edu/df/inss/OCP/ocp35.pdf|access-date=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wani binciken USAF na watan Satumban 2000, sama da kashi 90% na ruwan kasar Siriya ana raba shi ne da kasashen makwabta kamar su Iraki, Turkiyya, Isra'ila, Lebanon, da Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kusan kashi 36 cikin dari na hanyoyin ruwan kasar Jordan ana raba su ne da Siriya, Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank), da Isra'ila, kuma sama da rabin ruwan Isra'ila ana raba shi ne da Siriya, Lebanon, Jordan, da Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;

Yankin can gaba zuwa arewa, Kogin Litani da Kogin Orontes sune suka kunshi yankin magudanar ruwa na arewacin Levant. Kodayake wuraren da kogunan suka samo asali suna kusa da juna a labarin kasa, Kogin Litani yana kwarara ne zuwa kudu sannan yamma zuwa Tekun Mediterane kusa da Tyre, yana ratsawa ta cikin kasar Lebanon kadai, yayin da Kogin Orontes kuma yake kwarara zuwa arewa zuwa cikin kasar Siriya, yana shiga Tekun Mediterane a kusa da birnin Antioch.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kiyasin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na Kogin Litani wanda ya kai 410 MCM/Y ya kasance manufar shawarwarin magance matsalar ruwa da Siriya, Jordan, da Isra'ila suka gabatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Siriya, Lebanon, da Isra'ila duka suna da madatsun ruwan sha na karkashin kasa na dabi'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Akwai manyan madatsun ruwa guda biyu na karkashin kasa wadanda ke samar da ruwan sha ga Isra'ila ta zamani. Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse (Mountain Aquifer) tana karkashin Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank). Tana sake cika kanta da 679 Mm3 na ruwa duk shekara, inda 78 Mm3 daga ciki yake da gishiri-gishiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Manyan kwaruruka guda uku na Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse sune kwarin Gabas, kwarin Yamma, da kuma kwarin Arewa maso Gabas. Kwarin Gabas shi ne mafi kankanta dangane da yawan ruwan sha amma shi ne mafi girma dangane da fadin kasa. Ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita 3260.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kwarin Yamma shi ne mafi girma a cikin ukun dangane da yawan ruwan sha da yake dauke da shi. Ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita 1780.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; A karshe, kwarin Arewa maso Gabas yana da fadin kusan murabba'in kilomita 610.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Madatsar Ruwa ta Gabar Teku (Coastal Aquifer) da ke tare da Gabar Tekun Mediterane tana da jimillar sake cika kanta ta shekara-shekara na 330 Mm3.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt;

Yankin da ke kewaye da kwarin Kogin Jordan yana daya daga cikin mafi bushewa a duniya. Isra'ila da arewa maso yammacin Jordan suna samun matsakaicin ruwan sama na 1190 cm a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kadan ne kawai daga cikin wannan ruwan za a iya amfani da shi. Kasashen Kuwait, Libya, Oman, da Singapore ne kadai ke samun karancin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara fiye da Jordan ko Isra'ila. Siriya da Lebanon, sabanin haka, suna samun isasshen ruwan sama don tallafawa aikin gona da sake cika madatsun ruwa na karkashin kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kamar yadda aka bayyana a baya, yayin da sassan arewacin Jordan da Isra'ila ke samun 110 cm na ruwan sama na shekara-shekara, tsakiyar Jordan da Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan suna samun 20 mcm/y. Sai dai kashi 3 mcm/y kacal ne na wannan ruwan za a iya amfani da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;

=== Amfani da ruwa ===
Isra'ila tana amfani da kusan 850 MCM/Y na ruwan karkashin kasa, inda 400 MCM/Y daga ciki ke fitowa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse. A shekarar 1964, Isra'ila ta fara dibar 320 MCM/Y daga Kogin Jordan don babban Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Kasa (National Water Carrier). Ya zuwa shekarar 1967, babban Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Kasa na Isra'ila yana kwashe kusan kashi 70 cikin dari na Kogin Jordan kafin ya kai ga mutanen Falasdinu a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; A shekarun 1980, 'yan ciranin Yahudawa da suka zauna a yankin sun shanye ruwa sau bakai fiye da manoman Larabawa. Wasu majiyoyin sun nuna bambanci kadan, kodayake har yanzu yana da yawa. A cewar wani binciken watan Satumba na shekarar 2000, Isra'ila tana amfani da 1180 MCM/Y, ko kashi 62 cikin dari na jimillar samar da ruwa na shekara-shekara a aikin gona. Idan aka kwatanta, kasar Jordan tana amfani da 67 MCM/Y, ko kashi 74 cikin dari na jimillar samar da ruwanta a aikin gona.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kusan kashi 48 cikin dari na matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na shekara-shekara na Isra'ila wanda ya kai 1,950 MCM/Y yana fitowa ne daga yankunan da aka kwace a shekarar 1967. 400 MCM/Y na wannan ruwan yana fitowa ne daga ruwan karkashin kasa na Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan, yayin da 450 MCM/Y ke fitowa daga saman Kogin Jordan da Tuddan Golan (Golan Heights).&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Sai dai tun a shekarar 1981, kasar Isra'ila ta kasance tana amfani da kashi 99 cikin dari na albarkatun ruwan da take da su.

=== Tsarin Samar da Ruwa ===

==== Lokacin Mulkin Mallaka na Birtaniya (1917–1948)====
A lokacin da Birtaniya ke mulkin mallaka a Falasdinu (1913–1948), akwai tsarin noman rani guda uku a gefen gabashin tuddan Yahudawa (Judaean Mountains). Magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Qelt tana samar da 3 MCM/Y na ruwan sha ga birnin Jericho daga idon ruwan Ein Fara, Ein Fawar, da Ein Qelt.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Bugu da kari, magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Uja tana wadata kwarin Uja da 7 MCM/Y na ruwan sha daga idon ruwan Ein Uja, sannan magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Faria ta kwashe 5 MCM/Y na ruwa daga idon ruwan Ein Shibli, Ein Isca, da Ein Baidan zuwa Giftlik.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Gvirtzman|first=Haim|title=The Israeli-Palestinian Water Conflict: An Israeli Perspective|url=http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/MSPS94.pdf|publisher=The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karkashin mulkin Roma, magudanar ruwa na Nablus da Jerusalem sun kasance suna aiki a tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya. Wadannan magudanar ruwa sun kawo karin jimillar 3 MCM/Y ga Sabastia da Kudus. Lokacin mulkin mallakar na Birtaniya, an sake amfani da wasu kananan idon ruwa na karkashin kasa guda 200 sannan aka tara ruwan sama daga tankuna, wanda hakan ya samar da karin 5 MCM/Y na ruwan sha a lokutan damina mai yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; Tare da karin masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu wadanda ke samar da karin 2 MCM/Y ga Kudus da Ramallah, matsakaicin karfin ruwa a tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya ya kasance 25 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; [[File:Lasjalomne023 (7).jpg|thumb|left|alt=Tafkin Tiberias.| Tafkin Tiberias]]
Tsare-tsare da yawa sun yi kokarin raba albarkatun ruwa na yankin lokacin mulkin mallakar Birtaniya. Tsarin Ionides na shekarar 1939 ya ba da shawarwari guda uku. Na farko, ya ba da shawarar adana ruwan ambaliya na Kogin Yarmouk a cikin Tafkin Tiberias (Tekun Galilea).&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Isaac|first=Jad|title=Roots of the Water Conflict in the Middle East|url=http://web.macam.ac.il/~arnon/Int-ME/water/Roots%20of%20the%20Water%20Conflict%20in%20the%20Middle%20East.htm|publisher=Applied Research Institute – Jerusalem|author2=Leonardo Hosh |date=7–9 May 1992}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na biyu, ya kayyadewa sassan ruwan tafkin da za a karkatar ta hanyar madatsar ruwa ta East Ghor Canal don amfani da shi a aikin noman rani a gabashin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Na uku, ya takaita amfani da ruwan kwarin Kogin Jordan ga kwarin Kogin Jordan kadai.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Masu fafutukar sahyoniyanci (Zionist advocates) sun yi watsi da wannan shirin saboda sun hango amfani da ruwan kwarin Kogin Jordan don gina matsugunai a Hamadar Negev da ke kudancin kasar. Sabanin haka, Tsarin Lowdermilk, wanda Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta dauki nauyin gudanarwa, ya ba da shawarar shayar da kwarin Kogin Jordan da karkatar da kogunan Jordan da Yarmouk don samar da wutar lantarki.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1948, James B. Hays ya yi amfani da sakamakon binciken Lowdermilk a matsayin tushen Tsarin Hays, inda za a karkatar da Kogin Yarmouk zuwa Tafkin Tiberias domin biyan diyyar ruwan da aka rasa wajen karkatar da Kogin Jordan don ayyukan aikin gona.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt;

==== Mulkin kasar Jordan (1948–1967) ====
A shekarar 1948, Isra'ila ta zama kasa a hukumance. Masarautar Jordan ta karbi ikon kula da albarkatun ruwa na tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya. Sun ci gaba da rike ikon mallakar yankin har zuwa Yakin Kwanaki Shida (Six-Day War) a shekarar 1967. Karin rijiyoyin da aka tona a wannan lokacin ya sanya matsakaicin samar da ruwa a yankin ya kai 66 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; Sai dai garuruwan Falasdinawa hudu kacal daga cikin 708 ne ke da alaka da tsarin samar da ruwa a wancan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1965 an sake tona wasu rijiyoyi 350, wadanda ke samar da jimillar 41 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt;
A lokacin Yakin Falasdinu na 1947-1949, dakarun Yahudawa sun lalata masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta Rutenburg a kokarinsu na hana ikon Larabawa na musamman a kan kogunan Jordan da Yarmouk.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Sakamakon haka, Gvernatin Jordan da Hukumar Agaji da Ayyuka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNRWA) suka ba da umarnin gudanar da Tsarin MacDonald, wanda ya yi kama da Tsarin Ionides (1939) wajen takaita ruwan kwarin Kogin Jordan ga kwarin Kogin Jordan kadai. Ya kuma yi kira da a karkatar da Kogin Yarmouk don adana shi a Tafkin Tiberias domin amfani da shi wajen tallafawa ci gaban aikin gona a bangarorin biyu na Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Jordan da Siriya sun goyi bayan Tsarin Bunger, wanda ya ba da shawarar gina madatsar ruwa a Kogin Yarmouk da samar da masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu don wadatar da Jordan da Siriya da wutar lantarki. A shekarar 1953, jim kadan bayan an fara ginin, karuwar matsin lamba daga Amurka ta tilasta wa Jordan da Siriya yin watsi da shirye-shiryen nasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Gwamnatin Eisenhower ta tura Eric Johnston a matsayin jakada na musamman. Tsarin Johnston ya aiwatar da manufofin binciken Hukumar Kwarin Tennessee wanda Chales Main ya gudanar – wato Tsarin Main – wanda ya kunshi kason raba ruwa na kwarin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Kodayake babu wani bangare da ya amince da shirin, an yi amfani da shi azaman tushen shawarwari da dama na warware rikicin ruwa na gaba.

==== Hukumar Isra'ila (1967–yanzu) ====
[[File:Water supply in West Bank and Gaza February 2014 5water photoblog.jpg|thumb|right|Mazauna kauyen Falasdinu suna siyan ruwa daga motocin dakon ruwa a Khirbet A-Duqaiqah a tuddan Hebron]]
Lokacin da Isra'ila ta mamaye Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank) a Yakin Kwanaki Shida na shekarar 1967, an bayyana albarkatun ruwa na yankin a matsayin mallakar kasa. Mamayar tana da tasiri mai yawa a kan rayuwar yau da kullum ta al'ummar Falasdinu da kuma samar musu da ruwa:&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Palestinian Water: Resources, Use, Conservation, Climate Change, and Land Use |last = Hassan, M.A., McIntyre G.|date = 2012|journal = Digest of Middle East Studies |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=313–326| doi=10.1111/j.1949-3606.2012.00175.x }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title = The Jordan Valley: a case study profile. Part of CLICO project tasks.|last = Tamimi, A., Abu Jamous, S.|date = 2012|journal = Unpublished CLICO Deliverable}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta fannoni da dama, mamayar tana nuna keta dokokin kasa da kasa, kamar dokar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa ko dokar jinkai ta kasa da kasa. Musamman kwace filaye da rushe gine-gine da sojopin Isra'ila ke yi gami da sanya takunkumi kan zirga-zirgar mutane da kayayyaki sun fuskanci suka mai tsanani. Tun daga shekarar 1967, mafi yawancin hanyoyin ruwa sojopin Isra'ila ne ke iko da su. Haka kuma, ana karkatar da albarkatun ruwan kuma ana hana al'ummar Falasdinu samun damar yin amfani da yawancinsu. A lokaci guda, Isra'ila tana da'awar cewa Falasdinawa suna tona rijiyoyi ba tare da izini ba. Kayan aikin ruwa masu yawa na Falasdinawa, gami da tankunan adana ruwa, rijiyoyi, da tsarin noman rani, ana bayyana su a matsayin haramtattu sannan ana rushe su cikin tsari. Da yake galibi an hana gina sabbin kayan aikin ruwa na Falasdinawa, tsarin samar da ruwa na Falasdinawa yana cikin mummunan yanayi. Ta wannan hanyar, suna nuna rauni da rashin tabbas na matsayin siyasa na Falasdinu. Da yake mafi yawancin mutane a Gabas ta Yammacin Kogin Jordan sun dogara ne da aikin gona, karancin ruwan na Falasdinawa yana raunana tattalin arzikin yankin. Ta haka, yana taimakawa sosai wajen haifar da talauci da rashin aikin yi. Rashin daidaiton rabon ruwa a yankunan Falasdinawa ya haifar da kalmar &quot;wariya ta ruwa&quot; (water apartheid).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title = When the rivers run dry: What happens when our water runs out?|last = Pearce, F.|publisher = Eden Project Books.|year = 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kodayake yana da wahala a sami ingantattun bayanai, matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na Isra'ila a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan ya ninka kusan sau 6 matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na Falasdinawa wanda ke kusan lita 50 ga mutum daya a rana, wanda hakan kusan rabin matakin mafi kankanta da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ba da shawarar amfani da shi ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Sai dai akwai wasu bayanan da ke nuna yanayi mabanbanci. Ta hanyar cire ruwan kazanta da aka tace da ruwan teku da aka tace gami da amfani da mabanbantan bayanan al'umma, Gvirtzman&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot; /&gt; (2012) misali yana jayayya cewa matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na Isra'ila da na Falasdinawa a yau ya kusan zama daya. Manyan bambance-bambance a cikin bayanan ruwa na Isra'ila da Falasdinu suna nuna yadda batun rabon ruwa yake da takaddama da kuma gaggawa har yanzu.
[[File:Ma'ale adumim 02.JPG|thumb|right|Wurin ninkaya a matsugunin Yahudawa na Ma'ale Adumim, a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan]]
Har zuwa yau, babu wata yarjejeniya ta karshe da ke ba al'ummar Falasdinu hakkin ruwa. Kodayake batutuwan ruwa sun kasance babban jigo a Tsarin Zaman Lafiya na Oslo (Oslo Peace Process), ba a warware takaddamar ruwan ba ta hanyar shawarwarin. Lallai, Sashi na 40 na &quot;Yarjejeniyar Riko ta Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan da Katariyar Gaza&quot; (1995) yana bayani ne kan hakkin ruwa na Falasdinawa, amma yana bayyana cewa &quot;za a tattauna wadannan a cikin shawarwarin matsayi na dindindin kuma a daidaita su a cikin Yarjejeniyar Matsayi na Dindindin da ta shafi mabanbantan albarkatun ruwa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Peace/Guide/Pages/THE%20ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN%20INTERIM%20AGREEMENT%20-%20Annex%20III.aspx#app-40|title = The Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip - Annex III.|date = 1995|access-date = 2015-11-25|publisher = Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}&lt;/ref&gt; A halin da ake ciki, &quot;a lokacin riko za a raba jimillar ruwa na 28.6 mcm/shekara&quot; ga al'ummar Falasdinu &quot;domin biyan bukatu na gaggawa [..] na ruwan sha don amfanin gida&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A zahiri, sakamakon takaddama da ke ci gaba da faruwa tsakanin Isra'ila da Falasdinu, ba a tattauna Yarjejeniyar Matsayi na Dindindin ba. Saboda haka, yarjejeniyar ta ci gaba da kiyaye mamayar Isra'ila a fakaice a kan albarkatun ruwa sannan ta dauki batun karancin ruwa a yankunan Falasdinawa da aka mamaye a matsayin batun bukatar jin kai maimakon hakki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Bugu da kari, an kafa Hukumar Ruwa ta Hadin Gwiwa tsakanin Isra'ila da Falasdinu (JWC) domin aiwatar da yarjejeniyar cikin tsarin hadin gwiwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Kwamitocin Ruwa, Injiniya, Kazanta, da Farashi na JWC suna tattaunawa akai-akai don amincewa da ginin tsarin samar da ruwa ko gine-ginen kwashe kazanta. A matsayin wani bangare na wannan yarjejeniya, Isra'ila ta mika ragamar kula da samar da ruwa a yankunan Falasdinawa ga Hukumar Falasdinu (Palestinian Authority). Duk da haka, Hukumar Falasdinun tana da wahalar sauke nauyin da ke kanta, domin mambobin Isra'ila na Hukumar Ruwa ta Hadin Gwiwa suna da ikon yin watsi da (veto) kowane shiri na Falasdinawa. Haka kuma, mambobin Hukumar Falasdinun ba su da damar shiga yawancin yankuna saboda sojoji sun hana su izini. Sakamakon shi ne cewa sama da kashi 33% na ruwan da ake kaiwa yankunan Falasdinawa &quot;yana zuba ne daga bututun cikin gida&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot; /&gt; Bangarorin biyu suna jayayya cewa ba a sake bin dokokin da aka kafa a Oslo. Da yake ba a raba wa al'ummar Falasdinu isasshen ruwa ba, za a iya kallon ayyukan Hukumar Ruwa ta Hadin Gwiwa a matsayin marasa gamsarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="20018" sha1="qnqotoz0zb4al0qw7etvhooktgu18vf" xml:space="preserve">'''Rikicin ruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka''' (MENA) ya fi mayar da hankali ne a kan manyan kwarurukan koguna guda uku: kwarin Kogin Jordan, kwarin kogunan Tigris da Euphrates, da kuma kwarin Kogin Nilu. Yankin MENA ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita miliyan 11.1. Akwai manyan hamada guda uku a yankin na MENA:&lt;ref name=&quot;abuzeid2006&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Conflict and Conflict Management Mechanisms in the Middle East and North Africa |url=http://water.cedare.int/cedare.int/files15%5CFile2862.pdf |publisher=Centre for Environment and Development for the Arab Region and Europe |author1=Khaled AbuZeid |author2=Amr Abdel-Meguid |date=March 2006 |access-date=2012-05-04 |archive-date=2015-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610224547/http://water.cedare.int/cedare.int/files15%5CFile2862.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hamadar Sahara, wadda ta kunshi manyan sassa na Arewacin Afirka.
* Rub' al Khali, a kudancin Yarjejeniyar Larabawa (Arabian Peninsula).
* Badiat El-Sham (Hamadar Siriya), a arewacin Yarjejeniyar Larabawa.
Bugu da kari, babban sashi na kasar Iran hamada ne ya mamaye shi. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara bai kai 100 mm ba a kashi 65% na yankin, yana tsakanin 100 da 300 mm a kashi 15% na yankin, kuma ya fi 300 mm a sauran yankunan da suka rage.&lt;ref name=&quot;abuzeid2006&quot;/&gt; Yanayin da ke haifar da rikici ana hasashen zai kara ta'azzara kuma ya dada sarkakiya yayin da cikakken tasirin canjin yanayi a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka zai bayyana a cikin karni na 21.

== Kwarin Kogin Jordan ==

=== Albarkatun ruwa ===
[[File:Middle East Topographic Political EN.svg|thumb|left|Taswirar tauraron dan adam na Gabas ta Tsakiya.]]
Hanyoyin ruwa guda uku da ke samar da Kogin Jordan – Kogin Hasbani (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 250 Mm3), Kogin Banias (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 125 Mm3), da Kogin Dan (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 250 Mm3) sun samo asali ne daga kasashen Lebanon, Siriya, da Isra'ila.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Ju'ub|first=Dr. Ghassan Abu|title=Water Conflicts in the Middle East Between the Present and the Future|url=http://www.alazhar.edu.ps/arabic/centers/IWE/Researches/GazaPaper-new/water.pdf|publisher=Al-Azhar University|access-date=2012-04-10|archive-date=2012-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711013149/http://www.alazhar.edu.ps/arabic/centers/IWE/Researches/GazaPaper-new/water.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna haduwa ne a Tafkin Huleh sannan su kwarara zuwa kudu a matsayin Kogin Jordan. Daidai kudancin Tiberias, Kogin Yarmuk yana haduwa da Kogin Jordan. Gaba daya, Kogin Jordan yana kwarara ne na kusan kilomita 350, yana farawa daga gindin Dutsen Hermon a arewa kuma ya kare a Tekun Gishiri (Dead Sea) a kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kogin yana da kiyasin kwararar ruwa na 1880 MCM/Y, inda kashi 73 cikin dari na ruwan ya samo asali ne daga kasashen Larabawa sannan kashi 27 cikin dari kuma ya samo asali daga Isra'ila.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Kiser|first=Stephen|title=WATER: THE HYDRAULIC PARAMETER OF CONFLICT IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA|journal=USAF Institute for National Security Studies|date=September 2000|series=INSS Occasional Papers|issue=35|pages=59|url=http://www.usafa.edu/df/inss/OCP/ocp35.pdf|access-date=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wani binciken USAF na watan Satumban 2000, sama da kashi 90% na ruwan kasar Siriya ana raba shi ne da kasashen makwabta kamar su Iraki, Turkiyya, Isra'ila, Lebanon, da Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kusan kashi 36 cikin dari na hanyoyin ruwan kasar Jordan ana raba su ne da Siriya, Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank), da Isra'ila, kuma sama da rabin ruwan Isra'ila ana raba shi ne da Siriya, Lebanon, Jordan, da Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;

Yankin can gaba zuwa arewa, Kogin Litani da Kogin Orontes sune suka kunshi yankin magudanar ruwa na arewacin Levant. Kodayake wuraren da kogunan suka samo asali suna kusa da juna a labarin kasa, Kogin Litani yana kwarara ne zuwa kudu sannan yamma zuwa Tekun Mediterane kusa da Tyre, yana ratsawa ta cikin kasar Lebanon kadai, yayin da Kogin Orontes kuma yake kwarara zuwa arewa zuwa cikin kasar Siriya, yana shiga Tekun Mediterane a kusa da birnin Antioch.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kiyasin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na Kogin Litani wanda ya kai 410 MCM/Y ya kasance manufar shawarwarin magance matsalar ruwa da Siriya, Jordan, da Isra'ila suka gabatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Siriya, Lebanon, da Isra'ila duka suna da madatsun ruwan sha na karkashin kasa na dabi'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Akwai manyan madatsun ruwa guda biyu na karkashin kasa wadanda ke samar da ruwan sha ga Isra'ila ta zamani. Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse (Mountain Aquifer) tana karkashin Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank). Tana sake cika kanta da 679 Mm3 na ruwa duk shekara, inda 78 Mm3 daga ciki yake da gishiri-gishiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Manyan kwaruruka guda uku na Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse sune kwarin Gabas, kwarin Yamma, da kuma kwarin Arewa maso Gabas. Kwarin Gabas shi ne mafi kankanta dangane da yawan ruwan sha amma shi ne mafi girma dangane da fadin kasa. Ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita 3260.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kwarin Yamma shi ne mafi girma a cikin ukun dangane da yawan ruwan sha da yake dauke da shi. Ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita 1780.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; A karshe, kwarin Arewa maso Gabas yana da fadin kusan murabba'in kilomita 610.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Madatsar Ruwa ta Gabar Teku (Coastal Aquifer) da ke tare da Gabar Tekun Mediterane tana da jimillar sake cika kanta ta shekara-shekara na 330 Mm3.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt;

Yankin da ke kewaye da kwarin Kogin Jordan yana daya daga cikin mafi bushewa a duniya. Isra'ila da arewa maso yammacin Jordan suna samun matsakaicin ruwan sama na 1190 cm a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kadan ne kawai daga cikin wannan ruwan za a iya amfani da shi. Kasashen Kuwait, Libya, Oman, da Singapore ne kadai ke samun karancin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara fiye da Jordan ko Isra'ila. Siriya da Lebanon, sabanin haka, suna samun isasshen ruwan sama don tallafawa aikin gona da sake cika madatsun ruwa na karkashin kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kamar yadda aka bayyana a baya, yayin da sassan arewacin Jordan da Isra'ila ke samun 110 cm na ruwan sama na shekara-shekara, tsakiyar Jordan da Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan suna samun 20 mcm/y. Sai dai kashi 3 mcm/y kacal ne na wannan ruwan za a iya amfani da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;

=== Amfani da ruwa ===
Isra'ila tana amfani da kusan 850 MCM/Y na ruwan karkashin kasa, inda 400 MCM/Y daga ciki ke fitowa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse. A shekarar 1964, Isra'ila ta fara dibar 320 MCM/Y daga Kogin Jordan don babban Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Kasa (National Water Carrier). Ya zuwa shekarar 1967, babban Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Kasa na Isra'ila yana kwashe kusan kashi 70 cikin dari na Kogin Jordan kafin ya kai ga mutanen Falasdinu a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; A shekarun 1980, 'yan ciranin Yahudawa da suka zauna a yankin sun shanye ruwa sau bakai fiye da manoman Larabawa. Wasu majiyoyin sun nuna bambanci kadan, kodayake har yanzu yana da yawa. A cewar wani binciken watan Satumba na shekarar 2000, Isra'ila tana amfani da 1180 MCM/Y, ko kashi 62 cikin dari na jimillar samar da ruwa na shekara-shekara a aikin gona. Idan aka kwatanta, kasar Jordan tana amfani da 67 MCM/Y, ko kashi 74 cikin dari na jimillar samar da ruwanta a aikin gona.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kusan kashi 48 cikin dari na matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na shekara-shekara na Isra'ila wanda ya kai 1,950 MCM/Y yana fitowa ne daga yankunan da aka kwace a shekarar 1967. 400 MCM/Y na wannan ruwan yana fitowa ne daga ruwan karkashin kasa na Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan, yayin da 450 MCM/Y ke fitowa daga saman Kogin Jordan da Tuddan Golan (Golan Heights).&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Sai dai tun a shekarar 1981, kasar Isra'ila ta kasance tana amfani da kashi 99 cikin dari na albarkatun ruwan da take da su.

=== Tsarin Samar da Ruwa ===

==== Lokacin Mulkin Mallaka na Birtaniya (1917–1948)====
A lokacin da Birtaniya ke mulkin mallaka a Falasdinu (1913–1948), akwai tsarin noman rani guda uku a gefen gabashin tuddan Yahudawa (Judaean Mountains). Magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Qelt tana samar da 3 MCM/Y na ruwan sha ga birnin Jericho daga idon ruwan Ein Fara, Ein Fawar, da Ein Qelt.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Bugu da kari, magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Uja tana wadata kwarin Uja da 7 MCM/Y na ruwan sha daga idon ruwan Ein Uja, sannan magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Faria ta kwashe 5 MCM/Y na ruwa daga idon ruwan Ein Shibli, Ein Isca, da Ein Baidan zuwa Giftlik.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Gvirtzman|first=Haim|title=The Israeli-Palestinian Water Conflict: An Israeli Perspective|url=http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/MSPS94.pdf|publisher=The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karkashin mulkin Roma, magudanar ruwa na Nablus da Jerusalem sun kasance suna aiki a tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya. Wadannan magudanar ruwa sun kawo karin jimillar 3 MCM/Y ga Sabastia da Kudus. Lokacin mulkin mallakar na Birtaniya, an sake amfani da wasu kananan idon ruwa na karkashin kasa guda 200 sannan aka tara ruwan sama daga tankuna, wanda hakan ya samar da karin 5 MCM/Y na ruwan sha a lokutan damina mai yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; Tare da karin masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu wadanda ke samar da karin 2 MCM/Y ga Kudus da Ramallah, matsakaicin karfin ruwa a tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya ya kasance 25 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; [[File:Lasjalomne023 (7).jpg|thumb|left|alt=Tafkin Tiberias.| Tafkin Tiberias]]
Tsare-tsare da yawa sun yi kokarin raba albarkatun ruwa na yankin lokacin mulkin mallakar Birtaniya. Tsarin Ionides na shekarar 1939 ya ba da shawarwari guda uku. Na farko, ya ba da shawarar adana ruwan ambaliya na Kogin Yarmouk a cikin Tafkin Tiberias (Tekun Galilea).&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Isaac|first=Jad|title=Roots of the Water Conflict in the Middle East|url=http://web.macam.ac.il/~arnon/Int-ME/water/Roots%20of%20the%20Water%20Conflict%20in%20the%20Middle%20East.htm|publisher=Applied Research Institute – Jerusalem|author2=Leonardo Hosh |date=7–9 May 1992}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na biyu, ya kayyadewa sassan ruwan tafkin da za a karkatar ta hanyar madatsar ruwa ta East Ghor Canal don amfani da shi a aikin noman rani a gabashin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Na uku, ya takaita amfani da ruwan kwarin Kogin Jordan ga kwarin Kogin Jordan kadai.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Masu fafutukar sahyoniyanci (Zionist advocates) sun yi watsi da wannan shirin saboda sun hango amfani da ruwan kwarin Kogin Jordan don gina matsugunai a Hamadar Negev da ke kudancin kasar. Sabanin haka, Tsarin Lowdermilk, wanda Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta dauki nauyin gudanarwa, ya ba da shawarar shayar da kwarin Kogin Jordan da karkatar da kogunan Jordan da Yarmouk don samar da wutar lantarki.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1948, James B. Hays ya yi amfani da sakamakon binciken Lowdermilk a matsayin tushen Tsarin Hays, inda za a karkatar da Kogin Yarmouk zuwa Tafkin Tiberias domin biyan diyyar ruwan da aka rasa wajen karkatar da Kogin Jordan don ayyukan aikin gona.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt;

==== Mulkin kasar Jordan (1948–1967) ====
A shekarar 1948, Isra'ila ta zama kasa a hukumance. Masarautar Jordan ta karbi ikon kula da albarkatun ruwa na tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya. Sun ci gaba da rike ikon mallakar yankin har zuwa Yakin Kwanaki Shida (Six-Day War) a shekarar 1967. Karin rijiyoyin da aka tona a wannan lokacin ya sanya matsakaicin samar da ruwa a yankin ya kai 66 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; Sai dai garuruwan Falasdinawa hudu kacal daga cikin 708 ne ke da alaka da tsarin samar da ruwa a wancan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1965 an sake tona wasu rijiyoyi 350, wadanda ke samar da jimillar 41 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt;
A lokacin Yakin Falasdinu na 1947-1949, dakarun Yahudawa sun lalata masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta Rutenburg a kokarinsu na hana ikon Larabawa na musamman a kan kogunan Jordan da Yarmouk.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Sakamakon haka, Gvernatin Jordan da Hukumar Agaji da Ayyuka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNRWA) suka ba da umarnin gudanar da Tsarin MacDonald, wanda ya yi kama da Tsarin Ionides (1939) wajen takaita ruwan kwarin Kogin Jordan ga kwarin Kogin Jordan kadai. Ya kuma yi kira da a karkatar da Kogin Yarmouk don adana shi a Tafkin Tiberias domin amfani da shi wajen tallafawa ci gaban aikin gona a bangarorin biyu na Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Jordan da Siriya sun goyi bayan Tsarin Bunger, wanda ya ba da shawarar gina madatsar ruwa a Kogin Yarmouk da samar da masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu don wadatar da Jordan da Siriya da wutar lantarki. A shekarar 1953, jim kadan bayan an fara ginin, karuwar matsin lamba daga Amurka ta tilasta wa Jordan da Siriya yin watsi da shirye-shiryen nasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Gwamnatin Eisenhower ta tura Eric Johnston a matsayin jakada na musamman. Tsarin Johnston ya aiwatar da manufofin binciken Hukumar Kwarin Tennessee wanda Chales Main ya gudanar – wato Tsarin Main – wanda ya kunshi kason raba ruwa na kwarin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Kodayake babu wani bangare da ya amince da shirin, an yi amfani da shi azaman tushen shawarwari da dama na warware rikicin ruwa na gaba.

==== Hukumar Isra'ila (1967–yanzu) ====
[[File:Water supply in West Bank and Gaza February 2014 5water photoblog.jpg|thumb|right|Mazauna kauyen Falasdinu suna siyan ruwa daga motocin dakon ruwa a Khirbet A-Duqaiqah a tuddan Hebron]]
Lokacin da Isra'ila ta mamaye Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank) a Yakin Kwanaki Shida na shekarar 1967, an bayyana albarkatun ruwa na yankin a matsayin mallakar kasa. Mamayar tana da tasiri mai yawa a kan rayuwar yau da kullum ta al'ummar Falasdinu da kuma samar musu da ruwa:&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Palestinian Water: Resources, Use, Conservation, Climate Change, and Land Use |last = Hassan, M.A., McIntyre G.|date = 2012|journal = Digest of Middle East Studies |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=313–326| doi=10.1111/j.1949-3606.2012.00175.x }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title = The Jordan Valley: a case study profile. Part of CLICO project tasks.|last = Tamimi, A., Abu Jamous, S.|date = 2012|journal = Unpublished CLICO Deliverable}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta fannoni da dama, mamayar tana nuna keta dokokin kasa da kasa, kamar dokar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa ko dokar jinkai ta kasa da kasa. Musamman kwace filaye da rushe gine-gine da sojopin Isra'ila ke yi gami da sanya takunkumi kan zirga-zirgar mutane da kayayyaki sun fuskanci suka mai tsanani. Tun daga shekarar 1967, mafi yawancin hanyoyin ruwa sojopin Isra'ila ne ke iko da su. Haka kuma, ana karkatar da albarkatun ruwan kuma ana hana al'ummar Falasdinu samun damar yin amfani da yawancinsu. A lokaci guda, Isra'ila tana da'awar cewa Falasdinawa suna tona rijiyoyi ba tare da izini ba. Kayan aikin ruwa masu yawa na Falasdinawa, gami da tankunan adana ruwa, rijiyoyi, da tsarin noman rani, ana bayyana su a matsayin haramtattu sannan ana rushe su cikin tsari. Da yake galibi an hana gina sabbin kayan aikin ruwa na Falasdinawa, tsarin samar da ruwa na Falasdinawa yana cikin mummunan yanayi. Ta wannan hanyar, suna nuna rauni da rashin tabbas na matsayin siyasa na Falasdinu. Da yake mafi yawancin mutane a Gabas ta Yammacin Kogin Jordan sun dogara ne da aikin gona, karancin ruwan na Falasdinawa yana raunana tattalin arzikin yankin. Ta haka, yana taimakawa sosai wajen haifar da talauci da rashin aikin yi. Rashin daidaiton rabon ruwa a yankunan Falasdinawa ya haifar da kalmar &quot;wariya ta ruwa&quot; (water apartheid).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title = When the rivers run dry: What happens when our water runs out?|last = Pearce, F.|publisher = Eden Project Books.|year = 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kodayake yana da wahala a sami ingantattun bayanai, matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na Isra'ila a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan ya ninka kusan sau 6 matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na Falasdinawa wanda ke kusan lita 50 ga mutum daya a rana, wanda hakan kusan rabin matakin mafi kankanta da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ba da shawarar amfani da shi ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Sai dai akwai wasu bayanan da ke nuna yanayi mabanbanci. Ta hanyar cire ruwan kazanta da aka tace da ruwan teku da aka tace gami da amfani da mabanbantan bayanan al'umma, Gvirtzman&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot; /&gt; (2012) misali yana jayayya cewa matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na Isra'ila da na Falasdinawa a yau ya kusan zama daya. Manyan bambance-bambance a cikin bayanan ruwa na Isra'ila da Falasdinu suna nuna yadda batun rabon ruwa yake da takaddama da kuma gaggawa har yanzu.
[[File:Ma'ale adumim 02.JPG|thumb|right|Wurin ninkaya a matsugunin Yahudawa na Ma'ale Adumim, a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan]]
Har zuwa yau, babu wata yarjejeniya ta karshe da ke ba al'ummar Falasdinu hakkin ruwa. Kodayake batutuwan ruwa sun kasance babban jigo a Tsarin Zaman Lafiya na Oslo (Oslo Peace Process), ba a warware takaddamar ruwan ba ta hanyar shawarwarin. Lallai, Sashi na 40 na &quot;Yarjejeniyar Riko ta Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan da Katariyar Gaza&quot; (1995) yana bayani ne kan hakkin ruwa na Falasdinawa, amma yana bayyana cewa &quot;za a tattauna wadannan a cikin shawarwarin matsayi na dindindin kuma a daidaita su a cikin Yarjejeniyar Matsayi na Dindindin da ta shafi mabanbantan albarkatun ruwa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Peace/Guide/Pages/THE%20ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN%20INTERIM%20AGREEMENT%20-%20Annex%20III.aspx#app-40|title = The Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip - Annex III.|date = 1995|access-date = 2015-11-25|publisher = Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}&lt;/ref&gt; A halin da ake ciki, &quot;a lokacin riko za a raba jimillar ruwa na 28.6 mcm/shekara&quot; ga al'ummar Falasdinu &quot;domin biyan bukatu na gaggawa [..] na ruwan sha don amfanin gida&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A zahiri, sakamakon takaddama da ke ci gaba da faruwa tsakanin Isra'ila da Falasdinu, ba a tattauna Yarjejeniyar Matsayi na Dindindin ba. Saboda haka, yarjejeniyar ta ci gaba da kiyaye mamayar Isra'ila a fakaice a kan albarkatun ruwa sannan ta dauki batun karancin ruwa a yankunan Falasdinawa da aka mamaye a matsayin batun bukatar jin kai maimakon hakki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Bugu da kari, an kafa Hukumar Ruwa ta Hadin Gwiwa tsakanin Isra'ila da Falasdinu (JWC) domin aiwatar da yarjejeniyar cikin tsarin hadin gwiwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Kwamitocin Ruwa, Injiniya, Kazanta, da Farashi na JWC suna tattaunawa akai-akai don amincewa da ginin tsarin samar da ruwa ko gine-ginen kwashe kazanta. A matsayin wani bangare na wannan yarjejeniya, Isra'ila ta mika ragamar kula da samar da ruwa a yankunan Falasdinawa ga Hukumar Falasdinu (Palestinian Authority). Duk da haka, Hukumar Falasdinun tana da wahalar sauke nauyin da ke kanta, domin mambobin Isra'ila na Hukumar Ruwa ta Hadin Gwiwa suna da ikon yin watsi da (veto) kowane shiri na Falasdinawa. Haka kuma, mambobin Hukumar Falasdinun ba su da damar shiga yawancin yankuna saboda sojoji sun hana su izini. Sakamakon shi ne cewa sama da kashi 33% na ruwan da ake kaiwa yankunan Falasdinawa &quot;yana zuba ne daga bututun cikin gida&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot; /&gt; Bangarorin biyu suna jayayya cewa ba a sake bin dokokin da aka kafa a Oslo. Da yake ba a raba wa al'ummar Falasdinu isasshen ruwa ba, za a iya kallon ayyukan Hukumar Ruwa ta Hadin Gwiwa a matsayin marasa gamsarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Kwarin Kogin Nilu ==

=== Albarkatun ruwa ===
[[File:Egypt Nil.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Kogin Nilu.| Kogin Nilu a kasar Masar]]
Kogin Nilu kwarin ruwa ne na kasa da kasa, wanda ke ratsawa ta cikin kasashe mabanbanta guda 10 masu cin gashin kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kogin Nilu yana ratsawa ne ta cikin kasashen Sudan, Sudan ta Kudu, Burundi, Rwanda, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Habasha, da Masar, kuma ana daukarsa a matsayin kogi mafi tsayi a duniya. Nilu shi ne kadai muhimmin tushen ruwa a Arewacin Afirka kuma kashi 40% na al'ummar Afirka suna zaune ne a</text>
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'''Rikicin ruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka''' (MENA) ya fi mayar da hankali ne a kan manyan kwarurukan koguna guda uku: kwarin Kogin Jordan, kwarin kogunan Tigris da Euphrates, da kuma kwarin Kogin Nilu. Yankin MENA ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita miliyan 11.1. Akwai manyan hamada guda uku a yankin na MENA:&lt;ref name=&quot;abuzeid2006&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Conflict and Conflict Management Mechanisms in the Middle East and North Africa |url=http://water.cedare.int/cedare.int/files15%5CFile2862.pdf |publisher=Centre for Environment and Development for the Arab Region and Europe |author1=Khaled AbuZeid |author2=Amr Abdel-Meguid |date=March 2006 |access-date=2012-05-04 |archive-date=2015-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610224547/http://water.cedare.int/cedare.int/files15%5CFile2862.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hamadar Sahara, wadda ta kunshi manyan sassa na Arewacin Afirka.
* Rub' al Khali, a kudancin Yarjejeniyar Larabawa (Arabian Peninsula).
* Badiat El-Sham (Hamadar Siriya), a arewacin Yarjejeniyar Larabawa.
Bugu da kari, babban sashi na kasar Iran hamada ne ya mamaye shi. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara bai kai 100 mm ba a kashi 65% na yankin, yana tsakanin 100 da 300 mm a kashi 15% na yankin, kuma ya fi 300 mm a sauran yankunan da suka rage.&lt;ref name=&quot;abuzeid2006&quot;/&gt; Yanayin da ke haifar da rikici ana hasashen zai kara ta'azzara kuma ya dada sarkakiya yayin da cikakken tasirin canjin yanayi a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka zai bayyana a cikin karni na 21.

== Kwarin Kogin Jordan ==

=== Albarkatun ruwa ===
[[File:Middle East Topographic Political EN.svg|thumb|left|Taswirar tauraron dan adam na Gabas ta Tsakiya.]]
Hanyoyin ruwa guda uku da ke samar da Kogin Jordan – Kogin Hasbani (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 250 Mm3), Kogin Banias (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 125 Mm3), da Kogin Dan (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 250 Mm3) sun samo asali ne daga kasashen Lebanon, Siriya, da Isra'ila.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Ju'ub|first=Dr. Ghassan Abu|title=Water Conflicts in the Middle East Between the Present and the Future|url=http://www.alazhar.edu.ps/arabic/centers/IWE/Researches/GazaPaper-new/water.pdf|publisher=Al-Azhar University|access-date=2012-04-10|archive-date=2012-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711013149/http://www.alazhar.edu.ps/arabic/centers/IWE/Researches/GazaPaper-new/water.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna haduwa ne a Tafkin Huleh sannan su kwarara zuwa kudu a matsayin Kogin Jordan. Daidai kudancin Tiberias, Kogin Yarmuk yana haduwa da Kogin Jordan. Gaba daya, Kogin Jordan yana kwarara ne na kusan kilomita 350, yana farawa daga gindin Dutsen Hermon a arewa kuma ya kare a Tekun Gishiri (Dead Sea) a kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kogin yana da kiyasin kwararar ruwa na 1880 MCM/Y, inda kashi 73 cikin dari na ruwan ya samo asali ne daga kasashen Larabawa sannan kashi 27 cikin dari kuma ya samo asali daga Isra'ila.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Kiser|first=Stephen|title=WATER: THE HYDRAULIC PARAMETER OF CONFLICT IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA|journal=USAF Institute for National Security Studies|date=September 2000|series=INSS Occasional Papers|issue=35|pages=59|url=http://www.usafa.edu/df/inss/OCP/ocp35.pdf|access-date=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wani binciken USAF na watan Satumban 2000, sama da kashi 90% na ruwan kasar Siriya ana raba shi ne da kasashen makwabta kamar su Iraki, Turkiyya, Isra'ila, Lebanon, da Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kusan kashi 36 cikin dari na hanyoyin ruwan kasar Jordan ana raba su ne da Siriya, Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank), da Isra'ila, kuma sama da rabin ruwan Isra'ila ana raba shi ne da Siriya, Lebanon, Jordan, da Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;

Yankin can gaba zuwa arewa, Kogin Litani da Kogin Orontes sune suka kunshi yankin magudanar ruwa na arewacin Levant. Kodayake wuraren da kogunan suka samo asali suna kusa da juna a labarin kasa, Kogin Litani yana kwarara ne zuwa kudu sannan yamma zuwa Tekun Mediterane kusa da Tyre, yana ratsawa ta cikin kasar Lebanon kadai, yayin da Kogin Orontes kuma yake kwarara zuwa arewa zuwa cikin kasar Siriya, yana shiga Tekun Mediterane a kusa da birnin Antioch.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kiyasin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na Kogin Litani wanda ya kai 410 MCM/Y ya kasance manufar shawarwarin magance matsalar ruwa da Siriya, Jordan, da Isra'ila suka gabatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Siriya, Lebanon, da Isra'ila duka suna da madatsun ruwan sha na karkashin kasa na dabi'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Akwai manyan madatsun ruwa guda biyu na karkashin kasa wadanda ke samar da ruwan sha ga Isra'ila ta zamani. Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse (Mountain Aquifer) tana karkashin Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank). Tana sake cika kanta da 679 Mm3 na ruwa duk shekara, inda 78 Mm3 daga ciki yake da gishiri-gishiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Manyan kwaruruka guda uku na Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse sune kwarin Gabas, kwarin Yamma, da kuma kwarin Arewa maso Gabas. Kwarin Gabas shi ne mafi kankanta dangane da yawan ruwan sha amma shi ne mafi girma dangane da fadin kasa. Ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita 3260.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kwarin Yamma shi ne mafi girma a cikin ukun dangane da yawan ruwan sha da yake dauke da shi. Ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita 1780.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; A karshe, kwarin Arewa maso Gabas yana da fadin kusan murabba'in kilomita 610.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Madatsar Ruwa ta Gabar Teku (Coastal Aquifer) da ke tare da Gabar Tekun Mediterane tana da jimillar sake cika kanta ta shekara-shekara na 330 Mm3.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt;

Yankin da ke kewaye da kwarin Kogin Jordan yana daya daga cikin mafi bushewa a duniya. Isra'ila da arewa maso yammacin Jordan suna samun matsakaicin ruwan sama na 1190 cm a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kadan ne kawai daga cikin wannan ruwan za a iya amfani da shi. Kasashen Kuwait, Libya, Oman, da Singapore ne kadai ke samun karancin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara fiye da Jordan ko Isra'ila. Siriya da Lebanon, sabanin haka, suna samun isasshen ruwan sama don tallafawa aikin gona da sake cika madatsun ruwa na karkashin kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kamar yadda aka bayyana a baya, yayin da sassan arewacin Jordan da Isra'ila ke samun 110 cm na ruwan sama na shekara-shekara, tsakiyar Jordan da Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan suna samun 20 mcm/y. Sai dai kashi 3 mcm/y kacal ne na wannan ruwan za a iya amfani da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;

=== Amfani da ruwa ===
Isra'ila tana amfani da kusan 850 MCM/Y na ruwan karkashin kasa, inda 400 MCM/Y daga ciki ke fitowa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse. A shekarar 1964, Isra'ila ta fara dibar 320 MCM/Y daga Kogin Jordan don babban Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Kasa (National Water Carrier). Ya zuwa shekarar 1967, babban Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Kasa na Isra'ila yana kwashe kusan kashi 70 cikin dari na Kogin Jordan kafin ya kai ga mutanen Falasdinu a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; A shekarun 1980, 'yan ciranin Yahudawa da suka zauna a yankin sun shanye ruwa sau bakai fiye da manoman Larabawa. Wasu majiyoyin sun nuna bambanci kadan, kodayake har yanzu yana da yawa. A cewar wani binciken watan Satumba na shekarar 2000, Isra'ila tana amfani da 1180 MCM/Y, ko kashi 62 cikin dari na jimillar samar da ruwa na shekara-shekara a aikin gona. Idan aka kwatanta, kasar Jordan tana amfani da 67 MCM/Y, ko kashi 74 cikin dari na jimillar samar da ruwanta a aikin gona.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kusan kashi 48 cikin dari na matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na shekara-shekara na Isra'ila wanda ya kai 1,950 MCM/Y yana fitowa ne daga yankunan da aka kwace a shekarar 1967. 400 MCM/Y na wannan ruwan yana fitowa ne daga ruwan karkashin kasa na Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan, yayin da 450 MCM/Y ke fitowa daga saman Kogin Jordan da Tuddan Golan (Golan Heights).&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Sai dai tun a shekarar 1981, kasar Isra'ila ta kasance tana amfani da kashi 99 cikin dari na albarkatun ruwan da take da su.

=== Tsarin Samar da Ruwa ===

==== Lokacin Mulkin Mallaka na Birtaniya (1917–1948)====
A lokacin da Birtaniya ke mulkin mallaka a Falasdinu (1913–1948), akwai tsarin noman rani guda uku a gefen gabashin tuddan Yahudawa (Judaean Mountains). Magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Qelt tana samar da 3 MCM/Y na ruwan sha ga birnin Jericho daga idon ruwan Ein Fara, Ein Fawar, da Ein Qelt.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Bugu da kari, magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Uja tana wadata kwarin Uja da 7 MCM/Y na ruwan sha daga idon ruwan Ein Uja, sannan magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Faria ta kwashe 5 MCM/Y na ruwa daga idon ruwan Ein Shibli, Ein Isca, da Ein Baidan zuwa Giftlik.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Gvirtzman|first=Haim|title=The Israeli-Palestinian Water Conflict: An Israeli Perspective|url=http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/MSPS94.pdf|publisher=The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karkashin mulkin Roma, magudanar ruwa na Nablus da Jerusalem sun kasance suna aiki a tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya. Wadannan magudanar ruwa sun kawo karin jimillar 3 MCM/Y ga Sabastia da Kudus. Lokacin mulkin mallakar na Birtaniya, an sake amfani da wasu kananan idon ruwa na karkashin kasa guda 200 sannan aka tara ruwan sama daga tankuna, wanda hakan ya samar da karin 5 MCM/Y na ruwan sha a lokutan damina mai yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; Tare da karin masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu wadanda ke samar da karin 2 MCM/Y ga Kudus da Ramallah, matsakaicin karfin ruwa a tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya ya kasance 25 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; [[File:Lasjalomne023 (7).jpg|thumb|left|alt=Tafkin Tiberias.| Tafkin Tiberias]]
Tsare-tsare da yawa sun yi kokarin raba albarkatun ruwa na yankin lokacin mulkin mallakar Birtaniya. Tsarin Ionides na shekarar 1939 ya ba da shawarwari guda uku. Na farko, ya ba da shawarar adana ruwan ambaliya na Kogin Yarmouk a cikin Tafkin Tiberias (Tekun Galilea).&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Isaac|first=Jad|title=Roots of the Water Conflict in the Middle East|url=http://web.macam.ac.il/~arnon/Int-ME/water/Roots%20of%20the%20Water%20Conflict%20in%20the%20Middle%20East.htm|publisher=Applied Research Institute – Jerusalem|author2=Leonardo Hosh |date=7–9 May 1992}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na biyu, ya kayyadewa sassan ruwan tafkin da za a karkatar ta hanyar madatsar ruwa ta East Ghor Canal don amfani da shi a aikin noman rani a gabashin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Na uku, ya takaita amfani da ruwan kwarin Kogin Jordan ga kwarin Kogin Jordan kadai.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Masu fafutukar sahyoniyanci (Zionist advocates) sun yi watsi da wannan shirin saboda sun hango amfani da ruwan kwarin Kogin Jordan don gina matsugunai a Hamadar Negev da ke kudancin kasar. Sabanin haka, Tsarin Lowdermilk, wanda Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta dauki nauyin gudanarwa, ya ba da shawarar shayar da kwarin Kogin Jordan da karkatar da kogunan Jordan da Yarmouk don samar da wutar lantarki.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1948, James B. Hays ya yi amfani da sakamakon binciken Lowdermilk a matsayin tushen Tsarin Hays, inda za a karkatar da Kogin Yarmouk zuwa Tafkin Tiberias domin biyan diyyar ruwan da aka rasa wajen karkatar da Kogin Jordan don ayyukan aikin gona.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt;

==== Mulkin kasar Jordan (1948–1967) ====
A shekarar 1948, Isra'ila ta zama kasa a hukumance. Masarautar Jordan ta karbi ikon kula da albarkatun ruwa na tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya. Sun ci gaba da rike ikon mallakar yankin har zuwa Yakin Kwanaki Shida (Six-Day War) a shekarar 1967. Karin rijiyoyin da aka tona a wannan lokacin ya sanya matsakaicin samar da ruwa a yankin ya kai 66 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; Sai dai garuruwan Falasdinawa hudu kacal daga cikin 708 ne ke da alaka da tsarin samar da ruwa a wancan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1965 an sake tona wasu rijiyoyi 350, wadanda ke samar da jimillar 41 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt;
A lokacin Yakin Falasdinu na 1947-1949, dakarun Yahudawa sun lalata masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta Rutenburg a kokarinsu na hana ikon Larabawa na musamman a kan kogunan Jordan da Yarmouk.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Sakamakon haka, Gvernatin Jordan da Hukumar Agaji da Ayyuka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNRWA) suka ba da umarnin gudanar da Tsarin MacDonald, wanda ya yi kama da Tsarin Ionides (1939) wajen takaita ruwan kwarin Kogin Jordan ga kwarin Kogin Jordan kadai. Ya kuma yi kira da a karkatar da Kogin Yarmouk don adana shi a Tafkin Tiberias domin amfani da shi wajen tallafawa ci gaban aikin gona a bangarorin biyu na Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Jordan da Siriya sun goyi bayan Tsarin Bunger, wanda ya ba da shawarar gina madatsar ruwa a Kogin Yarmouk da samar da masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu don wadatar da Jordan da Siriya da wutar lantarki. A shekarar 1953, jim kadan bayan an fara ginin, karuwar matsin lamba daga Amurka ta tilasta wa Jordan da Siriya yin watsi da shirye-shiryen nasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Gwamnatin Eisenhower ta tura Eric Johnston a matsayin jakada na musamman. Tsarin Johnston ya aiwatar da manufofin binciken Hukumar Kwarin Tennessee wanda Chales Main ya gudanar – wato Tsarin Main – wanda ya kunshi kason raba ruwa na kwarin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Kodayake babu wani bangare da ya amince da shirin, an yi amfani da shi azaman tushen shawarwari da dama na warware rikicin ruwa na gaba.

==== Hukumar Isra'ila (1967–yanzu) ====
[[File:Water supply in West Bank and Gaza February 2014 5water photoblog.jpg|thumb|right|Mazauna kauyen Falasdinu suna siyan ruwa daga motocin dakon ruwa a Khirbet A-Duqaiqah a tuddan Hebron]]
Lokacin da Isra'ila ta mamaye Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank) a Yakin Kwanaki Shida na shekarar 1967, an bayyana albarkatun ruwa na yankin a matsayin mallakar kasa. Mamayar tana da tasiri mai yawa a kan rayuwar yau da kullum ta al'ummar Falasdinu da kuma samar musu da ruwa:&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Palestinian Water: Resources, Use, Conservation, Climate Change, and Land Use |last = Hassan, M.A., McIntyre G.|date = 2012|journal = Digest of Middle East Studies |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=313–326| doi=10.1111/j.1949-3606.2012.00175.x }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title = The Jordan Valley: a case study profile. Part of CLICO project tasks.|last = Tamimi, A., Abu Jamous, S.|date = 2012|journal = Unpublished CLICO Deliverable}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta fannoni da dama, mamayar tana nuna keta dokokin kasa da kasa, kamar dokar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa ko dokar jinkai ta kasa da kasa. Musamman kwace filaye da rushe gine-gine da sojopin Isra'ila ke yi gami da sanya takunkumi kan zirga-zirgar mutane da kayayyaki sun fuskanci suka mai tsanani. Tun daga shekarar 1967, mafi yawancin hanyoyin ruwa sojopin Isra'ila ne ke iko da su. Haka kuma, ana karkatar da albarkatun ruwan kuma ana hana al'ummar Falasdinu samun damar yin amfani da yawancinsu. A lokaci guda, Isra'ila tana da'awar cewa Falasdinawa suna tona rijiyoyi ba tare da izini ba. Kayan aikin ruwa masu yawa na Falasdinawa, gami da tankunan adana ruwa, rijiyoyi, da tsarin noman rani, ana bayyana su a matsayin haramtattu sannan ana rushe su cikin tsari. Da yake galibi an hana gina sabbin kayan aikin ruwa na Falasdinawa, tsarin samar da ruwa na Falasdinawa yana cikin mummunan yanayi. Ta wannan hanyar, suna nuna rauni da rashin tabbas na matsayin siyasa na Falasdinu. Da yake mafi yawancin mutane a Gabas ta Yammacin Kogin Jordan sun dogara ne da aikin gona, karancin ruwan na Falasdinawa yana raunana tattalin arzikin yankin. Ta haka, yana taimakawa sosai wajen haifar da talauci da rashin aikin yi. Rashin daidaiton rabon ruwa a yankunan Falasdinawa ya haifar da kalmar &quot;wariya ta ruwa&quot; (water apartheid).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title = When the rivers run dry: What happens when our water runs out?|last = Pearce, F.|publisher = Eden Project Books.|year = 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kodayake yana da wahala a sami ingantattun bayanai, matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na Isra'ila a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan ya ninka kusan sau 6 matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na Falasdinawa wanda ke kusan lita 50 ga mutum daya a rana, wanda hakan kusan rabin matakin mafi kankanta da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ba da shawarar amfani da shi ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Sai dai akwai wasu bayanan da ke nuna yanayi mabanbanci. Ta hanyar cire ruwan kazanta da aka tace da ruwan teku da aka tace gami da amfani da mabanbantan bayanan al'umma, Gvirtzman&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot; /&gt; (2012) misali yana jayayya cewa matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na Isra'ila da na Falasdinawa a yau ya kusan zama daya. Manyan bambance-bambance a cikin bayanan ruwa na Isra'ila da Falasdinu suna nuna yadda batun rabon ruwa yake da takaddama da kuma gaggawa har yanzu.
[[File:Ma'ale adumim 02.JPG|thumb|right|Wurin ninkaya a matsugunin Yahudawa na Ma'ale Adumim, a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan]]
Har zuwa yau, babu wata yarjejeniya ta karshe da ke ba al'ummar Falasdinu hakkin ruwa. Kodayake batutuwan ruwa sun kasance babban jigo a Tsarin Zaman Lafiya na Oslo (Oslo Peace Process), ba a warware takaddamar ruwan ba ta hanyar shawarwarin. Lallai, Sashi na 40 na &quot;Yarjejeniyar Riko ta Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan da Katariyar Gaza&quot; (1995) yana bayani ne kan hakkin ruwa na Falasdinawa, amma yana bayyana cewa &quot;za a tattauna wadannan a cikin shawarwarin matsayi na dindindin kuma a daidaita su a cikin Yarjejeniyar Matsayi na Dindindin da ta shafi mabanbantan albarkatun ruwa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Peace/Guide/Pages/THE%20ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN%20INTERIM%20AGREEMENT%20-%20Annex%20III.aspx#app-40|title = The Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip - Annex III.|date = 1995|access-date = 2015-11-25|publisher = Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}&lt;/ref&gt; A halin da ake ciki, &quot;a lokacin riko za a raba jimillar ruwa na 28.6 mcm/shekara&quot; ga al'ummar Falasdinu &quot;domin biyan bukatu na gaggawa [..] na ruwan sha don amfanin gida&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A zahiri, sakamakon takaddama da ke ci gaba da faruwa tsakanin Isra'ila da Falasdinu, ba a tattauna Yarjejeniyar Matsayi na Dindindin ba. Saboda haka, yarjejeniyar ta ci gaba da kiyaye mamayar Isra'ila a fakaice a kan albarkatun ruwa sannan ta dauki batun karancin ruwa a yankunan Falasdinawa da aka mamaye a matsayin batun bukatar jin kai maimakon hakki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Bugu da kari, an kafa Hukumar Ruwa ta Hadin Gwiwa tsakanin Isra'ila da Falasdinu (JWC) domin aiwatar da yarjejeniyar cikin tsarin hadin gwiwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Kwamitocin Ruwa, Injiniya, Kazanta, da Farashi na JWC suna tattaunawa akai-akai don amincewa da ginin tsarin samar da ruwa ko gine-ginen kwashe kazanta. A matsayin wani bangare na wannan yarjejeniya, Isra'ila ta mika ragamar kula da samar da ruwa a yankunan Falasdinawa ga Hukumar Falasdinu (Palestinian Authority). Duk da haka, Hukumar Falasdinun tana da wahalar sauke nauyin da ke kanta, domin mambobin Isra'ila na Hukumar Ruwa ta Hadin Gwiwa suna da ikon yin watsi da (veto) kowane shiri na Falasdinawa. Haka kuma, mambobin Hukumar Falasdinun ba su da damar shiga yawancin yankuna saboda sojoji sun hana su izini. Sakamakon shi ne cewa sama da kashi 33% na ruwan da ake kaiwa yankunan Falasdinawa &quot;yana zuba ne daga bututun cikin gida&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot; /&gt; Bangarorin biyu suna jayayya cewa ba a sake bin dokokin da aka kafa a Oslo. Da yake ba a raba wa al'ummar Falasdinu isasshen ruwa ba, za a iya kallon ayyukan Hukumar Ruwa ta Hadin Gwiwa a matsayin marasa gamsarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Kwarin Kogin Nilu ==

=== Albarkatun ruwa ===
[[File:Egypt Nil.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Kogin Nilu.| Kogin Nilu a kasar Masar]]
Kogin Nilu kwarin ruwa ne na kasa da kasa, wanda ke ratsawa ta cikin kasashe mabanbanta guda 10 masu cin gashin kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kogin Nilu yana ratsawa ne ta cikin kasashen Sudan, Sudan ta Kudu, Burundi, Rwanda, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Habasha, da Masar, kuma ana daukarsa a matsayin kogi mafi tsayi a duniya. Nilu shi ne kadai muhimmin tushen ruwa a Arewacin Afirka kuma kashi 40% na al'ummar Afirka suna zaune ne a</text>
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'''Rikicin ruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka''' (MENA) ya fi mayar da hankali ne a kan manyan kwarurukan koguna guda uku: kwarin Kogin Jordan, kwarin kogunan Tigris da Euphrates, da kuma kwarin Kogin Nilu. Yankin MENA ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita miliyan 11.1. Akwai manyan hamada guda uku a yankin na MENA:&lt;ref name=&quot;abuzeid2006&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Conflict and Conflict Management Mechanisms in the Middle East and North Africa |url=http://water.cedare.int/cedare.int/files15%5CFile2862.pdf |publisher=Centre for Environment and Development for the Arab Region and Europe |author1=Khaled AbuZeid |author2=Amr Abdel-Meguid |date=March 2006 |access-date=2012-05-04 |archive-date=2015-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610224547/http://water.cedare.int/cedare.int/files15%5CFile2862.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hamadar Sahara, wadda ta kunshi manyan sassa na Arewacin Afirka.
* Rub' al Khali, a kudancin Yarjejeniyar Larabawa (Arabian Peninsula).
* Badiat El-Sham (Hamadar Siriya), a arewacin Yarjejeniyar Larabawa.
Bugu da kari, babban sashi na kasar Iran hamada ne ya mamaye shi. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara bai kai 100 mm ba a kashi 65% na yankin, yana tsakanin 100 da 300 mm a kashi 15% na yankin, kuma ya fi 300 mm a sauran yankunan da suka rage.&lt;ref name=&quot;abuzeid2006&quot;/&gt; Yanayin da ke haifar da rikici ana hasashen zai kara ta'azzara kuma ya dada sarkakiya yayin da cikakken tasirin canjin yanayi a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka zai bayyana a cikin karni na 21.

== Kwarin Kogin Jordan ==

=== Albarkatun ruwa ===
[[File:Middle East Topographic Political EN.svg|thumb|left|Taswirar tauraron dan adam na Gabas ta Tsakiya.]]
Hanyoyin ruwa guda uku da ke samar da Kogin Jordan – Kogin Hasbani (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 250 Mm3), Kogin Banias (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 125 Mm3), da Kogin Dan (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 250 Mm3) sun samo asali ne daga kasashen Lebanon, Siriya, da Isra'ila.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Ju'ub|first=Dr. Ghassan Abu|title=Water Conflicts in the Middle East Between the Present and the Future|url=http://www.alazhar.edu.ps/arabic/centers/IWE/Researches/GazaPaper-new/water.pdf|publisher=Al-Azhar University|access-date=2012-04-10|archive-date=2012-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711013149/http://www.alazhar.edu.ps/arabic/centers/IWE/Researches/GazaPaper-new/water.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna haduwa ne a Tafkin Huleh sannan su kwarara zuwa kudu a matsayin Kogin Jordan. Daidai kudancin Tiberias, Kogin Yarmuk yana haduwa da Kogin Jordan. Gaba daya, Kogin Jordan yana kwarara ne na kusan kilomita 350, yana farawa daga gindin Dutsen Hermon a arewa kuma ya kare a Tekun Gishiri (Dead Sea) a kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kogin yana da kiyasin kwararar ruwa na 1880 MCM/Y, inda kashi 73 cikin dari na ruwan ya samo asali ne daga kasashen Larabawa sannan kashi 27 cikin dari kuma ya samo asali daga Isra'ila.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Kiser|first=Stephen|title=WATER: THE HYDRAULIC PARAMETER OF CONFLICT IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA|journal=USAF Institute for National Security Studies|date=September 2000|series=INSS Occasional Papers|issue=35|pages=59|url=http://www.usafa.edu/df/inss/OCP/ocp35.pdf|access-date=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wani binciken USAF na watan Satumban 2000, sama da kashi 90% na ruwan kasar Siriya ana raba shi ne da kasashen makwabta kamar su Iraki, Turkiyya, Isra'ila, Lebanon, da Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kusan kashi 36 cikin dari na hanyoyin ruwan kasar Jordan ana raba su ne da Siriya, Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank), da Isra'ila, kuma sama da rabin ruwan Isra'ila ana raba shi ne da Siriya, Lebanon, Jordan, da Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;

Yankin can gaba zuwa arewa, Kogin Litani da Kogin Orontes sune suka kunshi yankin magudanar ruwa na arewacin Levant. Kodayake wuraren da kogunan suka samo asali suna kusa da juna a labarin kasa, Kogin Litani yana kwarara ne zuwa kudu sannan yamma zuwa Tekun Mediterane kusa da Tyre, yana ratsawa ta cikin kasar Lebanon kadai, yayin da Kogin Orontes kuma yake kwarara zuwa arewa zuwa cikin kasar Siriya, yana shiga Tekun Mediterane a kusa da birnin Antioch.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kiyasin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na Kogin Litani wanda ya kai 410 MCM/Y ya kasance manufar shawarwarin magance matsalar ruwa da Siriya, Jordan, da Isra'ila suka gabatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Siriya, Lebanon, da Isra'ila duka suna da madatsun ruwan sha na karkashin kasa na dabi'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Akwai manyan madatsun ruwa guda biyu na karkashin kasa wadanda ke samar da ruwan sha ga Isra'ila ta zamani. Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse (Mountain Aquifer) tana karkashin Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank). Tana sake cika kanta da 679 Mm3 na ruwa duk shekara, inda 78 Mm3 daga ciki yake da gishiri-gishiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Manyan kwaruruka guda uku na Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse sune kwarin Gabas, kwarin Yamma, da kuma kwarin Arewa maso Gabas. Kwarin Gabas shi ne mafi kankanta dangane da yawan ruwan sha amma shi ne mafi girma dangane da fadin kasa. Ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita 3260.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kwarin Yamma shi ne mafi girma a cikin ukun dangane da yawan ruwan sha da yake dauke da shi. Ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita 1780.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; A karshe, kwarin Arewa maso Gabas yana da fadin kusan murabba'in kilomita 610.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Madatsar Ruwa ta Gabar Teku (Coastal Aquifer) da ke tare da Gabar Tekun Mediterane tana da jimillar sake cika kanta ta shekara-shekara na 330 Mm3.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt;

Yankin da ke kewaye da kwarin Kogin Jordan yana daya daga cikin mafi bushewa a duniya. Isra'ila da arewa maso yammacin Jordan suna samun matsakaicin ruwan sama na 1190 cm a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kadan ne kawai daga cikin wannan ruwan za a iya amfani da shi. Kasashen Kuwait, Libya, Oman, da Singapore ne kadai ke samun karancin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara fiye da Jordan ko Isra'ila. Siriya da Lebanon, sabanin haka, suna samun isasshen ruwan sama don tallafawa aikin gona da sake cika madatsun ruwa na karkashin kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kamar yadda aka bayyana a baya, yayin da sassan arewacin Jordan da Isra'ila ke samun 110 cm na ruwan sama na shekara-shekara, tsakiyar Jordan da Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan suna samun 20 mcm/y. Sai dai kashi 3 mcm/y kacal ne na wannan ruwan za a iya amfani da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;

=== Amfani da ruwa ===
Isra'ila tana amfani da kusan 850 MCM/Y na ruwan karkashin kasa, inda 400 MCM/Y daga ciki ke fitowa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse. A shekarar 1964, Isra'ila ta fara dibar 320 MCM/Y daga Kogin Jordan don babban Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Kasa (National Water Carrier). Ya zuwa shekarar 1967, babban Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Kasa na Isra'ila yana kwashe kusan kashi 70 cikin dari na Kogin Jordan kafin ya kai ga mutanen Falasdinu a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; A shekarun 1980, 'yan ciranin Yahudawa da suka zauna a yankin sun shanye ruwa sau bakai fiye da manoman Larabawa. Wasu majiyoyin sun nuna bambanci kadan, kodayake har yanzu yana da yawa. A cewar wani binciken watan Satumba na shekarar 2000, Isra'ila tana amfani da 1180 MCM/Y, ko kashi 62 cikin dari na jimillar samar da ruwa na shekara-shekara a aikin gona. Idan aka kwatanta, kasar Jordan tana amfani da 67 MCM/Y, ko kashi 74 cikin dari na jimillar samar da ruwanta a aikin gona.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kusan kashi 48 cikin dari na matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na shekara-shekara na Isra'ila wanda ya kai 1,950 MCM/Y yana fitowa ne daga yankunan da aka kwace a shekarar 1967. 400 MCM/Y na wannan ruwan yana fitowa ne daga ruwan karkashin kasa na Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan, yayin da 450 MCM/Y ke fitowa daga saman Kogin Jordan da Tuddan Golan (Golan Heights).&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Sai dai tun a shekarar 1981, kasar Isra'ila ta kasance tana amfani da kashi 99 cikin dari na albarkatun ruwan da take da su.

=== Tsarin Samar da Ruwa ===

==== Lokacin Mulkin Mallaka na Birtaniya (1917–1948)====
A lokacin da Birtaniya ke mulkin mallaka a Falasdinu (1913–1948), akwai tsarin noman rani guda uku a gefen gabashin tuddan Yahudawa (Judaean Mountains). Magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Qelt tana samar da 3 MCM/Y na ruwan sha ga birnin Jericho daga idon ruwan Ein Fara, Ein Fawar, da Ein Qelt.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Bugu da kari, magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Uja tana wadata kwarin Uja da 7 MCM/Y na ruwan sha daga idon ruwan Ein Uja, sannan magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Faria ta kwashe 5 MCM/Y na ruwa daga idon ruwan Ein Shibli, Ein Isca, da Ein Baidan zuwa Giftlik.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Gvirtzman|first=Haim|title=The Israeli-Palestinian Water Conflict: An Israeli Perspective|url=http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/MSPS94.pdf|publisher=The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karkashin mulkin Roma, magudanar ruwa na Nablus da Jerusalem sun kasance suna aiki a tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya. Wadannan magudanar ruwa sun kawo karin jimillar 3 MCM/Y ga Sabastia da Kudus. Lokacin mulkin mallakar na Birtaniya, an sake amfani da wasu kananan idon ruwa na karkashin kasa guda 200 sannan aka tara ruwan sama daga tankuna, wanda hakan ya samar da karin 5 MCM/Y na ruwan sha a lokutan damina mai yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; Tare da karin masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu wadanda ke samar da karin 2 MCM/Y ga Kudus da Ramallah, matsakaicin karfin ruwa a tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya ya kasance 25 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; [[File:Lasjalomne023 (7).jpg|thumb|left|alt=Tafkin Tiberias.| Tafkin Tiberias]]
Tsare-tsare da yawa sun yi kokarin raba albarkatun ruwa na yankin lokacin mulkin mallakar Birtaniya. Tsarin Ionides na shekarar 1939 ya ba da shawarwari guda uku. Na farko, ya ba da shawarar adana ruwan ambaliya na Kogin Yarmouk a cikin Tafkin Tiberias (Tekun Galilea).&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Isaac|first=Jad|title=Roots of the Water Conflict in the Middle East|url=http://web.macam.ac.il/~arnon/Int-ME/water/Roots%20of%20the%20Water%20Conflict%20in%20the%20Middle%20East.htm|publisher=Applied Research Institute – Jerusalem|author2=Leonardo Hosh |date=7–9 May 1992}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na biyu, ya kayyadewa sassan ruwan tafkin da za a karkatar ta hanyar madatsar ruwa ta East Ghor Canal don amfani da shi a aikin noman rani a gabashin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Na uku, ya takaita amfani da ruwan kwarin Kogin Jordan ga kwarin Kogin Jordan kadai.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Masu fafutukar sahyoniyanci (Zionist advocates) sun yi watsi da wannan shirin saboda sun hango amfani da ruwan kwarin Kogin Jordan don gina matsugunai a Hamadar Negev da ke kudancin kasar. Sabanin haka, Tsarin Lowdermilk, wanda Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta dauki nauyin gudanarwa, ya ba da shawarar shayar da kwarin Kogin Jordan da karkatar da kogunan Jordan da Yarmouk don samar da wutar lantarki.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1948, James B. Hays ya yi amfani da sakamakon binciken Lowdermilk a matsayin tushen Tsarin Hays, inda za a karkatar da Kogin Yarmouk zuwa Tafkin Tiberias domin biyan diyyar ruwan da aka rasa wajen karkatar da Kogin Jordan don ayyukan aikin gona.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt;

==== Mulkin kasar Jordan (1948–1967) ====
A shekarar 1948, Isra'ila ta zama kasa a hukumance. Masarautar Jordan ta karbi ikon kula da albarkatun ruwa na tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya. Sun ci gaba da rike ikon mallakar yankin har zuwa Yakin Kwanaki Shida (Six-Day War) a shekarar 1967. Karin rijiyoyin da aka tona a wannan lokacin ya sanya matsakaicin samar da ruwa a yankin ya kai 66 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; Sai dai garuruwan Falasdinawa hudu kacal daga cikin 708 ne ke da alaka da tsarin samar da ruwa a wancan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1965 an sake tona wasu rijiyoyi 350, wadanda ke samar da jimillar 41 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt;
A lokacin Yakin Falasdinu na 1947-1949, dakarun Yahudawa sun lalata masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta Rutenburg a kokarinsu na hana ikon Larabawa na musamman a kan kogunan Jordan da Yarmouk.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Sakamakon haka, Gvernatin Jordan da Hukumar Agaji da Ayyuka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNRWA) suka ba da umarnin gudanar da Tsarin MacDonald, wanda ya yi kama da Tsarin Ionides (1939) wajen takaita ruwan kwarin Kogin Jordan ga kwarin Kogin Jordan kadai. Ya kuma yi kira da a karkatar da Kogin Yarmouk don adana shi a Tafkin Tiberias domin amfani da shi wajen tallafawa ci gaban aikin gona a bangarorin biyu na Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Jordan da Siriya sun goyi bayan Tsarin Bunger, wanda ya ba da shawarar gina madatsar ruwa a Kogin Yarmouk da samar da masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu don wadatar da Jordan da Siriya da wutar lantarki. A shekarar 1953, jim kadan bayan an fara ginin, karuwar matsin lamba daga Amurka ta tilasta wa Jordan da Siriya yin watsi da shirye-shiryen nasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Gwamnatin Eisenhower ta tura Eric Johnston a matsayin jakada na musamman. Tsarin Johnston ya aiwatar da manufofin binciken Hukumar Kwarin Tennessee wanda Chales Main ya gudanar – wato Tsarin Main – wanda ya kunshi kason raba ruwa na kwarin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Kodayake babu wani bangare da ya amince da shirin, an yi amfani da shi azaman tushen shawarwari da dama na warware rikicin ruwa na gaba.

==== Hukumar Isra'ila (1967–yanzu) ====
[[File:Water supply in West Bank and Gaza February 2014 5water photoblog.jpg|thumb|right|Mazauna kauyen Falasdinu suna siyan ruwa daga motocin dakon ruwa a Khirbet A-Duqaiqah a tuddan Hebron]]
Lokacin da Isra'ila ta mamaye Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank) a Yakin Kwanaki Shida na shekarar 1967, an bayyana albarkatun ruwa na yankin a matsayin mallakar kasa. Mamayar tana da tasiri mai yawa a kan rayuwar yau da kullum ta al'ummar Falasdinu da kuma samar musu da ruwa:&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Palestinian Water: Resources, Use, Conservation, Climate Change, and Land Use |last = Hassan, M.A., McIntyre G.|date = 2012|journal = Digest of Middle East Studies |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=313–326| doi=10.1111/j.1949-3606.2012.00175.x }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title = The Jordan Valley: a case study profile. Part of CLICO project tasks.|last = Tamimi, A., Abu Jamous, S.|date = 2012|journal = Unpublished CLICO Deliverable}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta fannoni da dama, mamayar tana nuna keta dokokin kasa da kasa, kamar dokar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa ko dokar jinkai ta kasa da kasa. Musamman kwace filaye da rushe gine-gine da sojopin Isra'ila ke yi gami da sanya takunkumi kan zirga-zirgar mutane da kayayyaki sun fuskanci suka mai tsanani. Tun daga shekarar 1967, mafi yawancin hanyoyin ruwa sojopin Isra'ila ne ke iko da su. Haka kuma, ana karkatar da albarkatun ruwan kuma ana hana al'ummar Falasdinu samun damar yin amfani da yawancinsu. A lokaci guda, Isra'ila tana da'awar cewa Falasdinawa suna tona rijiyoyi ba tare da izini ba. Kayan aikin ruwa masu yawa na Falasdinawa, gami da tankunan adana ruwa, rijiyoyi, da tsarin noman rani, ana bayyana su a matsayin haramtattu sannan ana rushe su cikin tsari. Da yake galibi an hana gina sabbin kayan aikin ruwa na Falasdinawa, tsarin samar da ruwa na Falasdinawa yana cikin mummunan yanayi. Ta wannan hanyar, suna nuna rauni da rashin tabbas na matsayin siyasa na Falasdinu. Da yake mafi yawancin mutane a Gabas ta Yammacin Kogin Jordan sun dogara ne da aikin gona, karancin ruwan na Falasdinawa yana raunana tattalin arzikin yankin. Ta haka, yana taimakawa sosai wajen haifar da talauci da rashin aikin yi. Rashin daidaiton rabon ruwa a yankunan Falasdinawa ya haifar da kalmar &quot;wariya ta ruwa&quot; (water apartheid).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title = When the rivers run dry: What happens when our water runs out?|last = Pearce, F.|publisher = Eden Project Books.|year = 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kodayake yana da wahala a sami ingantattun bayanai, matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na Isra'ila a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan ya ninka kusan sau 6 matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na Falasdinawa wanda ke kusan lita 50 ga mutum daya a rana, wanda hakan kusan rabin matakin mafi kankanta da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ba da shawarar amfani da shi ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Sai dai akwai wasu bayanan da ke nuna yanayi mabanbanci. Ta hanyar cire ruwan kazanta da aka tace da ruwan teku da aka tace gami da amfani da mabanbantan bayanan al'umma, Gvirtzman&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot; /&gt; (2012) misali yana jayayya cewa matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na Isra'ila da na Falasdinawa a yau ya kusan zama daya. Manyan bambance-bambance a cikin bayanan ruwa na Isra'ila da Falasdinu suna nuna yadda batun rabon ruwa yake da takaddama da kuma gaggawa har yanzu.
[[File:Ma'ale adumim 02.JPG|thumb|right|Wurin ninkaya a matsugunin Yahudawa na Ma'ale Adumim, a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan]]
Har zuwa yau, babu wata yarjejeniya ta karshe da ke ba al'ummar Falasdinu hakkin ruwa. Kodayake batutuwan ruwa sun kasance babban jigo a Tsarin Zaman Lafiya na Oslo (Oslo Peace Process), ba a warware takaddamar ruwan ba ta hanyar shawarwarin. Lallai, Sashi na 40 na &quot;Yarjejeniyar Riko ta Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan da Katariyar Gaza&quot; (1995) yana bayani ne kan hakkin ruwa na Falasdinawa, amma yana bayyana cewa &quot;za a tattauna wadannan a cikin shawarwarin matsayi na dindindin kuma a daidaita su a cikin Yarjejeniyar Matsayi na Dindindin da ta shafi mabanbantan albarkatun ruwa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Peace/Guide/Pages/THE%20ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN%20INTERIM%20AGREEMENT%20-%20Annex%20III.aspx#app-40|title = The Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip - Annex III.|date = 1995|access-date = 2015-11-25|publisher = Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}&lt;/ref&gt; A halin da ake ciki, &quot;a lokacin riko za a raba jimillar ruwa na 28.6 mcm/shekara&quot; ga al'ummar Falasdinu &quot;domin biyan bukatu na gaggawa [..] na ruwan sha don amfanin gida&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A zahiri, sakamakon takaddama da ke ci gaba da faruwa tsakanin Isra'ila da Falasdinu, ba a tattauna Yarjejeniyar Matsayi na Dindindin ba. Saboda haka, yarjejeniyar ta ci gaba da kiyaye mamayar Isra'ila a fakaice a kan albarkatun ruwa sannan ta dauki batun karancin ruwa a yankunan Falasdinawa da aka mamaye a matsayin batun bukatar jin kai maimakon hakki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Bugu da kari, an kafa Hukumar Ruwa ta Hadin Gwiwa tsakanin Isra'ila da Falasdinu (JWC) domin aiwatar da yarjejeniyar cikin tsarin hadin gwiwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Kwamitocin Ruwa, Injiniya, Kazanta, da Farashi na JWC suna tattaunawa akai-akai don amincewa da ginin tsarin samar da ruwa ko gine-ginen kwashe kazanta. A matsayin wani bangare na wannan yarjejeniya, Isra'ila ta mika ragamar kula da samar da ruwa a yankunan Falasdinawa ga Hukumar Falasdinu (Palestinian Authority). Duk da haka, Hukumar Falasdinun tana da wahalar sauke nauyin da ke kanta, domin mambobin Isra'ila na Hukumar Ruwa ta Hadin Gwiwa suna da ikon yin watsi da (veto) kowane shiri na Falasdinawa. Haka kuma, mambobin Hukumar Falasdinun ba su da damar shiga yawancin yankuna saboda sojoji sun hana su izini. Sakamakon shi ne cewa sama da kashi 33% na ruwan da ake kaiwa yankunan Falasdinawa &quot;yana zuba ne daga bututun cikin gida&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot; /&gt; Bangarorin biyu suna jayayya cewa ba a sake bin dokokin da aka kafa a Oslo. Da yake ba a raba wa al'ummar Falasdinu isasshen ruwa ba, za a iya kallon ayyukan Hukumar Ruwa ta Hadin Gwiwa a matsayin marasa gamsarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Kwarin Kogin Nilu ==

=== Albarkatun ruwa ===
[[File:Egypt Nil.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Kogin Nilu.| Kogin Nilu a kasar Masar]]
Kogin Nilu kwarin ruwa ne na kasa da kasa, wanda ke ratsawa ta cikin kasashe mabanbanta guda 10 masu cin gashin kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kogin Nilu yana ratsawa ne ta cikin kasashen Sudan, Sudan ta Kudu, Burundi, Rwanda, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Habasha, da Masar, kuma ana daukarsa a matsayin kogi mafi tsayi a duniya. Nilu shi ne kadai muhimmin tushen ruwa a Arewacin Afirka kuma kashi 40% na al'ummar Afirka suna zaune ne a

=== Yaƙin Basasar Sudan ===
Samun damar yin amfani da muhimman albarkatu, musamman ruwa, shi ne babban dalilin da ya haifar da Yaƙin Basasa a Sudan. Ta fuskar muhalli, an raba Sudan zuwa yankuna biyu: na arewa da na kudu. Shashen Arewa yana da yawan jama'a kuma mafi yawancinsu Larabawa Musulmi ne. Kodayake Kogin Nilu yana ratsawa ta yankin arewacin Sudan, galibi yana wajen madatsun ruwa na ƙoramu da koguna da ke haɗuwa su zama Farin Nilu da Baƙin Nilu a can can kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kudancin ƙasar kuma ba shi da yawan jama'a sosai, amma yana da albarkar ƙasa sosai. Yana samun isasshen ruwan sama kuma yana amfana daga ƙoramu da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da dama da ke warwatse a fadin yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Fari mai dorewa da kwararowar hamada, haɓakar yawan jama'a, da buƙatar ƙara yawan abinci sun tilasta wa Larabawan arewa da dama neman ƙasashe da albarkatu a kudu. Shigo da kayan aikin gona na zamani da Arewa ta yi na ci gaba da barazana ga tsarin noman abinci na gargajiya na mutanen kudu. Sakamakon haka, mutanen kudu waɗanda suka tsara kansu a ƙarƙashin Rundunar 'Yantar da Al'ummar Sudan (SPLA),&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; sun yi yaƙi da mamayar arewa na tsawon kusan shekaru sodoki.

Rikicin ruwa a Sudan yawanci ya dogara ne akan ginin madatsun ruwa ko ayyukan noma. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun dalilan rikici shi ne aikin ginin Madatsar Ruwa ta Jonglei (Jonglei Canal), wanda aka fara a shekarar 1978. An fara aikin ne saboda manyan dalilai guda biyu: domin magance ambaliyar ruwa a Yankin Sudd don samar da ƙarin ƙasar noma, da kuma kiyaye ruwan da ke bace wa ta hanyar tururi saboda tsayuwar da ya yi a madatun.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Adadin ruwan da ake rasa wa ta hanyar tururi an kiyasta shi ya kai mcm/y 4000.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Gwamnatocin Sudan da Masar duka sun goyi bayan aikin domin kowannensu zai amfana da ƙarin ruwan. Madatsar Ruwa ta Jonglei tana da girman gaske ta yadda har ana iya gani daga sararin samaniya. Tana da fadin kafa 210 da zurfin kafa 16 a matsakaici.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;
Katsewar ruwan fadama ya yi barazana ga kusan mutanen ƙabila miliyan 1.7 na yankin waɗanda suka dogara da fadamar don rayuwarsu, kuma a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1974, mazauna yankin sun yi zanga-zanga tare da tarzoma a birnin Juba da ke kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Mutanen kudu sun fara tururuwa zuwa kungiyar SPLA, wanda hakan ya kai ga hare-hare na nuna ƙarfi a wuraren gine-gine a kan titin Madatsar Ruwa ta Jonglei. A ƙarshe sun tilasta dakatar da aikin a shekarar 1984. An riga an gina kilomita 250 daga cikin kilomita 360 na madatsar ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;

Mamayar harkar noman zamani ta mutanen arewa a kudancin Sudan ita ma ta haddasa rikici. Gwamnatin da Larabawa ke iko da ita ta yi tunanin bunƙasa aikin noma a Kudu, kuma manoma daga arewa sun ci gaba da shiga cikin filayen kudu masu albarka. Wannan mamaya ta yi barazana ga ƙabilar Nilotic, waɗanda ke gudanar da harkokin kiwon shanu na kudancin ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Mutanen kudu sun mayar da martani ga mamayar arewa ta hanyar gaba da fada.

Sake ɓarkewar rikici ya faru tsakanin gwamnatin arewa da al'ummar Sudan game da shawarar da gwamnatin ta yanke na gina madatsar ruwa ta Kajbar a kogin Nilu. Tafkin da zai samo asali daga hakan zai tilasta wa rage mazaunin ƙarshen ƙabilar Nubian da suka rage a Sudan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Yawancin mahaifar Nubian an riga an nutsar da ita da ruwa bayan da Masar ta gina babbar madatsar ruwa ta Aswan (Aswan High Dam) a shekarun 1950. Mutanen Sudan da yawa sun yi zanga-zangar nuna rashin amincewa da gina Kajbar, har ma mambobin ƙungiyar Nubian Alliance sun yi barazanar kisan kai gaba ɗaya a matsayin zanga-zanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Sun ƙi amsar tayin diyya da gwamnatin Sudan ta yi musu.

=== Rikice-rikicen Yanki ===
Baya ga kasancewarsa silar rikicin cikin gida a tsakanin ƙasashe, ruwa ya kuma haifar da takaddama ta waje tsakanin ƙasashe masu zaman kansu. Yayin da Masar ke amfani da kashi 99% na wadatar ruwan Nilu,&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; kaɗan ne daga cikin ruwan ke farowa daga cikin iyakokin Masar. Babban buƙatar ruwa na ƙasa da ke can ƙarshen rafi sau da yawa yakan rura wuta ga rikicin yanki. Haka lamarin yake a Arewacin Afirka.
[[File:Red Sea 37.95521E 21.41271N.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Jan Teku.| Arewa maso Gabashin Afirka, Jan Teku, Yankin Larabawa da Sinai]]</text>
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'''Rikicin ruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka''' (MENA) ya fi mayar da hankali ne a kan manyan kwarurukan koguna guda uku: kwarin Kogin Jordan, kwarin kogunan Tigris da Euphrates, da kuma kwarin Kogin Nilu. Yankin MENA ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita miliyan 11.1. Akwai manyan hamada guda uku a yankin na MENA:&lt;ref name=&quot;abuzeid2006&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Conflict and Conflict Management Mechanisms in the Middle East and North Africa |url=http://water.cedare.int/cedare.int/files15%5CFile2862.pdf |publisher=Centre for Environment and Development for the Arab Region and Europe |author1=Khaled AbuZeid |author2=Amr Abdel-Meguid |date=March 2006 |access-date=2012-05-04 |archive-date=2015-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610224547/http://water.cedare.int/cedare.int/files15%5CFile2862.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hamadar Sahara, wadda ta kunshi manyan sassa na Arewacin Afirka.
* Rub' al Khali, a kudancin Yarjejeniyar Larabawa (Arabian Peninsula).
* Badiat El-Sham (Hamadar Siriya), a arewacin Yarjejeniyar Larabawa.
Bugu da kari, babban sashi na kasar Iran hamada ne ya mamaye shi. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara bai kai 100 mm ba a kashi 65% na yankin, yana tsakanin 100 da 300 mm a kashi 15% na yankin, kuma ya fi 300 mm a sauran yankunan da suka rage.&lt;ref name=&quot;abuzeid2006&quot;/&gt; Yanayin da ke haifar da rikici ana hasashen zai kara ta'azzara kuma ya dada sarkakiya yayin da cikakken tasirin canjin yanayi a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka zai bayyana a cikin karni na 21.

== Kwarin Kogin Jordan ==

=== Albarkatun ruwa ===
[[File:Middle East Topographic Political EN.svg|thumb|left|Taswirar tauraron dan adam na Gabas ta Tsakiya.]]
Hanyoyin ruwa guda uku da ke samar da Kogin Jordan – Kogin Hasbani (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 250 Mm3), Kogin Banias (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 125 Mm3), da Kogin Dan (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 250 Mm3) sun samo asali ne daga kasashen Lebanon, Siriya, da Isra'ila.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Ju'ub|first=Dr. Ghassan Abu|title=Water Conflicts in the Middle East Between the Present and the Future|url=http://www.alazhar.edu.ps/arabic/centers/IWE/Researches/GazaPaper-new/water.pdf|publisher=Al-Azhar University|access-date=2012-04-10|archive-date=2012-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711013149/http://www.alazhar.edu.ps/arabic/centers/IWE/Researches/GazaPaper-new/water.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna haduwa ne a Tafkin Huleh sannan su kwarara zuwa kudu a matsayin Kogin Jordan. Daidai kudancin Tiberias, Kogin Yarmuk yana haduwa da Kogin Jordan. Gaba daya, Kogin Jordan yana kwarara ne na kusan kilomita 350, yana farawa daga gindin Dutsen Hermon a arewa kuma ya kare a Tekun Gishiri (Dead Sea) a kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kogin yana da kiyasin kwararar ruwa na 1880 MCM/Y, inda kashi 73 cikin dari na ruwan ya samo asali ne daga kasashen Larabawa sannan kashi 27 cikin dari kuma ya samo asali daga Isra'ila.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Kiser|first=Stephen|title=WATER: THE HYDRAULIC PARAMETER OF CONFLICT IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA|journal=USAF Institute for National Security Studies|date=September 2000|series=INSS Occasional Papers|issue=35|pages=59|url=http://www.usafa.edu/df/inss/OCP/ocp35.pdf|access-date=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wani binciken USAF na watan Satumban 2000, sama da kashi 90% na ruwan kasar Siriya ana raba shi ne da kasashen makwabta kamar su Iraki, Turkiyya, Isra'ila, Lebanon, da Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kusan kashi 36 cikin dari na hanyoyin ruwan kasar Jordan ana raba su ne da Siriya, Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank), da Isra'ila, kuma sama da rabin ruwan Isra'ila ana raba shi ne da Siriya, Lebanon, Jordan, da Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;

Yankin can gaba zuwa arewa, Kogin Litani da Kogin Orontes sune suka kunshi yankin magudanar ruwa na arewacin Levant. Kodayake wuraren da kogunan suka samo asali suna kusa da juna a labarin kasa, Kogin Litani yana kwarara ne zuwa kudu sannan yamma zuwa Tekun Mediterane kusa da Tyre, yana ratsawa ta cikin kasar Lebanon kadai, yayin da Kogin Orontes kuma yake kwarara zuwa arewa zuwa cikin kasar Siriya, yana shiga Tekun Mediterane a kusa da birnin Antioch.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kiyasin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na Kogin Litani wanda ya kai 410 MCM/Y ya kasance manufar shawarwarin magance matsalar ruwa da Siriya, Jordan, da Isra'ila suka gabatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Siriya, Lebanon, da Isra'ila duka suna da madatsun ruwan sha na karkashin kasa na dabi'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Akwai manyan madatsun ruwa guda biyu na karkashin kasa wadanda ke samar da ruwan sha ga Isra'ila ta zamani. Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse (Mountain Aquifer) tana karkashin Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank). Tana sake cika kanta da 679 Mm3 na ruwa duk shekara, inda 78 Mm3 daga ciki yake da gishiri-gishiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Manyan kwaruruka guda uku na Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse sune kwarin Gabas, kwarin Yamma, da kuma kwarin Arewa maso Gabas. Kwarin Gabas shi ne mafi kankanta dangane da yawan ruwan sha amma shi ne mafi girma dangane da fadin kasa. Ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita 3260.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kwarin Yamma shi ne mafi girma a cikin ukun dangane da yawan ruwan sha da yake dauke da shi. Ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita 1780.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; A karshe, kwarin Arewa maso Gabas yana da fadin kusan murabba'in kilomita 610.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Madatsar Ruwa ta Gabar Teku (Coastal Aquifer) da ke tare da Gabar Tekun Mediterane tana da jimillar sake cika kanta ta shekara-shekara na 330 Mm3.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt;

Yankin da ke kewaye da kwarin Kogin Jordan yana daya daga cikin mafi bushewa a duniya. Isra'ila da arewa maso yammacin Jordan suna samun matsakaicin ruwan sama na 1190 cm a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kadan ne kawai daga cikin wannan ruwan za a iya amfani da shi. Kasashen Kuwait, Libya, Oman, da Singapore ne kadai ke samun karancin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara fiye da Jordan ko Isra'ila. Siriya da Lebanon, sabanin haka, suna samun isasshen ruwan sama don tallafawa aikin gona da sake cika madatsun ruwa na karkashin kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kamar yadda aka bayyana a baya, yayin da sassan arewacin Jordan da Isra'ila ke samun 110 cm na ruwan sama na shekara-shekara, tsakiyar Jordan da Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan suna samun 20 mcm/y. Sai dai kashi 3 mcm/y kacal ne na wannan ruwan za a iya amfani da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;

=== Amfani da ruwa ===
Isra'ila tana amfani da kusan 850 MCM/Y na ruwan karkashin kasa, inda 400 MCM/Y daga ciki ke fitowa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse. A shekarar 1964, Isra'ila ta fara dibar 320 MCM/Y daga Kogin Jordan don babban Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Kasa (National Water Carrier). Ya zuwa shekarar 1967, babban Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Kasa na Isra'ila yana kwashe kusan kashi 70 cikin dari na Kogin Jordan kafin ya kai ga mutanen Falasdinu a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; A shekarun 1980, 'yan ciranin Yahudawa da suka zauna a yankin sun shanye ruwa sau bakai fiye da manoman Larabawa. Wasu majiyoyin sun nuna bambanci kadan, kodayake har yanzu yana da yawa. A cewar wani binciken watan Satumba na shekarar 2000, Isra'ila tana amfani da 1180 MCM/Y, ko kashi 62 cikin dari na jimillar samar da ruwa na shekara-shekara a aikin gona. Idan aka kwatanta, kasar Jordan tana amfani da 67 MCM/Y, ko kashi 74 cikin dari na jimillar samar da ruwanta a aikin gona.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kusan kashi 48 cikin dari na matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na shekara-shekara na Isra'ila wanda ya kai 1,950 MCM/Y yana fitowa ne daga yankunan da aka kwace a shekarar 1967. 400 MCM/Y na wannan ruwan yana fitowa ne daga ruwan karkashin kasa na Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan, yayin da 450 MCM/Y ke fitowa daga saman Kogin Jordan da Tuddan Golan (Golan Heights).&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Sai dai tun a shekarar 1981, kasar Isra'ila ta kasance tana amfani da kashi 99 cikin dari na albarkatun ruwan da take da su.

=== Tsarin Samar da Ruwa ===

==== Lokacin Mulkin Mallaka na Birtaniya (1917–1948)====
A lokacin da Birtaniya ke mulkin mallaka a Falasdinu (1913–1948), akwai tsarin noman rani guda uku a gefen gabashin tuddan Yahudawa (Judaean Mountains). Magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Qelt tana samar da 3 MCM/Y na ruwan sha ga birnin Jericho daga idon ruwan Ein Fara, Ein Fawar, da Ein Qelt.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Bugu da kari, magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Uja tana wadata kwarin Uja da 7 MCM/Y na ruwan sha daga idon ruwan Ein Uja, sannan magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Faria ta kwashe 5 MCM/Y na ruwa daga idon ruwan Ein Shibli, Ein Isca, da Ein Baidan zuwa Giftlik.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Gvirtzman|first=Haim|title=The Israeli-Palestinian Water Conflict: An Israeli Perspective|url=http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/MSPS94.pdf|publisher=The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karkashin mulkin Roma, magudanar ruwa na Nablus da Jerusalem sun kasance suna aiki a tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya. Wadannan magudanar ruwa sun kawo karin jimillar 3 MCM/Y ga Sabastia da Kudus. Lokacin mulkin mallakar na Birtaniya, an sake amfani da wasu kananan idon ruwa na karkashin kasa guda 200 sannan aka tara ruwan sama daga tankuna, wanda hakan ya samar da karin 5 MCM/Y na ruwan sha a lokutan damina mai yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; Tare da karin masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu wadanda ke samar da karin 2 MCM/Y ga Kudus da Ramallah, matsakaicin karfin ruwa a tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya ya kasance 25 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; [[File:Lasjalomne023 (7).jpg|thumb|left|alt=Tafkin Tiberias.| Tafkin Tiberias]]
Tsare-tsare da yawa sun yi kokarin raba albarkatun ruwa na yankin lokacin mulkin mallakar Birtaniya. Tsarin Ionides na shekarar 1939 ya ba da shawarwari guda uku. Na farko, ya ba da shawarar adana ruwan ambaliya na Kogin Yarmouk a cikin Tafkin Tiberias (Tekun Galilea).&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Isaac|first=Jad|title=Roots of the Water Conflict in the Middle East|url=http://web.macam.ac.il/~arnon/Int-ME/water/Roots%20of%20the%20Water%20Conflict%20in%20the%20Middle%20East.htm|publisher=Applied Research Institute – Jerusalem|author2=Leonardo Hosh |date=7–9 May 1992}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na biyu, ya kayyadewa sassan ruwan tafkin da za a karkatar ta hanyar madatsar ruwa ta East Ghor Canal don amfani da shi a aikin noman rani a gabashin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Na uku, ya takaita amfani da ruwan kwarin Kogin Jordan ga kwarin Kogin Jordan kadai.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Masu fafutukar sahyoniyanci (Zionist advocates) sun yi watsi da wannan shirin saboda sun hango amfani da ruwan kwarin Kogin Jordan don gina matsugunai a Hamadar Negev da ke kudancin kasar. Sabanin haka, Tsarin Lowdermilk, wanda Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta dauki nauyin gudanarwa, ya ba da shawarar shayar da kwarin Kogin Jordan da karkatar da kogunan Jordan da Yarmouk don samar da wutar lantarki.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1948, James B. Hays ya yi amfani da sakamakon binciken Lowdermilk a matsayin tushen Tsarin Hays, inda za a karkatar da Kogin Yarmouk zuwa Tafkin Tiberias domin biyan diyyar ruwan da aka rasa wajen karkatar da Kogin Jordan don ayyukan aikin gona.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt;

==== Mulkin kasar Jordan (1948–1967) ====
A shekarar 1948, Isra'ila ta zama kasa a hukumance. Masarautar Jordan ta karbi ikon kula da albarkatun ruwa na tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya. Sun ci gaba da rike ikon mallakar yankin har zuwa Yakin Kwanaki Shida (Six-Day War) a shekarar 1967. Karin rijiyoyin da aka tona a wannan lokacin ya sanya matsakaicin samar da ruwa a yankin ya kai 66 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; Sai dai garuruwan Falasdinawa hudu kacal daga cikin 708 ne ke da alaka da tsarin samar da ruwa a wancan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1965 an sake tona wasu rijiyoyi 350, wadanda ke samar da jimillar 41 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt;
A lokacin Yakin Falasdinu na 1947-1949, dakarun Yahudawa sun lalata masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta Rutenburg a kokarinsu na hana ikon Larabawa na musamman a kan kogunan Jordan da Yarmouk.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Sakamakon haka, Gvernatin Jordan da Hukumar Agaji da Ayyuka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNRWA) suka ba da umarnin gudanar da Tsarin MacDonald, wanda ya yi kama da Tsarin Ionides (1939) wajen takaita ruwan kwarin Kogin Jordan ga kwarin Kogin Jordan kadai. Ya kuma yi kira da a karkatar da Kogin Yarmouk don adana shi a Tafkin Tiberias domin amfani da shi wajen tallafawa ci gaban aikin gona a bangarorin biyu na Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Jordan da Siriya sun goyi bayan Tsarin Bunger, wanda ya ba da shawarar gina madatsar ruwa a Kogin Yarmouk da samar da masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu don wadatar da Jordan da Siriya da wutar lantarki. A shekarar 1953, jim kadan bayan an fara ginin, karuwar matsin lamba daga Amurka ta tilasta wa Jordan da Siriya yin watsi da shirye-shiryen nasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Gwamnatin Eisenhower ta tura Eric Johnston a matsayin jakada na musamman. Tsarin Johnston ya aiwatar da manufofin binciken Hukumar Kwarin Tennessee wanda Chales Main ya gudanar – wato Tsarin Main – wanda ya kunshi kason raba ruwa na kwarin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Kodayake babu wani bangare da ya amince da shirin, an yi amfani da shi azaman tushen shawarwari da dama na warware rikicin ruwa na gaba.

==== Hukumar Isra'ila (1967–yanzu) ====
[[File:Water supply in West Bank and Gaza February 2014 5water photoblog.jpg|thumb|right|Mazauna kauyen Falasdinu suna siyan ruwa daga motocin dakon ruwa a Khirbet A-Duqaiqah a tuddan Hebron]]
Lokacin da Isra'ila ta mamaye Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank) a Yakin Kwanaki Shida na shekarar 1967, an bayyana albarkatun ruwa na yankin a matsayin mallakar kasa. Mamayar tana da tasiri mai yawa a kan rayuwar yau da kullum ta al'ummar Falasdinu da kuma samar musu da ruwa:&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Palestinian Water: Resources, Use, Conservation, Climate Change, and Land Use |last = Hassan, M.A., McIntyre G.|date = 2012|journal = Digest of Middle East Studies |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=313–326| doi=10.1111/j.1949-3606.2012.00175.x }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title = The Jordan Valley: a case study profile. Part of CLICO project tasks.|last = Tamimi, A., Abu Jamous, S.|date = 2012|journal = Unpublished CLICO Deliverable}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta fannoni da dama, mamayar tana nuna keta dokokin kasa da kasa, kamar dokar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa ko dokar jinkai ta kasa da kasa. Musamman kwace filaye da rushe gine-gine da sojopin Isra'ila ke yi gami da sanya takunkumi kan zirga-zirgar mutane da kayayyaki sun fuskanci suka mai tsanani. Tun daga shekarar 1967, mafi yawancin hanyoyin ruwa sojopin Isra'ila ne ke iko da su. Haka kuma, ana karkatar da albarkatun ruwan kuma ana hana al'ummar Falasdinu samun damar yin amfani da yawancinsu. A lokaci guda, Isra'ila tana da'awar cewa Falasdinawa suna tona rijiyoyi ba tare da izini ba. Kayan aikin ruwa masu yawa na Falasdinawa, gami da tankunan adana ruwa, rijiyoyi, da tsarin noman rani, ana bayyana su a matsayin haramtattu sannan ana rushe su cikin tsari. Da yake galibi an hana gina sabbin kayan aikin ruwa na Falasdinawa, tsarin samar da ruwa na Falasdinawa yana cikin mummunan yanayi. Ta wannan hanyar, suna nuna rauni da rashin tabbas na matsayin siyasa na Falasdinu. Da yake mafi yawancin mutane a Gabas ta Yammacin Kogin Jordan sun dogara ne da aikin gona, karancin ruwan na Falasdinawa yana raunana tattalin arzikin yankin. Ta haka, yana taimakawa sosai wajen haifar da talauci da rashin aikin yi. Rashin daidaiton rabon ruwa a yankunan Falasdinawa ya haifar da kalmar &quot;wariya ta ruwa&quot; (water apartheid).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title = When the rivers run dry: What happens when our water runs out?|last = Pearce, F.|publisher = Eden Project Books.|year = 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kodayake yana da wahala a sami ingantattun bayanai, matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na Isra'ila a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan ya ninka kusan sau 6 matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na Falasdinawa wanda ke kusan lita 50 ga mutum daya a rana, wanda hakan kusan rabin matakin mafi kankanta da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ba da shawarar amfani da shi ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Sai dai akwai wasu bayanan da ke nuna yanayi mabanbanci. Ta hanyar cire ruwan kazanta da aka tace da ruwan teku da aka tace gami da amfani da mabanbantan bayanan al'umma, Gvirtzman&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot; /&gt; (2012) misali yana jayayya cewa matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na Isra'ila da na Falasdinawa a yau ya kusan zama daya. Manyan bambance-bambance a cikin bayanan ruwa na Isra'ila da Falasdinu suna nuna yadda batun rabon ruwa yake da takaddama da kuma gaggawa har yanzu.
[[File:Ma'ale adumim 02.JPG|thumb|right|Wurin ninkaya a matsugunin Yahudawa na Ma'ale Adumim, a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan]]
Har zuwa yau, babu wata yarjejeniya ta karshe da ke ba al'ummar Falasdinu hakkin ruwa. Kodayake batutuwan ruwa sun kasance babban jigo a Tsarin Zaman Lafiya na Oslo (Oslo Peace Process), ba a warware takaddamar ruwan ba ta hanyar shawarwarin. Lallai, Sashi na 40 na &quot;Yarjejeniyar Riko ta Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan da Katariyar Gaza&quot; (1995) yana bayani ne kan hakkin ruwa na Falasdinawa, amma yana bayyana cewa &quot;za a tattauna wadannan a cikin shawarwarin matsayi na dindindin kuma a daidaita su a cikin Yarjejeniyar Matsayi na Dindindin da ta shafi mabanbantan albarkatun ruwa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Peace/Guide/Pages/THE%20ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN%20INTERIM%20AGREEMENT%20-%20Annex%20III.aspx#app-40|title = The Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip - Annex III.|date = 1995|access-date = 2015-11-25|publisher = Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}&lt;/ref&gt; A halin da ake ciki, &quot;a lokacin riko za a raba jimillar ruwa na 28.6 mcm/shekara&quot; ga al'ummar Falasdinu &quot;domin biyan bukatu na gaggawa [..] na ruwan sha don amfanin gida&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A zahiri, sakamakon takaddama da ke ci gaba da faruwa tsakanin Isra'ila da Falasdinu, ba a tattauna Yarjejeniyar Matsayi na Dindindin ba. Saboda haka, yarjejeniyar ta ci gaba da kiyaye mamayar Isra'ila a fakaice a kan albarkatun ruwa sannan ta dauki batun karancin ruwa a yankunan Falasdinawa da aka mamaye a matsayin batun bukatar jin kai maimakon hakki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Bugu da kari, an kafa Hukumar Ruwa ta Hadin Gwiwa tsakanin Isra'ila da Falasdinu (JWC) domin aiwatar da yarjejeniyar cikin tsarin hadin gwiwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Kwamitocin Ruwa, Injiniya, Kazanta, da Farashi na JWC suna tattaunawa akai-akai don amincewa da ginin tsarin samar da ruwa ko gine-ginen kwashe kazanta. A matsayin wani bangare na wannan yarjejeniya, Isra'ila ta mika ragamar kula da samar da ruwa a yankunan Falasdinawa ga Hukumar Falasdinu (Palestinian Authority). Duk da haka, Hukumar Falasdinun tana da wahalar sauke nauyin da ke kanta, domin mambobin Isra'ila na Hukumar Ruwa ta Hadin Gwiwa suna da ikon yin watsi da (veto) kowane shiri na Falasdinawa. Haka kuma, mambobin Hukumar Falasdinun ba su da damar shiga yawancin yankuna saboda sojoji sun hana su izini. Sakamakon shi ne cewa sama da kashi 33% na ruwan da ake kaiwa yankunan Falasdinawa &quot;yana zuba ne daga bututun cikin gida&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot; /&gt; Bangarorin biyu suna jayayya cewa ba a sake bin dokokin da aka kafa a Oslo. Da yake ba a raba wa al'ummar Falasdinu isasshen ruwa ba, za a iya kallon ayyukan Hukumar Ruwa ta Hadin Gwiwa a matsayin marasa gamsarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Kwarin Kogin Nilu ==

=== Albarkatun ruwa ===
[[File:Egypt Nil.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Kogin Nilu.| Kogin Nilu a kasar Masar]]
Kogin Nilu kwarin ruwa ne na kasa da kasa, wanda ke ratsawa ta cikin kasashe mabanbanta guda 10 masu cin gashin kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kogin Nilu yana ratsawa ne ta cikin kasashen Sudan, Sudan ta Kudu, Burundi, Rwanda, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Habasha, da Masar, kuma ana daukarsa a matsayin kogi mafi tsayi a duniya. Nilu shi ne kadai muhimmin tushen ruwa a Arewacin Afirka kuma kashi 40% na al'ummar Afirka suna zaune ne a

=== Yaƙin Basasar Sudan ===
Samun damar yin amfani da muhimman albarkatu, musamman ruwa, shi ne babban dalilin da ya haifar da Yaƙin Basasa a Sudan. Ta fuskar muhalli, an raba Sudan zuwa yankuna biyu: na arewa da na kudu. Shashen Arewa yana da yawan jama'a kuma mafi yawancinsu Larabawa Musulmi ne. Kodayake Kogin Nilu yana ratsawa ta yankin arewacin Sudan, galibi yana wajen madatsun ruwa na ƙoramu da koguna da ke haɗuwa su zama Farin Nilu da Baƙin Nilu a can can kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kudancin ƙasar kuma ba shi da yawan jama'a sosai, amma yana da albarkar ƙasa sosai. Yana samun isasshen ruwan sama kuma yana amfana daga ƙoramu da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da dama da ke warwatse a fadin yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Fari mai dorewa da kwararowar hamada, haɓakar yawan jama'a, da buƙatar ƙara yawan abinci sun tilasta wa Larabawan arewa da dama neman ƙasashe da albarkatu a kudu. Shigo da kayan aikin gona na zamani da Arewa ta yi na ci gaba da barazana ga tsarin noman abinci na gargajiya na mutanen kudu. Sakamakon haka, mutanen kudu waɗanda suka tsara kansu a ƙarƙashin Rundunar 'Yantar da Al'ummar Sudan (SPLA),&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; sun yi yaƙi da mamayar arewa na tsawon kusan shekaru sodoki.

Rikicin ruwa a Sudan yawanci ya dogara ne akan ginin madatsun ruwa ko ayyukan noma. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun dalilan rikici shi ne aikin ginin Madatsar Ruwa ta Jonglei (Jonglei Canal), wanda aka fara a shekarar 1978. An fara aikin ne saboda manyan dalilai guda biyu: domin magance ambaliyar ruwa a Yankin Sudd don samar da ƙarin ƙasar noma, da kuma kiyaye ruwan da ke bace wa ta hanyar tururi saboda tsayuwar da ya yi a madatun.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Adadin ruwan da ake rasa wa ta hanyar tururi an kiyasta shi ya kai mcm/y 4000.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Gwamnatocin Sudan da Masar duka sun goyi bayan aikin domin kowannensu zai amfana da ƙarin ruwan. Madatsar Ruwa ta Jonglei tana da girman gaske ta yadda har ana iya gani daga sararin samaniya. Tana da fadin kafa 210 da zurfin kafa 16 a matsakaici.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;
Katsewar ruwan fadama ya yi barazana ga kusan mutanen ƙabila miliyan 1.7 na yankin waɗanda suka dogara da fadamar don rayuwarsu, kuma a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1974, mazauna yankin sun yi zanga-zanga tare da tarzoma a birnin Juba da ke kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Mutanen kudu sun fara tururuwa zuwa kungiyar SPLA, wanda hakan ya kai ga hare-hare na nuna ƙarfi a wuraren gine-gine a kan titin Madatsar Ruwa ta Jonglei. A ƙarshe sun tilasta dakatar da aikin a shekarar 1984. An riga an gina kilomita 250 daga cikin kilomita 360 na madatsar ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;

Mamayar harkar noman zamani ta mutanen arewa a kudancin Sudan ita ma ta haddasa rikici. Gwamnatin da Larabawa ke iko da ita ta yi tunanin bunƙasa aikin noma a Kudu, kuma manoma daga arewa sun ci gaba da shiga cikin filayen kudu masu albarka. Wannan mamaya ta yi barazana ga ƙabilar Nilotic, waɗanda ke gudanar da harkokin kiwon shanu na kudancin ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Mutanen kudu sun mayar da martani ga mamayar arewa ta hanyar gaba da fada.

Sake ɓarkewar rikici ya faru tsakanin gwamnatin arewa da al'ummar Sudan game da shawarar da gwamnatin ta yanke na gina madatsar ruwa ta Kajbar a kogin Nilu. Tafkin da zai samo asali daga hakan zai tilasta wa rage mazaunin ƙarshen ƙabilar Nubian da suka rage a Sudan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Yawancin mahaifar Nubian an riga an nutsar da ita da ruwa bayan da Masar ta gina babbar madatsar ruwa ta Aswan (Aswan High Dam) a shekarun 1950. Mutanen Sudan da yawa sun yi zanga-zangar nuna rashin amincewa da gina Kajbar, har ma mambobin ƙungiyar Nubian Alliance sun yi barazanar kisan kai gaba ɗaya a matsayin zanga-zanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Sun ƙi amsar tayin diyya da gwamnatin Sudan ta yi musu.

=== Rikice-rikicen Yanki ===
Baya ga kasancewarsa silar rikicin cikin gida a tsakanin ƙasashe, ruwa ya kuma haifar da takaddama ta waje tsakanin ƙasashe masu zaman kansu. Yayin da Masar ke amfani da kashi 99% na wadatar ruwan Nilu,&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; kaɗan ne daga cikin ruwan ke farowa daga cikin iyakokin Masar. Babban buƙatar ruwa na ƙasa da ke can ƙarshen rafi sau da yawa yakan rura wuta ga rikicin yanki. Haka lamarin yake a Arewacin Afirka.
[[File:Red Sea 37.95521E 21.41271N.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Jan Teku.| Arewa maso Gabashin Afirka, Jan Teku, Yankin Larabawa da Sinai]]

A farkon shekarun 1900, ƙarancin auduga na duniya ya matsa wa Masar da Sudan lamba don yin amfani da ƙasashe masu kyau don ƙara yawan noman auduga.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last = Wolf|first = Aaron|title = Middle East Water Conflicts and Directions for Conflict Resolution|url = http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABY541.pdf|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151125225040/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABY541.pdf|url-status = dead|archive-date = November 25, 2015|publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Auduga, sai dai, yana buƙatar shayarwa mai yawa kuma bai dace da yanayin ƙasar Masar da Sudan ba kamar sauran amfanin gona na gargajiya. Buƙatar ruwa da kula da ambaliyar ruwa sun haifar da ayyukan samar da ruwa a tsawon kogin Nilu, wanda hakan ya saba haifar da arangama tsakanin ofishin harkokin waje na Birtaniya – Sudan tana ƙarƙashin mulkin haɗin gwiwa na Birtaniya da Masar a lokacin – da kuma mutanen Masar da na Sudan na gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, ya bayyana sarai cewa ana buƙatar sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar raba ruwa ta hukuma don daidaita amfani da ruwan Nilu. A shekarar 1920, aka kafa Hukumar Ayyukan Nilu (Nile Projects Commission).&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Ƙarƙashin jagorancin wakilai daga Indiya, Burtaniya, da Amurka, hukumar ta kiyasta amfani da ruwa bisa buƙatun amfani da ruwa na kowace ƙasa. Dangane da matsakaicin adadin kwararar ruwa na bcm/y 84, hukumar ta kiyasta amfanin Masar da ake buƙata ya zama bcm/y 58, yayin da aka yi imanin Sudan za ta iya biyan buƙatunta na ban ruwa ta hanyar amfani da ruwan Baƙin Nilu kaɗai.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Hukumar ta kuma ba da shawarar raba duk wani sauyi daga matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara daidai tsakanin Masar da Sudan. Sai dai, ba a taɓa yin aiki da sakamakon binciken hukumar ba. Haka kuma a shekarar 1920, Birtaniya ta ba da shawarar Shirin Adana Ruwa na ƙarni (Century Storage Scheme), mafi kyawun shiri don samar da ruwa a tsawon kogin Nilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Shirin ya bukaci da a gina wurin adana ruwa a kan iyakar Uganda da Sudan, da gina madatsar ruwa a Sennar na ƙasar Sudan, don shayar da yankunan kudancin Sudan, da kuma madatsar ruwa a tsawon Farin Nilu don riƙe ruwan ambaliyar lokacin rani don amfanin Masar a lokacin rani.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Tsarin na Birtaniya ya damun Masarawa da yawa, tunda yawancin manyan gine-ginen ruwan za a gina su ne a wajen yankin Masar. A ranar 7 ga Mayu, 1929, Masar da Sudan suka sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Nilu. Dangane da yawancin sakamakon binciken hukumar na shekarar 1920, yarjejeniyar ta ware bcm/y 4 ga Sudan, da bcm/y 48 ga Masar. Sai dai tsakanin 20 ga Janairu da 15 ga Yuli, dukkan kwararar ruwan Nilu an ware shi ne don amfanin Masar kaɗai.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt;

A shekarun 1950, Masar ta gudanar da aikin gina babbar madatsar ruwa ta Aswan ita kaɗai har zuwa shekarar 1954, lokacin da aka sanya Sudan a cikin tattaunawar. Zagayen farko na tattaunawa tsakanin Masar da Sudan ya gudana ne a watan Disamba na shekarar 1954, amma aka soke shi kafin a cimma matsaya ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Gwamnatocin biyu sun sake haɗuwa a watan Afrilu na shekarar 1955, inda suka sake kasawa wajen cimma daidaito. Takaddama ta ƙaru a shekarar 1958 bayan wani tawaye na Masar da ya gaza a yankin da ake takaddama a kai a kan iyakar Sudan. Don mayar da martani, Sudan ta ɗaukaka matakin Madatsar Ruwa ta Sennar a lokacin rani na shekarar 1959, wanda hakan ke nufin watsi da yarjejeniyar 1929 da aka sanya wa hannu da Masar.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Ƙasashin biyu sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Cikakken Amfani da Ruwan Nilu (Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Nilu) a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1959.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Nilu, bisa matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na bcm/y 84 ta tanadi abubuwa kamar haka:&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt;
* bcm/y 55.5 ga Masar, bcm/y 18.5 ga Sudan.
* Duk wani sauyi daga matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara za a raba shi daidai tsakanin Masar da Sudan.
* Har zuwa shekarar 1977, Sudan za ta &quot;ara&quot; wa Masar ƙarin bcm/y 1.5.
* Duk wani ci gaba na gaba da zai kai ga ƙaruwar kwararar ruwan Nilu za a biya kuɗinsa daidai tsakanin ƙasashin biyu. Kuma dukkan ruwan da zai samu za a raba shi daidai a tsakaninsu.
* Masar za ta biya Sudan fam miliyan 15 na Birtaniya a matsayin diyya na ambaliyar ruwa da ta gabata wacce ta samo asali daga ayyukan samar da ruwa na Masar.
Bugu da ƙari, yarjejeniyar ta 1959 ta kafa Kwamitin Haɗin Gwiwa na Fasaha na dindindin don magance duk wani rikici na gaba. Sudan da Masar duka sun amince cewa buƙatun ruwa na sauran ƙasashe takwas da ke raba kogin ba zai wuce bcm/y 1 zuwa 2 ba, sannan sun ƙara amincewa da fuskantar duk wata barazana ga albarkatun Nilu tare da haɗin gwiwar Masar da Sudan.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Gina babbar madatsar ruwa ta Aswan a shekarun 1960 ya kasance abin rigima domin ya nutsar da yankunan kudancin Sudan kusa da Wadi Halfa kuma ya raba mazauna Sudan da ke zaune a kan iyakar Masar da Sudan da matsugunansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;
[[File:MeroweDam-NASA.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Madatsar Ruwa ta Merowe.| Madatsar Ruwa ta Merowe, kamar yadda ake gani daga sararin samaniya.]]
A tsakiyar shekarun 1990 Masar ta fara wani babban aiki a can kudancin Aswan. Sabon Aikin Delta (New Delta Project) a kudancin Masar da Madatsar Ruwa ta Salaam a Yankin Sinai duka sun kasance manyan ayyuka da tsohon shugaban Masar Hosni Mubarak ya ɗauka don ƙara wadatar ruwa ga yawan jama'ar Masar da ke haɓaka, waɗanda suka bazu da nisa sosai daga kogin Nilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Ƙaruwar amfani da ruwan Masar silar rikici ce a yankin yayin da ƙasashe na sama – Sudan da Habasha – suka fara tabbatar da nasu haƙƙoƙin na gina madatsar ruwa a kogin don samar da wutar lantarki. Shirye-shiryen Sudan na gina madatsar ruwa ta Kajbar kusa da Khartoum a inda Farin Nilu da Baƙin Nilu suka haɗu &lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; ya haifar da takaddama ta ƙasa da ƙasa da dama. Sudan tana kuma shirin gina Madatsar Ruwa ta Merowe a kudancin Kajbar da kuma faɗaɗa Madatsar Ruwa ta Roseires, da ke da nisan mil 300 kudu maso gabashin Khartoum a kan Baƙin Nilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; An kiyasta cewa gina waɗannan ayyukan zai iya kai wa Sudan ga wuce gona da iri akan iyakokin ruwanta na yarjejeniyar 1959.</text>
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'''Rikicin ruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka''' (MENA) ya fi mayar da hankali ne a kan manyan kwarurukan koguna guda uku: kwarin Kogin Jordan, kwarin kogunan Tigris da Euphrates, da kuma kwarin Kogin Nilu. Yankin MENA ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita miliyan 11.1. Akwai manyan hamada guda uku a yankin na MENA:&lt;ref name=&quot;abuzeid2006&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Conflict and Conflict Management Mechanisms in the Middle East and North Africa |url=http://water.cedare.int/cedare.int/files15%5CFile2862.pdf |publisher=Centre for Environment and Development for the Arab Region and Europe |author1=Khaled AbuZeid |author2=Amr Abdel-Meguid |date=March 2006 |access-date=2012-05-04 |archive-date=2015-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610224547/http://water.cedare.int/cedare.int/files15%5CFile2862.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hamadar Sahara, wadda ta kunshi manyan sassa na Arewacin Afirka.
* Rub' al Khali, a kudancin Yarjejeniyar Larabawa (Arabian Peninsula).
* Badiat El-Sham (Hamadar Siriya), a arewacin Yarjejeniyar Larabawa.
Bugu da kari, babban sashi na kasar Iran hamada ne ya mamaye shi. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara bai kai 100 mm ba a kashi 65% na yankin, yana tsakanin 100 da 300 mm a kashi 15% na yankin, kuma ya fi 300 mm a sauran yankunan da suka rage.&lt;ref name=&quot;abuzeid2006&quot;/&gt; Yanayin da ke haifar da rikici ana hasashen zai kara ta'azzara kuma ya dada sarkakiya yayin da cikakken tasirin canjin yanayi a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka zai bayyana a cikin karni na 21.

== Kwarin Kogin Jordan ==

=== Albarkatun ruwa ===
[[File:Middle East Topographic Political EN.svg|thumb|left|Taswirar tauraron dan adam na Gabas ta Tsakiya.]]
Hanyoyin ruwa guda uku da ke samar da Kogin Jordan – Kogin Hasbani (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 250 Mm3), Kogin Banias (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 125 Mm3), da Kogin Dan (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 250 Mm3) sun samo asali ne daga kasashen Lebanon, Siriya, da Isra'ila.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Ju'ub|first=Dr. Ghassan Abu|title=Water Conflicts in the Middle East Between the Present and the Future|url=http://www.alazhar.edu.ps/arabic/centers/IWE/Researches/GazaPaper-new/water.pdf|publisher=Al-Azhar University|access-date=2012-04-10|archive-date=2012-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711013149/http://www.alazhar.edu.ps/arabic/centers/IWE/Researches/GazaPaper-new/water.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna haduwa ne a Tafkin Huleh sannan su kwarara zuwa kudu a matsayin Kogin Jordan. Daidai kudancin Tiberias, Kogin Yarmuk yana haduwa da Kogin Jordan. Gaba daya, Kogin Jordan yana kwarara ne na kusan kilomita 350, yana farawa daga gindin Dutsen Hermon a arewa kuma ya kare a Tekun Gishiri (Dead Sea) a kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kogin yana da kiyasin kwararar ruwa na 1880 MCM/Y, inda kashi 73 cikin dari na ruwan ya samo asali ne daga kasashen Larabawa sannan kashi 27 cikin dari kuma ya samo asali daga Isra'ila.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Kiser|first=Stephen|title=WATER: THE HYDRAULIC PARAMETER OF CONFLICT IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA|journal=USAF Institute for National Security Studies|date=September 2000|series=INSS Occasional Papers|issue=35|pages=59|url=http://www.usafa.edu/df/inss/OCP/ocp35.pdf|access-date=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wani binciken USAF na watan Satumban 2000, sama da kashi 90% na ruwan kasar Siriya ana raba shi ne da kasashen makwabta kamar su Iraki, Turkiyya, Isra'ila, Lebanon, da Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kusan kashi 36 cikin dari na hanyoyin ruwan kasar Jordan ana raba su ne da Siriya, Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank), da Isra'ila, kuma sama da rabin ruwan Isra'ila ana raba shi ne da Siriya, Lebanon, Jordan, da Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;

Yankin can gaba zuwa arewa, Kogin Litani da Kogin Orontes sune suka kunshi yankin magudanar ruwa na arewacin Levant. Kodayake wuraren da kogunan suka samo asali suna kusa da juna a labarin kasa, Kogin Litani yana kwarara ne zuwa kudu sannan yamma zuwa Tekun Mediterane kusa da Tyre, yana ratsawa ta cikin kasar Lebanon kadai, yayin da Kogin Orontes kuma yake kwarara zuwa arewa zuwa cikin kasar Siriya, yana shiga Tekun Mediterane a kusa da birnin Antioch.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kiyasin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na Kogin Litani wanda ya kai 410 MCM/Y ya kasance manufar shawarwarin magance matsalar ruwa da Siriya, Jordan, da Isra'ila suka gabatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Siriya, Lebanon, da Isra'ila duka suna da madatsun ruwan sha na karkashin kasa na dabi'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Akwai manyan madatsun ruwa guda biyu na karkashin kasa wadanda ke samar da ruwan sha ga Isra'ila ta zamani. Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse (Mountain Aquifer) tana karkashin Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank). Tana sake cika kanta da 679 Mm3 na ruwa duk shekara, inda 78 Mm3 daga ciki yake da gishiri-gishiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Manyan kwaruruka guda uku na Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse sune kwarin Gabas, kwarin Yamma, da kuma kwarin Arewa maso Gabas. Kwarin Gabas shi ne mafi kankanta dangane da yawan ruwan sha amma shi ne mafi girma dangane da fadin kasa. Ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita 3260.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kwarin Yamma shi ne mafi girma a cikin ukun dangane da yawan ruwan sha da yake dauke da shi. Ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita 1780.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; A karshe, kwarin Arewa maso Gabas yana da fadin kusan murabba'in kilomita 610.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Madatsar Ruwa ta Gabar Teku (Coastal Aquifer) da ke tare da Gabar Tekun Mediterane tana da jimillar sake cika kanta ta shekara-shekara na 330 Mm3.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt;

Yankin da ke kewaye da kwarin Kogin Jordan yana daya daga cikin mafi bushewa a duniya. Isra'ila da arewa maso yammacin Jordan suna samun matsakaicin ruwan sama na 1190 cm a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kadan ne kawai daga cikin wannan ruwan za a iya amfani da shi. Kasashen Kuwait, Libya, Oman, da Singapore ne kadai ke samun karancin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara fiye da Jordan ko Isra'ila. Siriya da Lebanon, sabanin haka, suna samun isasshen ruwan sama don tallafawa aikin gona da sake cika madatsun ruwa na karkashin kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kamar yadda aka bayyana a baya, yayin da sassan arewacin Jordan da Isra'ila ke samun 110 cm na ruwan sama na shekara-shekara, tsakiyar Jordan da Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan suna samun 20 mcm/y. Sai dai kashi 3 mcm/y kacal ne na wannan ruwan za a iya amfani da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;

=== Amfani da ruwa ===
Isra'ila tana amfani da kusan 850 MCM/Y na ruwan karkashin kasa, inda 400 MCM/Y daga ciki ke fitowa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse. A shekarar 1964, Isra'ila ta fara dibar 320 MCM/Y daga Kogin Jordan don babban Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Kasa (National Water Carrier). Ya zuwa shekarar 1967, babban Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Kasa na Isra'ila yana kwashe kusan kashi 70 cikin dari na Kogin Jordan kafin ya kai ga mutanen Falasdinu a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; A shekarun 1980, 'yan ciranin Yahudawa da suka zauna a yankin sun shanye ruwa sau bakai fiye da manoman Larabawa. Wasu majiyoyin sun nuna bambanci kadan, kodayake har yanzu yana da yawa. A cewar wani binciken watan Satumba na shekarar 2000, Isra'ila tana amfani da 1180 MCM/Y, ko kashi 62 cikin dari na jimillar samar da ruwa na shekara-shekara a aikin gona. Idan aka kwatanta, kasar Jordan tana amfani da 67 MCM/Y, ko kashi 74 cikin dari na jimillar samar da ruwanta a aikin gona.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kusan kashi 48 cikin dari na matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na shekara-shekara na Isra'ila wanda ya kai 1,950 MCM/Y yana fitowa ne daga yankunan da aka kwace a shekarar 1967. 400 MCM/Y na wannan ruwan yana fitowa ne daga ruwan karkashin kasa na Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan, yayin da 450 MCM/Y ke fitowa daga saman Kogin Jordan da Tuddan Golan (Golan Heights).&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Sai dai tun a shekarar 1981, kasar Isra'ila ta kasance tana amfani da kashi 99 cikin dari na albarkatun ruwan da take da su.

=== Tsarin Samar da Ruwa ===

==== Lokacin Mulkin Mallaka na Birtaniya (1917–1948)====
A lokacin da Birtaniya ke mulkin mallaka a Falasdinu (1913–1948), akwai tsarin noman rani guda uku a gefen gabashin tuddan Yahudawa (Judaean Mountains). Magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Qelt tana samar da 3 MCM/Y na ruwan sha ga birnin Jericho daga idon ruwan Ein Fara, Ein Fawar, da Ein Qelt.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Bugu da kari, magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Uja tana wadata kwarin Uja da 7 MCM/Y na ruwan sha daga idon ruwan Ein Uja, sannan magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Faria ta kwashe 5 MCM/Y na ruwa daga idon ruwan Ein Shibli, Ein Isca, da Ein Baidan zuwa Giftlik.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Gvirtzman|first=Haim|title=The Israeli-Palestinian Water Conflict: An Israeli Perspective|url=http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/MSPS94.pdf|publisher=The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karkashin mulkin Roma, magudanar ruwa na Nablus da Jerusalem sun kasance suna aiki a tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya. Wadannan magudanar ruwa sun kawo karin jimillar 3 MCM/Y ga Sabastia da Kudus. Lokacin mulkin mallakar na Birtaniya, an sake amfani da wasu kananan idon ruwa na karkashin kasa guda 200 sannan aka tara ruwan sama daga tankuna, wanda hakan ya samar da karin 5 MCM/Y na ruwan sha a lokutan damina mai yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; Tare da karin masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu wadanda ke samar da karin 2 MCM/Y ga Kudus da Ramallah, matsakaicin karfin ruwa a tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya ya kasance 25 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; [[File:Lasjalomne023 (7).jpg|thumb|left|alt=Tafkin Tiberias.| Tafkin Tiberias]]
Tsare-tsare da yawa sun yi kokarin raba albarkatun ruwa na yankin lokacin mulkin mallakar Birtaniya. Tsarin Ionides na shekarar 1939 ya ba da shawarwari guda uku. Na farko, ya ba da shawarar adana ruwan ambaliya na Kogin Yarmouk a cikin Tafkin Tiberias (Tekun Galilea).&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Isaac|first=Jad|title=Roots of the Water Conflict in the Middle East|url=http://web.macam.ac.il/~arnon/Int-ME/water/Roots%20of%20the%20Water%20Conflict%20in%20the%20Middle%20East.htm|publisher=Applied Research Institute – Jerusalem|author2=Leonardo Hosh |date=7–9 May 1992}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na biyu, ya kayyadewa sassan ruwan tafkin da za a karkatar ta hanyar madatsar ruwa ta East Ghor Canal don amfani da shi a aikin noman rani a gabashin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Na uku, ya takaita amfani da ruwan kwarin Kogin Jordan ga kwarin Kogin Jordan kadai.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Masu fafutukar sahyoniyanci (Zionist advocates) sun yi watsi da wannan shirin saboda sun hango amfani da ruwan kwarin Kogin Jordan don gina matsugunai a Hamadar Negev da ke kudancin kasar. Sabanin haka, Tsarin Lowdermilk, wanda Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta dauki nauyin gudanarwa, ya ba da shawarar shayar da kwarin Kogin Jordan da karkatar da kogunan Jordan da Yarmouk don samar da wutar lantarki.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1948, James B. Hays ya yi amfani da sakamakon binciken Lowdermilk a matsayin tushen Tsarin Hays, inda za a karkatar da Kogin Yarmouk zuwa Tafkin Tiberias domin biyan diyyar ruwan da aka rasa wajen karkatar da Kogin Jordan don ayyukan aikin gona.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt;

==== Mulkin kasar Jordan (1948–1967) ====
A shekarar 1948, Isra'ila ta zama kasa a hukumance. Masarautar Jordan ta karbi ikon kula da albarkatun ruwa na tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya. Sun ci gaba da rike ikon mallakar yankin har zuwa Yakin Kwanaki Shida (Six-Day War) a shekarar 1967. Karin rijiyoyin da aka tona a wannan lokacin ya sanya matsakaicin samar da ruwa a yankin ya kai 66 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; Sai dai garuruwan Falasdinawa hudu kacal daga cikin 708 ne ke da alaka da tsarin samar da ruwa a wancan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1965 an sake tona wasu rijiyoyi 350, wadanda ke samar da jimillar 41 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt;
A lokacin Yakin Falasdinu na 1947-1949, dakarun Yahudawa sun lalata masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta Rutenburg a kokarinsu na hana ikon Larabawa na musamman a kan kogunan Jordan da Yarmouk.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Sakamakon haka, Gvernatin Jordan da Hukumar Agaji da Ayyuka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNRWA) suka ba da umarnin gudanar da Tsarin MacDonald, wanda ya yi kama da Tsarin Ionides (1939) wajen takaita ruwan kwarin Kogin Jordan ga kwarin Kogin Jordan kadai. Ya kuma yi kira da a karkatar da Kogin Yarmouk don adana shi a Tafkin Tiberias domin amfani da shi wajen tallafawa ci gaban aikin gona a bangarorin biyu na Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Jordan da Siriya sun goyi bayan Tsarin Bunger, wanda ya ba da shawarar gina madatsar ruwa a Kogin Yarmouk da samar da masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu don wadatar da Jordan da Siriya da wutar lantarki. A shekarar 1953, jim kadan bayan an fara ginin, karuwar matsin lamba daga Amurka ta tilasta wa Jordan da Siriya yin watsi da shirye-shiryen nasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Gwamnatin Eisenhower ta tura Eric Johnston a matsayin jakada na musamman. Tsarin Johnston ya aiwatar da manufofin binciken Hukumar Kwarin Tennessee wanda Chales Main ya gudanar – wato Tsarin Main – wanda ya kunshi kason raba ruwa na kwarin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Kodayake babu wani bangare da ya amince da shirin, an yi amfani da shi azaman tushen shawarwari da dama na warware rikicin ruwa na gaba.

==== Hukumar Isra'ila (1967–yanzu) ====
[[File:Water supply in West Bank and Gaza February 2014 5water photoblog.jpg|thumb|right|Mazauna kauyen Falasdinu suna siyan ruwa daga motocin dakon ruwa a Khirbet A-Duqaiqah a tuddan Hebron]]
Lokacin da Isra'ila ta mamaye Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank) a Yakin Kwanaki Shida na shekarar 1967, an bayyana albarkatun ruwa na yankin a matsayin mallakar kasa. Mamayar tana da tasiri mai yawa a kan rayuwar yau da kullum ta al'ummar Falasdinu da kuma samar musu da ruwa:&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Palestinian Water: Resources, Use, Conservation, Climate Change, and Land Use |last = Hassan, M.A., McIntyre G.|date = 2012|journal = Digest of Middle East Studies |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=313–326| doi=10.1111/j.1949-3606.2012.00175.x }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title = The Jordan Valley: a case study profile. Part of CLICO project tasks.|last = Tamimi, A., Abu Jamous, S.|date = 2012|journal = Unpublished CLICO Deliverable}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta fannoni da dama, mamayar tana nuna keta dokokin kasa da kasa, kamar dokar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa ko dokar jinkai ta kasa da kasa. Musamman kwace filaye da rushe gine-gine da sojopin Isra'ila ke yi gami da sanya takunkumi kan zirga-zirgar mutane da kayayyaki sun fuskanci suka mai tsanani. Tun daga shekarar 1967, mafi yawancin hanyoyin ruwa sojopin Isra'ila ne ke iko da su. Haka kuma, ana karkatar da albarkatun ruwan kuma ana hana al'ummar Falasdinu samun damar yin amfani da yawancinsu. A lokaci guda, Isra'ila tana da'awar cewa Falasdinawa suna tona rijiyoyi ba tare da izini ba. Kayan aikin ruwa masu yawa na Falasdinawa, gami da tankunan adana ruwa, rijiyoyi, da tsarin noman rani, ana bayyana su a matsayin haramtattu sannan ana rushe su cikin tsari. Da yake galibi an hana gina sabbin kayan aikin ruwa na Falasdinawa, tsarin samar da ruwa na Falasdinawa yana cikin mummunan yanayi. Ta wannan hanyar, suna nuna rauni da rashin tabbas na matsayin siyasa na Falasdinu. Da yake mafi yawancin mutane a Gabas ta Yammacin Kogin Jordan sun dogara ne da aikin gona, karancin ruwan na Falasdinawa yana raunana tattalin arzikin yankin. Ta haka, yana taimakawa sosai wajen haifar da talauci da rashin aikin yi. Rashin daidaiton rabon ruwa a yankunan Falasdinawa ya haifar da kalmar &quot;wariya ta ruwa&quot; (water apartheid).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title = When the rivers run dry: What happens when our water runs out?|last = Pearce, F.|publisher = Eden Project Books.|year = 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kodayake yana da wahala a sami ingantattun bayanai, matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na Isra'ila a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan ya ninka kusan sau 6 matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na Falasdinawa wanda ke kusan lita 50 ga mutum daya a rana, wanda hakan kusan rabin matakin mafi kankanta da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ba da shawarar amfani da shi ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Sai dai akwai wasu bayanan da ke nuna yanayi mabanbanci. Ta hanyar cire ruwan kazanta da aka tace da ruwan teku da aka tace gami da amfani da mabanbantan bayanan al'umma, Gvirtzman&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot; /&gt; (2012) misali yana jayayya cewa matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na Isra'ila da na Falasdinawa a yau ya kusan zama daya. Manyan bambance-bambance a cikin bayanan ruwa na Isra'ila da Falasdinu suna nuna yadda batun rabon ruwa yake da takaddama da kuma gaggawa har yanzu.
[[File:Ma'ale adumim 02.JPG|thumb|right|Wurin ninkaya a matsugunin Yahudawa na Ma'ale Adumim, a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan]]
Har zuwa yau, babu wata yarjejeniya ta karshe da ke ba al'ummar Falasdinu hakkin ruwa. Kodayake batutuwan ruwa sun kasance babban jigo a Tsarin Zaman Lafiya na Oslo (Oslo Peace Process), ba a warware takaddamar ruwan ba ta hanyar shawarwarin. Lallai, Sashi na 40 na &quot;Yarjejeniyar Riko ta Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan da Katariyar Gaza&quot; (1995) yana bayani ne kan hakkin ruwa na Falasdinawa, amma yana bayyana cewa &quot;za a tattauna wadannan a cikin shawarwarin matsayi na dindindin kuma a daidaita su a cikin Yarjejeniyar Matsayi na Dindindin da ta shafi mabanbantan albarkatun ruwa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Peace/Guide/Pages/THE%20ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN%20INTERIM%20AGREEMENT%20-%20Annex%20III.aspx#app-40|title = The Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip - Annex III.|date = 1995|access-date = 2015-11-25|publisher = Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}&lt;/ref&gt; A halin da ake ciki, &quot;a lokacin riko za a raba jimillar ruwa na 28.6 mcm/shekara&quot; ga al'ummar Falasdinu &quot;domin biyan bukatu na gaggawa [..] na ruwan sha don amfanin gida&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A zahiri, sakamakon takaddama da ke ci gaba da faruwa tsakanin Isra'ila da Falasdinu, ba a tattauna Yarjejeniyar Matsayi na Dindindin ba. Saboda haka, yarjejeniyar ta ci gaba da kiyaye mamayar Isra'ila a fakaice a kan albarkatun ruwa sannan ta dauki batun karancin ruwa a yankunan Falasdinawa da aka mamaye a matsayin batun bukatar jin kai maimakon hakki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Bugu da kari, an kafa Hukumar Ruwa ta Hadin Gwiwa tsakanin Isra'ila da Falasdinu (JWC) domin aiwatar da yarjejeniyar cikin tsarin hadin gwiwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Kwamitocin Ruwa, Injiniya, Kazanta, da Farashi na JWC suna tattaunawa akai-akai don amincewa da ginin tsarin samar da ruwa ko gine-ginen kwashe kazanta. A matsayin wani bangare na wannan yarjejeniya, Isra'ila ta mika ragamar kula da samar da ruwa a yankunan Falasdinawa ga Hukumar Falasdinu (Palestinian Authority). Duk da haka, Hukumar Falasdinun tana da wahalar sauke nauyin da ke kanta, domin mambobin Isra'ila na Hukumar Ruwa ta Hadin Gwiwa suna da ikon yin watsi da (veto) kowane shiri na Falasdinawa. Haka kuma, mambobin Hukumar Falasdinun ba su da damar shiga yawancin yankuna saboda sojoji sun hana su izini. Sakamakon shi ne cewa sama da kashi 33% na ruwan da ake kaiwa yankunan Falasdinawa &quot;yana zuba ne daga bututun cikin gida&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot; /&gt; Bangarorin biyu suna jayayya cewa ba a sake bin dokokin da aka kafa a Oslo. Da yake ba a raba wa al'ummar Falasdinu isasshen ruwa ba, za a iya kallon ayyukan Hukumar Ruwa ta Hadin Gwiwa a matsayin marasa gamsarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Kwarin Kogin Nilu ==

=== Albarkatun ruwa ===
[[File:Egypt Nil.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Kogin Nilu.| Kogin Nilu a kasar Masar]]
Kogin Nilu kwarin ruwa ne na kasa da kasa, wanda ke ratsawa ta cikin kasashe mabanbanta guda 10 masu cin gashin kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kogin Nilu yana ratsawa ne ta cikin kasashen Sudan, Sudan ta Kudu, Burundi, Rwanda, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Habasha, da Masar, kuma ana daukarsa a matsayin kogi mafi tsayi a duniya. Nilu shi ne kadai muhimmin tushen ruwa a Arewacin Afirka kuma kashi 40% na al'ummar Afirka suna zaune ne a

=== Yaƙin Basasar Sudan ===
Samun damar yin amfani da muhimman albarkatu, musamman ruwa, shi ne babban dalilin da ya haifar da Yaƙin Basasa a Sudan. Ta fuskar muhalli, an raba Sudan zuwa yankuna biyu: na arewa da na kudu. Shashen Arewa yana da yawan jama'a kuma mafi yawancinsu Larabawa Musulmi ne. Kodayake Kogin Nilu yana ratsawa ta yankin arewacin Sudan, galibi yana wajen madatsun ruwa na ƙoramu da koguna da ke haɗuwa su zama Farin Nilu da Baƙin Nilu a can can kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kudancin ƙasar kuma ba shi da yawan jama'a sosai, amma yana da albarkar ƙasa sosai. Yana samun isasshen ruwan sama kuma yana amfana daga ƙoramu da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da dama da ke warwatse a fadin yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Fari mai dorewa da kwararowar hamada, haɓakar yawan jama'a, da buƙatar ƙara yawan abinci sun tilasta wa Larabawan arewa da dama neman ƙasashe da albarkatu a kudu. Shigo da kayan aikin gona na zamani da Arewa ta yi na ci gaba da barazana ga tsarin noman abinci na gargajiya na mutanen kudu. Sakamakon haka, mutanen kudu waɗanda suka tsara kansu a ƙarƙashin Rundunar 'Yantar da Al'ummar Sudan (SPLA),&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; sun yi yaƙi da mamayar arewa na tsawon kusan shekaru sodoki.

Rikicin ruwa a Sudan yawanci ya dogara ne akan ginin madatsun ruwa ko ayyukan noma. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun dalilan rikici shi ne aikin ginin Madatsar Ruwa ta Jonglei (Jonglei Canal), wanda aka fara a shekarar 1978. An fara aikin ne saboda manyan dalilai guda biyu: domin magance ambaliyar ruwa a Yankin Sudd don samar da ƙarin ƙasar noma, da kuma kiyaye ruwan da ke bace wa ta hanyar tururi saboda tsayuwar da ya yi a madatun.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Adadin ruwan da ake rasa wa ta hanyar tururi an kiyasta shi ya kai mcm/y 4000.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Gwamnatocin Sudan da Masar duka sun goyi bayan aikin domin kowannensu zai amfana da ƙarin ruwan. Madatsar Ruwa ta Jonglei tana da girman gaske ta yadda har ana iya gani daga sararin samaniya. Tana da fadin kafa 210 da zurfin kafa 16 a matsakaici.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;
Katsewar ruwan fadama ya yi barazana ga kusan mutanen ƙabila miliyan 1.7 na yankin waɗanda suka dogara da fadamar don rayuwarsu, kuma a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1974, mazauna yankin sun yi zanga-zanga tare da tarzoma a birnin Juba da ke kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Mutanen kudu sun fara tururuwa zuwa kungiyar SPLA, wanda hakan ya kai ga hare-hare na nuna ƙarfi a wuraren gine-gine a kan titin Madatsar Ruwa ta Jonglei. A ƙarshe sun tilasta dakatar da aikin a shekarar 1984. An riga an gina kilomita 250 daga cikin kilomita 360 na madatsar ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;

Mamayar harkar noman zamani ta mutanen arewa a kudancin Sudan ita ma ta haddasa rikici. Gwamnatin da Larabawa ke iko da ita ta yi tunanin bunƙasa aikin noma a Kudu, kuma manoma daga arewa sun ci gaba da shiga cikin filayen kudu masu albarka. Wannan mamaya ta yi barazana ga ƙabilar Nilotic, waɗanda ke gudanar da harkokin kiwon shanu na kudancin ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Mutanen kudu sun mayar da martani ga mamayar arewa ta hanyar gaba da fada.

Sake ɓarkewar rikici ya faru tsakanin gwamnatin arewa da al'ummar Sudan game da shawarar da gwamnatin ta yanke na gina madatsar ruwa ta Kajbar a kogin Nilu. Tafkin da zai samo asali daga hakan zai tilasta wa rage mazaunin ƙarshen ƙabilar Nubian da suka rage a Sudan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Yawancin mahaifar Nubian an riga an nutsar da ita da ruwa bayan da Masar ta gina babbar madatsar ruwa ta Aswan (Aswan High Dam) a shekarun 1950. Mutanen Sudan da yawa sun yi zanga-zangar nuna rashin amincewa da gina Kajbar, har ma mambobin ƙungiyar Nubian Alliance sun yi barazanar kisan kai gaba ɗaya a matsayin zanga-zanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Sun ƙi amsar tayin diyya da gwamnatin Sudan ta yi musu.

=== Rikice-rikicen Yanki ===
Baya ga kasancewarsa silar rikicin cikin gida a tsakanin ƙasashe, ruwa ya kuma haifar da takaddama ta waje tsakanin ƙasashe masu zaman kansu. Yayin da Masar ke amfani da kashi 99% na wadatar ruwan Nilu,&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; kaɗan ne daga cikin ruwan ke farowa daga cikin iyakokin Masar. Babban buƙatar ruwa na ƙasa da ke can ƙarshen rafi sau da yawa yakan rura wuta ga rikicin yanki. Haka lamarin yake a Arewacin Afirka.
[[File:Red Sea 37.95521E 21.41271N.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Jan Teku.| Arewa maso Gabashin Afirka, Jan Teku, Yankin Larabawa da Sinai]]

A farkon shekarun 1900, ƙarancin auduga na duniya ya matsa wa Masar da Sudan lamba don yin amfani da ƙasashe masu kyau don ƙara yawan noman auduga.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last = Wolf|first = Aaron|title = Middle East Water Conflicts and Directions for Conflict Resolution|url = http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABY541.pdf|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151125225040/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABY541.pdf|url-status = dead|archive-date = November 25, 2015|publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Auduga, sai dai, yana buƙatar shayarwa mai yawa kuma bai dace da yanayin ƙasar Masar da Sudan ba kamar sauran amfanin gona na gargajiya. Buƙatar ruwa da kula da ambaliyar ruwa sun haifar da ayyukan samar da ruwa a tsawon kogin Nilu, wanda hakan ya saba haifar da arangama tsakanin ofishin harkokin waje na Birtaniya – Sudan tana ƙarƙashin mulkin haɗin gwiwa na Birtaniya da Masar a lokacin – da kuma mutanen Masar da na Sudan na gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, ya bayyana sarai cewa ana buƙatar sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar raba ruwa ta hukuma don daidaita amfani da ruwan Nilu. A shekarar 1920, aka kafa Hukumar Ayyukan Nilu (Nile Projects Commission).&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Ƙarƙashin jagorancin wakilai daga Indiya, Burtaniya, da Amurka, hukumar ta kiyasta amfani da ruwa bisa buƙatun amfani da ruwa na kowace ƙasa. Dangane da matsakaicin adadin kwararar ruwa na bcm/y 84, hukumar ta kiyasta amfanin Masar da ake buƙata ya zama bcm/y 58, yayin da aka yi imanin Sudan za ta iya biyan buƙatunta na ban ruwa ta hanyar amfani da ruwan Baƙin Nilu kaɗai.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Hukumar ta kuma ba da shawarar raba duk wani sauyi daga matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara daidai tsakanin Masar da Sudan. Sai dai, ba a taɓa yin aiki da sakamakon binciken hukumar ba. Haka kuma a shekarar 1920, Birtaniya ta ba da shawarar Shirin Adana Ruwa na ƙarni (Century Storage Scheme), mafi kyawun shiri don samar da ruwa a tsawon kogin Nilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Shirin ya bukaci da a gina wurin adana ruwa a kan iyakar Uganda da Sudan, da gina madatsar ruwa a Sennar na ƙasar Sudan, don shayar da yankunan kudancin Sudan, da kuma madatsar ruwa a tsawon Farin Nilu don riƙe ruwan ambaliyar lokacin rani don amfanin Masar a lokacin rani.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Tsarin na Birtaniya ya damun Masarawa da yawa, tunda yawancin manyan gine-ginen ruwan za a gina su ne a wajen yankin Masar. A ranar 7 ga Mayu, 1929, Masar da Sudan suka sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Nilu. Dangane da yawancin sakamakon binciken hukumar na shekarar 1920, yarjejeniyar ta ware bcm/y 4 ga Sudan, da bcm/y 48 ga Masar. Sai dai tsakanin 20 ga Janairu da 15 ga Yuli, dukkan kwararar ruwan Nilu an ware shi ne don amfanin Masar kaɗai.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt;

A shekarun 1950, Masar ta gudanar da aikin gina babbar madatsar ruwa ta Aswan ita kaɗai har zuwa shekarar 1954, lokacin da aka sanya Sudan a cikin tattaunawar. Zagayen farko na tattaunawa tsakanin Masar da Sudan ya gudana ne a watan Disamba na shekarar 1954, amma aka soke shi kafin a cimma matsaya ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Gwamnatocin biyu sun sake haɗuwa a watan Afrilu na shekarar 1955, inda suka sake kasawa wajen cimma daidaito. Takaddama ta ƙaru a shekarar 1958 bayan wani tawaye na Masar da ya gaza a yankin da ake takaddama a kai a kan iyakar Sudan. Don mayar da martani, Sudan ta ɗaukaka matakin Madatsar Ruwa ta Sennar a lokacin rani na shekarar 1959, wanda hakan ke nufin watsi da yarjejeniyar 1929 da aka sanya wa hannu da Masar.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Ƙasashin biyu sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Cikakken Amfani da Ruwan Nilu (Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Nilu) a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1959.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Nilu, bisa matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na bcm/y 84 ta tanadi abubuwa kamar haka:&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt;
* bcm/y 55.5 ga Masar, bcm/y 18.5 ga Sudan.
* Duk wani sauyi daga matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara za a raba shi daidai tsakanin Masar da Sudan.
* Har zuwa shekarar 1977, Sudan za ta &quot;ara&quot; wa Masar ƙarin bcm/y 1.5.
* Duk wani ci gaba na gaba da zai kai ga ƙaruwar kwararar ruwan Nilu za a biya kuɗinsa daidai tsakanin ƙasashin biyu. Kuma dukkan ruwan da zai samu za a raba shi daidai a tsakaninsu.
* Masar za ta biya Sudan fam miliyan 15 na Birtaniya a matsayin diyya na ambaliyar ruwa da ta gabata wacce ta samo asali daga ayyukan samar da ruwa na Masar.
Bugu da ƙari, yarjejeniyar ta 1959 ta kafa Kwamitin Haɗin Gwiwa na Fasaha na dindindin don magance duk wani rikici na gaba. Sudan da Masar duka sun amince cewa buƙatun ruwa na sauran ƙasashe takwas da ke raba kogin ba zai wuce bcm/y 1 zuwa 2 ba, sannan sun ƙara amincewa da fuskantar duk wata barazana ga albarkatun Nilu tare da haɗin gwiwar Masar da Sudan.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Gina babbar madatsar ruwa ta Aswan a shekarun 1960 ya kasance abin rigima domin ya nutsar da yankunan kudancin Sudan kusa da Wadi Halfa kuma ya raba mazauna Sudan da ke zaune a kan iyakar Masar da Sudan da matsugunansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;
[[File:MeroweDam-NASA.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Madatsar Ruwa ta Merowe.| Madatsar Ruwa ta Merowe, kamar yadda ake gani daga sararin samaniya.]]
A tsakiyar shekarun 1990 Masar ta fara wani babban aiki a can kudancin Aswan. Sabon Aikin Delta (New Delta Project) a kudancin Masar da Madatsar Ruwa ta Salaam a Yankin Sinai duka sun kasance manyan ayyuka da tsohon shugaban Masar Hosni Mubarak ya ɗauka don ƙara wadatar ruwa ga yawan jama'ar Masar da ke haɓaka, waɗanda suka bazu da nisa sosai daga kogin Nilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Ƙaruwar amfani da ruwan Masar silar rikici ce a yankin yayin da ƙasashe na sama – Sudan da Habasha – suka fara tabbatar da nasu haƙƙoƙin na gina madatsar ruwa a kogin don samar da wutar lantarki. Shirye-shiryen Sudan na gina madatsar ruwa ta Kajbar kusa da Khartoum a inda Farin Nilu da Baƙin Nilu suka haɗu &lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; ya haifar da takaddama ta ƙasa da ƙasa da dama. Sudan tana kuma shirin gina Madatsar Ruwa ta Merowe a kudancin Kajbar da kuma faɗaɗa Madatsar Ruwa ta Roseires, da ke da nisan mil 300 kudu maso gabashin Khartoum a kan Baƙin Nilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; An kiyasta cewa gina waɗannan ayyukan zai iya kai wa Sudan ga wuce gona da iri akan iyakokin ruwanta na yarjejeniyar 1959.
Habasha ita ma ta fito a matsayin babbar mai fada a aikin samar da ruwan Kogin Nilu. A shekarar 1957, sun sanar da aniyarsu ta gudanar da aikin samar da ruwa na kogin Nilu a cikin yankin Habasha da kansu. Zuwa shekarar 2000, an gina ƙananan madatsun ruwa fiye da 200 a tsawon mabudun ruwan Nilu. Gaba ɗaya, madatsun ruwan za su yi amfani da kusan mcm/y miliyan 500 na kwararar ruwan Nilu na shekara-shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Habasha ce kaɗai ƙasa da ke raba kogin Nilu da ta yi iƙirarin haƙƙi na shari'a kan ruwan Nilu ban da Masar ko Sudan tun lokacin da aka sanya wa hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Nilu a shekarar 1959. Kamar a Masar, haɓakar jama'a a Habasha ya kai ga ƙaruwar amfani da ruwa. Haɓakar yawan jama'ar Habasha ya wuce na Masar, kuma tare da yawan jama'a masu kusan girma ɗaya, buƙatun ruwa na Habasha na iya wuce na Masar. Shayar da rabin ƙasashen noma na Habasha kawai zai rage kwararar ruwa zuwa Sudan da Masar da kashi 15%.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Daga baya, Habasha ta gina Babbar Madatsar Ruwa ta Renaissance ta Habasha (Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam) wadda ta haifar da tsawaitwar tattaunawa game da tasirinta ga Masar da Sudan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/85655/egypt-ethiopia-dam-of-discord-continues-to-pressure-relations/ |title=Egypt-Ethiopia: 'Dam of Discord' continues to pressure relations |website=The Africa Report |date=6 May 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''Rikicin ruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka''' (MENA) ya fi mayar da hankali ne a kan manyan kwarurukan koguna guda uku: kwarin Kogin Jordan, kwarin kogunan Tigris da Euphrates, da kuma kwarin Kogin Nilu. Yankin MENA ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita miliyan 11.1. Akwai manyan hamada guda uku a yankin na MENA:&lt;ref name=&quot;abuzeid2006&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Conflict and Conflict Management Mechanisms in the Middle East and North Africa |url=http://water.cedare.int/cedare.int/files15%5CFile2862.pdf |publisher=Centre for Environment and Development for the Arab Region and Europe |author1=Khaled AbuZeid |author2=Amr Abdel-Meguid |date=March 2006 |access-date=2012-05-04 |archive-date=2015-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610224547/http://water.cedare.int/cedare.int/files15%5CFile2862.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hamadar Sahara, wadda ta kunshi manyan sassa na Arewacin Afirka.
* Rub' al Khali, a kudancin Yarjejeniyar Larabawa (Arabian Peninsula).
* Badiat El-Sham (Hamadar Siriya), a arewacin Yarjejeniyar Larabawa.
Bugu da kari, babban sashi na kasar Iran hamada ne ya mamaye shi. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara bai kai 100 mm ba a kashi 65% na yankin, yana tsakanin 100 da 300 mm a kashi 15% na yankin, kuma ya fi 300 mm a sauran yankunan da suka rage.&lt;ref name=&quot;abuzeid2006&quot;/&gt; Yanayin da ke haifar da rikici ana hasashen zai kara ta'azzara kuma ya dada sarkakiya yayin da cikakken tasirin canjin yanayi a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka zai bayyana a cikin karni na 21.

== Kwarin Kogin Jordan ==

=== Albarkatun ruwa ===
[[File:Middle East Topographic Political EN.svg|thumb|left|Taswirar tauraron dan adam na Gabas ta Tsakiya.]]
Hanyoyin ruwa guda uku da ke samar da Kogin Jordan – Kogin Hasbani (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 250 Mm3), Kogin Banias (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 125 Mm3), da Kogin Dan (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 250 Mm3) sun samo asali ne daga kasashen Lebanon, Siriya, da Isra'ila.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Ju'ub|first=Dr. Ghassan Abu|title=Water Conflicts in the Middle East Between the Present and the Future|url=http://www.alazhar.edu.ps/arabic/centers/IWE/Researches/GazaPaper-new/water.pdf|publisher=Al-Azhar University|access-date=2012-04-10|archive-date=2012-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711013149/http://www.alazhar.edu.ps/arabic/centers/IWE/Researches/GazaPaper-new/water.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna haduwa ne a Tafkin Huleh sannan su kwarara zuwa kudu a matsayin Kogin Jordan. Daidai kudancin Tiberias, Kogin Yarmuk yana haduwa da Kogin Jordan. Gaba daya, Kogin Jordan yana kwarara ne na kusan kilomita 350, yana farawa daga gindin Dutsen Hermon a arewa kuma ya kare a Tekun Gishiri (Dead Sea) a kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kogin yana da kiyasin kwararar ruwa na 1880 MCM/Y, inda kashi 73 cikin dari na ruwan ya samo asali ne daga kasashen Larabawa sannan kashi 27 cikin dari kuma ya samo asali daga Isra'ila.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Kiser|first=Stephen|title=WATER: THE HYDRAULIC PARAMETER OF CONFLICT IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA|journal=USAF Institute for National Security Studies|date=September 2000|series=INSS Occasional Papers|issue=35|pages=59|url=http://www.usafa.edu/df/inss/OCP/ocp35.pdf|access-date=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wani binciken USAF na watan Satumban 2000, sama da kashi 90% na ruwan kasar Siriya ana raba shi ne da kasashen makwabta kamar su Iraki, Turkiyya, Isra'ila, Lebanon, da Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kusan kashi 36 cikin dari na hanyoyin ruwan kasar Jordan ana raba su ne da Siriya, Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank), da Isra'ila, kuma sama da rabin ruwan Isra'ila ana raba shi ne da Siriya, Lebanon, Jordan, da Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;

Yankin can gaba zuwa arewa, Kogin Litani da Kogin Orontes sune suka kunshi yankin magudanar ruwa na arewacin Levant. Kodayake wuraren da kogunan suka samo asali suna kusa da juna a labarin kasa, Kogin Litani yana kwarara ne zuwa kudu sannan yamma zuwa Tekun Mediterane kusa da Tyre, yana ratsawa ta cikin kasar Lebanon kadai, yayin da Kogin Orontes kuma yake kwarara zuwa arewa zuwa cikin kasar Siriya, yana shiga Tekun Mediterane a kusa da birnin Antioch.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kiyasin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na Kogin Litani wanda ya kai 410 MCM/Y ya kasance manufar shawarwarin magance matsalar ruwa da Siriya, Jordan, da Isra'ila suka gabatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Siriya, Lebanon, da Isra'ila duka suna da madatsun ruwan sha na karkashin kasa na dabi'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Akwai manyan madatsun ruwa guda biyu na karkashin kasa wadanda ke samar da ruwan sha ga Isra'ila ta zamani. Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse (Mountain Aquifer) tana karkashin Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank). Tana sake cika kanta da 679 Mm3 na ruwa duk shekara, inda 78 Mm3 daga ciki yake da gishiri-gishiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Manyan kwaruruka guda uku na Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse sune kwarin Gabas, kwarin Yamma, da kuma kwarin Arewa maso Gabas. Kwarin Gabas shi ne mafi kankanta dangane da yawan ruwan sha amma shi ne mafi girma dangane da fadin kasa. Ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita 3260.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kwarin Yamma shi ne mafi girma a cikin ukun dangane da yawan ruwan sha da yake dauke da shi. Ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita 1780.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; A karshe, kwarin Arewa maso Gabas yana da fadin kusan murabba'in kilomita 610.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Madatsar Ruwa ta Gabar Teku (Coastal Aquifer) da ke tare da Gabar Tekun Mediterane tana da jimillar sake cika kanta ta shekara-shekara na 330 Mm3.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt;

Yankin da ke kewaye da kwarin Kogin Jordan yana daya daga cikin mafi bushewa a duniya. Isra'ila da arewa maso yammacin Jordan suna samun matsakaicin ruwan sama na 1190 cm a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kadan ne kawai daga cikin wannan ruwan za a iya amfani da shi. Kasashen Kuwait, Libya, Oman, da Singapore ne kadai ke samun karancin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara fiye da Jordan ko Isra'ila. Siriya da Lebanon, sabanin haka, suna samun isasshen ruwan sama don tallafawa aikin gona da sake cika madatsun ruwa na karkashin kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kamar yadda aka bayyana a baya, yayin da sassan arewacin Jordan da Isra'ila ke samun 110 cm na ruwan sama na shekara-shekara, tsakiyar Jordan da Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan suna samun 20 mcm/y. Sai dai kashi 3 mcm/y kacal ne na wannan ruwan za a iya amfani da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;

=== Amfani da ruwa ===
Isra'ila tana amfani da kusan 850 MCM/Y na ruwan karkashin kasa, inda 400 MCM/Y daga ciki ke fitowa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse. A shekarar 1964, Isra'ila ta fara dibar 320 MCM/Y daga Kogin Jordan don babban Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Kasa (National Water Carrier). Ya zuwa shekarar 1967, babban Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Kasa na Isra'ila yana kwashe kusan kashi 70 cikin dari na Kogin Jordan kafin ya kai ga mutanen Falasdinu a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; A shekarun 1980, 'yan ciranin Yahudawa da suka zauna a yankin sun shanye ruwa sau bakai fiye da manoman Larabawa. Wasu majiyoyin sun nuna bambanci kadan, kodayake har yanzu yana da yawa. A cewar wani binciken watan Satumba na shekarar 2000, Isra'ila tana amfani da 1180 MCM/Y, ko kashi 62 cikin dari na jimillar samar da ruwa na shekara-shekara a aikin gona. Idan aka kwatanta, kasar Jordan tana amfani da 67 MCM/Y, ko kashi 74 cikin dari na jimillar samar da ruwanta a aikin gona.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kusan kashi 48 cikin dari na matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na shekara-shekara na Isra'ila wanda ya kai 1,950 MCM/Y yana fitowa ne daga yankunan da aka kwace a shekarar 1967. 400 MCM/Y na wannan ruwan yana fitowa ne daga ruwan karkashin kasa na Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan, yayin da 450 MCM/Y ke fitowa daga saman Kogin Jordan da Tuddan Golan (Golan Heights).&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Sai dai tun a shekarar 1981, kasar Isra'ila ta kasance tana amfani da kashi 99 cikin dari na albarkatun ruwan da take da su.

=== Tsarin Samar da Ruwa ===

==== Lokacin Mulkin Mallaka na Birtaniya (1917–1948)====
A lokacin da Birtaniya ke mulkin mallaka a Falasdinu (1913–1948), akwai tsarin noman rani guda uku a gefen gabashin tuddan Yahudawa (Judaean Mountains). Magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Qelt tana samar da 3 MCM/Y na ruwan sha ga birnin Jericho daga idon ruwan Ein Fara, Ein Fawar, da Ein Qelt.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Bugu da kari, magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Uja tana wadata kwarin Uja da 7 MCM/Y na ruwan sha daga idon ruwan Ein Uja, sannan magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Faria ta kwashe 5 MCM/Y na ruwa daga idon ruwan Ein Shibli, Ein Isca, da Ein Baidan zuwa Giftlik.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Gvirtzman|first=Haim|title=The Israeli-Palestinian Water Conflict: An Israeli Perspective|url=http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/MSPS94.pdf|publisher=The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karkashin mulkin Roma, magudanar ruwa na Nablus da Jerusalem sun kasance suna aiki a tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya. Wadannan magudanar ruwa sun kawo karin jimillar 3 MCM/Y ga Sabastia da Kudus. Lokacin mulkin mallakar na Birtaniya, an sake amfani da wasu kananan idon ruwa na karkashin kasa guda 200 sannan aka tara ruwan sama daga tankuna, wanda hakan ya samar da karin 5 MCM/Y na ruwan sha a lokutan damina mai yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; Tare da karin masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu wadanda ke samar da karin 2 MCM/Y ga Kudus da Ramallah, matsakaicin karfin ruwa a tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya ya kasance 25 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; [[File:Lasjalomne023 (7).jpg|thumb|left|alt=Tafkin Tiberias.| Tafkin Tiberias]]
Tsare-tsare da yawa sun yi kokarin raba albarkatun ruwa na yankin lokacin mulkin mallakar Birtaniya. Tsarin Ionides na shekarar 1939 ya ba da shawarwari guda uku. Na farko, ya ba da shawarar adana ruwan ambaliya na Kogin Yarmouk a cikin Tafkin Tiberias (Tekun Galilea).&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Isaac|first=Jad|title=Roots of the Water Conflict in the Middle East|url=http://web.macam.ac.il/~arnon/Int-ME/water/Roots%20of%20the%20Water%20Conflict%20in%20the%20Middle%20East.htm|publisher=Applied Research Institute – Jerusalem|author2=Leonardo Hosh |date=7–9 May 1992}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na biyu, ya kayyadewa sassan ruwan tafkin da za a karkatar ta hanyar madatsar ruwa ta East Ghor Canal don amfani da shi a aikin noman rani a gabashin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Na uku, ya takaita amfani da ruwan kwarin Kogin Jordan ga kwarin Kogin Jordan kadai.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Masu fafutukar sahyoniyanci (Zionist advocates) sun yi watsi da wannan shirin saboda sun hango amfani da ruwan kwarin Kogin Jordan don gina matsugunai a Hamadar Negev da ke kudancin kasar. Sabanin haka, Tsarin Lowdermilk, wanda Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta dauki nauyin gudanarwa, ya ba da shawarar shayar da kwarin Kogin Jordan da karkatar da kogunan Jordan da Yarmouk don samar da wutar lantarki.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1948, James B. Hays ya yi amfani da sakamakon binciken Lowdermilk a matsayin tushen Tsarin Hays, inda za a karkatar da Kogin Yarmouk zuwa Tafkin Tiberias domin biyan diyyar ruwan da aka rasa wajen karkatar da Kogin Jordan don ayyukan aikin gona.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt;

==== Mulkin kasar Jordan (1948–1967) ====
A shekarar 1948, Isra'ila ta zama kasa a hukumance. Masarautar Jordan ta karbi ikon kula da albarkatun ruwa na tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya. Sun ci gaba da rike ikon mallakar yankin har zuwa Yakin Kwanaki Shida (Six-Day War) a shekarar 1967. Karin rijiyoyin da aka tona a wannan lokacin ya sanya matsakaicin samar da ruwa a yankin ya kai 66 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; Sai dai garuruwan Falasdinawa hudu kacal daga cikin 708 ne ke da alaka da tsarin samar da ruwa a wancan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1965 an sake tona wasu rijiyoyi 350, wadanda ke samar da jimillar 41 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt;
A lokacin Yakin Falasdinu na 1947-1949, dakarun Yahudawa sun lalata masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta Rutenburg a kokarinsu na hana ikon Larabawa na musamman a kan kogunan Jordan da Yarmouk.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Sakamakon haka, Gvernatin Jordan da Hukumar Agaji da Ayyuka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNRWA) suka ba da umarnin gudanar da Tsarin MacDonald, wanda ya yi kama da Tsarin Ionides (1939) wajen takaita ruwan kwarin Kogin Jordan ga kwarin Kogin Jordan kadai. Ya kuma yi kira da a karkatar da Kogin Yarmouk don adana shi a Tafkin Tiberias domin amfani da shi wajen tallafawa ci gaban aikin gona a bangarorin biyu na Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Jordan da Siriya sun goyi bayan Tsarin Bunger, wanda ya ba da shawarar gina madatsar ruwa a Kogin Yarmouk da samar da masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu don wadatar da Jordan da Siriya da wutar lantarki. A shekarar 1953, jim kadan bayan an fara ginin, karuwar matsin lamba daga Amurka ta tilasta wa Jordan da Siriya yin watsi da shirye-shiryen nasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Gwamnatin Eisenhower ta tura Eric Johnston a matsayin jakada na musamman. Tsarin Johnston ya aiwatar da manufofin binciken Hukumar Kwarin Tennessee wanda Chales Main ya gudanar – wato Tsarin Main – wanda ya kunshi kason raba ruwa na kwarin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Kodayake babu wani bangare da ya amince da shirin, an yi amfani da shi azaman tushen shawarwari da dama na warware rikicin ruwa na gaba.

==== Hukumar Isra'ila (1967–yanzu) ====
[[File:Water supply in West Bank and Gaza February 2014 5water photoblog.jpg|thumb|right|Mazauna kauyen Falasdinu suna siyan ruwa daga motocin dakon ruwa a Khirbet A-Duqaiqah a tuddan Hebron]]
Lokacin da Isra'ila ta mamaye Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank) a Yakin Kwanaki Shida na shekarar 1967, an bayyana albarkatun ruwa na yankin a matsayin mallakar kasa. Mamayar tana da tasiri mai yawa a kan rayuwar yau da kullum ta al'ummar Falasdinu da kuma samar musu da ruwa:&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Palestinian Water: Resources, Use, Conservation, Climate Change, and Land Use |last = Hassan, M.A., McIntyre G.|date = 2012|journal = Digest of Middle East Studies |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=313–326| doi=10.1111/j.1949-3606.2012.00175.x }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title = The Jordan Valley: a case study profile. Part of CLICO project tasks.|last = Tamimi, A., Abu Jamous, S.|date = 2012|journal = Unpublished CLICO Deliverable}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta fannoni da dama, mamayar tana nuna keta dokokin kasa da kasa, kamar dokar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa ko dokar jinkai ta kasa da kasa. Musamman kwace filaye da rushe gine-gine da sojopin Isra'ila ke yi gami da sanya takunkumi kan zirga-zirgar mutane da kayayyaki sun fuskanci suka mai tsanani. Tun daga shekarar 1967, mafi yawancin hanyoyin ruwa sojopin Isra'ila ne ke iko da su. Haka kuma, ana karkatar da albarkatun ruwan kuma ana hana al'ummar Falasdinu samun damar yin amfani da yawancinsu. A lokaci guda, Isra'ila tana da'awar cewa Falasdinawa suna tona rijiyoyi ba tare da izini ba. Kayan aikin ruwa masu yawa na Falasdinawa, gami da tankunan adana ruwa, rijiyoyi, da tsarin noman rani, ana bayyana su a matsayin haramtattu sannan ana rushe su cikin tsari. Da yake galibi an hana gina sabbin kayan aikin ruwa na Falasdinawa, tsarin samar da ruwa na Falasdinawa yana cikin mummunan yanayi. Ta wannan hanyar, suna nuna rauni da rashin tabbas na matsayin siyasa na Falasdinu. Da yake mafi yawancin mutane a Gabas ta Yammacin Kogin Jordan sun dogara ne da aikin gona, karancin ruwan na Falasdinawa yana raunana tattalin arzikin yankin. Ta haka, yana taimakawa sosai wajen haifar da talauci da rashin aikin yi. Rashin daidaiton rabon ruwa a yankunan Falasdinawa ya haifar da kalmar &quot;wariya ta ruwa&quot; (water apartheid).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title = When the rivers run dry: What happens when our water runs out?|last = Pearce, F.|publisher = Eden Project Books.|year = 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kodayake yana da wahala a sami ingantattun bayanai, matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na Isra'ila a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan ya ninka kusan sau 6 matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na Falasdinawa wanda ke kusan lita 50 ga mutum daya a rana, wanda hakan kusan rabin matakin mafi kankanta da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ba da shawarar amfani da shi ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Sai dai akwai wasu bayanan da ke nuna yanayi mabanbanci. Ta hanyar cire ruwan kazanta da aka tace da ruwan teku da aka tace gami da amfani da mabanbantan bayanan al'umma, Gvirtzman&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot; /&gt; (2012) misali yana jayayya cewa matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na Isra'ila da na Falasdinawa a yau ya kusan zama daya. Manyan bambance-bambance a cikin bayanan ruwa na Isra'ila da Falasdinu suna nuna yadda batun rabon ruwa yake da takaddama da kuma gaggawa har yanzu.
[[File:Ma'ale adumim 02.JPG|thumb|right|Wurin ninkaya a matsugunin Yahudawa na Ma'ale Adumim, a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan]]
Har zuwa yau, babu wata yarjejeniya ta karshe da ke ba al'ummar Falasdinu hakkin ruwa. Kodayake batutuwan ruwa sun kasance babban jigo a Tsarin Zaman Lafiya na Oslo (Oslo Peace Process), ba a warware takaddamar ruwan ba ta hanyar shawarwarin. Lallai, Sashi na 40 na &quot;Yarjejeniyar Riko ta Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan da Katariyar Gaza&quot; (1995) yana bayani ne kan hakkin ruwa na Falasdinawa, amma yana bayyana cewa &quot;za a tattauna wadannan a cikin shawarwarin matsayi na dindindin kuma a daidaita su a cikin Yarjejeniyar Matsayi na Dindindin da ta shafi mabanbantan albarkatun ruwa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Peace/Guide/Pages/THE%20ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN%20INTERIM%20AGREEMENT%20-%20Annex%20III.aspx#app-40|title = The Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip - Annex III.|date = 1995|access-date = 2015-11-25|publisher = Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}&lt;/ref&gt; A halin da ake ciki, &quot;a lokacin riko za a raba jimillar ruwa na 28.6 mcm/shekara&quot; ga al'ummar Falasdinu &quot;domin biyan bukatu na gaggawa [..] na ruwan sha don amfanin gida&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A zahiri, sakamakon takaddama da ke ci gaba da faruwa tsakanin Isra'ila da Falasdinu, ba a tattauna Yarjejeniyar Matsayi na Dindindin ba. Saboda haka, yarjejeniyar ta ci gaba da kiyaye mamayar Isra'ila a fakaice a kan albarkatun ruwa sannan ta dauki batun karancin ruwa a yankunan Falasdinawa da aka mamaye a matsayin batun bukatar jin kai maimakon hakki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Bugu da kari, an kafa Hukumar Ruwa ta Hadin Gwiwa tsakanin Isra'ila da Falasdinu (JWC) domin aiwatar da yarjejeniyar cikin tsarin hadin gwiwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Kwamitocin Ruwa, Injiniya, Kazanta, da Farashi na JWC suna tattaunawa akai-akai don amincewa da ginin tsarin samar da ruwa ko gine-ginen kwashe kazanta. A matsayin wani bangare na wannan yarjejeniya, Isra'ila ta mika ragamar kula da samar da ruwa a yankunan Falasdinawa ga Hukumar Falasdinu (Palestinian Authority). Duk da haka, Hukumar Falasdinun tana da wahalar sauke nauyin da ke kanta, domin mambobin Isra'ila na Hukumar Ruwa ta Hadin Gwiwa suna da ikon yin watsi da (veto) kowane shiri na Falasdinawa. Haka kuma, mambobin Hukumar Falasdinun ba su da damar shiga yawancin yankuna saboda sojoji sun hana su izini. Sakamakon shi ne cewa sama da kashi 33% na ruwan da ake kaiwa yankunan Falasdinawa &quot;yana zuba ne daga bututun cikin gida&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot; /&gt; Bangarorin biyu suna jayayya cewa ba a sake bin dokokin da aka kafa a Oslo. Da yake ba a raba wa al'ummar Falasdinu isasshen ruwa ba, za a iya kallon ayyukan Hukumar Ruwa ta Hadin Gwiwa a matsayin marasa gamsarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Kwarin Kogin Nilu ==

=== Albarkatun ruwa ===
[[File:Egypt Nil.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Kogin Nilu.| Kogin Nilu a kasar Masar]]
Kogin Nilu kwarin ruwa ne na kasa da kasa, wanda ke ratsawa ta cikin kasashe mabanbanta guda 10 masu cin gashin kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kogin Nilu yana ratsawa ne ta cikin kasashen Sudan, Sudan ta Kudu, Burundi, Rwanda, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Habasha, da Masar, kuma ana daukarsa a matsayin kogi mafi tsayi a duniya. Nilu shi ne kadai muhimmin tushen ruwa a Arewacin Afirka kuma kashi 40% na al'ummar Afirka suna zaune ne a

=== Yaƙin Basasar Sudan ===
Samun damar yin amfani da muhimman albarkatu, musamman ruwa, shi ne babban dalilin da ya haifar da Yaƙin Basasa a Sudan. Ta fuskar muhalli, an raba Sudan zuwa yankuna biyu: na arewa da na kudu. Shashen Arewa yana da yawan jama'a kuma mafi yawancinsu Larabawa Musulmi ne. Kodayake Kogin Nilu yana ratsawa ta yankin arewacin Sudan, galibi yana wajen madatsun ruwa na ƙoramu da koguna da ke haɗuwa su zama Farin Nilu da Baƙin Nilu a can can kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kudancin ƙasar kuma ba shi da yawan jama'a sosai, amma yana da albarkar ƙasa sosai. Yana samun isasshen ruwan sama kuma yana amfana daga ƙoramu da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da dama da ke warwatse a fadin yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Fari mai dorewa da kwararowar hamada, haɓakar yawan jama'a, da buƙatar ƙara yawan abinci sun tilasta wa Larabawan arewa da dama neman ƙasashe da albarkatu a kudu. Shigo da kayan aikin gona na zamani da Arewa ta yi na ci gaba da barazana ga tsarin noman abinci na gargajiya na mutanen kudu. Sakamakon haka, mutanen kudu waɗanda suka tsara kansu a ƙarƙashin Rundunar 'Yantar da Al'ummar Sudan (SPLA),&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; sun yi yaƙi da mamayar arewa na tsawon kusan shekaru sodoki.

Rikicin ruwa a Sudan yawanci ya dogara ne akan ginin madatsun ruwa ko ayyukan noma. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun dalilan rikici shi ne aikin ginin Madatsar Ruwa ta Jonglei (Jonglei Canal), wanda aka fara a shekarar 1978. An fara aikin ne saboda manyan dalilai guda biyu: domin magance ambaliyar ruwa a Yankin Sudd don samar da ƙarin ƙasar noma, da kuma kiyaye ruwan da ke bace wa ta hanyar tururi saboda tsayuwar da ya yi a madatun.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Adadin ruwan da ake rasa wa ta hanyar tururi an kiyasta shi ya kai mcm/y 4000.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Gwamnatocin Sudan da Masar duka sun goyi bayan aikin domin kowannensu zai amfana da ƙarin ruwan. Madatsar Ruwa ta Jonglei tana da girman gaske ta yadda har ana iya gani daga sararin samaniya. Tana da fadin kafa 210 da zurfin kafa 16 a matsakaici.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;
Katsewar ruwan fadama ya yi barazana ga kusan mutanen ƙabila miliyan 1.7 na yankin waɗanda suka dogara da fadamar don rayuwarsu, kuma a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1974, mazauna yankin sun yi zanga-zanga tare da tarzoma a birnin Juba da ke kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Mutanen kudu sun fara tururuwa zuwa kungiyar SPLA, wanda hakan ya kai ga hare-hare na nuna ƙarfi a wuraren gine-gine a kan titin Madatsar Ruwa ta Jonglei. A ƙarshe sun tilasta dakatar da aikin a shekarar 1984. An riga an gina kilomita 250 daga cikin kilomita 360 na madatsar ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;

Mamayar harkar noman zamani ta mutanen arewa a kudancin Sudan ita ma ta haddasa rikici. Gwamnatin da Larabawa ke iko da ita ta yi tunanin bunƙasa aikin noma a Kudu, kuma manoma daga arewa sun ci gaba da shiga cikin filayen kudu masu albarka. Wannan mamaya ta yi barazana ga ƙabilar Nilotic, waɗanda ke gudanar da harkokin kiwon shanu na kudancin ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Mutanen kudu sun mayar da martani ga mamayar arewa ta hanyar gaba da fada.

Sake ɓarkewar rikici ya faru tsakanin gwamnatin arewa da al'ummar Sudan game da shawarar da gwamnatin ta yanke na gina madatsar ruwa ta Kajbar a kogin Nilu. Tafkin da zai samo asali daga hakan zai tilasta wa rage mazaunin ƙarshen ƙabilar Nubian da suka rage a Sudan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Yawancin mahaifar Nubian an riga an nutsar da ita da ruwa bayan da Masar ta gina babbar madatsar ruwa ta Aswan (Aswan High Dam) a shekarun 1950. Mutanen Sudan da yawa sun yi zanga-zangar nuna rashin amincewa da gina Kajbar, har ma mambobin ƙungiyar Nubian Alliance sun yi barazanar kisan kai gaba ɗaya a matsayin zanga-zanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Sun ƙi amsar tayin diyya da gwamnatin Sudan ta yi musu.

=== Rikice-rikicen Yanki ===
Baya ga kasancewarsa silar rikicin cikin gida a tsakanin ƙasashe, ruwa ya kuma haifar da takaddama ta waje tsakanin ƙasashe masu zaman kansu. Yayin da Masar ke amfani da kashi 99% na wadatar ruwan Nilu,&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; kaɗan ne daga cikin ruwan ke farowa daga cikin iyakokin Masar. Babban buƙatar ruwa na ƙasa da ke can ƙarshen rafi sau da yawa yakan rura wuta ga rikicin yanki. Haka lamarin yake a Arewacin Afirka.
[[File:Red Sea 37.95521E 21.41271N.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Jan Teku.| Arewa maso Gabashin Afirka, Jan Teku, Yankin Larabawa da Sinai]]

A farkon shekarun 1900, ƙarancin auduga na duniya ya matsa wa Masar da Sudan lamba don yin amfani da ƙasashe masu kyau don ƙara yawan noman auduga.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last = Wolf|first = Aaron|title = Middle East Water Conflicts and Directions for Conflict Resolution|url = http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABY541.pdf|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151125225040/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABY541.pdf|url-status = dead|archive-date = November 25, 2015|publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Auduga, sai dai, yana buƙatar shayarwa mai yawa kuma bai dace da yanayin ƙasar Masar da Sudan ba kamar sauran amfanin gona na gargajiya. Buƙatar ruwa da kula da ambaliyar ruwa sun haifar da ayyukan samar da ruwa a tsawon kogin Nilu, wanda hakan ya saba haifar da arangama tsakanin ofishin harkokin waje na Birtaniya – Sudan tana ƙarƙashin mulkin haɗin gwiwa na Birtaniya da Masar a lokacin – da kuma mutanen Masar da na Sudan na gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, ya bayyana sarai cewa ana buƙatar sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar raba ruwa ta hukuma don daidaita amfani da ruwan Nilu. A shekarar 1920, aka kafa Hukumar Ayyukan Nilu (Nile Projects Commission).&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Ƙarƙashin jagorancin wakilai daga Indiya, Burtaniya, da Amurka, hukumar ta kiyasta amfani da ruwa bisa buƙatun amfani da ruwa na kowace ƙasa. Dangane da matsakaicin adadin kwararar ruwa na bcm/y 84, hukumar ta kiyasta amfanin Masar da ake buƙata ya zama bcm/y 58, yayin da aka yi imanin Sudan za ta iya biyan buƙatunta na ban ruwa ta hanyar amfani da ruwan Baƙin Nilu kaɗai.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Hukumar ta kuma ba da shawarar raba duk wani sauyi daga matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara daidai tsakanin Masar da Sudan. Sai dai, ba a taɓa yin aiki da sakamakon binciken hukumar ba. Haka kuma a shekarar 1920, Birtaniya ta ba da shawarar Shirin Adana Ruwa na ƙarni (Century Storage Scheme), mafi kyawun shiri don samar da ruwa a tsawon kogin Nilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Shirin ya bukaci da a gina wurin adana ruwa a kan iyakar Uganda da Sudan, da gina madatsar ruwa a Sennar na ƙasar Sudan, don shayar da yankunan kudancin Sudan, da kuma madatsar ruwa a tsawon Farin Nilu don riƙe ruwan ambaliyar lokacin rani don amfanin Masar a lokacin rani.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Tsarin na Birtaniya ya damun Masarawa da yawa, tunda yawancin manyan gine-ginen ruwan za a gina su ne a wajen yankin Masar. A ranar 7 ga Mayu, 1929, Masar da Sudan suka sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Nilu. Dangane da yawancin sakamakon binciken hukumar na shekarar 1920, yarjejeniyar ta ware bcm/y 4 ga Sudan, da bcm/y 48 ga Masar. Sai dai tsakanin 20 ga Janairu da 15 ga Yuli, dukkan kwararar ruwan Nilu an ware shi ne don amfanin Masar kaɗai.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt;

A shekarun 1950, Masar ta gudanar da aikin gina babbar madatsar ruwa ta Aswan ita kaɗai har zuwa shekarar 1954, lokacin da aka sanya Sudan a cikin tattaunawar. Zagayen farko na tattaunawa tsakanin Masar da Sudan ya gudana ne a watan Disamba na shekarar 1954, amma aka soke shi kafin a cimma matsaya ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Gwamnatocin biyu sun sake haɗuwa a watan Afrilu na shekarar 1955, inda suka sake kasawa wajen cimma daidaito. Takaddama ta ƙaru a shekarar 1958 bayan wani tawaye na Masar da ya gaza a yankin da ake takaddama a kai a kan iyakar Sudan. Don mayar da martani, Sudan ta ɗaukaka matakin Madatsar Ruwa ta Sennar a lokacin rani na shekarar 1959, wanda hakan ke nufin watsi da yarjejeniyar 1929 da aka sanya wa hannu da Masar.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Ƙasashin biyu sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Cikakken Amfani da Ruwan Nilu (Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Nilu) a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1959.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Nilu, bisa matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na bcm/y 84 ta tanadi abubuwa kamar haka:&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt;
* bcm/y 55.5 ga Masar, bcm/y 18.5 ga Sudan.
* Duk wani sauyi daga matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara za a raba shi daidai tsakanin Masar da Sudan.
* Har zuwa shekarar 1977, Sudan za ta &quot;ara&quot; wa Masar ƙarin bcm/y 1.5.
* Duk wani ci gaba na gaba da zai kai ga ƙaruwar kwararar ruwan Nilu za a biya kuɗinsa daidai tsakanin ƙasashin biyu. Kuma dukkan ruwan da zai samu za a raba shi daidai a tsakaninsu.
* Masar za ta biya Sudan fam miliyan 15 na Birtaniya a matsayin diyya na ambaliyar ruwa da ta gabata wacce ta samo asali daga ayyukan samar da ruwa na Masar.
Bugu da ƙari, yarjejeniyar ta 1959 ta kafa Kwamitin Haɗin Gwiwa na Fasaha na dindindin don magance duk wani rikici na gaba. Sudan da Masar duka sun amince cewa buƙatun ruwa na sauran ƙasashe takwas da ke raba kogin ba zai wuce bcm/y 1 zuwa 2 ba, sannan sun ƙara amincewa da fuskantar duk wata barazana ga albarkatun Nilu tare da haɗin gwiwar Masar da Sudan.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Gina babbar madatsar ruwa ta Aswan a shekarun 1960 ya kasance abin rigima domin ya nutsar da yankunan kudancin Sudan kusa da Wadi Halfa kuma ya raba mazauna Sudan da ke zaune a kan iyakar Masar da Sudan da matsugunansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;
[[File:MeroweDam-NASA.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Madatsar Ruwa ta Merowe.| Madatsar Ruwa ta Merowe, kamar yadda ake gani daga sararin samaniya.]]
A tsakiyar shekarun 1990 Masar ta fara wani babban aiki a can kudancin Aswan. Sabon Aikin Delta (New Delta Project) a kudancin Masar da Madatsar Ruwa ta Salaam a Yankin Sinai duka sun kasance manyan ayyuka da tsohon shugaban Masar Hosni Mubarak ya ɗauka don ƙara wadatar ruwa ga yawan jama'ar Masar da ke haɓaka, waɗanda suka bazu da nisa sosai daga kogin Nilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Ƙaruwar amfani da ruwan Masar silar rikici ce a yankin yayin da ƙasashe na sama – Sudan da Habasha – suka fara tabbatar da nasu haƙƙoƙin na gina madatsar ruwa a kogin don samar da wutar lantarki. Shirye-shiryen Sudan na gina madatsar ruwa ta Kajbar kusa da Khartoum a inda Farin Nilu da Baƙin Nilu suka haɗu &lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; ya haifar da takaddama ta ƙasa da ƙasa da dama. Sudan tana kuma shirin gina Madatsar Ruwa ta Merowe a kudancin Kajbar da kuma faɗaɗa Madatsar Ruwa ta Roseires, da ke da nisan mil 300 kudu maso gabashin Khartoum a kan Baƙin Nilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; An kiyasta cewa gina waɗannan ayyukan zai iya kai wa Sudan ga wuce gona da iri akan iyakokin ruwanta na yarjejeniyar 1959.
Habasha ita ma ta fito a matsayin babbar mai fada a aikin samar da ruwan Kogin Nilu. A shekarar 1957, sun sanar da aniyarsu ta gudanar da aikin samar da ruwa na kogin Nilu a cikin yankin Habasha da kansu. Zuwa shekarar 2000, an gina ƙananan madatsun ruwa fiye da 200 a tsawon mabudun ruwan Nilu. Gaba ɗaya, madatsun ruwan za su yi amfani da kusan mcm/y miliyan 500 na kwararar ruwan Nilu na shekara-shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Habasha ce kaɗai ƙasa da ke raba kogin Nilu da ta yi iƙirarin haƙƙi na shari'a kan ruwan Nilu ban da Masar ko Sudan tun lokacin da aka sanya wa hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Nilu a shekarar 1959. Kamar a Masar, haɓakar jama'a a Habasha ya kai ga ƙaruwar amfani da ruwa. Haɓakar yawan jama'ar Habasha ya wuce na Masar, kuma tare da yawan jama'a masu kusan girma ɗaya, buƙatun ruwa na Habasha na iya wuce na Masar. Shayar da rabin ƙasashen noma na Habasha kawai zai rage kwararar ruwa zuwa Sudan da Masar da kashi 15%.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Daga baya, Habasha ta gina Babbar Madatsar Ruwa ta Renaissance ta Habasha (Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam) wadda ta haifar da tsawaitwar tattaunawa game da tasirinta ga Masar da Sudan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/85655/egypt-ethiopia-dam-of-discord-continues-to-pressure-relations/ |title=Egypt-Ethiopia: 'Dam of Discord' continues to pressure relations |website=The Africa Report |date=6 May 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwarin Kogin Tigris-Euphrates ==

=== Albarkatun ruwa ===
Kwarin Kogin Tigris-Euphrates ya kunshi manyan koramu guda biyu - Kogin Tigris da Kogin Euphrates - da kananan koramunsu. Dukansu kogin Tigris da Euphrates sun samo asali ne daga kudancin kasar Turkiyya. Kogin Tigris yana kwarara ne daga Turkiyya, yana ratsa iyakar kasar Turkiyya da Siriya na tsawon kilomita 32 kafin ya kwarara zuwa kudu ta cikin kasar Iraki.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Tun daga inda ya samo asali a Turkiyya, kogin Euphrates yana kwarara zuwa Siriya daga arewa, kafin ya ci gaba da kwarara ta cikin kasar Iraki.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Koramun biyu suna haduwa ne a kasar Iraki don samar da Shatt Al-Arab, wanda yake kwarara zuwa kudu zuwa cikin Tekun Fasha.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt;

=== Rikicin yanki ===
Ko da yake takaddamar siyasar ruwa ta dade tana faruwa a yankin tsawon karnoni, matsin lamba na yawan jama'a a shekarun 1960 ya sa kowace kasa ta fara kokarin bunkasa albarkatun ruwa da kanta. An gina Madatsar ruwa ta Keban a kudancin Anatolia daga shekarar 1965 zuwa 1973, sannan Siriya ta gina Madatsar ruwa ta Tabqa tsakanin shekarar 1965 da 1973.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Duk da tattaunawar bangarorin biyu da wani lokacin ma uku (ciki har da Tarayyar Soviet), babu wata yarjejeniya ta hukuma da aka cimma lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fara aiki a shekarar 1973. Yayin da madatsun suka fara cika, kwararar ruwa zuwa kasa ta ragu matuka. A shekarar 1974, Siriya ta amince da bukatar Iraki inda ta ba da damar ƙarin mita kubik miliyan 200 (mcm) a kowace shekara daga Madatsar ruwa ta Tabqa. Sai dai a shekara mai zuwa, Iraki ta nemi shiga tsakani na Kungiyar Kasashen Larabawa, inda ta bayyana cewa kwararar ruwan da ke zuwa Iraki ta ragu daga mita kubik 920 a dakika (m³/s) zuwa matakin da &quot;ba za a iya jurewa ba&quot; na mita kubik 197 a dakika.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Gwamnatin Siriya ta mayar da martani da cewa kwararar ruwa zuwa Siriya ma ta ragu da fiye da kashi 50%. Bayan musayar kalamai na gaba juna, Siriya ta janye daga kwamitin Kungiyar Kasashen Larabawa da aka dorawa alhakin magance rikicin. Rikici ya ƙaru a watan Mayun 1975 yayin da Siriya ta rufe sararin samaniyar ta ga jiragen saman Iraki, kuma ƙasashen biyu suka kwashe sojoji zuwa kan iyakokinsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Sai dai shiga tsakani na kasar Saudiyya ya sanyaya yanayin, inda bangarorin biyu suka cimma yarjejeniyar da ta dakile tashin hankalin da zai iya faruwa. Ba a taba bayyana sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar ga jama'a ba, amma majiyoyin Iraki sun ce a asirce an ba Siriya damar riƙe kashi 40% na ruwan Euphrates da ke kwarara ta ƙasarta, yayin da kashi 60% na ruwan aka amince ya kwarara zuwa kudu ta cikin Iraki.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt;

Aikin Anatolia ta Kudu maso Gabas (wanda aka fi sani da GAP a harshen Turkiyya) yana ci gaba da zama tushen tashin hankali a yankin. GAP babban aiki ne na samar da wutar lantarki, wanda ya ƙunshi madatsun ruwa 21 da cibiyoyin samar da wutar lantarki 19.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Za a yi amfani da ruwan ne don samar da kilowatt-hour biliyan 26 na wutar lantarki tare da ƙarfin 7,500 megawatts, da kuma ban ruwa ga kadada miliyan 1.65 na ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1987, Firayim Ministan Turkiyya Turgut Ozal ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar da ke ba da garantin kwararar ruwa aƙalla mcm 500 a shekara zuwa Siriya. An sake gudanar da tattaunawa tsakanin Turkiyya, Siriya, da Iraki a watan Janairun 1990 lokacin da Turkiyya ta dakatar da kwararar ruwan Euphrates na tsawon kwanaki 30 ta hanyar rufe ƙofofin Madatsar ruwa ta Atatürk. Iraki ta dage cewa Turkiyya ta ba da damar aƙalla mcm 500 a shekara su kwarara zuwa Siriya, amma an dakatar da tattaunawar saboda ɓarkewar Yaƙin Tekun Fasha na farko. Tattaunawar bayan yaƙin a watan Satumbar 1992 ta gaza cimma yarjejeniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt;</text>
      <sha1>jsevc4d7xn2ue3ao8vxc41mzkhesfwa</sha1>
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'''Rikicin ruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka''' (MENA) ya fi mayar da hankali ne a kan manyan kwarurukan koguna guda uku: kwarin Kogin Jordan, kwarin kogunan Tigris da Euphrates, da kuma kwarin Kogin Nilu. Yankin MENA ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita miliyan 11.1. Akwai manyan hamada guda uku a yankin na MENA:&lt;ref name=&quot;abuzeid2006&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Conflict and Conflict Management Mechanisms in the Middle East and North Africa |url=http://water.cedare.int/cedare.int/files15%5CFile2862.pdf |publisher=Centre for Environment and Development for the Arab Region and Europe |author1=Khaled AbuZeid |author2=Amr Abdel-Meguid |date=March 2006 |access-date=2012-05-04 |archive-date=2015-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610224547/http://water.cedare.int/cedare.int/files15%5CFile2862.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hamadar Sahara, wadda ta kunshi manyan sassa na Arewacin Afirka.
* Rub' al Khali, a kudancin Yarjejeniyar Larabawa (Arabian Peninsula).
* Badiat El-Sham (Hamadar Siriya), a arewacin Yarjejeniyar Larabawa.
Bugu da kari, babban sashi na kasar Iran hamada ne ya mamaye shi. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara bai kai 100 mm ba a kashi 65% na yankin, yana tsakanin 100 da 300 mm a kashi 15% na yankin, kuma ya fi 300 mm a sauran yankunan da suka rage.&lt;ref name=&quot;abuzeid2006&quot;/&gt; Yanayin da ke haifar da rikici ana hasashen zai kara ta'azzara kuma ya dada sarkakiya yayin da cikakken tasirin canjin yanayi a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka zai bayyana a cikin karni na 21.

== Kwarin Kogin Jordan ==

=== Albarkatun ruwa ===
[[File:Middle East Topographic Political EN.svg|thumb|left|Taswirar tauraron dan adam na Gabas ta Tsakiya.]]
Hanyoyin ruwa guda uku da ke samar da Kogin Jordan – Kogin Hasbani (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 250 Mm3), Kogin Banias (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 125 Mm3), da Kogin Dan (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 250 Mm3) sun samo asali ne daga kasashen Lebanon, Siriya, da Isra'ila.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Ju'ub|first=Dr. Ghassan Abu|title=Water Conflicts in the Middle East Between the Present and the Future|url=http://www.alazhar.edu.ps/arabic/centers/IWE/Researches/GazaPaper-new/water.pdf|publisher=Al-Azhar University|access-date=2012-04-10|archive-date=2012-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711013149/http://www.alazhar.edu.ps/arabic/centers/IWE/Researches/GazaPaper-new/water.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna haduwa ne a Tafkin Huleh sannan su kwarara zuwa kudu a matsayin Kogin Jordan. Daidai kudancin Tiberias, Kogin Yarmuk yana haduwa da Kogin Jordan. Gaba daya, Kogin Jordan yana kwarara ne na kusan kilomita 350, yana farawa daga gindin Dutsen Hermon a arewa kuma ya kare a Tekun Gishiri (Dead Sea) a kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kogin yana da kiyasin kwararar ruwa na 1880 MCM/Y, inda kashi 73 cikin dari na ruwan ya samo asali ne daga kasashen Larabawa sannan kashi 27 cikin dari kuma ya samo asali daga Isra'ila.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Kiser|first=Stephen|title=WATER: THE HYDRAULIC PARAMETER OF CONFLICT IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA|journal=USAF Institute for National Security Studies|date=September 2000|series=INSS Occasional Papers|issue=35|pages=59|url=http://www.usafa.edu/df/inss/OCP/ocp35.pdf|access-date=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wani binciken USAF na watan Satumban 2000, sama da kashi 90% na ruwan kasar Siriya ana raba shi ne da kasashen makwabta kamar su Iraki, Turkiyya, Isra'ila, Lebanon, da Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kusan kashi 36 cikin dari na hanyoyin ruwan kasar Jordan ana raba su ne da Siriya, Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank), da Isra'ila, kuma sama da rabin ruwan Isra'ila ana raba shi ne da Siriya, Lebanon, Jordan, da Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;

Yankin can gaba zuwa arewa, Kogin Litani da Kogin Orontes sune suka kunshi yankin magudanar ruwa na arewacin Levant. Kodayake wuraren da kogunan suka samo asali suna kusa da juna a labarin kasa, Kogin Litani yana kwarara ne zuwa kudu sannan yamma zuwa Tekun Mediterane kusa da Tyre, yana ratsawa ta cikin kasar Lebanon kadai, yayin da Kogin Orontes kuma yake kwarara zuwa arewa zuwa cikin kasar Siriya, yana shiga Tekun Mediterane a kusa da birnin Antioch.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kiyasin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na Kogin Litani wanda ya kai 410 MCM/Y ya kasance manufar shawarwarin magance matsalar ruwa da Siriya, Jordan, da Isra'ila suka gabatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Siriya, Lebanon, da Isra'ila duka suna da madatsun ruwan sha na karkashin kasa na dabi'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Akwai manyan madatsun ruwa guda biyu na karkashin kasa wadanda ke samar da ruwan sha ga Isra'ila ta zamani. Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse (Mountain Aquifer) tana karkashin Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank). Tana sake cika kanta da 679 Mm3 na ruwa duk shekara, inda 78 Mm3 daga ciki yake da gishiri-gishiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Manyan kwaruruka guda uku na Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse sune kwarin Gabas, kwarin Yamma, da kuma kwarin Arewa maso Gabas. Kwarin Gabas shi ne mafi kankanta dangane da yawan ruwan sha amma shi ne mafi girma dangane da fadin kasa. Ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita 3260.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kwarin Yamma shi ne mafi girma a cikin ukun dangane da yawan ruwan sha da yake dauke da shi. Ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita 1780.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; A karshe, kwarin Arewa maso Gabas yana da fadin kusan murabba'in kilomita 610.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Madatsar Ruwa ta Gabar Teku (Coastal Aquifer) da ke tare da Gabar Tekun Mediterane tana da jimillar sake cika kanta ta shekara-shekara na 330 Mm3.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt;

Yankin da ke kewaye da kwarin Kogin Jordan yana daya daga cikin mafi bushewa a duniya. Isra'ila da arewa maso yammacin Jordan suna samun matsakaicin ruwan sama na 1190 cm a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kadan ne kawai daga cikin wannan ruwan za a iya amfani da shi. Kasashen Kuwait, Libya, Oman, da Singapore ne kadai ke samun karancin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara fiye da Jordan ko Isra'ila. Siriya da Lebanon, sabanin haka, suna samun isasshen ruwan sama don tallafawa aikin gona da sake cika madatsun ruwa na karkashin kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kamar yadda aka bayyana a baya, yayin da sassan arewacin Jordan da Isra'ila ke samun 110 cm na ruwan sama na shekara-shekara, tsakiyar Jordan da Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan suna samun 20 mcm/y. Sai dai kashi 3 mcm/y kacal ne na wannan ruwan za a iya amfani da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;

=== Amfani da ruwa ===
Isra'ila tana amfani da kusan 850 MCM/Y na ruwan karkashin kasa, inda 400 MCM/Y daga ciki ke fitowa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse. A shekarar 1964, Isra'ila ta fara dibar 320 MCM/Y daga Kogin Jordan don babban Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Kasa (National Water Carrier). Ya zuwa shekarar 1967, babban Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Kasa na Isra'ila yana kwashe kusan kashi 70 cikin dari na Kogin Jordan kafin ya kai ga mutanen Falasdinu a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; A shekarun 1980, 'yan ciranin Yahudawa da suka zauna a yankin sun shanye ruwa sau bakai fiye da manoman Larabawa. Wasu majiyoyin sun nuna bambanci kadan, kodayake har yanzu yana da yawa. A cewar wani binciken watan Satumba na shekarar 2000, Isra'ila tana amfani da 1180 MCM/Y, ko kashi 62 cikin dari na jimillar samar da ruwa na shekara-shekara a aikin gona. Idan aka kwatanta, kasar Jordan tana amfani da 67 MCM/Y, ko kashi 74 cikin dari na jimillar samar da ruwanta a aikin gona.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kusan kashi 48 cikin dari na matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na shekara-shekara na Isra'ila wanda ya kai 1,950 MCM/Y yana fitowa ne daga yankunan da aka kwace a shekarar 1967. 400 MCM/Y na wannan ruwan yana fitowa ne daga ruwan karkashin kasa na Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan, yayin da 450 MCM/Y ke fitowa daga saman Kogin Jordan da Tuddan Golan (Golan Heights).&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Sai dai tun a shekarar 1981, kasar Isra'ila ta kasance tana amfani da kashi 99 cikin dari na albarkatun ruwan da take da su.

=== Tsarin Samar da Ruwa ===

==== Lokacin Mulkin Mallaka na Birtaniya (1917–1948)====
A lokacin da Birtaniya ke mulkin mallaka a Falasdinu (1913–1948), akwai tsarin noman rani guda uku a gefen gabashin tuddan Yahudawa (Judaean Mountains). Magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Qelt tana samar da 3 MCM/Y na ruwan sha ga birnin Jericho daga idon ruwan Ein Fara, Ein Fawar, da Ein Qelt.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Bugu da kari, magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Uja tana wadata kwarin Uja da 7 MCM/Y na ruwan sha daga idon ruwan Ein Uja, sannan magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Faria ta kwashe 5 MCM/Y na ruwa daga idon ruwan Ein Shibli, Ein Isca, da Ein Baidan zuwa Giftlik.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Gvirtzman|first=Haim|title=The Israeli-Palestinian Water Conflict: An Israeli Perspective|url=http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/MSPS94.pdf|publisher=The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karkashin mulkin Roma, magudanar ruwa na Nablus da Jerusalem sun kasance suna aiki a tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya. Wadannan magudanar ruwa sun kawo karin jimillar 3 MCM/Y ga Sabastia da Kudus. Lokacin mulkin mallakar na Birtaniya, an sake amfani da wasu kananan idon ruwa na karkashin kasa guda 200 sannan aka tara ruwan sama daga tankuna, wanda hakan ya samar da karin 5 MCM/Y na ruwan sha a lokutan damina mai yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; Tare da karin masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu wadanda ke samar da karin 2 MCM/Y ga Kudus da Ramallah, matsakaicin karfin ruwa a tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya ya kasance 25 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; [[File:Lasjalomne023 (7).jpg|thumb|left|alt=Tafkin Tiberias.| Tafkin Tiberias]]
Tsare-tsare da yawa sun yi kokarin raba albarkatun ruwa na yankin lokacin mulkin mallakar Birtaniya. Tsarin Ionides na shekarar 1939 ya ba da shawarwari guda uku. Na farko, ya ba da shawarar adana ruwan ambaliya na Kogin Yarmouk a cikin Tafkin Tiberias (Tekun Galilea).&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Isaac|first=Jad|title=Roots of the Water Conflict in the Middle East|url=http://web.macam.ac.il/~arnon/Int-ME/water/Roots%20of%20the%20Water%20Conflict%20in%20the%20Middle%20East.htm|publisher=Applied Research Institute – Jerusalem|author2=Leonardo Hosh |date=7–9 May 1992}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na biyu, ya kayyadewa sassan ruwan tafkin da za a karkatar ta hanyar madatsar ruwa ta East Ghor Canal don amfani da shi a aikin noman rani a gabashin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Na uku, ya takaita amfani da ruwan kwarin Kogin Jordan ga kwarin Kogin Jordan kadai.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Masu fafutukar sahyoniyanci (Zionist advocates) sun yi watsi da wannan shirin saboda sun hango amfani da ruwan kwarin Kogin Jordan don gina matsugunai a Hamadar Negev da ke kudancin kasar. Sabanin haka, Tsarin Lowdermilk, wanda Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta dauki nauyin gudanarwa, ya ba da shawarar shayar da kwarin Kogin Jordan da karkatar da kogunan Jordan da Yarmouk don samar da wutar lantarki.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1948, James B. Hays ya yi amfani da sakamakon binciken Lowdermilk a matsayin tushen Tsarin Hays, inda za a karkatar da Kogin Yarmouk zuwa Tafkin Tiberias domin biyan diyyar ruwan da aka rasa wajen karkatar da Kogin Jordan don ayyukan aikin gona.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt;

==== Mulkin kasar Jordan (1948–1967) ====
A shekarar 1948, Isra'ila ta zama kasa a hukumance. Masarautar Jordan ta karbi ikon kula da albarkatun ruwa na tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya. Sun ci gaba da rike ikon mallakar yankin har zuwa Yakin Kwanaki Shida (Six-Day War) a shekarar 1967. Karin rijiyoyin da aka tona a wannan lokacin ya sanya matsakaicin samar da ruwa a yankin ya kai 66 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; Sai dai garuruwan Falasdinawa hudu kacal daga cikin 708 ne ke da alaka da tsarin samar da ruwa a wancan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1965 an sake tona wasu rijiyoyi 350, wadanda ke samar da jimillar 41 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt;
A lokacin Yakin Falasdinu na 1947-1949, dakarun Yahudawa sun lalata masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta Rutenburg a kokarinsu na hana ikon Larabawa na musamman a kan kogunan Jordan da Yarmouk.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Sakamakon haka, Gvernatin Jordan da Hukumar Agaji da Ayyuka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNRWA) suka ba da umarnin gudanar da Tsarin MacDonald, wanda ya yi kama da Tsarin Ionides (1939) wajen takaita ruwan kwarin Kogin Jordan ga kwarin Kogin Jordan kadai. Ya kuma yi kira da a karkatar da Kogin Yarmouk don adana shi a Tafkin Tiberias domin amfani da shi wajen tallafawa ci gaban aikin gona a bangarorin biyu na Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Jordan da Siriya sun goyi bayan Tsarin Bunger, wanda ya ba da shawarar gina madatsar ruwa a Kogin Yarmouk da samar da masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu don wadatar da Jordan da Siriya da wutar lantarki. A shekarar 1953, jim kadan bayan an fara ginin, karuwar matsin lamba daga Amurka ta tilasta wa Jordan da Siriya yin watsi da shirye-shiryen nasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Gwamnatin Eisenhower ta tura Eric Johnston a matsayin jakada na musamman. Tsarin Johnston ya aiwatar da manufofin binciken Hukumar Kwarin Tennessee wanda Chales Main ya gudanar – wato Tsarin Main – wanda ya kunshi kason raba ruwa na kwarin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Kodayake babu wani bangare da ya amince da shirin, an yi amfani da shi azaman tushen shawarwari da dama na warware rikicin ruwa na gaba.

==== Hukumar Isra'ila (1967–yanzu) ====
[[File:Water supply in West Bank and Gaza February 2014 5water photoblog.jpg|thumb|right|Mazauna kauyen Falasdinu suna siyan ruwa daga motocin dakon ruwa a Khirbet A-Duqaiqah a tuddan Hebron]]
Lokacin da Isra'ila ta mamaye Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank) a Yakin Kwanaki Shida na shekarar 1967, an bayyana albarkatun ruwa na yankin a matsayin mallakar kasa. Mamayar tana da tasiri mai yawa a kan rayuwar yau da kullum ta al'ummar Falasdinu da kuma samar musu da ruwa:&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Palestinian Water: Resources, Use, Conservation, Climate Change, and Land Use |last = Hassan, M.A., McIntyre G.|date = 2012|journal = Digest of Middle East Studies |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=313–326| doi=10.1111/j.1949-3606.2012.00175.x }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title = The Jordan Valley: a case study profile. Part of CLICO project tasks.|last = Tamimi, A., Abu Jamous, S.|date = 2012|journal = Unpublished CLICO Deliverable}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta fannoni da dama, mamayar tana nuna keta dokokin kasa da kasa, kamar dokar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa ko dokar jinkai ta kasa da kasa. Musamman kwace filaye da rushe gine-gine da sojopin Isra'ila ke yi gami da sanya takunkumi kan zirga-zirgar mutane da kayayyaki sun fuskanci suka mai tsanani. Tun daga shekarar 1967, mafi yawancin hanyoyin ruwa sojopin Isra'ila ne ke iko da su. Haka kuma, ana karkatar da albarkatun ruwan kuma ana hana al'ummar Falasdinu samun damar yin amfani da yawancinsu. A lokaci guda, Isra'ila tana da'awar cewa Falasdinawa suna tona rijiyoyi ba tare da izini ba. Kayan aikin ruwa masu yawa na Falasdinawa, gami da tankunan adana ruwa, rijiyoyi, da tsarin noman rani, ana bayyana su a matsayin haramtattu sannan ana rushe su cikin tsari. Da yake galibi an hana gina sabbin kayan aikin ruwa na Falasdinawa, tsarin samar da ruwa na Falasdinawa yana cikin mummunan yanayi. Ta wannan hanyar, suna nuna rauni da rashin tabbas na matsayin siyasa na Falasdinu. Da yake mafi yawancin mutane a Gabas ta Yammacin Kogin Jordan sun dogara ne da aikin gona, karancin ruwan na Falasdinawa yana raunana tattalin arzikin yankin. Ta haka, yana taimakawa sosai wajen haifar da talauci da rashin aikin yi. Rashin daidaiton rabon ruwa a yankunan Falasdinawa ya haifar da kalmar &quot;wariya ta ruwa&quot; (water apartheid).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title = When the rivers run dry: What happens when our water runs out?|last = Pearce, F.|publisher = Eden Project Books.|year = 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kodayake yana da wahala a sami ingantattun bayanai, matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na Isra'ila a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan ya ninka kusan sau 6 matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na Falasdinawa wanda ke kusan lita 50 ga mutum daya a rana, wanda hakan kusan rabin matakin mafi kankanta da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ba da shawarar amfani da shi ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Sai dai akwai wasu bayanan da ke nuna yanayi mabanbanci. Ta hanyar cire ruwan kazanta da aka tace da ruwan teku da aka tace gami da amfani da mabanbantan bayanan al'umma, Gvirtzman&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot; /&gt; (2012) misali yana jayayya cewa matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na Isra'ila da na Falasdinawa a yau ya kusan zama daya. Manyan bambance-bambance a cikin bayanan ruwa na Isra'ila da Falasdinu suna nuna yadda batun rabon ruwa yake da takaddama da kuma gaggawa har yanzu.
[[File:Ma'ale adumim 02.JPG|thumb|right|Wurin ninkaya a matsugunin Yahudawa na Ma'ale Adumim, a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan]]
Har zuwa yau, babu wata yarjejeniya ta karshe da ke ba al'ummar Falasdinu hakkin ruwa. Kodayake batutuwan ruwa sun kasance babban jigo a Tsarin Zaman Lafiya na Oslo (Oslo Peace Process), ba a warware takaddamar ruwan ba ta hanyar shawarwarin. Lallai, Sashi na 40 na &quot;Yarjejeniyar Riko ta Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan da Katariyar Gaza&quot; (1995) yana bayani ne kan hakkin ruwa na Falasdinawa, amma yana bayyana cewa &quot;za a tattauna wadannan a cikin shawarwarin matsayi na dindindin kuma a daidaita su a cikin Yarjejeniyar Matsayi na Dindindin da ta shafi mabanbantan albarkatun ruwa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Peace/Guide/Pages/THE%20ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN%20INTERIM%20AGREEMENT%20-%20Annex%20III.aspx#app-40|title = The Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip - Annex III.|date = 1995|access-date = 2015-11-25|publisher = Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}&lt;/ref&gt; A halin da ake ciki, &quot;a lokacin riko za a raba jimillar ruwa na 28.6 mcm/shekara&quot; ga al'ummar Falasdinu &quot;domin biyan bukatu na gaggawa [..] na ruwan sha don amfanin gida&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A zahiri, sakamakon takaddama da ke ci gaba da faruwa tsakanin Isra'ila da Falasdinu, ba a tattauna Yarjejeniyar Matsayi na Dindindin ba. Saboda haka, yarjejeniyar ta ci gaba da kiyaye mamayar Isra'ila a fakaice a kan albarkatun ruwa sannan ta dauki batun karancin ruwa a yankunan Falasdinawa da aka mamaye a matsayin batun bukatar jin kai maimakon hakki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Bugu da kari, an kafa Hukumar Ruwa ta Hadin Gwiwa tsakanin Isra'ila da Falasdinu (JWC) domin aiwatar da yarjejeniyar cikin tsarin hadin gwiwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Kwamitocin Ruwa, Injiniya, Kazanta, da Farashi na JWC suna tattaunawa akai-akai don amincewa da ginin tsarin samar da ruwa ko gine-ginen kwashe kazanta. A matsayin wani bangare na wannan yarjejeniya, Isra'ila ta mika ragamar kula da samar da ruwa a yankunan Falasdinawa ga Hukumar Falasdinu (Palestinian Authority). Duk da haka, Hukumar Falasdinun tana da wahalar sauke nauyin da ke kanta, domin mambobin Isra'ila na Hukumar Ruwa ta Hadin Gwiwa suna da ikon yin watsi da (veto) kowane shiri na Falasdinawa. Haka kuma, mambobin Hukumar Falasdinun ba su da damar shiga yawancin yankuna saboda sojoji sun hana su izini. Sakamakon shi ne cewa sama da kashi 33% na ruwan da ake kaiwa yankunan Falasdinawa &quot;yana zuba ne daga bututun cikin gida&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot; /&gt; Bangarorin biyu suna jayayya cewa ba a sake bin dokokin da aka kafa a Oslo. Da yake ba a raba wa al'ummar Falasdinu isasshen ruwa ba, za a iya kallon ayyukan Hukumar Ruwa ta Hadin Gwiwa a matsayin marasa gamsarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Kwarin Kogin Nilu ==

=== Albarkatun ruwa ===
[[File:Egypt Nil.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Kogin Nilu.| Kogin Nilu a kasar Masar]]
Kogin Nilu kwarin ruwa ne na kasa da kasa, wanda ke ratsawa ta cikin kasashe mabanbanta guda 10 masu cin gashin kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kogin Nilu yana ratsawa ne ta cikin kasashen Sudan, Sudan ta Kudu, Burundi, Rwanda, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Habasha, da Masar, kuma ana daukarsa a matsayin kogi mafi tsayi a duniya. Nilu shi ne kadai muhimmin tushen ruwa a Arewacin Afirka kuma kashi 40% na al'ummar Afirka suna zaune ne a

=== Yaƙin Basasar Sudan ===
Samun damar yin amfani da muhimman albarkatu, musamman ruwa, shi ne babban dalilin da ya haifar da Yaƙin Basasa a Sudan. Ta fuskar muhalli, an raba Sudan zuwa yankuna biyu: na arewa da na kudu. Shashen Arewa yana da yawan jama'a kuma mafi yawancinsu Larabawa Musulmi ne. Kodayake Kogin Nilu yana ratsawa ta yankin arewacin Sudan, galibi yana wajen madatsun ruwa na ƙoramu da koguna da ke haɗuwa su zama Farin Nilu da Baƙin Nilu a can can kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kudancin ƙasar kuma ba shi da yawan jama'a sosai, amma yana da albarkar ƙasa sosai. Yana samun isasshen ruwan sama kuma yana amfana daga ƙoramu da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da dama da ke warwatse a fadin yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Fari mai dorewa da kwararowar hamada, haɓakar yawan jama'a, da buƙatar ƙara yawan abinci sun tilasta wa Larabawan arewa da dama neman ƙasashe da albarkatu a kudu. Shigo da kayan aikin gona na zamani da Arewa ta yi na ci gaba da barazana ga tsarin noman abinci na gargajiya na mutanen kudu. Sakamakon haka, mutanen kudu waɗanda suka tsara kansu a ƙarƙashin Rundunar 'Yantar da Al'ummar Sudan (SPLA),&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; sun yi yaƙi da mamayar arewa na tsawon kusan shekaru sodoki.

Rikicin ruwa a Sudan yawanci ya dogara ne akan ginin madatsun ruwa ko ayyukan noma. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun dalilan rikici shi ne aikin ginin Madatsar Ruwa ta Jonglei (Jonglei Canal), wanda aka fara a shekarar 1978. An fara aikin ne saboda manyan dalilai guda biyu: domin magance ambaliyar ruwa a Yankin Sudd don samar da ƙarin ƙasar noma, da kuma kiyaye ruwan da ke bace wa ta hanyar tururi saboda tsayuwar da ya yi a madatun.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Adadin ruwan da ake rasa wa ta hanyar tururi an kiyasta shi ya kai mcm/y 4000.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Gwamnatocin Sudan da Masar duka sun goyi bayan aikin domin kowannensu zai amfana da ƙarin ruwan. Madatsar Ruwa ta Jonglei tana da girman gaske ta yadda har ana iya gani daga sararin samaniya. Tana da fadin kafa 210 da zurfin kafa 16 a matsakaici.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;
Katsewar ruwan fadama ya yi barazana ga kusan mutanen ƙabila miliyan 1.7 na yankin waɗanda suka dogara da fadamar don rayuwarsu, kuma a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1974, mazauna yankin sun yi zanga-zanga tare da tarzoma a birnin Juba da ke kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Mutanen kudu sun fara tururuwa zuwa kungiyar SPLA, wanda hakan ya kai ga hare-hare na nuna ƙarfi a wuraren gine-gine a kan titin Madatsar Ruwa ta Jonglei. A ƙarshe sun tilasta dakatar da aikin a shekarar 1984. An riga an gina kilomita 250 daga cikin kilomita 360 na madatsar ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;

Mamayar harkar noman zamani ta mutanen arewa a kudancin Sudan ita ma ta haddasa rikici. Gwamnatin da Larabawa ke iko da ita ta yi tunanin bunƙasa aikin noma a Kudu, kuma manoma daga arewa sun ci gaba da shiga cikin filayen kudu masu albarka. Wannan mamaya ta yi barazana ga ƙabilar Nilotic, waɗanda ke gudanar da harkokin kiwon shanu na kudancin ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Mutanen kudu sun mayar da martani ga mamayar arewa ta hanyar gaba da fada.

Sake ɓarkewar rikici ya faru tsakanin gwamnatin arewa da al'ummar Sudan game da shawarar da gwamnatin ta yanke na gina madatsar ruwa ta Kajbar a kogin Nilu. Tafkin da zai samo asali daga hakan zai tilasta wa rage mazaunin ƙarshen ƙabilar Nubian da suka rage a Sudan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Yawancin mahaifar Nubian an riga an nutsar da ita da ruwa bayan da Masar ta gina babbar madatsar ruwa ta Aswan (Aswan High Dam) a shekarun 1950. Mutanen Sudan da yawa sun yi zanga-zangar nuna rashin amincewa da gina Kajbar, har ma mambobin ƙungiyar Nubian Alliance sun yi barazanar kisan kai gaba ɗaya a matsayin zanga-zanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Sun ƙi amsar tayin diyya da gwamnatin Sudan ta yi musu.

=== Rikice-rikicen Yanki ===
Baya ga kasancewarsa silar rikicin cikin gida a tsakanin ƙasashe, ruwa ya kuma haifar da takaddama ta waje tsakanin ƙasashe masu zaman kansu. Yayin da Masar ke amfani da kashi 99% na wadatar ruwan Nilu,&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; kaɗan ne daga cikin ruwan ke farowa daga cikin iyakokin Masar. Babban buƙatar ruwa na ƙasa da ke can ƙarshen rafi sau da yawa yakan rura wuta ga rikicin yanki. Haka lamarin yake a Arewacin Afirka.
[[File:Red Sea 37.95521E 21.41271N.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Jan Teku.| Arewa maso Gabashin Afirka, Jan Teku, Yankin Larabawa da Sinai]]

A farkon shekarun 1900, ƙarancin auduga na duniya ya matsa wa Masar da Sudan lamba don yin amfani da ƙasashe masu kyau don ƙara yawan noman auduga.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last = Wolf|first = Aaron|title = Middle East Water Conflicts and Directions for Conflict Resolution|url = http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABY541.pdf|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151125225040/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABY541.pdf|url-status = dead|archive-date = November 25, 2015|publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Auduga, sai dai, yana buƙatar shayarwa mai yawa kuma bai dace da yanayin ƙasar Masar da Sudan ba kamar sauran amfanin gona na gargajiya. Buƙatar ruwa da kula da ambaliyar ruwa sun haifar da ayyukan samar da ruwa a tsawon kogin Nilu, wanda hakan ya saba haifar da arangama tsakanin ofishin harkokin waje na Birtaniya – Sudan tana ƙarƙashin mulkin haɗin gwiwa na Birtaniya da Masar a lokacin – da kuma mutanen Masar da na Sudan na gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, ya bayyana sarai cewa ana buƙatar sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar raba ruwa ta hukuma don daidaita amfani da ruwan Nilu. A shekarar 1920, aka kafa Hukumar Ayyukan Nilu (Nile Projects Commission).&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Ƙarƙashin jagorancin wakilai daga Indiya, Burtaniya, da Amurka, hukumar ta kiyasta amfani da ruwa bisa buƙatun amfani da ruwa na kowace ƙasa. Dangane da matsakaicin adadin kwararar ruwa na bcm/y 84, hukumar ta kiyasta amfanin Masar da ake buƙata ya zama bcm/y 58, yayin da aka yi imanin Sudan za ta iya biyan buƙatunta na ban ruwa ta hanyar amfani da ruwan Baƙin Nilu kaɗai.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Hukumar ta kuma ba da shawarar raba duk wani sauyi daga matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara daidai tsakanin Masar da Sudan. Sai dai, ba a taɓa yin aiki da sakamakon binciken hukumar ba. Haka kuma a shekarar 1920, Birtaniya ta ba da shawarar Shirin Adana Ruwa na ƙarni (Century Storage Scheme), mafi kyawun shiri don samar da ruwa a tsawon kogin Nilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Shirin ya bukaci da a gina wurin adana ruwa a kan iyakar Uganda da Sudan, da gina madatsar ruwa a Sennar na ƙasar Sudan, don shayar da yankunan kudancin Sudan, da kuma madatsar ruwa a tsawon Farin Nilu don riƙe ruwan ambaliyar lokacin rani don amfanin Masar a lokacin rani.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Tsarin na Birtaniya ya damun Masarawa da yawa, tunda yawancin manyan gine-ginen ruwan za a gina su ne a wajen yankin Masar. A ranar 7 ga Mayu, 1929, Masar da Sudan suka sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Nilu. Dangane da yawancin sakamakon binciken hukumar na shekarar 1920, yarjejeniyar ta ware bcm/y 4 ga Sudan, da bcm/y 48 ga Masar. Sai dai tsakanin 20 ga Janairu da 15 ga Yuli, dukkan kwararar ruwan Nilu an ware shi ne don amfanin Masar kaɗai.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt;

A shekarun 1950, Masar ta gudanar da aikin gina babbar madatsar ruwa ta Aswan ita kaɗai har zuwa shekarar 1954, lokacin da aka sanya Sudan a cikin tattaunawar. Zagayen farko na tattaunawa tsakanin Masar da Sudan ya gudana ne a watan Disamba na shekarar 1954, amma aka soke shi kafin a cimma matsaya ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Gwamnatocin biyu sun sake haɗuwa a watan Afrilu na shekarar 1955, inda suka sake kasawa wajen cimma daidaito. Takaddama ta ƙaru a shekarar 1958 bayan wani tawaye na Masar da ya gaza a yankin da ake takaddama a kai a kan iyakar Sudan. Don mayar da martani, Sudan ta ɗaukaka matakin Madatsar Ruwa ta Sennar a lokacin rani na shekarar 1959, wanda hakan ke nufin watsi da yarjejeniyar 1929 da aka sanya wa hannu da Masar.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Ƙasashin biyu sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Cikakken Amfani da Ruwan Nilu (Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Nilu) a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1959.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Nilu, bisa matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na bcm/y 84 ta tanadi abubuwa kamar haka:&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt;
* bcm/y 55.5 ga Masar, bcm/y 18.5 ga Sudan.
* Duk wani sauyi daga matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara za a raba shi daidai tsakanin Masar da Sudan.
* Har zuwa shekarar 1977, Sudan za ta &quot;ara&quot; wa Masar ƙarin bcm/y 1.5.
* Duk wani ci gaba na gaba da zai kai ga ƙaruwar kwararar ruwan Nilu za a biya kuɗinsa daidai tsakanin ƙasashin biyu. Kuma dukkan ruwan da zai samu za a raba shi daidai a tsakaninsu.
* Masar za ta biya Sudan fam miliyan 15 na Birtaniya a matsayin diyya na ambaliyar ruwa da ta gabata wacce ta samo asali daga ayyukan samar da ruwa na Masar.
Bugu da ƙari, yarjejeniyar ta 1959 ta kafa Kwamitin Haɗin Gwiwa na Fasaha na dindindin don magance duk wani rikici na gaba. Sudan da Masar duka sun amince cewa buƙatun ruwa na sauran ƙasashe takwas da ke raba kogin ba zai wuce bcm/y 1 zuwa 2 ba, sannan sun ƙara amincewa da fuskantar duk wata barazana ga albarkatun Nilu tare da haɗin gwiwar Masar da Sudan.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Gina babbar madatsar ruwa ta Aswan a shekarun 1960 ya kasance abin rigima domin ya nutsar da yankunan kudancin Sudan kusa da Wadi Halfa kuma ya raba mazauna Sudan da ke zaune a kan iyakar Masar da Sudan da matsugunansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;
[[File:MeroweDam-NASA.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Madatsar Ruwa ta Merowe.| Madatsar Ruwa ta Merowe, kamar yadda ake gani daga sararin samaniya.]]
A tsakiyar shekarun 1990 Masar ta fara wani babban aiki a can kudancin Aswan. Sabon Aikin Delta (New Delta Project) a kudancin Masar da Madatsar Ruwa ta Salaam a Yankin Sinai duka sun kasance manyan ayyuka da tsohon shugaban Masar Hosni Mubarak ya ɗauka don ƙara wadatar ruwa ga yawan jama'ar Masar da ke haɓaka, waɗanda suka bazu da nisa sosai daga kogin Nilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Ƙaruwar amfani da ruwan Masar silar rikici ce a yankin yayin da ƙasashe na sama – Sudan da Habasha – suka fara tabbatar da nasu haƙƙoƙin na gina madatsar ruwa a kogin don samar da wutar lantarki. Shirye-shiryen Sudan na gina madatsar ruwa ta Kajbar kusa da Khartoum a inda Farin Nilu da Baƙin Nilu suka haɗu &lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; ya haifar da takaddama ta ƙasa da ƙasa da dama. Sudan tana kuma shirin gina Madatsar Ruwa ta Merowe a kudancin Kajbar da kuma faɗaɗa Madatsar Ruwa ta Roseires, da ke da nisan mil 300 kudu maso gabashin Khartoum a kan Baƙin Nilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; An kiyasta cewa gina waɗannan ayyukan zai iya kai wa Sudan ga wuce gona da iri akan iyakokin ruwanta na yarjejeniyar 1959.
Habasha ita ma ta fito a matsayin babbar mai fada a aikin samar da ruwan Kogin Nilu. A shekarar 1957, sun sanar da aniyarsu ta gudanar da aikin samar da ruwa na kogin Nilu a cikin yankin Habasha da kansu. Zuwa shekarar 2000, an gina ƙananan madatsun ruwa fiye da 200 a tsawon mabudun ruwan Nilu. Gaba ɗaya, madatsun ruwan za su yi amfani da kusan mcm/y miliyan 500 na kwararar ruwan Nilu na shekara-shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Habasha ce kaɗai ƙasa da ke raba kogin Nilu da ta yi iƙirarin haƙƙi na shari'a kan ruwan Nilu ban da Masar ko Sudan tun lokacin da aka sanya wa hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Nilu a shekarar 1959. Kamar a Masar, haɓakar jama'a a Habasha ya kai ga ƙaruwar amfani da ruwa. Haɓakar yawan jama'ar Habasha ya wuce na Masar, kuma tare da yawan jama'a masu kusan girma ɗaya, buƙatun ruwa na Habasha na iya wuce na Masar. Shayar da rabin ƙasashen noma na Habasha kawai zai rage kwararar ruwa zuwa Sudan da Masar da kashi 15%.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Daga baya, Habasha ta gina Babbar Madatsar Ruwa ta Renaissance ta Habasha (Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam) wadda ta haifar da tsawaitwar tattaunawa game da tasirinta ga Masar da Sudan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/85655/egypt-ethiopia-dam-of-discord-continues-to-pressure-relations/ |title=Egypt-Ethiopia: 'Dam of Discord' continues to pressure relations |website=The Africa Report |date=6 May 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwarin Kogin Tigris-Euphrates ==

=== Albarkatun ruwa ===
Kwarin Kogin Tigris-Euphrates ya kunshi manyan koramu guda biyu - Kogin Tigris da Kogin Euphrates - da kananan koramunsu. Dukansu kogin Tigris da Euphrates sun samo asali ne daga kudancin kasar Turkiyya. Kogin Tigris yana kwarara ne daga Turkiyya, yana ratsa iyakar kasar Turkiyya da Siriya na tsawon kilomita 32 kafin ya kwarara zuwa kudu ta cikin kasar Iraki.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Tun daga inda ya samo asali a Turkiyya, kogin Euphrates yana kwarara zuwa Siriya daga arewa, kafin ya ci gaba da kwarara ta cikin kasar Iraki.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Koramun biyu suna haduwa ne a kasar Iraki don samar da Shatt Al-Arab, wanda yake kwarara zuwa kudu zuwa cikin Tekun Fasha.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt;

=== Rikicin yanki ===
Ko da yake takaddamar siyasar ruwa ta dade tana faruwa a yankin tsawon karnoni, matsin lamba na yawan jama'a a shekarun 1960 ya sa kowace kasa ta fara kokarin bunkasa albarkatun ruwa da kanta. An gina Madatsar ruwa ta Keban a kudancin Anatolia daga shekarar 1965 zuwa 1973, sannan Siriya ta gina Madatsar ruwa ta Tabqa tsakanin shekarar 1965 da 1973.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Duk da tattaunawar bangarorin biyu da wani lokacin ma uku (ciki har da Tarayyar Soviet), babu wata yarjejeniya ta hukuma da aka cimma lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fara aiki a shekarar 1973. Yayin da madatsun suka fara cika, kwararar ruwa zuwa kasa ta ragu matuka. A shekarar 1974, Siriya ta amince da bukatar Iraki inda ta ba da damar ƙarin mita kubik miliyan 200 (mcm) a kowace shekara daga Madatsar ruwa ta Tabqa. Sai dai a shekara mai zuwa, Iraki ta nemi shiga tsakani na Kungiyar Kasashen Larabawa, inda ta bayyana cewa kwararar ruwan da ke zuwa Iraki ta ragu daga mita kubik 920 a dakika (m³/s) zuwa matakin da &quot;ba za a iya jurewa ba&quot; na mita kubik 197 a dakika.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Gwamnatin Siriya ta mayar da martani da cewa kwararar ruwa zuwa Siriya ma ta ragu da fiye da kashi 50%. Bayan musayar kalamai na gaba juna, Siriya ta janye daga kwamitin Kungiyar Kasashen Larabawa da aka dorawa alhakin magance rikicin. Rikici ya ƙaru a watan Mayun 1975 yayin da Siriya ta rufe sararin samaniyar ta ga jiragen saman Iraki, kuma ƙasashen biyu suka kwashe sojoji zuwa kan iyakokinsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Sai dai shiga tsakani na kasar Saudiyya ya sanyaya yanayin, inda bangarorin biyu suka cimma yarjejeniyar da ta dakile tashin hankalin da zai iya faruwa. Ba a taba bayyana sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar ga jama'a ba, amma majiyoyin Iraki sun ce a asirce an ba Siriya damar riƙe kashi 40% na ruwan Euphrates da ke kwarara ta ƙasarta, yayin da kashi 60% na ruwan aka amince ya kwarara zuwa kudu ta cikin Iraki.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt;

Aikin Anatolia ta Kudu maso Gabas (wanda aka fi sani da GAP a harshen Turkiyya) yana ci gaba da zama tushen tashin hankali a yankin. GAP babban aiki ne na samar da wutar lantarki, wanda ya ƙunshi madatsun ruwa 21 da cibiyoyin samar da wutar lantarki 19.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Za a yi amfani da ruwan ne don samar da kilowatt-hour biliyan 26 na wutar lantarki tare da ƙarfin 7,500 megawatts, da kuma ban ruwa ga kadada miliyan 1.65 na ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1987, Firayim Ministan Turkiyya Turgut Ozal ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar da ke ba da garantin kwararar ruwa aƙalla mcm 500 a shekara zuwa Siriya. An sake gudanar da tattaunawa tsakanin Turkiyya, Siriya, da Iraki a watan Janairun 1990 lokacin da Turkiyya ta dakatar da kwararar ruwan Euphrates na tsawon kwanaki 30 ta hanyar rufe ƙofofin Madatsar ruwa ta Atatürk. Iraki ta dage cewa Turkiyya ta ba da damar aƙalla mcm 500 a shekara su kwarara zuwa Siriya, amma an dakatar da tattaunawar saboda ɓarkewar Yaƙin Tekun Fasha na farko. Tattaunawar bayan yaƙin a watan Satumbar 1992 ta gaza cimma yarjejeniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt;

A shekarar 2020, hukumomin Iraki sun koka da cewa Madatsar ruwa ta Ilısu ta rage kwararar ruwan kogin Tigris kuma hakan ya haifar da karancin ruwa a filayen Iraki.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://thearabweekly.com/iraq-complains-turkey-causing-water-shortages |title=Iraq complains Turkey causing water shortages |website=The Arab Weekly |date=17 July 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da kari, manoman Kurdawa a arewacin Iraki sun yi gargadin &quot;masifa&quot;, bayan da Iran ta gangan ta dakatar da kwararar ruwa daga Kogin Sirwan da Zab ta Kasa zuwa madatsun ruwa na Dukan da Darbandikhan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/230820201 |title=Kurdish farmers, officials warn of 'catastrophe' as Iran blocks water supply |website=Rudaw |date=23 August 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, mazauna ƙauyukan Siriya ma sun zargi Turkiyya da datse hanyar ruwa wanda hakan ya rage matakin ruwan Euphrates zuwa mita kubik 200 a dakika, wanda hakan ya rage da mita kubik 300 a dakika fiye da adadin da ƙasashen biyu suka riga suka amince da shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://observers.france24.com/en/20200811-syria-along-euphrates-villagers-accuse-turkey-starting-water-war |title=Syrian villagers along Euphrates accuse Turkey of cutting water access |website=France 24: The Observers |date=11 August 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma, ƴan tawayen Siriya da Turkiyya ke marawa baya sun toshe samar da ruwa daga tashar famfo ta Alok kusa da Ras al-Ain wanda hakan ya haifar da karancin ruwan sha a Lardin Al-Hasakah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200825-in-northeast-syria-town-families-say-turkey-cut-their-water |title=In northeast Syria town, families say Turkey cut their water |website=France 24 |date=25 August 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Mayun 2021, kwararar ruwan Euphrates daga Turkiyya zuwa Siriya ta sake raguwa zuwa kusan mita kubik 200 a dakika, wanda hakan ya haifar da karancin wutar lantarki.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/extremism-watch_water-drop-euphrates-river-increases-tensions-between-syrian-kurds-turkey/6205509.html |title=Water Drop in Euphrates River Increases Tensions Between Syrian Kurds, Turkey |website=Voice of America |date=6 May 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A wata daya kuma a Iraki, kwararar ruwa daga Turkiyya ta ragu da kashi 50% ga kogunan Tigris da Euphrates, yayin da kwararar koramu daga Iran zuwa madatsar ruwa ta Darbandikhan da Zab ta Kasa suka ragu zuwa kusan babu komai da kuma kashi 70%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/society/العراق-تركيا-خفضت-منسوب-دجلة-والفرات-إلى-النصف-وإيران-قطعت-روافد |title=العراق: تركيا خفضت منسوب نهري دجلة والفرات إلى النصف وإيران قطعت روافد مهمة |website=alaraby.co.uk |language=Arabic |date=9 May 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Blue Peace ==
Rikicin da ya shafi ruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya na iya ƙaruwa a kwanaki masu zuwa saboda takaddamar da ke tattare da samuwa, amfani da kuma gudanar da ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/|title=The Coming Wars for Water!|date=October 12, 2019|website=Report Syndication}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsananin takara don samun ruwa na iya har kai ga yaƙin yanki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Shi ya sa, haɗin kai ya zama dole don hana rikice-rikice da yaƙe-yaƙe.

Hanyar Blue Peace, wacce ke neman sauya batutuwan ruwa na ƙetaren iyaka zuwa kayan aikin haɗin kai, ta tabbatar da inganci a wurare kamar Gabas ta Tsakiya da kuma kwarin Kogin Nilu. Wannan tsari na musamman na mayar da tashin hankali kan ruwa zuwa damar bunkasar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki an samar da shi ne ta hannun Strategic Foresight Group tare da haɗin gwiwar Gwamnatocin Switzerland da Sweden. Wani rahoto na baya-bayan nan mai taken &quot;Haɗin gwiwar Ruwa don Duniya Mai Tsaro&quot; wanda Strategic Foresight Group ya buga ya nuna cewa haɗin gwiwar ruwa mai ƙarfi tsakanin ƙasashe yana rage haɗarin yaƙi. An cimma wannan ƙarshe ne bayan binciken alaƙar ruwa ta ƙetaren iyaka a cikin kwarin kogi sama da 200 a ƙasashe 148. Ƙasashe a Gabas ta Tsakiya na fuskantar haɗarin yaƙi saboda sun daɗe suna guje wa haɗin gwiwar yanki. Rahoton ya ba da misalan haɗin kai na nasara, waɗanda ƙasashen Gabas ta Tsakiya za su iya amfani da su.

Ƙalubalen tsaron ruwa yana da babban farashi na ɗan adam da tasiri mai girma a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Rashin tsaron ruwa koyaushe yana tare da ɗaya ko fiye da matsaloli kamar talauci, yaƙi da rikici, ƙarancin ci gaban mata da gurɓatar muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/environment/water-cooperation-key-to-ensuring-peace-1.1475648|title=Water cooperation key to ensuring peace|website=gulfnews.com|date=22 March 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan illolin masu muni an rubuta su a cikin rahotanni guda biyu da aka fitar a shekarar 2015: 'The Hydro Insecure: Crisis of Survival in the Middle East' da 'Water and Violence: Crisis of Survival in the Middle East'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.americansecurityproject.org/the-middle-east-struggles-with-water-security/|title=The Middle East Struggles with Water Security|website=American Security Project|date=24 March 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''Rikicin ruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka''' (MENA) ya fi mayar da hankali ne a kan manyan kwarurukan koguna guda uku: kwarin Kogin Jordan, kwarin kogunan Tigris da Euphrates, da kuma kwarin Kogin Nilu. Yankin MENA ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita miliyan 11.1. Akwai manyan hamada guda uku a yankin na MENA:&lt;ref name=&quot;abuzeid2006&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Conflict and Conflict Management Mechanisms in the Middle East and North Africa |url=http://water.cedare.int/cedare.int/files15%5CFile2862.pdf |publisher=Centre for Environment and Development for the Arab Region and Europe |author1=Khaled AbuZeid |author2=Amr Abdel-Meguid |date=March 2006 |access-date=2012-05-04 |archive-date=2015-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610224547/http://water.cedare.int/cedare.int/files15%5CFile2862.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hamadar Sahara, wadda ta kunshi manyan sassa na Arewacin Afirka.
* Rub' al Khali, a kudancin Yarjejeniyar Larabawa (Arabian Peninsula).
* Badiat El-Sham (Hamadar Siriya), a arewacin Yarjejeniyar Larabawa.
Bugu da kari, babban sashi na kasar Iran hamada ne ya mamaye shi. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara bai kai 100 mm ba a kashi 65% na yankin, yana tsakanin 100 da 300 mm a kashi 15% na yankin, kuma ya fi 300 mm a sauran yankunan da suka rage.&lt;ref name=&quot;abuzeid2006&quot;/&gt; Yanayin da ke haifar da rikici ana hasashen zai kara ta'azzara kuma ya dada sarkakiya yayin da cikakken tasirin canjin yanayi a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka zai bayyana a cikin karni na 21.

== Kwarin Kogin Jordan ==

=== Albarkatun ruwa ===
[[File:Middle East Topographic Political EN.svg|thumb|left|Taswirar tauraron dan adam na Gabas ta Tsakiya.]]
Hanyoyin ruwa guda uku da ke samar da Kogin Jordan – Kogin Hasbani (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 250 Mm3), Kogin Banias (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 125 Mm3), da Kogin Dan (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 250 Mm3) sun samo asali ne daga kasashen Lebanon, Siriya, da Isra'ila.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Ju'ub|first=Dr. Ghassan Abu|title=Water Conflicts in the Middle East Between the Present and the Future|url=http://www.alazhar.edu.ps/arabic/centers/IWE/Researches/GazaPaper-new/water.pdf|publisher=Al-Azhar University|access-date=2012-04-10|archive-date=2012-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711013149/http://www.alazhar.edu.ps/arabic/centers/IWE/Researches/GazaPaper-new/water.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna haduwa ne a Tafkin Huleh sannan su kwarara zuwa kudu a matsayin Kogin Jordan. Daidai kudancin Tiberias, Kogin Yarmuk yana haduwa da Kogin Jordan. Gaba daya, Kogin Jordan yana kwarara ne na kusan kilomita 350, yana farawa daga gindin Dutsen Hermon a arewa kuma ya kare a Tekun Gishiri (Dead Sea) a kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kogin yana da kiyasin kwararar ruwa na 1880 MCM/Y, inda kashi 73 cikin dari na ruwan ya samo asali ne daga kasashen Larabawa sannan kashi 27 cikin dari kuma ya samo asali daga Isra'ila.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Kiser|first=Stephen|title=WATER: THE HYDRAULIC PARAMETER OF CONFLICT IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA|journal=USAF Institute for National Security Studies|date=September 2000|series=INSS Occasional Papers|issue=35|pages=59|url=http://www.usafa.edu/df/inss/OCP/ocp35.pdf|access-date=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wani binciken USAF na watan Satumban 2000, sama da kashi 90% na ruwan kasar Siriya ana raba shi ne da kasashen makwabta kamar su Iraki, Turkiyya, Isra'ila, Lebanon, da Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kusan kashi 36 cikin dari na hanyoyin ruwan kasar Jordan ana raba su ne da Siriya, Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank), da Isra'ila, kuma sama da rabin ruwan Isra'ila ana raba shi ne da Siriya, Lebanon, Jordan, da Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;

Yankin can gaba zuwa arewa, Kogin Litani da Kogin Orontes sune suka kunshi yankin magudanar ruwa na arewacin Levant. Kodayake wuraren da kogunan suka samo asali suna kusa da juna a labarin kasa, Kogin Litani yana kwarara ne zuwa kudu sannan yamma zuwa Tekun Mediterane kusa da Tyre, yana ratsawa ta cikin kasar Lebanon kadai, yayin da Kogin Orontes kuma yake kwarara zuwa arewa zuwa cikin kasar Siriya, yana shiga Tekun Mediterane a kusa da birnin Antioch.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kiyasin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na Kogin Litani wanda ya kai 410 MCM/Y ya kasance manufar shawarwarin magance matsalar ruwa da Siriya, Jordan, da Isra'ila suka gabatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Siriya, Lebanon, da Isra'ila duka suna da madatsun ruwan sha na karkashin kasa na dabi'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Akwai manyan madatsun ruwa guda biyu na karkashin kasa wadanda ke samar da ruwan sha ga Isra'ila ta zamani. Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse (Mountain Aquifer) tana karkashin Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank). Tana sake cika kanta da 679 Mm3 na ruwa duk shekara, inda 78 Mm3 daga ciki yake da gishiri-gishiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Manyan kwaruruka guda uku na Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse sune kwarin Gabas, kwarin Yamma, da kuma kwarin Arewa maso Gabas. Kwarin Gabas shi ne mafi kankanta dangane da yawan ruwan sha amma shi ne mafi girma dangane da fadin kasa. Ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita 3260.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kwarin Yamma shi ne mafi girma a cikin ukun dangane da yawan ruwan sha da yake dauke da shi. Ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita 1780.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; A karshe, kwarin Arewa maso Gabas yana da fadin kusan murabba'in kilomita 610.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Madatsar Ruwa ta Gabar Teku (Coastal Aquifer) da ke tare da Gabar Tekun Mediterane tana da jimillar sake cika kanta ta shekara-shekara na 330 Mm3.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt;

Yankin da ke kewaye da kwarin Kogin Jordan yana daya daga cikin mafi bushewa a duniya. Isra'ila da arewa maso yammacin Jordan suna samun matsakaicin ruwan sama na 1190 cm a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kadan ne kawai daga cikin wannan ruwan za a iya amfani da shi. Kasashen Kuwait, Libya, Oman, da Singapore ne kadai ke samun karancin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara fiye da Jordan ko Isra'ila. Siriya da Lebanon, sabanin haka, suna samun isasshen ruwan sama don tallafawa aikin gona da sake cika madatsun ruwa na karkashin kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kamar yadda aka bayyana a baya, yayin da sassan arewacin Jordan da Isra'ila ke samun 110 cm na ruwan sama na shekara-shekara, tsakiyar Jordan da Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan suna samun 20 mcm/y. Sai dai kashi 3 mcm/y kacal ne na wannan ruwan za a iya amfani da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;

=== Amfani da ruwa ===
Isra'ila tana amfani da kusan 850 MCM/Y na ruwan karkashin kasa, inda 400 MCM/Y daga ciki ke fitowa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse. A shekarar 1964, Isra'ila ta fara dibar 320 MCM/Y daga Kogin Jordan don babban Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Kasa (National Water Carrier). Ya zuwa shekarar 1967, babban Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Kasa na Isra'ila yana kwashe kusan kashi 70 cikin dari na Kogin Jordan kafin ya kai ga mutanen Falasdinu a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; A shekarun 1980, 'yan ciranin Yahudawa da suka zauna a yankin sun shanye ruwa sau bakai fiye da manoman Larabawa. Wasu majiyoyin sun nuna bambanci kadan, kodayake har yanzu yana da yawa. A cewar wani binciken watan Satumba na shekarar 2000, Isra'ila tana amfani da 1180 MCM/Y, ko kashi 62 cikin dari na jimillar samar da ruwa na shekara-shekara a aikin gona. Idan aka kwatanta, kasar Jordan tana amfani da 67 MCM/Y, ko kashi 74 cikin dari na jimillar samar da ruwanta a aikin gona.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kusan kashi 48 cikin dari na matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na shekara-shekara na Isra'ila wanda ya kai 1,950 MCM/Y yana fitowa ne daga yankunan da aka kwace a shekarar 1967. 400 MCM/Y na wannan ruwan yana fitowa ne daga ruwan karkashin kasa na Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan, yayin da 450 MCM/Y ke fitowa daga saman Kogin Jordan da Tuddan Golan (Golan Heights).&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Sai dai tun a shekarar 1981, kasar Isra'ila ta kasance tana amfani da kashi 99 cikin dari na albarkatun ruwan da take da su.

=== Tsarin Samar da Ruwa ===

==== Lokacin Mulkin Mallaka na Birtaniya (1917–1948)====
A lokacin da Birtaniya ke mulkin mallaka a Falasdinu (1913–1948), akwai tsarin noman rani guda uku a gefen gabashin tuddan Yahudawa (Judaean Mountains). Magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Qelt tana samar da 3 MCM/Y na ruwan sha ga birnin Jericho daga idon ruwan Ein Fara, Ein Fawar, da Ein Qelt.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Bugu da kari, magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Uja tana wadata kwarin Uja da 7 MCM/Y na ruwan sha daga idon ruwan Ein Uja, sannan magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Faria ta kwashe 5 MCM/Y na ruwa daga idon ruwan Ein Shibli, Ein Isca, da Ein Baidan zuwa Giftlik.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Gvirtzman|first=Haim|title=The Israeli-Palestinian Water Conflict: An Israeli Perspective|url=http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/MSPS94.pdf|publisher=The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karkashin mulkin Roma, magudanar ruwa na Nablus da Jerusalem sun kasance suna aiki a tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya. Wadannan magudanar ruwa sun kawo karin jimillar 3 MCM/Y ga Sabastia da Kudus. Lokacin mulkin mallakar na Birtaniya, an sake amfani da wasu kananan idon ruwa na karkashin kasa guda 200 sannan aka tara ruwan sama daga tankuna, wanda hakan ya samar da karin 5 MCM/Y na ruwan sha a lokutan damina mai yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; Tare da karin masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu wadanda ke samar da karin 2 MCM/Y ga Kudus da Ramallah, matsakaicin karfin ruwa a tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya ya kasance 25 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; [[File:Lasjalomne023 (7).jpg|thumb|left|alt=Tafkin Tiberias.| Tafkin Tiberias]]
Tsare-tsare da yawa sun yi kokarin raba albarkatun ruwa na yankin lokacin mulkin mallakar Birtaniya. Tsarin Ionides na shekarar 1939 ya ba da shawarwari guda uku. Na farko, ya ba da shawarar adana ruwan ambaliya na Kogin Yarmouk a cikin Tafkin Tiberias (Tekun Galilea).&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Isaac|first=Jad|title=Roots of the Water Conflict in the Middle East|url=http://web.macam.ac.il/~arnon/Int-ME/water/Roots%20of%20the%20Water%20Conflict%20in%20the%20Middle%20East.htm|publisher=Applied Research Institute – Jerusalem|author2=Leonardo Hosh |date=7–9 May 1992}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na biyu, ya kayyadewa sassan ruwan tafkin da za a karkatar ta hanyar madatsar ruwa ta East Ghor Canal don amfani da shi a aikin noman rani a gabashin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Na uku, ya takaita amfani da ruwan kwarin Kogin Jordan ga kwarin Kogin Jordan kadai.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Masu fafutukar sahyoniyanci (Zionist advocates) sun yi watsi da wannan shirin saboda sun hango amfani da ruwan kwarin Kogin Jordan don gina matsugunai a Hamadar Negev da ke kudancin kasar. Sabanin haka, Tsarin Lowdermilk, wanda Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta dauki nauyin gudanarwa, ya ba da shawarar shayar da kwarin Kogin Jordan da karkatar da kogunan Jordan da Yarmouk don samar da wutar lantarki.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1948, James B. Hays ya yi amfani da sakamakon binciken Lowdermilk a matsayin tushen Tsarin Hays, inda za a karkatar da Kogin Yarmouk zuwa Tafkin Tiberias domin biyan diyyar ruwan da aka rasa wajen karkatar da Kogin Jordan don ayyukan aikin gona.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt;

==== Mulkin kasar Jordan (1948–1967) ====
A shekarar 1948, Isra'ila ta zama kasa a hukumance. Masarautar Jordan ta karbi ikon kula da albarkatun ruwa na tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya. Sun ci gaba da rike ikon mallakar yankin har zuwa Yakin Kwanaki Shida (Six-Day War) a shekarar 1967. Karin rijiyoyin da aka tona a wannan lokacin ya sanya matsakaicin samar da ruwa a yankin ya kai 66 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; Sai dai garuruwan Falasdinawa hudu kacal daga cikin 708 ne ke da alaka da tsarin samar da ruwa a wancan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1965 an sake tona wasu rijiyoyi 350, wadanda ke samar da jimillar 41 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt;
A lokacin Yakin Falasdinu na 1947-1949, dakarun Yahudawa sun lalata masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta Rutenburg a kokarinsu na hana ikon Larabawa na musamman a kan kogunan Jordan da Yarmouk.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Sakamakon haka, Gvernatin Jordan da Hukumar Agaji da Ayyuka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNRWA) suka ba da umarnin gudanar da Tsarin MacDonald, wanda ya yi kama da Tsarin Ionides (1939) wajen takaita ruwan kwarin Kogin Jordan ga kwarin Kogin Jordan kadai. Ya kuma yi kira da a karkatar da Kogin Yarmouk don adana shi a Tafkin Tiberias domin amfani da shi wajen tallafawa ci gaban aikin gona a bangarorin biyu na Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Jordan da Siriya sun goyi bayan Tsarin Bunger, wanda ya ba da shawarar gina madatsar ruwa a Kogin Yarmouk da samar da masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu don wadatar da Jordan da Siriya da wutar lantarki. A shekarar 1953, jim kadan bayan an fara ginin, karuwar matsin lamba daga Amurka ta tilasta wa Jordan da Siriya yin watsi da shirye-shiryen nasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Gwamnatin Eisenhower ta tura Eric Johnston a matsayin jakada na musamman. Tsarin Johnston ya aiwatar da manufofin binciken Hukumar Kwarin Tennessee wanda Chales Main ya gudanar – wato Tsarin Main – wanda ya kunshi kason raba ruwa na kwarin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Kodayake babu wani bangare da ya amince da shirin, an yi amfani da shi azaman tushen shawarwari da dama na warware rikicin ruwa na gaba.

==== Hukumar Isra'ila (1967–yanzu) ====
[[File:Water supply in West Bank and Gaza February 2014 5water photoblog.jpg|thumb|right|Mazauna kauyen Falasdinu suna siyan ruwa daga motocin dakon ruwa a Khirbet A-Duqaiqah a tuddan Hebron]]
Lokacin da Isra'ila ta mamaye Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank) a Yakin Kwanaki Shida na shekarar 1967, an bayyana albarkatun ruwa na yankin a matsayin mallakar kasa. Mamayar tana da tasiri mai yawa a kan rayuwar yau da kullum ta al'ummar Falasdinu da kuma samar musu da ruwa:&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Palestinian Water: Resources, Use, Conservation, Climate Change, and Land Use |last = Hassan, M.A., McIntyre G.|date = 2012|journal = Digest of Middle East Studies |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=313–326| doi=10.1111/j.1949-3606.2012.00175.x }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title = The Jordan Valley: a case study profile. Part of CLICO project tasks.|last = Tamimi, A., Abu Jamous, S.|date = 2012|journal = Unpublished CLICO Deliverable}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta fannoni da dama, mamayar tana nuna keta dokokin kasa da kasa, kamar dokar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa ko dokar jinkai ta kasa da kasa. Musamman kwace filaye da rushe gine-gine da sojopin Isra'ila ke yi gami da sanya takunkumi kan zirga-zirgar mutane da kayayyaki sun fuskanci suka mai tsanani. Tun daga shekarar 1967, mafi yawancin hanyoyin ruwa sojopin Isra'ila ne ke iko da su. Haka kuma, ana karkatar da albarkatun ruwan kuma ana hana al'ummar Falasdinu samun damar yin amfani da yawancinsu. A lokaci guda, Isra'ila tana da'awar cewa Falasdinawa suna tona rijiyoyi ba tare da izini ba. Kayan aikin ruwa masu yawa na Falasdinawa, gami da tankunan adana ruwa, rijiyoyi, da tsarin noman rani, ana bayyana su a matsayin haramtattu sannan ana rushe su cikin tsari. Da yake galibi an hana gina sabbin kayan aikin ruwa na Falasdinawa, tsarin samar da ruwa na Falasdinawa yana cikin mummunan yanayi. Ta wannan hanyar, suna nuna rauni da rashin tabbas na matsayin siyasa na Falasdinu. Da yake mafi yawancin mutane a Gabas ta Yammacin Kogin Jordan sun dogara ne da aikin gona, karancin ruwan na Falasdinawa yana raunana tattalin arzikin yankin. Ta haka, yana taimakawa sosai wajen haifar da talauci da rashin aikin yi. Rashin daidaiton rabon ruwa a yankunan Falasdinawa ya haifar da kalmar &quot;wariya ta ruwa&quot; (water apartheid).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title = When the rivers run dry: What happens when our water runs out?|last = Pearce, F.|publisher = Eden Project Books.|year = 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kodayake yana da wahala a sami ingantattun bayanai, matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na Isra'ila a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan ya ninka kusan sau 6 matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na Falasdinawa wanda ke kusan lita 50 ga mutum daya a rana, wanda hakan kusan rabin matakin mafi kankanta da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ba da shawarar amfani da shi ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Sai dai akwai wasu bayanan da ke nuna yanayi mabanbanci. Ta hanyar cire ruwan kazanta da aka tace da ruwan teku da aka tace gami da amfani da mabanbantan bayanan al'umma, Gvirtzman&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot; /&gt; (2012) misali yana jayayya cewa matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na Isra'ila da na Falasdinawa a yau ya kusan zama daya. Manyan bambance-bambance a cikin bayanan ruwa na Isra'ila da Falasdinu suna nuna yadda batun rabon ruwa yake da takaddama da kuma gaggawa har yanzu.
[[File:Ma'ale adumim 02.JPG|thumb|right|Wurin ninkaya a matsugunin Yahudawa na Ma'ale Adumim, a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan]]
Har zuwa yau, babu wata yarjejeniya ta karshe da ke ba al'ummar Falasdinu hakkin ruwa. Kodayake batutuwan ruwa sun kasance babban jigo a Tsarin Zaman Lafiya na Oslo (Oslo Peace Process), ba a warware takaddamar ruwan ba ta hanyar shawarwarin. Lallai, Sashi na 40 na &quot;Yarjejeniyar Riko ta Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan da Katariyar Gaza&quot; (1995) yana bayani ne kan hakkin ruwa na Falasdinawa, amma yana bayyana cewa &quot;za a tattauna wadannan a cikin shawarwarin matsayi na dindindin kuma a daidaita su a cikin Yarjejeniyar Matsayi na Dindindin da ta shafi mabanbantan albarkatun ruwa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Peace/Guide/Pages/THE%20ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN%20INTERIM%20AGREEMENT%20-%20Annex%20III.aspx#app-40|title = The Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip - Annex III.|date = 1995|access-date = 2015-11-25|publisher = Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}&lt;/ref&gt; A halin da ake ciki, &quot;a lokacin riko za a raba jimillar ruwa na 28.6 mcm/shekara&quot; ga al'ummar Falasdinu &quot;domin biyan bukatu na gaggawa [..] na ruwan sha don amfanin gida&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A zahiri, sakamakon takaddama da ke ci gaba da faruwa tsakanin Isra'ila da Falasdinu, ba a tattauna Yarjejeniyar Matsayi na Dindindin ba. Saboda haka, yarjejeniyar ta ci gaba da kiyaye mamayar Isra'ila a fakaice a kan albarkatun ruwa sannan ta dauki batun karancin ruwa a yankunan Falasdinawa da aka mamaye a matsayin batun bukatar jin kai maimakon hakki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Bugu da kari, an kafa Hukumar Ruwa ta Hadin Gwiwa tsakanin Isra'ila da Falasdinu (JWC) domin aiwatar da yarjejeniyar cikin tsarin hadin gwiwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Kwamitocin Ruwa, Injiniya, Kazanta, da Farashi na JWC suna tattaunawa akai-akai don amincewa da ginin tsarin samar da ruwa ko gine-ginen kwashe kazanta. A matsayin wani bangare na wannan yarjejeniya, Isra'ila ta mika ragamar kula da samar da ruwa a yankunan Falasdinawa ga Hukumar Falasdinu (Palestinian Authority). Duk da haka, Hukumar Falasdinun tana da wahalar sauke nauyin da ke kanta, domin mambobin Isra'ila na Hukumar Ruwa ta Hadin Gwiwa suna da ikon yin watsi da (veto) kowane shiri na Falasdinawa. Haka kuma, mambobin Hukumar Falasdinun ba su da damar shiga yawancin yankuna saboda sojoji sun hana su izini. Sakamakon shi ne cewa sama da kashi 33% na ruwan da ake kaiwa yankunan Falasdinawa &quot;yana zuba ne daga bututun cikin gida&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot; /&gt; Bangarorin biyu suna jayayya cewa ba a sake bin dokokin da aka kafa a Oslo. Da yake ba a raba wa al'ummar Falasdinu isasshen ruwa ba, za a iya kallon ayyukan Hukumar Ruwa ta Hadin Gwiwa a matsayin marasa gamsarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Kwarin Kogin Nilu ==

=== Albarkatun ruwa ===
[[File:Egypt Nil.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Kogin Nilu.| Kogin Nilu a kasar Masar]]
Kogin Nilu kwarin ruwa ne na kasa da kasa, wanda ke ratsawa ta cikin kasashe mabanbanta guda 10 masu cin gashin kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kogin Nilu yana ratsawa ne ta cikin kasashen Sudan, Sudan ta Kudu, Burundi, Rwanda, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Habasha, da Masar, kuma ana daukarsa a matsayin kogi mafi tsayi a duniya. Nilu shi ne kadai muhimmin tushen ruwa a Arewacin Afirka kuma kashi 40% na al'ummar Afirka suna zaune ne a

=== Yaƙin Basasar Sudan ===
Samun damar yin amfani da muhimman albarkatu, musamman ruwa, shi ne babban dalilin da ya haifar da Yaƙin Basasa a Sudan. Ta fuskar muhalli, an raba Sudan zuwa yankuna biyu: na arewa da na kudu. Shashen Arewa yana da yawan jama'a kuma mafi yawancinsu Larabawa Musulmi ne. Kodayake Kogin Nilu yana ratsawa ta yankin arewacin Sudan, galibi yana wajen madatsun ruwa na ƙoramu da koguna da ke haɗuwa su zama Farin Nilu da Baƙin Nilu a can can kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kudancin ƙasar kuma ba shi da yawan jama'a sosai, amma yana da albarkar ƙasa sosai. Yana samun isasshen ruwan sama kuma yana amfana daga ƙoramu da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da dama da ke warwatse a fadin yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Fari mai dorewa da kwararowar hamada, haɓakar yawan jama'a, da buƙatar ƙara yawan abinci sun tilasta wa Larabawan arewa da dama neman ƙasashe da albarkatu a kudu. Shigo da kayan aikin gona na zamani da Arewa ta yi na ci gaba da barazana ga tsarin noman abinci na gargajiya na mutanen kudu. Sakamakon haka, mutanen kudu waɗanda suka tsara kansu a ƙarƙashin Rundunar 'Yantar da Al'ummar Sudan (SPLA),&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; sun yi yaƙi da mamayar arewa na tsawon kusan shekaru sodoki.

Rikicin ruwa a Sudan yawanci ya dogara ne akan ginin madatsun ruwa ko ayyukan noma. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun dalilan rikici shi ne aikin ginin Madatsar Ruwa ta Jonglei (Jonglei Canal), wanda aka fara a shekarar 1978. An fara aikin ne saboda manyan dalilai guda biyu: domin magance ambaliyar ruwa a Yankin Sudd don samar da ƙarin ƙasar noma, da kuma kiyaye ruwan da ke bace wa ta hanyar tururi saboda tsayuwar da ya yi a madatun.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Adadin ruwan da ake rasa wa ta hanyar tururi an kiyasta shi ya kai mcm/y 4000.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Gwamnatocin Sudan da Masar duka sun goyi bayan aikin domin kowannensu zai amfana da ƙarin ruwan. Madatsar Ruwa ta Jonglei tana da girman gaske ta yadda har ana iya gani daga sararin samaniya. Tana da fadin kafa 210 da zurfin kafa 16 a matsakaici.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;
Katsewar ruwan fadama ya yi barazana ga kusan mutanen ƙabila miliyan 1.7 na yankin waɗanda suka dogara da fadamar don rayuwarsu, kuma a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1974, mazauna yankin sun yi zanga-zanga tare da tarzoma a birnin Juba da ke kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Mutanen kudu sun fara tururuwa zuwa kungiyar SPLA, wanda hakan ya kai ga hare-hare na nuna ƙarfi a wuraren gine-gine a kan titin Madatsar Ruwa ta Jonglei. A ƙarshe sun tilasta dakatar da aikin a shekarar 1984. An riga an gina kilomita 250 daga cikin kilomita 360 na madatsar ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;

Mamayar harkar noman zamani ta mutanen arewa a kudancin Sudan ita ma ta haddasa rikici. Gwamnatin da Larabawa ke iko da ita ta yi tunanin bunƙasa aikin noma a Kudu, kuma manoma daga arewa sun ci gaba da shiga cikin filayen kudu masu albarka. Wannan mamaya ta yi barazana ga ƙabilar Nilotic, waɗanda ke gudanar da harkokin kiwon shanu na kudancin ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Mutanen kudu sun mayar da martani ga mamayar arewa ta hanyar gaba da fada.

Sake ɓarkewar rikici ya faru tsakanin gwamnatin arewa da al'ummar Sudan game da shawarar da gwamnatin ta yanke na gina madatsar ruwa ta Kajbar a kogin Nilu. Tafkin da zai samo asali daga hakan zai tilasta wa rage mazaunin ƙarshen ƙabilar Nubian da suka rage a Sudan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Yawancin mahaifar Nubian an riga an nutsar da ita da ruwa bayan da Masar ta gina babbar madatsar ruwa ta Aswan (Aswan High Dam) a shekarun 1950. Mutanen Sudan da yawa sun yi zanga-zangar nuna rashin amincewa da gina Kajbar, har ma mambobin ƙungiyar Nubian Alliance sun yi barazanar kisan kai gaba ɗaya a matsayin zanga-zanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Sun ƙi amsar tayin diyya da gwamnatin Sudan ta yi musu.

=== Rikice-rikicen Yanki ===
Baya ga kasancewarsa silar rikicin cikin gida a tsakanin ƙasashe, ruwa ya kuma haifar da takaddama ta waje tsakanin ƙasashe masu zaman kansu. Yayin da Masar ke amfani da kashi 99% na wadatar ruwan Nilu,&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; kaɗan ne daga cikin ruwan ke farowa daga cikin iyakokin Masar. Babban buƙatar ruwa na ƙasa da ke can ƙarshen rafi sau da yawa yakan rura wuta ga rikicin yanki. Haka lamarin yake a Arewacin Afirka.
[[File:Red Sea 37.95521E 21.41271N.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Jan Teku.| Arewa maso Gabashin Afirka, Jan Teku, Yankin Larabawa da Sinai]]

A farkon shekarun 1900, ƙarancin auduga na duniya ya matsa wa Masar da Sudan lamba don yin amfani da ƙasashe masu kyau don ƙara yawan noman auduga.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last = Wolf|first = Aaron|title = Middle East Water Conflicts and Directions for Conflict Resolution|url = http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABY541.pdf|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151125225040/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABY541.pdf|url-status = dead|archive-date = November 25, 2015|publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Auduga, sai dai, yana buƙatar shayarwa mai yawa kuma bai dace da yanayin ƙasar Masar da Sudan ba kamar sauran amfanin gona na gargajiya. Buƙatar ruwa da kula da ambaliyar ruwa sun haifar da ayyukan samar da ruwa a tsawon kogin Nilu, wanda hakan ya saba haifar da arangama tsakanin ofishin harkokin waje na Birtaniya – Sudan tana ƙarƙashin mulkin haɗin gwiwa na Birtaniya da Masar a lokacin – da kuma mutanen Masar da na Sudan na gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, ya bayyana sarai cewa ana buƙatar sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar raba ruwa ta hukuma don daidaita amfani da ruwan Nilu. A shekarar 1920, aka kafa Hukumar Ayyukan Nilu (Nile Projects Commission).&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Ƙarƙashin jagorancin wakilai daga Indiya, Burtaniya, da Amurka, hukumar ta kiyasta amfani da ruwa bisa buƙatun amfani da ruwa na kowace ƙasa. Dangane da matsakaicin adadin kwararar ruwa na bcm/y 84, hukumar ta kiyasta amfanin Masar da ake buƙata ya zama bcm/y 58, yayin da aka yi imanin Sudan za ta iya biyan buƙatunta na ban ruwa ta hanyar amfani da ruwan Baƙin Nilu kaɗai.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Hukumar ta kuma ba da shawarar raba duk wani sauyi daga matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara daidai tsakanin Masar da Sudan. Sai dai, ba a taɓa yin aiki da sakamakon binciken hukumar ba. Haka kuma a shekarar 1920, Birtaniya ta ba da shawarar Shirin Adana Ruwa na ƙarni (Century Storage Scheme), mafi kyawun shiri don samar da ruwa a tsawon kogin Nilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Shirin ya bukaci da a gina wurin adana ruwa a kan iyakar Uganda da Sudan, da gina madatsar ruwa a Sennar na ƙasar Sudan, don shayar da yankunan kudancin Sudan, da kuma madatsar ruwa a tsawon Farin Nilu don riƙe ruwan ambaliyar lokacin rani don amfanin Masar a lokacin rani.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Tsarin na Birtaniya ya damun Masarawa da yawa, tunda yawancin manyan gine-ginen ruwan za a gina su ne a wajen yankin Masar. A ranar 7 ga Mayu, 1929, Masar da Sudan suka sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Nilu. Dangane da yawancin sakamakon binciken hukumar na shekarar 1920, yarjejeniyar ta ware bcm/y 4 ga Sudan, da bcm/y 48 ga Masar. Sai dai tsakanin 20 ga Janairu da 15 ga Yuli, dukkan kwararar ruwan Nilu an ware shi ne don amfanin Masar kaɗai.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt;

A shekarun 1950, Masar ta gudanar da aikin gina babbar madatsar ruwa ta Aswan ita kaɗai har zuwa shekarar 1954, lokacin da aka sanya Sudan a cikin tattaunawar. Zagayen farko na tattaunawa tsakanin Masar da Sudan ya gudana ne a watan Disamba na shekarar 1954, amma aka soke shi kafin a cimma matsaya ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Gwamnatocin biyu sun sake haɗuwa a watan Afrilu na shekarar 1955, inda suka sake kasawa wajen cimma daidaito. Takaddama ta ƙaru a shekarar 1958 bayan wani tawaye na Masar da ya gaza a yankin da ake takaddama a kai a kan iyakar Sudan. Don mayar da martani, Sudan ta ɗaukaka matakin Madatsar Ruwa ta Sennar a lokacin rani na shekarar 1959, wanda hakan ke nufin watsi da yarjejeniyar 1929 da aka sanya wa hannu da Masar.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Ƙasashin biyu sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Cikakken Amfani da Ruwan Nilu (Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Nilu) a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1959.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Nilu, bisa matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na bcm/y 84 ta tanadi abubuwa kamar haka:&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt;
* bcm/y 55.5 ga Masar, bcm/y 18.5 ga Sudan.
* Duk wani sauyi daga matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara za a raba shi daidai tsakanin Masar da Sudan.
* Har zuwa shekarar 1977, Sudan za ta &quot;ara&quot; wa Masar ƙarin bcm/y 1.5.
* Duk wani ci gaba na gaba da zai kai ga ƙaruwar kwararar ruwan Nilu za a biya kuɗinsa daidai tsakanin ƙasashin biyu. Kuma dukkan ruwan da zai samu za a raba shi daidai a tsakaninsu.
* Masar za ta biya Sudan fam miliyan 15 na Birtaniya a matsayin diyya na ambaliyar ruwa da ta gabata wacce ta samo asali daga ayyukan samar da ruwa na Masar.
Bugu da ƙari, yarjejeniyar ta 1959 ta kafa Kwamitin Haɗin Gwiwa na Fasaha na dindindin don magance duk wani rikici na gaba. Sudan da Masar duka sun amince cewa buƙatun ruwa na sauran ƙasashe takwas da ke raba kogin ba zai wuce bcm/y 1 zuwa 2 ba, sannan sun ƙara amincewa da fuskantar duk wata barazana ga albarkatun Nilu tare da haɗin gwiwar Masar da Sudan.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Gina babbar madatsar ruwa ta Aswan a shekarun 1960 ya kasance abin rigima domin ya nutsar da yankunan kudancin Sudan kusa da Wadi Halfa kuma ya raba mazauna Sudan da ke zaune a kan iyakar Masar da Sudan da matsugunansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;
[[File:MeroweDam-NASA.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Madatsar Ruwa ta Merowe.| Madatsar Ruwa ta Merowe, kamar yadda ake gani daga sararin samaniya.]]
A tsakiyar shekarun 1990 Masar ta fara wani babban aiki a can kudancin Aswan. Sabon Aikin Delta (New Delta Project) a kudancin Masar da Madatsar Ruwa ta Salaam a Yankin Sinai duka sun kasance manyan ayyuka da tsohon shugaban Masar Hosni Mubarak ya ɗauka don ƙara wadatar ruwa ga yawan jama'ar Masar da ke haɓaka, waɗanda suka bazu da nisa sosai daga kogin Nilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Ƙaruwar amfani da ruwan Masar silar rikici ce a yankin yayin da ƙasashe na sama – Sudan da Habasha – suka fara tabbatar da nasu haƙƙoƙin na gina madatsar ruwa a kogin don samar da wutar lantarki. Shirye-shiryen Sudan na gina madatsar ruwa ta Kajbar kusa da Khartoum a inda Farin Nilu da Baƙin Nilu suka haɗu &lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; ya haifar da takaddama ta ƙasa da ƙasa da dama. Sudan tana kuma shirin gina Madatsar Ruwa ta Merowe a kudancin Kajbar da kuma faɗaɗa Madatsar Ruwa ta Roseires, da ke da nisan mil 300 kudu maso gabashin Khartoum a kan Baƙin Nilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; An kiyasta cewa gina waɗannan ayyukan zai iya kai wa Sudan ga wuce gona da iri akan iyakokin ruwanta na yarjejeniyar 1959.
Habasha ita ma ta fito a matsayin babbar mai fada a aikin samar da ruwan Kogin Nilu. A shekarar 1957, sun sanar da aniyarsu ta gudanar da aikin samar da ruwa na kogin Nilu a cikin yankin Habasha da kansu. Zuwa shekarar 2000, an gina ƙananan madatsun ruwa fiye da 200 a tsawon mabudun ruwan Nilu. Gaba ɗaya, madatsun ruwan za su yi amfani da kusan mcm/y miliyan 500 na kwararar ruwan Nilu na shekara-shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Habasha ce kaɗai ƙasa da ke raba kogin Nilu da ta yi iƙirarin haƙƙi na shari'a kan ruwan Nilu ban da Masar ko Sudan tun lokacin da aka sanya wa hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Nilu a shekarar 1959. Kamar a Masar, haɓakar jama'a a Habasha ya kai ga ƙaruwar amfani da ruwa. Haɓakar yawan jama'ar Habasha ya wuce na Masar, kuma tare da yawan jama'a masu kusan girma ɗaya, buƙatun ruwa na Habasha na iya wuce na Masar. Shayar da rabin ƙasashen noma na Habasha kawai zai rage kwararar ruwa zuwa Sudan da Masar da kashi 15%.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Daga baya, Habasha ta gina Babbar Madatsar Ruwa ta Renaissance ta Habasha (Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam) wadda ta haifar da tsawaitwar tattaunawa game da tasirinta ga Masar da Sudan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/85655/egypt-ethiopia-dam-of-discord-continues-to-pressure-relations/ |title=Egypt-Ethiopia: 'Dam of Discord' continues to pressure relations |website=The Africa Report |date=6 May 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwarin Kogin Tigris-Euphrates ==

=== Albarkatun ruwa ===
Kwarin Kogin Tigris-Euphrates ya kunshi manyan koramu guda biyu - Kogin Tigris da Kogin Euphrates - da kananan koramunsu. Dukansu kogin Tigris da Euphrates sun samo asali ne daga kudancin kasar Turkiyya. Kogin Tigris yana kwarara ne daga Turkiyya, yana ratsa iyakar kasar Turkiyya da Siriya na tsawon kilomita 32 kafin ya kwarara zuwa kudu ta cikin kasar Iraki.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Tun daga inda ya samo asali a Turkiyya, kogin Euphrates yana kwarara zuwa Siriya daga arewa, kafin ya ci gaba da kwarara ta cikin kasar Iraki.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Koramun biyu suna haduwa ne a kasar Iraki don samar da Shatt Al-Arab, wanda yake kwarara zuwa kudu zuwa cikin Tekun Fasha.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt;

=== Rikicin yanki ===
Ko da yake takaddamar siyasar ruwa ta dade tana faruwa a yankin tsawon karnoni, matsin lamba na yawan jama'a a shekarun 1960 ya sa kowace kasa ta fara kokarin bunkasa albarkatun ruwa da kanta. An gina Madatsar ruwa ta Keban a kudancin Anatolia daga shekarar 1965 zuwa 1973, sannan Siriya ta gina Madatsar ruwa ta Tabqa tsakanin shekarar 1965 da 1973.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Duk da tattaunawar bangarorin biyu da wani lokacin ma uku (ciki har da Tarayyar Soviet), babu wata yarjejeniya ta hukuma da aka cimma lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fara aiki a shekarar 1973. Yayin da madatsun suka fara cika, kwararar ruwa zuwa kasa ta ragu matuka. A shekarar 1974, Siriya ta amince da bukatar Iraki inda ta ba da damar ƙarin mita kubik miliyan 200 (mcm) a kowace shekara daga Madatsar ruwa ta Tabqa. Sai dai a shekara mai zuwa, Iraki ta nemi shiga tsakani na Kungiyar Kasashen Larabawa, inda ta bayyana cewa kwararar ruwan da ke zuwa Iraki ta ragu daga mita kubik 920 a dakika (m³/s) zuwa matakin da &quot;ba za a iya jurewa ba&quot; na mita kubik 197 a dakika.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Gwamnatin Siriya ta mayar da martani da cewa kwararar ruwa zuwa Siriya ma ta ragu da fiye da kashi 50%. Bayan musayar kalamai na gaba juna, Siriya ta janye daga kwamitin Kungiyar Kasashen Larabawa da aka dorawa alhakin magance rikicin. Rikici ya ƙaru a watan Mayun 1975 yayin da Siriya ta rufe sararin samaniyar ta ga jiragen saman Iraki, kuma ƙasashen biyu suka kwashe sojoji zuwa kan iyakokinsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Sai dai shiga tsakani na kasar Saudiyya ya sanyaya yanayin, inda bangarorin biyu suka cimma yarjejeniyar da ta dakile tashin hankalin da zai iya faruwa. Ba a taba bayyana sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar ga jama'a ba, amma majiyoyin Iraki sun ce a asirce an ba Siriya damar riƙe kashi 40% na ruwan Euphrates da ke kwarara ta ƙasarta, yayin da kashi 60% na ruwan aka amince ya kwarara zuwa kudu ta cikin Iraki.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt;

Aikin Anatolia ta Kudu maso Gabas (wanda aka fi sani da GAP a harshen Turkiyya) yana ci gaba da zama tushen tashin hankali a yankin. GAP babban aiki ne na samar da wutar lantarki, wanda ya ƙunshi madatsun ruwa 21 da cibiyoyin samar da wutar lantarki 19.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Za a yi amfani da ruwan ne don samar da kilowatt-hour biliyan 26 na wutar lantarki tare da ƙarfin 7,500 megawatts, da kuma ban ruwa ga kadada miliyan 1.65 na ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1987, Firayim Ministan Turkiyya Turgut Ozal ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar da ke ba da garantin kwararar ruwa aƙalla mcm 500 a shekara zuwa Siriya. An sake gudanar da tattaunawa tsakanin Turkiyya, Siriya, da Iraki a watan Janairun 1990 lokacin da Turkiyya ta dakatar da kwararar ruwan Euphrates na tsawon kwanaki 30 ta hanyar rufe ƙofofin Madatsar ruwa ta Atatürk. Iraki ta dage cewa Turkiyya ta ba da damar aƙalla mcm 500 a shekara su kwarara zuwa Siriya, amma an dakatar da tattaunawar saboda ɓarkewar Yaƙin Tekun Fasha na farko. Tattaunawar bayan yaƙin a watan Satumbar 1992 ta gaza cimma yarjejeniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt;

A shekarar 2020, hukumomin Iraki sun koka da cewa Madatsar ruwa ta Ilısu ta rage kwararar ruwan kogin Tigris kuma hakan ya haifar da karancin ruwa a filayen Iraki.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://thearabweekly.com/iraq-complains-turkey-causing-water-shortages |title=Iraq complains Turkey causing water shortages |website=The Arab Weekly |date=17 July 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da kari, manoman Kurdawa a arewacin Iraki sun yi gargadin &quot;masifa&quot;, bayan da Iran ta gangan ta dakatar da kwararar ruwa daga Kogin Sirwan da Zab ta Kasa zuwa madatsun ruwa na Dukan da Darbandikhan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/230820201 |title=Kurdish farmers, officials warn of 'catastrophe' as Iran blocks water supply |website=Rudaw |date=23 August 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, mazauna ƙauyukan Siriya ma sun zargi Turkiyya da datse hanyar ruwa wanda hakan ya rage matakin ruwan Euphrates zuwa mita kubik 200 a dakika, wanda hakan ya rage da mita kubik 300 a dakika fiye da adadin da ƙasashen biyu suka riga suka amince da shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://observers.france24.com/en/20200811-syria-along-euphrates-villagers-accuse-turkey-starting-water-war |title=Syrian villagers along Euphrates accuse Turkey of cutting water access |website=France 24: The Observers |date=11 August 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma, ƴan tawayen Siriya da Turkiyya ke marawa baya sun toshe samar da ruwa daga tashar famfo ta Alok kusa da Ras al-Ain wanda hakan ya haifar da karancin ruwan sha a Lardin Al-Hasakah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200825-in-northeast-syria-town-families-say-turkey-cut-their-water |title=In northeast Syria town, families say Turkey cut their water |website=France 24 |date=25 August 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Mayun 2021, kwararar ruwan Euphrates daga Turkiyya zuwa Siriya ta sake raguwa zuwa kusan mita kubik 200 a dakika, wanda hakan ya haifar da karancin wutar lantarki.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/extremism-watch_water-drop-euphrates-river-increases-tensions-between-syrian-kurds-turkey/6205509.html |title=Water Drop in Euphrates River Increases Tensions Between Syrian Kurds, Turkey |website=Voice of America |date=6 May 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A wata daya kuma a Iraki, kwararar ruwa daga Turkiyya ta ragu da kashi 50% ga kogunan Tigris da Euphrates, yayin da kwararar koramu daga Iran zuwa madatsar ruwa ta Darbandikhan da Zab ta Kasa suka ragu zuwa kusan babu komai da kuma kashi 70%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/society/العراق-تركيا-خفضت-منسوب-دجلة-والفرات-إلى-النصف-وإيران-قطعت-روافد |title=العراق: تركيا خفضت منسوب نهري دجلة والفرات إلى النصف وإيران قطعت روافد مهمة |website=alaraby.co.uk |language=Arabic |date=9 May 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Blue Peace ==
Rikicin da ya shafi ruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya na iya ƙaruwa a kwanaki masu zuwa saboda takaddamar da ke tattare da samuwa, amfani da kuma gudanar da ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/|title=The Coming Wars for Water!|date=October 12, 2019|website=Report Syndication}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsananin takara don samun ruwa na iya har kai ga yaƙin yanki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Shi ya sa, haɗin kai ya zama dole don hana rikice-rikice da yaƙe-yaƙe.

Hanyar Blue Peace, wacce ke neman sauya batutuwan ruwa na ƙetaren iyaka zuwa kayan aikin haɗin kai, ta tabbatar da inganci a wurare kamar Gabas ta Tsakiya da kuma kwarin Kogin Nilu. Wannan tsari na musamman na mayar da tashin hankali kan ruwa zuwa damar bunkasar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki an samar da shi ne ta hannun Strategic Foresight Group tare da haɗin gwiwar Gwamnatocin Switzerland da Sweden. Wani rahoto na baya-bayan nan mai taken &quot;Haɗin gwiwar Ruwa don Duniya Mai Tsaro&quot; wanda Strategic Foresight Group ya buga ya nuna cewa haɗin gwiwar ruwa mai ƙarfi tsakanin ƙasashe yana rage haɗarin yaƙi. An cimma wannan ƙarshe ne bayan binciken alaƙar ruwa ta ƙetaren iyaka a cikin kwarin kogi sama da 200 a ƙasashe 148. Ƙasashe a Gabas ta Tsakiya na fuskantar haɗarin yaƙi saboda sun daɗe suna guje wa haɗin gwiwar yanki. Rahoton ya ba da misalan haɗin kai na nasara, waɗanda ƙasashen Gabas ta Tsakiya za su iya amfani da su.

Ƙalubalen tsaron ruwa yana da babban farashi na ɗan adam da tasiri mai girma a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Rashin tsaron ruwa koyaushe yana tare da ɗaya ko fiye da matsaloli kamar talauci, yaƙi da rikici, ƙarancin ci gaban mata da gurɓatar muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/environment/water-cooperation-key-to-ensuring-peace-1.1475648|title=Water cooperation key to ensuring peace|website=gulfnews.com|date=22 March 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan illolin masu muni an rubuta su a cikin rahotanni guda biyu da aka fitar a shekarar 2015: 'The Hydro Insecure: Crisis of Survival in the Middle East' da 'Water and Violence: Crisis of Survival in the Middle East'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.americansecurityproject.org/the-middle-east-struggles-with-water-security/|title=The Middle East Struggles with Water Security|website=American Security Project|date=24 March 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwarin Kogin Helmand ==
 
An rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar ruwa ta Kogin Helmand a shekarar 1972 tsakanin Iran da Afghanistan. Yarjejeniyar tana da kasidu 16.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=8am |date=2022-02-11 |title=MEW Officially Recognizes Helmand River Treaty |url=https://8am.media/eng/mew-officially-recognizes-helmand-river-treaty/ |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=Hasht-e Subh Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, Iran koyaushe tana cewa Afghanistan ba ta bin sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Iran Official: Water Treaty Should be Honored |url=https://tolonews.com/business-179158 |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=TOLOnews |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''Rikicin ruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka''' (MENA) ya fi mayar da hankali ne a kan manyan kwarurukan koguna guda uku: kwarin Kogin Jordan, kwarin kogunan Tigris da Euphrates, da kuma kwarin Kogin Nilu. Yankin MENA ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita miliyan 11.1. Akwai manyan hamada guda uku a yankin na MENA:&lt;ref name=&quot;abuzeid2006&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Conflict and Conflict Management Mechanisms in the Middle East and North Africa |url=http://water.cedare.int/cedare.int/files15%5CFile2862.pdf |publisher=Centre for Environment and Development for the Arab Region and Europe |author1=Khaled AbuZeid |author2=Amr Abdel-Meguid |date=March 2006 |access-date=2012-05-04 |archive-date=2015-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610224547/http://water.cedare.int/cedare.int/files15%5CFile2862.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hamadar Sahara, wadda ta kunshi manyan sassa na Arewacin Afirka.
* Rub' al Khali, a kudancin Yarjejeniyar Larabawa (Arabian Peninsula).
* Badiat El-Sham (Hamadar Siriya), a arewacin Yarjejeniyar Larabawa.
Bugu da kari, babban sashi na kasar Iran hamada ne ya mamaye shi. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara bai kai 100 mm ba a kashi 65% na yankin, yana tsakanin 100 da 300 mm a kashi 15% na yankin, kuma ya fi 300 mm a sauran yankunan da suka rage.&lt;ref name=&quot;abuzeid2006&quot;/&gt; Yanayin da ke haifar da rikici ana hasashen zai kara ta'azzara kuma ya dada sarkakiya yayin da cikakken tasirin canjin yanayi a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka zai bayyana a cikin karni na 21.

== Kwarin Kogin Jordan ==

=== Albarkatun ruwa ===
[[File:Middle East Topographic Political EN.svg|thumb|left|Taswirar tauraron dan adam na Gabas ta Tsakiya.]]
Hanyoyin ruwa guda uku da ke samar da Kogin Jordan – Kogin Hasbani (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 250 Mm3), Kogin Banias (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 125 Mm3), da Kogin Dan (kwararar ruwa ta shekara-shekara ta 250 Mm3) sun samo asali ne daga kasashen Lebanon, Siriya, da Isra'ila.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Ju'ub|first=Dr. Ghassan Abu|title=Water Conflicts in the Middle East Between the Present and the Future|url=http://www.alazhar.edu.ps/arabic/centers/IWE/Researches/GazaPaper-new/water.pdf|publisher=Al-Azhar University|access-date=2012-04-10|archive-date=2012-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711013149/http://www.alazhar.edu.ps/arabic/centers/IWE/Researches/GazaPaper-new/water.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna haduwa ne a Tafkin Huleh sannan su kwarara zuwa kudu a matsayin Kogin Jordan. Daidai kudancin Tiberias, Kogin Yarmuk yana haduwa da Kogin Jordan. Gaba daya, Kogin Jordan yana kwarara ne na kusan kilomita 350, yana farawa daga gindin Dutsen Hermon a arewa kuma ya kare a Tekun Gishiri (Dead Sea) a kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kogin yana da kiyasin kwararar ruwa na 1880 MCM/Y, inda kashi 73 cikin dari na ruwan ya samo asali ne daga kasashen Larabawa sannan kashi 27 cikin dari kuma ya samo asali daga Isra'ila.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Kiser|first=Stephen|title=WATER: THE HYDRAULIC PARAMETER OF CONFLICT IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA|journal=USAF Institute for National Security Studies|date=September 2000|series=INSS Occasional Papers|issue=35|pages=59|url=http://www.usafa.edu/df/inss/OCP/ocp35.pdf|access-date=4 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar wani binciken USAF na watan Satumban 2000, sama da kashi 90% na ruwan kasar Siriya ana raba shi ne da kasashen makwabta kamar su Iraki, Turkiyya, Isra'ila, Lebanon, da Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kusan kashi 36 cikin dari na hanyoyin ruwan kasar Jordan ana raba su ne da Siriya, Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank), da Isra'ila, kuma sama da rabin ruwan Isra'ila ana raba shi ne da Siriya, Lebanon, Jordan, da Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;

Yankin can gaba zuwa arewa, Kogin Litani da Kogin Orontes sune suka kunshi yankin magudanar ruwa na arewacin Levant. Kodayake wuraren da kogunan suka samo asali suna kusa da juna a labarin kasa, Kogin Litani yana kwarara ne zuwa kudu sannan yamma zuwa Tekun Mediterane kusa da Tyre, yana ratsawa ta cikin kasar Lebanon kadai, yayin da Kogin Orontes kuma yake kwarara zuwa arewa zuwa cikin kasar Siriya, yana shiga Tekun Mediterane a kusa da birnin Antioch.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kiyasin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na Kogin Litani wanda ya kai 410 MCM/Y ya kasance manufar shawarwarin magance matsalar ruwa da Siriya, Jordan, da Isra'ila suka gabatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Siriya, Lebanon, da Isra'ila duka suna da madatsun ruwan sha na karkashin kasa na dabi'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Akwai manyan madatsun ruwa guda biyu na karkashin kasa wadanda ke samar da ruwan sha ga Isra'ila ta zamani. Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse (Mountain Aquifer) tana karkashin Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank). Tana sake cika kanta da 679 Mm3 na ruwa duk shekara, inda 78 Mm3 daga ciki yake da gishiri-gishiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Manyan kwaruruka guda uku na Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse sune kwarin Gabas, kwarin Yamma, da kuma kwarin Arewa maso Gabas. Kwarin Gabas shi ne mafi kankanta dangane da yawan ruwan sha amma shi ne mafi girma dangane da fadin kasa. Ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita 3260.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Kwarin Yamma shi ne mafi girma a cikin ukun dangane da yawan ruwan sha da yake dauke da shi. Ya mamaye kusan murabba'in kilomita 1780.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; A karshe, kwarin Arewa maso Gabas yana da fadin kusan murabba'in kilomita 610.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Madatsar Ruwa ta Gabar Teku (Coastal Aquifer) da ke tare da Gabar Tekun Mediterane tana da jimillar sake cika kanta ta shekara-shekara na 330 Mm3.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt;

Yankin da ke kewaye da kwarin Kogin Jordan yana daya daga cikin mafi bushewa a duniya. Isra'ila da arewa maso yammacin Jordan suna samun matsakaicin ruwan sama na 1190 cm a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kadan ne kawai daga cikin wannan ruwan za a iya amfani da shi. Kasashen Kuwait, Libya, Oman, da Singapore ne kadai ke samun karancin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara fiye da Jordan ko Isra'ila. Siriya da Lebanon, sabanin haka, suna samun isasshen ruwan sama don tallafawa aikin gona da sake cika madatsun ruwa na karkashin kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kamar yadda aka bayyana a baya, yayin da sassan arewacin Jordan da Isra'ila ke samun 110 cm na ruwan sama na shekara-shekara, tsakiyar Jordan da Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan suna samun 20 mcm/y. Sai dai kashi 3 mcm/y kacal ne na wannan ruwan za a iya amfani da shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;

=== Amfani da ruwa ===
Isra'ila tana amfani da kusan 850 MCM/Y na ruwan karkashin kasa, inda 400 MCM/Y daga ciki ke fitowa daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Dutse. A shekarar 1964, Isra'ila ta fara dibar 320 MCM/Y daga Kogin Jordan don babban Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Kasa (National Water Carrier). Ya zuwa shekarar 1967, babban Tsarin Samar da Ruwa na Kasa na Isra'ila yana kwashe kusan kashi 70 cikin dari na Kogin Jordan kafin ya kai ga mutanen Falasdinu a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; A shekarun 1980, 'yan ciranin Yahudawa da suka zauna a yankin sun shanye ruwa sau bakai fiye da manoman Larabawa. Wasu majiyoyin sun nuna bambanci kadan, kodayake har yanzu yana da yawa. A cewar wani binciken watan Satumba na shekarar 2000, Isra'ila tana amfani da 1180 MCM/Y, ko kashi 62 cikin dari na jimillar samar da ruwa na shekara-shekara a aikin gona. Idan aka kwatanta, kasar Jordan tana amfani da 67 MCM/Y, ko kashi 74 cikin dari na jimillar samar da ruwanta a aikin gona.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kusan kashi 48 cikin dari na matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na shekara-shekara na Isra'ila wanda ya kai 1,950 MCM/Y yana fitowa ne daga yankunan da aka kwace a shekarar 1967. 400 MCM/Y na wannan ruwan yana fitowa ne daga ruwan karkashin kasa na Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan, yayin da 450 MCM/Y ke fitowa daga saman Kogin Jordan da Tuddan Golan (Golan Heights).&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Sai dai tun a shekarar 1981, kasar Isra'ila ta kasance tana amfani da kashi 99 cikin dari na albarkatun ruwan da take da su.

=== Tsarin Samar da Ruwa ===

==== Lokacin Mulkin Mallaka na Birtaniya (1917–1948)====
A lokacin da Birtaniya ke mulkin mallaka a Falasdinu (1913–1948), akwai tsarin noman rani guda uku a gefen gabashin tuddan Yahudawa (Judaean Mountains). Magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Qelt tana samar da 3 MCM/Y na ruwan sha ga birnin Jericho daga idon ruwan Ein Fara, Ein Fawar, da Ein Qelt.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Bugu da kari, magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Uja tana wadata kwarin Uja da 7 MCM/Y na ruwan sha daga idon ruwan Ein Uja, sannan magudanar ruwa ta Wadi Faria ta kwashe 5 MCM/Y na ruwa daga idon ruwan Ein Shibli, Ein Isca, da Ein Baidan zuwa Giftlik.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Gvirtzman|first=Haim|title=The Israeli-Palestinian Water Conflict: An Israeli Perspective|url=http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/MSPS94.pdf|publisher=The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karkashin mulkin Roma, magudanar ruwa na Nablus da Jerusalem sun kasance suna aiki a tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya. Wadannan magudanar ruwa sun kawo karin jimillar 3 MCM/Y ga Sabastia da Kudus. Lokacin mulkin mallakar na Birtaniya, an sake amfani da wasu kananan idon ruwa na karkashin kasa guda 200 sannan aka tara ruwan sama daga tankuna, wanda hakan ya samar da karin 5 MCM/Y na ruwan sha a lokutan damina mai yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; Tare da karin masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu wadanda ke samar da karin 2 MCM/Y ga Kudus da Ramallah, matsakaicin karfin ruwa a tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya ya kasance 25 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; [[File:Lasjalomne023 (7).jpg|thumb|left|alt=Tafkin Tiberias.| Tafkin Tiberias]]
Tsare-tsare da yawa sun yi kokarin raba albarkatun ruwa na yankin lokacin mulkin mallakar Birtaniya. Tsarin Ionides na shekarar 1939 ya ba da shawarwari guda uku. Na farko, ya ba da shawarar adana ruwan ambaliya na Kogin Yarmouk a cikin Tafkin Tiberias (Tekun Galilea).&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Isaac|first=Jad|title=Roots of the Water Conflict in the Middle East|url=http://web.macam.ac.il/~arnon/Int-ME/water/Roots%20of%20the%20Water%20Conflict%20in%20the%20Middle%20East.htm|publisher=Applied Research Institute – Jerusalem|author2=Leonardo Hosh |date=7–9 May 1992}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na biyu, ya kayyadewa sassan ruwan tafkin da za a karkatar ta hanyar madatsar ruwa ta East Ghor Canal don amfani da shi a aikin noman rani a gabashin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Na uku, ya takaita amfani da ruwan kwarin Kogin Jordan ga kwarin Kogin Jordan kadai.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Masu fafutukar sahyoniyanci (Zionist advocates) sun yi watsi da wannan shirin saboda sun hango amfani da ruwan kwarin Kogin Jordan don gina matsugunai a Hamadar Negev da ke kudancin kasar. Sabanin haka, Tsarin Lowdermilk, wanda Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta dauki nauyin gudanarwa, ya ba da shawarar shayar da kwarin Kogin Jordan da karkatar da kogunan Jordan da Yarmouk don samar da wutar lantarki.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1948, James B. Hays ya yi amfani da sakamakon binciken Lowdermilk a matsayin tushen Tsarin Hays, inda za a karkatar da Kogin Yarmouk zuwa Tafkin Tiberias domin biyan diyyar ruwan da aka rasa wajen karkatar da Kogin Jordan don ayyukan aikin gona.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt;

==== Mulkin kasar Jordan (1948–1967) ====
A shekarar 1948, Isra'ila ta zama kasa a hukumance. Masarautar Jordan ta karbi ikon kula da albarkatun ruwa na tuddan Yahudawa da Samariya. Sun ci gaba da rike ikon mallakar yankin har zuwa Yakin Kwanaki Shida (Six-Day War) a shekarar 1967. Karin rijiyoyin da aka tona a wannan lokacin ya sanya matsakaicin samar da ruwa a yankin ya kai 66 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; Sai dai garuruwan Falasdinawa hudu kacal daga cikin 708 ne ke da alaka da tsarin samar da ruwa a wancan lokacin.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1965 an sake tona wasu rijiyoyi 350, wadanda ke samar da jimillar 41 MCM/Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot;/&gt;
A lokacin Yakin Falasdinu na 1947-1949, dakarun Yahudawa sun lalata masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki ta Rutenburg a kokarinsu na hana ikon Larabawa na musamman a kan kogunan Jordan da Yarmouk.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Sakamakon haka, Gvernatin Jordan da Hukumar Agaji da Ayyuka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNRWA) suka ba da umarnin gudanar da Tsarin MacDonald, wanda ya yi kama da Tsarin Ionides (1939) wajen takaita ruwan kwarin Kogin Jordan ga kwarin Kogin Jordan kadai. Ya kuma yi kira da a karkatar da Kogin Yarmouk don adana shi a Tafkin Tiberias domin amfani da shi wajen tallafawa ci gaban aikin gona a bangarorin biyu na Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Jordan da Siriya sun goyi bayan Tsarin Bunger, wanda ya ba da shawarar gina madatsar ruwa a Kogin Yarmouk da samar da masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu don wadatar da Jordan da Siriya da wutar lantarki. A shekarar 1953, jim kadan bayan an fara ginin, karuwar matsin lamba daga Amurka ta tilasta wa Jordan da Siriya yin watsi da shirye-shiryen nasu.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Gwamnatin Eisenhower ta tura Eric Johnston a matsayin jakada na musamman. Tsarin Johnston ya aiwatar da manufofin binciken Hukumar Kwarin Tennessee wanda Chales Main ya gudanar – wato Tsarin Main – wanda ya kunshi kason raba ruwa na kwarin Kogin Jordan.&lt;ref name=&quot;isaac1992&quot;/&gt; Kodayake babu wani bangare da ya amince da shirin, an yi amfani da shi azaman tushen shawarwari da dama na warware rikicin ruwa na gaba.

==== Hukumar Isra'ila (1967–yanzu) ====
[[File:Water supply in West Bank and Gaza February 2014 5water photoblog.jpg|thumb|right|Mazauna kauyen Falasdinu suna siyan ruwa daga motocin dakon ruwa a Khirbet A-Duqaiqah a tuddan Hebron]]
Lokacin da Isra'ila ta mamaye Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan (West Bank) a Yakin Kwanaki Shida na shekarar 1967, an bayyana albarkatun ruwa na yankin a matsayin mallakar kasa. Mamayar tana da tasiri mai yawa a kan rayuwar yau da kullum ta al'ummar Falasdinu da kuma samar musu da ruwa:&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Palestinian Water: Resources, Use, Conservation, Climate Change, and Land Use |last = Hassan, M.A., McIntyre G.|date = 2012|journal = Digest of Middle East Studies |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=313–326| doi=10.1111/j.1949-3606.2012.00175.x }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title = The Jordan Valley: a case study profile. Part of CLICO project tasks.|last = Tamimi, A., Abu Jamous, S.|date = 2012|journal = Unpublished CLICO Deliverable}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta fannoni da dama, mamayar tana nuna keta dokokin kasa da kasa, kamar dokar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa ko dokar jinkai ta kasa da kasa. Musamman kwace filaye da rushe gine-gine da sojopin Isra'ila ke yi gami da sanya takunkumi kan zirga-zirgar mutane da kayayyaki sun fuskanci suka mai tsanani. Tun daga shekarar 1967, mafi yawancin hanyoyin ruwa sojopin Isra'ila ne ke iko da su. Haka kuma, ana karkatar da albarkatun ruwan kuma ana hana al'ummar Falasdinu samun damar yin amfani da yawancinsu. A lokaci guda, Isra'ila tana da'awar cewa Falasdinawa suna tona rijiyoyi ba tare da izini ba. Kayan aikin ruwa masu yawa na Falasdinawa, gami da tankunan adana ruwa, rijiyoyi, da tsarin noman rani, ana bayyana su a matsayin haramtattu sannan ana rushe su cikin tsari. Da yake galibi an hana gina sabbin kayan aikin ruwa na Falasdinawa, tsarin samar da ruwa na Falasdinawa yana cikin mummunan yanayi. Ta wannan hanyar, suna nuna rauni da rashin tabbas na matsayin siyasa na Falasdinu. Da yake mafi yawancin mutane a Gabas ta Yammacin Kogin Jordan sun dogara ne da aikin gona, karancin ruwan na Falasdinawa yana raunana tattalin arzikin yankin. Ta haka, yana taimakawa sosai wajen haifar da talauci da rashin aikin yi. Rashin daidaiton rabon ruwa a yankunan Falasdinawa ya haifar da kalmar &quot;wariya ta ruwa&quot; (water apartheid).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title = When the rivers run dry: What happens when our water runs out?|last = Pearce, F.|publisher = Eden Project Books.|year = 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kodayake yana da wahala a sami ingantattun bayanai, matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na Isra'ila a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan ya ninka kusan sau 6 matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na Falasdinawa wanda ke kusan lita 50 ga mutum daya a rana, wanda hakan kusan rabin matakin mafi kankanta da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ba da shawarar amfani da shi ne.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Sai dai akwai wasu bayanan da ke nuna yanayi mabanbanci. Ta hanyar cire ruwan kazanta da aka tace da ruwan teku da aka tace gami da amfani da mabanbantan bayanan al'umma, Gvirtzman&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot; /&gt; (2012) misali yana jayayya cewa matsakaicin amfanin ruwa na Isra'ila da na Falasdinawa a yau ya kusan zama daya. Manyan bambance-bambance a cikin bayanan ruwa na Isra'ila da Falasdinu suna nuna yadda batun rabon ruwa yake da takaddama da kuma gaggawa har yanzu.
[[File:Ma'ale adumim 02.JPG|thumb|right|Wurin ninkaya a matsugunin Yahudawa na Ma'ale Adumim, a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan]]
Har zuwa yau, babu wata yarjejeniya ta karshe da ke ba al'ummar Falasdinu hakkin ruwa. Kodayake batutuwan ruwa sun kasance babban jigo a Tsarin Zaman Lafiya na Oslo (Oslo Peace Process), ba a warware takaddamar ruwan ba ta hanyar shawarwarin. Lallai, Sashi na 40 na &quot;Yarjejeniyar Riko ta Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan da Katariyar Gaza&quot; (1995) yana bayani ne kan hakkin ruwa na Falasdinawa, amma yana bayyana cewa &quot;za a tattauna wadannan a cikin shawarwarin matsayi na dindindin kuma a daidaita su a cikin Yarjejeniyar Matsayi na Dindindin da ta shafi mabanbantan albarkatun ruwa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Peace/Guide/Pages/THE%20ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN%20INTERIM%20AGREEMENT%20-%20Annex%20III.aspx#app-40|title = The Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip - Annex III.|date = 1995|access-date = 2015-11-25|publisher = Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}&lt;/ref&gt; A halin da ake ciki, &quot;a lokacin riko za a raba jimillar ruwa na 28.6 mcm/shekara&quot; ga al'ummar Falasdinu &quot;domin biyan bukatu na gaggawa [..] na ruwan sha don amfanin gida&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; A zahiri, sakamakon takaddama da ke ci gaba da faruwa tsakanin Isra'ila da Falasdinu, ba a tattauna Yarjejeniyar Matsayi na Dindindin ba. Saboda haka, yarjejeniyar ta ci gaba da kiyaye mamayar Isra'ila a fakaice a kan albarkatun ruwa sannan ta dauki batun karancin ruwa a yankunan Falasdinawa da aka mamaye a matsayin batun bukatar jin kai maimakon hakki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Bugu da kari, an kafa Hukumar Ruwa ta Hadin Gwiwa tsakanin Isra'ila da Falasdinu (JWC) domin aiwatar da yarjejeniyar cikin tsarin hadin gwiwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Kwamitocin Ruwa, Injiniya, Kazanta, da Farashi na JWC suna tattaunawa akai-akai don amincewa da ginin tsarin samar da ruwa ko gine-ginen kwashe kazanta. A matsayin wani bangare na wannan yarjejeniya, Isra'ila ta mika ragamar kula da samar da ruwa a yankunan Falasdinawa ga Hukumar Falasdinu (Palestinian Authority). Duk da haka, Hukumar Falasdinun tana da wahalar sauke nauyin da ke kanta, domin mambobin Isra'ila na Hukumar Ruwa ta Hadin Gwiwa suna da ikon yin watsi da (veto) kowane shiri na Falasdinawa. Haka kuma, mambobin Hukumar Falasdinun ba su da damar shiga yawancin yankuna saboda sojoji sun hana su izini. Sakamakon shi ne cewa sama da kashi 33% na ruwan da ake kaiwa yankunan Falasdinawa &quot;yana zuba ne daga bututun cikin gida&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;gvirtzmanil&quot; /&gt; Bangarorin biyu suna jayayya cewa ba a sake bin dokokin da aka kafa a Oslo. Da yake ba a raba wa al'ummar Falasdinu isasshen ruwa ba, za a iya kallon ayyukan Hukumar Ruwa ta Hadin Gwiwa a matsayin marasa gamsarwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Kwarin Kogin Nilu ==

=== Albarkatun ruwa ===
[[File:Egypt Nil.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Kogin Nilu.| Kogin Nilu a kasar Masar]]
Kogin Nilu kwarin ruwa ne na kasa da kasa, wanda ke ratsawa ta cikin kasashe mabanbanta guda 10 masu cin gashin kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kogin Nilu yana ratsawa ne ta cikin kasashen Sudan, Sudan ta Kudu, Burundi, Rwanda, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Habasha, da Masar, kuma ana daukarsa a matsayin kogi mafi tsayi a duniya. Nilu shi ne kadai muhimmin tushen ruwa a Arewacin Afirka kuma kashi 40% na al'ummar Afirka suna zaune ne a

=== Yaƙin Basasar Sudan ===
Samun damar yin amfani da muhimman albarkatu, musamman ruwa, shi ne babban dalilin da ya haifar da Yaƙin Basasa a Sudan. Ta fuskar muhalli, an raba Sudan zuwa yankuna biyu: na arewa da na kudu. Shashen Arewa yana da yawan jama'a kuma mafi yawancinsu Larabawa Musulmi ne. Kodayake Kogin Nilu yana ratsawa ta yankin arewacin Sudan, galibi yana wajen madatsun ruwa na ƙoramu da koguna da ke haɗuwa su zama Farin Nilu da Baƙin Nilu a can can kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Kudancin ƙasar kuma ba shi da yawan jama'a sosai, amma yana da albarkar ƙasa sosai. Yana samun isasshen ruwan sama kuma yana amfana daga ƙoramu da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da dama da ke warwatse a fadin yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Fari mai dorewa da kwararowar hamada, haɓakar yawan jama'a, da buƙatar ƙara yawan abinci sun tilasta wa Larabawan arewa da dama neman ƙasashe da albarkatu a kudu. Shigo da kayan aikin gona na zamani da Arewa ta yi na ci gaba da barazana ga tsarin noman abinci na gargajiya na mutanen kudu. Sakamakon haka, mutanen kudu waɗanda suka tsara kansu a ƙarƙashin Rundunar 'Yantar da Al'ummar Sudan (SPLA),&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; sun yi yaƙi da mamayar arewa na tsawon kusan shekaru sodoki.

Rikicin ruwa a Sudan yawanci ya dogara ne akan ginin madatsun ruwa ko ayyukan noma. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun dalilan rikici shi ne aikin ginin Madatsar Ruwa ta Jonglei (Jonglei Canal), wanda aka fara a shekarar 1978. An fara aikin ne saboda manyan dalilai guda biyu: domin magance ambaliyar ruwa a Yankin Sudd don samar da ƙarin ƙasar noma, da kuma kiyaye ruwan da ke bace wa ta hanyar tururi saboda tsayuwar da ya yi a madatun.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Adadin ruwan da ake rasa wa ta hanyar tururi an kiyasta shi ya kai mcm/y 4000.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Gwamnatocin Sudan da Masar duka sun goyi bayan aikin domin kowannensu zai amfana da ƙarin ruwan. Madatsar Ruwa ta Jonglei tana da girman gaske ta yadda har ana iya gani daga sararin samaniya. Tana da fadin kafa 210 da zurfin kafa 16 a matsakaici.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;
Katsewar ruwan fadama ya yi barazana ga kusan mutanen ƙabila miliyan 1.7 na yankin waɗanda suka dogara da fadamar don rayuwarsu, kuma a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1974, mazauna yankin sun yi zanga-zanga tare da tarzoma a birnin Juba da ke kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Mutanen kudu sun fara tururuwa zuwa kungiyar SPLA, wanda hakan ya kai ga hare-hare na nuna ƙarfi a wuraren gine-gine a kan titin Madatsar Ruwa ta Jonglei. A ƙarshe sun tilasta dakatar da aikin a shekarar 1984. An riga an gina kilomita 250 daga cikin kilomita 360 na madatsar ruwan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;

Mamayar harkar noman zamani ta mutanen arewa a kudancin Sudan ita ma ta haddasa rikici. Gwamnatin da Larabawa ke iko da ita ta yi tunanin bunƙasa aikin noma a Kudu, kuma manoma daga arewa sun ci gaba da shiga cikin filayen kudu masu albarka. Wannan mamaya ta yi barazana ga ƙabilar Nilotic, waɗanda ke gudanar da harkokin kiwon shanu na kudancin ƙasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Mutanen kudu sun mayar da martani ga mamayar arewa ta hanyar gaba da fada.

Sake ɓarkewar rikici ya faru tsakanin gwamnatin arewa da al'ummar Sudan game da shawarar da gwamnatin ta yanke na gina madatsar ruwa ta Kajbar a kogin Nilu. Tafkin da zai samo asali daga hakan zai tilasta wa rage mazaunin ƙarshen ƙabilar Nubian da suka rage a Sudan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Yawancin mahaifar Nubian an riga an nutsar da ita da ruwa bayan da Masar ta gina babbar madatsar ruwa ta Aswan (Aswan High Dam) a shekarun 1950. Mutanen Sudan da yawa sun yi zanga-zangar nuna rashin amincewa da gina Kajbar, har ma mambobin ƙungiyar Nubian Alliance sun yi barazanar kisan kai gaba ɗaya a matsayin zanga-zanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Sun ƙi amsar tayin diyya da gwamnatin Sudan ta yi musu.

=== Rikice-rikicen Yanki ===
Baya ga kasancewarsa silar rikicin cikin gida a tsakanin ƙasashe, ruwa ya kuma haifar da takaddama ta waje tsakanin ƙasashe masu zaman kansu. Yayin da Masar ke amfani da kashi 99% na wadatar ruwan Nilu,&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; kaɗan ne daga cikin ruwan ke farowa daga cikin iyakokin Masar. Babban buƙatar ruwa na ƙasa da ke can ƙarshen rafi sau da yawa yakan rura wuta ga rikicin yanki. Haka lamarin yake a Arewacin Afirka.
[[File:Red Sea 37.95521E 21.41271N.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Jan Teku.| Arewa maso Gabashin Afirka, Jan Teku, Yankin Larabawa da Sinai]]

A farkon shekarun 1900, ƙarancin auduga na duniya ya matsa wa Masar da Sudan lamba don yin amfani da ƙasashe masu kyau don ƙara yawan noman auduga.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last = Wolf|first = Aaron|title = Middle East Water Conflicts and Directions for Conflict Resolution|url = http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABY541.pdf|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151125225040/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABY541.pdf|url-status = dead|archive-date = November 25, 2015|publisher = International Food Policy Research Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt; Auduga, sai dai, yana buƙatar shayarwa mai yawa kuma bai dace da yanayin ƙasar Masar da Sudan ba kamar sauran amfanin gona na gargajiya. Buƙatar ruwa da kula da ambaliyar ruwa sun haifar da ayyukan samar da ruwa a tsawon kogin Nilu, wanda hakan ya saba haifar da arangama tsakanin ofishin harkokin waje na Birtaniya – Sudan tana ƙarƙashin mulkin haɗin gwiwa na Birtaniya da Masar a lokacin – da kuma mutanen Masar da na Sudan na gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, ya bayyana sarai cewa ana buƙatar sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar raba ruwa ta hukuma don daidaita amfani da ruwan Nilu. A shekarar 1920, aka kafa Hukumar Ayyukan Nilu (Nile Projects Commission).&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Ƙarƙashin jagorancin wakilai daga Indiya, Burtaniya, da Amurka, hukumar ta kiyasta amfani da ruwa bisa buƙatun amfani da ruwa na kowace ƙasa. Dangane da matsakaicin adadin kwararar ruwa na bcm/y 84, hukumar ta kiyasta amfanin Masar da ake buƙata ya zama bcm/y 58, yayin da aka yi imanin Sudan za ta iya biyan buƙatunta na ban ruwa ta hanyar amfani da ruwan Baƙin Nilu kaɗai.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Hukumar ta kuma ba da shawarar raba duk wani sauyi daga matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara daidai tsakanin Masar da Sudan. Sai dai, ba a taɓa yin aiki da sakamakon binciken hukumar ba. Haka kuma a shekarar 1920, Birtaniya ta ba da shawarar Shirin Adana Ruwa na ƙarni (Century Storage Scheme), mafi kyawun shiri don samar da ruwa a tsawon kogin Nilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Shirin ya bukaci da a gina wurin adana ruwa a kan iyakar Uganda da Sudan, da gina madatsar ruwa a Sennar na ƙasar Sudan, don shayar da yankunan kudancin Sudan, da kuma madatsar ruwa a tsawon Farin Nilu don riƙe ruwan ambaliyar lokacin rani don amfanin Masar a lokacin rani.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Tsarin na Birtaniya ya damun Masarawa da yawa, tunda yawancin manyan gine-ginen ruwan za a gina su ne a wajen yankin Masar. A ranar 7 ga Mayu, 1929, Masar da Sudan suka sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Nilu. Dangane da yawancin sakamakon binciken hukumar na shekarar 1920, yarjejeniyar ta ware bcm/y 4 ga Sudan, da bcm/y 48 ga Masar. Sai dai tsakanin 20 ga Janairu da 15 ga Yuli, dukkan kwararar ruwan Nilu an ware shi ne don amfanin Masar kaɗai.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt;

A shekarun 1950, Masar ta gudanar da aikin gina babbar madatsar ruwa ta Aswan ita kaɗai har zuwa shekarar 1954, lokacin da aka sanya Sudan a cikin tattaunawar. Zagayen farko na tattaunawa tsakanin Masar da Sudan ya gudana ne a watan Disamba na shekarar 1954, amma aka soke shi kafin a cimma matsaya ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Gwamnatocin biyu sun sake haɗuwa a watan Afrilu na shekarar 1955, inda suka sake kasawa wajen cimma daidaito. Takaddama ta ƙaru a shekarar 1958 bayan wani tawaye na Masar da ya gaza a yankin da ake takaddama a kai a kan iyakar Sudan. Don mayar da martani, Sudan ta ɗaukaka matakin Madatsar Ruwa ta Sennar a lokacin rani na shekarar 1959, wanda hakan ke nufin watsi da yarjejeniyar 1929 da aka sanya wa hannu da Masar.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Ƙasashin biyu sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Cikakken Amfani da Ruwan Nilu (Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Nilu) a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1959.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Nilu, bisa matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara na bcm/y 84 ta tanadi abubuwa kamar haka:&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt;
* bcm/y 55.5 ga Masar, bcm/y 18.5 ga Sudan.
* Duk wani sauyi daga matsakaicin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara za a raba shi daidai tsakanin Masar da Sudan.
* Har zuwa shekarar 1977, Sudan za ta &quot;ara&quot; wa Masar ƙarin bcm/y 1.5.
* Duk wani ci gaba na gaba da zai kai ga ƙaruwar kwararar ruwan Nilu za a biya kuɗinsa daidai tsakanin ƙasashin biyu. Kuma dukkan ruwan da zai samu za a raba shi daidai a tsakaninsu.
* Masar za ta biya Sudan fam miliyan 15 na Birtaniya a matsayin diyya na ambaliyar ruwa da ta gabata wacce ta samo asali daga ayyukan samar da ruwa na Masar.
Bugu da ƙari, yarjejeniyar ta 1959 ta kafa Kwamitin Haɗin Gwiwa na Fasaha na dindindin don magance duk wani rikici na gaba. Sudan da Masar duka sun amince cewa buƙatun ruwa na sauran ƙasashe takwas da ke raba kogin ba zai wuce bcm/y 1 zuwa 2 ba, sannan sun ƙara amincewa da fuskantar duk wata barazana ga albarkatun Nilu tare da haɗin gwiwar Masar da Sudan.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Gina babbar madatsar ruwa ta Aswan a shekarun 1960 ya kasance abin rigima domin ya nutsar da yankunan kudancin Sudan kusa da Wadi Halfa kuma ya raba mazauna Sudan da ke zaune a kan iyakar Masar da Sudan da matsugunansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt;
[[File:MeroweDam-NASA.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Madatsar Ruwa ta Merowe.| Madatsar Ruwa ta Merowe, kamar yadda ake gani daga sararin samaniya.]]
A tsakiyar shekarun 1990 Masar ta fara wani babban aiki a can kudancin Aswan. Sabon Aikin Delta (New Delta Project) a kudancin Masar da Madatsar Ruwa ta Salaam a Yankin Sinai duka sun kasance manyan ayyuka da tsohon shugaban Masar Hosni Mubarak ya ɗauka don ƙara wadatar ruwa ga yawan jama'ar Masar da ke haɓaka, waɗanda suka bazu da nisa sosai daga kogin Nilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Ƙaruwar amfani da ruwan Masar silar rikici ce a yankin yayin da ƙasashe na sama – Sudan da Habasha – suka fara tabbatar da nasu haƙƙoƙin na gina madatsar ruwa a kogin don samar da wutar lantarki. Shirye-shiryen Sudan na gina madatsar ruwa ta Kajbar kusa da Khartoum a inda Farin Nilu da Baƙin Nilu suka haɗu &lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; ya haifar da takaddama ta ƙasa da ƙasa da dama. Sudan tana kuma shirin gina Madatsar Ruwa ta Merowe a kudancin Kajbar da kuma faɗaɗa Madatsar Ruwa ta Roseires, da ke da nisan mil 300 kudu maso gabashin Khartoum a kan Baƙin Nilu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; An kiyasta cewa gina waɗannan ayyukan zai iya kai wa Sudan ga wuce gona da iri akan iyakokin ruwanta na yarjejeniyar 1959.
Habasha ita ma ta fito a matsayin babbar mai fada a aikin samar da ruwan Kogin Nilu. A shekarar 1957, sun sanar da aniyarsu ta gudanar da aikin samar da ruwa na kogin Nilu a cikin yankin Habasha da kansu. Zuwa shekarar 2000, an gina ƙananan madatsun ruwa fiye da 200 a tsawon mabudun ruwan Nilu. Gaba ɗaya, madatsun ruwan za su yi amfani da kusan mcm/y miliyan 500 na kwararar ruwan Nilu na shekara-shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Habasha ce kaɗai ƙasa da ke raba kogin Nilu da ta yi iƙirarin haƙƙi na shari'a kan ruwan Nilu ban da Masar ko Sudan tun lokacin da aka sanya wa hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Nilu a shekarar 1959. Kamar a Masar, haɓakar jama'a a Habasha ya kai ga ƙaruwar amfani da ruwa. Haɓakar yawan jama'ar Habasha ya wuce na Masar, kuma tare da yawan jama'a masu kusan girma ɗaya, buƙatun ruwa na Habasha na iya wuce na Masar. Shayar da rabin ƙasashen noma na Habasha kawai zai rage kwararar ruwa zuwa Sudan da Masar da kashi 15%.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiser59&quot;/&gt; Daga baya, Habasha ta gina Babbar Madatsar Ruwa ta Renaissance ta Habasha (Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam) wadda ta haifar da tsawaitwar tattaunawa game da tasirinta ga Masar da Sudan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/85655/egypt-ethiopia-dam-of-discord-continues-to-pressure-relations/ |title=Egypt-Ethiopia: 'Dam of Discord' continues to pressure relations |website=The Africa Report |date=6 May 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwarin Kogin Tigris-Euphrates ==

=== Albarkatun ruwa ===
Kwarin Kogin Tigris-Euphrates ya kunshi manyan koramu guda biyu - Kogin Tigris da Kogin Euphrates - da kananan koramunsu. Dukansu kogin Tigris da Euphrates sun samo asali ne daga kudancin kasar Turkiyya. Kogin Tigris yana kwarara ne daga Turkiyya, yana ratsa iyakar kasar Turkiyya da Siriya na tsawon kilomita 32 kafin ya kwarara zuwa kudu ta cikin kasar Iraki.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Tun daga inda ya samo asali a Turkiyya, kogin Euphrates yana kwarara zuwa Siriya daga arewa, kafin ya ci gaba da kwarara ta cikin kasar Iraki.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt; Koramun biyu suna haduwa ne a kasar Iraki don samar da Shatt Al-Arab, wanda yake kwarara zuwa kudu zuwa cikin Tekun Fasha.&lt;ref name=&quot;alazhar1&quot;/&gt;

=== Rikicin yanki ===
Ko da yake takaddamar siyasar ruwa ta dade tana faruwa a yankin tsawon karnoni, matsin lamba na yawan jama'a a shekarun 1960 ya sa kowace kasa ta fara kokarin bunkasa albarkatun ruwa da kanta. An gina Madatsar ruwa ta Keban a kudancin Anatolia daga shekarar 1965 zuwa 1973, sannan Siriya ta gina Madatsar ruwa ta Tabqa tsakanin shekarar 1965 da 1973.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Duk da tattaunawar bangarorin biyu da wani lokacin ma uku (ciki har da Tarayyar Soviet), babu wata yarjejeniya ta hukuma da aka cimma lokacin da madatsun ruwan suka fara aiki a shekarar 1973. Yayin da madatsun suka fara cika, kwararar ruwa zuwa kasa ta ragu matuka. A shekarar 1974, Siriya ta amince da bukatar Iraki inda ta ba da damar ƙarin mita kubik miliyan 200 (mcm) a kowace shekara daga Madatsar ruwa ta Tabqa. Sai dai a shekara mai zuwa, Iraki ta nemi shiga tsakani na Kungiyar Kasashen Larabawa, inda ta bayyana cewa kwararar ruwan da ke zuwa Iraki ta ragu daga mita kubik 920 a dakika (m³/s) zuwa matakin da &quot;ba za a iya jurewa ba&quot; na mita kubik 197 a dakika.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Gwamnatin Siriya ta mayar da martani da cewa kwararar ruwa zuwa Siriya ma ta ragu da fiye da kashi 50%. Bayan musayar kalamai na gaba juna, Siriya ta janye daga kwamitin Kungiyar Kasashen Larabawa da aka dorawa alhakin magance rikicin. Rikici ya ƙaru a watan Mayun 1975 yayin da Siriya ta rufe sararin samaniyar ta ga jiragen saman Iraki, kuma ƙasashen biyu suka kwashe sojoji zuwa kan iyakokinsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Sai dai shiga tsakani na kasar Saudiyya ya sanyaya yanayin, inda bangarorin biyu suka cimma yarjejeniyar da ta dakile tashin hankalin da zai iya faruwa. Ba a taba bayyana sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar ga jama'a ba, amma majiyoyin Iraki sun ce a asirce an ba Siriya damar riƙe kashi 40% na ruwan Euphrates da ke kwarara ta ƙasarta, yayin da kashi 60% na ruwan aka amince ya kwarara zuwa kudu ta cikin Iraki.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt;

Aikin Anatolia ta Kudu maso Gabas (wanda aka fi sani da GAP a harshen Turkiyya) yana ci gaba da zama tushen tashin hankali a yankin. GAP babban aiki ne na samar da wutar lantarki, wanda ya ƙunshi madatsun ruwa 21 da cibiyoyin samar da wutar lantarki 19.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; Za a yi amfani da ruwan ne don samar da kilowatt-hour biliyan 26 na wutar lantarki tare da ƙarfin 7,500 megawatts, da kuma ban ruwa ga kadada miliyan 1.65 na ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt; A shekarar 1987, Firayim Ministan Turkiyya Turgut Ozal ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar da ke ba da garantin kwararar ruwa aƙalla mcm 500 a shekara zuwa Siriya. An sake gudanar da tattaunawa tsakanin Turkiyya, Siriya, da Iraki a watan Janairun 1990 lokacin da Turkiyya ta dakatar da kwararar ruwan Euphrates na tsawon kwanaki 30 ta hanyar rufe ƙofofin Madatsar ruwa ta Atatürk. Iraki ta dage cewa Turkiyya ta ba da damar aƙalla mcm 500 a shekara su kwarara zuwa Siriya, amma an dakatar da tattaunawar saboda ɓarkewar Yaƙin Tekun Fasha na farko. Tattaunawar bayan yaƙin a watan Satumbar 1992 ta gaza cimma yarjejeniya.&lt;ref name=&quot;usaid1&quot;/&gt;

A shekarar 2020, hukumomin Iraki sun koka da cewa Madatsar ruwa ta Ilısu ta rage kwararar ruwan kogin Tigris kuma hakan ya haifar da karancin ruwa a filayen Iraki.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://thearabweekly.com/iraq-complains-turkey-causing-water-shortages |title=Iraq complains Turkey causing water shortages |website=The Arab Weekly |date=17 July 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da kari, manoman Kurdawa a arewacin Iraki sun yi gargadin &quot;masifa&quot;, bayan da Iran ta gangan ta dakatar da kwararar ruwa daga Kogin Sirwan da Zab ta Kasa zuwa madatsun ruwa na Dukan da Darbandikhan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/230820201 |title=Kurdish farmers, officials warn of 'catastrophe' as Iran blocks water supply |website=Rudaw |date=23 August 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, mazauna ƙauyukan Siriya ma sun zargi Turkiyya da datse hanyar ruwa wanda hakan ya rage matakin ruwan Euphrates zuwa mita kubik 200 a dakika, wanda hakan ya rage da mita kubik 300 a dakika fiye da adadin da ƙasashen biyu suka riga suka amince da shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://observers.france24.com/en/20200811-syria-along-euphrates-villagers-accuse-turkey-starting-water-war |title=Syrian villagers along Euphrates accuse Turkey of cutting water access |website=France 24: The Observers |date=11 August 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma, ƴan tawayen Siriya da Turkiyya ke marawa baya sun toshe samar da ruwa daga tashar famfo ta Alok kusa da Ras al-Ain wanda hakan ya haifar da karancin ruwan sha a Lardin Al-Hasakah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200825-in-northeast-syria-town-families-say-turkey-cut-their-water |title=In northeast Syria town, families say Turkey cut their water |website=France 24 |date=25 August 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Mayun 2021, kwararar ruwan Euphrates daga Turkiyya zuwa Siriya ta sake raguwa zuwa kusan mita kubik 200 a dakika, wanda hakan ya haifar da karancin wutar lantarki.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/extremism-watch_water-drop-euphrates-river-increases-tensions-between-syrian-kurds-turkey/6205509.html |title=Water Drop in Euphrates River Increases Tensions Between Syrian Kurds, Turkey |website=Voice of America |date=6 May 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A wata daya kuma a Iraki, kwararar ruwa daga Turkiyya ta ragu da kashi 50% ga kogunan Tigris da Euphrates, yayin da kwararar koramu daga Iran zuwa madatsar ruwa ta Darbandikhan da Zab ta Kasa suka ragu zuwa kusan babu komai da kuma kashi 70%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/society/العراق-تركيا-خفضت-منسوب-دجلة-والفرات-إلى-النصف-وإيران-قطعت-روافد |title=العراق: تركيا خفضت منسوب نهري دجلة والفرات إلى النصف وإيران قطعت روافد مهمة |website=alaraby.co.uk |language=Arabic |date=9 May 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Blue Peace ==
Rikicin da ya shafi ruwa a Gabas ta Tsakiya na iya ƙaruwa a kwanaki masu zuwa saboda takaddamar da ke tattare da samuwa, amfani da kuma gudanar da ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/|title=The Coming Wars for Water!|date=October 12, 2019|website=Report Syndication}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsananin takara don samun ruwa na iya har kai ga yaƙin yanki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Shi ya sa, haɗin kai ya zama dole don hana rikice-rikice da yaƙe-yaƙe.

Hanyar Blue Peace, wacce ke neman sauya batutuwan ruwa na ƙetaren iyaka zuwa kayan aikin haɗin kai, ta tabbatar da inganci a wurare kamar Gabas ta Tsakiya da kuma kwarin Kogin Nilu. Wannan tsari na musamman na mayar da tashin hankali kan ruwa zuwa damar bunkasar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki an samar da shi ne ta hannun Strategic Foresight Group tare da haɗin gwiwar Gwamnatocin Switzerland da Sweden. Wani rahoto na baya-bayan nan mai taken &quot;Haɗin gwiwar Ruwa don Duniya Mai Tsaro&quot; wanda Strategic Foresight Group ya buga ya nuna cewa haɗin gwiwar ruwa mai ƙarfi tsakanin ƙasashe yana rage haɗarin yaƙi. An cimma wannan ƙarshe ne bayan binciken alaƙar ruwa ta ƙetaren iyaka a cikin kwarin kogi sama da 200 a ƙasashe 148. Ƙasashe a Gabas ta Tsakiya na fuskantar haɗarin yaƙi saboda sun daɗe suna guje wa haɗin gwiwar yanki. Rahoton ya ba da misalan haɗin kai na nasara, waɗanda ƙasashen Gabas ta Tsakiya za su iya amfani da su.

Ƙalubalen tsaron ruwa yana da babban farashi na ɗan adam da tasiri mai girma a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Rashin tsaron ruwa koyaushe yana tare da ɗaya ko fiye da matsaloli kamar talauci, yaƙi da rikici, ƙarancin ci gaban mata da gurɓatar muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/environment/water-cooperation-key-to-ensuring-peace-1.1475648|title=Water cooperation key to ensuring peace|website=gulfnews.com|date=22 March 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Waɗannan illolin masu muni an rubuta su a cikin rahotanni guda biyu da aka fitar a shekarar 2015: 'The Hydro Insecure: Crisis of Survival in the Middle East' da 'Water and Violence: Crisis of Survival in the Middle East'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.americansecurityproject.org/the-middle-east-struggles-with-water-security/|title=The Middle East Struggles with Water Security|website=American Security Project|date=24 March 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwarin Kogin Helmand ==
 
An rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar ruwa ta Kogin Helmand a shekarar 1972 tsakanin Iran da Afghanistan. Yarjejeniyar tana da kasidu 16.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=8am |date=2022-02-11 |title=MEW Officially Recognizes Helmand River Treaty |url=https://8am.media/eng/mew-officially-recognizes-helmand-river-treaty/ |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=Hasht-e Subh Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, Iran koyaushe tana cewa Afghanistan ba ta bin sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Iran Official: Water Treaty Should be Honored |url=https://tolonews.com/business-179158 |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=TOLOnews |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Abubakar Yabo Umaru</title>
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        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347053174|Abubakar Yabo Umaru]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Abubakar Yabo Umaru''' Listeniis ɗan siyasan [[Najeriya]] ne kuma ɗan majalisa wanda aka haife shi a 1971 a [[Sokoto (jiha)|Jihar Sokoto]], Najeriya . A shekarar 2019, an zabe shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Jihar Sokoto, wanda ke wakiltar Majalisa ta Tarayya ta Shagari / Yabo &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/abubakar-yabo-umaru |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Content-man |date=2019-09-05 |title=Sokoto Tribunal dismisses petitions against Abubakar Yabo, Tukur Bodinga |url=https://newsdiaryonline.com/sokoto-tribunal-dismisses-petitions-against-abubakar-yabo-tukur-bodinga/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |language=en-US |location=Abuja, Nigeria |newspaper=[[News Diary]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kalubalanci nasarar da ya samu a zaben 2023 a kotu kuma ya sha kashi a hannun [[Umar Yusuf Yabo]] na Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) bayan hukuncin kotu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Jeremiah |first=Urowayino |date=2024-08-24 |title=Appeal Court affirms Umar Yusuf Yabo, as Reps member |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/08/appeal-court-affirms-umar-yusuf-yabo-as-reps-member/amp/ |access-date=2025-01-08 |language=en-GB |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;((((((awmaker born in 1971 in [[:en:Sokoto_State|Sokoto State]], [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]]. In 2019, he was elected as a member of the Sokoto State House of Representatives, representing the Shagari/Yabo

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]]</text>
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        <id>43323</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
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      <text bytes="1777" sha1="6sjobdiyugfavvz0az8hf9vsbtaniys" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name         = Abubakar Yabo Umaru
| birth_date   = 1971
| birth_place  = [[Sokoto State]], [[Nigeria]]
| occupation   = Politician
| office       = Member of the [[House of Representatives (Nigeria)|House of Representatives]]
| constituency = [[Shagari, Nigeria|Shagari]]/[[Yabo, Nigeria|Yabo]] Federal Constituency
| term_start   = 2019
}}
'''Abubakar Yabo Umaru''' Listeniis ɗan siyasan [[Najeriya]] ne kuma ɗan majalisa wanda aka haife shi a 1971 a [[Sokoto (jiha)|Jihar Sokoto]], Najeriya . A shekarar 2019, an zabe shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai ta Jihar Sokoto, wanda ke wakiltar Majalisa ta Tarayya ta Shagari / Yabo &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/abubakar-yabo-umaru |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Content-man |date=2019-09-05 |title=Sokoto Tribunal dismisses petitions against Abubakar Yabo, Tukur Bodinga |url=https://newsdiaryonline.com/sokoto-tribunal-dismisses-petitions-against-abubakar-yabo-tukur-bodinga/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |language=en-US |location=Abuja, Nigeria |newspaper=[[News Diary]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kalubalanci nasarar da ya samu a zaben 2023 a kotu kuma ya sha kashi a hannun [[Umar Yusuf Yabo]] na Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) bayan hukuncin kotu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Jeremiah |first=Urowayino |date=2024-08-24 |title=Appeal Court affirms Umar Yusuf Yabo, as Reps member |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/08/appeal-court-affirms-umar-yusuf-yabo-as-reps-member/amp/ |access-date=2025-01-08 |language=en-GB |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Adebayo Adefarati</title>
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        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344492163|Adebayo Adefarati]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Adebayo Adefarati''' an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1931&lt;ref name=&quot;Van3&quot;&gt;&quot;Adefarati, AD Presidential candidate dies at 76&quot;, ''Vanguard'', 30 March 2007. {{Cite news |title=Vanguard - Headlines : Adefarati, AD Presidential candidate dies at 76 |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/articles/2002/headline/f130032007.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013231435/http://www.vanguardngr.com/articles/2002/headline/f130032007.html |archivedate=13 October 2007 |accessdate=30 March 2007 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;- 29 Maris 2007) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin gwamnan jihar Ondo daga 1999 zuwa 2003. 

== Rayuwa da aiki ==
An nada Adefarati kwamishina sau biyu a karkashin shugaban Afenifere Cif [[Michael Adekunle Ajasin]] . Ya kasance Kwamishinan Jiha na Ayyuka da Sufuri (tsakanin 1979 da 1983).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Earlyreporters |date=2020-02-14 |title=Ondo Remembers Late Former Governor Adefarati After 13 Years |url=https://www.earlyreporters.com/ondo-remember-late-former-governor-adefarati-after-13-years/ |access-date=2020-05-30 |website=Early Reporters |language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;Adefarati ya kuma kasance fitaccen memba na National Democratic Coalition (NADECO), wata kungiya ce mai jagorantar yaki da sojoji a lokacin mulkin [[Sani Abacha]] .

Rikicin siyasa a lokacin mulkinsa a matsayin gwamna ya ƙare a cikin rabuwar yawancin abokan aikinsa na baya, mutane kamar [[Olusegun Mimiko]], Cif Rufus Giwa, Akerele Adu, Olu Agunloye, Cif Yele Omogunwa, Cif Niyi Omodara, [[Olatunji Ariyo]] da Cif Bamidele Awosika.

Wannan yanayin ya yi aiki a kansa lokacin da ya nemi a karo na biyu a matsayin gwamna kuma ya kara yiwuwar nasarar Olusegun Agagu a zaben a watan Afrilu, 2003. &lt;ref&gt;THISDAY NEWSPAPER {{Cite web |title=THISDAYonline |url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/04/12/20030412deb01.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050115103105/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/04/12/20030412deb01.html |archive-date=2005-01-15 |access-date=2009-10-27}} &quot;Ondo: The Drama to Watch&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Da'awar da aka yi wa Adefarati sun haɗa da takaici da gwamnatinsa da rashin nuna gaskiya a cikin tsarin zaɓen da Alliance for Democracy ta karɓa wajen zaɓin 'yan takarar gwamna a wannan zaben.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDoIDEXdZwkC|title=NIGERIA: ECHOES OF A CENTURY: Volume Two 1999-2014|last=Azikiwe|first=Ifeoha|date=2013-04-17|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=9781481729291|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dangantakar Adefarati da Cif Ruben Fasoranti da Cif Olu Falae an gyara ta ne kawai a lokacin zaben, wanda ya iyakance tasirin dawowa a cikin ni'imarsa a lokacin babban zaben Najeriya na 2003. Yawancin masu adawa da shi sun yi nadama daga baya lokacin da aka cire Olusegun Agagu da kansa daga ofis ta hanyar hadin gwiwa wanda ya hada da yawancin 'yan wasan da suka gabata kuma [[Olusegun Mimiko]] ya maye gurbinsa, don haka ya tabbatar da Adefarati.

A lokacin [[Zaɓen gwamnan jihar Ondo, 1999|Zaben gwamna na]] [[Ondo (jiha)|Jihar Ondo]] na 1999, an zabi Adefarati a matsayin gwamna daga 1999 zuwa 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2020-04-01 |title=Group urges Akeredolu to immortalise Adefarati - The Nation Nigeria |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/group-urges-akeredolu-to-immortalise-adefarati/ |access-date=2020-05-30 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;Daga baya ya kasance dan takarar shugaban kasa na jam'iyyar [[Alliance for Democracy (Nijeriya)|Alliance for Democracy]] a zaben shugaban kasa na watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2007, amma ya mutu a Owo, Jihar Ondo, yana da shekaru 76 na rashin lafiya da ba a bayyana ba 'yan makonni kafin zaben.&lt;ref name=&quot;Van2&quot;&gt;&quot;Adefarati, AD Presidential candidate dies at 76&quot;, ''Vanguard'', 30 March 2007. {{Cite news |title=Vanguard - Headlines : Adefarati, AD Presidential candidate dies at 76 |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/articles/2002/headline/f130032007.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013231435/http://www.vanguardngr.com/articles/2002/headline/f130032007.html |archivedate=13 October 2007 |accessdate=30 March 2007 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba'a dauke shi a matsayin babban dan takara ba, amma mutuwarsa ta haifar da yiwuwar jinkirta zaben. Wani mai magana da yawun [[Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa|Hukumar Zabe ta Kasa mai zaman kanta]] ya ce wannan ba zai faru ba, kuma jam'iyyar za ta iya kiran dan takarar maye gurbin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2&quot;&gt;[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6507813.stm &quot;Nigeria death fails to halt poll&quot;], BBC News, March 29, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kebantaccen Rayuwar shi ==
Adefarati dan asalin kasar Akungba Akoko ne kuma tya auri Adetutu Adefarati . A matsayin [[Oba|Oloye]] na [[Yarbawa|Mutanen Yoruba]], ya rike lakabi na gargajiya na Otunba Elekole na Ikole da Bobajiro na Osu-Ilesa .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3W9Q-iO3bXsC&amp;q=Adebayo%2520Adefarati&amp;pg=PA95|title=As it is: A Journalist's View of Nigeria's Young Democracy|date=2006-01-01|publisher=As It Is|isbn=9789780666316|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FQjQe-nCkzIC&amp;q=Adebayo%2520Adefarati&amp;pg=PA97|title=From Cultural Justice to Inter-Ethnic Mediation: A Reflection on the Possibility of Ethno-Religious Mediation in Africa|last=Ugorji|first=Basil|date=2012-01-01|publisher=Basil Ugorji|isbn=9781432788353|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Yarbawa yan siyasa]]
[[Rukuni:Matattun 2007]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1931]]</text>
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        <id>43323</id>
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      <text bytes="6778" sha1="dmfxhl7c7ta3t1xw98dgdgw7xu4xn4o" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name                = Adebayo Adefarati
| honorific_prefix    = [[Chieftain|Chief]]
| image               = 
| office              = [[Governor of Ondo State]]
| deputy              = Afolabi Iyantan
| term_start          = 29 May 1999
| term_end            = 29 May 2003
| predecessor         = [[Moses Fasanya]]
| successor           = [[Olusegun Agagu]]
| office1             = Ondo State Commissioner for Works and Transport
| governor1           = [[Michael Adekunle Ajasin]]
| term_start1         = 1979
| term_end1           = 1983
| predecessor1        = 
| successor1          = 
| birth_date          = 14 February 1931
| birth_place         = [[Akungba Akoko]], Southern Region, [[Colonial Nigeria|British Nigeria]] (now in [[Ondo State]], Nigeria)
| death_date          = {{death date and age|2007|3|29|1931|2|14|df=y}}
| death_place         = 
| party               = 
| spouse              = 
| children            = 
| parents             = 
| relations           = 
| education           = 
| occupation          = Politician
}}
'''Adebayo Adefarati''' an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1931&lt;ref name=&quot;Van3&quot;&gt;&quot;Adefarati, AD Presidential candidate dies at 76&quot;, ''Vanguard'', 30 March 2007. {{Cite news |title=Vanguard - Headlines : Adefarati, AD Presidential candidate dies at 76 |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/articles/2002/headline/f130032007.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013231435/http://www.vanguardngr.com/articles/2002/headline/f130032007.html |archivedate=13 October 2007 |accessdate=30 March 2007 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;- 29 Maris 2007) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin gwamnan jihar Ondo daga 1999 zuwa 2003. 

== Rayuwa da aiki ==
An nada Adefarati kwamishina sau biyu a karkashin shugaban Afenifere Cif [[Michael Adekunle Ajasin]] . Ya kasance Kwamishinan Jiha na Ayyuka da Sufuri (tsakanin 1979 da 1983).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Earlyreporters |date=2020-02-14 |title=Ondo Remembers Late Former Governor Adefarati After 13 Years |url=https://www.earlyreporters.com/ondo-remember-late-former-governor-adefarati-after-13-years/ |access-date=2020-05-30 |website=Early Reporters |language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;Adefarati ya kuma kasance fitaccen memba na National Democratic Coalition (NADECO), wata kungiya ce mai jagorantar yaki da sojoji a lokacin mulkin [[Sani Abacha]] .

Rikicin siyasa a lokacin mulkinsa a matsayin gwamna ya ƙare a cikin rabuwar yawancin abokan aikinsa na baya, mutane kamar [[Olusegun Mimiko]], Cif Rufus Giwa, Akerele Adu, Olu Agunloye, Cif Yele Omogunwa, Cif Niyi Omodara, [[Olatunji Ariyo]] da Cif Bamidele Awosika.

Wannan yanayin ya yi aiki a kansa lokacin da ya nemi a karo na biyu a matsayin gwamna kuma ya kara yiwuwar nasarar Olusegun Agagu a zaben a watan Afrilu, 2003. &lt;ref&gt;THISDAY NEWSPAPER {{Cite web |title=THISDAYonline |url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/04/12/20030412deb01.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050115103105/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/04/12/20030412deb01.html |archive-date=2005-01-15 |access-date=2009-10-27}} &quot;Ondo: The Drama to Watch&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Da'awar da aka yi wa Adefarati sun haɗa da takaici da gwamnatinsa da rashin nuna gaskiya a cikin tsarin zaɓen da Alliance for Democracy ta karɓa wajen zaɓin 'yan takarar gwamna a wannan zaben.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDoIDEXdZwkC|title=NIGERIA: ECHOES OF A CENTURY: Volume Two 1999-2014|last=Azikiwe|first=Ifeoha|date=2013-04-17|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=9781481729291|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dangantakar Adefarati da Cif Ruben Fasoranti da Cif Olu Falae an gyara ta ne kawai a lokacin zaben, wanda ya iyakance tasirin dawowa a cikin ni'imarsa a lokacin babban zaben Najeriya na 2003. Yawancin masu adawa da shi sun yi nadama daga baya lokacin da aka cire Olusegun Agagu da kansa daga ofis ta hanyar hadin gwiwa wanda ya hada da yawancin 'yan wasan da suka gabata kuma [[Olusegun Mimiko]] ya maye gurbinsa, don haka ya tabbatar da Adefarati.

A lokacin [[Zaɓen gwamnan jihar Ondo, 1999|Zaben gwamna na]] [[Ondo (jiha)|Jihar Ondo]] na 1999, an zabi Adefarati a matsayin gwamna daga 1999 zuwa 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2020-04-01 |title=Group urges Akeredolu to immortalise Adefarati - The Nation Nigeria |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/group-urges-akeredolu-to-immortalise-adefarati/ |access-date=2020-05-30 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;Daga baya ya kasance dan takarar shugaban kasa na jam'iyyar [[Alliance for Democracy (Nijeriya)|Alliance for Democracy]] a zaben shugaban kasa na watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2007, amma ya mutu a Owo, Jihar Ondo, yana da shekaru 76 na rashin lafiya da ba a bayyana ba 'yan makonni kafin zaben.&lt;ref name=&quot;Van2&quot;&gt;&quot;Adefarati, AD Presidential candidate dies at 76&quot;, ''Vanguard'', 30 March 2007. {{Cite news |title=Vanguard - Headlines : Adefarati, AD Presidential candidate dies at 76 |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/articles/2002/headline/f130032007.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013231435/http://www.vanguardngr.com/articles/2002/headline/f130032007.html |archivedate=13 October 2007 |accessdate=30 March 2007 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ba'a dauke shi a matsayin babban dan takara ba, amma mutuwarsa ta haifar da yiwuwar jinkirta zaben. Wani mai magana da yawun [[Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa|Hukumar Zabe ta Kasa mai zaman kanta]] ya ce wannan ba zai faru ba, kuma jam'iyyar za ta iya kiran dan takarar maye gurbin.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2&quot;&gt;[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6507813.stm &quot;Nigeria death fails to halt poll&quot;], BBC News, March 29, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kebantaccen Rayuwar shi ==
Adefarati dan asalin kasar Akungba Akoko ne kuma tya auri Adetutu Adefarati . A matsayin [[Oba|Oloye]] na [[Yarbawa|Mutanen Yoruba]], ya rike lakabi na gargajiya na Otunba Elekole na Ikole da Bobajiro na Osu-Ilesa .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3W9Q-iO3bXsC&amp;q=Adebayo%2520Adefarati&amp;pg=PA95|title=As it is: A Journalist's View of Nigeria's Young Democracy|date=2006-01-01|publisher=As It Is|isbn=9789780666316|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FQjQe-nCkzIC&amp;q=Adebayo%2520Adefarati&amp;pg=PA97|title=From Cultural Justice to Inter-Ethnic Mediation: A Reflection on the Possibility of Ethno-Religious Mediation in Africa|last=Ugorji|first=Basil|date=2012-01-01|publisher=Basil Ugorji|isbn=9781432788353|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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'''Adebayo Babatunde Mohammed''' (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1959) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne kuma memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara ta 8 wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Ipaye / Malete / Oloru Majalisar Dokokin Jiha ta Kwara . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hon. Adebayo Babatunde Mohammed |url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-adebayo-babatunde-mohammed/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Kwara State House of Assembly |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwara State House of Assembly |url=https://www.kwha.gov.ng/KWHA/Pages/_Member7 |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=www.kwha.gov.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Associates, Friends Felicitate Saraki at 61, Hold Special Prayers {{!}} THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/12/20/associates-friends-felicitate-saraki-at-61-hold-special-prayers/?amp |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=www.thisdaylive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;(((((((born 3 January 1959) is a Nigerian Politician and member of the [[:en:8th_Kwara_State_House_of_Assembly|8th Kwara State House of Assemblyrepresenting]] Ipaye/Malete/Oloru constituency the

== Manazarta ==

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| death_date       = 
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*
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'''Adebayo Babatunde Mohammed''' (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1959) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne kuma memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kwara ta 8 wanda ke wakiltar mazabar Ipaye / Malete / Oloru Majalisar Dokokin Jiha ta Kwara . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hon. Adebayo Babatunde Mohammed |url=https://hoa.kw.gov.ng/hon-adebayo-babatunde-mohammed/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Kwara State House of Assembly |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwara State House of Assembly |url=https://www.kwha.gov.ng/KWHA/Pages/_Member7 |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=www.kwha.gov.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Associates, Friends Felicitate Saraki at 61, Hold Special Prayers {{!}} THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/12/20/associates-friends-felicitate-saraki-at-61-hold-special-prayers/?amp |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=www.thisdaylive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

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'''Adebayo F. Odulana''' ɗan siyasan [[Najeriya]] ne daga [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya . Ya yi aiki a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Legas, yana wakiltar mazabar Ikeja daga 2007 zuwa 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/adebayo-f-odulana |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/positions/5fe0faf18da2d812a6c7b4e7 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; (((qewqwrioueeeeeeeeeeeeeeeex mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm

== Manazarta ==

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'''Adebayo F. Odulana''' ɗan siyasan [[Najeriya]] ne daga [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya . Ya yi aiki a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Legas, yana wakiltar mazabar Ikeja daga 2007 zuwa 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/adebayo-f-odulana |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/positions/5fe0faf18da2d812a6c7b4e7 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

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'''Yasmin Ahmed Almubarak Altwaijri''' (Arabic: ياسمين أحمد المبارك التويجري) is a Senior Scientist and the Head of Epidemiology Research at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSH&amp;RC) in [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Survey&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Project Principle Investigators |url=http://www.healthandstress.org.sa/en/pi.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110230226/http://www.healthandstress.org.sa/en/pi.asp |archive-date=10 January 2017 |access-date=15 December 2016 |website=Saudi National Health and Stress Survey}}&lt;/ref&gt; As the Head of Epidemiology Research, she studies the causes and effects of diseases and illnesses within a specific country, in her case Saudi Arabia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wamda |url=https://www.wamda.com/2014/11/a-day-in-the-life-of-a-top-saudi-business-woman |access-date=2018-09-05 |website=www.wamda.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; She studies the prevalence of conditions such as  [[Kiba|obesity]] and mental illness in Saudi society, and is active in advocating for social and political changes to promote better health.

== Ilimi ==
Altwaijri ta yi karatun Lafiya ta Al'umma a Jami'ar King Saud da ke Riyadh, inda ta sami B.Sc. a cikin 1992. &lt;ref name=&quot;Survey&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Project Principle Investigators |url=http://www.healthandstress.org.sa/en/pi.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110230226/http://www.healthandstress.org.sa/en/pi.asp |archive-date=10 January 2017 |access-date=15 December 2016 |website=Saudi National Health and Stress Survey}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170110230226/http://www.healthandstress.org.sa/en/pi.asp &quot;Project Principle Investigators&quot;]. ''Saudi National Health and Stress Survey''. Archived from [http://www.healthandstress.org.sa/en/pi.asp the original] on 10 January 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan sun yi aure, ita da mijinta suka koma Amurka don halartar makarantar digiri. Altwaijri ta yi karatu tare da Johanna Dwyer, darakta na Cibiyar Abinci ta Frances Stern a Makarantar Kimiyya da Manufofin Abinci ta Friedman ta Jami'ar Tufts.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flaherty&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flaherty |first=Julie |date=1 October 2015 |title=Breaking the Veiled Ceiling |url=http://now.tufts.edu/articles/breaking-veiled-ceiling |website=Tufts Now}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta sami M.Sc. daga Jami'ar Tufts a 1996 da Ph.D. a 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;Survey&quot; /&gt; Iyayenta sun ƙarfafa ta sosai ta sami sana'a wacce za ta ba ta damar samun 'yancin kudi.

== Ayyuka ==
Bayan ya koma Saudi Arabia daga Boston a shekara ta 2002, Altwaijri ya shiga Jami'ar King Saud bin Abdulaziz don Kimiyya ta Lafiya. Daga bisani ta shiga asibitin kwararru na King Faisal da Cibiyar Bincike a Riyadh inda take jagorantar cibiyar binciken cututtukan cututtuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Farhat&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Farhat |first=Reine |date=28 December 2014 |title=Eight Arab women making an impact in their societies |url=https://firnas.org/en/articles/2014/12/28/eight-arab-women-making-an-impact-in-their-countries |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229100549/https://firnas.org/en/articles/2014/12/28/eight-arab-women-making-an-impact-in-their-countries |archive-date=29 December 2016 |access-date=15 December 2016 |website=Firnas}}&lt;/ref&gt; An dauke ta daya daga cikin manyan masana kimiyya a kasar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Elzeini&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Elzeini |first=Sarah |date=5 January 2015 |title=The Curious Case of the Gulf Woman |url=http://foreignpolicyblogs.com/2015/01/05/the-curious-case-of-the-gulf-woman/ |access-date=15 December 2016 |website=Foreign Policy Blogs |publisher=Foreign Policy Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Altwaijri tana da hannu wajen tsarawa da gudanar da nazarin cututtukan cututtukani na yawan Saudiyya, tare da kulawa ta musamman ga mata, yara da matasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Survey&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Project Principle Investigators |url=http://www.healthandstress.org.sa/en/pi.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110230226/http://www.healthandstress.org.sa/en/pi.asp |archive-date=10 January 2017 |access-date=15 December 2016 |website=Saudi National Health and Stress Survey}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170110230226/http://www.healthandstress.org.sa/en/pi.asp &quot;Project Principle Investigators&quot;]. ''Saudi National Health and Stress Survey''. Archived from [http://www.healthandstress.org.sa/en/pi.asp the original] on 10 January 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan damuwa shine rashin ka'idojin ci gaban balaga ga yara na Saudiyya. Ka'idodin da ke samuwa ga likitocin yara na Saudiyya sun dogara ne akan halaye na yara a Amurka. Altwaijri tana haɓaka nazarin cututtukan yara na Saudiyya waɗanda za su kasance masu hankali ga abubuwan da ke cikin rayuwar Saudiyya kamar ƙa'idodin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, abinci, da yanayin ƙasa.

Ta kuma bincika abubuwan haɗari kamar [[kiba]], shan sigari, [[Hawan jini|hauhawar jini]], [[Hypercholesterolemia|cholesterol mai yawa na jini]] da rashin [[motsa jiki]], wanda ke shafar cututtukan da ba su da tsanani. Ta jaddada muhimmancin abubuwan da ke tattare da zamantakewar kiwon lafiya kuma tana ba da shawara sosai ga canje-canjen zamantakewa da siyasa waɗanda za su inganta salon rayuwa mai kyau.&lt;ref name=&quot;Survey&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Project Principle Investigators |url=http://www.healthandstress.org.sa/en/pi.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110230226/http://www.healthandstress.org.sa/en/pi.asp |archive-date=10 January 2017 |access-date=15 December 2016 |website=Saudi National Health and Stress Survey}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170110230226/http://www.healthandstress.org.sa/en/pi.asp &quot;Project Principle Investigators&quot;]. ''Saudi National Health and Stress Survey''. Archived from [http://www.healthandstress.org.sa/en/pi.asp the original] on 10 January 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tana da damuwa musamman game da mata, waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da kiba fiye da maza na Saudiyya, a wani bangare saboda abubuwan zamantakewa da al'adu suna hana mata damar yin motsa jiki da kuma hana mata shiga wasanni. Altwaijri yana ba da shawara don haɗa tsarin karatun jiki ga 'yan mata da maza a makarantu; ƙirƙirar wuraren wasa na unguwa masu aminci ga yara maza da mata; wuraren tsaro inda manya maza da mata zasu iya yin aiki a jiki; da kuma kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya masu araha ga mata da maza. Ta kuma goyi bayan tsara Farashin abinci don inganta zaɓin abinci mai lafiya akan abinci mara lafiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kaaki&quot; /&gt; Don ci gaba da 'ya'yanta da aiki, ta sanya su cikin gasa ta yin iyo, inda suka cancanci halartar Wasannin Olympics na AAU Junior . 

Altwaijri babban mai bincike ne na Binciken Lafiya na Kasa na Saudiyya, bincike mai zurfi wanda ke tantance tasirin rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin al'ummomin Saudiyya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Survey&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Project Principle Investigators |url=http://www.healthandstress.org.sa/en/pi.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110230226/http://www.healthandstress.org.sa/en/pi.asp |archive-date=10 January 2017 |access-date=15 December 2016 |website=Saudi National Health and Stress Survey}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170110230226/http://www.healthandstress.org.sa/en/pi.asp &quot;Project Principle Investigators&quot;]. ''Saudi National Health and Stress Survey''. Archived from [http://www.healthandstress.org.sa/en/pi.asp the original] on 10 January 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ba a yi bincike game da wannan yanki a baya a Saudi Arabia ba, duk da cewa [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta ba da rahoton cewa biyar daga cikin cututtukan da suka fi nauyi a duniya sun haɗa da lafiyar kwakwalwa. Baya ga gwamnatin Saudiyya da cibiyoyin ilimi, wannan binciken ya haɗa da haɗin gwiwar kasa da kasa tare da [[Jami'ar Harvard]], Jami'ar Michigan, da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Survey&quot; /&gt; Nazarin, wanda aka fara a shekara ta 2009, yana da burin ziyartar gidajen maza da mata 5,000 don yin hira da mutane daga ko'ina cikin kasar. Kashi 86% na waɗanda aka yi hira da su sun yarda su shiga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flaherty&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Flaherty |first=Julie |date=1 October 2015 |title=Breaking the Veiled Ceiling |url=http://now.tufts.edu/articles/breaking-veiled-ceiling |website=Tufts Now}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFlaherty2015&quot;&gt;Flaherty, Julie (1 October 2015). [http://now.tufts.edu/articles/breaking-veiled-ceiling &quot;Breaking the Veiled Ceiling&quot;]. ''Tufts Now''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>9puv9agva0r4hgduxpvy2mivtuh8ea5</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Adetokunbo Wahab</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>156976</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855590</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T20:33:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346499209|Adetokunbo Wahab]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Adetokunbo Philip Wahab''' (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Mayu 1972) lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasan [[Najeriya]]. A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Muhalli da albarkatun Ruwa a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]]. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman kan ilimi ga Gwamnan Jihar Legas, Najeriya&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-02 |title=Hon Adetokunbo Wahab visits AWAMN and expresses Governor's support for PSP program. - Association of Waste Managers of Nigeria |url=https://awamn.com.ng/2024/04/02/hon-adetokunbo-wahab-visits-awamn-and-expresses-governors-support-for-psp-program/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-02-18 |title=Chronicling Tokunbo Wahab's home run in education |url=https://punchng.com/chronicling-tokunbo-wahabs-home-run-in-education/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; (((((((politician. He currently serves as the Commissioner for Environment and Water Resources in Lagos State. He has also served as the Special Adviser on Education to the Governo

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Adetokunbo Philip Wahab a ranar 17 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1972 a Jihar Legas, Najeriya. &lt;ref name=&quot;j188&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1972-05-17 |title=Honourable Commissioner – Lagos State Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources |url=https://moelagos.gov.ng/about-moelagos/principal-officers/honourable-commissioner/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=Lagos State Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources – Eko ko ni baje}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar siyasa da aiki ==
Wahab ya fara aikinsa a matsayin lauya a Jiti Ogunye &amp; Co. Associates (2000-2003) kafin ya shiga Paul Usoro da Co. a matsayin Babban Mai ba da shawara (2003-2005). Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Mataimakin a Aluko &amp; Oyebode a shekara ta (2005-2009). Ya kafa Wali &amp; Ace Legal Practitioners a shekarar 2018, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Abokin Hulɗa har zuwa 2019. Wahab memba ne na kungiyar lauyoyin Najeriya (NBA) da kuma kungiyar lauyoyin kasa da kasa (IBA). Wahab ya yi aiki a ofisoshin siyasa daban-daban, shi ne Kwamishinan Muhalli da albarkatun ruwa a Jihar Legas kuma Mai ba da shawara na Musamman kan Ilimi ga Gwamnan Jihar Legas. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-08-10 |title=Full list: Sanwo-Olu’s commissioners, special advisers, portfolios |url=https://punchng.com/full-list-sanwo-olus-commissioners-special-advisers-portfolios/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Enenaite |first=Blessing |date=2023-05-21 |title=Tokunbo Wahab marks 51st birthday 'under the radar' |url=https://punchng.com/tokunbo-wahab-marks-51st-birthday-under-the-radar/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2022-09-10 |title=Barrister Adetokunbo Wahab - a man consistently in a league of his own |url=https://lagostoday.com.ng/barrister-adetokunbo-wahab-a-man-consistently-in-a-league-of-his-own/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;j1882&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=1972-05-17 |title=Honourable Commissioner – Lagos State Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources |url=https://moelagos.gov.ng/about-moelagos/principal-officers/honourable-commissioner/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=Lagos State Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources – Eko ko ni baje}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-05-24 |title=Wahab: How Lagos is providing access to quality education |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/05/24/wahab-how-lagos-is-providing-access-to-quality-education/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]]
[[Rukuni:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>855591</id>
      <parentid>855590</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T20:34:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
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      <text bytes="4007" sha1="hdie9n37llyrqy9ucs0tkrx39nuc64v" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name        = Adetokunbo Philip Wahab
| birth_date  = {{birth date and age|df=y|1972|5|17}}
| birth_place = [[Lagos State]], [[Nigeria]]
| occupation  = Lawyer and Politician
| office      = [[Commissioner]] for the Environment and Water Resources
| term_start  = September 2023
| office2     = Special Adviser on Education to the [[Lagos State Governor]]
| term_start2 = August 2019
| term_end2   = May 2023
}}
'''Adetokunbo Philip Wahab''' (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga Mayu 1972) lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasan [[Najeriya]]. A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Kwamishinan Muhalli da albarkatun Ruwa a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]]. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman kan ilimi ga Gwamnan Jihar Legas, Najeriya&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-04-02 |title=Hon Adetokunbo Wahab visits AWAMN and expresses Governor's support for PSP program. - Association of Waste Managers of Nigeria |url=https://awamn.com.ng/2024/04/02/hon-adetokunbo-wahab-visits-awamn-and-expresses-governors-support-for-psp-program/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-02-18 |title=Chronicling Tokunbo Wahab's home run in education |url=https://punchng.com/chronicling-tokunbo-wahabs-home-run-in-education/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
An haifi Adetokunbo Philip Wahab a ranar 17 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1972 a Jihar Legas, Najeriya. &lt;ref name=&quot;j188&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1972-05-17 |title=Honourable Commissioner – Lagos State Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources |url=https://moelagos.gov.ng/about-moelagos/principal-officers/honourable-commissioner/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=Lagos State Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources – Eko ko ni baje}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar siyasa da aiki ==
Wahab ya fara aikinsa a matsayin lauya a Jiti Ogunye &amp; Co. Associates (2000-2003) kafin ya shiga Paul Usoro da Co. a matsayin Babban Mai ba da shawara (2003-2005). Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Mataimakin a Aluko &amp; Oyebode a shekara ta (2005-2009). Ya kafa Wali &amp; Ace Legal Practitioners a shekarar 2018, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Abokin Hulɗa har zuwa 2019. Wahab memba ne na kungiyar lauyoyin Najeriya (NBA) da kuma kungiyar lauyoyin kasa da kasa (IBA). Wahab ya yi aiki a ofisoshin siyasa daban-daban, shi ne Kwamishinan Muhalli da albarkatun ruwa a Jihar Legas kuma Mai ba da shawara na Musamman kan Ilimi ga Gwamnan Jihar Legas. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-08-10 |title=Full list: Sanwo-Olu’s commissioners, special advisers, portfolios |url=https://punchng.com/full-list-sanwo-olus-commissioners-special-advisers-portfolios/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Enenaite |first=Blessing |date=2023-05-21 |title=Tokunbo Wahab marks 51st birthday 'under the radar' |url=https://punchng.com/tokunbo-wahab-marks-51st-birthday-under-the-radar/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2022-09-10 |title=Barrister Adetokunbo Wahab - a man consistently in a league of his own |url=https://lagostoday.com.ng/barrister-adetokunbo-wahab-a-man-consistently-in-a-league-of-his-own/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;j1882&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=1972-05-17 |title=Honourable Commissioner – Lagos State Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources |url=https://moelagos.gov.ng/about-moelagos/principal-officers/honourable-commissioner/ |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=Lagos State Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources – Eko ko ni baje}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-05-24 |title=Wahab: How Lagos is providing access to quality education |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/05/24/wahab-how-lagos-is-providing-access-to-quality-education/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]]
[[Rukuni:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Adetunji Abidemi olusoji</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>156977</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855592</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T20:38:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352060061|Adetunji Abidemi Olusoji]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855592</origin>
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'''Adetunji Abidemi Olusoji''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Oktoba 1974) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne daga [[Osun|Jihar Osun]] wanda ke aiki a matsayin wakilin [[Odo Otin|Odo-Otin]] / [[Ifelodun (Osun)|Ifelodun]] / [[Boripe]] na Tarayya a Majalisar Dokoki ta 10. sannan An zabe shi a Majalisar Wakilai a karkashin Jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP) a lokacin babban zaben 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ShineYourEye |url=https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/adetunji-abidemi-olusoji |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=www.shineyoureye.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/olusoji-abidemi-adetunji |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;(((((rom [[:en:Osun_State|Osun State]] who is serving as the representative of [[:en:Odo_Otin|Odo-Otin]]/[[:en:Ifelodun,_Osun_State|Ifelodun]]/[[:en:Boripe|Boripe]] Federal Constituency in the [[:en:National_Assembly_(Nigeria)|10th National Assembly]]. He was elected to the House of Representatives under the [[:en:Peoples_Democratic_Party_(Nigeria)|People's Democratic Party]] (PDP)

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Olusoji a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 1974. Ya fito ne daga Jihar Osun, Najeriya kuma yana da MBA a fannin kudi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Candidates - Voter - Validating the Office of the Electorate on Representation |url=https://orderpaper.ng/voter/candidate?id=ADETUNJI-ABIDEMI-OLUSOJI-3432 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=orderpaper.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Candidates - Voter - Validating the Office of the Electorate on Representation |url=https://www.voter.ng/candidate?id=3432 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=www.voter.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]]</text>
      <sha1>n1stzw8h3n8cl9q1o6h49nik2yzqxlv</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>855593</id>
      <parentid>855592</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T20:40:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
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'''Adetunji Abidemi Olusoji''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Oktoba 1974) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne daga [[Osun|Jihar Osun]] wanda ke aiki a matsayin wakilin [[Odo Otin|Odo-Otin]] / [[Ifelodun (Osun)|Ifelodun]] / [[Boripe]] na Tarayya a Majalisar Dokoki ta 10. sannan An zabe shi a Majalisar Wakilai a karkashin Jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP) a lokacin babban zaben 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ShineYourEye |url=https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/adetunji-abidemi-olusoji |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=www.shineyoureye.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/olusoji-abidemi-adetunji |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Olusoji a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 1974. Ya fito ne daga Jihar Osun, Najeriya kuma yana da MBA a fannin kudi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Candidates - Voter - Validating the Office of the Electorate on Representation |url=https://orderpaper.ng/voter/candidate?id=ADETUNJI-ABIDEMI-OLUSOJI-3432 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=orderpaper.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Candidates - Voter - Validating the Office of the Electorate on Representation |url=https://www.voter.ng/candidate?id=3432 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=www.voter.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]]</text>
      <sha1>m833gqvom4mi32e5col29b1r6a9f8so</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Memorial Stadium (Clemson)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-12T20:42:09Z</timestamp>
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        <username>AsmudEmpire</username>
        <id>45212</id>
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      <comment>Kirkira</comment>
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      <text bytes="2066" sha1="a1i6efxaxq2db1i5r3dedtqartf4ucd" xml:space="preserve">'''Memorial Stadium''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Death Valley''', filin wasan ƙwallon [[American football]] ne da ke harabar [[Clemson University]] a birnin [[Clemson, South Carolina]], [[Amurka]]. Filin wasan shi ne gidan ƙungiyar '''Clemson Tigers football''' kuma yana daga cikin manyan filayen wasan jami'o'i a Amurka.

== Tarihi ==
An buɗe Memorial Stadium a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 1942. An gina shi ne domin samar wa Clemson Tigers filin wasa na dindindin yayin da shaharar ƙungiyar ke ƙaruwa. A tsawon shekaru, an yi gyare-gyare da faɗaɗawa da dama domin ƙara yawan kujeru da inganta kayayyakin filin.

== Sunan &quot;Death Valley&quot; ==
Ana yi wa Memorial Stadium laƙabi da '''Death Valley''', suna da ya shahara a cikin wasannin jami'o'in Amurka. Wannan suna ya samo asali ne daga wahalar da baƙin ƙungiyoyi ke fuskanta idan suka zo buga wasa a filin saboda yawan magoya baya da yanayin gasa mai zafi.

== Clemson Tigers ==
Filin wasan shi ne cibiyar wasannin ƙungiyar [[Clemson Tigers football]], wadda ke wakiltar Clemson University a gasar [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]] (NCAA). Ƙungiyar ta samu nasarori masu yawa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin koci [[Dabo Swinney]].

== Tsari da kayan aiki ==
Memorial Stadium yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan filayen wasan jami'o'i a Amurka, tare da:
* Sama da kujeru 81,500.
* Babban allon lantarki na zamani.
* Dakunan ‘yan wasa da kayan horo na zamani.
* Wuraren karɓar baƙi da masu tallafawa.

== Muhimmanci ==
Filin wasan yana da muhimmanci a tarihin wasannin jami'o'i na Amurka. Yana karɓar dubban magoya baya a kowace kakar wasa kuma yana daga cikin wuraren da suka fi shahara a gasar ƙwallon American football ta jami'o'i.

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Clemson University]]
* [[Clemson Tigers football]]
* [[Dabo Swinney]]
* [[American football]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Filayen wasa a South Carolina]]
[[Category:Clemson University]]
[[Category:American football venues in the United States]]
[[Category:1942 establishments in South Carolina]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1942]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Adewunmi Agbaje</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>156979</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855595</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T20:48:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1290393754|Adewunmi Agbaje]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855595</origin>
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'''Benson Adewunmi Agbaje''' ya kasance Kyaftin din soja Ruwa a da, sannan ya zamo matsayin Mai Gudanar da Soja na [[Enugu (jiha)|Jihar Enugu]], a kasar [[Najeriya]] daga watan Agustan 1998 zuwa Mayu 1999 a lokacin mulkin rikon kwarya na Janar [[Abdulsalami Abubakar|Abdulsalam Abubakar]], ya mika wuya ga zababben gwamnan farar hula [[Chimaroke Ogbonnia|Chimaroke Nnamani]] lokacin da dimokuradiyya ta dawo tare da[[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta hudu|Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta huɗu]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;wstate&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigerian States |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |access-date=2010-03-27 |publisher=WorldStatesmen}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Maris na shekara ta 1999, a bayyane ya ba da umarnin a kama Emeka Mamah, babban wakilin jaridu na Vanguard a Enugu, wani yunkuri ne mai ban mamaki a lokacin sauyawa zuwa dimokuradiyya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 1999 |title=Attacks On The Media In MARCH 1999: Vanguard Correspondent Arrested over News Story |url=http://www.mediarightsagenda.net/attmar99.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723204949/http://www.mediarightsagenda.net/attmar99.html |archive-date=2011-07-23 |access-date=2010-03-27 |website=Media Rights Agenda}}&lt;/ref&gt; An tilasta masa yin ritaya a watan Yunin 1999 a karkashin dokar da ta shafi dukkan ministocin soja, gwamnoni da masu gudanarwa a cikin mulkin Babangida, Abacha da Abubakar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 1, 1999 |title=OBASANJO HIRES &amp; FIRES |url=https://groups.yahoo.com/group/AlukoArchives/message/25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205021031/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/AlukoArchives/message/25 |archive-date=December 5, 2012 |access-date=2010-03-27 |website=NDM DEMOCRACY WATCH 1999/03}}&lt;/ref&gt; ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>855596</id>
      <parentid>855595</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T20:51:12Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
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      <text bytes="2283" sha1="ssrhdd0alfmxvjisv0p5wv514d1apno" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
|name                   = Benson Adewunmi Agbaje
|image                  = 
|office1                = [[List of Governors of Enugu State |Military Administrator of Enugu State]] 
|term_start1            = August 1998
|term_end1              = May 1999
|predecessor1           = [[Sule Ahman]]
|successor1             = [[Chimaroke Nnamani]]
|birth_date             = 
|birth_place            = 
|death_date             = 
|party                  = 
|Educational background = }}
'''Benson Adewunmi Agbaje''' ya kasance Kyaftin din soja Ruwa a da, sannan ya zamo matsayin Mai Gudanar da Soja na [[Enugu (jiha)|Jihar Enugu]], a kasar [[Najeriya]] daga watan Agustan 1998 zuwa Mayu 1999 a lokacin mulkin rikon kwarya na Janar [[Abdulsalami Abubakar|Abdulsalam Abubakar]], ya mika wuya ga zababben gwamnan farar hula [[Chimaroke Ogbonnia|Chimaroke Nnamani]] lokacin da dimokuradiyya ta dawo tare da[[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta hudu|Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta huɗu]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;wstate&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nigerian States |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm |access-date=2010-03-27 |publisher=WorldStatesmen}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Maris na shekara ta 1999, a bayyane ya ba da umarnin a kama Emeka Mamah, babban wakilin jaridu na Vanguard a Enugu, wani yunkuri ne mai ban mamaki a lokacin sauyawa zuwa dimokuradiyya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 1999 |title=Attacks On The Media In MARCH 1999: Vanguard Correspondent Arrested over News Story |url=http://www.mediarightsagenda.net/attmar99.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723204949/http://www.mediarightsagenda.net/attmar99.html |archive-date=2011-07-23 |access-date=2010-03-27 |website=Media Rights Agenda}}&lt;/ref&gt; An tilasta masa yin ritaya a watan Yunin 1999 a karkashin dokar da ta shafi dukkan ministocin soja, gwamnoni da masu gudanarwa a cikin mulkin Babangida, Abacha da Abubakar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 1, 1999 |title=OBASANJO HIRES &amp; FIRES |url=https://groups.yahoo.com/group/AlukoArchives/message/25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205021031/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/AlukoArchives/message/25 |archive-date=December 5, 2012 |access-date=2010-03-27 |website=NDM DEMOCRACY WATCH 1999/03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Deshaun Watson</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>855597</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T20:58:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AsmudEmpire</username>
        <id>45212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kirkira</comment>
      <origin>855597</origin>
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      <text bytes="4170" sha1="p8zvjhzwuv0o38n45i3o29vylkfzsfz" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Deshaun Watson
| image = 
| caption = Deshaun Watson a shekarar 2021
| birth_name = Derrick Deshaun Watson
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|9|14}}
| birth_place = Gainesville, Georgia, Amurka
| nationality = Ba'amurke
| occupation = Dan wasan American football
| years_active = 2017–yanzu
| known_for = Quarterback na Cleveland Browns
}}

'''Derrick Deshaun Watson''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1995) ɗan wasan [[American football]] ne ɗan ƙasar [[Amurka]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ''quarterback'' ga ƙungiyar [[Cleveland Browns]] a gasar [[National Football League]] (NFL). Ya buga wasan kwaleji a [[Clemson University]], inda ya jagoranci Clemson Tigers zuwa nasarar gasar ƙasa ta College Football Playoff National Championship a shekarar 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Deshaun Watson Biography |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Deshaun-Watson |website=Britannica |access-date=12 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Watson a Gainesville, jihar Georgia, Amurka. Ya halarci Gainesville High School, inda ya nuna bajinta a wasan American football tun yana matashi. A lokacin da yake makaranta, ya kafa tarihin maki da yawa a matakin sakandare.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Deshaun Watson High School Career |url=https://www.maxpreps.com |website=MaxPreps |access-date=12 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kwaleji ==
Watson ya shiga [[Clemson University]] a shekarar 2014. Ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan Clemson Tigers football a tarihin jami'ar. A shekarar 2015 da 2016 ya jagoranci Clemson zuwa wasan ƙarshe na College Football Playoff.

A ranar 9 ga Janairu 2017, Watson ya taimaka wa Clemson wajen doke Alabama da ci 35–31 a wasan ƙarshe na ƙasa, inda ya jefa kwallo ta nasara a daƙiƙun ƙarshe na wasan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Clemson Wins National Championship |url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/18435473 |website=ESPN |access-date=12 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙwararru ==
=== Houston Texans ===
An zaɓi Watson a zagaye na farko na NFL Draft na shekarar 2017 a matsayin na 12 gabaɗaya ta ƙungiyar [[Houston Texans]]. Ya samu karɓuwa cikin sauri saboda ƙwarewarsa wajen kai hari da jagorantar ƙungiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=2017 NFL Draft Results |url=https://www.nfl.com/draft/history/full-draft |website=NFL |access-date=12 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarun da ya yi tare da Texans, ya samu shiga Pro Bowl sau da dama kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun quarterbacks a NFL.

=== Cleveland Browns ===
A watan Maris 2022, Watson ya koma [[Cleveland Browns]] bayan wata babbar ciniki tsakanin Browns da Houston Texans.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Browns Acquire Deshaun Watson |url=https://www.clevelandbrowns.com/news |website=Cleveland Browns |access-date=12 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon wasa ==
Ana san Watson da:
* Saurin gudu da kwallo.
* Ƙwarewar jefa kwallo mai nisa.
* Jagoranci a cikin matsanancin yanayi.
* Iya canza salon wasa cikin gaggawa.

== Nasarori da lambobin yabo ==
* College Football Playoff National Champion (2016)
* Davey O'Brien Award (2015, 2016)
* Manning Award (2015, 2016)
* ACC Player of the Year
* Pro Bowl sau da dama

== Rayuwar sirri ==
Watson ya shiga ayyukan taimakon al'umma da dama, musamman a fannin ilimi da tallafawa matasa. Ya kuma kasance cikin batutuwan shari'a da suka jawo hankalin kafafen yaɗa labarai a farkon shekarun 2020s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Deshaun Watson Legal Cases Overview |url=https://www.nytimes.com |website=The New York Times |access-date=12 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Clemson University]]
* [[Clemson Tigers football]]
* [[National Football League]]
* [[Cleveland Browns]]
* [[Houston Texans]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
* [https://www.nfl.com/players/deshaun-watson/ Deshaun Watson a NFL]
* [https://www.clevelandbrowns.com/team/players-roster/deshaun-watson/ Deshaun Watson a Cleveland Browns]

[[Category:1995 haihuwa]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:'Yan wasan American football na Amurka]]
[[Category:Cleveland Browns players]]
[[Category:Houston Texans players]]
[[Category:Mutanen Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Clemson University alumni]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Travis Etienne</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>156981</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855598</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T21:03:51Z</timestamp>
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        <username>AsmudEmpire</username>
        <id>45212</id>
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      <comment>Kirkira</comment>
      <origin>855598</origin>
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      <text bytes="4820" sha1="n84q9roxypabxgx74x41edvt0vonz2h" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Travis Etienne
| image = 
| caption = Travis Etienne a shekarar 2023
| birth_name = Travis Etienne Jr.
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1999|1|26}}
| birth_place = Jennings, Louisiana, Amurka
| nationality = Ba'amurke
| occupation = Dan wasan American football
| years_active = 2021–yanzu
| known_for = Running back na Jacksonville Jaguars
}}

'''Travis Etienne Jr.''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Janairu, 1999) ɗan wasan [[American football]] ne ɗan ƙasar [[Amurka]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ''running back'' ga ƙungiyar [[Jacksonville Jaguars]] a gasar [[National Football League]] (NFL). Ya yi fice a lokacin da yake bugawa [[Clemson Tigers football]] na [[Clemson University]], inda ya kafa tarihin makarantar a yawan gudun da ya yi da kuma maki da ya zura.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Travis Etienne Bio |url=https://clemsontigers.com/sports/football/roster/travis-etienne/ |website=Clemson Tigers |access-date=12 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Etienne a Jennings, Louisiana, Amurka. Ya halarci Jennings High School inda ya yi fice a wasan American football. A lokacin da yake makaranta, ya samu yabo da dama saboda bajintarsa a matsayin running back.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Travis Etienne High School Career |url=https://247sports.com/player/travis-etienne-86413/ |website=247Sports |access-date=12 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kwaleji ==
Etienne ya shiga [[Clemson University]] a shekarar 2017. Ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan da suka taɓa bugawa Clemson Tigers.

A lokacin da yake Clemson:
* Ya zama jagoran makarantar a tarihin yawan rushing touchdowns.
* Ya taimaka wajen lashe College Football Playoff National Championship na shekarar 2018.
* Ya samu lambobin yabo na All-American sau da dama.
* Ya lashe ACC Player of the Year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Travis Etienne Clemson Statistics |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/travis-etienne-jr-1.html |website=Sports Reference |access-date=12 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙwararru ==
=== Jacksonville Jaguars ===
An zaɓi Etienne a zagaye na farko na NFL Draft na shekarar 2021 a matsayin na 25 gabaɗaya ta ƙungiyar [[Jacksonville Jaguars]]. Wannan ya sa ya sake haɗuwa da tsohon abokin wasansa na Clemson, [[Trevor Lawrence]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=2021 NFL Draft Results |url=https://www.nfl.com/draft/tracker/picks/2021/all |website=NFL |access-date=12 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A kakarsa ta farko bai buga wasa ba saboda raunin ƙafa. Ya dawo a shekarar 2022 kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan running backs na ƙungiyar Jaguars.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Travis Etienne Player Profile |url=https://www.jaguars.com/team/players-roster/travis-etienne-jr/ |website=Jacksonville Jaguars |access-date=12 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon wasa ==
Ana san Travis Etienne da:
* Saurin gudu mai ƙarfi.
* Iya tsallake masu kare gida.
* Karɓar kwallo daga quarterback.
* Ƙwarewa wajen samun manyan yadi (yards).

== Nasarori da lambobin yabo ==
* College Football Playoff National Champion (2018)
* ACC Player of the Year (2018)
* ACC Athlete of the Year (2019)
* First-team All-ACC sau da dama
* Unanimous All-American

== Rayuwar sirri ==
Etienne ya fito daga iyali mai son wasanni. Ɗan'uwansa, Trevor Etienne, shi ma ya taka leda a matakin kwaleji na American football.

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Clemson University]]
* [[Clemson Tigers football]]
* [[Trevor Lawrence]]
* [[Jacksonville Jaguars]]
* [[National Football League]]

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Travis Etienne Bio |url=https://clemsontigers.com/sports/football/roster/travis-etienne/ |website=Clemson Tigers |access-date=12 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Travis Etienne High School Career |url=https://247sports.com/player/travis-etienne-86413/ |website=247Sports |access-date=12 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Travis Etienne Clemson Statistics |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/travis-etienne-jr-1.html |website=Sports Reference |access-date=12 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=2021 NFL Draft Results |url=https://www.nfl.com/draft/tracker/picks/2021/all |website=NFL |access-date=12 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Travis Etienne Player Profile |url=https://www.jaguars.com/team/players-roster/travis-etienne-jr/ |website=Jacksonville Jaguars |access-date=12 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;references7&gt;

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
* [https://www.nfl.com/players/travis-etienne-jr/ Travis Etienne a NFL]
* [https://www.jaguars.com/team/players-roster/travis-etienne-jr/ Travis Etienne a Jacksonville Jaguars]

[[Category:1999 haihuwa]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:'Yan wasan American football na Amurka]]
[[Category:Jacksonville Jaguars players]]
[[Category:Clemson Tigers football players]]
[[Category:Mutanen Louisiana]]
[[Category:Clemson University alumni]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tee Higgins</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>156982</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855599</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T21:17:57Z</timestamp>
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        <username>AsmudEmpire</username>
        <id>45212</id>
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      <comment>Kirkira</comment>
      <origin>855599</origin>
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      <text bytes="5509" sha1="7k4ixo2t0j14xyrnaz925zphsib60z5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Tee Higgins
| image = 
| caption = Tee Higgins tare da Cincinnati Bengals
| birth_name = Tamaurice William Higgins
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1999|1|18}}
| birth_place = Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Amurka
| nationality = Ba'amurke
| occupation = Dan wasan American football
| years_active = 2020–yanzu
| known_for = Wide receiver na Cincinnati Bengals
}}

'''Tamaurice William &quot;Tee&quot; Higgins''' (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Janairu, 1999) ɗan wasan [[American football]] ne ɗan ƙasar [[Amurka]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ''wide receiver'' ga ƙungiyar [[Cincinnati Bengals]] a gasar [[National Football League]] (NFL). Ya yi wasan kwaleji a [[Clemson University]], inda ya taimaka wa [[Clemson Tigers football]] lashe gasar College Football Playoff National Championship ta shekarar 2018 kafin Bengals su zaɓe shi a zagaye na biyu na NFL Draft na shekarar 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Tee Higgins |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tee_Higgins |website=Wikipedia |access-date=12 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Higgins a Oak Ridge, jihar Tennessee, Amurka. Ya halarci Oak Ridge High School inda ya yi fice a wasannin ƙwallon American football da kwallon kwando. A shekararsa ta ƙarshe a makaranta ya samu kamo kwallaye 68, yadi 1,044 da touchdowns 18, lamarin da ya sanya ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun matasan 'yan wasa a ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Tee Higgins High School Career |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tee_Higgins |website=Wikipedia |access-date=12 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kwaleji ==
Higgins ya shiga [[Clemson University]] a shekarar 2017. A matsayinsa na ɗan wasan Clemson Tigers, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu kama ƙwallaye a tarihin makarantar.

A shekarar 2018, ya taimaka wa Clemson wajen lashe College Football Playoff National Championship bayan sun doke Alabama da ci 44–16 a wasan ƙarshe. Ya kammala kakar wasan da kamo kwallaye 59, yadi 936 da touchdowns 12.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Tee Higgins College Career |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tee_Higgins |website=Wikipedia |access-date=12 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A kakar 2019 ya samu yadi 1,167 tare da touchdowns 13, kuma aka zaɓe shi cikin First-team All-ACC. Bayan kakar wasan, ya sanar da shiga NFL Draft na shekarar 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Clemson WR Tee Higgins declares for NFL Draft |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/CFB/comments/ep7dgh/ |website=Reddit |access-date=12 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin ƙwararru ==
=== Cincinnati Bengals ===
An zaɓi Higgins a matsayin ɗan wasa na 33 gabaɗaya a NFL Draft na shekarar 2020 ta ƙungiyar [[Cincinnati Bengals]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Tee Higgins Biography |url=https://www.bengals.com/team/players-roster/tee-higgins/index |website=Cincinnati Bengals |access-date=12 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A kakarsa ta farko ya jagoranci Bengals a yawan receiving yards (908) da receiving touchdowns (6), wanda ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun sabbin 'yan wasa a NFL.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Tee Higgins Player Biography |url=https://www.bengals.com/team/players-roster/tee-higgins/index |website=Cincinnati Bengals |access-date=12 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga shekarar 2021 zuwa 2022 ya samu sama da yadi 1,000 a kakar wasa sau biyu a jere, kuma ya taimaka wa Bengals kaiwa wasan [[Super Bowl LVI]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Tee Higgins Career Profile |url=https://www.bengals.com/team/players-roster/tee-higgins/index |website=Cincinnati Bengals |access-date=12 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2025, ya rattaba hannu kan sabon kwangilar shekaru huɗu tare da Bengals bayan an yi masa franchise tag sau biyu a jere.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Bengals agree to contract extension with Tee Higgins |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/bengals-wr-tee-higgins-added-pro-bowl-roster--flm-2026-01-29/ |publisher=Reuters |date=29 January 2026 |access-date=12 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Salon wasa ==
Ana san Tee Higgins da:

* Tsawonsa da ƙarfin jikinsa.
* Iya kamo ƙwallaye masu wahala.
* Ƙwarewa wajen samun manyan yadi bayan kama ƙwallo.
* Tasiri a lokutan manyan wasanni.

== Nasarori da lambobin yabo ==
* CFP National Champion (2018)
* First-team All-ACC (2019)
* Second-team All-ACC (2018)
* Pro Bowl (2025 season)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Bengals WR Tee Higgins added to Pro Bowl roster |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/bengals-wr-tee-higgins-added-pro-bowl-roster--flm-2026-01-29/ |publisher=Reuters |date=29 January 2026 |access-date=12 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar sirri ==
Higgins ya taso a Tennessee tare da mahaifiyarsa Camillia Stewart. Ya yi magana a lokuta da dama game da ƙalubalen rayuwarsa tun yana yaro da yadda hakan ya taimaka masa wajen samun nasara a harkar wasanni.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Tee Higgins recalls childhood struggles |url=https://www.thesun.co.uk/sport/nfl/17633760/tee-higgins-mom-childhood-cincinnati-bengals/ |publisher=The Sun |access-date=12 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Clemson University]]
* [[Cincinnati Bengals]]
* [[Deshaun Watson]]
* [[Travis Etienne]]
* [[National Football League]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
* [https://www.bengals.com/team/players-roster/tee-higgins/ Tee Higgins a Cincinnati Bengals]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tee_Higgins Tee Higgins a Wikipedia ta Turanci]

[[Category:1999 haihuwa]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:'Yan wasan American football na Amurka]]
[[Category:Cincinnati Bengals players]]
[[Category:Clemson Tigers football players]]
[[Category:Mutanen Tennessee]]
[[Category:Clemson University alumni]]</text>
      <sha1>7k4ixo2t0j14xyrnaz925zphsib60z5</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Kuarigama</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>156983</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855600</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T21:23:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>855600</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1193" sha1="j76bzlgh8m45akdv70w3midav9tmywk" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Kuarigama! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Kuarigama|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 12 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>j76bzlgh8m45akdv70w3midav9tmywk</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Urkosh</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>156984</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855601</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T21:23:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>855601</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1187" sha1="7tim073h9w554g2i6hzfzphac4hlq2s" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Urkosh! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Urkosh|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 12 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>7tim073h9w554g2i6hzfzphac4hlq2s</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:BlackLeader787</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>156985</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855602</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T21:23:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>855602</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1203" sha1="hcp7dkv50gv4ealmriy2d80wgwdm0x4" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, BlackLeader787! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/BlackLeader787|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 12 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>hcp7dkv50gv4ealmriy2d80wgwdm0x4</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:DejiGaruba</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>156986</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855603</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T21:23:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>855603</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1195" sha1="c3lths5tyt2b79wpu9x6row8p6szcu1" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, DejiGaruba! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/DejiGaruba|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 12 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>c3lths5tyt2b79wpu9x6row8p6szcu1</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:مريم محمد المبروك</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>156987</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855604</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T21:23:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>855604</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1239" sha1="2pxjgvuy5cij7inxo7xm7q6d2ir3nlf" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, مريم محمد المبروك! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/مريم محمد المبروك|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 12 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>2pxjgvuy5cij7inxo7xm7q6d2ir3nlf</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:TYTLMA</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>156988</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855605</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T21:24:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>855605</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1187" sha1="rx44g6iyqdv6w0big22vg86ss993wfx" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, TYTLMA! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/TYTLMA|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 12 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>rx44g6iyqdv6w0big22vg86ss993wfx</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:M. Adrian Jurhami</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>156989</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855606</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T21:24:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>855606</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1209" sha1="5v2sjbj1fbwgsd0atrih25ne4r8so4d" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, M. Adrian Jurhami! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/M. Adrian Jurhami|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 12 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>5v2sjbj1fbwgsd0atrih25ne4r8so4d</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Botman4567</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>156990</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855607</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T21:24:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>855607</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1195" sha1="ojvig24u0vtual944c4peyb7kxn4qxt" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Botman4567! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Botman4567|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 12 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ojvig24u0vtual944c4peyb7kxn4qxt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Bogdan Khmelnitski</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>156991</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855608</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T21:24:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>855608</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1211" sha1="s6d3i340v7xraz9d30ah17vagyexo5l" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Bogdan Khmelnitski! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Bogdan Khmelnitski|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 12 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>s6d3i340v7xraz9d30ah17vagyexo5l</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:TheResilientEngineer</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>156992</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855609</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T21:24:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>855609</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1215" sha1="jyznyed7zcgmahhii01l3k4dutl6jre" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, TheResilientEngineer! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/TheResilientEngineer|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 12 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>jyznyed7zcgmahhii01l3k4dutl6jre</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:The RoK - TU Berlin</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>156993</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855610</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T21:24:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>855610</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1213" sha1="olo2b7riy58imys58vkq7wf3sde597v" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, The RoK - TU Berlin! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/The RoK - TU Berlin|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 12 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>olo2b7riy58imys58vkq7wf3sde597v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:IlaiFacts</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>156994</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855611</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T21:25:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>855611</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1193" sha1="eadgv2x7vld8onruu689iy0f2ybze5x" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, IlaiFacts! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/IlaiFacts|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 12 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>eadgv2x7vld8onruu689iy0f2ybze5x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Epcilone15</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>156995</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855612</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T21:25:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>855612</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1195" sha1="jaqeklgejlr7s7bol3tnfpu63hfu0no" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Epcilone15! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Epcilone15|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 12 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>jaqeklgejlr7s7bol3tnfpu63hfu0no</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Jor.Grig</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>156996</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855613</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T21:25:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>855613</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1191" sha1="fa5vow4cmi3fyqqzqcr5eoo5uhthfu9" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Jor.Grig! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Jor.Grig|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 12 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>fa5vow4cmi3fyqqzqcr5eoo5uhthfu9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Kamilu Rabiu</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>156997</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855614</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T21:25:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>855614</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1199" sha1="7q54kuwsy34kpzez2e653ntr25hav1d" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Kamilu Rabiu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Kamilu Rabiu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 12 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>7q54kuwsy34kpzez2e653ntr25hav1d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Laylah26</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>156998</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855615</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T21:25:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>855615</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1191" sha1="7cdir0p96wfe3731rfmfl9flqk6hkr3" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Laylah26! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Laylah26|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 12 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>7cdir0p96wfe3731rfmfl9flqk6hkr3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Fratzs</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>156999</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855616</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T21:25:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>855616</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1187" sha1="td9ywmlf5ojhyi8hrgu89j0xj2rcjjw" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Fratzs! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Fratzs|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 12 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>td9ywmlf5ojhyi8hrgu89j0xj2rcjjw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Gustavgarian</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157000</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855617</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T21:26:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>855617</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1199" sha1="tth0t284rixoptsics7rx74d0l7kxxw" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Gustavgarian! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Gustavgarian|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 12 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>tth0t284rixoptsics7rx74d0l7kxxw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:AussieBoy</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157001</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855618</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T21:26:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>855618</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1193" sha1="tohnwca2dgkdxoka2yh5wqgxb5qluxx" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, AussieBoy! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/AussieBoy|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 12 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>tohnwca2dgkdxoka2yh5wqgxb5qluxx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Reportero Africano</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157002</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855619</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T21:26:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>855619</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1211" sha1="mdeeau6uzjvlsaob1np9f6mbhu1s9dx" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Reportero Africano! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Reportero Africano|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 12 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>mdeeau6uzjvlsaob1np9f6mbhu1s9dx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Violetmberg</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157003</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855620</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T21:26:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>855620</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1197" sha1="i8jodjmwpazud13rbbr09pl2e4z0xru" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Violetmberg! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Violetmberg|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 12 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>i8jodjmwpazud13rbbr09pl2e4z0xru</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Dualcultivator</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157004</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855621</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T21:26:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>855621</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1203" sha1="p4zaurgp9l9326rf5edh9sb99a2gzno" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Dualcultivator! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Dualcultivator|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 12 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>p4zaurgp9l9326rf5edh9sb99a2gzno</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Adamu Musaa</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157005</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855622</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T21:26:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>855622</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1197" sha1="9ii9h7k8lt4iv886meuhj5y1ho02bbp" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Adamu Musaa! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Adamu Musaa|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 12 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>9ii9h7k8lt4iv886meuhj5y1ho02bbp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Cruzeiro Sul</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157006</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855623</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T21:27:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>855623</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1199" sha1="gyl1wru7iobdc57131zqvpces20jw7a" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Cruzeiro Sul! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Cruzeiro Sul|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 12 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>gyl1wru7iobdc57131zqvpces20jw7a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Bataclan</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157007</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855624</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T21:27:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>855624</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1191" sha1="pwj005g7rwrvav4o1hhztiz2k4sbauj" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Bataclan! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Bataclan|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 12 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>pwj005g7rwrvav4o1hhztiz2k4sbauj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Young alaji</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>157008</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855625</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T21:27:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>855625</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1197" sha1="szn82yx4qb673gp71w5423mpdfqx8wv" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Young alaji! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Young alaji|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 12 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>szn82yx4qb673gp71w5423mpdfqx8wv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Christian Wilkins</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157009</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855627</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T21:29:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AsmudEmpire</username>
        <id>45212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kirkira</comment>
      <origin>855627</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3836" sha1="8dr69hzfe4x143jrrplvo30ydkmm6cj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Christian Wilkins
| image = 
| caption = Christian Wilkins tare da Clemson Tigers a shekarar 2016
| birth_name = Christian Jeremiah Wilkins
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|12|20}}
| birth_place = Springfield, Massachusetts, Amurka
| nationality = Ba'amurke
| occupation = Dan wasan American football
| years_active = 2019–yanzu
| known_for = Defensive tackle a NFL
}}

'''Christian Jeremiah Wilkins''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Disamba, 1995) ɗan wasan [[American football]] ne ɗan ƙasar [[Amurka]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ''defensive tackle''. Ya yi wasan kwaleji a [[Clemson University]] tare da ƙungiyar [[Clemson Tigers football]], inda ya taimaka wajen lashe gasar ƙasa ta College Football Playoff sau biyu. Daga baya ƙungiyar [[Miami Dolphins]] ta zaɓe shi a zagaye na farko na NFL Draft na shekarar 2019. Ya kuma buga wa [[Las Vegas Raiders]] wasa.

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Wilkins a Springfield, Massachusetts. Ya fara karatu a Framingham High School kafin ya koma Suffield Academy da ke Connecticut. A lokacin makaranta ya samu tackles 253 da sacks 28.5, wanda ya sa aka ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun matasan 'yan wasan tsaron gida a ƙasar Amurka.

== Aikin kwaleji ==
Wilkins ya shiga [[Clemson University]] a shekarar 2015. A kakarsa ta farko ya buga wasanni 15 kuma ya samu tackles 33 da sacks biyu. Daga baya ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan tsaro a tarihin Clemson.

Ya taimaka wa Clemson wajen lashe:
* College Football Playoff National Championship (2016)
* College Football Playoff National Championship (2018)

A lokacin da yake Clemson, ya zama:
* Unanimous All-American (2018)
* First-team All-American (2016, 2017)
* First-team All-ACC (2017, 2018)
* Wanda ya lashe William V. Campbell Trophy (2018)

== Aikin ƙwararru ==

=== Miami Dolphins ===
An zaɓi Wilkins a matsayin ɗan wasa na 13 gabaɗaya a NFL Draft na shekarar 2019 ta ƙungiyar [[Miami Dolphins]]. A tsawon shekarunsa biyar tare da Dolphins, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan tsaron gida a NFL. A shekarar 2023 ya kafa tarihin kansa da sacks tara a kakar wasa guda.
=== Las Vegas Raiders ===
A ranar 14 ga Maris 2024, Wilkins ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar shekaru huɗu tare da [[Las Vegas Raiders]]. Sai dai ya samu mummunan raunin ƙafa a kakar 2024 wanda ya sa aka yi masa tiyata kuma ya rasa yawancin wasannin kakar

A shekarar 2025 Raiders sun sake shi bayan rashin jituwa kan tsarin murmurewarsa daga rauni, kuma daga baya ya shigar da ƙorafi ta hannun NFL Players Association. 

== Salon wasa ==
Ana san Christian Wilkins da:

* Ƙarfin jiki da tsayin daka.
* Iya dakatar da gudun abokan hamayya.
* Jagoranci a cikin ƙungiya.
* Ƙwarewa wajen kai hari ga quarterback.

Masu sharhi da dama sun bayyana shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun defensive tackles na ƙarni na 2020s.

== Nasarori da lambobin yabo ==
* 2× CFP National Champion (2016, 2018)
* William V. Campbell Trophy (2018)
* Bill Willis Trophy (2017)
* Unanimous All-American (2018)
* 2× First-team All-American
* 2× First-team All-ACC
* 2× Team Captain (Miami Dolphins)

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Clemson University]]
* [[Dabo Swinney]]
* [[Deshaun Watson]]
* [[Travis Etienne]]
* [[Miami Dolphins]]
* [[Las Vegas Raiders]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
* [https://www.nfl.com/players/christian-wilkins/ Christian Wilkins a NFL]
* [https://clemsontigers.com/sports/football/roster/season/2018/christian-wilkins/ Christian Wilkins a Clemson Tigers]

[[Category:1995 haihuwa]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:'Yan wasan American football na Amurka]]
[[Category:Miami Dolphins players]]
[[Category:Las Vegas Raiders players]]
[[Category:Clemson Tigers football players]]
[[Category:Mutanen Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Clemson University alumni]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bryan Bresee</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157010</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855628</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T21:35:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AsmudEmpire</username>
        <id>45212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kirkira</comment>
      <origin>855628</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5146" sha1="cg2ajwf9u5k25u3abg3esxrpx7lje7h" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Bryan Bresee
| image = 
| caption = Bryan Bresee a NFL Combine na 2023
| birth_name = Bryan Bresee
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2001|10|6}}
| birth_place = Damascus, Maryland, Amurka
| nationality = Ba'amurke
| occupation = Dan wasan American football
| years_active = 2023–yanzu
| known_for = Defensive tackle na New Orleans Saints
| height_ft = 6
| height_in = 5
| weight_lb = 305
| current_team = New Orleans Saints
| number = 90
| position = Defensive tackle
}}

'''Bryan Bresee''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Oktoba, 2001) ɗan wasan [[American football]] ne ɗan ƙasar [[Amurka]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ''defensive tackle'' ga ƙungiyar [[New Orleans Saints]] ta [[National Football League]] (NFL). Ya buga wasan kwaleji a [[Clemson University]] tare da [[Clemson Tigers football]], kuma New Orleans Saints ta zaɓe shi a zagaye na farko na NFL Draft na shekarar 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bryan Bresee |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Bresee |website=Wikipedia |access-date=12 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Bresee a Damascus, Maryland, Amurka. Ya fara karatu a Urbana High School kafin daga baya ya koma Damascus High School. A lokacin da yake makaranta ya taimaka wa makarantar lashe gasar jihar Maryland sau da dama. Haka kuma ya taka wasan ƙwallon kwando kuma ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun matasan 'yan wasan ƙwallon Amurka a ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bryan Bresee Recruiting Profile |url=https://247sports.com/player/bryan-bresee-46041265/ |website=247Sports |access-date=12 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}

== Aikin kwaleji ==
Bresee ya shiga [[Clemson University]] a shekarar 2020 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan da aka ɗauka daga makarantar sakandare. Ya fara wasanni duka a kakarsa ta farko tare da Clemson Tigers, inda ya samu tackles 33, tackles for loss 6.5 da sacks huɗu. A ƙarshen kakar wasa an ba shi lambar yabo ta '''ACC Defensive Rookie of the Year'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Bryan Bresee Clemson Bio |url=https://clemsontigers.com/sports/football/roster/bryan-bresee/ |website=Clemson Tigers |access-date=12 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1}

A shekarar 2021 ya samu mummunan raunin ACL wanda ya rage masa yawan wasannin da ya buga. Duk da haka ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin fitattun 'yan wasan tsaron Clemson. A shekarar 2022 ya sake fuskantar ƙalubale sakamakon rashin lafiyarsa da kuma rasuwar ƙanwarsa Ella Bresee saboda cutar kansar kwakwalwa. Duk da waɗannan matsaloli, ya ci gaba da taka leda kuma ya samu lambar yabo ta All-ACC.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Clemson Defensive Lineman Turns Pro |url=https://www.si.com/college/clemson/football/clemson-defensive-lineman-turns-pro |publisher=Sports Illustrated |access-date=12 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2}

== Aikin ƙwararru ==
=== New Orleans Saints ===
An zaɓi Bryan Bresee a matsayin ɗan wasa na 29 gabaɗaya a zagaye na farko na NFL Draft na shekarar 2023 ta ƙungiyar [[New Orleans Saints]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Saints draft Bryan Bresee |url=https://www.neworleanssaints.com |website=New Orleans Saints |access-date=12 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}

A kakarsa ta farko a NFL ya buga dukkan wasanni 17 na kakar 2023, inda ya samu tackles 24, sacks 4.5 da pass deflections shida. Ya ci gaba da zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan tsaron Saints a kakar 2024 da 2025. A shekarar 2026 ƙungiyar Saints ta yi amfani da zaɓin ƙarin shekara ta biyar a kwangilarsa domin ci gaba da riƙe shi a ƙungiyar har zuwa kakar 2027. :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}

== Salon wasa ==
Ana san Bryan Bresee da:

* Ƙarfin jiki da tsawo.
* Ƙwarewa wajen dakatar da gudun abokan hamayya.
* Iya kai hari ga quarterback daga tsakiyar layin tsaro.
* Ƙwazo da juriya duk da fuskantar raunuka da matsalolin rayuwa. :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}

== Nasarori da lambobin yabo ==
* ACC Defensive Rookie of the Year (2020)
* First-team All-ACC (2020)
* Third-team All-ACC (2021)
* Second-team All-ACC (2022)
* Freshman All-American
* Zaɓen zagaye na farko a NFL Draft (2023) :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}

== Rayuwar sirri ==
A shekarar 2022, ƙanwarsa Ella Bresee ta rasu sakamakon cutar kansar kwakwalwa tana da shekaru 15. Wannan lamari ya jawo tausayin al'ummar wasanni da dama, kuma Bresee ya bayyana cewa iyalinsa ne suka ba shi ƙarfi wajen ci gaba da rayuwa da wasan ƙwallon Amurka. :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7}

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Clemson University]]
* [[Clemson Tigers football]]
* [[Dabo Swinney]]
* [[New Orleans Saints]]
* [[National Football League]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
* [https://www.nfl.com/players/bryan-bresee/ Bryan Bresee a NFL]
* [https://clemsontigers.com/sports/football/roster/bryan-bresee/ Bryan Bresee a Clemson Tigers]

[[Category:2001 haihuwa]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:'Yan wasan American football na Amurka]]
[[Category:New Orleans Saints players]]
[[Category:Clemson Tigers football players]]
[[Category:Mutanen Maryland]]
[[Category:Clemson University alumni]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Will Shipley</title>
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    <id>157011</id>
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      <id>855629</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T21:48:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AsmudEmpire</username>
        <id>45212</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kirkira</comment>
      <origin>855629</origin>
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      <text bytes="4699" sha1="hqbzlurki37ia9icp1u9x8nget4gvcl" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Will Shipley
| image = 
| caption = Will Shipley tare da Clemson Tigers a shekarar 2021
| birth_name = William L. Shipley
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2002|8|29}}
| birth_place = Weddington, North Carolina, Amurka
| nationality = Ba'amurke
| occupation = Dan wasan American football
| current_team = Philadelphia Eagles
| number = 28
| position = Running back
}}

'''William L. &quot;Will&quot; Shipley''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga Agusta, 2002) ɗan wasan [[American football]] ne ɗan ƙasar [[Amurka]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ''running back'' da ''kickoff returner'' ga ƙungiyar [[Philadelphia Eagles]] ta [[National Football League]] (NFL). Ya buga wasan kwaleji a [[Clemson University]] tare da [[Clemson Tigers football]] daga shekarar 2021 zuwa 2023 kafin Philadelphia Eagles ta zaɓe shi a zagaye na huɗu na NFL Draft na shekarar 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Will Shipley |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Shipley |website=Wikipedia |access-date=12 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko ==
An haifi Shipley a Weddington, North Carolina. Ya halarci Weddington High School inda ya yi fice a wasannin American football, lacrosse da taekwondo. A lokacin da yake makaranta ya samu yadi 4,173 na gudu, yadi 1,411 na karɓar ƙwallo da touchdowns 80 gabaɗaya. An ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun running backs na ajinsa a Amurka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Will Shipley Recruiting Profile |url=https://247sports.com |website=247Sports |access-date=12 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aikin kwaleji ==
Shipley ya shiga [[Clemson University]] a farkon shekarar 2021. Ya yi tasiri nan take a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan running backs na ƙungiyar Clemson Tigers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Will Shipley Clemson Bio |url=https://clemsontigers.com/sports/football/roster/will-shipley/ |website=Clemson Tigers |access-date=12 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
A kakar wasan 2021, ya samu yadi 739 na gudu tare da touchdowns 11 duk da wasu raunuka da suka hana shi buga wasu wasanni. A shekarar 2022 ya samu mafi kyawun kakarsa inda ya yi gudun yadi 1,182 tare da touchdowns 15, sannan ya zama ɗan wasa na farko a tarihin ACC da aka zaɓa cikin First-Team All-ACC a fannoni uku daban-daban: running back, all-purpose player da specialist. 
A shekarar 2023 ya zama kyaftin na ƙungiyar Clemson Tigers kuma ya kammala aikinsa na kwaleji da:
* Yadi 2,748 na gudu
* Touchdowns 31 na gudu
* Yadi 602 na karɓar ƙwallo
* Yadi 4,253 na all-purpose
* Zaɓe cikin All-ACC sau da dama.

Baya ga wasanni, Shipley ya yi fice a karatu. Ya zama ɗaya daga cikin ƴan wasan Clemson da suka kammala digiri cikin shekaru uku tare da matsakaicin sakamako (GPA) 4.0. Haka kuma ya samu Academic All-America sau biyu.
== Aikin ƙwararru ==
=== Philadelphia Eagles ===
An zaɓi Shipley a matsayin ɗan wasa na 127 gabaɗaya a zagaye na huɗu na NFL Draft na shekarar 2024 ta ƙungiyar [[Philadelphia Eagles]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Philadelphia Eagles draft Will Shipley |url=https://www.philadelphiaeagles.com |website=Philadelphia Eagles |access-date=12 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A kakarsa ta farko a NFL, ya taka rawa a wasannin musamman (special teams) da kuma matsayin running back. A wasan NFC Championship na shekarar 2025 ya zura touchdown na farko a aikinsa bayan wani dogon gudu mai yadi 57. Daga baya ya taimaka wa Philadelphia Eagles lashe '''Super Bowl LIX'''.

== Salon wasa ==
Ana san Will Shipley da:

* Saurin gudu.
* Ƙwarewa wajen karɓar ƙwallo daga baya.
* Iya dawowa da kickoff.
* Jagoranci da ƙwazo a fili.
* Haɗa nasarar wasanni da karatu. 

== Nasarori da lambobin yabo ==
* Super Bowl Champion (LIX)
* First-team All-American (2022)
* First-team All-ACC (2022)
* Academic All-America (2022, 2023)
* AFCA Good Works Team (2023)
* Paul Hornung Award Finalist (2022)

== Rayuwar sirri ==
Shipley ya fito daga iyali mai son wasanni. Ya taka lacrosse da taekwondo tun yana yaro kafin ya mayar da hankali kan American football. An san shi da ayyukan sa na taimakon al'umma da kuma sadaukarwarsa ga karatu da addini.

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Clemson University]]
* [[Clemson Tigers football]]
* [[Dabo Swinney]]
* [[Philadelphia Eagles]]
* [[Travis Etienne]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==
* [https://www.philadelphiaeagles.com/team/players-roster/will-shipley/ Will Shipley a Philadelphia Eagles]
* [https://clemsontigers.com/sports/football/roster/will-shipley/ Will Shipley a Clemson Tigers]

[[Category:2002 haihuwa]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:'Yan wasan American football na Amurka]]
[[Category:Philadelphia Eagles players]]
[[Category:Clemson Tigers football players]]
[[Category:Mutanen North Carolina]]
[[Category:Clemson University alumni]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kwararre a fannin lafiya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157012</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855630</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-12T22:20:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Halima Waziri</username>
        <id>29451</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358466486|Health professional]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855630</origin>
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Kwararren '''likita''', '''ƙwararren ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya''' ( '''HCP''' ), ko '''ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya''' (wani lokacin ana kiransa '''HCW''' ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--not stated--&gt; |date=29 November 2021 |title=HCWs With Long COVID Report Doubt, Disbelief From Colleagues |url=https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/963766 |website=Medscape}}&lt;/ref&gt; mai ba da [[Kula da lafiya|magani]] da shawarwari ne bisa ga horo da gogewa. Wannan fanni ya haɗa da waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin [[Ungozoma|ma'aikacin jinya]], likita (kamar likitan iyali, likitan ciki, likitan haihuwa, likitan tabin hankali, likitan rediyo, likitan tiyata da sauransu), likitan perfusion, mataimakin likita, likitan abinci mai rijista, ƙwararrun likitoci na gaggawa da ma'aikatan jinya, likitan dabbobi, ƙwararren likitan dabbobi, likitan ido, likitan magunguna, ƙwararren ma'aikacin kantin magani, mataimakin likita, mai ilimin motsa jiki, mai ilimin motsa jiki, [[Gyaran jiki|likitan haƙori]] [[Mai warkarwa na sana'a|,]] ungozoma, masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, likitan ji, ko masanin kimiyyar kiwon lafiya, ko kuma waɗanda ke yin ayyuka a cikin ayyukan kiwon lafiya masu alaƙa . Ƙwararru a [[Lafiyar jama'a|fannin lafiyar jama'a]] da lafiyar al'umma suma ƙwararrun lafiya ne.

== Filaye ==
[[Fayil:NY_College_of_Health_Professions_Massage_Therapy_Class.jpg|thumb|Ajin tausa na Kwalejin Lafiya ta NY]]
[[Fayil:US_Navy_doctors_deliver_a_healthy_baby.jpg|thumb|Likitocin sojojin ruwan Amurka sun haifi jariri mai lafiya]]
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
[[Fayil:Global_health_and_social_care_workers_70%25_women,_leaders_in_the_global_health_sector_30%25_women.png|thumb|330x330px|Kashi 70% na ma'aikatan lafiya da kula da jin dadin jama'a na duniya mata ne, kashi 30% na shugabannin a fannin lafiya na duniya mata ne.]]
[[Kayan kiwon lafiya na mutane|Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya]] sun ƙunshi nau'ikan sana'o'i da ayyuka daban-daban waɗanda ke ba da wani nau'in sabis na kiwon lafiya, gami da masu kula da kai tsaye kamar likitoci, masu aikin jinya, mataimakan likitoci [[Ungozoma|,]] ma'aikatan jinya, masu ilimin numfashi, likitocin haƙori, masu harhada magunguna, likitan harshe, [[Gyaran jiki|masu ilimin motsa jiki]], [[Mai warkarwa na sana'a|masu ilimin motsa jiki]], masu ilimin [[Gyaran jiki|motsa jiki]] da ɗabi'a, da kuma ƙwararrun lafiya kamar su phlebotomists, [[Masanin kimiyya na dakin gwaje-gwaje|masana kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwaje na likitanci]], masu abinci mai gina jiki, da ma'aikatan zamantakewa . Sau da yawa suna aiki a [[Asibiti|asibitoci]], cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da sauran wuraren isar da sabis, amma kuma a horon ilimi, bincike, da gudanarwa. Wasu suna ba da sabis na kulawa da magani ga marasa lafiya a gidaje masu zaman kansu. Ƙasashe da yawa suna da adadi mai yawa na ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na al'umma waɗanda ke aiki a wajen cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na yau da kullun. [[Gudanar da kiwon lafiya|Manajan ayyukan kiwon lafiya]], masu fasaha kan bayanai na kiwon lafiya, da sauran ma'aikatan taimako da ma'aikatan tallafi suma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na ƙungiyoyin kula da lafiya. 

Ana rarraba masu aikin kiwon lafiya zuwa sana'o'in kiwon lafiya . A cikin kowane fanni na ƙwarewa, galibi ana rarraba masu aikin bisa ga matakin ƙwarewa da ƙwarewar ƙwarewa. &quot;Ƙwararrun likitoci&quot; ƙwararru ne masu ƙwarewa, a cikin sana'o'in da galibi ke buƙatar ilimi mai zurfi, gami da karatun jami'a wanda ke haifar da samun digiri na farko ko mafi girma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=Classifying health workers |url=https://www.who.int/hrh/statistics/Health_workers_classification.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816123657/http://www.who.int/hrh/statistics/Health_workers_classification.pdf |archive-date=2015-08-16 |access-date=2016-02-13 |website=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan rukuni ya haɗa da likitoci, mataimakan likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya masu rijista, likitocin dabbobi, masu fasaha na dabbobi, mataimakan likitocin dabbobi, likitocin hakora, ungozoma, masu daukar hoton rediyo, masu harhada magunguna, masu ilimin motsa jiki, likitocin ido, masu aikin sashen aiki da sauransu. Ƙwararrun likitoci masu alaƙa, waɗanda kuma ake kira &quot;ƙwararrun ma'aikatan lafiya&quot; a cikin Rarraba Ayyuka na Ƙasa da Ƙasa, suna tallafawa aiwatar da tsare-tsaren kula da lafiya, magani da kuma tura waɗanda likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya, kula da numfashi, da sauran ƙwararrun lafiya suka kafa, kuma yawanci suna buƙatar cancantar aiki don yin aikinsu. Bugu da ƙari, ma'aikatan taimako marasa lasisi suna taimakawa wajen samar da ayyukan kula da lafiya kamar yadda aka ba da izini. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Wata hanyar da za a rarraba masu aikin kiwon lafiya ita ce bisa ga ɓangaren da suke aiki a ciki, kamar kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa, kula da juna biyu da haihuwa, kula da tiyata, kula da gyaran hali, ko lafiyar jama'a. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Lafiyar kwakwalwa ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
Ma'aikacin lafiyar kwakwalwa ma'aikacin lafiya ne wanda ke ba da ayyuka don inganta lafiyar kwakwalwa na mutane ko magance cututtukan kwakwalwa . Waɗannan sun haɗa da likitocin tabin hankali, mataimakan likitocin tabin hankali, likitoci, masu ba da shawara, da masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na makaranta, [[Mai warkarwa na sana'a|masu ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali na aiki]], ma'aikatan zamantakewa na asibiti, ma'aikatan jinya na tabin hankali- masu aikin jinya, masu ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali na aure da iyali, masu ba da shawara kan lafiyar kwakwalwa, da sauran ƙwararrun lafiya da ƙwararrun ma'aikatan lafiya. Waɗannan masu ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya galibi suna magance cututtuka iri ɗaya, cututtuka, yanayi, da matsaloli; duk da haka, iyakokin aikinsu sau da yawa sun bambanta. Babban bambanci a cikin nau'ikan masu aikin lafiyar kwakwalwa shine ilimi da horo. &lt;ref name=&quot;AboutPsychs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=Difference Between Psychologists and Psychiatrists |url=http://psychology.about.com/od/psychotherapy/f/psychvspsych.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403173150/http://psychology.about.com/od/psychotherapy/f/psychvspsych.htm |archive-date=April 3, 2007 |access-date=March 4, 2007 |publisher=Psychology.about.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai illoli da yawa masu illa ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. Da yawa sun sami alamun rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa daban-daban, tun daga raunin motsin rai zuwa tsananin damuwa. Ba a yi wa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya magani yadda ya kamata ba kuma saboda haka lafiyar kwakwalwa, ta jiki, da ta motsin rai ta shafi hakan. Marubutan SAGE sun ce kashi 94% na ma'aikatan jinya sun fuskanci aƙalla alamar PTSD guda ɗaya bayan abin da ya faru. Wasu sun fuskanci mafarkai marasa daɗi, tunawa, da kuma martanin motsin rai na ɗan gajeren lokaci da na dogon lokaci. &lt;ref name=&quot;Goldblatt 1908–1933&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Goldblatt |first=Hadass |last2=Freund |first2=Anat |last3=Drach-Zahavy |first3=Anat |last4=Enosh |first4=Guy |last5=Peterfreund |first5=Ilana |last6=Edlis |first6=Neomi |date=2020-05-01 |title=Providing Health Care in the Shadow of Violence: Does Emotion Regulation Vary Among Hospital Workers From Different Professions? |journal=Journal of Interpersonal Violence |language=en |volume=35 |issue=9–10 |pages=1908–1933 |doi=10.1177/0886260517700620 |issn=0886-2605 |pmid=29294693 |s2cid=19304885}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cin zarafin yana haifar da mummunan tasiri ga waɗannan ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. Tashin hankali yana sa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya su kasance marasa kyau game da ayyukan aiki da marasa lafiya, kuma saboda haka suna &quot;jin matsin lamba don karɓar odar, bayar da wani samfuri, ko ba da magani&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Cheryl L. |last2=DeMass Martin |first2=Suzanne L. |last3=Markle-Elder |first3=Sara |date=April 2007 |title=Stopping Verbal Abuse in the Workplace |journal=American Journal of Nursing |volume=107 |issue=4 |pages=32–34 |doi=10.1097/01.naj.0000271177.59574.c5 |issn=0002-936X |pmid=17413727}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani lokaci yana iya kamawa daga magana zuwa jima'i zuwa cin zarafi ta jiki, ko mai cin zarafin majiyyaci ne, iyalan majiyyaci, likita, masu kula da lafiya, ko ma'aikatan jinya. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Kula da mata masu juna biyu ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Ma'aikacin lafiya na uwa da jarirai ƙwararre ne a fannin kula da lafiya wanda ke kula da kula da mata da 'ya'yansu kafin, lokacin da kuma bayan juna biyu da haihuwa. Irin waɗannan ma'aikatan lafiya sun haɗa da masu kula da mata masu juna biyu, mataimakan likitoci, ungozoma, ma'aikatan jinya na haihuwa da sauransu da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin waɗannan sana'o'in shine a cikin horo da ikon samar da ayyukan tiyata da sauran ayyukan ceton rai.  A wasu ƙasashe masu tasowa, masu kula da haihuwa na gargajiya, ko ungozoma na gargajiya, su ne tushen farko na kula da ciki da haihuwa ga mata da iyalai da yawa, kodayake ba su da takardar sheda ko lasisi. A cewar bincike, ƙimar rashin jin daɗi tsakanin likitocin mata masu juna biyu (Ob-Gyns) ya kai tsakanin kashi 40 zuwa 75 cikin ɗari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ob-Gyn Burnout: Why So Many Doctors Are Questioning Their Calling |url=https://www.healthecareers.com/career-resources/on-the-job/ob-gyn-burnout |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=healthecareers.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tsofaffi ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Mai kula da tsofaffi yana tsarawa da kuma daidaita kulawar tsofaffi da/ko nakasassu don inganta lafiyarsu, inganta rayuwarsu, da kuma kiyaye 'yancin kansu na tsawon lokaci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Araujo de Carvalho |first=Islene |last2=Epping-Jordan |first2=JoAnne |last3=Pot |first3=Anne Margriet |last4=Kelley |first4=Edward |last5=Toro |first5=Nuria |last6=Thiyagarajan |first6=Jotheeswaran A |last7=Beard |first7=John R |date=2017-11-01 |title=Organizing integrated health-care services to meet older people's needs |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=95 |issue=11 |pages=756–763 |doi=10.2471/BLT.16.187617 |issn=0042-9686 |pmc=5677611 |pmid=29147056}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sun haɗa da [[Magungunan tsofaffi|likitocin tsofaffi]], [[Mai warkarwa na sana'a|masu ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da]] hankali na sana'a, mataimakan likitoci, masu aikin jinya na manya-masu ilimin gerontology, ƙwararrun ma'aikatan jinya na asibiti, masu harhada magunguna na tsofaffi, ma'aikatan jinya na tsofaffi, manajojin kula da tsofaffi, mataimakan tsofaffi, mataimakan tsofaffi, mataimakan jinya, [[Mai kula da shi|masu kula da tsofaffi]] da sauransu waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan buƙatun kula da lafiya da tunani na tsofaffi. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Tiyata ===
Likitan tiyata ƙwararre ne a fannin kiwon lafiya kuma ƙwararre ne a fannin tsarawa da kuma isar da kulawar majiyyaci a lokacin tiyata, har ma a lokacin da ake yin tiyata, tiyata da kuma lokacin murmurewa. Suna iya haɗawa da likitocin tiyata na gabaɗaya da ƙwararru, mataimakan likitoci, mataimakan likitocin tiyata, mataimakan likitocin tiyata, likitocin tiyata na dabbobi, masu fasaha a fannin dabbobi . likitocin maganin sa barci, mataimakan likitocin maganin sa barci, masu ba da maganin sa barci na ma'aikatan jinya, ma'aikatan jinya na tiyata, jami'an asibiti, masu aikin sashen tiyata , masu fasaha a fannin maganin sa barci, ma'aikatan jinya na lokacin tiyata, masu fasaha a fannin tiyata, da sauransu. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Gyaran jiki ===
Ma'aikacin kula da gyaran jiki ma'aikacin lafiya ne wanda ke ba da kulawa da magani wanda ke da nufin ingantawa da dawo da ƙwarewar aiki da ingancin rayuwa ga waɗanda ke da nakasa ta jiki ko [[Rashin lafiya na jiki|ta nakasa]] . Waɗannan sun haɗa da likitocin motsa jiki, mataimakan likitoci , ma'aikatan jinya na gyaran jiki, ƙwararrun ma'aikatan jinya na asibiti, masu aikin jinya, masu ilimin motsa jiki, masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki , masu gyaran jiki, masu [[Mai warkarwa na sana'a|gyaran]] [[Gyaran jiki|fata]] , masu gyaran fata , masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki , masu [[Gyaran jiki|gyaran]] jiki, masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki, da sauransu. 

=== Optometry ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Optometry wani fanni ne da aka saba da shi wanda ke da alaƙa da gyaran kurakuran refractive ta amfani da tabarau ko ruwan tabarau na ido, da kuma magance cututtukan ido. Likitocin ido kuma suna ba da kulawar ido gabaɗaya, gami da gwaje-gwajen tantancewa don glaucoma da retinopathy na masu ciwon suga da kuma kula da yanayin ido na yau da kullun ko na ido. Likitocin ido kuma suna iya yin ƙarin horo don ƙwarewa a fannoni daban-daban, gami da [[glaucoma]], retina na likita, [[Makanta|ƙarancin gani]], ko likitan yara . A wasu ƙasashe, kamar Burtaniya, Amurka, da Kanada, likitocin ido na iya yin ƙarin horo don samun damar yin wasu ayyukan tiyata.

=== Ganewar cututtuka ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Masu ba da ganewar asali na likita ma'aikatan lafiya ne da ke da alhakin tantance wace cuta ko yanayi ce ke bayyana alamun mutum da alamominsa. Sau da yawa ana kiranta da ganewar asali idan yanayin lafiyar ya kasance a ɓoye. Wannan yawanci ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar masu ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya a sassa daban-daban na ganewar asali. Waɗannan sun haɗa da masu ba da aikin rediyo, masu ba da aikin rediyo, masu ba da aikin hoto, [[Masanin kimiyya na dakin gwaje-gwaje|masana kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwaje na likitanci]], masu ilimin cututtuka, da ƙwararru masu alaƙa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Likitan Hakori ===
[[Fayil:US_Navy_030620-N-8937A-002_Lt._William_Peterson_(left)_of_Branch_Dental_Clinic_Sasebo,_Japan_drills_a_cavity_while_his_dental_assistant,_Miho_Otubo,_ensures_the_area_remains_clean.jpg|thumb|Mataimakin likitan hakori a dama yana tallafawa likitan hakori a hagu, yayin aikin tiyata.]]
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Likitan kula da hakori ma'aikacin lafiya ne kuma ƙwararre wanda ke ba da kulawa da magani don haɓaka da dawo da lafiyar baki. Waɗannan sun haɗa da likitocin hakora da likitocin hakora, mataimakan hakora, masu taimakon hakori, masu tsabtace hakori, ma'aikatan jinya na hakori, masu fasaha na hakori, masu ilimin hakora ko masu ilimin lafiyar baki, da ƙwararru masu alaƙa.

=== Kula da ƙafafu ===
Likitocin ƙafa, likitocin ƙafa, likitocin ƙafa, likitocin ƙafa, likitocin ƙafa, masu taimaka wa ƙafa, masu jinya na ƙafa da sauransu za su iya ba da kulawa da magani ga ƙafa, idon sawu, da ƙafar ƙasa.

=== Lafiyar jama'a ===
[[Lafiyar jama'a|Ma'aikacin lafiyar jama'a]] yana mai da hankali kan inganta lafiya tsakanin mutane, iyalai da al'ummomi ta hanyar rigakafi da maganin cututtuka da raunuka, sa ido kan shari'o'i, da kuma haɓaka halaye masu kyau. Wannan rukuni ya haɗa da ƙwararrun likitocin al'umma da na rigakafi, mataimakan likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya na lafiyar jama'a, masu harhada magunguna, ƙwararrun ma'aikatan jinya na asibiti, masu abinci mai gina jiki, [[Ma'akacin Kiwon Lafiya da Muhalli|jami'an lafiyar muhalli]] ( [[Ma'akacin Kiwon Lafiya da Muhalli|masu duba lafiyar jama'a]] ), ma'aikatan jinya, masu cutar annoba, likitocin haƙoran lafiya, da sauransu. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Madadin magani ===
A cikin al'ummomi da yawa, masu aikin madadin magani suna da alaƙa da adadi mai yawa na mutane, ko dai a cikin tsarin kula da lafiya na yau da kullun ko kuma a waje da tsarin kiwon lafiya na yau da kullun. Waɗannan sun haɗa da masu aikin acupuncture, Ayurveda, maganin herbalism, homeopathy, naturopathy, Reiki, [http://metagifted.org/topics/meta/shamballa/ Shamballa Reiki energy healing] Archived  , Magungunan Siddha, Magungunan gargajiya na kasar Sin, Magungunan gargajiya na Koriya, Unani, da [https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/yoga-effectiveness-and-safety Yoga] . A wasu ƙasashe kamar Kanada, ana ɗaukar likitocin chiropractor da masu ilimin cututtukan ƙashi (ba tare da la'akari da likitocin maganin ƙashi a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka ba]] ) a matsayin masu aikin magani na madadin.

== Haɗarin Aiki ==
[[Fayil:NIOSH_Aerosol_Sampler_(8743397933).jpg|thumb|222x222px|Wani ƙwararren ma'aikacin lafiya yana sanya na'urar ɗaukar samfurin iska don bincika kamuwa da mura ta iska]]
[[Fayil:Big_or_Small_-_OHSN_Uses_Standardized_Language_for_All.webm|thumb|Bidiyon da ke bayanin Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya da Tsaro ta Ma'aikata, kayan aiki don sa ido kan haɗarin aiki ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya]]
Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suna fuskantar ƙalubale na musamman na lafiya da aminci kuma Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya da Tsaron Ayyuka ta Ƙasa (NIOSH) ta amince da ita a matsayin ɓangaren masana'antu mai mahimmanci a cikin Ajandar Binciken Aiki ta Ƙasa (NORA) don gano da kuma samar da dabarun shiga tsakani game da batutuwan lafiya da aminci na aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;cdc.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-02-15 |title=National Occupational Research Agenda for Healthcare and Social Assistance {{!}} NIOSH {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nora/councils/hcsa/agenda.html |access-date=2019-03-14 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗarin Halittu ===
Ana iya rage kamuwa da cututtukan numfashi kamar [[tarin fuka]] (wanda ''cutar tarin fuka ta Mycobacterium'' ke haifarwa) da [[Influenza|mura]] ta hanyar amfani da na'urorin numfashi ; wannan kamuwa da cutar babban haɗari ne ga ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bergman |first=Michael |last2=Zhuang |first2=Ziqing |last3=Shaffer |first3=Ronald E. |date=25 July 2013 |title=Advanced Headforms for Evaluating Respirator Fit |url=http://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2013/07/25/headforms/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116154510/http://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2013/07/25/headforms/ |archive-date=16 January 2015 |access-date=18 January 2015 |publisher=National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suma suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da ake kamuwa da su ta hanyar mu'amala mai tsawo da majiyyaci, gami da [[Ƙanzuwa|scabies]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=FitzGerald |first=Deirdre |last2=Grainger |first2=Rachel J. |last3=Reid |first3=Alex |date=2014 |title=Interventions for preventing the spread of infestation in close contacts of people with scabies |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2014 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009943.pub2 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=10819104 |pmid=24566946}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suma suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da ke ɗauke da jini kamar [[hepatitis B]], [[hepatitis C]], da [[Kanjamau|HIV/AIDS]] ta hanyar raunukan da aka yi da allura ko kuma haɗuwa da ruwan jiki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cunningham |first=Thomas |last2=Burnett |first2=Garrett |date=17 May 2013 |title=Does your workplace culture help protect you from hepatitis? |url=http://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2013/05/17/hepatitis-safety-culture/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118200537/http://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2013/05/17/hepatitis-safety-culture/ |archive-date=18 January 2015 |access-date=18 January 2015 |publisher=National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;needlestick&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Reddy |first=Viraj K |last2=Lavoie |first2=Marie-Claude |last3=Verbeek |first3=Jos H |last4=Pahwa |first4=Manisha |date=14 November 2017 |title=Devices for preventing percutaneous exposure injuries caused by needles in healthcare personnel |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2017 |issue=11 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009740.pub3 |pmc=6491125 |pmid=29190036}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya rage wannan haɗarin ta hanyar allurar rigakafi lokacin da akwai allurar rigakafi, kamar tare da hepatitis B. &lt;ref name=&quot;needlestick&quot; /&gt; A cikin yanayi na annoba, kamar annobar cutar Ebola ta Yammacin Afirka ta 2014-2016 ko barkewar SARS ta 2003, ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suna cikin haɗarin mafi girma, kuma sun kamu da cutar ba daidai ba a cikin barkewar cutar Ebola da SARS. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Verbeek |first=Jos H. |last2=Rajamaki |first2=Blair |last3=Ijaz |first3=Sharea |last4=Sauni |first4=Riitta |last5=Toomey |first5=Elaine |last6=Blackwood |first6=Bronagh |last7=Tikka |first7=Christina |last8=Ruotsalainen |first8=Jani H. |last9=Kilinc Balci |first9=F. Selcen |date=May 15, 2020 |title=Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body fluids in healthcare staff |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2020 |issue=5 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD011621.pub5 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=8785899 |pmid=32412096 |s2cid=218649177 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFVerbeekRajamakiIjazSauni2020&quot;&gt;Verbeek, Jos H.; Rajamaki, Blair; Ijaz, Sharea; Sauni, Riitta; Toomey, Elaine; Blackwood, Bronagh; Tikka, Christina; Ruotsalainen, Jani H.; Kilinc Balci, F. Selcen (May 15, 2020). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8785899 &quot;Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body fluids in healthcare staff&quot;]. ''The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews''. '''2020''' (5) CD011621. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011621.pub5|10.1002/14651858.CD011621.pub5]]. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[hdl:1983/b7069408-3bf6-457a-9c6f-ecc38c00ee48|1983/b7069408-3bf6-457a-9c6f-ecc38c00ee48]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-493X 1469-493X]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8785899 8785899]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32412096 32412096]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218649177 218649177].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Gabaɗaya, kayan kariya na sirri masu dacewa (PPE) shine hanya ta farko ta kariya ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya daga cututtuka masu yaɗuwa. Domin ya yi tasiri ga cututtuka masu yaɗuwa, kayan kariya na sirri dole ne su kasance masu hana ruwa shiga fata da mucous membranes daga taɓa kayan da ke yaɗuwa. Ana amfani da matakai daban-daban na kayan kariya na sirri da aka ƙera bisa ƙa'idodi na musamman a yanayi inda haɗarin kamuwa da cuta ya bambanta. Ayyuka kamar su safar hannu sau uku da na'urorin numfashi da yawa ba sa samar da kariya mafi girma kuma suna kawo nauyi ga ma'aikacin, wanda kuma yana cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cuta lokacin cire PPE. Bin ƙa'idodin kayan kariya na sirri masu dacewa na iya zama da wahala a wasu yanayi, kamar yanayin wurare masu zafi ko saitunan albarkatun ƙasa marasa ƙarfi. Wani bita na tsarin Cochrane na 2020 ya gano ƙarancin inganci shaida cewa amfani da masana'anta mai numfashi a cikin PPE, safar hannu sau biyu, da horo mai aiki yana rage haɗarin gurɓatawa amma ana buƙatar ƙarin gwaje-gwaje masu sarrafawa don yadda ya fi kyau a horar da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a cikin amfani da PPE da ya dace. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Verbeek |first=Jos H. |last2=Rajamaki |first2=Blair |last3=Ijaz |first3=Sharea |last4=Sauni |first4=Riitta |last5=Toomey |first5=Elaine |last6=Blackwood |first6=Bronagh |last7=Tikka |first7=Christina |last8=Ruotsalainen |first8=Jani H. |last9=Kilinc Balci |first9=F. Selcen |date=May 15, 2020 |title=Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body fluids in healthcare staff |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2020 |issue=5 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD011621.pub5 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=8785899 |pmid=32412096 |s2cid=218649177 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Gwaji, gwaji, da kuma ilimi kan tarin fuka ====
Bisa ga shawarwarin da Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafi ta Amurka (CDC) ta bayar game da gwajin tarin fuka da kuma gwajin cutar, ya kamata a bi waɗannan hanyoyin mafi kyau yayin ɗaukar ma'aikatan Lafiya da kuma ɗaukar su aiki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sosa |first=Lynn E. |date=April 2, 2019 |title=Tuberculosis Screening, Testing, and Treatment of U.S. Health Care Personnel: Recommendations from the National Tuberculosis Controllers Association and CDC, 2019 |journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |volume=68 |issue=19 |pages=439–443 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm6819a3 |pmc=6522077 |pmid=31099768 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lokacin da ake ɗaukar Ma'aikatan Kula da Lafiya, mai nema ya kamata ya kammala waɗannan abubuwa: &lt;ref name=&quot;healthcareworkers&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 8, 2021 |title=Testing Health Care Workers &amp;#124; Testing &amp; Diagnosis &amp;#124; TB &amp;#124; CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/testing/healthcareworkers.htm |website=www.cdc.gov}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/testing/healthcareworkers.htm &quot;Testing Health Care Workers &amp;#x7C; Testing &amp; Diagnosis &amp;#x7C; TB &amp;#x7C; CDC&quot;]. ''www.cdc.gov''. March 8, 2021.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; kimanta haɗarin tarin fuka, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Health Care Personnel (HCP) Baseline Individual TB Risk Assessment |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/infectioncontrol/pdf/healthCareSettings-assessment.pdf |access-date=18 September 2022 |publisher=cdc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; kimanta alamun tarin fuka ga aƙalla waɗanda aka lissafa a shafin Alamomi da Alamomi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 4, 2021 |title=Signs &amp; Symptoms &amp;#124; Basic TB Facts &amp;#124; TB &amp;#124; CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/signsandsymptoms.htm |website=www.cdc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; gwajin tarin fuka bisa ga jagororin Gwaji don Kamuwa da Tarinfuka, &lt;ref name=&quot;tbtesttypes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 8, 2021 |title=Testing for TB Infection &amp;#124; Testing &amp; Diagnosis &amp;#124; TB &amp;#124; CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/testing/tbtesttypes.htm |website=www.cdc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; da ƙarin kimantawa don cutar tarin fuka kamar yadda ake buƙata (misali x-ray na ƙirji don HCP tare da gwajin tarin fuka mai kyau) &lt;ref name=&quot;healthcareworkers&quot; /&gt; CDC ta ba da shawarar ko dai gwajin jini, wanda aka sani da gwajin sakin interferon-gamma (IGRA), ko gwajin fata, wanda kuma aka sani da gwajin fata na Mantoux tuberculin (TST). &lt;ref name=&quot;tbtesttypes&quot; /&gt; Gwajin jinin tarin fuka don gwajin farko ba ya buƙatar gwajin matakai biyu. Idan ana amfani da hanyar gwajin fata don gwada HCP lokacin da aka ɗauki hayar, to ya kamata a yi amfani da gwajin matakai biyu. Ba a ba da shawarar gwajin mataki ɗaya ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;healthcareworkers&quot; /&gt;

CDC ta bayyana ƙarin bayani game da gwajin da aka ba da shawarar ga yanayi daban-daban. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Guidelines for Preventing the Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Health-Care Settings, 2005 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5417a1.htm?s_cid=rr5417a1_e#box1 |website=www.cdc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; A taƙaice:

# Ba a ba da shawarar gwajin fata mai inganci da aka riga aka yi (TST) sannan a sake yin ƙarin gwajin TST ba
# An riga an rubuta TST mara kyau a cikin watanni 12 kafin a fara aiki KO kuma aƙalla TST guda biyu da aka rubuta mara kyau a baya, to ana ba da shawarar TST guda ɗaya
# Duk sauran yanayi, ban da shirye-shiryen da ke amfani da gwaje-gwajen jini, gwajin da aka ba da shawarar shine gwajin matakai biyu na TST

Bisa ga waɗannan jagororin gwaji da aka ba da shawarar, duk wani sakamakon TST mara kyau guda biyu cikin watanni 12 da juna ya ƙunshi TST mai matakai biyu.

Don tantancewa ta shekara-shekara, gwaji, da ilimi, abin da kawai ake buƙata a duk HCP shine a sami ilimin tarin fuka kowace shekara. &lt;ref name=&quot;healthcareworkers&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 8, 2021 |title=Testing Health Care Workers &amp;#124; Testing &amp; Diagnosis &amp;#124; TB &amp;#124; CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/testing/healthcareworkers.htm |website=www.cdc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa CDC tana ba da kayan ilimi, babu wata ƙa'ida da aka ƙayyade game da abin da ke ƙunshe da ingantaccen ilimi na shekara-shekara. Ba a ba da shawarar gwajin tarin fuka na shekara-shekara ba sai dai idan akwai wani sananne da ya kamu da cutar ko kuma yana ci gaba da yaɗuwa a cibiyar kiwon lafiya. Idan an yi la'akari da HCP a cikin haɗarin aiki na gwajin tarin fuka na shekara-shekara, ana iya la'akari da shi. Ga HCP mai tarihin da aka rubuta na sakamakon gwajin tarin fuka mai kyau, ba sai an sake gwada shi ba, amma ya kamata ya kammala kimanta alamun cutar tarin fuka. Ana ɗauka cewa duk wani HCP wanda aka yi gwajin x-ray na ƙirji ya sami sakamakon gwajin da ya gabata mai kyau. Lokacin da ake la'akari da lafiyar kwakwalwa, za ku iya ganin likitan ku don a tantance shi bisa ga shawararku. Ana ba da shawarar ganin wani aƙalla sau ɗaya a shekara don tabbatar da cewa babu wani canji kwatsam. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Spoorthy |first=Mamidipalli Sai |last2=Pratapa |first2=Sree Karthik |last3=Mahant |first3=Supriya |date=June 2020 |title=Mental health problems faced by healthcare workers due to the COVID-19 pandemic–A review |journal=Asian Journal of Psychiatry |language=en |volume=51 |doi=10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102119 |pmc=7175897 |pmid=32339895}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗarin zamantakewa ===
Damuwa a wurin aiki da gajiyar aiki sun fi yawa a tsakanin kwararrun likitoci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ruotsalainen |first=Jani H. |last2=Verbeek |first2=Jos H. |last3=Mariné |first3=Albert |last4=Serra |first4=Consol |date=2015-04-07 |title=Preventing occupational stress in healthcare workers |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2015 |issue=4 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002892.pub5 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=6718215 |pmid=25847433}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa damuwar wurin aiki ta yaɗu a masana'antar kiwon lafiya saboda [[Kayan kiwon lafiya na mutane|rashin isasshen matakin ma'aikata]], tsawon lokacin aiki, kamuwa da cututtuka masu yaɗuwa da [[abubuwa masu haɗari]] da ke haifar da rashin lafiya ko mutuwa, da kuma barazanar shari'ar rashin bin ƙa'ida . Sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da damuwa sun haɗa da wahalar da ake sha wajen kula da marasa lafiya da yawan marasa lafiya. Sakamakon wannan damuwa na iya haɗawa da shan muggan kwayoyi, [[Kisan kai|kashe kai]], [[Babban rashin damuwa|babban rashin kwanciyar hankali]], da [[Anxiety|damuwa]], duk waɗannan suna faruwa ne a mafi yawan lokuta a cikin ƙwararrun likitoci fiye da na ma'aikata gabaɗaya. Haɓaka matakan damuwa kuma suna da alaƙa da yawan gajiya, rashin zuwa aiki da kurakuran bincike, da raguwar gamsuwar marasa lafiya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2 December 2008 |title=Exposure to Stress: Occupational Hazards in Hospitals |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2008-136/default.html |url-status=live |journal=NIOSH Publication No. 2008–136 |issue=July 2008 |doi=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2008136 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212130033/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2008-136/default.html |archive-date=12 December 2008 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Kanada, wani rahoto na ƙasa ( ''Masu Ba da Kula da Lafiya na Kanada'' ) ya kuma nuna ƙaruwar rashin zuwa aiki saboda rashin lafiya ko nakasa a tsakanin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya idan aka kwatanta da sauran ma'aikata, kodayake waɗanda ke aiki a fannin kiwon lafiya sun ba da rahoton irin wannan matakin lafiya mai kyau da ƙarancin rahotannin rauni a wurin aiki. 

Akwai wasu shaidu da ke nuna cewa maganin fahimta da ɗabi'a, horon shakatawa da kuma tausa (gami da tunani da tausa ), da kuma gyara jadawalin aiki na iya rage damuwa da gajiya tsakanin sassa daban-daban na masu samar da kiwon lafiya. Ana ci gaba da bincike a wannan fanni, musamman game da likitoci, waɗanda ba a yi bincike sosai kan damuwar aiki da gajiyar da suke fuskanta ba idan aka kwatanta da sauran sana'o'in kiwon lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ruotsalainen |first=JH |last2=Verbeek |first2=JH |last3=Mariné |first3=A |last4=Serra |first4=C |date=7 April 2015 |title=Preventing occupational stress in healthcare workers. |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2015 |issue=4 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002892.pub5 |pmc=6718215 |pmid=25847433}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da rauni a wurin aiki saboda tashin hankali. Marasa lafiya da masu ziyara da suka bugu, suka rikice, kuma suka zama masu adawa barazana ce ga masu ba da sabis waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin kula da marasa lafiya. Sau da yawa, ba a ba da rahoton kai hari da tashin hankali a wurin kiwon lafiya kuma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hartley&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hartley |first=Dan |last2=Ridenour |first2=Marilyn |date=12 August 2013 |title=Free On-line Violence Prevention Training for Nurses |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/blogs/2013/violence-prevention-training.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116120810/http://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2013/08/12/hcwviolence-prevention/ |archive-date=16 January 2015 |access-date=15 January 2015 |publisher=National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abubuwan da suka faru na tashin hankali galibi suna faruwa ne a lokacin kulawa ta mutum ɗaya; kasancewa kaɗai tare da marasa lafiya yana ƙara haɗarin kai hari ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hartley |first=Dan |last2=Ridenour |first2=Marilyn |date=September 13, 2011 |title=Workplace Violence in the Healthcare Setting |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/749441 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208224755/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/749441 |archive-date=February 8, 2014 |website=NIOSH: Workplace Safety and Health |publisher=Medscape and NIOSH}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Amurka, ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suna fuskantar  hankali a wurin aiki ba tare da mutuwa ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hartley&quot; /&gt; Sashen masu tabin hankali suna wakiltar mafi girman adadin abubuwan tashin hankali, a kashi 40%; sai kuma sashen tsofaffi (20%) da sashen gaggawa (10%). Tashin hankalin wurin aiki kuma yana iya haifar da rauni a hankali. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suma suna iya fuskantar [[rashin barci]] saboda ayyukansu. Yawancin ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya suna kan jadawalin aikinsu na aiki, saboda haka suna fuskantar rashin daidaito a jadawalin aikinsu da kuma yanayin circadian ɗinsu. A shekara ta 2007, an gano cewa kashi 32% na ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suna samun ƙasa da sa'o'i 6 na barci a dare. Rashin barci kuma yana sa ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya su yi kurakurai waɗanda ka iya jefa majiyyaci cikin haɗari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Caruso |first=Claire C. |date=August 2, 2012 |title=Running on Empty: Fatigue and Healthcare Professionals |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/768414 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511070909/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/768414 |archive-date=May 11, 2013 |website=NIOSH: Workplace Safety and Health |publisher=Medscape and NIOSH}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Annobar cutar covid ====
Musamman a lokuta kamar na yanzu (2020), haɗarin da ke tattare da ƙwararrun likitoci yana haifar da lafiyar kwakwalwa. Bincike daga 'yan watannin da suka gabata ya nuna cewa COVID-19 ya ba da gudummawa sosai&amp;nbsp;ga tabarbarewar lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin masu samar da kiwon lafiya. Wannan ya haɗa da, amma ba'a iyakance ga ba, damuwa, baƙin ciki/ƙonewa, da rashin barci. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Wani bincike da Di Mattei et al. (2020) suka gudanar ya nuna cewa kashi 12.63% na ma'aikatan jinya na COVID da kashi 16.28% na sauran ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na COVID sun ba da rahoton alamun damuwa mai tsanani a lokacin da annobar ta fara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Di Mattei |first=Valentina |last2=Perego |first2=Gaia |last3=Milano |first3=Francesca |last4=Mazzetti |first4=Martina |last5=Taranto |first5=Paola |last6=Di Pierro |first6=Rossella |last7=De Panfilis |first7=Chiara |last8=Madeddu |first8=Fabio |last9=Preti |first9=Emanuele |date=2021-05-15 |title=The &quot;Healthcare Workers' Wellbeing (Benessere Operatori)&quot; Project: A Picture of the Mental Health Conditions of Italian Healthcare Workers during the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=18 |issue=10 |page=5267 |doi=10.3390/ijerph18105267 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=8156728 |pmid=34063421 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, an gudanar da wani bincike kan ma'aikata na cikakken lokaci 1,448 a Japan. An yi wa mahalarta binciken a farkon Maris 2020 sannan kuma a watan Mayu 2020. Sakamakon binciken ya nuna cewa damuwa da damuwa sun ƙaru a tsakanin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a lokacin barkewar COVID-19. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sasaki |first=Natsu |last2=Kuroda |first2=Reiko |last3=Tsuno |first3=Kanami |last4=Kawakami |first4=Norito |date=2020-11-01 |title=The deterioration of mental health among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 outbreak: A population-based cohort study of workers in Japan |url=http://www.sjweh.fi/show_abstract.php?abstract_id=3922 |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment &amp; Health |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=639–644 |doi=10.5271/sjweh.3922 |issn=0355-3140 |pmc=7737801 |pmid=32905601}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hakazalika, bincike ya kuma nuna cewa bayan annobar, akalla ɗaya cikin biyar daga cikin ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya sun ba da rahoton alamun damuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pappa |first=Sofia |last2=Ntella |first2=Vasiliki |last3=Giannakas |first3=Timoleon |last4=Giannakoulis |first4=Vassilis G. |last5=Papoutsi |first5=Eleni |last6=Katsaounou |first6=Paraskevi |date=August 2020 |title=Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Brain, Behavior, and Immunity |volume=88 |pages=901–907 |doi=10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.026 |pmc=7206431 |pmid=32437915}}&lt;/ref&gt; Musamman ma, an tantance ɓangaren &quot;damuwa a cikin bincike 12, tare da yawan masu kamuwa da cutar da ya kai kashi 23.2%&quot; bayan COVID. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Idan aka yi la'akari da dukkan mahalarta 1,448, wannan kaso ya kai kimanin mutane 335.

==== Cin zarafin marasa lafiya ====

* Marasa lafiya suna zaɓar waɗanda suka fi rauni. Misali, Cho ya ce waɗannan za su kasance ma'aikatan jinya waɗanda ba su da ƙwarewa ko kuma suna ƙoƙarin saba da sabbin ayyukansu a wurin aiki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cho |first=Hyeonmi |last2=Pavek |first2=Katie |last3=Steege |first3=Linsey |date=2020-07-22 |title=Workplace verbal abuse, nurse-reported quality of care and patient safety outcomes among early-career hospital nurses |journal=Journal of Nursing Management |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=1250–1258 |doi=10.1111/jonm.13071 |issn=0966-0429 |pmid=32564407 |s2cid=219972442 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sauran marubutan da suka yarda da wannan su ne Vento, Cainelli, &amp; Vallone kuma sun ce dalilin da ya sa marasa lafiya ke haifar da haɗari ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya shine saboda rashin isasshen sadarwa a tsakaninsu, dogayen layukan jira, da cunkoso a wuraren jira. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vento |first=Sandro |last2=Cainelli |first2=Francesca |last3=Vallone |first3=Alfredo |date=2020-09-18 |title=Violence Against Healthcare Workers: A Worldwide Phenomenon With Serious Consequences |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=8 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2020.570459 |issn=2296-2565 |pmc=7531183 |pmid=33072706 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan marasa lafiya suka yi kutse da/ko suka yi wa malaman makaranta rashin adalci, wannan yana sa ma'aikatan su yi tambayar abin da ya kamata su yi game da kula da majiyyaci.
* Akwai abubuwa da yawa da suka faru daga marasa lafiya waɗanda suka sa wasu ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suka shiga cikin damuwa kuma suna da shakku sosai. Goldblatt da sauran marubuta&amp;nbsp;ta ce akwai wata mata da ke haihuwa; mijinta ya ce, &quot;Wa ke da iko a nan?&quot; &quot;Su wanene waɗannan karuwai da kuke ɗauka aiki a nan&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Goldblatt 1908–1933&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Goldblatt |first=Hadass |last2=Freund |first2=Anat |last3=Drach-Zahavy |first3=Anat |last4=Enosh |first4=Guy |last5=Peterfreund |first5=Ilana |last6=Edlis |first6=Neomi |date=2020-05-01 |title=Providing Health Care in the Shadow of Violence: Does Emotion Regulation Vary Among Hospital Workers From Different Professions? |journal=Journal of Interpersonal Violence |language=en |volume=35 |issue=9–10 |pages=1908–1933 |doi=10.1177/0886260517700620 |issn=0886-2605 |pmid=29294693 |s2cid=19304885}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGoldblattFreundDrach-ZahavyEnosh2020&quot;&gt;Goldblatt, Hadass; Freund, Anat; Drach-Zahavy, Anat; Enosh, Guy; Peterfreund, Ilana; Edlis, Neomi (2020-05-01). &quot;Providing Health Care in the Shadow of Violence: Does Emotion Regulation Vary Among Hospital Workers From Different Professions?&quot;. ''Journal of Interpersonal Violence''. '''35''' (&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9–&lt;/span&gt;10): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1908–&lt;/span&gt;1933. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/0886260517700620|10.1177/0886260517700620]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0886-2605 0886-2605]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29294693 29294693]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19304885 19304885].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;Wannan abu ne mai matuƙar wahala a iya kauce masa domin an faɗa wa mutanen da ke kula da matarka da ɗanka.

=== Haɗarin jiki da sinadarai ===
[[Raunin aiki|Zamewa, tafiye-tafiye, da faɗuwa]] su ne na biyu mafi yawan sanadin da'awar diyya ga ma'aikata a Amurka kuma suna haifar da kashi 21% na rashin zuwa aiki saboda rauni. Waɗannan raunin galibi suna haifar da rauni da katsewar jiki ; mata, waɗanda suka haura shekaru 45, da waɗanda suka yi aiki ƙasa da shekara guda a fannin kiwon lafiya suna cikin haɗarin mafi girma. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=James W. |last2=Bell |first2=Jennifer L. |date=June 11, 2012 |title=Slipping, Tripping, and Falling at Work |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/765348 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203232137/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/765348 |archive-date=December 3, 2012 |website=NIOSH: Workplace Safety and Health |publisher=Medscape and NIOSH}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCollinsBell2012&quot;&gt;Collins, James W.; Bell, Jennifer L. (June 11, 2012). [http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/765348 &quot;Slipping, Tripping, and Falling at Work&quot;]. ''NIOSH: Workplace Safety and Health''. Medscape and NIOSH. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121203232137/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/765348 Archived] from the original on December 3, 2012.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani bincike da aka buga a shekarar 2018 ya binciki yanayin ji na ma'aikatan kula da lafiya da taimakon zamantakewa (HSA) da ke fuskantar hayaniya don kimantawa da kwatanta yawan [[Rashin ji|asarar ji]] ta hanyar ƙananan sassa a cikin ɓangaren. Yawancin kiyasin yawan masu fama da cutar HSA ya kama daga 14% zuwa 18%, amma sashin dakunan gwaje-gwaje na lafiya da ganewar asali yana da kashi 31% na yawan masu fama da cutar kuma ofisoshin duk sauran masu aikin lafiya daban-daban suna da kashi 24%. Sashen Kula da Lafiya na Yara shi ma yana da haɗarin da ya fi na masana'antar tunani da kashi 52%. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Masterson |first=Elizabeth A. |last2=Themann |first2=Christa L. |last3=Calvert |first3=Geoffrey M. |date=2018-04-15 |title=Prevalence of Hearing Loss Among Noise-Exposed Workers Within the Health Care and Social Assistance Sector, 2003 to 2012 |journal=Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine |language=en |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=350–356 |doi=10.1097/JOM.0000000000001214 |issn=1076-2752 |pmid=29111986 |s2cid=4637417}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fuskantar magungunan masu haɗari, gami da waɗanda ake amfani da su don [[Chemotherapy|maganin chemotherapy]], wani haɗari ne da ke iya faruwa a wurin aiki. Waɗannan magungunan na iya haifar da ciwon daji da sauran matsalolin lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Connor |first=Thomas H. |date=March 7, 2011 |title=Hazardous Drugs in Healthcare |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/738076 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307030022/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/738076 |archive-date=March 7, 2012 |website=NIOSH: Workplace Safety and Health |publisher=Medscape and NIOSH}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Abubuwan da ke haifar da jinsi ===
Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya mata na iya fuskantar wasu nau'ikan yanayi na musamman na rashin lafiya da damuwa da suka shafi wurin aiki. A cewar [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]], mata sun fi yawa a cikin ma'aikatan lafiya a ƙasashe da yawa kuma suna iya fuskantar raunin tsoka (saboda ayyukan aiki masu wahala kamar ɗagawa da motsa marasa lafiya) da gajiya. Ma'aikatan lafiya mata suna fuskantar magunguna masu haɗari da sinadarai a wurin aiki waɗanda ka iya haifar da mummunan sakamako na haihuwa kamar [[Barin ciki|zubar da ciki kwatsam]] da nakasar haihuwa . A wasu yanayi, ma'aikatan lafiya mata kuma suna fuskantar cin zarafin jinsi daga abokan aiki da marasa lafiya.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Swanson |first=Naomi |last2=Tisdale-Pardi |first2=Julie |last3=MacDonald |first3=Leslie |last4=Tiesman |first4=Hope M. |date=13 May 2013 |title=Women's Health at Work |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/blogs/2013/womens-health-at-work.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118223513/http://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2013/05/13/womens-health-at-work/ |archive-date=18 January 2015 |access-date=21 January 2015 |publisher=National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karancin ma'aikata ==
Hukumomi da yawa sun ba da rahoton ƙarancin adadin [[Kayan kiwon lafiya na mutane|albarkatun kiwon lafiya]] da aka horar don biyan buƙatun lafiyar jama'a da/ko manufofin isar da sabis, musamman a yankunan da ba su da isasshen kulawa a fannin lafiya. Misali, a Amurka, kasafin kuɗin tarayya na 2010 ya zuba dala miliyan 330 don ƙara yawan likitoci, mataimakan likitoci, masu aikin jinya, ma'aikatan jinya, da likitocin haƙori da ke aiki a yankunan ƙasar da ke fuskantar ƙarancin ƙwararrun likitoci. Kasafin Kuɗin yana faɗaɗa shirye-shiryen biyan rance ga likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya, da likitocin haƙori waɗanda suka yarda su yi aiki a yankunan da ba su da isasshen kulawa a fannin lafiya. Wannan kuɗaɗen zai haɓaka ƙarfin makarantun jinya don ƙara yawan ma'aikatan jinya. Hakanan zai ba jihohi damar ƙara samun damar kula da lafiyar baki ta hanyar tallafin haɓaka ma'aikatan haƙori. Sabbin albarkatun Kasafin Kuɗin za su ci gaba da faɗaɗa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da aka ba da kuɗi a cikin Dokar Farfaɗowa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/omb/assets/fy2010_new_era/A_New_Era_of_Responsibility2.pdf |access-date=2009-03-06 |website=[[Office of Management and Budget]] |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai ƙwararrun kula da lafiya miliyan 15.7 a Amurka kamar na 2011. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=James W. |last2=Bell |first2=Jennifer L. |date=June 11, 2012 |title=Slipping, Tripping, and Falling at Work |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/765348 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203232137/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/765348 |archive-date=December 3, 2012 |website=NIOSH: Workplace Safety and Health |publisher=Medscape and NIOSH}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A Kanada, kasafin kuɗin tarayya na 2011 ya sanar da wani shirin yafewa ɗaliban Kanada Lamunin ɗalibai don ƙarfafawa da tallafawa sabbin likitocin iyali, mataimakan likitoci, masu aikin jinya da ma'aikatan jinya don yin aiki a cikin yankunan karkara ko na nesa na ƙasar da ba a ba su kulawa sosai, gami da al'ummomin da ke ba da ayyukan kiwon lafiya ga al'ummomin First Nations da Inuit . 

A ƙasar Uganda, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta ba da rahoton cewa kusan kashi 50% na ma'aikatan lafiya a yankunan karkara da waɗanda ba su da isasshen kulawa har yanzu babu kowa a cikinsu. Tun daga farkon shekarar 2011, Ma'aikatar tana gudanar da bincike da nazarin kuɗaɗen da za a kashe domin tantance mafi kyawun fakitin jan hankali da riƙewa ga jami'an lafiya, jami'an jinya, masu harhada magunguna, da kuma masu fasaha a dakunan gwaje-gwaje a yankunan karkara na ƙasar. 

A matakin ƙasa da ƙasa, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta kiyasta ƙarancin likitoci, ungozoma, ma'aikatan jinya, da ma'aikatan tallafi kusan miliyan 4.3 a duk duniya don cimma matakan da aka tsara na ɗaukar nauyin kula da lafiya na farko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2006 |title=The World Health Report 2006 - Working together for health |url=https://www.who.int/whr/2006/en/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228033008/http://www.who.int/whr/2006/en/index.html |archive-date=2011-02-28 |publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ruwaito ƙarancin ya fi tsanani a cikin ƙasashe 57 mafi talauci, musamman a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na Afirka.

Ma'aikatan jinya su ne nau'in ma'aikatan jinya da suka fi fuskantar ƙarancin aiki a faɗin duniya. Akwai dalilai da yawa da ke sa ƙarancin aikin jinya ya zama ruwan dare a duniya. Wasu daga cikinsu sun haɗa da: rashin isasshen albashi, kaso mai yawa na ma'aikatan jinya da ke aiki sun haura shekaru 45 kuma suna gab da tsufan yin ritaya, gajiya, da rashin amincewa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mefoh |first=Philip Chukwuemeka |last2=Ude |first2=Eze Nsi |last3=Chukwuorji |first3=JohBosco Chika |date=2019-01-02 |title=Age and burnout syndrome in nursing professionals: moderating role of emotion-focused coping |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13548506.2018.1502457 |journal=Psychology, Health &amp; Medicine |language=en |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=101–107 |doi=10.1080/13548506.2018.1502457 |issn=1354-8506 |pmid=30095287 |s2cid=51954488 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An tsara shirye-shiryen ƙarfafa gwiwa don taimakawa wajen rage gibin masu harhada magunguna da ɗaliban harhada magunguna. Ba a san dalilin ƙarancin ɗaliban harhada magunguna ba amma ana iya ɗauka cewa ya faru ne saboda matsalar da shirin ke fuskanta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Traynor |first=Kate |date=2003-09-15 |title=Staffing shortages plague nation's pharmacy schools |url=https://academic.oup.com/ajhp/article/60/18/1822/5143042 |journal=American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy |language=en |volume=60 |issue=18 |pages=1822–1824 |doi=10.1093/ajhp/60.18.1822 |issn=1079-2082 |pmid=14521029 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sakamakon ƙarancin ma'aikatan jinya na iya haifar da rashin tsaro ga ma'aikata wanda ke haifar da rashin kyawun kulawar marasa lafiya. Abubuwa biyar ko fiye da haka da ke faruwa a kowace rana a asibiti sakamakon ma'aikatan jinya waɗanda ba sa samun isasshen hutu ko hutun abinci matsala ce da ta zama ruwan dare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Leslie |first=G. D. |date=October 2008 |title=Critical Staffing shortage |journal=Australian Nursing Journal |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=16–17 |doi=10.1016/s1036-7314(05)80033-5 |issn=1036-7314 |pmid=14692155}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dokoki da rajista ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Yin aiki ba tare da lasisin da ke aiki ba kuma na yanzu yawanci haramun ne. A mafi yawan yankuna, gwamnati ce ke tsara samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Mutanen da aka samu suna ba da ayyukan likitanci, nas ko wasu ayyukan ƙwararru ba tare da takardar shaida ko lasisin da ya dace ba na iya fuskantar takunkumi da tuhume-tuhume na laifuka wanda zai kai ga ɗaurin kurkuku. Adadin sana'o'in da ke ƙarƙashin ƙa'ida, buƙatun mutane don samun lasisin sana'a, da kuma yanayin takunkumin da za a iya sanyawa saboda rashin bin ƙa'ida ya bambanta a faɗin yankuna.

A Amurka, a ƙarƙashin dokokin jihar [[Michigan]], mutum yana da laifin aikata babban laifi idan aka gano shi a matsayin mai aikin likitanci ba tare da lasisin kansa ko rajista ba. Haka kuma ana iya daure ƙwararrun likitoci idan aka same su da laifin yin aiki fiye da iyakokin da lasisin su da rajistar su suka ba su. Dokokin jihar sun bayyana iyakokin aikin likitanci, aikin jinya, da kuma wasu ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya da suka yi tarayya da su.  &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (November 2014)&quot;&gt;tushen da ba shi da tabbas?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; A Florida, yin aikin likitanci ba tare da lasisin da ya dace ba laifi ne da aka ayyana a matsayin babban laifi na mataki na uku,  wanda zai iya yanke hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru biyar. Yin aikin kiwon lafiya ba tare da lasisin da ke haifar da mummunan rauni a jiki ba an rarraba shi a matsayin babban laifi na mataki na biyu, &lt;ref name=&quot;flrules&quot; /&gt; yana haifar da ɗaurin shekaru 15 a gidan yari.

A Burtaniya, gwamnati ce ke kula da kwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya; [[Kwamitin Kula da Lafiya da Kulawa|Majalisar Kula da Lafiya da Kula da Lafiya]] ta Burtaniya (HCPC) tana kare 'lakabin' kowace sana'a da take kula da ita. Misali, haramun ne wani ya kira kansa Mai Ilimin Jiki ko Mai daukar hoton rediyo idan ba sa cikin rajistar da HCPC ke da ita.

== Duba kuma ==
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== Manazarta ==
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== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.who.int/hrh/en/ Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya: Ma'aikatan Lafiya]
{{Health care}}{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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        <id>29451</id>
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      <comment>Saka databox</comment>
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Kwararren '''likita''', '''ƙwararren ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya''' ( '''HCP''' ), ko '''ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya''' (wani lokacin ana kiransa '''HCW''' ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=&lt;!--not stated--&gt; |date=29 November 2021 |title=HCWs With Long COVID Report Doubt, Disbelief From Colleagues |url=https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/963766 |website=Medscape}}&lt;/ref&gt; mai ba da [[Kula da lafiya|magani]] da shawarwari ne bisa ga horo da gogewa. Wannan fanni ya haɗa da waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin [[Ungozoma|ma'aikacin jinya]], likita (kamar likitan iyali, likitan ciki, likitan haihuwa, likitan tabin hankali, likitan rediyo, likitan tiyata da sauransu), likitan perfusion, mataimakin likita, likitan abinci mai rijista, ƙwararrun likitoci na gaggawa da ma'aikatan jinya, likitan dabbobi, ƙwararren likitan dabbobi, likitan ido, likitan magunguna, ƙwararren ma'aikacin kantin magani, mataimakin likita, mai ilimin motsa jiki, mai ilimin motsa jiki, [[Gyaran jiki|likitan haƙori]] [[Mai warkarwa na sana'a|,]] ungozoma, masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, likitan ji, ko masanin kimiyyar kiwon lafiya, ko kuma waɗanda ke yin ayyuka a cikin ayyukan kiwon lafiya masu alaƙa . Ƙwararru a [[Lafiyar jama'a|fannin lafiyar jama'a]] da lafiyar al'umma suma ƙwararrun lafiya ne.

== Filaye ==
[[Fayil:NY_College_of_Health_Professions_Massage_Therapy_Class.jpg|thumb|Ajin tausa na Kwalejin Lafiya ta NY]]
[[Fayil:US_Navy_doctors_deliver_a_healthy_baby.jpg|thumb|Likitocin sojojin ruwan Amurka sun haifi jariri mai lafiya]]
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
[[Fayil:Global_health_and_social_care_workers_70%25_women,_leaders_in_the_global_health_sector_30%25_women.png|thumb|330x330px|Kashi 70% na ma'aikatan lafiya da kula da jin dadin jama'a na duniya mata ne, kashi 30% na shugabannin a fannin lafiya na duniya mata ne.]]
[[Kayan kiwon lafiya na mutane|Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya]] sun ƙunshi nau'ikan sana'o'i da ayyuka daban-daban waɗanda ke ba da wani nau'in sabis na kiwon lafiya, gami da masu kula da kai tsaye kamar likitoci, masu aikin jinya, mataimakan likitoci [[Ungozoma|,]] ma'aikatan jinya, masu ilimin numfashi, likitocin haƙori, masu harhada magunguna, likitan harshe, [[Gyaran jiki|masu ilimin motsa jiki]], [[Mai warkarwa na sana'a|masu ilimin motsa jiki]], masu ilimin [[Gyaran jiki|motsa jiki]] da ɗabi'a, da kuma ƙwararrun lafiya kamar su phlebotomists, [[Masanin kimiyya na dakin gwaje-gwaje|masana kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwaje na likitanci]], masu abinci mai gina jiki, da ma'aikatan zamantakewa . Sau da yawa suna aiki a [[Asibiti|asibitoci]], cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da sauran wuraren isar da sabis, amma kuma a horon ilimi, bincike, da gudanarwa. Wasu suna ba da sabis na kulawa da magani ga marasa lafiya a gidaje masu zaman kansu. Ƙasashe da yawa suna da adadi mai yawa na ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na al'umma waɗanda ke aiki a wajen cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na yau da kullun. [[Gudanar da kiwon lafiya|Manajan ayyukan kiwon lafiya]], masu fasaha kan bayanai na kiwon lafiya, da sauran ma'aikatan taimako da ma'aikatan tallafi suma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na ƙungiyoyin kula da lafiya. 

Ana rarraba masu aikin kiwon lafiya zuwa sana'o'in kiwon lafiya . A cikin kowane fanni na ƙwarewa, galibi ana rarraba masu aikin bisa ga matakin ƙwarewa da ƙwarewar ƙwarewa. &quot;Ƙwararrun likitoci&quot; ƙwararru ne masu ƙwarewa, a cikin sana'o'in da galibi ke buƙatar ilimi mai zurfi, gami da karatun jami'a wanda ke haifar da samun digiri na farko ko mafi girma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=Classifying health workers |url=https://www.who.int/hrh/statistics/Health_workers_classification.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816123657/http://www.who.int/hrh/statistics/Health_workers_classification.pdf |archive-date=2015-08-16 |access-date=2016-02-13 |website=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan rukuni ya haɗa da likitoci, mataimakan likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya masu rijista, likitocin dabbobi, masu fasaha na dabbobi, mataimakan likitocin dabbobi, likitocin hakora, ungozoma, masu daukar hoton rediyo, masu harhada magunguna, masu ilimin motsa jiki, likitocin ido, masu aikin sashen aiki da sauransu. Ƙwararrun likitoci masu alaƙa, waɗanda kuma ake kira &quot;ƙwararrun ma'aikatan lafiya&quot; a cikin Rarraba Ayyuka na Ƙasa da Ƙasa, suna tallafawa aiwatar da tsare-tsaren kula da lafiya, magani da kuma tura waɗanda likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya, kula da numfashi, da sauran ƙwararrun lafiya suka kafa, kuma yawanci suna buƙatar cancantar aiki don yin aikinsu. Bugu da ƙari, ma'aikatan taimako marasa lasisi suna taimakawa wajen samar da ayyukan kula da lafiya kamar yadda aka ba da izini. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Wata hanyar da za a rarraba masu aikin kiwon lafiya ita ce bisa ga ɓangaren da suke aiki a ciki, kamar kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa, kula da juna biyu da haihuwa, kula da tiyata, kula da gyaran hali, ko lafiyar jama'a. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Lafiyar kwakwalwa ===
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Ma'aikacin lafiyar kwakwalwa ma'aikacin lafiya ne wanda ke ba da ayyuka don inganta lafiyar kwakwalwa na mutane ko magance cututtukan kwakwalwa . Waɗannan sun haɗa da likitocin tabin hankali, mataimakan likitocin tabin hankali, likitoci, masu ba da shawara, da masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na makaranta, [[Mai warkarwa na sana'a|masu ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali na aiki]], ma'aikatan zamantakewa na asibiti, ma'aikatan jinya na tabin hankali- masu aikin jinya, masu ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali na aure da iyali, masu ba da shawara kan lafiyar kwakwalwa, da sauran ƙwararrun lafiya da ƙwararrun ma'aikatan lafiya. Waɗannan masu ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya galibi suna magance cututtuka iri ɗaya, cututtuka, yanayi, da matsaloli; duk da haka, iyakokin aikinsu sau da yawa sun bambanta. Babban bambanci a cikin nau'ikan masu aikin lafiyar kwakwalwa shine ilimi da horo. &lt;ref name=&quot;AboutPsychs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=Difference Between Psychologists and Psychiatrists |url=http://psychology.about.com/od/psychotherapy/f/psychvspsych.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403173150/http://psychology.about.com/od/psychotherapy/f/psychvspsych.htm |archive-date=April 3, 2007 |access-date=March 4, 2007 |publisher=Psychology.about.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai illoli da yawa masu illa ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. Da yawa sun sami alamun rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa daban-daban, tun daga raunin motsin rai zuwa tsananin damuwa. Ba a yi wa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya magani yadda ya kamata ba kuma saboda haka lafiyar kwakwalwa, ta jiki, da ta motsin rai ta shafi hakan. Marubutan SAGE sun ce kashi 94% na ma'aikatan jinya sun fuskanci aƙalla alamar PTSD guda ɗaya bayan abin da ya faru. Wasu sun fuskanci mafarkai marasa daɗi, tunawa, da kuma martanin motsin rai na ɗan gajeren lokaci da na dogon lokaci. &lt;ref name=&quot;Goldblatt 1908–1933&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Goldblatt |first=Hadass |last2=Freund |first2=Anat |last3=Drach-Zahavy |first3=Anat |last4=Enosh |first4=Guy |last5=Peterfreund |first5=Ilana |last6=Edlis |first6=Neomi |date=2020-05-01 |title=Providing Health Care in the Shadow of Violence: Does Emotion Regulation Vary Among Hospital Workers From Different Professions? |journal=Journal of Interpersonal Violence |language=en |volume=35 |issue=9–10 |pages=1908–1933 |doi=10.1177/0886260517700620 |issn=0886-2605 |pmid=29294693 |s2cid=19304885}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cin zarafin yana haifar da mummunan tasiri ga waɗannan ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. Tashin hankali yana sa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya su kasance marasa kyau game da ayyukan aiki da marasa lafiya, kuma saboda haka suna &quot;jin matsin lamba don karɓar odar, bayar da wani samfuri, ko ba da magani&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Cheryl L. |last2=DeMass Martin |first2=Suzanne L. |last3=Markle-Elder |first3=Sara |date=April 2007 |title=Stopping Verbal Abuse in the Workplace |journal=American Journal of Nursing |volume=107 |issue=4 |pages=32–34 |doi=10.1097/01.naj.0000271177.59574.c5 |issn=0002-936X |pmid=17413727}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wani lokaci yana iya kamawa daga magana zuwa jima'i zuwa cin zarafi ta jiki, ko mai cin zarafin majiyyaci ne, iyalan majiyyaci, likita, masu kula da lafiya, ko ma'aikatan jinya. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Kula da mata masu juna biyu ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Ma'aikacin lafiya na uwa da jarirai ƙwararre ne a fannin kula da lafiya wanda ke kula da kula da mata da 'ya'yansu kafin, lokacin da kuma bayan juna biyu da haihuwa. Irin waɗannan ma'aikatan lafiya sun haɗa da masu kula da mata masu juna biyu, mataimakan likitoci, ungozoma, ma'aikatan jinya na haihuwa da sauransu da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin waɗannan sana'o'in shine a cikin horo da ikon samar da ayyukan tiyata da sauran ayyukan ceton rai.  A wasu ƙasashe masu tasowa, masu kula da haihuwa na gargajiya, ko ungozoma na gargajiya, su ne tushen farko na kula da ciki da haihuwa ga mata da iyalai da yawa, kodayake ba su da takardar sheda ko lasisi. A cewar bincike, ƙimar rashin jin daɗi tsakanin likitocin mata masu juna biyu (Ob-Gyns) ya kai tsakanin kashi 40 zuwa 75 cikin ɗari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ob-Gyn Burnout: Why So Many Doctors Are Questioning Their Calling |url=https://www.healthecareers.com/career-resources/on-the-job/ob-gyn-burnout |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=healthecareers.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tsofaffi ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Mai kula da tsofaffi yana tsarawa da kuma daidaita kulawar tsofaffi da/ko nakasassu don inganta lafiyarsu, inganta rayuwarsu, da kuma kiyaye 'yancin kansu na tsawon lokaci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Araujo de Carvalho |first=Islene |last2=Epping-Jordan |first2=JoAnne |last3=Pot |first3=Anne Margriet |last4=Kelley |first4=Edward |last5=Toro |first5=Nuria |last6=Thiyagarajan |first6=Jotheeswaran A |last7=Beard |first7=John R |date=2017-11-01 |title=Organizing integrated health-care services to meet older people's needs |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=95 |issue=11 |pages=756–763 |doi=10.2471/BLT.16.187617 |issn=0042-9686 |pmc=5677611 |pmid=29147056}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sun haɗa da [[Magungunan tsofaffi|likitocin tsofaffi]], [[Mai warkarwa na sana'a|masu ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da]] hankali na sana'a, mataimakan likitoci, masu aikin jinya na manya-masu ilimin gerontology, ƙwararrun ma'aikatan jinya na asibiti, masu harhada magunguna na tsofaffi, ma'aikatan jinya na tsofaffi, manajojin kula da tsofaffi, mataimakan tsofaffi, mataimakan tsofaffi, mataimakan jinya, [[Mai kula da shi|masu kula da tsofaffi]] da sauransu waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan buƙatun kula da lafiya da tunani na tsofaffi. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Tiyata ===
Likitan tiyata ƙwararre ne a fannin kiwon lafiya kuma ƙwararre ne a fannin tsarawa da kuma isar da kulawar majiyyaci a lokacin tiyata, har ma a lokacin da ake yin tiyata, tiyata da kuma lokacin murmurewa. Suna iya haɗawa da likitocin tiyata na gabaɗaya da ƙwararru, mataimakan likitoci, mataimakan likitocin tiyata, mataimakan likitocin tiyata, likitocin tiyata na dabbobi, masu fasaha a fannin dabbobi . likitocin maganin sa barci, mataimakan likitocin maganin sa barci, masu ba da maganin sa barci na ma'aikatan jinya, ma'aikatan jinya na tiyata, jami'an asibiti, masu aikin sashen tiyata , masu fasaha a fannin maganin sa barci, ma'aikatan jinya na lokacin tiyata, masu fasaha a fannin tiyata, da sauransu. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Gyaran jiki ===
Ma'aikacin kula da gyaran jiki ma'aikacin lafiya ne wanda ke ba da kulawa da magani wanda ke da nufin ingantawa da dawo da ƙwarewar aiki da ingancin rayuwa ga waɗanda ke da nakasa ta jiki ko [[Rashin lafiya na jiki|ta nakasa]] . Waɗannan sun haɗa da likitocin motsa jiki, mataimakan likitoci , ma'aikatan jinya na gyaran jiki, ƙwararrun ma'aikatan jinya na asibiti, masu aikin jinya, masu ilimin motsa jiki, masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki , masu gyaran jiki, masu [[Mai warkarwa na sana'a|gyaran]] [[Gyaran jiki|fata]] , masu gyaran fata , masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki , masu [[Gyaran jiki|gyaran]] jiki, masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki, masu gyaran jiki, da sauransu. 

=== Optometry ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Optometry wani fanni ne da aka saba da shi wanda ke da alaƙa da gyaran kurakuran refractive ta amfani da tabarau ko ruwan tabarau na ido, da kuma magance cututtukan ido. Likitocin ido kuma suna ba da kulawar ido gabaɗaya, gami da gwaje-gwajen tantancewa don glaucoma da retinopathy na masu ciwon suga da kuma kula da yanayin ido na yau da kullun ko na ido. Likitocin ido kuma suna iya yin ƙarin horo don ƙwarewa a fannoni daban-daban, gami da [[glaucoma]], retina na likita, [[Makanta|ƙarancin gani]], ko likitan yara . A wasu ƙasashe, kamar Burtaniya, Amurka, da Kanada, likitocin ido na iya yin ƙarin horo don samun damar yin wasu ayyukan tiyata.

=== Ganewar cututtuka ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Masu ba da ganewar asali na likita ma'aikatan lafiya ne da ke da alhakin tantance wace cuta ko yanayi ce ke bayyana alamun mutum da alamominsa. Sau da yawa ana kiranta da ganewar asali idan yanayin lafiyar ya kasance a ɓoye. Wannan yawanci ya ƙunshi ƙungiyar masu ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya a sassa daban-daban na ganewar asali. Waɗannan sun haɗa da masu ba da aikin rediyo, masu ba da aikin rediyo, masu ba da aikin hoto, [[Masanin kimiyya na dakin gwaje-gwaje|masana kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwaje na likitanci]], masu ilimin cututtuka, da ƙwararru masu alaƙa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Likitan Hakori ===
[[Fayil:US_Navy_030620-N-8937A-002_Lt._William_Peterson_(left)_of_Branch_Dental_Clinic_Sasebo,_Japan_drills_a_cavity_while_his_dental_assistant,_Miho_Otubo,_ensures_the_area_remains_clean.jpg|thumb|Mataimakin likitan hakori a dama yana tallafawa likitan hakori a hagu, yayin aikin tiyata.]]
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Likitan kula da hakori ma'aikacin lafiya ne kuma ƙwararre wanda ke ba da kulawa da magani don haɓaka da dawo da lafiyar baki. Waɗannan sun haɗa da likitocin hakora da likitocin hakora, mataimakan hakora, masu taimakon hakori, masu tsabtace hakori, ma'aikatan jinya na hakori, masu fasaha na hakori, masu ilimin hakora ko masu ilimin lafiyar baki, da ƙwararru masu alaƙa.

=== Kula da ƙafafu ===
Likitocin ƙafa, likitocin ƙafa, likitocin ƙafa, likitocin ƙafa, likitocin ƙafa, masu taimaka wa ƙafa, masu jinya na ƙafa da sauransu za su iya ba da kulawa da magani ga ƙafa, idon sawu, da ƙafar ƙasa.

=== Lafiyar jama'a ===
[[Lafiyar jama'a|Ma'aikacin lafiyar jama'a]] yana mai da hankali kan inganta lafiya tsakanin mutane, iyalai da al'ummomi ta hanyar rigakafi da maganin cututtuka da raunuka, sa ido kan shari'o'i, da kuma haɓaka halaye masu kyau. Wannan rukuni ya haɗa da ƙwararrun likitocin al'umma da na rigakafi, mataimakan likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya na lafiyar jama'a, masu harhada magunguna, ƙwararrun ma'aikatan jinya na asibiti, masu abinci mai gina jiki, [[Ma'akacin Kiwon Lafiya da Muhalli|jami'an lafiyar muhalli]] ( [[Ma'akacin Kiwon Lafiya da Muhalli|masu duba lafiyar jama'a]] ), ma'aikatan jinya, masu cutar annoba, likitocin haƙoran lafiya, da sauransu. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Madadin magani ===
A cikin al'ummomi da yawa, masu aikin madadin magani suna da alaƙa da adadi mai yawa na mutane, ko dai a cikin tsarin kula da lafiya na yau da kullun ko kuma a waje da tsarin kiwon lafiya na yau da kullun. Waɗannan sun haɗa da masu aikin acupuncture, Ayurveda, maganin herbalism, homeopathy, naturopathy, Reiki, [http://metagifted.org/topics/meta/shamballa/ Shamballa Reiki energy healing] Archived  , Magungunan Siddha, Magungunan gargajiya na kasar Sin, Magungunan gargajiya na Koriya, Unani, da [https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/yoga-effectiveness-and-safety Yoga] . A wasu ƙasashe kamar Kanada, ana ɗaukar likitocin chiropractor da masu ilimin cututtukan ƙashi (ba tare da la'akari da likitocin maganin ƙashi a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka ba]] ) a matsayin masu aikin magani na madadin.

== Haɗarin Aiki ==
[[Fayil:NIOSH_Aerosol_Sampler_(8743397933).jpg|thumb|222x222px|Wani ƙwararren ma'aikacin lafiya yana sanya na'urar ɗaukar samfurin iska don bincika kamuwa da mura ta iska]]
[[Fayil:Big_or_Small_-_OHSN_Uses_Standardized_Language_for_All.webm|thumb|Bidiyon da ke bayanin Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya da Tsaro ta Ma'aikata, kayan aiki don sa ido kan haɗarin aiki ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya]]
Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suna fuskantar ƙalubale na musamman na lafiya da aminci kuma Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya da Tsaron Ayyuka ta Ƙasa (NIOSH) ta amince da ita a matsayin ɓangaren masana'antu mai mahimmanci a cikin Ajandar Binciken Aiki ta Ƙasa (NORA) don gano da kuma samar da dabarun shiga tsakani game da batutuwan lafiya da aminci na aiki. &lt;ref name=&quot;cdc.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-02-15 |title=National Occupational Research Agenda for Healthcare and Social Assistance {{!}} NIOSH {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nora/councils/hcsa/agenda.html |access-date=2019-03-14 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗarin Halittu ===
Ana iya rage kamuwa da cututtukan numfashi kamar [[tarin fuka]] (wanda ''cutar tarin fuka ta Mycobacterium'' ke haifarwa) da [[Influenza|mura]] ta hanyar amfani da na'urorin numfashi ; wannan kamuwa da cutar babban haɗari ne ga ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bergman |first=Michael |last2=Zhuang |first2=Ziqing |last3=Shaffer |first3=Ronald E. |date=25 July 2013 |title=Advanced Headforms for Evaluating Respirator Fit |url=http://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2013/07/25/headforms/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116154510/http://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2013/07/25/headforms/ |archive-date=16 January 2015 |access-date=18 January 2015 |publisher=National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suma suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da ake kamuwa da su ta hanyar mu'amala mai tsawo da majiyyaci, gami da [[Ƙanzuwa|scabies]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=FitzGerald |first=Deirdre |last2=Grainger |first2=Rachel J. |last3=Reid |first3=Alex |date=2014 |title=Interventions for preventing the spread of infestation in close contacts of people with scabies |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2014 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009943.pub2 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=10819104 |pmid=24566946}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suma suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan da ke ɗauke da jini kamar [[hepatitis B]], [[hepatitis C]], da [[Kanjamau|HIV/AIDS]] ta hanyar raunukan da aka yi da allura ko kuma haɗuwa da ruwan jiki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cunningham |first=Thomas |last2=Burnett |first2=Garrett |date=17 May 2013 |title=Does your workplace culture help protect you from hepatitis? |url=http://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2013/05/17/hepatitis-safety-culture/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118200537/http://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2013/05/17/hepatitis-safety-culture/ |archive-date=18 January 2015 |access-date=18 January 2015 |publisher=National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;needlestick&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Reddy |first=Viraj K |last2=Lavoie |first2=Marie-Claude |last3=Verbeek |first3=Jos H |last4=Pahwa |first4=Manisha |date=14 November 2017 |title=Devices for preventing percutaneous exposure injuries caused by needles in healthcare personnel |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2017 |issue=11 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009740.pub3 |pmc=6491125 |pmid=29190036}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana iya rage wannan haɗarin ta hanyar allurar rigakafi lokacin da akwai allurar rigakafi, kamar tare da hepatitis B. &lt;ref name=&quot;needlestick&quot; /&gt; A cikin yanayi na annoba, kamar annobar cutar Ebola ta Yammacin Afirka ta 2014-2016 ko barkewar SARS ta 2003, ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suna cikin haɗarin mafi girma, kuma sun kamu da cutar ba daidai ba a cikin barkewar cutar Ebola da SARS. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Verbeek |first=Jos H. |last2=Rajamaki |first2=Blair |last3=Ijaz |first3=Sharea |last4=Sauni |first4=Riitta |last5=Toomey |first5=Elaine |last6=Blackwood |first6=Bronagh |last7=Tikka |first7=Christina |last8=Ruotsalainen |first8=Jani H. |last9=Kilinc Balci |first9=F. Selcen |date=May 15, 2020 |title=Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body fluids in healthcare staff |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2020 |issue=5 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD011621.pub5 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=8785899 |pmid=32412096 |s2cid=218649177 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gabaɗaya, kayan kariya na sirri masu dacewa (PPE) shine hanya ta farko ta kariya ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya daga cututtuka masu yaɗuwa. Domin ya yi tasiri ga cututtuka masu yaɗuwa, kayan kariya na sirri dole ne su kasance masu hana ruwa shiga fata da mucous membranes daga taɓa kayan da ke yaɗuwa. Ana amfani da matakai daban-daban na kayan kariya na sirri da aka ƙera bisa ƙa'idodi na musamman a yanayi inda haɗarin kamuwa da cuta ya bambanta. Ayyuka kamar su safar hannu sau uku da na'urorin numfashi da yawa ba sa samar da kariya mafi girma kuma suna kawo nauyi ga ma'aikacin, wanda kuma yana cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cuta lokacin cire PPE. Bin ƙa'idodin kayan kariya na sirri masu dacewa na iya zama da wahala a wasu yanayi, kamar yanayin wurare masu zafi ko saitunan albarkatun ƙasa marasa ƙarfi. Wani bita na tsarin Cochrane na 2020 ya gano ƙarancin inganci shaida cewa amfani da masana'anta mai numfashi a cikin PPE, safar hannu sau biyu, da horo mai aiki yana rage haɗarin gurɓatawa amma ana buƙatar ƙarin gwaje-gwaje masu sarrafawa don yadda ya fi kyau a horar da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a cikin amfani da PPE da ya dace. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Verbeek |first=Jos H. |last2=Rajamaki |first2=Blair |last3=Ijaz |first3=Sharea |last4=Sauni |first4=Riitta |last5=Toomey |first5=Elaine |last6=Blackwood |first6=Bronagh |last7=Tikka |first7=Christina |last8=Ruotsalainen |first8=Jani H. |last9=Kilinc Balci |first9=F. Selcen |date=May 15, 2020 |title=Personal protective equipment for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body fluids in healthcare staff |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2020 |issue=5 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD011621.pub5 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=8785899 |pmid=32412096 |s2cid=218649177 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Gwaji, gwaji, da kuma ilimi kan tarin fuka ====
Bisa ga shawarwarin da Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafi ta Amurka (CDC) ta bayar game da gwajin tarin fuka da kuma gwajin cutar, ya kamata a bi waɗannan hanyoyin mafi kyau yayin ɗaukar ma'aikatan Lafiya da kuma ɗaukar su aiki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sosa |first=Lynn E. |date=April 2, 2019 |title=Tuberculosis Screening, Testing, and Treatment of U.S. Health Care Personnel: Recommendations from the National Tuberculosis Controllers Association and CDC, 2019 |journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |volume=68 |issue=19 |pages=439–443 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm6819a3 |pmc=6522077 |pmid=31099768 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lokacin da ake ɗaukar Ma'aikatan Kula da Lafiya, mai nema ya kamata ya kammala waɗannan abubuwa: &lt;ref name=&quot;healthcareworkers&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 8, 2021 |title=Testing Health Care Workers &amp;#124; Testing &amp; Diagnosis &amp;#124; TB &amp;#124; CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/testing/healthcareworkers.htm |website=www.cdc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; kimanta haɗarin tarin fuka, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Health Care Personnel (HCP) Baseline Individual TB Risk Assessment |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/infectioncontrol/pdf/healthCareSettings-assessment.pdf |access-date=18 September 2022 |publisher=cdc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; kimanta alamun tarin fuka ga aƙalla waɗanda aka lissafa a shafin Alamomi da Alamomi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 4, 2021 |title=Signs &amp; Symptoms &amp;#124; Basic TB Facts &amp;#124; TB &amp;#124; CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/signsandsymptoms.htm |website=www.cdc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; gwajin tarin fuka bisa ga jagororin Gwaji don Kamuwa da Tarinfuka, &lt;ref name=&quot;tbtesttypes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 8, 2021 |title=Testing for TB Infection &amp;#124; Testing &amp; Diagnosis &amp;#124; TB &amp;#124; CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/testing/tbtesttypes.htm |website=www.cdc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; da ƙarin kimantawa don cutar tarin fuka kamar yadda ake buƙata (misali x-ray na ƙirji don HCP tare da gwajin tarin fuka mai kyau) &lt;ref name=&quot;healthcareworkers&quot; /&gt; CDC ta ba da shawarar ko dai gwajin jini, wanda aka sani da gwajin sakin interferon-gamma (IGRA), ko gwajin fata, wanda kuma aka sani da gwajin fata na Mantoux tuberculin (TST). &lt;ref name=&quot;tbtesttypes&quot; /&gt; Gwajin jinin tarin fuka don gwajin farko ba ya buƙatar gwajin matakai biyu. Idan ana amfani da hanyar gwajin fata don gwada HCP lokacin da aka ɗauki hayar, to ya kamata a yi amfani da gwajin matakai biyu. Ba a ba da shawarar gwajin mataki ɗaya ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;healthcareworkers&quot; /&gt;

CDC ta bayyana ƙarin bayani game da gwajin da aka ba da shawarar ga yanayi daban-daban. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Guidelines for Preventing the Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Health-Care Settings, 2005 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5417a1.htm?s_cid=rr5417a1_e#box1 |website=www.cdc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; A taƙaice:

# Ba a ba da shawarar gwajin fata mai inganci da aka riga aka yi (TST) sannan a sake yin ƙarin gwajin TST ba
# An riga an rubuta TST mara kyau a cikin watanni 12 kafin a fara aiki KO kuma aƙalla TST guda biyu da aka rubuta mara kyau a baya, to ana ba da shawarar TST guda ɗaya
# Duk sauran yanayi, ban da shirye-shiryen da ke amfani da gwaje-gwajen jini, gwajin da aka ba da shawarar shine gwajin matakai biyu na TST

Bisa ga waɗannan jagororin gwaji da aka ba da shawarar, duk wani sakamakon TST mara kyau guda biyu cikin watanni 12 da juna ya ƙunshi TST mai matakai biyu.

Don tantancewa ta shekara-shekara, gwaji, da ilimi, abin da kawai ake buƙata a duk HCP shine a sami ilimin tarin fuka kowace shekara. &lt;ref name=&quot;healthcareworkers&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=March 8, 2021 |title=Testing Health Care Workers &amp;#124; Testing &amp; Diagnosis &amp;#124; TB &amp;#124; CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/testing/healthcareworkers.htm |website=www.cdc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da cewa CDC tana ba da kayan ilimi, babu wata ƙa'ida da aka ƙayyade game da abin da ke ƙunshe da ingantaccen ilimi na shekara-shekara. Ba a ba da shawarar gwajin tarin fuka na shekara-shekara ba sai dai idan akwai wani sananne da ya kamu da cutar ko kuma yana ci gaba da yaɗuwa a cibiyar kiwon lafiya. Idan an yi la'akari da HCP a cikin haɗarin aiki na gwajin tarin fuka na shekara-shekara, ana iya la'akari da shi. Ga HCP mai tarihin da aka rubuta na sakamakon gwajin tarin fuka mai kyau, ba sai an sake gwada shi ba, amma ya kamata ya kammala kimanta alamun cutar tarin fuka. Ana ɗauka cewa duk wani HCP wanda aka yi gwajin x-ray na ƙirji ya sami sakamakon gwajin da ya gabata mai kyau. Lokacin da ake la'akari da lafiyar kwakwalwa, za ku iya ganin likitan ku don a tantance shi bisa ga shawararku. Ana ba da shawarar ganin wani aƙalla sau ɗaya a shekara don tabbatar da cewa babu wani canji kwatsam. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Spoorthy |first=Mamidipalli Sai |last2=Pratapa |first2=Sree Karthik |last3=Mahant |first3=Supriya |date=June 2020 |title=Mental health problems faced by healthcare workers due to the COVID-19 pandemic–A review |journal=Asian Journal of Psychiatry |language=en |volume=51 |doi=10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102119 |pmc=7175897 |pmid=32339895}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗarin zamantakewa ===
Damuwa a wurin aiki da gajiyar aiki sun fi yawa a tsakanin kwararrun likitoci. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ruotsalainen |first=Jani H. |last2=Verbeek |first2=Jos H. |last3=Mariné |first3=Albert |last4=Serra |first4=Consol |date=2015-04-07 |title=Preventing occupational stress in healthcare workers |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2015 |issue=4 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002892.pub5 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=6718215 |pmid=25847433}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa damuwar wurin aiki ta yaɗu a masana'antar kiwon lafiya saboda [[Kayan kiwon lafiya na mutane|rashin isasshen matakin ma'aikata]], tsawon lokacin aiki, kamuwa da cututtuka masu yaɗuwa da [[abubuwa masu haɗari]] da ke haifar da rashin lafiya ko mutuwa, da kuma barazanar shari'ar rashin bin ƙa'ida . Sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da damuwa sun haɗa da wahalar da ake sha wajen kula da marasa lafiya da yawan marasa lafiya. Sakamakon wannan damuwa na iya haɗawa da shan muggan kwayoyi, [[Kisan kai|kashe kai]], [[Babban rashin damuwa|babban rashin kwanciyar hankali]], da [[Anxiety|damuwa]], duk waɗannan suna faruwa ne a mafi yawan lokuta a cikin ƙwararrun likitoci fiye da na ma'aikata gabaɗaya. Haɓaka matakan damuwa kuma suna da alaƙa da yawan gajiya, rashin zuwa aiki da kurakuran bincike, da raguwar gamsuwar marasa lafiya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2 December 2008 |title=Exposure to Stress: Occupational Hazards in Hospitals |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2008-136/default.html |url-status=live |journal=NIOSH Publication No. 2008–136 |issue=July 2008 |doi=10.26616/NIOSHPUB2008136 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212130033/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2008-136/default.html |archive-date=12 December 2008 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Kanada, wani rahoto na ƙasa ( ''Masu Ba da Kula da Lafiya na Kanada'' ) ya kuma nuna ƙaruwar rashin zuwa aiki saboda rashin lafiya ko nakasa a tsakanin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya idan aka kwatanta da sauran ma'aikata, kodayake waɗanda ke aiki a fannin kiwon lafiya sun ba da rahoton irin wannan matakin lafiya mai kyau da ƙarancin rahotannin rauni a wurin aiki. 

Akwai wasu shaidu da ke nuna cewa maganin fahimta da ɗabi'a, horon shakatawa da kuma tausa (gami da tunani da tausa ), da kuma gyara jadawalin aiki na iya rage damuwa da gajiya tsakanin sassa daban-daban na masu samar da kiwon lafiya. Ana ci gaba da bincike a wannan fanni, musamman game da likitoci, waɗanda ba a yi bincike sosai kan damuwar aiki da gajiyar da suke fuskanta ba idan aka kwatanta da sauran sana'o'in kiwon lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ruotsalainen |first=JH |last2=Verbeek |first2=JH |last3=Mariné |first3=A |last4=Serra |first4=C |date=7 April 2015 |title=Preventing occupational stress in healthcare workers. |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2015 |issue=4 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002892.pub5 |pmc=6718215 |pmid=25847433}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da rauni a wurin aiki saboda tashin hankali. Marasa lafiya da masu ziyara da suka bugu, suka rikice, kuma suka zama masu adawa barazana ce ga masu ba da sabis waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin kula da marasa lafiya. Sau da yawa, ba a ba da rahoton kai hari da tashin hankali a wurin kiwon lafiya kuma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hartley&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hartley |first=Dan |last2=Ridenour |first2=Marilyn |date=12 August 2013 |title=Free On-line Violence Prevention Training for Nurses |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/blogs/2013/violence-prevention-training.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116120810/http://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2013/08/12/hcwviolence-prevention/ |archive-date=16 January 2015 |access-date=15 January 2015 |publisher=National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abubuwan da suka faru na tashin hankali galibi suna faruwa ne a lokacin kulawa ta mutum ɗaya; kasancewa kaɗai tare da marasa lafiya yana ƙara haɗarin kai hari ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hartley |first=Dan |last2=Ridenour |first2=Marilyn |date=September 13, 2011 |title=Workplace Violence in the Healthcare Setting |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/749441 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208224755/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/749441 |archive-date=February 8, 2014 |website=NIOSH: Workplace Safety and Health |publisher=Medscape and NIOSH}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Amurka, ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suna fuskantar  hankali a wurin aiki ba tare da mutuwa ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hartley&quot; /&gt; Sashen masu tabin hankali suna wakiltar mafi girman adadin abubuwan tashin hankali, a kashi 40%; sai kuma sashen tsofaffi (20%) da sashen gaggawa (10%). Tashin hankalin wurin aiki kuma yana iya haifar da rauni a hankali. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suma suna iya fuskantar [[rashin barci]] saboda ayyukansu. Yawancin ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya suna kan jadawalin aikinsu na aiki, saboda haka suna fuskantar rashin daidaito a jadawalin aikinsu da kuma yanayin circadian ɗinsu. A shekara ta 2007, an gano cewa kashi 32% na ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suna samun ƙasa da sa'o'i 6 na barci a dare. Rashin barci kuma yana sa ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya su yi kurakurai waɗanda ka iya jefa majiyyaci cikin haɗari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Caruso |first=Claire C. |date=August 2, 2012 |title=Running on Empty: Fatigue and Healthcare Professionals |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/768414 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511070909/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/768414 |archive-date=May 11, 2013 |website=NIOSH: Workplace Safety and Health |publisher=Medscape and NIOSH}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Annobar cutar covid ====
Musamman a lokuta kamar na yanzu (2020), haɗarin da ke tattare da ƙwararrun likitoci yana haifar da lafiyar kwakwalwa. Bincike daga 'yan watannin da suka gabata ya nuna cewa COVID-19 ya ba da gudummawa sosai&amp;nbsp;ga tabarbarewar lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin masu samar da kiwon lafiya. Wannan ya haɗa da, amma ba'a iyakance ga ba, damuwa, baƙin ciki/ƙonewa, da rashin barci. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Wani bincike da Di Mattei et al. (2020) suka gudanar ya nuna cewa kashi 12.63% na ma'aikatan jinya na COVID da kashi 16.28% na sauran ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na COVID sun ba da rahoton alamun damuwa mai tsanani a lokacin da annobar ta fara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Di Mattei |first=Valentina |last2=Perego |first2=Gaia |last3=Milano |first3=Francesca |last4=Mazzetti |first4=Martina |last5=Taranto |first5=Paola |last6=Di Pierro |first6=Rossella |last7=De Panfilis |first7=Chiara |last8=Madeddu |first8=Fabio |last9=Preti |first9=Emanuele |date=2021-05-15 |title=The &quot;Healthcare Workers' Wellbeing (Benessere Operatori)&quot; Project: A Picture of the Mental Health Conditions of Italian Healthcare Workers during the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=18 |issue=10 |page=5267 |doi=10.3390/ijerph18105267 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=8156728 |pmid=34063421 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, an gudanar da wani bincike kan ma'aikata na cikakken lokaci 1,448 a Japan. An yi wa mahalarta binciken a farkon Maris 2020 sannan kuma a watan Mayu 2020. Sakamakon binciken ya nuna cewa damuwa da damuwa sun ƙaru a tsakanin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a lokacin barkewar COVID-19. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sasaki |first=Natsu |last2=Kuroda |first2=Reiko |last3=Tsuno |first3=Kanami |last4=Kawakami |first4=Norito |date=2020-11-01 |title=The deterioration of mental health among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 outbreak: A population-based cohort study of workers in Japan |url=http://www.sjweh.fi/show_abstract.php?abstract_id=3922 |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment &amp; Health |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=639–644 |doi=10.5271/sjweh.3922 |issn=0355-3140 |pmc=7737801 |pmid=32905601}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hakazalika, bincike ya kuma nuna cewa bayan annobar, akalla ɗaya cikin biyar daga cikin ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya sun ba da rahoton alamun damuwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Pappa |first=Sofia |last2=Ntella |first2=Vasiliki |last3=Giannakas |first3=Timoleon |last4=Giannakoulis |first4=Vassilis G. |last5=Papoutsi |first5=Eleni |last6=Katsaounou |first6=Paraskevi |date=August 2020 |title=Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Brain, Behavior, and Immunity |volume=88 |pages=901–907 |doi=10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.026 |pmc=7206431 |pmid=32437915}}&lt;/ref&gt; Musamman ma, an tantance ɓangaren &quot;damuwa a cikin bincike 12, tare da yawan masu kamuwa da cutar da ya kai kashi 23.2%&quot; bayan COVID. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Idan aka yi la'akari da dukkan mahalarta 1,448, wannan kaso ya kai kimanin mutane 335.

==== Cin zarafin marasa lafiya ====

* Marasa lafiya suna zaɓar waɗanda suka fi rauni. Misali, Cho ya ce waɗannan za su kasance ma'aikatan jinya waɗanda ba su da ƙwarewa ko kuma suna ƙoƙarin saba da sabbin ayyukansu a wurin aiki. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cho |first=Hyeonmi |last2=Pavek |first2=Katie |last3=Steege |first3=Linsey |date=2020-07-22 |title=Workplace verbal abuse, nurse-reported quality of care and patient safety outcomes among early-career hospital nurses |journal=Journal of Nursing Management |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=1250–1258 |doi=10.1111/jonm.13071 |issn=0966-0429 |pmid=32564407 |s2cid=219972442 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sauran marubutan da suka yarda da wannan su ne Vento, Cainelli, &amp; Vallone kuma sun ce dalilin da ya sa marasa lafiya ke haifar da haɗari ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya shine saboda rashin isasshen sadarwa a tsakaninsu, dogayen layukan jira, da cunkoso a wuraren jira. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Vento |first=Sandro |last2=Cainelli |first2=Francesca |last3=Vallone |first3=Alfredo |date=2020-09-18 |title=Violence Against Healthcare Workers: A Worldwide Phenomenon With Serious Consequences |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=8 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2020.570459 |issn=2296-2565 |pmc=7531183 |pmid=33072706 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Idan marasa lafiya suka yi kutse da/ko suka yi wa malaman makaranta rashin adalci, wannan yana sa ma'aikatan su yi tambayar abin da ya kamata su yi game da kula da majiyyaci.
* Akwai abubuwa da yawa da suka faru daga marasa lafiya waɗanda suka sa wasu ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suka shiga cikin damuwa kuma suna da shakku sosai. Goldblatt da sauran marubuta&amp;nbsp;ta ce akwai wata mata da ke haihuwa; mijinta ya ce, &quot;Wa ke da iko a nan?&quot; &quot;Su wanene waɗannan karuwai da kuke ɗauka aiki a nan&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Goldblatt 1908–1933&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Goldblatt |first=Hadass |last2=Freund |first2=Anat |last3=Drach-Zahavy |first3=Anat |last4=Enosh |first4=Guy |last5=Peterfreund |first5=Ilana |last6=Edlis |first6=Neomi |date=2020-05-01 |title=Providing Health Care in the Shadow of Violence: Does Emotion Regulation Vary Among Hospital Workers From Different Professions? |journal=Journal of Interpersonal Violence |language=en |volume=35 |issue=9–10 |pages=1908–1933 |doi=10.1177/0886260517700620 |issn=0886-2605 |pmid=29294693 |s2cid=19304885}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGoldblattFreundDrach-ZahavyEnosh2020&quot;&gt;Goldblatt, Hadass; Freund, Anat; Drach-Zahavy, Anat; Enosh, Guy; Peterfreund, Ilana; Edlis, Neomi (2020-05-01). &quot;Providing Health Care in the Shadow of Violence: Does Emotion Regulation Vary Among Hospital Workers From Different Professions?&quot;. ''Journal of Interpersonal Violence''. '''35''' (&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9–&lt;/span&gt;10): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1908–&lt;/span&gt;1933. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/0886260517700620|10.1177/0886260517700620]]. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0886-2605 0886-2605]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29294693 29294693]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19304885 19304885].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;Wannan abu ne mai matuƙar wahala a iya kauce masa domin an faɗa wa mutanen da ke kula da matarka da ɗanka.

=== Haɗarin jiki da sinadarai ===
[[Raunin aiki|Zamewa, tafiye-tafiye, da faɗuwa]] su ne na biyu mafi yawan sanadin da'awar diyya ga ma'aikata a Amurka kuma suna haifar da kashi 21% na rashin zuwa aiki saboda rauni. Waɗannan raunin galibi suna haifar da rauni da katsewar jiki ; mata, waɗanda suka haura shekaru 45, da waɗanda suka yi aiki ƙasa da shekara guda a fannin kiwon lafiya suna cikin haɗarin mafi girma. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=James W. |last2=Bell |first2=Jennifer L. |date=June 11, 2012 |title=Slipping, Tripping, and Falling at Work |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/765348 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203232137/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/765348 |archive-date=December 3, 2012 |website=NIOSH: Workplace Safety and Health |publisher=Medscape and NIOSH}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani bincike da aka buga a shekarar 2018 ya binciki yanayin ji na ma'aikatan kula da lafiya da taimakon zamantakewa (HSA) da ke fuskantar hayaniya don kimantawa da kwatanta yawan [[Rashin ji|asarar ji]] ta hanyar ƙananan sassa a cikin ɓangaren. Yawancin kiyasin yawan masu fama da cutar HSA ya kama daga 14% zuwa 18%, amma sashin dakunan gwaje-gwaje na lafiya da ganewar asali yana da kashi 31% na yawan masu fama da cutar kuma ofisoshin duk sauran masu aikin lafiya daban-daban suna da kashi 24%. Sashen Kula da Lafiya na Yara shi ma yana da haɗarin da ya fi na masana'antar tunani da kashi 52%. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Masterson |first=Elizabeth A. |last2=Themann |first2=Christa L. |last3=Calvert |first3=Geoffrey M. |date=2018-04-15 |title=Prevalence of Hearing Loss Among Noise-Exposed Workers Within the Health Care and Social Assistance Sector, 2003 to 2012 |journal=Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine |language=en |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=350–356 |doi=10.1097/JOM.0000000000001214 |issn=1076-2752 |pmid=29111986 |s2cid=4637417}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fuskantar magungunan masu haɗari, gami da waɗanda ake amfani da su don [[Chemotherapy|maganin chemotherapy]], wani haɗari ne da ke iya faruwa a wurin aiki. Waɗannan magungunan na iya haifar da ciwon daji da sauran matsalolin lafiya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Connor |first=Thomas H. |date=March 7, 2011 |title=Hazardous Drugs in Healthcare |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/738076 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307030022/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/738076 |archive-date=March 7, 2012 |website=NIOSH: Workplace Safety and Health |publisher=Medscape and NIOSH}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Abubuwan da ke haifar da jinsi ===
Ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya mata na iya fuskantar wasu nau'ikan yanayi na musamman na rashin lafiya da damuwa da suka shafi wurin aiki. A cewar [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]], mata sun fi yawa a cikin ma'aikatan lafiya a ƙasashe da yawa kuma suna iya fuskantar raunin tsoka (saboda ayyukan aiki masu wahala kamar ɗagawa da motsa marasa lafiya) da gajiya. Ma'aikatan lafiya mata suna fuskantar magunguna masu haɗari da sinadarai a wurin aiki waɗanda ka iya haifar da mummunan sakamako na haihuwa kamar [[Barin ciki|zubar da ciki kwatsam]] da nakasar haihuwa . A wasu yanayi, ma'aikatan lafiya mata kuma suna fuskantar cin zarafin jinsi daga abokan aiki da marasa lafiya.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Swanson |first=Naomi |last2=Tisdale-Pardi |first2=Julie |last3=MacDonald |first3=Leslie |last4=Tiesman |first4=Hope M. |date=13 May 2013 |title=Women's Health at Work |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/blogs/2013/womens-health-at-work.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118223513/http://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2013/05/13/womens-health-at-work/ |archive-date=18 January 2015 |access-date=21 January 2015 |publisher=National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karancin ma'aikata ==
Hukumomi da yawa sun ba da rahoton ƙarancin adadin [[Kayan kiwon lafiya na mutane|albarkatun kiwon lafiya]] da aka horar don biyan buƙatun lafiyar jama'a da/ko manufofin isar da sabis, musamman a yankunan da ba su da isasshen kulawa a fannin lafiya. Misali, a Amurka, kasafin kuɗin tarayya na 2010 ya zuba dala miliyan 330 don ƙara yawan likitoci, mataimakan likitoci, masu aikin jinya, ma'aikatan jinya, da likitocin haƙori da ke aiki a yankunan ƙasar da ke fuskantar ƙarancin ƙwararrun likitoci. Kasafin Kuɗin yana faɗaɗa shirye-shiryen biyan rance ga likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya, da likitocin haƙori waɗanda suka yarda su yi aiki a yankunan da ba su da isasshen kulawa a fannin lafiya. Wannan kuɗaɗen zai haɓaka ƙarfin makarantun jinya don ƙara yawan ma'aikatan jinya. Hakanan zai ba jihohi damar ƙara samun damar kula da lafiyar baki ta hanyar tallafin haɓaka ma'aikatan haƙori. Sabbin albarkatun Kasafin Kuɗin za su ci gaba da faɗaɗa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da aka ba da kuɗi a cikin Dokar Farfaɗowa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/omb/assets/fy2010_new_era/A_New_Era_of_Responsibility2.pdf |access-date=2009-03-06 |website=[[Office of Management and Budget]] |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai ƙwararrun kula da lafiya miliyan 15.7 a Amurka kamar na 2011. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=James W. |last2=Bell |first2=Jennifer L. |date=June 11, 2012 |title=Slipping, Tripping, and Falling at Work |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/765348 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203232137/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/765348 |archive-date=December 3, 2012 |website=NIOSH: Workplace Safety and Health |publisher=Medscape and NIOSH}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A Kanada, kasafin kuɗin tarayya na 2011 ya sanar da wani shirin yafewa ɗaliban Kanada Lamunin ɗalibai don ƙarfafawa da tallafawa sabbin likitocin iyali, mataimakan likitoci, masu aikin jinya da ma'aikatan jinya don yin aiki a cikin yankunan karkara ko na nesa na ƙasar da ba a ba su kulawa sosai, gami da al'ummomin da ke ba da ayyukan kiwon lafiya ga al'ummomin First Nations da Inuit . 

A ƙasar Uganda, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta ba da rahoton cewa kusan kashi 50% na ma'aikatan lafiya a yankunan karkara da waɗanda ba su da isasshen kulawa har yanzu babu kowa a cikinsu. Tun daga farkon shekarar 2011, Ma'aikatar tana gudanar da bincike da nazarin kuɗaɗen da za a kashe domin tantance mafi kyawun fakitin jan hankali da riƙewa ga jami'an lafiya, jami'an jinya, masu harhada magunguna, da kuma masu fasaha a dakunan gwaje-gwaje a yankunan karkara na ƙasar. 

A matakin ƙasa da ƙasa, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta kiyasta ƙarancin likitoci, ungozoma, ma'aikatan jinya, da ma'aikatan tallafi kusan miliyan 4.3 a duk duniya don cimma matakan da aka tsara na ɗaukar nauyin kula da lafiya na farko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2006 |title=The World Health Report 2006 - Working together for health |url=https://www.who.int/whr/2006/en/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228033008/http://www.who.int/whr/2006/en/index.html |archive-date=2011-02-28 |publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; An ruwaito ƙarancin ya fi tsanani a cikin ƙasashe 57 mafi talauci, musamman a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara na Afirka.

Ma'aikatan jinya su ne nau'in ma'aikatan jinya da suka fi fuskantar ƙarancin aiki a faɗin duniya. Akwai dalilai da yawa da ke sa ƙarancin aikin jinya ya zama ruwan dare a duniya. Wasu daga cikinsu sun haɗa da: rashin isasshen albashi, kaso mai yawa na ma'aikatan jinya da ke aiki sun haura shekaru 45 kuma suna gab da tsufan yin ritaya, gajiya, da rashin amincewa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mefoh |first=Philip Chukwuemeka |last2=Ude |first2=Eze Nsi |last3=Chukwuorji |first3=JohBosco Chika |date=2019-01-02 |title=Age and burnout syndrome in nursing professionals: moderating role of emotion-focused coping |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13548506.2018.1502457 |journal=Psychology, Health &amp; Medicine |language=en |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=101–107 |doi=10.1080/13548506.2018.1502457 |issn=1354-8506 |pmid=30095287 |s2cid=51954488 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An tsara shirye-shiryen ƙarfafa gwiwa don taimakawa wajen rage gibin masu harhada magunguna da ɗaliban harhada magunguna. Ba a san dalilin ƙarancin ɗaliban harhada magunguna ba amma ana iya ɗauka cewa ya faru ne saboda matsalar da shirin ke fuskanta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Traynor |first=Kate |date=2003-09-15 |title=Staffing shortages plague nation's pharmacy schools |url=https://academic.oup.com/ajhp/article/60/18/1822/5143042 |journal=American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy |language=en |volume=60 |issue=18 |pages=1822–1824 |doi=10.1093/ajhp/60.18.1822 |issn=1079-2082 |pmid=14521029 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sakamakon ƙarancin ma'aikatan jinya na iya haifar da rashin tsaro ga ma'aikata wanda ke haifar da rashin kyawun kulawar marasa lafiya. Abubuwa biyar ko fiye da haka da ke faruwa a kowace rana a asibiti sakamakon ma'aikatan jinya waɗanda ba sa samun isasshen hutu ko hutun abinci matsala ce da ta zama ruwan dare. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Leslie |first=G. D. |date=October 2008 |title=Critical Staffing shortage |journal=Australian Nursing Journal |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=16–17 |doi=10.1016/s1036-7314(05)80033-5 |issn=1036-7314 |pmid=14692155}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dokoki da rajista ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Yin aiki ba tare da lasisin da ke aiki ba kuma na yanzu yawanci haramun ne. A mafi yawan yankuna, gwamnati ce ke tsara samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Mutanen da aka samu suna ba da ayyukan likitanci, nas ko wasu ayyukan ƙwararru ba tare da takardar shaida ko lasisin da ya dace ba na iya fuskantar takunkumi da tuhume-tuhume na laifuka wanda zai kai ga ɗaurin kurkuku. Adadin sana'o'in da ke ƙarƙashin ƙa'ida, buƙatun mutane don samun lasisin sana'a, da kuma yanayin takunkumin da za a iya sanyawa saboda rashin bin ƙa'ida ya bambanta a faɗin yankuna.

A Amurka, a ƙarƙashin dokokin jihar [[Michigan]], mutum yana da laifin aikata babban laifi idan aka gano shi a matsayin mai aikin likitanci ba tare da lasisin kansa ko rajista ba. Haka kuma ana iya daure ƙwararrun likitoci idan aka same su da laifin yin aiki fiye da iyakokin da lasisin su da rajistar su suka ba su. Dokokin jihar sun bayyana iyakokin aikin likitanci, aikin jinya, da kuma wasu ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya da suka yi tarayya da su.  &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (November 2014)&quot;&gt;tushen da ba shi da tabbas?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; A Florida, yin aikin likitanci ba tare da lasisin da ya dace ba laifi ne da aka ayyana a matsayin babban laifi na mataki na uku,  wanda zai iya yanke hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru biyar. Yin aikin kiwon lafiya ba tare da lasisin da ke haifar da mummunan rauni a jiki ba an rarraba shi a matsayin babban laifi na mataki na biyu, &lt;ref name=&quot;flrules&quot; /&gt; yana haifar da ɗaurin shekaru 15 a gidan yari.

A Burtaniya, gwamnati ce ke kula da kwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya; [[Kwamitin Kula da Lafiya da Kulawa|Majalisar Kula da Lafiya da Kula da Lafiya]] ta Burtaniya (HCPC) tana kare 'lakabin' kowace sana'a da take kula da ita. Misali, haramun ne wani ya kira kansa Mai Ilimin Jiki ko Mai daukar hoton rediyo idan ba sa cikin rajistar da HCPC ke da ita.

== Duba kuma ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Div col/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://www.who.int/hrh/en/ Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya: Ma'aikatan Lafiya]
{{Health care}}{{Authority control}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Diethylcarbamazine</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337984283|Diethylcarbamazine]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Diethylcarbamazine''' [[magani]] ne da ake amfani da shi wajen magance Filariasis ciki har da filariasis na lymphatic, eosinophilia na huhu na wurare masu zafi, da [[Cutar filariasis|loiasis]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Hakanan ana iya amfani dashi don rigakafin loiasis a cikin waɗanda ke cikin haɗari mai girma.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 September 2016 |title=Our Formulary Infectious Diseases Laboratories CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/laboratory/drugservice/formulary.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216173833/https://www.cdc.gov/laboratory/drugservice/formulary.html |archive-date=16 December 2016 |access-date=7 December 2016 |website=www.cdc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da yake an yi amfani da shi don onchocerciasis (makantar kogi), an fi son ivermectin. Ana shan shi ta baki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drug2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diethylcarbamazine Advanced Patient Information - Drugs.com |url=https://www.drugs.com/cons/diethylcarbamazine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220223430/https://www.drugs.com/cons/diethylcarbamazine.html |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=8 December 2016 |website=www.drugs.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sakamakon cututtuka na yau da kullun sun haɗa da ƙishirwa, kumburi na fuska, ciwon kai, da jin gajiya.[1] Sauran tasirin illa sun haɗa da asarar gani da mamaki.[1] Magani ne da aka ba da shawarar a ciki ciki kuma yana da aminci ga jariri.[2][3] Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya; duk da haka, ta ba da shawarar jira har sai bayan daukar ciki don magani idan ya yiwu.[4] An yi shi ne daga 4-methyl-piperazine.[5]

Diethylcarbamazine an gano shi ne a cikin 1947  ta hanyar Yellapragada Subbarow. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hewitt-et-al-1948&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hewitt R, Wallace W |date=June 1948 |title=The treatment of ascariasis in dogs with 1-diethylcarbamyl-4-methylpiperazine hydrochloride |journal=The Journal of Parasitology |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=237–239 |doi=10.2307/3273270 |jstor=3273270 |pmid=18867399 |s2cid=43592055}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kamath P, Shenoy KA |date=2013 |title=Yellapragada Subba Rao: The Unsung Hero |url=https://www.mjmsr.net/article.asp?issn=0975-9727;year=2013;volume=4;issue=2;spage=130;epage=132;aulast=Kamath |journal=Muller Journal of Medical Sciences and Research |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=130–132 |doi=10.4103/0975-9727.118248 |s2cid=72843672 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana cikin Jerin Magunguna Masu Muhimmanci na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya. Ba a samun sa a kasuwanci a Amurka amma ana iya samun sa daga Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 September 2016 |title=Our Formulary Infectious Diseases Laboratories CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/laboratory/drugservice/formulary.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216173833/https://www.cdc.gov/laboratory/drugservice/formulary.html |archive-date=16 December 2016 |access-date=7 December 2016 |website=www.cdc.gov}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.cdc.gov/laboratory/drugservice/formulary.html &quot;Our Formulary Infectious Diseases Laboratories CDC&quot;]. ''www.cdc.gov''. 22 September 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161216173833/https://www.cdc.gov/laboratory/drugservice/formulary.html Archived] from the original on 16 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amfani ga Lafiya ==
Ana nuna Diethylcarbamazine don maganin mutanen da ke da wasu cututtukan filarial, gami da lymphatic filariasis wanda kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, ko Brugia timori ke haifarwa; loiasis da eosinophilia na huhu na wurare masu zafi.[1] WHO ta ba da shawarar rubuta diethylcarbamazine ga mutanen da suka kamu da microfilariae na ƙwayoyin cuta na filarial da kuma don sarrafa yaɗuwar kamuwa da cuta a yankunan da filariasis ke yaɗuwa. [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed]

A Indiya da China, an kara diethylcarbamazine zuwa gishiri don yaki da filariasis na lymphatic.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lammie_2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lammie P, Milner T, Houston R |date=July 2007 |title=Unfulfilled potential: using diethylcarbamazine-fortified salt to eliminate lymphatic filariasis |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=85 |issue=7 |pages=545–549 |doi=10.2471/blt.06.034108 |pmc=2636360 |pmid=17768503}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abinda ke hanawa ==
Contraindications are previous history of heart problems, gastrointestinal problems, and allergies. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (September 2015)&quot;&gt;medical citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Hanyar aiki ==
Diethylcarbamazine mai hana metabolism na Arachidonic acid ne a cikin microfilariae . Wannan ya sa microfilariae ya fi saukin kamuwa da cutar rigakafi, amma ba ya kashe kwayar cuta kai tsaye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=El-Shahawi GA, Abdel-Latif M, Saad AH, Bahgat M |date=December 2010 |title=Setaria equina: in vivo effect of diethylcarbamazine citrate on microfilariae in albino rats |journal=Experimental Parasitology |volume=126 |issue=4 |pages=603–610 |doi=10.1016/j.exppara.2010.06.022 |pmid=20599991}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Al'umma da al'adu ==

=== Sunayen alama ===
Sunayen samfuran sun haɗa da Hetrazan, Carbilazine, Caricide, Cypip, Ethodryl, Notézine, Spatonin, Filaribits, Banocide Forte, da Eofil.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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'''Diethylcarbamazine''' [[magani]] ne da ake amfani da shi wajen magance Filariasis ciki har da filariasis na lymphatic, eosinophilia na huhu na wurare masu zafi, da [[Cutar filariasis|loiasis]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot; /&gt; Hakanan ana iya amfani dashi don rigakafin loiasis a cikin waɗanda ke cikin haɗari mai girma.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 September 2016 |title=Our Formulary Infectious Diseases Laboratories CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/laboratory/drugservice/formulary.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216173833/https://www.cdc.gov/laboratory/drugservice/formulary.html |archive-date=16 December 2016 |access-date=7 December 2016 |website=www.cdc.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da yake an yi amfani da shi don onchocerciasis (makantar kogi), an fi son ivermectin. Ana shan shi ta baki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drug2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Diethylcarbamazine Advanced Patient Information - Drugs.com |url=https://www.drugs.com/cons/diethylcarbamazine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220223430/https://www.drugs.com/cons/diethylcarbamazine.html |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=8 December 2016 |website=www.drugs.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sakamakon cututtuka na yau da kullun sun haɗa da ƙishirwa, kumburi na fuska, ciwon kai, da jin gajiya.[1] Sauran tasirin illa sun haɗa da asarar gani da mamaki.[1] Magani ne da aka ba da shawarar a ciki ciki kuma yana da aminci ga jariri.[2][3] Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya; duk da haka, ta ba da shawarar jira har sai bayan daukar ciki don magani idan ya yiwu.[4] An yi shi ne daga 4-methyl-piperazine.[5]

Diethylcarbamazine an gano shi ne a cikin 1947  ta hanyar Yellapragada Subbarow. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hewitt-et-al-1948&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hewitt R, Wallace W |date=June 1948 |title=The treatment of ascariasis in dogs with 1-diethylcarbamyl-4-methylpiperazine hydrochloride |journal=The Journal of Parasitology |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=237–239 |doi=10.2307/3273270 |jstor=3273270 |pmid=18867399 |s2cid=43592055}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kamath P, Shenoy KA |date=2013 |title=Yellapragada Subba Rao: The Unsung Hero |url=https://www.mjmsr.net/article.asp?issn=0975-9727;year=2013;volume=4;issue=2;spage=130;epage=132;aulast=Kamath |journal=Muller Journal of Medical Sciences and Research |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=130–132 |doi=10.4103/0975-9727.118248 |s2cid=72843672 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana cikin Jerin Magunguna Masu Muhimmanci na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya. Ba a samun sa a kasuwanci a Amurka amma ana iya samun sa daga Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 September 2016 |title=Our Formulary Infectious Diseases Laboratories CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/laboratory/drugservice/formulary.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216173833/https://www.cdc.gov/laboratory/drugservice/formulary.html |archive-date=16 December 2016 |access-date=7 December 2016 |website=www.cdc.gov}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.cdc.gov/laboratory/drugservice/formulary.html &quot;Our Formulary Infectious Diseases Laboratories CDC&quot;]. ''www.cdc.gov''. 22 September 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161216173833/https://www.cdc.gov/laboratory/drugservice/formulary.html Archived] from the original on 16 December 2016&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 December&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amfani ga Lafiya ==
Ana nuna Diethylcarbamazine don maganin mutanen da ke da wasu cututtukan filarial, gami da lymphatic filariasis wanda kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, ko Brugia timori ke haifarwa; loiasis da eosinophilia na huhu na wurare masu zafi.[1] WHO ta ba da shawarar rubuta diethylcarbamazine ga mutanen da suka kamu da microfilariae na ƙwayoyin cuta na filarial da kuma don sarrafa yaɗuwar kamuwa da cuta a yankunan da filariasis ke yaɗuwa. [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed]

A Indiya da China, an kara diethylcarbamazine zuwa gishiri don yaki da filariasis na lymphatic.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lammie_2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lammie P, Milner T, Houston R |date=July 2007 |title=Unfulfilled potential: using diethylcarbamazine-fortified salt to eliminate lymphatic filariasis |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=85 |issue=7 |pages=545–549 |doi=10.2471/blt.06.034108 |pmc=2636360 |pmid=17768503}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abinda ke hanawa ==
Contraindications are previous history of heart problems, gastrointestinal problems, and allergies. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (September 2015)&quot;&gt;medical citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Hanyar aiki ==
Diethylcarbamazine mai hana metabolism na Arachidonic acid ne a cikin microfilariae . Wannan ya sa microfilariae ya fi saukin kamuwa da cutar rigakafi, amma ba ya kashe kwayar cuta kai tsaye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=El-Shahawi GA, Abdel-Latif M, Saad AH, Bahgat M |date=December 2010 |title=Setaria equina: in vivo effect of diethylcarbamazine citrate on microfilariae in albino rats |journal=Experimental Parasitology |volume=126 |issue=4 |pages=603–610 |doi=10.1016/j.exppara.2010.06.022 |pmid=20599991}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Al'umma da al'adu ==

=== Sunayen alama ===
Sunayen samfuran sun haɗa da Hetrazan, Carbilazine, Caricide, Cypip, Ethodryl, Notézine, Spatonin, Filaribits, Banocide Forte, da Eofil.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-13T04:27:28Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358746476|Trypanosoma brucei evansi]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''''Trypanosoma'' brucei evansi''''' wani nau'i ne na nau'in kwayar cuta ''T. brucei'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kostygov |first=Alexei Y. |last2=Karnkowska |first2=Anna |last3=Votýpka |first3=Jan |last4=Tashyreva |first4=Daria |last5=Maciszewski |first5=Kacper |last6=Yurchenko |first6=Vyacheslav |last7=Lukeš |first7=Julius |date=2021-03-10 |title=Euglenozoa: taxonomy, diversity and ecology, symbioses and viruses |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsob.200407 |journal=Open Biology |volume=11 |issue=3 |doi=10.1098/rsob.200407 |pmc=8061765 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; na tono trypanosome a cikin jinsin Trypanosoma wanda shine daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da surra a cikin dabbobi. &lt;ref name=&quot;RjeibiBen Hamida2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aregawi |first=Weldegebrial G. |last2=Agga |first2=Getahun E. |last3=Abdi |first3=Reta D. |last4=Büscher |first4=Philippe |date=January 2019 |title=Systematic review and meta-analysis on the global distribution, host range, and prevalence of ''Trypanosoma evansi'' |journal=[[Parasites &amp; Vectors]] |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=67 |doi=10.1186/s13071-019-3311-4 |pmc=6357473 |pmid=30704516 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Griffith Evans ne ya gano shi a cikin 1880 a Dera Ismail Khan (Birtaniya Indiya), shine farkon tripanosome da aka sani wanda ke haifar da kamuwa da cuta. Yana da kwayar cuta ta yau da kullun a Indiya da Iran  kuma yana haifar da cututtuka masu tsanani a cikin raƙuma  da dawakai, da kuma cututtukan da ba su da tsanani a cikin shanu da buffalo.&lt;ref name=&quot;SazmandJoachim2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sazmand A, Joachim A |year=2017 |title=Parasitic diseases of camels in Iran (1931-2017) - a literature review |journal=[[Parasite (journal)|Parasite]] |volume=24 |page=21 |doi=10.1051/parasite/2017024 |pmc=5479402 |pmid=28617666 |s2cid=13783061 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gharbi2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gharbi |first=Mohamed |last2=Kamoun |first2=Meha |last3=Khamassi |first3=Médiha |last4=Rekik |first4=Syrine |last5=Smida |first5=Boubaker Ben |last6=Ahmed |first6=Jawhar Fekih |last7=Boubaker |first7=Chayma |last8=Cecchi |first8=Giuliano |last9=Gimonneau |first9=Geoffrey |last10=Desquesnes |first10=Marc |date=2025 |title=''Trypanosoma evansi'' infection in Tunisia: current situation |url=https://www.parasite-journal.org/articles/parasite/abs/2025/01/parasite250013/parasite250013.html |journal=Parasite |language=en |volume=32 |page=65 |doi=10.1051/parasite/2025058 |issn=1776-1042 |pmc=12500233 |pmid=41052320 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Pakistan, an gano shi ne mafi yawan nau'in trypanosome a cikin jaki. Yanzu an kafa shi don kamuwa da wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa, gami da mutane.&lt;ref name=&quot;Desquesnes-et-al-2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Desquesnes M, Dargantes A, Lai DH, Lun ZR, Holzmuller P, Jittapalapong S |year=2013 |title=''Trypanosoma evansi'' and surra: a review and perspectives on transmission, epidemiology and control, impact, and zoonotic aspects |journal=[[BioMed Research International]] |volume=2013 |doi=10.1155/2013/321237 |pmc=3789323 |pmid=24151595 |s2cid=18573610 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Habila |first=Nathan |last2=Inuwa |first2=Mairo H. |last3=Aimola |first3=Idowu A. |last4=Udeh |first4=Michael U. |last5=Haruna |first5=Emmanuel |year=2012 |title=Pathogenic mechanisms of ''Trypanosoma evansi'' infections |journal=[[Research in Veterinary Science]] |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=13–17 |doi=10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.08.011 |pmid=21940025 |s2cid=26549677}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An ba da shawarar cewa T. b.''T.b. evansi'' shine - kamar T. b,''T.b. equiperdum'' - wanda aka samo daga ''T. brucei'' .  Saboda asarar wani ɓangare na mitochondrial (kinetoplast) DNA T. b.''T.b. evansi'' ba zai iya kamuwa da kwari ba, abubuwan da ba su da ƙwayoyin halitta na trypanosomes, da kuma kafa matakan rayuwa na gaba.&lt;sup class=&quot;mw-ref reference&quot; mwqa=&quot;&quot;&gt;T.b. evansi&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;journal&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;volume&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;23&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;issue&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;1&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;pages&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;31–38&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;date&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;February 1987&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;pmid&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;3033499&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;doi&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;10.1016/0166-6851(87)90184-8&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;}},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;i&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:0}}]}\&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=\&quot;true\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAh4\&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;cite about=\&quot;#mwt34\&quot; class=\&quot;citation journal cs1\&quot; id=\&quot;CITEREFBorstFase-FowlerGibson1987\&quot; data-ve-ignore=\&quot;\&quot;&gt;Borst P, Fase-Fowler F, Gibson WC (February 1987). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;}}&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-9&quot; rel=&quot;dc:references&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Extension/ref&quot;&gt;[./Trypanosoma_brucei_evansi#cite_note-9 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;2&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt; Saboda watsawar inji T. b.''T.b. evansi'' yana nuna ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden ƙayyadamuran ƙayyadamsun ƙayƙwalwa ciki har da membobin jinsin ''Tabanus'', ''Stomoxys'', ''Haematopota'', ''Chrysops'' da ''Lyperosia'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Luckins AG |date=May 1988 |title=''Trypanosoma evansi'' in Asia |journal=[[Parasitology Today]] |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=137–142 |doi=10.1016/0169-4758(88)90188-3 |pmid=15463067}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana haifar da cuta a cikin mutane, amma kamuwa da cuta ta mutum ta zama ruwan dare.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Powar RM, Shegokar VR, Joshi PP, Dani VS, Tankhiwale NS, Truc P, Jannin J, Bhargava A |date=January 2006 |title=A rare case of human trypanosomiasis caused by ''Trypanosoma evansi'' |journal=[[Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology]] |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=72–74 |doi=10.4103/0255-0857.19904 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |pmid=16505565 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Desquesnes-et-al-2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Desquesnes M, Dargantes A, Lai DH, Lun ZR, Holzmuller P, Jittapalapong S |year=2013 |title=''Trypanosoma evansi'' and surra: a review and perspectives on transmission, epidemiology and control, impact, and zoonotic aspects |journal=[[BioMed Research International]] |volume=2013 |doi=10.1155/2013/321237 |pmc=3789323 |pmid=24151595 |s2cid=18573610 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Haemoglobin yana taka rawa a cikin kariya ta trypanolytic a kan T. b. evansi . &lt;ref name=&quot;Desquesnes-et-al-2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Desquesnes M, Dargantes A, Lai DH, Lun ZR, Holzmuller P, Jittapalapong S |year=2013 |title=''Trypanosoma evansi'' and surra: a review and perspectives on transmission, epidemiology and control, impact, and zoonotic aspects |journal=[[BioMed Research International]] |volume=2013 |doi=10.1155/2013/321237 |pmc=3789323 |pmid=24151595 |s2cid=18573610 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDesquesnesDargantesLaiLun2013&quot;&gt;Desquesnes M, Dargantes A, Lai DH, Lun ZR, Holzmuller P, Jittapalapong S (2013). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
T. b.''T.b. evansi'' kwayar cuta ce wacce ta haifar da mummunar cuta, sau da yawa mai kisa, a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa kamar dawakai, jaki, shanu da raƙuma. A Indiya, inda ya kasance yadu tun zamanin d ̄ a, an san cutar da surra. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Desquesnes M, Holzmuller P, Lai DH, Dargantes A, Lun ZR, Jittaplapong S |date=2013 |title=''Trypanosoma evansi'' and surra: a review and perspectives on origin, history, distribution, taxonomy, morphology, hosts, and pathogenic effects |journal=[[BioMed Research International]] |volume=2013 |doi=10.1155/2013/194176 |pmc=3760267 |pmid=24024184 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A karkashin Mulkin Burtaniya, ya haifar da mummunar cikas ga Sojojin Burtaniya, yayin da da dawakai suka kamu da cutar. A watan Agustan 1880, an tura Griffith Evans na Royal Army Service Corps don bincika lamarin a sansanin soja a Dera Ismail Khan (yanzu a Pakistan). Nan da nan ya gane kwayar cuta mai kama da tsutsotsi daga samfurori na jini na duk dawakai marasa lafiya. Ya bayar da rahoto a cikin 1881:&lt;blockquote&gt;Lokacin da na fara ganin shi [tsuntsu] Na yi tunanin na ɗan lokaci wani nau'i ne na spirillum [wani nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta], amma nan da nan ya zo ya tabbatar mini cewa ba haka ba ne... Yana da jiki mai laushi, lokacin da yake sabo kuma yana aiki, wanda ke raguwa a gaba zuwa wuyansa wanda ya ƙare a cikin kai mai laushi wanda daga gare shi akwai dogon igiya mai laushi [wannan yanzu aka sani da flagella, kuma yana kusa da ƙarshen baya, ba a &quot; wutsiya&quot; ba], don haka yana da kyau don ba za'a iya gani ba... Na zo ga ƙarshe cewa yana da nau'i biyu masu kama da fin a kowane gefe, ɗaya kusa da inda wuyan ya fara kuma ɗayan kusa da inda wutsiyar ta fara [yanzu an fahimci cewa ɗaya ne mai juyawa, ba biyu ba, wanda flagellum ya kafa].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Evans G |date=1881 |title=On a Horse Disease in India Known as &quot;Surra,&quot; Probably Due to a Hæmatozoon |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2543337717431542 |journal=[[The Veterinary Journal and Annals of Comparative Pathology]] |language=en |volume=13 |issue=9 |pages=180–200 |doi=10.1016/S2543-3377(17)43154-2 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Griffith ta hanyar gwaji ya nuna cewa kwayar cutar ita ce cutar da ke haifar da surra ta hanyar kamuwa da dawakai masu lafiya ta amfani da jini mai kamuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last= |first= |date=1918-07-25 |title=Presentation of the Mary Kingsley Medal |url= |journal=Annals of Tropical Medicine &amp; Parasitology |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.1080/00034983.1918.11684153 |issn=0003-4983}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, ikon kiwon lafiya a Indiya ta Burtaniya ya ki amincewa da ra'ayin cewa kwayar cutar na iya haifar da irin wannan cuta. Timothy Richards Lewis, Mataimakin Musamman ga Kwamishinan Kiwon Lafiya, ya tabbatar da kwayar cutar amma ba alaƙar da cutar ba. Lewis ya gano wani trypanosome (daga baya ake kira ''Trypanosoma lewisi'') na beraye a 1878 (an ruwaito shi a 1879). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=Timothy Richards |date=1879 |title=Memoirs: Flagellated Organisms in the Blood of Healthy Rats |url=https://journals.biologists.com/jcs/article/s2-19/73/109/61774/Memoirs-Flagellated-Organisms-in-the-Blood-of |journal=Journal of Cell Science |language=en |volume=s2-19 |issue=73 |pages=109–114 |doi=10.1242/jcs.s2-19.73.109 |issn=1477-9137}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya gamsu cewa trypanosome ba shi da lahani saboda ya gano su daga beraye masu lafiya kawai. Shi da David Douglas Cunningham (Profesor of Physiology in the Medical College, Calcutta, and Surgeon-General of India), don mayar da martani ga abubuwan da Griffith ya lura, a hukumance sun bayyana cewa &quot;babu kwayar cuta da aka samu a cikin jinin rayayyun dabba da ke haifar da cuta. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Daga baya an rubuta shi a cikin ''Halitta:'' &quot; Ra'ayin hukuma ya yi tsayayya da shi sosai [Griffith&quot; .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=1935 |title=News and Views: Dr. Griffith Evans |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/136172a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=136 |issue=3431 |pages=172–173 |doi=10.1038/136172a0}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=1935 |title=Dr. Griffith Evans |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/136942a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=136 |issue=3450 |pages=942–943 |doi=10.1038/136942a0 |issn=0028-0836}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kafa binciken Griffith da kansa. A cikin 1885, J. H. Steel ya ba da rahoton daga Birnin Burtaniya (yanzu Myanmar) irin wannan kwayar cutar da ya gano daga samfurori na jini na alfadarai na jigilar sojoji. Kamancin cutar da kwayar cuta ga waɗanda Griffith ya bayyana nan da nan ya zama bayyananne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Steel JH, Evans G |date=3 December 1880 |title=Report of veterinary surgeon JH Steel, AVD, on his investigation into an obscure and fatal disease among transport mules in British Burma, which he found to be a fever of relapsing type, and probably identical with the disorder first described by Dr. Griffith Evans under the name&quot; Surra&quot;, in a report (herewith reprinted) |url=https://wellcomecollection.org/works/hqve8a9f |journal=The Veterinary Journal |language=en |location=London |publisher=Punjab Government, Military Department, No. 439-4467 |access-date=2022-11-23 |via=Wellcome Collection}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, Karfe ya gane kuskuren kwayar cutar a matsayin nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta na Spirochaete kuma ya ba shi suna ''Spirochaeta evansi'', don girmama mai ganowa. Edgar Crookshank a Kwalejin King's London daidai ya gano shi a matsayin wani nau'i na protozoan sake masa suna ''Haematonomas evansi'', amma da sauri ya canza shi zuwa ''Trichomonas evansi'' a 1885. A shekara ta 1896, likitan dabbobi na Faransa J. Chauvrat ya ba da bayanin da ya dace da sabon sunan ''Trypanosoma evansi.'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=1935 |title=Dr. Griffith's Evan's 100th birthday |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=2 |issue=3893 |pages=313–314 |pmc=2461164}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kafa kwayar cutar a matsayin trypanosome na farko wanda ya haifar da cuta (trypanosomiasis). &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors= |date=October 1935 |title=Dr. Griffith Evan's Hundredth Birthday |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=430–431 |pmc=1561448 |pmid=20320047}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Batutuwan mutane ===
An bayar da rahoton mutum na farko daga [[Maharashtra]], Indiya, a cikin shekara ta 2005. A shekara ta 2004, wani manomi mai shekaru 45 daga ƙauyen Seoni an kwantar da shi a asibiti saboda mummunar zazzabi da kuma rikicewar halayyar jijiyoyi. Gwajin serological, microscopic, da DNA (PCR) ya nuna cewa ya kamu da cutar T. b.''T.b. evansi''.&lt;sup class=&quot;mw-ref reference&quot; mwtw=&quot;&quot;&gt;T.b. evansi&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; and surra: a review and perspectives on transmission, epidemiology and control, impact, and zoonotic aspects&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;journal&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[BioMed Research International]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;volume&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;2013&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;article-number&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;321237&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;year&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;2013&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;pmid&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;24151595&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;pmc&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;3789323&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;doi&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;10.1155/2013/321237&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;s2cid&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;18573610&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;doi-access&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:{&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;wt&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;free&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;}},&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;i&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;quot;:0}}]}\&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=\&quot;true\&quot; id=\&quot;mwAZI\&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;cite about=\&quot;#mwt48\&quot; class=\&quot;citation journal cs1\&quot; id=\&quot;CITEREFDesquesnesDargantesLaiLun2013\&quot; data-ve-ignore=\&quot;\&quot;&gt;Desquesnes M, Dargantes A, Lai DH, Lun ZR, Holzmuller P, Jittapalapong S (2013). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;}}&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-Desquesnes-et-al-2013_6-3&quot; rel=&quot;dc:references&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Extension/ref&quot;&gt;[./Trypanosoma_brucei_evansi#cite_note-Desquesnes-et-al-2013-6 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Joshi PP, Shegokar VR, Powar RM, Herder S, Katti R, Salkar HR, Dani VS, Bhargava A, Jannin J, Truc P |date=September 2005 |title=Human trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma evansi in India: the first case report |journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=491–495 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2005.73.491 |pmid=16172469 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta tabbatar da cutar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=February 2005 |title=A new form of human trypanosomiasis in India. Description of the first human case in the world caused by Trypanosoma evansi |journal=Weekly Epidemiological Record |volume=80 |issue=7 |pages=62–63 |pmid=15771199}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin lokaci, mutane suna da furotin trypanolytic na halitta wanda ake kira apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) wanda ke kashe nau'ikan trypanosomes daban-daban yayin kamuwa da cuta. An gano mutumin da ba shi da APOL1. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Vanhollebeke B, Truc P, Poelvoorde P, Pays A, Joshi PP, Katti R, Jannin JG, Pays E |date=December 2006 |title=Human Trypanosoma evansi infection linked to a lack of apolipoprotein L-I |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=355 |issue=26 |pages=2752–2756 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa063265 |pmid=17192540 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Binciken Serological a cikin 2006 a cikin wannan yankin ya nuna cewa kamuwa da cuta ta riga ta yadu; 5 zuwa 22% na yawan jama'a, bisa ga gwaje-gwaje daban-daban, an gano suna da kyau ga T. b. evansi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Shegokar VR, Powar RM, Joshi PP, Bhargava A, Dani VS, Katti R, Zare VR, Khanande VD, Jannin J, Truc P |date=November 2006 |title=Short report: Human trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma evansi in a village in India: preliminary serologic survey of the local population |journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=75 |issue=5 |pages=869–870 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2006.75.869 |pmid=17123979 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Systematic-Review&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Aregawi WG, Agga GE, Abdi RD, Büscher P |date=January 2019 |title=Systematic review and meta-analysis on the global distribution, host range, and prevalence of ''Trypanosoma evansi'' |journal=[[Parasites &amp; Vectors]] |volume=12 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s13071-019-3311-4 |pmc=6357473 |pmid=30704516 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A waje da Indiya, an bayar da rahoton mutane na farko daga Masar a cikin 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Giordani |first=Federica |last2=Morrison |first2=Liam J. |last3=Rowan |first3=TIM G. |last4=De Koning |first4=Harry P. |last5=Barrett |first5=Michael P. |year=2016 |title=The animal trypanosomiases and their chemotherapy: A review |journal=[[Parasitology (journal)|Parasitology]] |volume=143 |issue=14 |pages=1862–1889 |doi=10.1017/s0031182016001268 |pmc=5142301 |pmid=27719692}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Radwanska M, Vereecke N, Deleeuw V, Pinto J, Magez S |date=2018 |title=Salivarian Trypanosomosis: A Review of Parasites Involved, Their Global Distribution and Their Interaction With the Innate and Adaptive Mammalian Host Immune System |journal=Frontiers in Immunology |volume=9 |page=2253 |doi=10.3389/fimmu.2018.02253 |pmc=6175991 |pmid=30333827 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; An bayar da rahoton kamuwa guda ɗaya daga Vietnam a cikin 2016 inda wata mace mai shekaru 38 da ta kamu da cutar tana da APOL1 na yau da kullun, yana nuna cewa rashin APOL1 ba shine ainihin dalilin kamuwa da cuta ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Systematic-Review&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Van Vinh Chau N, Buu Chau L, Desquesnes M, Herder S, Phu Huong Lan N, Campbell JI, Van Cuong N, Yimming B, Chalermwong P, Jittapalapong S, Ramon Franco J, Tri Tue N, Rabaa MA, Carrique-Mas J, Pham Thi Thanh T, Tran Vu Thieu N, Berto A, Thi Hoa N, Van Minh Hoang N, Canh Tu N, Khac Chuyen N, Wills B, Tinh Hien T, Thwaites GE, Yacoub S, Baker S |date=April 2016 |title=A Clinical and Epidemiological Investigation of the First Reported Human Infection With the Zoonotic Parasite ''Trypanosoma evansi'' in Southeast Asia |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=62 |issue=8 |pages=1002–1008 |doi=10.1093/cid/ciw052 |pmc=4803109 |pmid=26908809}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Magani ==
Ana ba da shawarar Suramin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pharmaceutics-Resistance&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kasozi |first=Keneth Iceland |last2=MacLeod |first2=Ewan Thomas |last3=Ntulume |first3=Ibrahim |last4=Welburn |first4=Susan Christina |year=2022 |title=An Update on African Trypanocide Pharmaceutics and Resistance |journal=[[Frontiers in Veterinary Science]] |volume=9 |doi=10.3389/fvets.2022.828111 |pmc=8959112 |pmid=35356785 |s2cid=247245582 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Isometamidium chloride ba shi da tasiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pharmaceutics-Resistance&quot; /&gt;

=== Tsayayyar Trypanocide ===
Trypanosoma brucei evansi juriya ta trypanocide ta yadu.[1] Diminazene aceturate sau da yawa ba shi da tasiri ga amfani da shanu, dawakai, alade, da giwa a Thailand.[1] Ba a ba da shawarar Quinapyramine don amfani da shanu saboda halin da yake da shi na samar da tsayayya tare da diminazene aceturate da isometamidium chloride.[1] Ana ba da shawarar Quinapyramine don amfani da doki da raƙumi kawai.[1] Ga Philippines ana ba da shawarar kula da dukkan dabbobi da abin ya shafa, yayin da maganin shekara-shekara na dabbobi na ƙauyen na iya zama mafi inganci amma yana da haɗarin haɓaka juriya.[1]
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'''''''Trypanosoma'' brucei evansi''''' wani nau'i ne na nau'in kwayar cuta ''T. brucei'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kostygov |first=Alexei Y. |last2=Karnkowska |first2=Anna |last3=Votýpka |first3=Jan |last4=Tashyreva |first4=Daria |last5=Maciszewski |first5=Kacper |last6=Yurchenko |first6=Vyacheslav |last7=Lukeš |first7=Julius |date=2021-03-10 |title=Euglenozoa: taxonomy, diversity and ecology, symbioses and viruses |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsob.200407 |journal=Open Biology |volume=11 |issue=3 |doi=10.1098/rsob.200407 |pmc=8061765 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; na tono trypanosome a cikin jinsin Trypanosoma wanda shine daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da surra a cikin dabbobi. &lt;ref name=&quot;RjeibiBen Hamida2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aregawi |first=Weldegebrial G. |last2=Agga |first2=Getahun E. |last3=Abdi |first3=Reta D. |last4=Büscher |first4=Philippe |date=January 2019 |title=Systematic review and meta-analysis on the global distribution, host range, and prevalence of ''Trypanosoma evansi'' |journal=[[Parasites &amp; Vectors]] |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=67 |doi=10.1186/s13071-019-3311-4 |pmc=6357473 |pmid=30704516 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Griffith Evans ne ya gano shi a cikin 1880 a Dera Ismail Khan (Birtaniya Indiya), shine farkon tripanosome da aka sani wanda ke haifar da kamuwa da cuta. Yana da kwayar cuta ta yau da kullun a Indiya da Iran  kuma yana haifar da cututtuka masu tsanani a cikin raƙuma  da dawakai, da kuma cututtukan da ba su da tsanani a cikin shanu da buffalo.&lt;ref name=&quot;SazmandJoachim2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sazmand A, Joachim A |year=2017 |title=Parasitic diseases of camels in Iran (1931-2017) - a literature review |journal=[[Parasite (journal)|Parasite]] |volume=24 |page=21 |doi=10.1051/parasite/2017024 |pmc=5479402 |pmid=28617666 |s2cid=13783061 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gharbi2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gharbi |first=Mohamed |last2=Kamoun |first2=Meha |last3=Khamassi |first3=Médiha |last4=Rekik |first4=Syrine |last5=Smida |first5=Boubaker Ben |last6=Ahmed |first6=Jawhar Fekih |last7=Boubaker |first7=Chayma |last8=Cecchi |first8=Giuliano |last9=Gimonneau |first9=Geoffrey |last10=Desquesnes |first10=Marc |date=2025 |title=''Trypanosoma evansi'' infection in Tunisia: current situation |url=https://www.parasite-journal.org/articles/parasite/abs/2025/01/parasite250013/parasite250013.html |journal=Parasite |language=en |volume=32 |page=65 |doi=10.1051/parasite/2025058 |issn=1776-1042 |pmc=12500233 |pmid=41052320 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Pakistan, an gano shi ne mafi yawan nau'in trypanosome a cikin jaki. Yanzu an kafa shi don kamuwa da wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa, gami da mutane.&lt;ref name=&quot;Desquesnes-et-al-2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Desquesnes M, Dargantes A, Lai DH, Lun ZR, Holzmuller P, Jittapalapong S |year=2013 |title=''Trypanosoma evansi'' and surra: a review and perspectives on transmission, epidemiology and control, impact, and zoonotic aspects |journal=[[BioMed Research International]] |volume=2013 |doi=10.1155/2013/321237 |pmc=3789323 |pmid=24151595 |s2cid=18573610 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Habila |first=Nathan |last2=Inuwa |first2=Mairo H. |last3=Aimola |first3=Idowu A. |last4=Udeh |first4=Michael U. |last5=Haruna |first5=Emmanuel |year=2012 |title=Pathogenic mechanisms of ''Trypanosoma evansi'' infections |journal=[[Research in Veterinary Science]] |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=13–17 |doi=10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.08.011 |pmid=21940025 |s2cid=26549677}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An ba da shawarar cewa T. b.''T.b. evansi'' shine - kamar T. b,''T.b. equiperdum'' - wanda aka samo daga ''T. brucei'' .  Saboda asarar wani ɓangare na mitochondrial (kinetoplast) DNA T. b.''T.b. evansi'' ba zai iya kamuwa da kwari ba, abubuwan da ba su da ƙwayoyin halitta na trypanosomes, da Bayanan da suka dace da dracunculiasis sun bayyana a cikin takardun da suka tsira daga [[likita|likitoci]] zamanin Girka da Roma. A cikin ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20, an yadu da dracunculiasis a duk faɗin [[Afirka]] da Asiya ta Kudu, yana shafar mutane miliyan 48 a kowace shekara. Kokarin kawar da cutar dracunculiasis ya fara ne a cikin shekarun 1980 bayan nasarar [[Agana|kawar da]] [[Baboon|Kwando]] a shekarar 1977. A shekara ta 1995, kusan kowace ƙasa da ke fama da cutar dracunculiasis ta kafa shirin kawar da ƙasa. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, shari'o'in da suka faru sun ragu da sauri, sun faɗi ƙasa da 100,000 a kowace shekara a cikin 1997, ƙasa da 10,000 a cikin 2007, ƙasa da 1,000 a cikin 2012, ƙasa da 100 a cikin 2015, kuma zuwa kawai 10 a cikin 2025. Tun daga shekara ta 1986, kasashe 16 da suka kasance masu fama da cutar a baya sun kawar da cutar dracunculiasis, inda suka bar cutar ta farko a kasashe masu tasowa guda uku na Afirka ta tsakiya - [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]] da [[Sudan]]&quot; id=&quot;mwPA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;South Sudan&quot;&gt;Sudan ta Kudu. Ƙarin ƙasashe uku sun kasance za a tabbatar da su ba tare da yaduwar cututtukan cututtukani ba waɗanda ba su da rahoton kamuwa da cutar tun ƙarshen 2023: [[Angola]], [[Mali]], da Sudan. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan, Sudan, an riga an tabbatar da shi amma har yanzu ba a tabbatar da shi ba tare da watsawa ba. Bugu da ƙari, kodayake [[Kamaru]] ta sami takardar shaidar kyauta daga watsawa ta ciki tun 2007, ta fuskanci shari'o'i uku tun daga 2019 tare da iyakarta da Chadi. ''D. medinensis&amp;nbsp;'' kuma na iya kamuwa da [[Kare|karnuka]], [[Kyanwa|Cats]], da baboons, kodayake lokuta da ba na mutane ba suma suna fadowa saboda kokarin kawar da su. Sauran nau'in ''[[Dracunculus (nematode)|Dracunculus]]'' suna haifar da dracunculiasis a cikin [[Reptile|Dabbobi masu rarrafe]] a duk duniya da kuma [[Mammal|dabbobi masu shayarwa]] a [[Amurka]].&amp;nbsp;{{Spaced en dash}}

== Tarihi ==
T. b.''T.b. evansi'' kwayar cuta ce wacce ta haifar da mummunar cuta, sau da yawa mai kisa, a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa kamar dawakai, jaki, shanu da raƙuma. A Indiya, inda ya kasance yadu tun zamanin d ̄ a, an san cutar da surra. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Desquesnes M, Holzmuller P, Lai DH, Dargantes A, Lun ZR, Jittaplapong S |date=2013 |title=''Trypanosoma evansi'' and surra: a review and perspectives on origin, history, distribution, taxonomy, morphology, hosts, and pathogenic effects |journal=[[BioMed Research International]] |volume=2013 |doi=10.1155/2013/194176 |pmc=3760267 |pmid=24024184 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A karkashin Mulkin Burtaniya, ya haifar da mummunar cikas ga Sojojin Burtaniya, yayin da da dawakai suka kamu da cutar. A watan Agustan 1880, an tura Griffith Evans na Royal Army Service Corps don bincika lamarin a sansanin soja a Dera Ismail Khan (yanzu a Pakistan). Nan da nan ya gane kwayar cuta mai kama da tsutsotsi daga samfurori na jini na duk dawakai marasa lafiya. Ya bayar da rahoto a cikin 1881:&lt;blockquote&gt;Lokacin da na fara ganin shi [tsuntsu] Na yi tunanin na ɗan lokaci wani nau'i ne na spirillum [wani nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta], amma nan da nan ya zo ya tabbatar mini cewa ba haka ba ne... Yana da jiki mai laushi, lokacin da yake sabo kuma yana aiki, wanda ke raguwa a gaba zuwa wuyansa wanda ya ƙare a cikin kai mai laushi wanda daga gare shi akwai dogon igiya mai laushi [wannan yanzu aka sani da flagella, kuma yana kusa da ƙarshen baya, ba a &quot; wutsiya&quot; ba], don haka yana da kyau don ba za'a iya gani ba... Na zo ga ƙarshe cewa yana da nau'i biyu masu kama da fin a kowane gefe, ɗaya kusa da inda wuyan ya fara kuma ɗayan kusa da inda wutsiyar ta fara [yanzu an fahimci cewa ɗaya ne mai juyawa, ba biyu ba, wanda flagellum ya kafa].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Evans G |date=1881 |title=On a Horse Disease in India Known as &quot;Surra,&quot; Probably Due to a Hæmatozoon |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2543337717431542 |journal=[[The Veterinary Journal and Annals of Comparative Pathology]] |language=en |volume=13 |issue=9 |pages=180–200 |doi=10.1016/S2543-3377(17)43154-2 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Griffith ta hanyar gwaji ya nuna cewa kwayar cutar ita ce cutar da ke haifar da surra ta hanyar kamuwa da dawakai masu lafiya ta amfani da jini mai kamuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last= |first= |date=1918-07-25 |title=Presentation of the Mary Kingsley Medal |url= |journal=Annals of Tropical Medicine &amp; Parasitology |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.1080/00034983.1918.11684153 |issn=0003-4983}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, ikon kiwon lafiya a Indiya ta Burtaniya ya ki amincewa da ra'ayin cewa kwayar cutar na iya haifar da irin wannan cuta. Timothy Richards Lewis, Mataimakin Musamman ga Kwamishinan Kiwon Lafiya, ya tabbatar da kwayar cutar amma ba alaƙar da cutar ba. Lewis ya gano wani trypanosome (daga baya ake kira ''Trypanosoma lewisi'') na beraye a 1878 (an ruwaito shi a 1879). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=Timothy Richards |date=1879 |title=Memoirs: Flagellated Organisms in the Blood of Healthy Rats |url=https://journals.biologists.com/jcs/article/s2-19/73/109/61774/Memoirs-Flagellated-Organisms-in-the-Blood-of |journal=Journal of Cell Science |language=en |volume=s2-19 |issue=73 |pages=109–114 |doi=10.1242/jcs.s2-19.73.109 |issn=1477-9137}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya gamsu cewa trypanosome ba shi da lahani saboda ya gano su daga beraye masu lafiya kawai. Shi da David Douglas Cunningham (Profesor of Physiology in the Medical College, Calcutta, and Surgeon-General of India), don mayar da martani ga abubuwan da Griffith ya lura, a hukumance sun bayyana cewa &quot;babu kwayar cuta da aka samu a cikin jinin rayayyun dabba da ke haifar da cuta. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Daga baya an rubuta shi a cikin ''Halitta:'' &quot; Ra'ayin hukuma ya yi tsayayya da shi sosai [Griffith&quot; .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=1935 |title=News and Views: Dr. Griffith Evans |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/136172a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=136 |issue=3431 |pages=172–173 |doi=10.1038/136172a0}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=1935 |title=Dr. Griffith Evans |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/136942a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=136 |issue=3450 |pages=942–943 |doi=10.1038/136942a0 |issn=0028-0836}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kafa binciken Griffith da kansa. A cikin 1885, J. H. Steel ya ba da rahoton daga Birnin Burtaniya (yanzu Myanmar) irin wannan kwayar cutar da ya gano daga samfurori na jini na alfadarai na jigilar sojoji. Kamancin cutar da kwayar cuta ga waɗanda Griffith ya bayyana nan da nan ya zama bayyananne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Steel JH, Evans G |date=3 December 1880 |title=Report of veterinary surgeon JH Steel, AVD, on his investigation into an obscure and fatal disease among transport mules in British Burma, which he found to be a fever of relapsing type, and probably identical with the disorder first described by Dr. Griffith Evans under the name&quot; Surra&quot;, in a report (herewith reprinted) |url=https://wellcomecollection.org/works/hqve8a9f |journal=The Veterinary Journal |language=en |location=London |publisher=Punjab Government, Military Department, No. 439-4467 |access-date=2022-11-23 |via=Wellcome Collection}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, Karfe ya gane kuskuren kwayar cutar a matsayin nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta na Spirochaete kuma ya ba shi suna ''Spirochaeta evansi'', don girmama mai ganowa. Edgar Crookshank a Kwalejin King's London daidai ya gano shi a matsayin wani nau'i na protozoan sake masa suna ''Haematonomas evansi'', amma da sauri ya canza shi zuwa ''Trichomonas evansi'' a 1885. A shekara ta 1896, likitan dabbobi na Faransa J. Chauvrat ya ba da bayanin da ya dace da sabon sunan ''Trypanosoma evansi.'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=1935 |title=Dr. Griffith's Evan's 100th birthday |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=2 |issue=3893 |pages=313–314 |pmc=2461164}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kafa kwayar cutar a matsayin trypanosome na farko wanda ya haifar da cuta (trypanosomiasis). &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors= |date=October 1935 |title=Dr. Griffith Evan's Hundredth Birthday |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=430–431 |pmc=1561448 |pmid=20320047}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Batutuwan mutane ===
An bayar da rahoton mutum na farko daga [[Maharashtra]], Indiya, a cikin shekara ta 2005. A shekara ta 2004, wani manomi mai shekaru 45 daga ƙauyen Seoni an kwantar da shi a asibiti saboda mummunar zazzabi da kuma rikicewar halayyar jijiyoyi. Gwajin serological, microscopic, da DNA (PCR) ya nuna cewa ya kamu da cutar T. b.''T.b.'' 

== Magani ==
Ana ba da shawarar Suramin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pharmaceutics-Resistance&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kasozi |first=Keneth Iceland |last2=MacLeod |first2=Ewan Thomas |last3=Ntulume |first3=Ibrahim |last4=Welburn |first4=Susan Christina |year=2022 |title=An Update on African Trypanocide Pharmaceutics and Resistance |journal=[[Frontiers in Veterinary Science]] |volume=9 |doi=10.3389/fvets.2022.828111 |pmc=8959112 |pmid=35356785 |s2cid=247245582 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Isometamidium chloride ba shi da tasiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pharmaceutics-Resistance&quot; /&gt;

=== Tsayayyar Trypanocide ===
Trypanosoma brucei evansi juriya ta trypanocide ta yadu.[1] Diminazene aceturate sau da yawa ba shi da tasiri ga amfani da shanu, dawakai, alade, da giwa a Thailand.[1] Ba a ba da shawarar Quinapyramine don amfani da shanu saboda halin da yake da shi na samar da tsayayya tare da diminazene aceturate da isometamidium chloride.[1] Ana ba da shawarar Quinapyramine don amfani da doki da raƙumi kawai.[1] Ga Philippines ana ba da shawarar kula da dukkan dabbobi da abin ya shafa, yayin da maganin shekara-shekara na dabbobi na ƙauyen na iya zama mafi inganci amma yana da haɗarin haɓaka juriya.[1]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Trachoma</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356860842|Trachoma]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Trachoma''' cuta ce mai yaduwa da kwayar cuta ''[[Chlamydia trachomatis]]'' ta haifar.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 2013 |title=Blinding Trachoma Fact sheet N°382 |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs382/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314061724/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs382/en/ |archive-date=14 March 2014 |access-date=14 March 2014 |website=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cutar tana haifar da tsananin ciki na gashin ido.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot; /&gt; Wannan tsananin na iya haifar da ciwon ido, rushewar waje ko cornea na idanu, da kuma makanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot; /&gt; Ba tare da magani ba, maimaita cututtukan trachoma na iya haifar da wani nau'i na makanta na dindindin lokacin da idanu suka juya ciki.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot; /&gt;

Kwayoyin da ke haifar da cutar na iya yaduwa ta hanyar hulɗa kai tsaye da kai tsaye tare da idanun mutumin da ya shafa ko hanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 2013 |title=Blinding Trachoma Fact sheet N°382 |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs382/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314061724/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs382/en/ |archive-date=14 March 2014 |access-date=14 March 2014 |website=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saduwa ta kai tsaye ta haɗa da tufafi ko kwari waɗanda suka haɗu da idanun ko hanci na mutumin da ya shafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot; /&gt; Yara suna yaduwar cutar sau da yawa fiye da manya.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot; /&gt; Rashin tsabtace muhalli, yanayin rayuwa mai yawa, da rashin isasshen ruwa mai tsabta da bayan gida suma suna ƙara yaduwar.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot; /&gt;

Kokarin hana cutar ya haɗa da inganta damar samun ruwa mai tsabta da magani tare da maganin rigakafi don rage yawan mutanen da suka kamu da kwayar cuta.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 2013 |title=Blinding Trachoma Fact sheet N°382 |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs382/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314061724/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs382/en/ |archive-date=14 March 2014 |access-date=14 March 2014 |website=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan na iya haɗawa da warkarwa, duk a lokaci guda, dukan ƙungiyoyin mutanen da aka sani da cutar ta zama ruwan dare.&lt;ref name=&quot;Evans2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Evans |first=Jennifer R. |last2=Solomon |first2=Anthony W. |last3=Kumar |first3=Rahul |last4=Perez |first4=Ángela |last5=Singh |first5=Balendra P. |last6=Srivastava |first6=Rajat Mohan |last7=Harding-Esch |first7=Emma |date=26 September 2019 |title=Antibiotics for trachoma |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=9 |issue=9 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001860.pub4 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=6760986 |pmid=31554017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yin wanka, da kansa, bai isa ya hana cuta ba, amma yana iya zama da amfani tare da wasu matakai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ejere2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ejere |first=HO |last2=Alhassan, MB |last3=Rabiu, M |date=20 February 2015 |title=Face washing promotion for preventing active trachoma. |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2015 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003659.pub4 |pmc=4441394 |pmid=25697765}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zaɓuɓɓukan magani sun haɗa da azithromycin na baki da tetracycline na yau da kullun.&lt;ref name=&quot;Evans2019&quot; /&gt; An fi son Azithromycin saboda ana iya amfani dashi azaman kashi ɗaya na baki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mariotti2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mariotti SP |date=November 2004 |title=New steps toward eliminating blinding trachoma |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=351 |issue=19 |pages=2004–7 |doi=10.1056/NEJMe048205 |pmid=15525727}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan an yi amfani da gashin ido, ana iya buƙatar tiyata don gyara matsayin gashin ido da hana makanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot; /&gt;

A duniya, kimanin mutane miliyan 80 suna da kamuwa da cuta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fen2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fenwick |first=A |date=Mar 2012 |title=The global burden of neglected tropical diseases. |journal=Public Health |volume=126 |issue=3 |pages=233–6 |doi=10.1016/j.puhe.2011.11.015 |pmid=22325616}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wasu yankuna, kamuwa da cuta na iya kasancewa a cikin yara da yawa kusan 60-90% . &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 2013 |title=Blinding Trachoma Fact sheet N°382 |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs382/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314061724/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs382/en/ |archive-date=14 March 2014 |access-date=14 March 2014 |website=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin manya yana shafar mata fiye da maza, mai yiwuwa saboda kusanci da yara.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot; /&gt; Cutar ita ce sanadin raguwar hangen nesa a cikin mutane miliyan 2.2, daga cikinsu miliyan 1.2 makanta ne gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot; /&gt; Trachoma matsala ce ta kiwon lafiyar jama'a a kasashe 38 a duk faɗin Afirka, Asiya, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Amurka ta Tsakiya da Kudancin, da Ostiraliya.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO-trachoma-factsheet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-21 |title=Trachoma |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/trachoma |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=[[World Health Organization|WHO]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai mutane miliyan 103 da ke cikin haɗari,  daga miliyan 228.9 a cikin 2013. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 2013 |title=Blinding Trachoma Fact sheet N°382 |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs382/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314061724/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs382/en/ |archive-date=14 March 2014 |access-date=14 March 2014 |website=World Health Organization}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs382/en/ &quot;Blinding Trachoma Fact sheet N°382&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO-trachoma-factsheet&quot; /&gt; Yana haifar da asarar tattalin arziki na dala biliyan 8 a shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot; /&gt; Yana cikin rukuni na cututtukan da aka sani da cututtukani masu ban sha'awa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fen2012&quot; /&gt;

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
[[Fayil:Ellis_Island_Public_Health_Service_Physicians_(7844875428).jpg|left|thumb|Likitocin sabis na kiwon lafiya na Ellis Island suna nazarin sabbin baƙi don trachoma a cikin 1910]]
Kwayar cuta tana da lokacin shayarwa na kwanaki 10, bayan haka mutumin da ya shafa yana fuskantar alamun [[conjunctivitis]] ko &quot;pink eye&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Foster |first=Allen |last2=Mabey |first2=David C W |last3=Peeling |first3=Rosanna W |last4=Solomon |first4=Anthony W |date=2004 |title=Diagnosis and Assessment of Trachoma |journal=[[Clinical Microbiology Reviews]] |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=982–1011 |doi=10.1128/CMR.17.4.982-1011.2004 |pmc=523557 |pmid=15489358}}&lt;/ref&gt; Makantar trachoma mai kama da juna ya haifar da abubuwa da yawa na sake kamuwa da cuta wanda ke kula da kumburi mai tsanani a cikin conjunctiva. Ba tare da sake kamuwa da cuta ba, kumburi a hankali yana raguwa.

Ana kiran kumburi na conjunctival &quot;trachoma mai aiki&quot; kuma yawanci ana ganinsa a cikin yara, musamman wadanda ke cikin makarantar sakandare. Ana nuna shi da fararen kumfa a ƙarƙaho gashin ido na sama (conjunctival follicles ko cibiyoyin ƙwayoyin lymphoid) da kuma kumburi da ƙuƙwalwa, sau da yawa ana danganta shi da papillae. Follicles na iya bayyana a mahaɗar cornea da sclera (follicles na ƙashi). Trachoma mai aiki sau da yawa yana iya zama mai ban haushi kuma yana da fitarwa mai ruwa. Cutar kwayar cuta ta biyu na iya faruwa kuma ta haifar da fitar da pus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trachoma - including symptoms, treatment and prevention |url=https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/Public+Content/SA+Health+Internet/Conditions/Infectious+diseases/Trachoma/Trachoma+-+including+symptoms%2C+treatment+and+prevention |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=South Australia Health}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Canje-canje na tsarin trachoma daga baya ana kiransu &quot;cicatricial trachoma&quot;. Wadannan sun hada da scarring a karkashin ido (tarsal conjunctiva) wanda ke karkatar da ido tare da buckling na murfin (tarsus), don haka lashes suna shafawa akan ido (trichiasis). Wannan na iya haifar da rashin haske na corneal da scarring sannan kuma ga makanta. Ana kiran alamun layi a cikin sulcus subtarsalis [1] Layin Arlt (mai suna bayan Carl Ferdinand von Arlt). Bugu da kari, jijiyoyin jini da ƙwayoyin cuta na iya mamaye cornea na sama (pannus). Ƙarƙashin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na iya barin ƙananan gibin a cikin pannus (ƙananan Herbert). [2]

Yawancin lokaci, yara da ke fama da trachoma mai aiki ba sa nuna alamun bayyanar cututtuka, kamar yadda ƙananan fushin da fitar da ido kawai an yarda da su kamar yadda ya saba, amma ƙarin alamun na iya haɗawa da: [ana buƙatar ambaton]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2023}}

== Manazarta ==

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'''Trachoma''' cuta ce mai yaduwa da kwayalr cuta ''[[Chlamydia trachomatis]]'' ta haifar.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 2013 |title=Blinding Trachoma Fact sheet N°382 |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs382/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314061724/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs382/en/ |archive-date=14 March 2014 |access-date=14 March 2014 |website=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cutar tana haifar da tsananin ciki na gashin ido.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot; /&gt; Wannan tsananin na iya haifar da ciwon ido, rushewar waje ko cornea na idanu, da kuma makanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot; /&gt; Ba tare da magani ba, maimaita cututtukan trachoma na iya haifar da wani nau'i na makanta na dindindin lokacin da idanu suka juya ciki.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot; /&gt;

Kwayoyin da ke haifar da cutar na iya yaduwa ta hanyar hulɗa kai tsaye da kai tsaye tare da idanun mutumin da ya shafa ko hanci.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 2013 |title=Blinding Trachoma Fact sheet N°382 |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs382/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314061724/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs382/en/ |archive-date=14 March 2014 |access-date=14 March 2014 |website=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saduwa ta kai tsaye ta haɗa da tufafi ko kwari waɗanda suka haɗu da idanun ko hanci na mutumin da ya shafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot; /&gt; Yara suna yaduwar cutar sau da yawa fiye da manya.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot; /&gt; Rashin tsabtace muhalli, yanayin rayuwa mai yawa, da rashin isasshen ruwa mai tsabta da bayan gida suma suna ƙara yaduwar.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot; /&gt;

Kokarin hana cutar ya haɗa da inganta damar samun ruwa mai tsabta da magani tare da maganin rigakafi don rage yawan mutanen da suka kamu da kwayar cuta.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 2013 |title=Blinding Trachoma Fact sheet N°382 |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs382/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314061724/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs382/en/ |archive-date=14 March 2014 |access-date=14 March 2014 |website=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan na iya haɗawa da warkarwa, duk a lokaci guda, dukan ƙungiyoyin mutanen da aka sani da cutar ta zama ruwan dare.&lt;ref name=&quot;Evans2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Evans |first=Jennifer R. |last2=Solomon |first2=Anthony W. |last3=Kumar |first3=Rahul |last4=Perez |first4=Ángela |last5=Singh |first5=Balendra P. |last6=Srivastava |first6=Rajat Mohan |last7=Harding-Esch |first7=Emma |date=26 September 2019 |title=Antibiotics for trachoma |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=9 |issue=9 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001860.pub4 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=6760986 |pmid=31554017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yin wanka, da kansa, bai isa ya hana cuta ba, amma yana iya zama da amfani tare da wasu matakai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ejere2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ejere |first=HO |last2=Alhassan, MB |last3=Rabiu, M |date=20 February 2015 |title=Face washing promotion for preventing active trachoma. |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2015 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003659.pub4 |pmc=4441394 |pmid=25697765}}&lt;/ref&gt; Zaɓuɓɓukan magani sun haɗa da azithromycin na baki da tetracycline na yau da kullun.&lt;ref name=&quot;Evans2019&quot; /&gt; An fi son Azithromycin saboda ana iya amfani dashi azaman kashi ɗaya na baki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mariotti2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mariotti SP |date=November 2004 |title=New steps toward eliminating blinding trachoma |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=351 |issue=19 |pages=2004–7 |doi=10.1056/NEJMe048205 |pmid=15525727}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan an yi amfani da gashin ido, ana iya buƙatar tiyata don gyara matsayin gashin ido da hana makanta.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot; /&gt;

A duniya, kimanin mutane miliyan 80 suna da kamuwa da cuta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fen2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fenwick |first=A |date=Mar 2012 |title=The global burden of neglected tropical diseases. |journal=Public Health |volume=126 |issue=3 |pages=233–6 |doi=10.1016/j.puhe.2011.11.015 |pmid=22325616}}&lt;/ref&gt; A wasu yankuna, kamuwa da cuta na iya kasancewa a cikin yara da yawa kusan 60-90% . &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 2013 |title=Blinding Trachoma Fact sheet N°382 |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs382/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314061724/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs382/en/ |archive-date=14 March 2014 |access-date=14 March 2014 |website=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga cikin manya yana shafar mata fiye da maza, mai yiwuwa saboda kusanci da yara.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot; /&gt; Cutar ita ce sanadin raguwar hangen nesa a cikin mutane miliyan 2.2, daga cikinsu miliyan 1.2 makanta ne gaba ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot; /&gt; Trachoma matsala ce ta kiwon lafiyar jama'a a kasashe 38 a duk faɗin Afirka, Asiya, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Amurka ta Tsakiya da Kudancin, da Ostiraliya.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO-trachoma-factsheet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-21 |title=Trachoma |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/trachoma |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=[[World Health Organization|WHO]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai mutane miliyan 103 da ke cikin haɗari,  daga miliyan 228.9 a cikin 2013. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 2013 |title=Blinding Trachoma Fact sheet N°382 |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs382/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314061724/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs382/en/ |archive-date=14 March 2014 |access-date=14 March 2014 |website=World Health Organization}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs382/en/ &quot;Blinding Trachoma Fact sheet N°382&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO-trachoma-factsheet&quot; /&gt; Yana haifar da asarar tattalin arziki na dala biliyan 8 a shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2013&quot; /&gt; Yana cikin rukuni na cututtukan da aka sani da cututtukani masu ban sha'awa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fen2012&quot; /&gt;

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
[[Fayil:Ellis_Island_Public_Health_Service_Physicians_(7844875428).jpg|left|thumb|Likitocin sabis na kiwon lafiya na Ellis Island suna nazarin sabbin baƙi don trachoma a cikin 1910]]
Kwayar cuta tana da lokacin shayarwa na kwanaki 10, bayan haka mutumin da ya shafa yana fuskantar alamun [[conjunctivitis]] ko &quot;pink eye&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Foster |first=Allen |last2=Mabey |first2=David C W |last3=Peeling |first3=Rosanna W |last4=Solomon |first4=Anthony W |date=2004 |title=Diagnosis and Assessment of Trachoma |journal=[[Clinical Microbiology Reviews]] |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=982–1011 |doi=10.1128/CMR.17.4.982-1011.2004 |pmc=523557 |pmid=15489358}}&lt;/ref&gt; Makantar trachoma mai kama da juna ya haifar da abubuwa da yawa na sake kamuwa da cuta wanda ke kula da kumburi mai tsanani a cikin conjunctiva. Ba tare da sake kamuwa da cuta ba, kumburi a hankali yana raguwa.

Ana kiran kumburi na conjunctival &quot;trachoma mai aiki&quot; kuma yawanci ana ganinsa a cikin yara, musamman wadanda ke cikin makarantar sakandare. Ana nuna shi da fararen kumfa a ƙarƙaho gashin ido na sama (conjunctival follicles ko cibiyoyin ƙwayoyin lymphoid) da kuma kumburi da ƙuƙwalwa, sau da yawa ana danganta shi da papillae. Follicles na iya bayyana a mahaɗar cornea da sclera (follicles na ƙashi). Trachoma mai aiki sau da yawa yana iya zama mai ban haushi kuma yana da fitarwa mai ruwa. Cutar kwayar cuta ta biyu na iya faruwa kuma ta haifar da fitar da pus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Trachoma - including symptoms, treatment and prevention |url=https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/Public+Content/SA+Health+Internet/Conditions/Infectious+diseases/Trachoma/Trachoma+-+including+symptoms%2C+treatment+and+prevention |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=South Australia Health}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Canje-canje na tsarin trachoma daga baya ana kiransu &quot;cicatricial trachoma&quot;. Wadannan sun hada da scarring a karkashin ido (tarsal conjunctiva) wanda ke karkatar da ido tare da buckling na murfin (tarsus), don haka lashes suna shafawa akan ido (trichiasis). Wannan na iya haifar da rashin haske na corneal da scarring sannan kuma ga makanta. Ana kiran alamun layi a cikin sulcus subtarsalis [1] Layin Arlt (mai suna bayan Carl Ferdinand von Arlt). Bugu da kari, jijiyoyin jini da ƙwayoyin cuta na iya mamaye cornea na sama (pannus). Ƙarƙashin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na iya barin ƙananan gibin a cikin pannus (ƙananan Herbert). [2]

Yawancin lokaci, yara da ke fama da trachoma mai aiki ba sa nuna alamun bayyanar cututtuka, kamar yadda ƙananan fushin da fitar da ido kawai an yarda da su kamar yadda ya saba, amma ƙarin alamun na iya haɗawa da: [ana buƙatar ambaton]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2023}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>sg10ql7j7d2bfss1vwiccquy8uw8xs5</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hana cin abinci</title>
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        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334537712|Feed ban]]&quot;</comment>
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Kalmar haramtacciyar abinci yawanci tana nufin ka'idojin da suka haramta ciyar da mafi yawan sunadarai da aka samo daga dabbobi masu shayarwa ga shanu a matsayin hanyar hana yaduwar encephalopathy na bovine spongiform (BSE). An yi imanin cewa ciyar da kayan ruminant masu kamuwa da cuta ga ruminants shine hanyar da za a iya yaduwar cutar.

== Amurka ==


A watan Yulin shekara ta 2003, Will Hueston, wanda a lokacin shi ne darektan Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Dabbobi da Tsaro a St. Paul, ya damu sosai game da rashin haramtacciyar abinci ta [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|FDA]] akan [[Saniya|shanu]] don Kayan Hadari.

== Kanada ==
A cikin shekara ta 1992, Kanada ta aiwatar da shirin sa ido na spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).  A cikin wani littafi na 2011, Hukumar Kula da Abinci ta Kanada (CFIA) ta yi ƙoƙari ta jaddada cewa &quot;mataki da ƙirar gwajin BSE a Kanada koyaushe ya kasance, kuma yana ci gaba da kasancewa, daidai da jagororin da Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya (OIE) ta ba da shawarar&quot;.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A watan Yulin shekara ta 2003,  CFIA ta sanya haramtacciyar haramtacciya ta kayan abinci. Wannan shi ne canjin tsari na farko ga aikin gona na shanu a Kanada bayan Bala'in BSE na Burtaniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;roos03&quot; /&gt;  A lokacin, CFIA ta wuce taka tsantsan FDA.&lt;ref name=&quot;roos03&quot; /&gt;

A ranar 12 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2007, CFIA ta sanya &quot;Ƙarfafa Cin Hanci&quot; (EFB), wanda Freeman Libby ya jagoranci.[1][2][3] A wannan ranar, an gano jimlar shari'o'in BSE 10, na ƙarshe a watan Mayu 2007 wanda ya haifar da mulkin EFB.[3] An tsara EFB don kula da matsayin Kanada a matsayin OIE &quot;ƙasar haɗari mai sarrafawa&quot;. A karkashin EFB, ana buƙatar izinin CFIA don jigilar ko karɓar SRM a kowane nau'i, kuma &quot;masu samar da dabbobi ba za su sake amfani da duk wani kayan abinci da ke dauke da SRM ba. &quot; EFB ta haramta &quot;amfani da kwakwalwar shanu, ƙwayoyin kashin baya, da wasu sassan jiki daga duk kayan aikin dabbobi, ƙwayoyi, ƙwayoyen da aka binne su, ƙwayoyanci, ƙwayocin kashin baya sun kasance a cikin watanni masu tsire-ƙwalwa, ƙwayohin ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayojin ƙwayoyin halitta, ƙwayocen ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ruwa, ƙwayo' a cikin ƙwayoyin suna karami, ƙwayo cikin ƙwayoyi masu ƙwayoyin ƙasa, ƙwayoyar cuta, a cikin ƙofofi, ƙwayowar ƙwayoyin ciki, ƙwayoƙwalwa, a cikin manyan ƙwayoyin 'ya' da ƙwayoyin' a cikin manyan' a cikin' a cikin tsoffin ƙwayoyin[2][3]

A lokacin, CFIA ta gamsu da cewa: tare da EFB, &quot;Ana sa ran za a kawar da BSE daga shanu na Kanada a cikin kimanin shekaru 10; ba tare da sabbin dokoki ba, ana sa ran kawarwa zai dauki shekaru da yawa. &quot;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
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      <origin>855641</origin>
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Kalmar haramtacciyar abinci yawanci tana nufin ka'idojin da suka haramta ciyar da mafi yawan sunadarai da aka samo daga dabbobi masu shayarwa ga shanu a matsayin hanyar hana yaduwar encephalopathy na bovine spongiform (BSE). An yi imanin cewa ciyar da kayan ruminant masu kamuwa da cuta ga ruminants shine hanyar da za a iya yaduwar cutar.

== Amurka ==


A watan Yulin shekara ta 2003, Will Hueston, wanda a lokacin shi ne darektan Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Dabbobi da Tsaro a St. Paul, ya damu sosai game da rashin haramtacciyar abinci ta [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|FDA]] akan [[Saniya|shanu]] don Kayan Hadari.

== Kanada ==
A cikin shekara ta 1992, Kanada ta aiwatar da shirin sa ido na spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).  A cikin wani littafi na 2011, Hukumar Kula da Abinci ta Kanada (CFIA) ta yi ƙoƙari ta jaddada cewa &quot;mataki da ƙirar gwajin BSE a Kanada koyaushe ya kasance, kuma yana ci gaba da kasancewa, daidai da jagororin da Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya (OIE) ta ba da shawarar&quot;.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

A watan Yulin shekara ta 2003,  CFIA ta sanya haramtacciyar haramtacciya ta kayan abinci. Wannan shi ne canjin tsari na farko ga aikin gona na shanu a Kanada bayan Bala'in BSE na Burtaniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;roos03&quot; /&gt;  A lokacin, CFIA ta wuce taka tsantsan FDA.&lt;ref name=&quot;roos03&quot; /&gt;

A ranar 12 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2007, CFIA ta sanya &quot;Ƙarfafa Cin Hanci&quot; (EFB), wanda Freeman Libby ya jagoranci.[1][2][3] A wannan ranar, an gano jimlar shari'o'in BSE 10, na ƙarshe a watan Mayu 2007 wanda ya haifar da mulkin EFB.[3] An tsara EFB don kula da matsayin Kanada a matsayin OIE &quot;ƙasar haɗari mai sarrafawa&quot;. A karkashin EFB, ana buƙatar izinin CFIA don jigilar ko karɓar SRM a kowane nau'i, kuma &quot;masu samar da dabbobi ba za su sake amfani da duk wani kayan abinci da ke dauke da SRM ba. &quot; EFB ta haramta &quot;amfani da kwakwalwar shanu, ƙwayoyin kashin baya, da wasu sassan jiki daga duk kayan aikin dabbobi, ƙwayoyi, ƙwayoyen da aka binne su, ƙwayoyanci, ƙwayocin kashin baya sun kasance a cikin watanni masu tsire-ƙwalwa, ƙwayohin ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayojin ƙwayoyin halitta, ƙwayocen ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ruwa, ƙwayo' a cikin ƙwayoyin suna karami, ƙwayo cikin ƙwayoyi masu ƙwayoyin ƙasa, ƙwayoyar cuta, a cikin ƙofofi, ƙwayowar ƙwayoyin ciki, ƙwayoƙwalwa, a cikin manyan ƙwayoyin 'ya' da ƙwayoyin' a cikin manyan' a cikin' a cikin tsoffin ƙwayoyin[2][3]

A lokacin, CFIA ta gamsu da cewa: tare da EFB, &quot;Ana sa ran za a kawar da BSE daga shanu na Kanada a cikin kimanin shekaru 10; ba tare da sabbin dokoki ba, ana sa ran kawarwa zai dauki shekaru da yawa. &quot;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>nhqfmreiynwmi22fmjjx85s8z3wsz8v</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Yau ce Ranan ta</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-13T05:05:13Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Abdulrahman tahir shika</username>
        <id>24962</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340025585|It's Her Day]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855652</origin>
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      <text bytes="6125" sha1="9moanf16i183n35j38nxyqb6y21q24v" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox film|name=It's Her Day|image=It's Her Day.jpg|alt=|caption=|director=Aniedi Anwah|writer=[[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]]|screenplay={{Plainlist|
Bovi Ugboma
}}|story=|based_on=&lt;!-- {{based on|title of the original work|writer of the original work}} --&gt;|producer=Bovi Ugboma|starring={{Plainlist|
*Bovi Ugboma
*[[Ini Dima-Okojie]]
*[[Shaffy Bello]]
*[[Amanda Mike-Ebeye]]
*[[Toni Tones]]
*Adunni Ade
*Najite Dede
*Gregory Ojefua
*Thelma Ezeamaka
*Femi Durojaiye
*Ese Lami George 
}}|narrator=|cinematography=Emeka Madu|editing=[[Akin Alabi]]|music={{Plainlist|
*Harrison &quot;Babariq&quot; Eke
}}|studio=Kountry Kulture Network|distributor=Silverbird Distribution|released={{Film date|2016|10|09|Lagos, Nigeria|df=y|ref1=&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/10/08/bovis-movie-premiere-its-her-day/] http://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/10/08/bovis-movie-premiere-its-her-day/ Retrieved 8 October 2016&lt;/ref&gt;}}|runtime=|country=Nigeria|language=English|gross=₦55,021,150 (Raked ₦12M in the opening weekend)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.viewngr.com/bovis-its-her-day-movie-gross-over-55m-nollywood-movies-2016/ |title=Bovi's It's Her Day Movie Bags Over 55m High Grossing Nollywood Movies In 2016 |author-link=View Nigeria |date=17 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117013546/http://www.viewngr.com/bovis-its-her-day-movie-gross-over-55m-nollywood-movies-2016/ |archive-date=17 January 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}{{Reflist}}'''''Ranarta''''' Fim ne na wasan barkwanci na Najeriya na 2016 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author-link=360nobs |date=16 September 2016 |title=Movie Review: It's Her Day |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118051110/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/09/movie-review-day/ |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; game da wasu ma'aurata da suka yi aure daga asali daban-daban na zamantakewa da kuma gwagwarmayar da suke fuskanta a aji yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu mai kyau. Bovi Ugboma ya fito a matsayin Victor, wani sabon saurayi da aka matsa masa lamba don ya ba wa budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, [[Nicole Scherzinger|Nicole]] ( [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] ) auren tatsuniya mai ban mamaki. [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya shirya fim ɗin kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya shirya shi kuma an fara nuna shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author-link=Pulse Nigeria |date=25 September 2016 |title=&quot;It's Her Day&quot; is an imaginative and clever comedy movie |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124052533/http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-its-her-day-is-an-imaginative-and-clever-comedy-movie-id5498634.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=16 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Takaitaccen Bayani ==
Victor ya dawo gida daga Burtaniya don ya auri amaryarsa, Nicole Hernández mai tsauri wacce ba ta ɓata lokaci ba wajen tsara bikin auren mafarkinta. Ganin cewa mahaifiyar Nicole mai wayo tana shiga cikin kowane abu, Victor ya ga cewa kuɗin ya wuce kasafin kuɗinsa. Duk da gargaɗin da aka yi masa daga babban abokinsa Omonigho wanda Nicole ba ta so - tare da danginsa da ke [[Warri]], gami da Anti Foweh - Victor ya fuskanci matsin lamba ba wai kawai don ya faranta wa Nicole da mahaifiyarta rai ba, har ma da 'yan'uwan Hernández masu buƙata - Stacey, Nancy, da Augusta. Tare da taimakon wani mai shirya bikin aure mai kyau, Hernándezes ya yi watsi da duk wani abu da ya faru a babban ranar Nicole, yayin da shawarwarin Victor ko dai an yi watsi da su ko kuma an yi musu ba'a.

Matsala ta biyo baya a [[Al'adun aure a Afirka|bikin auren]] ma'auratan lokacin da Victor ya fesa wa amaryarsa [[Naira|takardun naira]] maimakon takardun dala. Ya nemi afuwa, amma buƙatun amaryar Nicole sun ci gaba. Yanzu ya yi nadamar rabuwa da Angela, tsohuwar budurwar da ya tafi da ita don Nicole, kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin dawo da ita. Duk da haka, ta fahimci fuskarsa ta kuma shawarce shi da ya guji ci gaba da bayyana kansa don samun nasara. A lokacin zaman ba da shawara kafin aure, Victor da Nicole sun tayar da rikici lokacin da ta fi mai da hankali kan Candy Crush ɗinta kuma ta yi watsi da taron. Ya rabu da ita, wani mataki da Omonigho ya amince da shi, amma da ya gano cewa Angela yanzu tana da sabon namiji, sai ya sulhunta da Nicole.

Ranarta Fim ne na wasan barkwanci na Najeriya na 2016 [1] game da wasu ma'aurata da suka yi aure daga asali daban-daban na zamantakewa da kuma gwagwarmayar da suke fuskanta a aji yayin da suke shirin bikin aurensu mai kyau. Bovi Ugboma ya fito a matsayin Victor, wani sabon saurayi da aka matsa masa lamba don ya ba wa budurwarsa mai son abin duniya, Nicole ( Ini Dima-Okojie ) auren tatsuniya mai ban mamaki. Bovi Ugboma ne ya shirya fim ɗin kuma Aniedi Anwah ne ya shirya shi kuma an fara nuna shi a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 2016 a Legas, Najeriya. [2] [3]

gidan Angela suka roƙe ta da ta yi la'akari da sake farfaɗo da tsohuwar dangantakarta. Duk da cewa ta karɓi uzurinsa, Angela ba ta manta da raunin da ta sha bayan ya yi watsi da ita ba, kuma ta kore su da bulala.

== 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo ==

* [[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] a matsayin Victor Elomena/Victor Smith
* [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] as Nicole Hernández
* [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] as Mrs Hernández
* [[Toni Tones]] a matsayin Stacy Hernández
* Thelma Ezeamaka as Augusta Hernández
* [[Amanda Ebeye|Amanda Mike-Ebeye]] as Nancy Hernández
* [[Adunni Ade]] a matsayin Caroline, mai tsara bikin aure
* [[Najite Dede]] a matsayin Aunty Foweh
* [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Omonigo
* Femi Durojaiye a matsayin Dede
* Ese Lami George a matsayin Victoria
* [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Angela

== Samarwa ==
[[Bovi|Bovi Ugboma]] ne ya shirya fim ɗin. Aniedi Anwah ne ya ba da umarni.  A cikin Kountry Kulture Network, wanda Silverbird Distribution ya rarraba.

== Fitowa ==
An fara nuna fim ɗin a Lagos, Najeriya a ranar 9 ga Satumba. 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Domen Novak (mai wasan hannu)</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337462132|Domen Novak (handballer)]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Domen Novak''' (born 26 April 1998) is a Slovenian handball player who plays as a right winger for SG Flensburg-Handewitt and the Slovenia national team.

== Sana'a ==
Novak ya wakilci Slovenia a Gasar Cin Kofin Hannu ta Maza ta Duniya ta 2023 da kuma Gasar Cin Kofin Hannu ta Maza ta Turai ta 2024. A ƙarshe, duk da cewa bai taka rawar gani ba a gasar gaba ɗaya, ya zira kwallaye uku a nasarar da ya samu kan Denmark . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 January 2024 |title=Slovenia beat Denmark for a trip to Cologne! |url=https://www.handball-planet.com/56258-2/ |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=Handball Planet}}&lt;/ref&gt; A matakin kulob, ya lashe gasar Slovenia ta Farko a 2020 tare da RK Celje . Ya sanya hannu kan HSG Wetzlar don kakar wasa ta 2021–22 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Kristian Bjørnsen . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;Perfekter Ersatz für Kristian Björnsen&quot;: HSG Wetzlar verpflichtet slowenischen Nationalspieler |url=https://www.handball-world.news/o.red.r/news-1-1-1-131931.html |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=Handball World |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 3 ga Oktoba 2023, ya zira kwallaye tara yayin da Wetzlar ya ci 32–31 a kan THW Kiel a wasan DHB-Pokal .  

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]]</text>
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'''Domen Novak''' (born 26 April 1998) is a Slovenian handball player who plays as a right winger for SG Flensburg-Handewitt and the Slovenia national team.

== Sana'a ==
Novak ya wakilci Slovenia a Gasar Cin Kofin Hannu ta Maza ta Duniya ta 2023 da kuma Gasar Cin Kofin Hannu ta Maza ta Turai ta 2024. A ƙarshe, duk da cewa bai taka rawar gani ba a gasar gaba ɗaya, ya zira kwallaye uku a nasarar da ya samu kan Denmark . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 January 2024 |title=Slovenia beat Denmark for a trip to Cologne! |url=https://www.handball-planet.com/56258-2/ |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=Handball Planet}}&lt;/ref&gt; A matakin kulob, ya lashe gasar Slovenia ta Farko a 2020 tare da RK Celje . Ya sanya hannu kan HSG Wetzlar don kakar wasa ta 2021–22 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Kristian Bjørnsen . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;Perfekter Ersatz für Kristian Björnsen&quot;: HSG Wetzlar verpflichtet slowenischen Nationalspieler |url=https://www.handball-world.news/o.red.r/news-1-1-1-131931.html |access-date=4 March 2024 |website=Handball World |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 3 ga Oktoba 2023, ya zira kwallaye tara yayin da Wetzlar ya ci 32–31 a kan THW Kiel a wasan DHB-Pokal .  

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]]</text>
      <sha1>5s74ru7vcdjt0e8ps9ctt1t1ktdtn9k</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Abayomi Abolaji</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157019</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855676</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T08:42:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346483421|Abayomi Abolaji]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2755" sha1="sn2hmzz01vqrwfow1ib92ihd44grufs" xml:space="preserve">'''Abayomi Abolaji''' malami ne dan kasar [[Najeriya]], kuma ya kasance mai gudanarwa a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya . An haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Disambar sheekara ta 1964 ga Mista Olowookere da Mrs. Nimat Abolaji. Ya kammala karatun shi a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, Zaria, inda ya yi karatun Nazarin Jama'a a Shirin Digiri na Ilimi. Daga baya ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin Shirye-shiryen Ilimi daga Jami'ar National Open Univeersity ta Najeriya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MR ABAYOMI ABOLAJI-PERMANENT SECRETARY |url=https://education.lagosstate.gov.ng/2019/08/19/mr-abayomi-abolaji-permanent-secretary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204090431/http://education.lagosstate.gov.ng/2019/08/19/mr-abayomi-abolaji-permanent-secretary/ |archive-date=2023-12-04 |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Ministry of Education - Lagos State Government |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyuka ==
Abayomi Abolaji ya fara aikin koyarwa a shekarar 1992. Ya kasance memba na [[Kungiyar Malamai ta Najeriya|Ƙungiyar Malamai ta Najeriya]] (NUT) da Ƙungiyar Inshora ta Najeriya (IAN). A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Sakatare na Dindindin na Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Kasa da Sakandare a Jihar Legas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MR ABAYOMI ABOLAJI-PERMANENT SECRETARY |url=https://education.lagosstate.gov.ng/2019/08/19/mr-abayomi-abolaji-permanent-secretary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204090431/http://education.lagosstate.gov.ng/2019/08/19/mr-abayomi-abolaji-permanent-secretary/ |archive-date=2023-12-04 |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Ministry of Education - Lagos State Government |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Nigeria |first=Guardian |date=2024-08-03 |title=Students rewarded for using technology to solve mathematics |url=https://guardian.ng/news/students-rewarded-for-using-technology-to-solve-mathematics/ |access-date=2024-12-09 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Oloniniran |first=Gbenga |date=2024-03-25 |title=Lagos urges school owners to maintain uniform calendar |url=https://punchng.com/lagos-urges-school-owners-to-maintain-uniform-calendar/ |access-date=2024-12-09 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first=Our |date=2023-08-24 |title=Lagos govt advises stakeholders on improved academic session |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/lagos-govt-advises-stakeholders-on-improved-academic-session/ |access-date=2024-12-09 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]]
[[Rukuni:Maluman Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Abayami akinrutan</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346483425|Abayomi Akinruntan]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855677</origin>
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'''Yarima Abayomi Babatunde Akinruntan''', an haife shi a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 1973, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-09-06 |title=#KnowYourLawmakers: The Prince of Ugbo Kingdom; Prince Abayomi Babatunde Akinruntan |url=http://www.technocratmediang.com/2019/09/06/knowyourlawmakers-the-prince-of-ugbo-kingdom-prince-abayomi-babatunde-akinruntan/ |access-date=2020-08-09 |website=Technocrat Media House |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan kasuwa ne, kuma ɗan siyasa sannan a halin yanzu, memba ne kuma sakataren majalisa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ondo State Government |url=http://www.ondostate.gov.ng/Home/HouseOfAssembly |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722022058/http://www.ondostate.gov.ng/Home/HouseOfAssembly |archive-date=2020-07-22 |access-date=2020-08-10 |website=www.ondostate.gov.ng |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Ondo wanda ke wakiltar mazabar [[Ilaje]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ShineYourEye |url=https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/abayomi-akinruntan/ |access-date=2020-08-09 |website=www.shineyoureye.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;(((((((((((((((([[:en:Fredrick_Obateru_Akinruntan|Obateru Akinruntan]], a wealthy traditional ruler in [[:en:Ugbo_Kingdom|Ugbo Kingdom]], a town in [[:en:Ilaje|Ilaje]] Local Government, Ondo State, Nigeria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-09-06 |title=#KnowYourLawmakers: The Prince of Ugbo Kingdom; Prince Abayomi Babatunde Akinruntan |url=http://www.technocratmediang.com/2019/09/06/knowyourlawmakers-the-prince-of-ugbo-kingdom-prince-abayomi-babatunde-akinruntan/ |access-date=2020-08-10 |website=Technocrat Media House |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; He started his education at the Sacred Heart Nursery/Primary School in Ibadan and proceeded to Command Secondary

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Abayomi ɗan Sarki [[Fredrick Obateru Akinruntan]] ne, mai mulkin gargajiya, mutum ne mai arziki a Masarautar Ugbo, wani gari a cikin Karamar Hukumar [[Ilaje]], Jihar Ondo, Najeriya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-09-06 |title=#KnowYourLawmakers: The Prince of Ugbo Kingdom; Prince Abayomi Babatunde Akinruntan |url=http://www.technocratmediang.com/2019/09/06/knowyourlawmakers-the-prince-of-ugbo-kingdom-prince-abayomi-babatunde-akinruntan/ |access-date=2020-08-10 |website=Technocrat Media House |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara karatunsa a Makarantar Sacred Heart Nursery/Primary School a Ibadan kuma ya ci gaba zuwa Makarantar Sakandare ta Command, duka a Ibadan,  ya fara karatunsa na sakandare a [[Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha, Ibadan|Polytechnic, Ibadan]], inda ya karanta Art and Design kuma ya sami difloma ta kasa a shekarar 1995.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shittu |first=Adeola |date=2019-10-28 |title=OLUGBO Of UGBO, Oba AKINRUTAN's Son, Hon. ABAYOMI Speaks About His Life As An ONDO Lawmaker |url=http://www.citypeopleonline.com/olugbo-of-ugbo-oba-akinrutans-son-hon-abayomi-speaks-about-his-life-as-an-ondo-lawmaker/ |access-date=2020-08-09 |website=City People Magazine |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yarima Abayomi kuma yana da LL.B {Hons} a cikin Shari'a daga tsohuwar Jami'ar Jihar Ogun yanzu kuma yana [[Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo]]). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-09-06 |title=#KnowYourLawmakers: The Prince of Ugbo Kingdom; Prince Abayomi Babatunde Akinruntan |url=http://www.technocratmediang.com/2019/09/06/knowyourlawmakers-the-prince-of-ugbo-kingdom-prince-abayomi-babatunde-akinruntan/ |access-date=2020-08-09 |website=Technocrat Media House |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kasuwanci da rayuwar Shi ==
Yarima Abayomi ya kasance yana da hannu sosai a cikin ayyukan yau da kullun na Obat Oil and Petroleum Limited, ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin man fetur na Najeriya kuma a cikin 2001, ya zama Manajan Ayyuka na Obat oil, yana kula da ayyukan da kayan aiki a Babban Ofishin kamfanin da Ofisoshin Sabis a Ibadan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-11-04 |title={{title case|A HARDWORKING PRINCE OF UGBO KINGDOM, ILAJE, ONDO STATE: AN {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|ENTERPRENEUR}} AND A GRASSROOTS POLITICIAN WITH PASSION FOR HUMAN EMPOWERNMENT}} |url=https://heromagazines.com/a-hardworking-man-an-enterpreneur-and-a-grassroots-politician-with-passion-for-human-empowernment-prince-hon-abayomi-akinrutan/ |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=[[Hero (magazine)|Hero]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yarima Abayomi Babatunde Akinruntan shi ne Darakta, Ayyuka na Febson Hotel Nigeria Ltd, wani Ultra-Modern Facility a Abuja kuma yana da alaƙa da kamfanoni ciki har da Prince Aando Nigeria Limited (Mai da Gas), Bellefull Integrated Resources Limited, Aando Apartments (Hotels da Towers), De Ark Entertainment da Records da 2110 Oil da Gas. A shekara ta 2011, an nada shi Babban Darakta na rukuni, Ayyuka, Obat Group &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Korkus |first=Stella Dimoko |title=Happy 40th Birthday Prince Yomi Akinruntan |url=https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2013/10/happy-40th-birthday-prince-yomi.html |access-date=2020-08-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma mai kula da farko na Jihar Ondo don Ofishin Ci gaban Abun ciki da Kulawa na Najeriya (NCDMB) a Yenegoa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Technocrat Media |date=2019-09-06 |title=#KnowYourLawmakers: The Prince of Ugbo Kingdom; Prince Abayomi Babatunde Akinruntan |url=https://technocratmediang.com/2019/09/06/knowyourlawmakers-the-prince-of-ugbo-kingdom-prince-abayomi-babatunde-akinruntan/ |access-date=2021-12-06 |website=Technocrat Media Nigeria - ...reporting facts not fiction |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; kafin ya shiga siyasa a Jihar Ondo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bio |url=http://abakinruntan.com/bio/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116142429/http://abakinruntan.com/bio/ |archive-date=2020-01-16 |access-date=2020-08-10 |website=Abayomi Akinruntan |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abayomi ta yi aure da farin ciki ga Olamide kuma an albarkaci haɗin tare da yara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2019-10-03 |title=Ondo lawmaker, Yomi Akinrutan, celebrates love |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/ondo-lawmaker-yomi-akinrutan-celebrates-love/ |access-date=2020-08-10 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
Abayomi ya fara siyasa a shekarar 2011 lokacin da ya yi takara a [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya,]] amma an hana shi tikiti a karkashin Jam'iyyar Labour kuma A shekarar 2015, Yarima Abayomi Akinruntan ya yi takarar kuma ya lashe zaben Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Ondo a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Assembly |first=Ondo State House of |title=Members – Ondo State House of Assembly |url=http://www.ondoweb.ondostate.gov.ng/odha/members/ |access-date=2020-08-10 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan shekaru 4 na farko a majalisar dokoki, ya tashi daga PDP zuwa APC a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 2017  kuma an sake zabarsa a matsayin memba, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Ondo a 2020 a karkashin All Progressive Congress. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bio |url=http://abakinruntan.com/bio/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116142429/http://abakinruntan.com/bio/ |archive-date=2020-01-16 |access-date=2020-08-10 |website=Abayomi Akinruntan |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2019-06-03 |title=Speaker, deputy speaker return as ninth Ondo Assembly inaugurated |url=https://businessday.ng/politics/article/speaker-deputy-speaker-return-as-ninth-ondo-assembly-inaugurated/ |access-date=2020-08-10 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855678</id>
      <parentid>855677</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T08:55:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>855678</origin>
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      <text bytes="7685" sha1="awd2reqkldzmdk7lovj3zkxhlho58bk" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Abayomi Akinruntan
| image =
| caption=Deputy Speaker of Ondo State House of Assembly
| office = Member [[Ondo State House of Assembly]]
| term_start = 2015
| term_end = 2027
| Speaker = 
| predecessor =
| successor = 
| office2 = Deputy Speaker of [[Ondo State House of Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 2015
| term_end2 = 
| Speaker2 = 
| predecessor2 = 
| successor2 = 
| office3 = 
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| Speaker3 =
| predecessor3 = 
| successor3 = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|10|21}}
| birth_place = 
| death_date = 
| death_place = 
| party = [[All Progressive Congress]] (APC)
| father = King [[Fredrick Obateru Akinruntan]]
| relations = Married
| alma_mater = Olabisi Onabanjo University
| occupation = Legislator, Businessman
| constituency = Ilaje Constituency 1
| profession =
| website = http://abakinruntan.com/
}}

'''Yarima Abayomi Babatunde Akinruntan''', an haife shi a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 1973, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-09-06 |title=#KnowYourLawmakers: The Prince of Ugbo Kingdom; Prince Abayomi Babatunde Akinruntan |url=http://www.technocratmediang.com/2019/09/06/knowyourlawmakers-the-prince-of-ugbo-kingdom-prince-abayomi-babatunde-akinruntan/ |access-date=2020-08-09 |website=Technocrat Media House |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan kasuwa ne, kuma ɗan siyasa sannan a halin yanzu, memba ne kuma sakataren majalisa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ondo State Government |url=http://www.ondostate.gov.ng/Home/HouseOfAssembly |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722022058/http://www.ondostate.gov.ng/Home/HouseOfAssembly |archive-date=2020-07-22 |access-date=2020-08-10 |website=www.ondostate.gov.ng |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Ondo wanda ke wakiltar mazabar [[Ilaje]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ShineYourEye |url=https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/abayomi-akinruntan/ |access-date=2020-08-09 |website=www.shineyoureye.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Abayomi ɗan Sarki [[Fredrick Obateru Akinruntan]] ne, mai mulkin gargajiya, mutum ne mai arziki a Masarautar Ugbo, wani gari a cikin Karamar Hukumar [[Ilaje]], Jihar Ondo, Najeriya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-09-06 |title=#KnowYourLawmakers: The Prince of Ugbo Kingdom; Prince Abayomi Babatunde Akinruntan |url=http://www.technocratmediang.com/2019/09/06/knowyourlawmakers-the-prince-of-ugbo-kingdom-prince-abayomi-babatunde-akinruntan/ |access-date=2020-08-10 |website=Technocrat Media House |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara karatunsa a Makarantar Sacred Heart Nursery/Primary School a Ibadan kuma ya ci gaba zuwa Makarantar Sakandare ta Command, duka a Ibadan,  ya fara karatunsa na sakandare a [[Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha, Ibadan|Polytechnic, Ibadan]], inda ya karanta Art and Design kuma ya sami difloma ta kasa a shekarar 1995.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shittu |first=Adeola |date=2019-10-28 |title=OLUGBO Of UGBO, Oba AKINRUTAN's Son, Hon. ABAYOMI Speaks About His Life As An ONDO Lawmaker |url=http://www.citypeopleonline.com/olugbo-of-ugbo-oba-akinrutans-son-hon-abayomi-speaks-about-his-life-as-an-ondo-lawmaker/ |access-date=2020-08-09 |website=City People Magazine |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yarima Abayomi kuma yana da LL.B {Hons} a cikin Shari'a daga tsohuwar Jami'ar Jihar Ogun yanzu kuma yana [[Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo]]). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-09-06 |title=#KnowYourLawmakers: The Prince of Ugbo Kingdom; Prince Abayomi Babatunde Akinruntan |url=http://www.technocratmediang.com/2019/09/06/knowyourlawmakers-the-prince-of-ugbo-kingdom-prince-abayomi-babatunde-akinruntan/ |access-date=2020-08-09 |website=Technocrat Media House |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kasuwanci da rayuwar Shi ==
Yarima Abayomi ya kasance yana da hannu sosai a cikin ayyukan yau da kullun na Obat Oil and Petroleum Limited, ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin man fetur na Najeriya kuma a cikin 2001, ya zama Manajan Ayyuka na Obat oil, yana kula da ayyukan da kayan aiki a Babban Ofishin kamfanin da Ofisoshin Sabis a Ibadan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-11-04 |title={{title case|A HARDWORKING PRINCE OF UGBO KINGDOM, ILAJE, ONDO STATE: AN {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|ENTERPRENEUR}} AND A GRASSROOTS POLITICIAN WITH PASSION FOR HUMAN EMPOWERNMENT}} |url=https://heromagazines.com/a-hardworking-man-an-enterpreneur-and-a-grassroots-politician-with-passion-for-human-empowernment-prince-hon-abayomi-akinrutan/ |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=[[Hero (magazine)|Hero]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yarima Abayomi Babatunde Akinruntan shi ne Darakta, Ayyuka na Febson Hotel Nigeria Ltd, wani Ultra-Modern Facility a Abuja kuma yana da alaƙa da kamfanoni ciki har da Prince Aando Nigeria Limited (Mai da Gas), Bellefull Integrated Resources Limited, Aando Apartments (Hotels da Towers), De Ark Entertainment da Records da 2110 Oil da Gas. A shekara ta 2011, an nada shi Babban Darakta na rukuni, Ayyuka, Obat Group &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Korkus |first=Stella Dimoko |title=Happy 40th Birthday Prince Yomi Akinruntan |url=https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2013/10/happy-40th-birthday-prince-yomi.html |access-date=2020-08-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma mai kula da farko na Jihar Ondo don Ofishin Ci gaban Abun ciki da Kulawa na Najeriya (NCDMB) a Yenegoa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Technocrat Media |date=2019-09-06 |title=#KnowYourLawmakers: The Prince of Ugbo Kingdom; Prince Abayomi Babatunde Akinruntan |url=https://technocratmediang.com/2019/09/06/knowyourlawmakers-the-prince-of-ugbo-kingdom-prince-abayomi-babatunde-akinruntan/ |access-date=2021-12-06 |website=Technocrat Media Nigeria - ...reporting facts not fiction |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; kafin ya shiga siyasa a Jihar Ondo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bio |url=http://abakinruntan.com/bio/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116142429/http://abakinruntan.com/bio/ |archive-date=2020-01-16 |access-date=2020-08-10 |website=Abayomi Akinruntan |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abayomi ta yi aure da farin ciki ga Olamide kuma an albarkaci haɗin tare da yara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2019-10-03 |title=Ondo lawmaker, Yomi Akinrutan, celebrates love |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/ondo-lawmaker-yomi-akinrutan-celebrates-love/ |access-date=2020-08-10 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
Abayomi ya fara siyasa a shekarar 2011 lokacin da ya yi takara a [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya,]] amma an hana shi tikiti a karkashin Jam'iyyar Labour kuma A shekarar 2015, Yarima Abayomi Akinruntan ya yi takarar kuma ya lashe zaben Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Ondo a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Assembly |first=Ondo State House of |title=Members – Ondo State House of Assembly |url=http://www.ondoweb.ondostate.gov.ng/odha/members/ |access-date=2020-08-10 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan shekaru 4 na farko a majalisar dokoki, ya tashi daga PDP zuwa APC a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 2017  kuma an sake zabarsa a matsayin memba, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Ondo a 2020 a karkashin All Progressive Congress. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bio |url=http://abakinruntan.com/bio/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116142429/http://abakinruntan.com/bio/ |archive-date=2020-01-16 |access-date=2020-08-10 |website=Abayomi Akinruntan |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2019-06-03 |title=Speaker, deputy speaker return as ninth Ondo Assembly inaugurated |url=https://businessday.ng/politics/article/speaker-deputy-speaker-return-as-ninth-ondo-assembly-inaugurated/ |access-date=2020-08-10 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>awd2reqkldzmdk7lovj3zkxhlho58bk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855679</id>
      <parentid>855678</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T08:56:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>855679</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7684" sha1="gbeic4516bptmma9q1s6gv2lyapozp9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name = Abayomi Akinruntan
| image =
| caption=Deputy Speaker of Ondo State House of Assembly
| office = Member [[Ondo State House of Assembly]]
| term_start = 2015
| term_end = 2027
| Speaker = 
| predecessor =
| successor = 
| office2 = Deputy Speaker of [[Ondo State House of Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 2015
| term_end2 = 
| Speaker2 = 
| predecessor2 = 
| successor2 = 
| office3 = 
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| Speaker3 =
| predecessor3 = 
| successor3 = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|10|21}}
| birth_place = 
| death_date = 
| death_place = 
| party = [[All Progressive Congress]] (APC)
| father = King [[Fredrick Obateru Akinruntan]]
| relations = Married
| alma_mater = Olabisi Onabanjo University
| occupation = Legislator, Businessman
| constituency = Ilaje Constituency 1
| profession =
| website = http://abakinruntan.com/
}}

'''Yarima Abayomi Babatunde Akinruntan''', an haife shi a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 1973, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-09-06 |title=#KnowYourLawmakers: The Prince of Ugbo Kingdom; Prince Abayomi Babatunde Akinruntan |url=http://www.technocratmediang.com/2019/09/06/knowyourlawmakers-the-prince-of-ugbo-kingdom-prince-abayomi-babatunde-akinruntan/ |access-date=2020-08-09 |website=Technocrat Media House |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɗan kasuwa ne, kuma ɗan siyasa sannan a halin yanzu, memba ne kuma sakataren majalisa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ondo State Government |url=http://www.ondostate.gov.ng/Home/HouseOfAssembly |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722022058/http://www.ondostate.gov.ng/Home/HouseOfAssembly |archive-date=2020-07-22 |access-date=2020-08-10 |website=www.ondostate.gov.ng |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Ondo wanda ke wakiltar mazabar [[Ilaje]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ShineYourEye |url=https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/abayomi-akinruntan/ |access-date=2020-08-09 |website=www.shineyoureye.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi ==
Abayomi ɗan Sarki [[Fredrick Obateru Akinruntan]] ne, mai mulkin gargajiya, mutum ne mai arziki a Masarautar Ugbo, wani gari a cikin Karamar Hukumar [[Ilaje]], Jihar Ondo, Najeriya . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-09-06 |title=KnowYourLawmakers: The Prince of Ugbo Kingdom; Prince Abayomi Babatunde Akinruntan |url=http://www.technocratmediang.com/2019/09/06/knowyourlawmakers-the-prince-of-ugbo-kingdom-prince-abayomi-babatunde-akinruntan/ |access-date=2020-08-10 |website=Technocrat Media House |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara karatunsa a Makarantar Sacred Heart Nursery/Primary School a Ibadan kuma ya ci gaba zuwa Makarantar Sakandare ta Command, duka a Ibadan,  ya fara karatunsa na sakandare a [[Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha, Ibadan|Polytechnic, Ibadan]], inda ya karanta Art and Design kuma ya sami difloma ta kasa a shekarar 1995.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shittu |first=Adeola |date=2019-10-28 |title=OLUGBO Of UGBO, Oba AKINRUTAN's Son, Hon. ABAYOMI Speaks About His Life As An ONDO Lawmaker |url=http://www.citypeopleonline.com/olugbo-of-ugbo-oba-akinrutans-son-hon-abayomi-speaks-about-his-life-as-an-ondo-lawmaker/ |access-date=2020-08-09 |website=City People Magazine |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yarima Abayomi kuma yana da LL.B {Hons} a cikin Shari'a daga tsohuwar Jami'ar Jihar Ogun yanzu kuma yana [[Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo]]). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-09-06 |title=#KnowYourLawmakers: The Prince of Ugbo Kingdom; Prince Abayomi Babatunde Akinruntan |url=http://www.technocratmediang.com/2019/09/06/knowyourlawmakers-the-prince-of-ugbo-kingdom-prince-abayomi-babatunde-akinruntan/ |access-date=2020-08-09 |website=Technocrat Media House |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kasuwanci da rayuwar Shi ==
Yarima Abayomi ya kasance yana da hannu sosai a cikin ayyukan yau da kullun na Obat Oil and Petroleum Limited, ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin man fetur na Najeriya kuma a cikin 2001, ya zama Manajan Ayyuka na Obat oil, yana kula da ayyukan da kayan aiki a Babban Ofishin kamfanin da Ofisoshin Sabis a Ibadan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-11-04 |title={{title case|A HARDWORKING PRINCE OF UGBO KINGDOM, ILAJE, ONDO STATE: AN {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|ENTERPRENEUR}} AND A GRASSROOTS POLITICIAN WITH PASSION FOR HUMAN EMPOWERNMENT}} |url=https://heromagazines.com/a-hardworking-man-an-enterpreneur-and-a-grassroots-politician-with-passion-for-human-empowernment-prince-hon-abayomi-akinrutan/ |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=[[Hero (magazine)|Hero]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yarima Abayomi Babatunde Akinruntan shi ne Darakta, Ayyuka na Febson Hotel Nigeria Ltd, wani Ultra-Modern Facility a Abuja kuma yana da alaƙa da kamfanoni ciki har da Prince Aando Nigeria Limited (Mai da Gas), Bellefull Integrated Resources Limited, Aando Apartments (Hotels da Towers), De Ark Entertainment da Records da 2110 Oil da Gas. A shekara ta 2011, an nada shi Babban Darakta na rukuni, Ayyuka, Obat Group &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Korkus |first=Stella Dimoko |title=Happy 40th Birthday Prince Yomi Akinruntan |url=https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2013/10/happy-40th-birthday-prince-yomi.html |access-date=2020-08-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma mai kula da farko na Jihar Ondo don Ofishin Ci gaban Abun ciki da Kulawa na Najeriya (NCDMB) a Yenegoa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Technocrat Media |date=2019-09-06 |title=#KnowYourLawmakers: The Prince of Ugbo Kingdom; Prince Abayomi Babatunde Akinruntan |url=https://technocratmediang.com/2019/09/06/knowyourlawmakers-the-prince-of-ugbo-kingdom-prince-abayomi-babatunde-akinruntan/ |access-date=2021-12-06 |website=Technocrat Media Nigeria - ...reporting facts not fiction |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; kafin ya shiga siyasa a Jihar Ondo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bio |url=http://abakinruntan.com/bio/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116142429/http://abakinruntan.com/bio/ |archive-date=2020-01-16 |access-date=2020-08-10 |website=Abayomi Akinruntan |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abayomi ta yi aure da farin ciki ga Olamide kuma an albarkaci haɗin tare da yara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2019-10-03 |title=Ondo lawmaker, Yomi Akinrutan, celebrates love |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/ondo-lawmaker-yomi-akinrutan-celebrates-love/ |access-date=2020-08-10 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siyasa ==
Abayomi ya fara siyasa a shekarar 2011 lokacin da ya yi takara a [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya,]] amma an hana shi tikiti a karkashin Jam'iyyar Labour kuma A shekarar 2015, Yarima Abayomi Akinruntan ya yi takarar kuma ya lashe zaben Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Ondo a shekarar 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Assembly |first=Ondo State House of |title=Members – Ondo State House of Assembly |url=http://www.ondoweb.ondostate.gov.ng/odha/members/ |access-date=2020-08-10 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan shekaru 4 na farko a majalisar dokoki, ya tashi daga PDP zuwa APC a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 2017  kuma an sake zabarsa a matsayin memba, Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Ondo a 2020 a karkashin All Progressive Congress. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bio |url=http://abakinruntan.com/bio/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116142429/http://abakinruntan.com/bio/ |archive-date=2020-01-16 |access-date=2020-08-10 |website=Abayomi Akinruntan |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2019-06-03 |title=Speaker, deputy speaker return as ninth Ondo Assembly inaugurated |url=https://businessday.ng/politics/article/speaker-deputy-speaker-return-as-ninth-ondo-assembly-inaugurated/ |access-date=2020-08-10 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>gbeic4516bptmma9q1s6gv2lyapozp9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fissi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157021</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855681</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:03:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356677687|Fissi]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855681</origin>
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{{Speciesbox|image=Fissi pair.jpg|status=CR|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn status 16 November 2021&quot;&gt;{{cite iucn |author=Moelants, T. |date=2010 |title=''Sarotherodon caroli'' |volume=2010 |article-number=e.T19908A9109750 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T19908A9109750.en |access-date=16 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;|taxon=Sarotherodon caroli|authority=([[Maximillian Holly|Holly]], 1930)|synonyms=* ''Tilapia caroli'' &lt;small&gt;Holly, 1930&lt;/small&gt;}}

'''Fissi''' ('''''Sarotherodon caroli)''''' wani nau'in cichlid ne wanda ke fama da [[tafkin Barombi Mbo]] a yammacin [[Kamaru]]. Wannan nau'in na iya kaiwa tsayin {{Convert|18.6|cm|in}} SL.  Yana fuskantar barazana saboda [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓatawa]] da kuma [[Seltation|lalata ƙasa]] saboda ayyukan ɗan adam. Hakanan yana iya fuskantar barazanar fitar da hayaki mai yawa na [[carbon dioxide]] ( &lt;sub&gt;CO2&lt;/sub&gt;) daga ƙasan tafkin (kwatanta [[Tafkin Nyos]]),  kodayake bincike ya nuna cewa Barombo Mbo ba shi da isasshen wannan iskar gas.

Manya galibi suna cin abinci a kan phytoplankton.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>855683</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:03:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <origin>855683</origin>
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      <text bytes="766" sha1="rz70lcvs1lmk0zpdrfds72i766eoy1d" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Fissi''' ('''''Sarotherodon caroli)''''' wani nau'in cichlid ne wanda ke fama da [[tafkin Barombi Mbo]] a yammacin [[Kamaru]]. Wannan nau'in na iya kaiwa tsayin {{Convert|18.6|cm|in}} SL.  Yana fuskantar barazana saboda [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓatawa]] da kuma [[Seltation|lalata ƙasa]] saboda ayyukan ɗan adam. Hakanan yana iya fuskantar barazanar fitar da hayaki mai yawa na [[carbon dioxide]] ( &lt;sub&gt;CO2&lt;/sub&gt;) daga ƙasan tafkin (kwatanta [[Tafkin Nyos]]),  kodayake bincike ya nuna cewa Barombo Mbo ba shi da isasshen wannan iskar gas.&lt;ref&gt;Freeth, S.J.; C.O. Ofoegbu; and K.M. Onuoha (1992). Natural Hazards in West and Central Africa, pp. 50—51. ISBN 978-3-663-05239-5&lt;/ref&gt;

Manya galibi suna cin abinci a kan phytoplankton.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Konye</title>
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      <id>855684</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:05:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1315011036|Konye]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Fayil:Lake_Barombi.jpg|thumb|Tafkin Barombi]]
'''konye''' ('''''Konia eisentrauti''''') nau'in kifi ne mai haɗari  dangin Cichlidae . Yana da iyaka ga [[Tafkin Barombi Mbo]], tafkin rami a yammacin [[Kamaru]]. Ana barazanar shi saboda [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen yanayi]] da yaduwa saboda ayyukan ɗan adam, kuma mai yiwuwa kuma ta hanyar manyan hayaki na [[carbon dioxide]] (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) daga kasan tafkin (idan aka kwatanta da [[Tafkin Nyos]]). Wannan nau'in na iya kaiwa tsawon 9.3 centimeters (3.7 in) TL.

== Bayyanawa ==
Konye ƙaramin nau'in cichlid ne wanda ke girma zuwa tsawon kimanin {{Convert|9.3|cm|in|1}}  in). Yana da ɗan matsawa a gefe kuma yana da baki a kwance da goshi mai laushi. Fuka-fukan ba su da launi. dorsal fin yana da 15 zuwa 16 spines da 10 zuwa 11 taushi rayuka; anal fin yana da 3 spines da 8 zuwa 9 taushi rayukan. Launi na wannan kifi ya bambanta, tare da inuwa mai laushi da jere na duhu da ke gudana a baya, da kuma wani jere tare da kowane gefe. Kai galibi ba shi da ma'auni, kumburin suna da ma'ana kaɗan kuma jiki yana da cikakkiyar ma'aani.

== Muhalli ==
Konye wani nau'in benthopelagic ne wanda ke zaune a cikin ruwan sama mai dumi na tafkin inda zafin jiki ke kusa da {{Convert|26|°C}} ° C (79 ° F). Yana cin abinci a kan ɓangarorin shuke-shuke, yana cire algae daga duwatsu da duwatsu, da kuma mayflies, ƙananan invertebrates da ƙwai na kifi kuma wani lokacin yana satar abinci da aka tattara ta hanyar kwari na ruwa. Wannan kifi mai ba da baki ne. Kowane ɗayan iyaye suna ɗaukar ƙwai a bakinsu, kuma suna riƙe da su a can don kariya. Yayinda yake murmushi, kifin yana kasancewa a hankali kusa da tafkin, kuma mata suna da nasara wajen kiwon yara fiye da maza. Lokacin shayarwa shine kwanaki 7 zuwa 10, yawanci ana fitar da fry don rayuwa da kansa bayan kimanin makonni uku.

== Matsayi ==
An san konye daga wani yanki na ruwa guda ɗaya, [[Tafkin Barombi Mbo]], a Kamaru. Yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin yana ƙara yin sare dazuzzuka kuma ana amfani da shi don noma da ƙonawa da kuma noman [[Manja|man dabino]] . Wannan ya ƙarfafa lalata tafki da gurɓatawa. Kasancewar iska ta fi fuskantar iska fiye da da, akwai haɗarin cewa ruwan tafkin na iya &quot;juyawa&quot;, tare da ruwa mai zurfi, sanyi, mara isashshen iskar oxygen wanda ya maye gurbin yadudduka masu dumi, masu wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki da iskar oxygen. Wani haɗarin da kifin zai iya fuskanta a cikin wannan tafkin mai zurfi shine fitar da iskar gas, wato fitar da &quot;ƙura&quot; na &lt;sub&gt;CO2&lt;/sub&gt; da aka daɗe ana amfani da shi a matsayin maganin.  Ana tsammanin wani lamari irin wannan ya faru ne a shekarar 2007, lokacin da aka sami kifaye masu zurfi da yawa suna iyo a saman tafkin. Sakamakon waɗannan barazanar, Ƙungiyar Kare Yanayi ta Duniya ta kimanta matsayin kiyaye wannan kifin a matsayin &quot; mai matuƙar haɗari &quot;. 

== Takamaiman sunan ==
takamaiman suna yana girmama [[Martin Eisentraut]] (1902-1994), [[Zoology|masanin ilimin dabbobi]] na Jamus, wanda ya kasance jagora na balaguron da ya tattara nau'in.&lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=21 Aug 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (h-k) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae3/ |access-date=15 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>jrzi1kh19bic10ne4w9t6augab5a7i3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855687</id>
      <parentid>855684</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:05:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <text bytes="3455" sha1="769xijkh76ifk4emosig6o9tatzs15e" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Lake_Barombi.jpg|thumb|Tafkin Barombi]]
'''konye''' ('''''Konia eisentrauti''''') nau'in kifi ne mai haɗari  dangin Cichlidae . Yana da iyaka ga [[Tafkin Barombi Mbo]], tafkin rami a yammacin [[Kamaru]]. Ana barazanar shi saboda [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen yanayi]] da yaduwa saboda ayyukan ɗan adam, kuma mai yiwuwa kuma ta hanyar manyan hayaki na [[carbon dioxide]] (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) daga kasan tafkin (idan aka kwatanta da [[Tafkin Nyos]]). Wannan nau'in na iya kaiwa tsawon 9.3 centimeters (3.7 in) TL.

== Bayyanawa ==
Konye ƙaramin nau'in cichlid ne wanda ke girma zuwa tsawon kimanin {{Convert|9.3|cm|in|1}}  in). Yana da ɗan matsawa a gefe kuma yana da baki a kwance da goshi mai laushi. Fuka-fukan ba su da launi. dorsal fin yana da 15 zuwa 16 spines da 10 zuwa 11 taushi rayuka; anal fin yana da 3 spines da 8 zuwa 9 taushi rayukan. Launi na wannan kifi ya bambanta, tare da inuwa mai laushi da jere na duhu da ke gudana a baya, da kuma wani jere tare da kowane gefe. Kai galibi ba shi da ma'auni, kumburin suna da ma'ana kaɗan kuma jiki yana da cikakkiyar ma'aani.

== Muhalli ==
Konye wani nau'in benthopelagic ne wanda ke zaune a cikin ruwan sama mai dumi na tafkin inda zafin jiki ke kusa da {{Convert|26|°C}} ° C (79 ° F). Yana cin abinci a kan ɓangarorin shuke-shuke, yana cire algae daga duwatsu da duwatsu, da kuma mayflies, ƙananan invertebrates da ƙwai na kifi kuma wani lokacin yana satar abinci da aka tattara ta hanyar kwari na ruwa. Wannan kifi mai ba da baki ne. Kowane ɗayan iyaye suna ɗaukar ƙwai a bakinsu, kuma suna riƙe da su a can don kariya. Yayinda yake murmushi, kifin yana kasancewa a hankali kusa da tafkin, kuma mata suna da nasara wajen kiwon yara fiye da maza. Lokacin shayarwa shine kwanaki 7 zuwa 10, yawanci ana fitar da fry don rayuwa da kansa bayan kimanin makonni uku.

== Matsayi ==
An san konye daga wani yanki na ruwa guda ɗaya, [[Tafkin Barombi Mbo]], a Kamaru. Yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin yana ƙara yin sare dazuzzuka kuma ana amfani da shi don noma da ƙonawa da kuma noman [[Manja|man dabino]] . Wannan ya ƙarfafa lalata tafki da gurɓatawa. Kasancewar iska ta fi fuskantar iska fiye da da, akwai haɗarin cewa ruwan tafkin na iya &quot;juyawa&quot;, tare da ruwa mai zurfi, sanyi, mara isashshen iskar oxygen wanda ya maye gurbin yadudduka masu dumi, masu wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki da iskar oxygen. Wani haɗarin da kifin zai iya fuskanta a cikin wannan tafkin mai zurfi shine fitar da iskar gas, wato fitar da &quot;ƙura&quot; na &lt;sub&gt;CO2&lt;/sub&gt; da aka daɗe ana amfani da shi a matsayin maganin.  Ana tsammanin wani lamari irin wannan ya faru ne a shekarar 2007, lokacin da aka sami kifaye masu zurfi da yawa suna iyo a saman tafkin. Sakamakon waɗannan barazanar, Ƙungiyar Kare Yanayi ta Duniya ta kimanta matsayin kiyaye wannan kifin a matsayin &quot; mai matuƙar haɗari &quot;. 

== Takamaiman sunan ==
takamaiman suna yana girmama [[Martin Eisentraut]] (1902-1994), [[Zoology|masanin ilimin dabbobi]] na Jamus, wanda ya kasance jagora na balaguron da ya tattara nau'in.&lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=21 Aug 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (h-k) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae3/ |access-date=15 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Debo Ogundoyin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157023</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855685</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:05:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349850262|Debo Ogundoyin]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855685</origin>
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'''Adebo Edward Ogundoyin''' an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta (1987) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne. Shi ne kakakin majalisar dokokin jihar Oyo na tara kuma memba ne wanda ke wakiltar [[Ibarapa ta Gabas|Mazabar Ibarapa ta Gabas]] a karkashin dandalin jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=32-Year-Old Ogundoyin Emerges Speaker Of Oyo Assembly {{!}} Channels Television |url=https://www-channelstv-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.channelstv.com/2019/06/10/32-year-old-ogundoyin-emerges-speaker-of-oyo-assembly/amp/?usqp=mq331AQA&amp;amp_js_v=0.1 |access-date=10 June 2019 |website=www-channelstv-com.cdn.ampproject.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=10 June 2019 |title=31-year-old Ogundoyin emerges Oyo speaker |url=https://punchng.com/31-year-old-ogundoyin-emerges-oyo-speaker/ |access-date=10 June 2019 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=PDP defeats APC in Oyo by-election |url=https://www-premiumtimesng-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/270802-pdp-defeats-apc-in-oyo-by-election.html?amp_markup=1&amp;usqp=mq331AQA&amp;amp_js_v=0.1 |access-date=10 June 2019 |newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2 June 2018 |title=PDP wins Ibarapa East State Constituency by-election |url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/politics/in-oyo-state-pdp-wins-ibarapa-east-state-constituency-by-election/bgb9bzl |access-date=10 June 2019 |newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya hau mulki a ranar 10 ga Yuni 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=10 June 2019 |title=31-year-old Ogundoyin emerges Oyo speaker |url=https://punchng.com/31-year-old-ogundoyin-emerges-oyo-speaker/ |access-date=10 June 2019 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa da ilimi ==
Adebo Edward Ogundoyin ya fito ne daga Mazabar Ibarapa ta Gabas, Jihar Oyo. Ya kammala karatun shi na sama da sekandari a [[Jami'ar Babcock]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biography of Debo Ogundoyin |url=https://noisemakers.com.ng/biography-of-debo-ogundoyin/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616201620/https://noisemakers.com.ng/biography-of-debo-ogundoyin/ |archive-date=16 June 2019 |access-date=15 June 2019 |website=Latest Nigerian News Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; An zabe shi a majalisar mai wakiltar mazabar Jihar Ibarapa ta Gabas kuma an zabe shi a matsayin Kakakin majalisar ba tare da adawa ba a ranar Litinin,10 ga Yuni 2019.

Lokaci na biyu, an fara zabarsa a cikin gidan 8 na Majalisar a shekarar 2018 a kan dandalin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) bayan ya lashe zaben, wanda aka gudanar bayan mutuwar tsohon Kakakin, Rt. Hon. Michael Adeyemo, wanda ya mutu a ranar Jumma'a, 27 ga Afrilu 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Behold, Adebo Ogundoyin, Nigeria's Youngest Speaker |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/06/16/behold-adebo-ogundoyin-nigerias-youngest-speaker/ |access-date=2022-12-16 |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin iyali ==
Adebo Ogundoyin yana ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan marigayi babban mai ba da agaji da masanin masana'antu, Cif Adeseun Ogundoyin. kuma ya rasu a shekarar 1991 yana da shekaru hudu. Cif Adeseun Ogundoyin, [[Alhaji Arisekola Alao]], Cif Akanni Aluko sun mamaye yanayin zamantakewa kamar yadda zakuna masu kuka suka mamaye daji a Ibadan a lokacin su su.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>855690</id>
      <parentid>855685</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:07:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>855690</origin>
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      <text bytes="4912" sha1="1nr3058szj8tjxb6pwtp4p5y8o6nkuf" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox peerson
| honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honorable]]
| name             = Adebo Edward Ogundoyin
| image            =
| image_size       = 
| image_upright    = 
| alt              = 
| caption          = 
| order            = 
| office           = [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]] of the [[Oyo State House of Assembly]]
| term_start       = June 2019
| term_end         = 
| deputy           = 
| constituency     = [[Ibarapa East]]
| predecessor      = 
| successor        = 
| birth_name       = 
| birth_date       = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1987|02|17}}
| birth_place      = 
| death_date       = &lt;!-- {{Death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} --&gt;
| death_place      = 
| death_cause      = 
| resting_place    = 
| citizenship      = 
| party            = [[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|People's Democratic Party]]
| other_party      = 
| spouse           = Olamidun Majekodunmi - Ogundoyin
| partner          = 
| relations        = 
| children         = 
| parents          = 
| mother           = Justina Iyabo Ogundoyin
| father           = Adeseun Oguntona Ogundoyin
| relatives        = 
| education        = [[Babcock University]]
| alma_mater       = 
| occupation       = {{Plainlist|
*Politician
*[[Agronomist]]}}
| profession       = 
| known_for        = 
| salary           = 
| net_worth        = 
| awards           = 
| signature        = 
| website          = 
| footnotes        =  
}}
'''Adebo Edward Ogundoyin''' an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta (1987) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne. Shi ne kakakin majalisar dokokin jihar Oyo na tara kuma memba ne wanda ke wakiltar [[Ibarapa ta Gabas|Mazabar Ibarapa ta Gabas]] a karkashin dandalin jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=32-Year-Old Ogundoyin Emerges Speaker Of Oyo Assembly {{!}} Channels Television |url=https://www-channelstv-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.channelstv.com/2019/06/10/32-year-old-ogundoyin-emerges-speaker-of-oyo-assembly/amp/?usqp=mq331AQA&amp;amp_js_v=0.1 |access-date=10 June 2019 |website=www-channelstv-com.cdn.ampproject.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=10 June 2019 |title=31-year-old Ogundoyin emerges Oyo speaker |url=https://punchng.com/31-year-old-ogundoyin-emerges-oyo-speaker/ |access-date=10 June 2019 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=PDP defeats APC in Oyo by-election |url=https://www-premiumtimesng-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/270802-pdp-defeats-apc-in-oyo-by-election.html?amp_markup=1&amp;usqp=mq331AQA&amp;amp_js_v=0.1 |access-date=10 June 2019 |newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2 June 2018 |title=PDP wins Ibarapa East State Constituency by-election |url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/politics/in-oyo-state-pdp-wins-ibarapa-east-state-constituency-by-election/bgb9bzl |access-date=10 June 2019 |newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026|bot=InternetArchiveBot}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya hau mulki a ranar 10 ga Yuni 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=10 June 2019 |title=31-year-old Ogundoyin emerges Oyo speaker |url=https://punchng.com/31-year-old-ogundoyin-emerges-oyo-speaker/ |access-date=10 June 2019 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa da ilimi ==
Adebo Edward Ogundoyin ya fito ne daga Mazabar Ibarapa ta Gabas, Jihar Oyo. Ya kammala karatun shi na sama da sekandari a [[Jami'ar Babcock]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Biography of Debo Ogundoyin |url=https://noisemakers.com.ng/biography-of-debo-ogundoyin/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616201620/https://noisemakers.com.ng/biography-of-debo-ogundoyin/ |archive-date=16 June 2019 |access-date=15 June 2019 |website=Latest Nigerian News Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; An zabe shi a majalisar mai wakiltar mazabar Jihar Ibarapa ta Gabas kuma an zabe shi a matsayin Kakakin majalisar ba tare da adawa ba a ranar Litinin,10 ga Yuni 2019.

Lokaci na biyu, an fara zabarsa a cikin gidan 8 na Majalisar a shekarar 2018 a kan dandalin Jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) bayan ya lashe zaben, wanda aka gudanar bayan mutuwar tsohon Kakakin, Rt. Hon. Michael Adeyemo, wanda ya mutu a ranar Jumma'a, 27 ga Afrilu 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Behold, Adebo Ogundoyin, Nigeria's Youngest Speaker |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/06/16/behold-adebo-ogundoyin-nigerias-youngest-speaker/ |access-date=2022-12-16 |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihin iyali ==
Adebo Ogundoyin yana ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan marigayi babban mai ba da agaji da masanin masana'antu, Cif Adeseun Ogundoyin. kuma ya rasu a shekarar 1991 yana da shekaru hudu. Cif Adeseun Ogundoyin, [[Alhaji Arisekola Alao]], Cif Akanni Aluko sun mamaye yanayin zamantakewa kamar yadda zakuna masu kuka suka mamaye daji a Ibadan a lokacin su su.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>1nr3058szj8tjxb6pwtp4p5y8o6nkuf</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kululu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157024</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855688</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:06:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314731875|Kululu]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kululu''' ( '''''Sarotherodon steinbachi''''' ) misali Vikululu - Nikululu - Akululu - Bokululu - Hekululu wani nau'in cichlid ne da ke fama da [[tafkin Barombi Mbo]] a yammacin [[Kamaru]] . Wannan nau'in na iya kaiwa tsayin {{Convert|11.3|cm|in}} SL .  Yana fuskantar barazana saboda [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓatawa]] da kuma [[Seltation|lalata ƙasa]] saboda ayyukan ɗan adam. Hakanan yana iya fuskantar barazanar fitar da hayaki mai yawa na [[carbon dioxide]] ( &lt;sub&gt;CO2&lt;/sub&gt; ) daga ƙasan tafkin (kwatanta [[Tafkin Nyos]] ),  kodayake bincike ya nuna cewa Barombo Mbo ba shi da isasshen wannan iskar gas. 

Yana ciyar da ƙananan kwayoyin kamar su rotifers, diatoms da sponge spicules, da tarkacewar kwayoyin.

takamaiman suna yana girmama masanin ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta [[Gerhard Steinbach]] (1923-2016) na Jami'ar Humboldt ta Berlin wanda ya kasance memba na balaguron da [[Zoology|masanin ilimin dabbobi]] [[Martin Eisentraut]] ya jagoranta wanda aka tattara nau'in wannan cichlid.&lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=25 September 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (p-y) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae5/ |access-date=9 February 2019 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>855689</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:07:03Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <text bytes="1414" sha1="puqr9lti8vmbkbcudvkl3p6q5yy1j2s" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Kululu''' ( '''''Sarotherodon steinbachi''''' ) misali Vikululu - Nikululu - Akululu - Bokululu - Hekululu wani nau'in cichlid ne da ke fama da [[tafkin Barombi Mbo]] a yammacin [[Kamaru]] . Wannan nau'in na iya kaiwa tsayin {{Convert|11.3|cm|in}} SL .  Yana fuskantar barazana saboda [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓatawa]] da kuma [[Seltation|lalata ƙasa]] saboda ayyukan ɗan adam. Hakanan yana iya fuskantar barazanar fitar da hayaki mai yawa na [[carbon dioxide]] ( &lt;sub&gt;CO2&lt;/sub&gt; ) daga ƙasan tafkin (kwatanta [[Tafkin Nyos]] ),  kodayake bincike ya nuna cewa Barombo Mbo ba shi da isasshen wannan iskar gas. 

Yana ciyar da ƙananan kwayoyin kamar su rotifers, diatoms da sponge spicules, da tarkacewar kwayoyin.

takamaiman suna yana girmama masanin ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta [[Gerhard Steinbach]] (1923-2016) na Jami'ar Humboldt ta Berlin wanda ya kasance memba na balaguron da [[Zoology|masanin ilimin dabbobi]] [[Martin Eisentraut]] ya jagoranta wanda aka tattara nau'in wannan cichlid.&lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=25 September 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (p-y) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae5/ |access-date=9 February 2019 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Leka keppe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157025</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855691</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:08:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314688454|Leka keppe]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Leka keppe''' ( '''''Sarotherodon lohbergeri''''' ) ko '''keppi''', nau'in cichlid ne wanda galibi yake zaune a [[Tafkin Barombi Mbo]] a yammacin [[Kamaru]], amma kuma an sami ƙananan yara biyu a cikin Kogin Kumba (Kogin Kake), wani magudanar ruwa na tafkin.  Wannan nau'in ya kai tsawon {{Convert|16.2|cm|in}} SL . Yana fuskantar barazana saboda [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓatawa]] da kuma [[Seltation|lalata ƙasa]] saboda ayyukan ɗan adam. Hakanan yana iya fuskantar barazanar fitar da hayaki mai yawa na [[carbon dioxide]] ( &lt;sub&gt;CO2&lt;/sub&gt; ) daga ƙasan tafkin (kwatanta [[Tafkin Nyos]] ),  kodayake bincike ya nuna cewa Barombo Mbo ba shi da isasshen wannan iskar gas. 

Wannan nau'in makaranta yana ciyar da algae, ƙananan kwayoyin kamar su rotifers da tarkace.

takamaiman suna yana girmama Karl Lohberger, wanda ake zaton ya kasance abokin aiki na Holly a Naturhistorisches Staatsmuseum a Vienna, ya buga takardu shida kan kifi a cikin 1929-1930 sannan ya ɓace daga rikodin ichthyological.&lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=25 September 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (p-y) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae5/ |access-date=9 February 2019 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>ins2kc0ewvmboq0ci3eqdwr7hbusly3</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>855692</id>
      <parentid>855691</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:08:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <origin>855692</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1424" sha1="b9ar8mpoq14myr86q54ijq4jkivtqi2" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Leka keppe''' ( '''''Sarotherodon lohbergeri''''' ) ko '''keppi''', nau'in cichlid ne wanda galibi yake zaune a [[Tafkin Barombi Mbo]] a yammacin [[Kamaru]], amma kuma an sami ƙananan yara biyu a cikin Kogin Kumba (Kogin Kake), wani magudanar ruwa na tafkin.  Wannan nau'in ya kai tsawon {{Convert|16.2|cm|in}} SL . Yana fuskantar barazana saboda [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓatawa]] da kuma [[Seltation|lalata ƙasa]] saboda ayyukan ɗan adam. Hakanan yana iya fuskantar barazanar fitar da hayaki mai yawa na [[carbon dioxide]] ( &lt;sub&gt;CO2&lt;/sub&gt; ) daga ƙasan tafkin (kwatanta [[Tafkin Nyos]] ),  kodayake bincike ya nuna cewa Barombo Mbo ba shi da isasshen wannan iskar gas. 

Wannan nau'in makaranta yana ciyar da algae, ƙananan kwayoyin kamar su rotifers da tarkace.

takamaiman suna yana girmama Karl Lohberger, wanda ake zaton ya kasance abokin aiki na Holly a Naturhistorisches Staatsmuseum a Vienna, ya buga takardu shida kan kifi a cikin 1929-1930 sannan ya ɓace daga rikodin ichthyological.&lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=25 September 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (p-y) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae5/ |access-date=9 February 2019 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>b9ar8mpoq14myr86q54ijq4jkivtqi2</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Myaka</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157026</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855694</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:09:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345032352|Myaka]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855694</origin>
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myaka (Myaka myaka) nau'in cichlid ne mai haɗari sosai wanda  [[Tafkin Barombi Mbo]] a yammacin [[Kamaru]]. Ya fi son budewa, ruwa mai zurfi inda yake cin abinci a kan phytoplankton da ƙananan kwari, kawai yana shiga cikin ruwa mai zurfin don haifar. Wannan nau'in na iya kaiwa tsawon 6.7 centimeters (&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;.6 in) SL. A halin yanzu shine kawai jinsin da aka sani a cikin jinsin Myaka,  amma yana kusa da ''Sarotherodon''.  Ana barazanar myaka saboda [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen yanayi]] da kuma lalacewa saboda ayyukan ɗan adam. Hakanan yana iya fuskantar barazanar manyan hayaki na [[carbon dioxide]] (CO2) daga kasan tafkin (idan aka kwatanta da [[Tafkin Nyos]]),  kodayake binciken ya nuna cewa Barombo Mbo ba shi da iskar gas.  ''Konia'', ''Pungu'' da ''Stomatepia'' wasu nau'o'i uku ne masu barazana na cichlids waɗanda kuma suna cikin Lake Barombi Mbo.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855695</id>
      <parentid>855694</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:09:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>855695</origin>
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      <text bytes="1038" sha1="9qq7ywswgf1mbfir4jddp9dnmyp54gf" xml:space="preserve">
'''myaka''' (Myaka myaka) nau'in cichlid ne mai haɗari sosai wanda  [[Tafkin Barombi Mbo]] a yammacin [[Kamaru]]. Ya fi son budewa, ruwa mai zurfi inda yake cin abinci a kan phytoplankton da ƙananan kwari, kawai yana shiga cikin ruwa mai zurfin don haifar. Wannan nau'in na iya kaiwa tsawon 6.7 centimeters (&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;.6 in) SL. A halin yanzu shine kawai jinsin da aka sani a cikin jinsin Myaka,  amma yana kusa da ''Sarotherodon''.  Ana barazanar myaka saboda [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen yanayi]] da kuma lalacewa saboda ayyukan ɗan adam. Hakanan yana iya fuskantar barazanar manyan hayaki na [[carbon dioxide]] (CO2) daga kasan tafkin (idan aka kwatanta da [[Tafkin Nyos]]),  kodayake binciken ya nuna cewa Barombo Mbo ba shi da iskar gas.  ''Konia'', ''Pungu'' da ''Stomatepia'' wasu nau'o'i uku ne masu barazana na cichlids waɗanda kuma suna cikin Lake Barombi Mbo.&lt;ref&gt;Freeth, S.J.; C.O. Ofoegbu; and K.M. Onuoha (1992). Natural Hazards in West and Central Africa, pp. 50—51. ISBN 978-3-663-05239-5&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashiya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157027</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855696</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:11:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1315072244|Nsess]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855696</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="753" sha1="nsn8u2kty43cbzht6vevek3gms5uihg" xml:space="preserve">
'''Nsess''' ( '''''Stomatepia mariae''''' ) wani nau'in cichlid ne da ke da alaƙa da [[tafkin Barombi Mbo]] a yammacin [[Kamaru]] . Ana kuma iya samunsa a cikin cinikin [[Aquarium|kifaye]]. Yana cikin mawuyacin hali saboda [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen yanayi]] da kuma [[Seltation|lalata shi]] saboda ayyukan ɗan adam. Hakanan yana iya fuskantar barazanar fitar da hayaki mai yawa na [[carbon dioxide]] ( &lt;sub&gt;CO2&lt;/sub&gt; ) daga ƙasan tafkin (kwatanta [[Tafkin Nyos]] ),  kodayake bincike ya nuna cewa Barombo Mbo ba shi da isasshen wannan iskar gas. 

Ness na iya kaiwa har zuwa 12 centimeters (4.7 in)  daidaitattun tsawon kuma yana da haɗari; wani lokacin yana sata ganima daga Crab na ruwa mai laushi ''[[Potamon africanus]].''

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>nsn8u2kty43cbzht6vevek3gms5uihg</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Nsess</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157028</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855697</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:11:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1315072244|Nsess]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855697</origin>
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      <text bytes="753" sha1="nsn8u2kty43cbzht6vevek3gms5uihg" xml:space="preserve">
'''Nsess''' ( '''''Stomatepia mariae''''' ) wani nau'in cichlid ne da ke da alaƙa da [[tafkin Barombi Mbo]] a yammacin [[Kamaru]] . Ana kuma iya samunsa a cikin cinikin [[Aquarium|kifaye]]. Yana cikin mawuyacin hali saboda [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen yanayi]] da kuma [[Seltation|lalata shi]] saboda ayyukan ɗan adam. Hakanan yana iya fuskantar barazanar fitar da hayaki mai yawa na [[carbon dioxide]] ( &lt;sub&gt;CO2&lt;/sub&gt; ) daga ƙasan tafkin (kwatanta [[Tafkin Nyos]] ),  kodayake bincike ya nuna cewa Barombo Mbo ba shi da isasshen wannan iskar gas. 

Ness na iya kaiwa har zuwa 12 centimeters (4.7 in)  daidaitattun tsawon kuma yana da haɗari; wani lokacin yana sata ganima daga Crab na ruwa mai laushi ''[[Potamon africanus]].''

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>nsn8u2kty43cbzht6vevek3gms5uihg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855698</id>
      <parentid>855697</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:11:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>855698</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="765" sha1="evc3knlnmtp1xn35opgq32rtme4r50a" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Nsess''' ( '''''Stomatepia mariae''''' ) wani nau'in cichlid ne da ke da alaƙa da [[tafkin Barombi Mbo]] a yammacin [[Kamaru]] . Ana kuma iya samunsa a cikin cinikin [[Aquarium|kifaye]]. Yana cikin mawuyacin hali saboda [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen yanayi]] da kuma [[Seltation|lalata shi]] saboda ayyukan ɗan adam. Hakanan yana iya fuskantar barazanar fitar da hayaki mai yawa na [[carbon dioxide]] ( &lt;sub&gt;CO2&lt;/sub&gt; ) daga ƙasan tafkin (kwatanta [[Tafkin Nyos]] ),  kodayake bincike ya nuna cewa Barombo Mbo ba shi da isasshen wannan iskar gas. 

Ness na iya kaiwa har zuwa 12 centimeters (4.7 in)  daidaitattun tsawon kuma yana da haɗari; wani lokacin yana sata ganima daga Crab na ruwa mai laushi ''[[Potamon africanus]].''

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>evc3knlnmtp1xn35opgq32rtme4r50a</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pungu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157029</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855700</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:13:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314613120|Pungu]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855700</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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'''Pungu''' ('''''Pungu maclareni''''') wani nau'in cichlid ne wanda  [[Tafkin Barombi Mbo]] a [[Kamaru]] inda ya fi son ruwa mai zurfi na kimanin mita 1 zuwa 3 (3.3 zuwa 9.8  a zurfin. Yana cin abinci a kan invertebrates, sponges, diatoms da macrophytes. Wannan nau'in na iya kaiwa tsawon 10 centimeters (3.9 in) SL. A halin yanzu ita ce kawai sanannen memba na jinsin,  wanda ke cikin ''Sarotherodon''.  Ana barazanar pungu saboda [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen yanayi]] da kuma lalacewa daga ayyukan ɗan adam. ''Konia'', Myaka da ''Stomatepia'' wasu nau'o'i uku ne masu barazana na cichlids waɗanda kuma suna cikin Lake Barombi Mbo. takamaiman suna wannan kifi yana girmama Jami'in Ci gaban Kifi na Najeriya, P.I.R. MacLaren (ya mutu 1957), wanda ya yi amfani da matsayinsa don tattara samfurori na kifi, gami da nau'in wannan nau'in.&lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=25 September 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (p-y) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae5/ |access-date=13 January 2019 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sunan jinsin yana girmama sunan gama gari na wannan kifi da mutanen Barombi ke amfani da shi (&quot;pungu&quot;).

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>855701</id>
      <parentid>855700</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:13:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <origin>855701</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1368" sha1="0fd46akuttvxxk7lyr8juuwufgmrael" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Pungu''' ('''''Pungu maclareni''''') wani nau'in cichlid ne wanda  [[Tafkin Barombi Mbo]] a [[Kamaru]] inda ya fi son ruwa mai zurfi na kimanin mita 1 zuwa 3 (3.3 zuwa 9.8  a zurfin. Yana cin abinci a kan invertebrates, sponges, diatoms da macrophytes. Wannan nau'in na iya kaiwa tsawon 10 centimeters (3.9 in) SL. A halin yanzu ita ce kawai sanannen memba na jinsin,  wanda ke cikin ''Sarotherodon''.  Ana barazanar pungu saboda [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen yanayi]] da kuma lalacewa daga ayyukan ɗan adam. ''Konia'', Myaka da ''Stomatepia'' wasu nau'o'i uku ne masu barazana na cichlids waɗanda kuma suna cikin Lake Barombi Mbo. takamaiman suna wannan kifi yana girmama Jami'in Ci gaban Kifi na Najeriya, P.I.R. MacLaren (ya mutu 1957), wanda ya yi amfani da matsayinsa don tattara samfurori na kifi, gami da nau'in wannan nau'in.&lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=25 September 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (p-y) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae5/ |access-date=13 January 2019 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sunan jinsin yana girmama sunan gama gari na wannan kifi da mutanen Barombi ke amfani da shi (&quot;pungu&quot;).

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  <page>
    <title>Sarotherodon linnellii</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157030</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855702</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:14:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>25549</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1315353668|Sarotherodon linnellii]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Sarotherodon linnellii''''', wanda wani lokacin ake kira '''unga''',  '''blackfin tilapia''' ko '''blackbelly tilapia''', wani nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tafkin Barombi Mbo]] a yammacin [[Kamaru]] . Wannan nau'in yana kai tsawon {{Convert|18.5|cm|in}} SL .  Yana cikin mawuyacin hali saboda [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen yanayi]] da kuma [[Seltation|lalata ƙasa]] saboda ayyukan ɗan adam. Hakanan yana iya fuskantar barazanar fitar da hayaki mai yawa na [[carbon dioxide]] (&lt;sub&gt;CO2&lt;/sub&gt;) daga ƙasan tafkin (kwatanta [[Tafkin Nyos]] ),  kodayake bincike ya nuna cewa Barombo Mbo ba shi da isasshen wannan iskar gas.

Yara galibi suna cin kwari (gami da tsutsarsu) kuma manya galibi a kan phytoplankton.

takamaiman suna yana girmama aboki na Lönnberg, Gunnar Linnell, ɗan Sweden wanda ke da gonar a Kamaru kuma wanda ya aika da tarin kifi da crustaceans daga can wanda ya haɗa da nau'in wannan kifi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=25 September 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (p-y) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae5/ |access-date=9 February 2019 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''''Sarotherodon linnellii''''', wanda wani lokacin ake kira '''unga''',  '''blackfin tilapia''' ko '''blackbelly tilapia''', wani nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tafkin Barombi Mbo]] a yammacin [[Kamaru]] . Wannan nau'in yana kai tsawon {{Convert|18.5|cm|in}} SL .  Yana cikin mawuyacin hali saboda [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen yanayi]] da kuma [[Seltation|lalata ƙasa]] saboda ayyukan ɗan adam. Hakanan yana iya fuskantar barazanar fitar da hayaki mai yawa na [[carbon dioxide]] (&lt;sub&gt;CO2&lt;/sub&gt;) daga ƙasan tafkin (kwatanta [[Tafkin Nyos]] ),  kodayake bincike ya nuna cewa Barombo Mbo ba shi da isasshen wannan iskar gas.

Yara galibi suna cin kwari (gami da tsutsarsu) kuma manya galibi a kan phytoplankton.

takamaiman suna yana girmama aboki na Lönnberg, Gunnar Linnell, ɗan Sweden wanda ke da gonar a Kamaru kuma wanda ya aika da tarin kifi da crustaceans daga can wanda ya haɗa da nau'in wannan kifi.&lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=25 September 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (p-y) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae5/ |access-date=9 February 2019 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Stomatepia Mongoliya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157031</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855704</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339057567|Stomatepia mongo]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Mongo na Stomatepia''''', '''mongo''', nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tafkin Barombi Mbo]] a yammacin [[Kamaru]] . Tsawonsa zai iya kaiwa {{Convert|17.3|cm|in}} SL .  Wannan nau'in yana fuskantar barazana sosai daga [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓatawa]] da kuma [[Seltation|lalata ƙasa]] saboda ayyukan ɗan adam. Hakanan yana iya fuskantar barazanar fitar da hayaki mai yawa na [[carbon dioxide]] ( &lt;sub&gt;CO2&lt;/sub&gt; ) daga ƙasan tafkin (kwatanta [[Tafkin Nyos]] ),  kodayake bincike ya nuna cewa Barombo Mbo ba shi da isasshen wannan iskar gas.  Ko da idan aka kwatanta da sauran cichlids waɗanda ke da alaƙa da Tafkin Barombi Mbo, ''Stomatepia mongo'' nau'in halitta ne mai matuƙar wahalar samu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Musilova2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Musilová |first=Zuzana |last2=Indermaur |first2=Adrian |last3=Nyom |first3=Arnold Roger Bitja |last4=Tropek |first4=Robert |last5=Martin |first5=Christopher |last6=Schliewen |first6=Ulrich K. |date=2014 |title=Persistence of Stomatepia mongo, an Endemic Cichlid Fish of the Barombi Mbo Crater Lake, Southwestern Cameroon, with Notes on Its Life History and Behavior |journal=Copeia |volume=2014 |issue=3 |pages=556–560 |doi=10.1643/CI-14-021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba a san komai game da halayensa ba, amma an gan shi yana iyo kusa da kasa, a bayyane yake yana neman ƙananan ganima a cikin tarkace ko yashi. Wani lokaci yana faruwa a cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Musilova2014&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <id>855705</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:16:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <origin>855705</origin>
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      <text bytes="1455" sha1="6uuq626txlr5h3duckr1qewobx1l97r" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''''Mongo na Stomatepia''''', '''mongo''', nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tafkin Barombi Mbo]] a yammacin [[Kamaru]] . Tsawonsa zai iya kaiwa {{Convert|17.3|cm|in}} SL .  Wannan nau'in yana fuskantar barazana sosai daga [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓatawa]] da kuma [[Seltation|lalata ƙasa]] saboda ayyukan ɗan adam. Hakanan yana iya fuskantar barazanar fitar da hayaki mai yawa na [[carbon dioxide]] ( &lt;sub&gt;CO2&lt;/sub&gt; ) daga ƙasan tafkin (kwatanta [[Tafkin Nyos]] ),  kodayake bincike ya nuna cewa Barombo Mbo ba shi da isasshen wannan iskar gas.  Ko da idan aka kwatanta da sauran cichlids waɗanda ke da alaƙa da Tafkin Barombi Mbo, ''Stomatepia mongo'' nau'in halitta ne mai matuƙar wahalar samu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Musilova2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Musilová |first=Zuzana |last2=Indermaur |first2=Adrian |last3=Nyom |first3=Arnold Roger Bitja |last4=Tropek |first4=Robert |last5=Martin |first5=Christopher |last6=Schliewen |first6=Ulrich K. |date=2014 |title=Persistence of Stomatepia mongo, an Endemic Cichlid Fish of the Barombi Mbo Crater Lake, Southwestern Cameroon, with Notes on Its Life History and Behavior |journal=Copeia |volume=2014 |issue=3 |pages=556–560 |doi=10.1643/CI-14-021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ba a san komai game da halayensa ba, amma an gan shi yana iyo kusa da kasa, a bayyane yake yana neman ƙananan ganima a cikin tarkace ko yashi. Wani lokaci yana faruwa a cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Musilova2014&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tafkin Rukwa minnow</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157032</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855708</id>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314767246|Lake Rukwa minnow]]&quot;</comment>
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{{speciesbox|status=LC|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn status 12 November 2021&quot;&gt;{{cite iucn |author=Natakimazi, G. |author2=Hanssens, M. |date=2006 |title=''Raiamas moorii'' |volume=2006 |article-number=e.T60448A12367900 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60448A12367900.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;|taxon=Raiamas moorii|display_parents=3|authority=([[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1900)&lt;ref name=FishBase&gt;{{FishBase |genus=Raiamas |species=moorii |month=June |year=2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;|synonyms=*''Barilius moorii'' &lt;small&gt;Boulenger, 1900&lt;/small&gt;}}

'''[[Tafkin Rukwa]] minnow''' ('''''Raiamas moorii''''') nau'in kifi ne mai fuka-fuki a cikin dangin Cyprinidae . Ana samunsa a [[Tafkin Tanganyika]], [[Tafkin kivu|Tafkin Kivu]] da Tafkin Rukwa a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] da [[Zambiya|Zambia]]. Yanayinta na halitta [[Kogi|koguna]] ne, [[Tafki|tabkuna]] na ruwa mai laushi, marshes na ruwa mai kyau, da kuma deltas na ciki.

== Magana ==
An sanya sunan kifin ne don girmama John Edmund Sharrock Moore (1870-1947), masanin kimiyyar halittu na Burtaniya kuma shugaban balaguron Tanganyika, wanda ya gano wannan nau'in.&lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 September 2018 |title=Family DANIONIDAE: Bleeker 1863 (Danios) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/danionidae/ |access-date=6 February 2025 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>855709</id>
      <parentid>855708</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:19:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <text bytes="1070" sha1="ll95xsqx34mkwxj5om63vpa2r2o1tf1" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''[[Tafkin Rukwa]] minnow''' ('''''Raiamas moorii''''') nau'in kifi ne mai fuka-fuki a cikin dangin Cyprinidae . Ana samunsa a [[Tafkin Tanganyika]], [[Tafkin kivu|Tafkin Kivu]] da Tafkin Rukwa a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] da [[Zambiya|Zambia]]. Yanayinta na halitta [[Kogi|koguna]] ne, [[Tafki|tabkuna]] na ruwa mai laushi, marshes na ruwa mai kyau, da kuma deltas na ciki.

== Magana ==
An sanya sunan kifin ne don girmama John Edmund Sharrock Moore (1870-1947), masanin kimiyyar halittu na Burtaniya kuma shugaban balaguron Tanganyika, wanda ya gano wannan nau'in.&lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 September 2018 |title=Family DANIONIDAE: Bleeker 1863 (Danios) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/danionidae/ |access-date=6 February 2025 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rikicin ruwa tsakanin Habasha da Kenya</title>
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    <id>157033</id>
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      <id>855710</id>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: '''Rikicin ruwa tsakanin Habasha da Kenya''' wata takaddama ce ta ci gaba da ke faruwa sakamakon raguwar albarkatun ruwa a kan iyakar Habasha da Kenya.  == Bayani na Gabaɗaya == Habasha ta yanke shawarar gina madatsar ruwan Gilgel Gibe III a kan Kogin Omo don samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar ruwa ga Habasha da kuma Masar, Sudan, Djibouti, Kenya, Uganda, da Yemen. Idan aka yi la'akari da hauhawar yanayin zafi, kwararar hamada, da kuma kasancewar Kogin Omo shi ne babban tushen...</comment>
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      <text bytes="4451" sha1="0xmaexau6d9vzopxnlpsakv6dgvapbi" xml:space="preserve">'''Rikicin ruwa tsakanin Habasha da Kenya''' wata takaddama ce ta ci gaba da ke faruwa sakamakon raguwar albarkatun ruwa a kan iyakar Habasha da Kenya.

== Bayani na Gabaɗaya ==
Habasha ta yanke shawarar gina madatsar ruwan Gilgel Gibe III a kan Kogin Omo don samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar ruwa ga Habasha da kuma Masar, Sudan, Djibouti, Kenya, Uganda, da Yemen. Idan aka yi la'akari da hauhawar yanayin zafi, kwararar hamada, da kuma kasancewar Kogin Omo shi ne babban tushen ruwa ga kabilun Habasha da Kenya da dama, madatsar ruwan na iya haddasa mummunan rikici.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thesojournerproject.wordpress.com/2011/06/10/water-scarcity-and-conflict-at-the-ethiopia-kenya-border |title=Water Scarcity and Conflict at the Ethiopia-Kenya Border |publisher=The Sojourner Project |date=2011-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710071011/https://thesojournerproject.wordpress.com/2011/06/10/water-scarcity-and-conflict-at-the-ethiopia-kenya-border|archive-date= 2011-07-10 |access-date=2013-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Farfesa Aaron Wolf ya bayyana manyan abubuwa guda biyu da ke haddasa matsalar kamar haka: bunkasar tattalin arziki da yawan jama'a, da kuma karfin hukumomi, ko kuma &quot;tsarin bil'adama da aka gina don rage tasirin canjin&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2011/world/water-conflict-violence-erupts-along-ethiopias-and-kenyas-water-stressed-border |title=Water Conflict: Violence Erupts Along Ethiopia-Kenya Water-stressed Border {{pipe}} Circle of Blue WaterNews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813010516/http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2011/world/water-conflict-violence-erupts-along-ethiopias-and-kenyas-water-stressed-border |archive-date=2011-08-13 |publisher=Circleofblue.org |date=2011-06-21 |access-date=2013-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A yankin kan iyaka tsakanin Habasha da Kenya, mutanen Turkana na Kenya da kuma Daasanach, Nyangatom, da Mursi na Habasha kabilu ne da suka dogara da Kogin Omo da Tafkin Turkana don rayuwa. A shekarun baya, yankin ya zama mafi bushewa, tare da yanayi mai zafi da fari mai tsawo. Karuwar jama'a ta kara ruruta wutar matsalar. Mutanen suna rayuwa ne a tsarin makiyaya, suna zirga-zirga a duk inda za a iya samun albarkatu. A shekarun karanci, rikici yana faruwa kusan kowace rana.&lt;ref name=pulit&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pulitzercenter.org/projects/africa/water-wars-ethiopia-and-kenya |title=Water Wars: Ethiopia and Kenya |publisher=Freezer Center |access-date=2013-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=pdn&gt;{{cite web|last=Walker |first=David |url=http://www.pdnonline.com/features/An-Under-Reported-Wa-1447.shtml |title=An Under-Reported War Over Water |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714151306/https://www.pdnonline.com/features/An-Under-Reported-Wa-1447.shtml |archive-date=2014-07-14 |publisher=Pdnonline.com |date=2011-01-26 |access-date=2013-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=clp&gt;{{cite web|last=Stuteville |first=Sarah |url=http://clpmag.org/series.php?id=0 |title=Water Wars |website=Clpmag.org |publisher=Common Language Project |date=2009-01-01 |access-date=2013-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=nation&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/News/Raila+accuses+military+of+letting+down+Kenyans+at+border+/-/1056/1165400/-/y8cimw/-/ |title=Raila accuses military of letting down Kenyans at border |publisher=nation.co.ke |date=2011-05-18 |access-date=2013-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tafkin Turkana yana samun kashi 90 na ruwansa ne daga Kogin Omo. Hauhawar yanayin zafi da raguwar ruwan sama sun ba da gudummawa ga komawar tafkin zuwa cikin kasar Kenya. Domin tsira, kabilun Habasha suka fara bin sahun ruwan. Sakamakon haka, rikici tsakanin kabilu yana karuwa.

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, a kalla 'yan kasar Habasha hudu da 'yan Kenya 20 ne suka mutu, kodayake wasu jami'an gwamnatin Kenya sun kiyasta yawan wadanda suka mutu sun kai 69, a cewar jaridar Daily Nation da ke Kenya. Fadan na cikin gida ya tilasta wa kasashen biyu daukar mataki kan rikicin.

A cewar John Nunyes, mamba a majalisar dokokin Kenya, 'yan Habasha sun matsa da tazarar kilomita 15 zuwa cikin Kenya. &quot;Sun hana mutanenmu na Turkana yin kifi, sun kore mu daga makiyaya, ba za mu iya samun ruwa ba. Mun bar al'ummominmu suna ci gaba da fada da gasa kan albarkatu,&quot; in ji shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Turner |first1=Angela |title=Climate change: Kenya |url=https://issuu.com/perspectivepublications/docs/issuu-preview_march_2016 |website=Issuu.com |access-date=2018-10-13 |language=en |date=2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <comment>/* Bayani na Gabaɗaya */</comment>
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      <text bytes="10195" sha1="h1g3d6edhm7higu4ooi8sp0jkwfz3uw" xml:space="preserve">'''Rikicin ruwa tsakanin Habasha da Kenya''' wata takaddama ce ta ci gaba da ke faruwa sakamakon raguwar albarkatun ruwa a kan iyakar Habasha da Kenya.

== Bayani na Gabaɗaya ==
Habasha ta yanke shawarar gina madatsar ruwan Gilgel Gibe III a kan Kogin Omo don samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar ruwa ga Habasha da kuma Masar, Sudan, Djibouti, Kenya, Uganda, da Yemen. Idan aka yi la'akari da hauhawar yanayin zafi, kwararar hamada, da kuma kasancewar Kogin Omo shi ne babban tushen ruwa ga kabilun Habasha da Kenya da dama, madatsar ruwan na iya haddasa mummunan rikici.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thesojournerproject.wordpress.com/2011/06/10/water-scarcity-and-conflict-at-the-ethiopia-kenya-border |title=Water Scarcity and Conflict at the Ethiopia-Kenya Border |publisher=The Sojourner Project |date=2011-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710071011/https://thesojournerproject.wordpress.com/2011/06/10/water-scarcity-and-conflict-at-the-ethiopia-kenya-border|archive-date= 2011-07-10 |access-date=2013-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Farfesa Aaron Wolf ya bayyana manyan abubuwa guda biyu da ke haddasa matsalar kamar haka: bunkasar tattalin arziki da yawan jama'a, da kuma karfin hukumomi, ko kuma &quot;tsarin bil'adama da aka gina don rage tasirin canjin&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2011/world/water-conflict-violence-erupts-along-ethiopias-and-kenyas-water-stressed-border |title=Water Conflict: Violence Erupts Along Ethiopia-Kenya Water-stressed Border {{pipe}} Circle of Blue WaterNews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813010516/http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2011/world/water-conflict-violence-erupts-along-ethiopias-and-kenyas-water-stressed-border |archive-date=2011-08-13 |publisher=Circleofblue.org |date=2011-06-21 |access-date=2013-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A yankin kan iyaka tsakanin Habasha da Kenya, mutanen Turkana na Kenya da kuma Daasanach, Nyangatom, da Mursi na Habasha kabilu ne da suka dogara da Kogin Omo da Tafkin Turkana don rayuwa. A shekarun baya, yankin ya zama mafi bushewa, tare da yanayi mai zafi da fari mai tsawo. Karuwar jama'a ta kara ruruta wutar matsalar. Mutanen suna rayuwa ne a tsarin makiyaya, suna zirga-zirga a duk inda za a iya samun albarkatu. A shekarun karanci, rikici yana faruwa kusan kowace rana.&lt;ref name=pulit&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pulitzercenter.org/projects/africa/water-wars-ethiopia-and-kenya |title=Water Wars: Ethiopia and Kenya |publisher=Freezer Center |access-date=2013-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=pdn&gt;{{cite web|last=Walker |first=David |url=http://www.pdnonline.com/features/An-Under-Reported-Wa-1447.shtml |title=An Under-Reported War Over Water |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714151306/https://www.pdnonline.com/features/An-Under-Reported-Wa-1447.shtml |archive-date=2014-07-14 |publisher=Pdnonline.com |date=2011-01-26 |access-date=2013-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=clp&gt;{{cite web|last=Stuteville |first=Sarah |url=http://clpmag.org/series.php?id=0 |title=Water Wars |website=Clpmag.org |publisher=Common Language Project |date=2009-01-01 |access-date=2013-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=nation&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/News/Raila+accuses+military+of+letting+down+Kenyans+at+border+/-/1056/1165400/-/y8cimw/-/ |title=Raila accuses military of letting down Kenyans at border |publisher=nation.co.ke |date=2011-05-18 |access-date=2013-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tafkin Turkana yana samun kashi 90 na ruwansa ne daga Kogin Omo. Hauhawar yanayin zafi da raguwar ruwan sama sun ba da gudummawa ga komawar tafkin zuwa cikin kasar Kenya. Domin tsira, kabilun Habasha suka fara bin sahun ruwan. Sakamakon haka, rikici tsakanin kabilu yana karuwa.

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, a kalla 'yan kasar Habasha hudu da 'yan Kenya 20 ne suka mutu, kodayake wasu jami'an gwamnatin Kenya sun kiyasta yawan wadanda suka mutu sun kai 69, a cewar jaridar Daily Nation da ke Kenya. Fadan na cikin gida ya tilasta wa kasashen biyu daukar mataki kan rikicin.

A cewar John Nunyes, mamba a majalisar dokokin Kenya, 'yan Habasha sun matsa da tazarar kilomita 15 zuwa cikin Kenya. &quot;Sun hana mutanenmu na Turkana yin kifi, sun kore mu daga makiyaya, ba za mu iya samun ruwa ba. Mun bar al'ummominmu suna ci gaba da fada da gasa kan albarkatu,&quot; in ji shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Turner |first1=Angela |title=Climate change: Kenya |url=https://issuu.com/perspectivepublications/docs/issuu-preview_march_2016 |website=Issuu.com |access-date=2018-10-13 |language=en |date=2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
A shekarar 2011, kimanin mayakan sa-kai 900 dauke da makamai da fararen hula 'yan Habasha 2,500 a yankin Kenya da ke kewaye da tafkin Turkana sun kara kai hare-hare kan 'yan Kenya. Gwamnatin Kenya ta yi ikirarin cewa wadannan bakin haure ba bisa ka'ida ba sun karbe iko da kauyukan Kenya guda 10, kuma ta lashi takobin mayar da su Habasha.

Rikicin ya samo asali ne daga ikirarin mallakar yanki da kuma hanyoyin samun albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=pulit /&gt;&lt;ref name=pdn /&gt;&lt;ref name=nation /&gt;

== Kabilu ==

=== Mutanen Turkana ===
Mutanen Turkana na fuskantar hare-hare akai-akai daga kabilun Habasha. A watan Mayun 2011, an zargi wasu 'yan Habasha da kashe shugaban 'yan sandan kan iyaka na Kenya, John Nunyes, mamba a majalisar dokokin Kenya wanda ya ziyarci al'ummar Turkana. Kafin gagarumin canjin yanayi, yankin da mutanen Turkana ke zaune ya ba da damar dorewar garken dabbobi. Wannan ya faru ne saboda yanayin ruwan sama da ake iya hangowa a yankin da kuma samun filaye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Waila|first=Jacinta|date=2018|title=Outcomes of Climate Change in a Marginalized Population: An Ethnography on the Turkana Pastoralists in Kenya|journal=AJPH Perspectives|volume=108|pages=570}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Mutane da yawa yanzu suna yin hijira zuwa yankin Turkana, kuma yawancin mutanen kabilar Turkana suna wahala daga asarar makiyaya da hanyoyin samun ruwa.

=== Mutanen Daasanach ===
Mutanen Daasanach suna raba iyakar gargajiya da Turkana. Sai dai iyakar tana matsawa zuwa kudu saboda raguwar ruwa. A cewar jaridar Christian Science Monitor, Daasanach sun fara yin noma da kamun kifi ta amfani da ruwan yankin Delta na Kogin Omo da Tafkin Turkana, suna yin gasa da mutanen Turkana na Kenya wajen neman filaye da albarkatun ruwa.

=== Mutanen Nyangatom ===
Nyangatom makiyayan shanu ne wadanda ke amfani da ruwan Kogin Omo don dabbobinsu. Wadanda suka rasa matsugunansu a cikin gida sun dogara ne ga gwamnati da tallafin kasashen waje, wanda ba koyaushe ake yin tunani a kansa da kyau ba. Misali, kasashen duniya sun tura abinci kamar masara, wanda ba za a iya cin sa danye ba kuma yana bukatar ruwa mai yawa don dahuwa.

== Abubuwan da Suka Faru ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Rana !! Wuri !! Bayani
|-
| 2000 || Habasha || An daba wa wani mutum wuka har lahira lokacin da ake fada kan ruwa mai tsafta a lokacin fari a Habasha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sandrasagra |first1=M. J. |title=Development Ethiopia: Relief agencies warn of major food crisis |work=Inter Press Service |date=2000-04-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2000 || Kenya || Wani gumurzu tsakanin mazauna kauye da birai masu kishirwa ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar birai takwas da kuma raunata mazauna kauye goma. Fadan ya fara ne bayan motocin tankar ruwa sun kai ruwa yankin da fari ya shafa, inda birai da suka shiga matsananciyar damuwa suka kai wa mazauna kauyen hari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=BBC News {{!}} AFRICA {{!}} Kenyan monkeys fight humans for water |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/685381.stm |website=news.bbc.co.uk |access-date=2018-10-13 |date=2000-03-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Okoko |first1=Tervil Otieno |title=Kenya: Monkeys, Humans Fight Over Drinking Water |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200003210051.html |website=allafrica.com |access-date=2018-10-13 |date=2000-03-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2004-2006 || Habasha || A kalla mutane 250 ne aka kashe sannan wasu da dama suka raunata a gumurzu kan rijiyoyin ruwa da filayen makiyaya. Mazauna kauyen suna kiran sa &quot;Yakin Rijiya&quot; kuma suna bayyana &quot;iyayen yakin rijiya, gwaurayen rijiya, da mayakan rijiya.&quot; Fari na tsawon shekaru uku ya haifar da babban tashin hankali kan iyakantattun albarkatun ruwa, wanda rashin ingantacciyar gwamnati da tsari na tsakiya ya kara ruruta wutar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=At least 16 killed in Somalia over water, pasture battles |publisher=Associated Press |date=2005-06-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Wax |first1=Emily |title=Dying for Water in Somalia's Drought |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/13/AR2006041302116.html |website=www.washingtonpost.com |access-date=2018-10-13 |date=2006-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2005 || Kenya || An tura jami'an 'yan sanda zuwa yankin arewa maso yammacin Kenya don shawo kan wani babban rikici na tashin hankali tsakanin kungiyoyin Kikuyu da Maasai kan ruwa. Fiye da mutane 20 ne aka kashe a fadan a watan Janairu. Zuwa watan Yuli, adadin wadanda suka mutu ya zarce 90, musamman a tsakiyar karkara na Turbi. Tankaddamar ta taso ne kan makiyaya da ruwa. Makiyayan Maasai sun zargi wani dan siyasa na yankin Kikuyu da karkatar da kogi don ban ruwa a gonarsa, lamarin da ya hana dabbobin da ke kasa samun ruwa. Fadan ya raba mazauna kauye fiye da 2000 da muhallansu kuma yana nuna takaddama tsakanin al'ummomin makiyaya da masu zaman guri guda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Thousands flee Kenyan water clash |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4201483.stm |website=news.bbc.co.uk |access-date=2018-10-13 |date=2005-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2006 || Habasha || A kalla mutane 12 ne suka mutu yayin da fiye da 20 suka raunata a gumurzu kan gasar neman ruwa da makiyaya a yankin kan iyakar Somaliya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Somalis clash over scarce water |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4723008.stm |website=news.bbc.co.uk |access-date=2018-10-13 |date=2006-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2006 || Habasha da Kenya || A kalla mutane 40 ne suka mutu a gumurzu da ke ci gaba da faruwa kan ruwa, dabbobi, da filayen makiyaya. Fadan ya faru ne a yankin Oromia da gundumar Marsabit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Clashes over water, pasture kill 40 in east Africa |agency=Reuters|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/world/2006/06/06/clashes-over-water-pasture-kill-40-in-east-africa/ |website=www.thestar.com.my |access-date=2018-10-13 |date=2006-06-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>h1g3d6edhm7higu4ooi8sp0jkwfz3uw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855712</id>
      <parentid>855711</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:21:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirjat</username>
        <id>20447</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Abubuwan da Suka Faru */</comment>
      <origin>855712</origin>
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      <text bytes="12453" sha1="5ox36t9rllqjgp55kzwibncbot6q9vx" xml:space="preserve">'''Rikicin ruwa tsakanin Habasha da Kenya''' wata takaddama ce ta ci gaba da ke faruwa sakamakon raguwar albarkatun ruwa a kan iyakar Habasha da Kenya.

== Bayani na Gabaɗaya ==
Habasha ta yanke shawarar gina madatsar ruwan Gilgel Gibe III a kan Kogin Omo don samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar ruwa ga Habasha da kuma Masar, Sudan, Djibouti, Kenya, Uganda, da Yemen. Idan aka yi la'akari da hauhawar yanayin zafi, kwararar hamada, da kuma kasancewar Kogin Omo shi ne babban tushen ruwa ga kabilun Habasha da Kenya da dama, madatsar ruwan na iya haddasa mummunan rikici.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thesojournerproject.wordpress.com/2011/06/10/water-scarcity-and-conflict-at-the-ethiopia-kenya-border |title=Water Scarcity and Conflict at the Ethiopia-Kenya Border |publisher=The Sojourner Project |date=2011-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710071011/https://thesojournerproject.wordpress.com/2011/06/10/water-scarcity-and-conflict-at-the-ethiopia-kenya-border|archive-date= 2011-07-10 |access-date=2013-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Farfesa Aaron Wolf ya bayyana manyan abubuwa guda biyu da ke haddasa matsalar kamar haka: bunkasar tattalin arziki da yawan jama'a, da kuma karfin hukumomi, ko kuma &quot;tsarin bil'adama da aka gina don rage tasirin canjin&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2011/world/water-conflict-violence-erupts-along-ethiopias-and-kenyas-water-stressed-border |title=Water Conflict: Violence Erupts Along Ethiopia-Kenya Water-stressed Border {{pipe}} Circle of Blue WaterNews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813010516/http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2011/world/water-conflict-violence-erupts-along-ethiopias-and-kenyas-water-stressed-border |archive-date=2011-08-13 |publisher=Circleofblue.org |date=2011-06-21 |access-date=2013-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A yankin kan iyaka tsakanin Habasha da Kenya, mutanen Turkana na Kenya da kuma Daasanach, Nyangatom, da Mursi na Habasha kabilu ne da suka dogara da Kogin Omo da Tafkin Turkana don rayuwa. A shekarun baya, yankin ya zama mafi bushewa, tare da yanayi mai zafi da fari mai tsawo. Karuwar jama'a ta kara ruruta wutar matsalar. Mutanen suna rayuwa ne a tsarin makiyaya, suna zirga-zirga a duk inda za a iya samun albarkatu. A shekarun karanci, rikici yana faruwa kusan kowace rana.&lt;ref name=pulit&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pulitzercenter.org/projects/africa/water-wars-ethiopia-and-kenya |title=Water Wars: Ethiopia and Kenya |publisher=Freezer Center |access-date=2013-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=pdn&gt;{{cite web|last=Walker |first=David |url=http://www.pdnonline.com/features/An-Under-Reported-Wa-1447.shtml |title=An Under-Reported War Over Water |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714151306/https://www.pdnonline.com/features/An-Under-Reported-Wa-1447.shtml |archive-date=2014-07-14 |publisher=Pdnonline.com |date=2011-01-26 |access-date=2013-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=clp&gt;{{cite web|last=Stuteville |first=Sarah |url=http://clpmag.org/series.php?id=0 |title=Water Wars |website=Clpmag.org |publisher=Common Language Project |date=2009-01-01 |access-date=2013-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=nation&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/News/Raila+accuses+military+of+letting+down+Kenyans+at+border+/-/1056/1165400/-/y8cimw/-/ |title=Raila accuses military of letting down Kenyans at border |publisher=nation.co.ke |date=2011-05-18 |access-date=2013-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tafkin Turkana yana samun kashi 90 na ruwansa ne daga Kogin Omo. Hauhawar yanayin zafi da raguwar ruwan sama sun ba da gudummawa ga komawar tafkin zuwa cikin kasar Kenya. Domin tsira, kabilun Habasha suka fara bin sahun ruwan. Sakamakon haka, rikici tsakanin kabilu yana karuwa.

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, a kalla 'yan kasar Habasha hudu da 'yan Kenya 20 ne suka mutu, kodayake wasu jami'an gwamnatin Kenya sun kiyasta yawan wadanda suka mutu sun kai 69, a cewar jaridar Daily Nation da ke Kenya. Fadan na cikin gida ya tilasta wa kasashen biyu daukar mataki kan rikicin.

A cewar John Nunyes, mamba a majalisar dokokin Kenya, 'yan Habasha sun matsa da tazarar kilomita 15 zuwa cikin Kenya. &quot;Sun hana mutanenmu na Turkana yin kifi, sun kore mu daga makiyaya, ba za mu iya samun ruwa ba. Mun bar al'ummominmu suna ci gaba da fada da gasa kan albarkatu,&quot; in ji shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Turner |first1=Angela |title=Climate change: Kenya |url=https://issuu.com/perspectivepublications/docs/issuu-preview_march_2016 |website=Issuu.com |access-date=2018-10-13 |language=en |date=2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
A shekarar 2011, kimanin mayakan sa-kai 900 dauke da makamai da fararen hula 'yan Habasha 2,500 a yankin Kenya da ke kewaye da tafkin Turkana sun kara kai hare-hare kan 'yan Kenya. Gwamnatin Kenya ta yi ikirarin cewa wadannan bakin haure ba bisa ka'ida ba sun karbe iko da kauyukan Kenya guda 10, kuma ta lashi takobin mayar da su Habasha.

Rikicin ya samo asali ne daga ikirarin mallakar yanki da kuma hanyoyin samun albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=pulit /&gt;&lt;ref name=pdn /&gt;&lt;ref name=nation /&gt;

== Kabilu ==

=== Mutanen Turkana ===
Mutanen Turkana na fuskantar hare-hare akai-akai daga kabilun Habasha. A watan Mayun 2011, an zargi wasu 'yan Habasha da kashe shugaban 'yan sandan kan iyaka na Kenya, John Nunyes, mamba a majalisar dokokin Kenya wanda ya ziyarci al'ummar Turkana. Kafin gagarumin canjin yanayi, yankin da mutanen Turkana ke zaune ya ba da damar dorewar garken dabbobi. Wannan ya faru ne saboda yanayin ruwan sama da ake iya hangowa a yankin da kuma samun filaye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Waila|first=Jacinta|date=2018|title=Outcomes of Climate Change in a Marginalized Population: An Ethnography on the Turkana Pastoralists in Kenya|journal=AJPH Perspectives|volume=108|pages=570}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Mutane da yawa yanzu suna yin hijira zuwa yankin Turkana, kuma yawancin mutanen kabilar Turkana suna wahala daga asarar makiyaya da hanyoyin samun ruwa.

=== Mutanen Daasanach ===
Mutanen Daasanach suna raba iyakar gargajiya da Turkana. Sai dai iyakar tana matsawa zuwa kudu saboda raguwar ruwa. A cewar jaridar Christian Science Monitor, Daasanach sun fara yin noma da kamun kifi ta amfani da ruwan yankin Delta na Kogin Omo da Tafkin Turkana, suna yin gasa da mutanen Turkana na Kenya wajen neman filaye da albarkatun ruwa.

=== Mutanen Nyangatom ===
Nyangatom makiyayan shanu ne wadanda ke amfani da ruwan Kogin Omo don dabbobinsu. Wadanda suka rasa matsugunansu a cikin gida sun dogara ne ga gwamnati da tallafin kasashen waje, wanda ba koyaushe ake yin tunani a kansa da kyau ba. Misali, kasashen duniya sun tura abinci kamar masara, wanda ba za a iya cin sa danye ba kuma yana bukatar ruwa mai yawa don dahuwa.

== Abubuwan da Suka Faru ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Rana !! Wuri !! Bayani
|-
| 2000 || Habasha || An daba wa wani mutum wuka har lahira lokacin da ake fada kan ruwa mai tsafta a lokacin fari a Habasha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sandrasagra |first1=M. J. |title=Development Ethiopia: Relief agencies warn of major food crisis |work=Inter Press Service |date=2000-04-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2000 || Kenya || Wani gumurzu tsakanin mazauna kauye da birai masu kishirwa ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar birai takwas da kuma raunata mazauna kauye goma. Fadan ya fara ne bayan motocin tankar ruwa sun kai ruwa yankin da fari ya shafa, inda birai da suka shiga matsananciyar damuwa suka kai wa mazauna kauyen hari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=BBC News {{!}} AFRICA {{!}} Kenyan monkeys fight humans for water |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/685381.stm |website=news.bbc.co.uk |access-date=2018-10-13 |date=2000-03-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Okoko |first1=Tervil Otieno |title=Kenya: Monkeys, Humans Fight Over Drinking Water |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200003210051.html |website=allafrica.com |access-date=2018-10-13 |date=2000-03-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2004-2006 || Habasha || A kalla mutane 250 ne aka kashe sannan wasu da dama suka raunata a gumurzu kan rijiyoyin ruwa da filayen makiyaya. Mazauna kauyen suna kiran sa &quot;Yakin Rijiya&quot; kuma suna bayyana &quot;iyayen yakin rijiya, gwaurayen rijiya, da mayakan rijiya.&quot; Fari na tsawon shekaru uku ya haifar da babban tashin hankali kan iyakantattun albarkatun ruwa, wanda rashin ingantacciyar gwamnati da tsari na tsakiya ya kara ruruta wutar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=At least 16 killed in Somalia over water, pasture battles |publisher=Associated Press |date=2005-06-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Wax |first1=Emily |title=Dying for Water in Somalia's Drought |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/13/AR2006041302116.html |website=www.washingtonpost.com |access-date=2018-10-13 |date=2006-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2005 || Kenya || An tura jami'an 'yan sanda zuwa yankin arewa maso yammacin Kenya don shawo kan wani babban rikici na tashin hankali tsakanin kungiyoyin Kikuyu da Maasai kan ruwa. Fiye da mutane 20 ne aka kashe a fadan a watan Janairu. Zuwa watan Yuli, adadin wadanda suka mutu ya zarce 90, musamman a tsakiyar karkara na Turbi. Tankaddamar ta taso ne kan makiyaya da ruwa. Makiyayan Maasai sun zargi wani dan siyasa na yankin Kikuyu da karkatar da kogi don ban ruwa a gonarsa, lamarin da ya hana dabbobin da ke kasa samun ruwa. Fadan ya raba mazauna kauye fiye da 2000 da muhallansu kuma yana nuna takaddama tsakanin al'ummomin makiyaya da masu zaman guri guda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Thousands flee Kenyan water clash |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4201483.stm |website=news.bbc.co.uk |access-date=2018-10-13 |date=2005-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2006 || Habasha || A kalla mutane 12 ne suka mutu yayin da fiye da 20 suka raunata a gumurzu kan gasar neman ruwa da makiyaya a yankin kan iyakar Somaliya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Somalis clash over scarce water |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4723008.stm |website=news.bbc.co.uk |access-date=2018-10-13 |date=2006-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2006 || Habasha da Kenya || A kalla mutane 40 ne suka mutu a gumurzu da ke ci gaba da faruwa kan ruwa, dabbobi, da filayen makiyaya. Fadan ya faru ne a yankin Oromia da gundumar Marsabit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Clashes over water, pasture kill 40 in east Africa |agency=Reuters|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/world/2006/06/06/clashes-over-water-pasture-kill-40-in-east-africa/ |website=www.thestar.com.my |access-date=2018-10-13 |date=2006-06-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2011 || Habasha da Kenya || Shugaban kasar Kenya Mwai Kibaki da tsohon Firayim Ministan Habasha Meles Zenawi sun gana a watan Mayun 2011 a kasar Uganda, inda suka yanke shawarar kawo karshen rikicin kan iyaka cikin lumana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://futurechallenges.org/local/in-the-face-of-a-receding-lake-water-conflict-at-the-ethiopia-kenya-border/ |title=Bertelsmann Future Challenges » In the Face of a Receding Lake, Water Conflict at the Ethiopia-Kenya Border |publisher=Futurechallenges.org |date=2012-09-16 |access-date=2013-10-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://futurechallenges.org/local/in-the-face-of-a-receding-lake-water-conflict-at-the-ethiopia-kenya-border/ Wikimedia 2012]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2012-2013 || Kenya || An ba da rahoton mummunan tashin hankali kan ruwa a Kenya tare da mutuwar mutane fiye da 100 a gumurzu tsakanin manoma da makiyayan shanu. Wannan rikici wani bangare ne na daddarar takaddama tsakanin manoma Pokomo da makiyayan shanu na Orma masu yawo da dabba. Rikicin na yanzu yana kara tsananta ne saboda jarin da Kenya da kasashen waje ke sawa a fannin noman abinci da man fetur na halitta (biofuel), wanda ke sanya matsin lamba ga albarkatun cikin gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Trouble at Brazil mega-dam stops construction for now |agency=AFP News |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/trouble-brazil-mega-dam-stops-construction-now-224442732.html |website=sg.news.yahoo.com |access-date=2018-10-13 |language=en-SG |date=2012-11-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2012 || Kenya || Tashin hankali mai nasaba da wannan, har da mutuwar mutane da yawa, ya faru a takaddama kan hanyoyin samun ruwa a matsugunai mafi fama da talauci da ke kewaye da Nairobi, Kenya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Njeru |first1=G. |title=Water shortages driving growing thefts, conflicts in Kenya |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/water-shortages-driving-growing-thefts-conflicts-in-kenya/ |website=www.trust.org |access-date=2018-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808015545/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/water-shortages-driving-growing-thefts-conflicts-in-kenya/ |archive-date=2012-08-08 |date=2012-08-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.worldwater.org/conflict/refs.html#Njeru_2012 Njeru 2012]&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Duba kuma ==
* Rikicin ruwa na Kenya

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>5ox36t9rllqjgp55kzwibncbot6q9vx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855713</id>
      <parentid>855712</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:21:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sirjat</username>
        <id>20447</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Duba kuma */</comment>
      <origin>855713</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="12457" sha1="20a5bmwhjzuokxj55ty3gnal6xz5cls" xml:space="preserve">'''Rikicin ruwa tsakanin Habasha da Kenya''' wata takaddama ce ta ci gaba da ke faruwa sakamakon raguwar albarkatun ruwa a kan iyakar Habasha da Kenya.

== Bayani na Gabaɗaya ==
Habasha ta yanke shawarar gina madatsar ruwan Gilgel Gibe III a kan Kogin Omo don samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar ruwa ga Habasha da kuma Masar, Sudan, Djibouti, Kenya, Uganda, da Yemen. Idan aka yi la'akari da hauhawar yanayin zafi, kwararar hamada, da kuma kasancewar Kogin Omo shi ne babban tushen ruwa ga kabilun Habasha da Kenya da dama, madatsar ruwan na iya haddasa mummunan rikici.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thesojournerproject.wordpress.com/2011/06/10/water-scarcity-and-conflict-at-the-ethiopia-kenya-border |title=Water Scarcity and Conflict at the Ethiopia-Kenya Border |publisher=The Sojourner Project |date=2011-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710071011/https://thesojournerproject.wordpress.com/2011/06/10/water-scarcity-and-conflict-at-the-ethiopia-kenya-border|archive-date= 2011-07-10 |access-date=2013-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Farfesa Aaron Wolf ya bayyana manyan abubuwa guda biyu da ke haddasa matsalar kamar haka: bunkasar tattalin arziki da yawan jama'a, da kuma karfin hukumomi, ko kuma &quot;tsarin bil'adama da aka gina don rage tasirin canjin&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2011/world/water-conflict-violence-erupts-along-ethiopias-and-kenyas-water-stressed-border |title=Water Conflict: Violence Erupts Along Ethiopia-Kenya Water-stressed Border {{pipe}} Circle of Blue WaterNews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813010516/http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2011/world/water-conflict-violence-erupts-along-ethiopias-and-kenyas-water-stressed-border |archive-date=2011-08-13 |publisher=Circleofblue.org |date=2011-06-21 |access-date=2013-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A yankin kan iyaka tsakanin Habasha da Kenya, mutanen Turkana na Kenya da kuma Daasanach, Nyangatom, da Mursi na Habasha kabilu ne da suka dogara da Kogin Omo da Tafkin Turkana don rayuwa. A shekarun baya, yankin ya zama mafi bushewa, tare da yanayi mai zafi da fari mai tsawo. Karuwar jama'a ta kara ruruta wutar matsalar. Mutanen suna rayuwa ne a tsarin makiyaya, suna zirga-zirga a duk inda za a iya samun albarkatu. A shekarun karanci, rikici yana faruwa kusan kowace rana.&lt;ref name=pulit&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pulitzercenter.org/projects/africa/water-wars-ethiopia-and-kenya |title=Water Wars: Ethiopia and Kenya |publisher=Freezer Center |access-date=2013-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=pdn&gt;{{cite web|last=Walker |first=David |url=http://www.pdnonline.com/features/An-Under-Reported-Wa-1447.shtml |title=An Under-Reported War Over Water |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714151306/https://www.pdnonline.com/features/An-Under-Reported-Wa-1447.shtml |archive-date=2014-07-14 |publisher=Pdnonline.com |date=2011-01-26 |access-date=2013-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=clp&gt;{{cite web|last=Stuteville |first=Sarah |url=http://clpmag.org/series.php?id=0 |title=Water Wars |website=Clpmag.org |publisher=Common Language Project |date=2009-01-01 |access-date=2013-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=nation&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/News/Raila+accuses+military+of+letting+down+Kenyans+at+border+/-/1056/1165400/-/y8cimw/-/ |title=Raila accuses military of letting down Kenyans at border |publisher=nation.co.ke |date=2011-05-18 |access-date=2013-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tafkin Turkana yana samun kashi 90 na ruwansa ne daga Kogin Omo. Hauhawar yanayin zafi da raguwar ruwan sama sun ba da gudummawa ga komawar tafkin zuwa cikin kasar Kenya. Domin tsira, kabilun Habasha suka fara bin sahun ruwan. Sakamakon haka, rikici tsakanin kabilu yana karuwa.

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, a kalla 'yan kasar Habasha hudu da 'yan Kenya 20 ne suka mutu, kodayake wasu jami'an gwamnatin Kenya sun kiyasta yawan wadanda suka mutu sun kai 69, a cewar jaridar Daily Nation da ke Kenya. Fadan na cikin gida ya tilasta wa kasashen biyu daukar mataki kan rikicin.

A cewar John Nunyes, mamba a majalisar dokokin Kenya, 'yan Habasha sun matsa da tazarar kilomita 15 zuwa cikin Kenya. &quot;Sun hana mutanenmu na Turkana yin kifi, sun kore mu daga makiyaya, ba za mu iya samun ruwa ba. Mun bar al'ummominmu suna ci gaba da fada da gasa kan albarkatu,&quot; in ji shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Turner |first1=Angela |title=Climate change: Kenya |url=https://issuu.com/perspectivepublications/docs/issuu-preview_march_2016 |website=Issuu.com |access-date=2018-10-13 |language=en |date=2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
A shekarar 2011, kimanin mayakan sa-kai 900 dauke da makamai da fararen hula 'yan Habasha 2,500 a yankin Kenya da ke kewaye da tafkin Turkana sun kara kai hare-hare kan 'yan Kenya. Gwamnatin Kenya ta yi ikirarin cewa wadannan bakin haure ba bisa ka'ida ba sun karbe iko da kauyukan Kenya guda 10, kuma ta lashi takobin mayar da su Habasha.

Rikicin ya samo asali ne daga ikirarin mallakar yanki da kuma hanyoyin samun albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=pulit /&gt;&lt;ref name=pdn /&gt;&lt;ref name=nation /&gt;

== Kabilu ==

=== Mutanen Turkana ===
Mutanen Turkana na fuskantar hare-hare akai-akai daga kabilun Habasha. A watan Mayun 2011, an zargi wasu 'yan Habasha da kashe shugaban 'yan sandan kan iyaka na Kenya, John Nunyes, mamba a majalisar dokokin Kenya wanda ya ziyarci al'ummar Turkana. Kafin gagarumin canjin yanayi, yankin da mutanen Turkana ke zaune ya ba da damar dorewar garken dabbobi. Wannan ya faru ne saboda yanayin ruwan sama da ake iya hangowa a yankin da kuma samun filaye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Waila|first=Jacinta|date=2018|title=Outcomes of Climate Change in a Marginalized Population: An Ethnography on the Turkana Pastoralists in Kenya|journal=AJPH Perspectives|volume=108|pages=570}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Mutane da yawa yanzu suna yin hijira zuwa yankin Turkana, kuma yawancin mutanen kabilar Turkana suna wahala daga asarar makiyaya da hanyoyin samun ruwa.

=== Mutanen Daasanach ===
Mutanen Daasanach suna raba iyakar gargajiya da Turkana. Sai dai iyakar tana matsawa zuwa kudu saboda raguwar ruwa. A cewar jaridar Christian Science Monitor, Daasanach sun fara yin noma da kamun kifi ta amfani da ruwan yankin Delta na Kogin Omo da Tafkin Turkana, suna yin gasa da mutanen Turkana na Kenya wajen neman filaye da albarkatun ruwa.

=== Mutanen Nyangatom ===
Nyangatom makiyayan shanu ne wadanda ke amfani da ruwan Kogin Omo don dabbobinsu. Wadanda suka rasa matsugunansu a cikin gida sun dogara ne ga gwamnati da tallafin kasashen waje, wanda ba koyaushe ake yin tunani a kansa da kyau ba. Misali, kasashen duniya sun tura abinci kamar masara, wanda ba za a iya cin sa danye ba kuma yana bukatar ruwa mai yawa don dahuwa.

== Abubuwan da Suka Faru ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Rana !! Wuri !! Bayani
|-
| 2000 || Habasha || An daba wa wani mutum wuka har lahira lokacin da ake fada kan ruwa mai tsafta a lokacin fari a Habasha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sandrasagra |first1=M. J. |title=Development Ethiopia: Relief agencies warn of major food crisis |work=Inter Press Service |date=2000-04-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2000 || Kenya || Wani gumurzu tsakanin mazauna kauye da birai masu kishirwa ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar birai takwas da kuma raunata mazauna kauye goma. Fadan ya fara ne bayan motocin tankar ruwa sun kai ruwa yankin da fari ya shafa, inda birai da suka shiga matsananciyar damuwa suka kai wa mazauna kauyen hari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=BBC News {{!}} AFRICA {{!}} Kenyan monkeys fight humans for water |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/685381.stm |website=news.bbc.co.uk |access-date=2018-10-13 |date=2000-03-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Okoko |first1=Tervil Otieno |title=Kenya: Monkeys, Humans Fight Over Drinking Water |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200003210051.html |website=allafrica.com |access-date=2018-10-13 |date=2000-03-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2004-2006 || Habasha || A kalla mutane 250 ne aka kashe sannan wasu da dama suka raunata a gumurzu kan rijiyoyin ruwa da filayen makiyaya. Mazauna kauyen suna kiran sa &quot;Yakin Rijiya&quot; kuma suna bayyana &quot;iyayen yakin rijiya, gwaurayen rijiya, da mayakan rijiya.&quot; Fari na tsawon shekaru uku ya haifar da babban tashin hankali kan iyakantattun albarkatun ruwa, wanda rashin ingantacciyar gwamnati da tsari na tsakiya ya kara ruruta wutar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=At least 16 killed in Somalia over water, pasture battles |publisher=Associated Press |date=2005-06-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Wax |first1=Emily |title=Dying for Water in Somalia's Drought |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/13/AR2006041302116.html |website=www.washingtonpost.com |access-date=2018-10-13 |date=2006-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2005 || Kenya || An tura jami'an 'yan sanda zuwa yankin arewa maso yammacin Kenya don shawo kan wani babban rikici na tashin hankali tsakanin kungiyoyin Kikuyu da Maasai kan ruwa. Fiye da mutane 20 ne aka kashe a fadan a watan Janairu. Zuwa watan Yuli, adadin wadanda suka mutu ya zarce 90, musamman a tsakiyar karkara na Turbi. Tankaddamar ta taso ne kan makiyaya da ruwa. Makiyayan Maasai sun zargi wani dan siyasa na yankin Kikuyu da karkatar da kogi don ban ruwa a gonarsa, lamarin da ya hana dabbobin da ke kasa samun ruwa. Fadan ya raba mazauna kauye fiye da 2000 da muhallansu kuma yana nuna takaddama tsakanin al'ummomin makiyaya da masu zaman guri guda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Thousands flee Kenyan water clash |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4201483.stm |website=news.bbc.co.uk |access-date=2018-10-13 |date=2005-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2006 || Habasha || A kalla mutane 12 ne suka mutu yayin da fiye da 20 suka raunata a gumurzu kan gasar neman ruwa da makiyaya a yankin kan iyakar Somaliya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Somalis clash over scarce water |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4723008.stm |website=news.bbc.co.uk |access-date=2018-10-13 |date=2006-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2006 || Habasha da Kenya || A kalla mutane 40 ne suka mutu a gumurzu da ke ci gaba da faruwa kan ruwa, dabbobi, da filayen makiyaya. Fadan ya faru ne a yankin Oromia da gundumar Marsabit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Clashes over water, pasture kill 40 in east Africa |agency=Reuters|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/world/2006/06/06/clashes-over-water-pasture-kill-40-in-east-africa/ |website=www.thestar.com.my |access-date=2018-10-13 |date=2006-06-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2011 || Habasha da Kenya || Shugaban kasar Kenya Mwai Kibaki da tsohon Firayim Ministan Habasha Meles Zenawi sun gana a watan Mayun 2011 a kasar Uganda, inda suka yanke shawarar kawo karshen rikicin kan iyaka cikin lumana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://futurechallenges.org/local/in-the-face-of-a-receding-lake-water-conflict-at-the-ethiopia-kenya-border/ |title=Bertelsmann Future Challenges » In the Face of a Receding Lake, Water Conflict at the Ethiopia-Kenya Border |publisher=Futurechallenges.org |date=2012-09-16 |access-date=2013-10-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://futurechallenges.org/local/in-the-face-of-a-receding-lake-water-conflict-at-the-ethiopia-kenya-border/ Wikimedia 2012]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2012-2013 || Kenya || An ba da rahoton mummunan tashin hankali kan ruwa a Kenya tare da mutuwar mutane fiye da 100 a gumurzu tsakanin manoma da makiyayan shanu. Wannan rikici wani bangare ne na daddarar takaddama tsakanin manoma Pokomo da makiyayan shanu na Orma masu yawo da dabba. Rikicin na yanzu yana kara tsananta ne saboda jarin da Kenya da kasashen waje ke sawa a fannin noman abinci da man fetur na halitta (biofuel), wanda ke sanya matsin lamba ga albarkatun cikin gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Trouble at Brazil mega-dam stops construction for now |agency=AFP News |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/trouble-brazil-mega-dam-stops-construction-now-224442732.html |website=sg.news.yahoo.com |access-date=2018-10-13 |language=en-SG |date=2012-11-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2012 || Kenya || Tashin hankali mai nasaba da wannan, har da mutuwar mutane da yawa, ya faru a takaddama kan hanyoyin samun ruwa a matsugunai mafi fama da talauci da ke kewaye da Nairobi, Kenya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Njeru |first1=G. |title=Water shortages driving growing thefts, conflicts in Kenya |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/water-shortages-driving-growing-thefts-conflicts-in-kenya/ |website=www.trust.org |access-date=2018-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808015545/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/water-shortages-driving-growing-thefts-conflicts-in-kenya/ |archive-date=2012-08-08 |date=2012-08-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.worldwater.org/conflict/refs.html#Njeru_2012 Njeru 2012]&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Rikicin ruwa na Kenya]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>20a5bmwhjzuokxj55ty3gnal6xz5cls</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855715</id>
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      <text bytes="12469" sha1="ng4xc3e9kgrwghyrrz72rgbfipbf3cq" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Rikicin ruwa tsakanin Habasha da Kenya''' wata takaddama ce ta ci gaba da ke faruwa sakamakon raguwar albarkatun ruwa a kan iyakar Habasha da Kenya.

== Bayani na Gabaɗaya ==
Habasha ta yanke shawarar gina madatsar ruwan Gilgel Gibe III a kan Kogin Omo don samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar ruwa ga Habasha da kuma Masar, Sudan, Djibouti, Kenya, Uganda, da Yemen. Idan aka yi la'akari da hauhawar yanayin zafi, kwararar hamada, da kuma kasancewar Kogin Omo shi ne babban tushen ruwa ga kabilun Habasha da Kenya da dama, madatsar ruwan na iya haddasa mummunan rikici.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thesojournerproject.wordpress.com/2011/06/10/water-scarcity-and-conflict-at-the-ethiopia-kenya-border |title=Water Scarcity and Conflict at the Ethiopia-Kenya Border |publisher=The Sojourner Project |date=2011-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710071011/https://thesojournerproject.wordpress.com/2011/06/10/water-scarcity-and-conflict-at-the-ethiopia-kenya-border|archive-date= 2011-07-10 |access-date=2013-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Farfesa Aaron Wolf ya bayyana manyan abubuwa guda biyu da ke haddasa matsalar kamar haka: bunkasar tattalin arziki da yawan jama'a, da kuma karfin hukumomi, ko kuma &quot;tsarin bil'adama da aka gina don rage tasirin canjin&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2011/world/water-conflict-violence-erupts-along-ethiopias-and-kenyas-water-stressed-border |title=Water Conflict: Violence Erupts Along Ethiopia-Kenya Water-stressed Border {{pipe}} Circle of Blue WaterNews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813010516/http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2011/world/water-conflict-violence-erupts-along-ethiopias-and-kenyas-water-stressed-border |archive-date=2011-08-13 |publisher=Circleofblue.org |date=2011-06-21 |access-date=2013-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A yankin kan iyaka tsakanin Habasha da Kenya, mutanen Turkana na Kenya da kuma Daasanach, Nyangatom, da Mursi na Habasha kabilu ne da suka dogara da Kogin Omo da Tafkin Turkana don rayuwa. A shekarun baya, yankin ya zama mafi bushewa, tare da yanayi mai zafi da fari mai tsawo. Karuwar jama'a ta kara ruruta wutar matsalar. Mutanen suna rayuwa ne a tsarin makiyaya, suna zirga-zirga a duk inda za a iya samun albarkatu. A shekarun karanci, rikici yana faruwa kusan kowace rana.&lt;ref name=pulit&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pulitzercenter.org/projects/africa/water-wars-ethiopia-and-kenya |title=Water Wars: Ethiopia and Kenya |publisher=Freezer Center |access-date=2013-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=pdn&gt;{{cite web|last=Walker |first=David |url=http://www.pdnonline.com/features/An-Under-Reported-Wa-1447.shtml |title=An Under-Reported War Over Water |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714151306/https://www.pdnonline.com/features/An-Under-Reported-Wa-1447.shtml |archive-date=2014-07-14 |publisher=Pdnonline.com |date=2011-01-26 |access-date=2013-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=clp&gt;{{cite web|last=Stuteville |first=Sarah |url=http://clpmag.org/series.php?id=0 |title=Water Wars |website=Clpmag.org |publisher=Common Language Project |date=2009-01-01 |access-date=2013-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=nation&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/News/Raila+accuses+military+of+letting+down+Kenyans+at+border+/-/1056/1165400/-/y8cimw/-/ |title=Raila accuses military of letting down Kenyans at border |publisher=nation.co.ke |date=2011-05-18 |access-date=2013-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tafkin Turkana yana samun kashi 90 na ruwansa ne daga Kogin Omo. Hauhawar yanayin zafi da raguwar ruwan sama sun ba da gudummawa ga komawar tafkin zuwa cikin kasar Kenya. Domin tsira, kabilun Habasha suka fara bin sahun ruwan. Sakamakon haka, rikici tsakanin kabilu yana karuwa.

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, a kalla 'yan kasar Habasha hudu da 'yan Kenya 20 ne suka mutu, kodayake wasu jami'an gwamnatin Kenya sun kiyasta yawan wadanda suka mutu sun kai 69, a cewar jaridar Daily Nation da ke Kenya. Fadan na cikin gida ya tilasta wa kasashen biyu daukar mataki kan rikicin.

A cewar John Nunyes, mamba a majalisar dokokin Kenya, 'yan Habasha sun matsa da tazarar kilomita 15 zuwa cikin Kenya. &quot;Sun hana mutanenmu na Turkana yin kifi, sun kore mu daga makiyaya, ba za mu iya samun ruwa ba. Mun bar al'ummominmu suna ci gaba da fada da gasa kan albarkatu,&quot; in ji shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Turner |first1=Angela |title=Climate change: Kenya |url=https://issuu.com/perspectivepublications/docs/issuu-preview_march_2016 |website=Issuu.com |access-date=2018-10-13 |language=en |date=2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
A shekarar 2011, kimanin mayakan sa-kai 900 dauke da makamai da fararen hula 'yan Habasha 2,500 a yankin Kenya da ke kewaye da tafkin Turkana sun kara kai hare-hare kan 'yan Kenya. Gwamnatin Kenya ta yi ikirarin cewa wadannan bakin haure ba bisa ka'ida ba sun karbe iko da kauyukan Kenya guda 10, kuma ta lashi takobin mayar da su Habasha.

Rikicin ya samo asali ne daga ikirarin mallakar yanki da kuma hanyoyin samun albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=pulit /&gt;&lt;ref name=pdn /&gt;&lt;ref name=nation /&gt;

== Kabilu ==

=== Mutanen Turkana ===
Mutanen Turkana na fuskantar hare-hare akai-akai daga kabilun Habasha. A watan Mayun 2011, an zargi wasu 'yan Habasha da kashe shugaban 'yan sandan kan iyaka na Kenya, John Nunyes, mamba a majalisar dokokin Kenya wanda ya ziyarci al'ummar Turkana. Kafin gagarumin canjin yanayi, yankin da mutanen Turkana ke zaune ya ba da damar dorewar garken dabbobi. Wannan ya faru ne saboda yanayin ruwan sama da ake iya hangowa a yankin da kuma samun filaye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Waila|first=Jacinta|date=2018|title=Outcomes of Climate Change in a Marginalized Population: An Ethnography on the Turkana Pastoralists in Kenya|journal=AJPH Perspectives|volume=108|pages=570}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Mutane da yawa yanzu suna yin hijira zuwa yankin Turkana, kuma yawancin mutanen kabilar Turkana suna wahala daga asarar makiyaya da hanyoyin samun ruwa.

=== Mutanen Daasanach ===
Mutanen Daasanach suna raba iyakar gargajiya da Turkana. Sai dai iyakar tana matsawa zuwa kudu saboda raguwar ruwa. A cewar jaridar Christian Science Monitor, Daasanach sun fara yin noma da kamun kifi ta amfani da ruwan yankin Delta na Kogin Omo da Tafkin Turkana, suna yin gasa da mutanen Turkana na Kenya wajen neman filaye da albarkatun ruwa.

=== Mutanen Nyangatom ===
Nyangatom makiyayan shanu ne wadanda ke amfani da ruwan Kogin Omo don dabbobinsu. Wadanda suka rasa matsugunansu a cikin gida sun dogara ne ga gwamnati da tallafin kasashen waje, wanda ba koyaushe ake yin tunani a kansa da kyau ba. Misali, kasashen duniya sun tura abinci kamar masara, wanda ba za a iya cin sa danye ba kuma yana bukatar ruwa mai yawa don dahuwa.

== Abubuwan da Suka Faru ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Rana !! Wuri !! Bayani
|-
| 2000 || Habasha || An daba wa wani mutum wuka har lahira lokacin da ake fada kan ruwa mai tsafta a lokacin fari a Habasha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sandrasagra |first1=M. J. |title=Development Ethiopia: Relief agencies warn of major food crisis |work=Inter Press Service |date=2000-04-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2000 || Kenya || Wani gumurzu tsakanin mazauna kauye da birai masu kishirwa ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar birai takwas da kuma raunata mazauna kauye goma. Fadan ya fara ne bayan motocin tankar ruwa sun kai ruwa yankin da fari ya shafa, inda birai da suka shiga matsananciyar damuwa suka kai wa mazauna kauyen hari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=BBC News {{!}} AFRICA {{!}} Kenyan monkeys fight humans for water |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/685381.stm |website=news.bbc.co.uk |access-date=2018-10-13 |date=2000-03-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Okoko |first1=Tervil Otieno |title=Kenya: Monkeys, Humans Fight Over Drinking Water |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200003210051.html |website=allafrica.com |access-date=2018-10-13 |date=2000-03-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2004-2006 || Habasha || A kalla mutane 250 ne aka kashe sannan wasu da dama suka raunata a gumurzu kan rijiyoyin ruwa da filayen makiyaya. Mazauna kauyen suna kiran sa &quot;Yakin Rijiya&quot; kuma suna bayyana &quot;iyayen yakin rijiya, gwaurayen rijiya, da mayakan rijiya.&quot; Fari na tsawon shekaru uku ya haifar da babban tashin hankali kan iyakantattun albarkatun ruwa, wanda rashin ingantacciyar gwamnati da tsari na tsakiya ya kara ruruta wutar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=At least 16 killed in Somalia over water, pasture battles |publisher=Associated Press |date=2005-06-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Wax |first1=Emily |title=Dying for Water in Somalia's Drought |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/13/AR2006041302116.html |website=www.washingtonpost.com |access-date=2018-10-13 |date=2006-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2005 || Kenya || An tura jami'an 'yan sanda zuwa yankin arewa maso yammacin Kenya don shawo kan wani babban rikici na tashin hankali tsakanin kungiyoyin Kikuyu da Maasai kan ruwa. Fiye da mutane 20 ne aka kashe a fadan a watan Janairu. Zuwa watan Yuli, adadin wadanda suka mutu ya zarce 90, musamman a tsakiyar karkara na Turbi. Tankaddamar ta taso ne kan makiyaya da ruwa. Makiyayan Maasai sun zargi wani dan siyasa na yankin Kikuyu da karkatar da kogi don ban ruwa a gonarsa, lamarin da ya hana dabbobin da ke kasa samun ruwa. Fadan ya raba mazauna kauye fiye da 2000 da muhallansu kuma yana nuna takaddama tsakanin al'ummomin makiyaya da masu zaman guri guda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Thousands flee Kenyan water clash |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4201483.stm |website=news.bbc.co.uk |access-date=2018-10-13 |date=2005-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2006 || Habasha || A kalla mutane 12 ne suka mutu yayin da fiye da 20 suka raunata a gumurzu kan gasar neman ruwa da makiyaya a yankin kan iyakar Somaliya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Somalis clash over scarce water |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4723008.stm |website=news.bbc.co.uk |access-date=2018-10-13 |date=2006-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2006 || Habasha da Kenya || A kalla mutane 40 ne suka mutu a gumurzu da ke ci gaba da faruwa kan ruwa, dabbobi, da filayen makiyaya. Fadan ya faru ne a yankin Oromia da gundumar Marsabit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Clashes over water, pasture kill 40 in east Africa |agency=Reuters|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/world/2006/06/06/clashes-over-water-pasture-kill-40-in-east-africa/ |website=www.thestar.com.my |access-date=2018-10-13 |date=2006-06-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2011 || Habasha da Kenya || Shugaban kasar Kenya Mwai Kibaki da tsohon Firayim Ministan Habasha Meles Zenawi sun gana a watan Mayun 2011 a kasar Uganda, inda suka yanke shawarar kawo karshen rikicin kan iyaka cikin lumana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://futurechallenges.org/local/in-the-face-of-a-receding-lake-water-conflict-at-the-ethiopia-kenya-border/ |title=Bertelsmann Future Challenges » In the Face of a Receding Lake, Water Conflict at the Ethiopia-Kenya Border |publisher=Futurechallenges.org |date=2012-09-16 |access-date=2013-10-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://futurechallenges.org/local/in-the-face-of-a-receding-lake-water-conflict-at-the-ethiopia-kenya-border/ Wikimedia 2012]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2012-2013 || Kenya || An ba da rahoton mummunan tashin hankali kan ruwa a Kenya tare da mutuwar mutane fiye da 100 a gumurzu tsakanin manoma da makiyayan shanu. Wannan rikici wani bangare ne na daddarar takaddama tsakanin manoma Pokomo da makiyayan shanu na Orma masu yawo da dabba. Rikicin na yanzu yana kara tsananta ne saboda jarin da Kenya da kasashen waje ke sawa a fannin noman abinci da man fetur na halitta (biofuel), wanda ke sanya matsin lamba ga albarkatun cikin gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Trouble at Brazil mega-dam stops construction for now |agency=AFP News |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/trouble-brazil-mega-dam-stops-construction-now-224442732.html |website=sg.news.yahoo.com |access-date=2018-10-13 |language=en-SG |date=2012-11-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2012 || Kenya || Tashin hankali mai nasaba da wannan, har da mutuwar mutane da yawa, ya faru a takaddama kan hanyoyin samun ruwa a matsugunai mafi fama da talauci da ke kewaye da Nairobi, Kenya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Njeru |first1=G. |title=Water shortages driving growing thefts, conflicts in Kenya |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/water-shortages-driving-growing-thefts-conflicts-in-kenya/ |website=www.trust.org |access-date=2018-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808015545/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/water-shortages-driving-growing-thefts-conflicts-in-kenya/ |archive-date=2012-08-08 |date=2012-08-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.worldwater.org/conflict/refs.html#Njeru_2012 Njeru 2012]&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Rikicin ruwa na Kenya]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:24:44Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Sirjat</username>
        <id>20447</id>
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'''Rikicin ruwa tsakanin Habasha da Kenya''' wata takaddama ce ta ci gaba da ke faruwa sakamakon raguwar albarkatun ruwa a kan iyakar Habasha da Kenya.

== Bayani na Gabaɗaya ==
Habasha ta yanke shawarar gina madatsar ruwan Gilgel Gibe III a kan Kogin Omo don samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar ruwa ga Habasha da kuma Masar, Sudan, Djibouti, Kenya, Uganda, da Yemen. Idan aka yi la'akari da hauhawar yanayin zafi, kwararar hamada, da kuma kasancewar Kogin Omo shi ne babban tushen ruwa ga kabilun Habasha da Kenya da dama, madatsar ruwan na iya haddasa mummunan rikici.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thesojournerproject.wordpress.com/2011/06/10/water-scarcity-and-conflict-at-the-ethiopia-kenya-border |title=Water Scarcity and Conflict at the Ethiopia-Kenya Border |publisher=The Sojourner Project |date=2011-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710071011/https://thesojournerproject.wordpress.com/2011/06/10/water-scarcity-and-conflict-at-the-ethiopia-kenya-border|archive-date= 2011-07-10 |access-date=2013-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Farfesa Aaron Wolf ya bayyana manyan abubuwa guda biyu da ke haddasa matsalar kamar haka: bunkasar tattalin arziki da yawan jama'a, da kuma karfin hukumomi, ko kuma &quot;tsarin bil'adama da aka gina don rage tasirin canjin&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2011/world/water-conflict-violence-erupts-along-ethiopias-and-kenyas-water-stressed-border |title=Water Conflict: Violence Erupts Along Ethiopia-Kenya Water-stressed Border {{pipe}} Circle of Blue WaterNews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813010516/http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2011/world/water-conflict-violence-erupts-along-ethiopias-and-kenyas-water-stressed-border |archive-date=2011-08-13 |publisher=Circleofblue.org |date=2011-06-21 |access-date=2013-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A yankin kan iyaka tsakanin Habasha da Kenya, mutanen Turkana na Kenya da kuma Daasanach, Nyangatom, da Mursi na Habasha kabilu ne da suka dogara da Kogin Omo da Tafkin Turkana don rayuwa. A shekarun baya, yankin ya zama mafi bushewa, tare da yanayi mai zafi da fari mai tsawo. Karuwar jama'a ta kara ruruta wutar matsalar. Mutanen suna rayuwa ne a tsarin makiyaya, suna zirga-zirga a duk inda za a iya samun albarkatu. A shekarun karanci, rikici yana faruwa kusan kowace rana.&lt;ref name=pulit&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pulitzercenter.org/projects/africa/water-wars-ethiopia-and-kenya |title=Water Wars: Ethiopia and Kenya |publisher=Freezer Center |access-date=2013-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=pdn&gt;{{cite web|last=Walker |first=David |url=http://www.pdnonline.com/features/An-Under-Reported-Wa-1447.shtml |title=An Under-Reported War Over Water |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714151306/https://www.pdnonline.com/features/An-Under-Reported-Wa-1447.shtml |archive-date=2014-07-14 |publisher=Pdnonline.com |date=2011-01-26 |access-date=2013-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=clp&gt;{{cite web|last=Stuteville |first=Sarah |url=http://clpmag.org/series.php?id=0 |title=Water Wars |website=Clpmag.org |publisher=Common Language Project |date=2009-01-01 |access-date=2013-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=nation&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/News/Raila+accuses+military+of+letting+down+Kenyans+at+border+/-/1056/1165400/-/y8cimw/-/ |title=Raila accuses military of letting down Kenyans at border |publisher=nation.co.ke |date=2011-05-18 |access-date=2013-04-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tafkin Turkana yana samun kashi 90 na ruwansa ne daga Kogin Omo. Hauhawar yanayin zafi da raguwar ruwan sama sun ba da gudummawa ga komawar tafkin zuwa cikin kasar Kenya. Domin tsira, kabilun Habasha suka fara bin sahun ruwan. Sakamakon haka, rikici tsakanin kabilu yana karuwa.

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2005, a kalla 'yan kasar Habasha hudu da 'yan Kenya 20 ne suka mutu, kodayake wasu jami'an gwamnatin Kenya sun kiyasta yawan wadanda suka mutu sun kai 69, a cewar jaridar Daily Nation da ke Kenya. Fadan na cikin gida ya tilasta wa kasashen biyu daukar mataki kan rikicin.

A cewar John Nunyes, mamba a majalisar dokokin Kenya, 'yan Habasha sun matsa da tazarar kilomita 15 zuwa cikin Kenya. &quot;Sun hana mutanenmu na Turkana yin kifi, sun kore mu daga makiyaya, ba za mu iya samun ruwa ba. Mun bar al'ummominmu suna ci gaba da fada da gasa kan albarkatu,&quot; in ji shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Turner |first1=Angela |title=Climate change: Kenya |url=https://issuu.com/perspectivepublications/docs/issuu-preview_march_2016 |website=Issuu.com |access-date=2018-10-13 |language=en |date=2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
A shekarar 2011, kimanin mayakan sa-kai 900 dauke da makamai da fararen hula 'yan Habasha 2,500 a yankin Kenya da ke kewaye da tafkin Turkana sun kara kai hare-hare kan 'yan Kenya. Gwamnatin Kenya ta yi ikirarin cewa wadannan bakin haure ba bisa ka'ida ba sun karbe iko da kauyukan Kenya guda 10, kuma ta lashi takobin mayar da su Habasha.

Rikicin ya samo asali ne daga ikirarin mallakar yanki da kuma hanyoyin samun albarkatun ruwa.&lt;ref name=pulit /&gt;&lt;ref name=pdn /&gt;&lt;ref name=nation /&gt;

== Kabilu ==

=== Mutanen Turkana ===
Mutanen Turkana na fuskantar hare-hare akai-akai daga kabilun Habasha. A watan Mayun 2011, an zargi wasu 'yan Habasha da kashe shugaban 'yan sandan kan iyaka na Kenya, John Nunyes, mamba a majalisar dokokin Kenya wanda ya ziyarci al'ummar Turkana. Kafin gagarumin canjin yanayi, yankin da mutanen Turkana ke zaune ya ba da damar dorewar garken dabbobi. Wannan ya faru ne saboda yanayin ruwan sama da ake iya hangowa a yankin da kuma samun filaye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Waila|first=Jacinta|date=2018|title=Outcomes of Climate Change in a Marginalized Population: An Ethnography on the Turkana Pastoralists in Kenya|journal=AJPH Perspectives|volume=108|pages=570}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Mutane da yawa yanzu suna yin hijira zuwa yankin Turkana, kuma yawancin mutanen kabilar Turkana suna wahala daga asarar makiyaya da hanyoyin samun ruwa.

=== Mutanen Daasanach ===
Mutanen Daasanach suna raba iyakar gargajiya da Turkana. Sai dai iyakar tana matsawa zuwa kudu saboda raguwar ruwa. A cewar jaridar Christian Science Monitor, Daasanach sun fara yin noma da kamun kifi ta amfani da ruwan yankin Delta na Kogin Omo da Tafkin Turkana, suna yin gasa da mutanen Turkana na Kenya wajen neman filaye da albarkatun ruwa.

=== Mutanen Nyangatom ===
Nyangatom makiyayan shanu ne wadanda ke amfani da ruwan Kogin Omo don dabbobinsu. Wadanda suka rasa matsugunansu a cikin gida sun dogara ne ga gwamnati da tallafin kasashen waje, wanda ba koyaushe ake yin tunani a kansa da kyau ba. Misali, kasashen duniya sun tura abinci kamar masara, wanda ba za a iya cin sa danye ba kuma yana bukatar ruwa mai yawa don dahuwa.

== Abubuwan da Suka Faru ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Rana !! Wuri !! Bayani
|-
| 2000 || Habasha || An daba wa wani mutum wuka har lahira lokacin da ake fada kan ruwa mai tsafta a lokacin fari a Habasha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sandrasagra |first1=M. J. |title=Development Ethiopia: Relief agencies warn of major food crisis |work=Inter Press Service |date=2000-04-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2000 || Kenya || Wani gumurzu tsakanin mazauna kauye da birai masu kishirwa ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar birai takwas da kuma raunata mazauna kauye goma. Fadan ya fara ne bayan motocin tankar ruwa sun kai ruwa yankin da fari ya shafa, inda birai da suka shiga matsananciyar damuwa suka kai wa mazauna kauyen hari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=BBC News {{!}} AFRICA {{!}} Kenyan monkeys fight humans for water |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/685381.stm |website=news.bbc.co.uk |access-date=2018-10-13 |date=2000-03-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Okoko |first1=Tervil Otieno |title=Kenya: Monkeys, Humans Fight Over Drinking Water |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200003210051.html |website=allafrica.com |access-date=2018-10-13 |date=2000-03-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2004-2006 || Habasha || A kalla mutane 250 ne aka kashe sannan wasu da dama suka raunata a gumurzu kan rijiyoyin ruwa da filayen makiyaya. Mazauna kauyen suna kiran sa &quot;Yakin Rijiya&quot; kuma suna bayyana &quot;iyayen yakin rijiya, gwaurayen rijiya, da mayakan rijiya.&quot; Fari na tsawon shekaru uku ya haifar da babban tashin hankali kan iyakantattun albarkatun ruwa, wanda rashin ingantacciyar gwamnati da tsari na tsakiya ya kara ruruta wutar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=At least 16 killed in Somalia over water, pasture battles |publisher=Associated Press |date=2005-06-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Wax |first1=Emily |title=Dying for Water in Somalia's Drought |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/13/AR2006041302116.html |website=www.washingtonpost.com |access-date=2018-10-13 |date=2006-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2005 || Kenya || An tura jami'an 'yan sanda zuwa yankin arewa maso yammacin Kenya don shawo kan wani babban rikici na tashin hankali tsakanin kungiyoyin Kikuyu da Maasai kan ruwa. Fiye da mutane 20 ne aka kashe a fadan a watan Janairu. Zuwa watan Yuli, adadin wadanda suka mutu ya zarce 90, musamman a tsakiyar karkara na Turbi. Tankaddamar ta taso ne kan makiyaya da ruwa. Makiyayan Maasai sun zargi wani dan siyasa na yankin Kikuyu da karkatar da kogi don ban ruwa a gonarsa, lamarin da ya hana dabbobin da ke kasa samun ruwa. Fadan ya raba mazauna kauye fiye da 2000 da muhallansu kuma yana nuna takaddama tsakanin al'ummomin makiyaya da masu zaman guri guda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Thousands flee Kenyan water clash |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4201483.stm |website=news.bbc.co.uk |access-date=2018-10-13 |date=2005-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2006 || Habasha || A kalla mutane 12 ne suka mutu yayin da fiye da 20 suka raunata a gumurzu kan gasar neman ruwa da makiyaya a yankin kan iyakar Somaliya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Somalis clash over scarce water |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4723008.stm |website=news.bbc.co.uk |access-date=2018-10-13 |date=2006-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2006 || Habasha da Kenya || A kalla mutane 40 ne suka mutu a gumurzu da ke ci gaba da faruwa kan ruwa, dabbobi, da filayen makiyaya. Fadan ya faru ne a yankin Oromia da gundumar Marsabit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Clashes over water, pasture kill 40 in east Africa |agency=Reuters|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/world/2006/06/06/clashes-over-water-pasture-kill-40-in-east-africa/ |website=www.thestar.com.my |access-date=2018-10-13 |date=2006-06-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2011 || Habasha da Kenya || Shugaban kasar Kenya Mwai Kibaki da tsohon Firayim Ministan Habasha Meles Zenawi sun gana a watan Mayun 2011 a kasar Uganda, inda suka yanke shawarar kawo karshen rikicin kan iyaka cikin lumana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://futurechallenges.org/local/in-the-face-of-a-receding-lake-water-conflict-at-the-ethiopia-kenya-border/ |title=Bertelsmann Future Challenges » In the Face of a Receding Lake, Water Conflict at the Ethiopia-Kenya Border |publisher=Futurechallenges.org |date=2012-09-16 |access-date=2013-10-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://futurechallenges.org/local/in-the-face-of-a-receding-lake-water-conflict-at-the-ethiopia-kenya-border/ Wikimedia 2012]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2012-2013 || Kenya || An ba da rahoton mummunan tashin hankali kan ruwa a Kenya tare da mutuwar mutane fiye da 100 a gumurzu tsakanin manoma da makiyayan shanu. Wannan rikici wani bangare ne na daddarar takaddama tsakanin manoma Pokomo da makiyayan shanu na Orma masu yawo da dabba. Rikicin na yanzu yana kara tsananta ne saboda jarin da Kenya da kasashen waje ke sawa a fannin noman abinci da man fetur na halitta (biofuel), wanda ke sanya matsin lamba ga albarkatun cikin gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Trouble at Brazil mega-dam stops construction for now |agency=AFP News |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/trouble-brazil-mega-dam-stops-construction-now-224442732.html |website=sg.news.yahoo.com |access-date=2018-10-13 |language=en-SG |date=2012-11-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2012 || Kenya || Tashin hankali mai nasaba da wannan, har da mutuwar mutane da yawa, ya faru a takaddama kan hanyoyin samun ruwa a matsugunai mafi fama da talauci da ke kewaye da Nairobi, Kenya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Njeru |first1=G. |title=Water shortages driving growing thefts, conflicts in Kenya |url=http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/water-shortages-driving-growing-thefts-conflicts-in-kenya/ |website=www.trust.org |access-date=2018-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808015545/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/water-shortages-driving-growing-thefts-conflicts-in-kenya/ |archive-date=2012-08-08 |date=2012-08-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.worldwater.org/conflict/refs.html#Njeru_2012 Njeru 2012]&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Karancin Ruwa A Kenya]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>k5laasc0pvmsp3v4img4gvkr3yicown</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ruwa mai tsinkaye</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157034</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855714</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:22:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314702286|Lake Rukwa squeaker]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855714</origin>
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Lake Rukwa squeaker ('''''Synodontis rukwaensis''''') wani nau'in kifi ne wanda aka samo Tafkin Rukwa a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] .  Wannan nau'in yana girma zuwa tsawon 29 centimeters (11 in) TL.

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>q565tp8c431gi4ytr4fj1n7la8tkmjl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855716</id>
      <parentid>855714</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:24:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>855716</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="424" sha1="ewaydkpf01xzl2gntzqikj1t9txh02n" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Lake Rukwa squeaker''' ('''''Synodontis rukwaensis''''') wani nau'in kifi ne wanda aka samo Tafkin Rukwa a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] .  Wannan nau'in yana girma zuwa tsawon 29 centimeters (11 in) TL.&lt;ref&gt;Hanssens, M. (2006). &quot;Synodontis rukwaensis&quot;. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2006 e.T60821A12414124. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60821A12414124.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>ewaydkpf01xzl2gntzqikj1t9txh02n</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Filayen Flamengos</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157035</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855718</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:27:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340719520|Praia dos Flamengos]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855718</origin>
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Praia dos Flamengos (kuma: Praia de Flamengo) rairayin bakin teku ne a kudu maso yammacin tsibirin [[Cape Verde]]&quot;&gt;San Vicente a Cape Verde .  Yana da nisan kilomita 2.5 kudu maso gabashin ƙauyen San Pedro da nisan mita 11 kudu maso yammacin Mindelo. Ana iya isa daga arewa maso gabas ta hanyar hanya mai datti.

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>e3ifx8q6za0v57a47y5urwqh9ls17t1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855719</id>
      <parentid>855718</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:27:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>855719</origin>
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      <text bytes="441" sha1="sc3n25bwdipctv7q7b74eu9lchnjcwu" xml:space="preserve">
Praia dos Flamengos (kuma: Praia de Flamengo) rairayin bakin teku ne a kudu maso yammacin tsibirin [[Cape Verde]]&quot;&gt;San Vicente a Cape Verde .  Yana da nisan kilomita 2.5 kudu maso gabashin ƙauyen San Pedro da nisan mita 11 kudu maso yammacin Mindelo. Ana iya isa daga arewa maso gabas ta hanyar hanya mai datti.&lt;ref&gt;Inventário dos recursos turísticos do município de S. Vicente, Direcção Geral do Turismo, p. 36&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>sc3n25bwdipctv7q7b74eu9lchnjcwu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855720</id>
      <parentid>855719</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:28:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>855720</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="459" sha1="6jry48d2foo7jujr0z0gvigizze9xmp" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Praia dos Flamengos''' (kuma: Praia de Flamengo) rairayin bakin teku ne a kudu maso yammacin tsibirin [[Cape Verde]]&quot;&gt;San Vicente a Cape Verde .  Yana da nisan kilomita 2.5 kudu maso gabashin ƙauyen San Pedro da nisan mita 11 kudu maso yammacin Mindelo. Ana iya isa daga arewa maso gabas ta hanyar hanya mai datti.&lt;ref&gt;Inventário dos recursos turísticos do município de S. Vicente, Direcção Geral do Turismo, p. 36&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>6jry48d2foo7jujr0z0gvigizze9xmp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gidan shakatawa na Varandinha</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157036</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855721</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:30:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340719409|Praia da Varandinha]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855721</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="833" sha1="nygvx2gzosxyxlu9kiayi96z2va8vun" xml:space="preserve">
Praia da Varandinha rairayin bakin teku ne a kudu maso yammacin tsibirin Boa Vista a Cape Verde.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 February 2011 |title=Ilha da Boa Vista, banhos de sol be mar |trans-title=Boia Vista Island, Sun Baths and Sea |url=http://viagensabreu.wordpress.com/2011/02/25/ilha-da-boa-vista-banhos-de-sol-e-mar/ |publisher=Wordpress |language=pt}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana kwance a arewacin Ponta Varandinha . Yankin rairayin bakin teku ya zama wani ɓangare na yankin da aka kare Morro de Areia Nature Reserve.&lt;ref name=&quot;munic&quot;&gt;[http://www.municipiodaboavista.com/boavista-capoverde/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Espa%C3%A7os-protegidos-da-Boa-Vista.pdf Protected areas in the island of Boa Vista] - Municipality of Boa Vista, March 2013 {{In lang|pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Jerin rairayin bakin teku na Cape Verde]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>nygvx2gzosxyxlu9kiayi96z2va8vun</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855727</id>
      <parentid>855721</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:34:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>855727</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="851" sha1="mq1jfvqqs1ken8hotqefsjk4rf0bn68" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Praia da Varandinha''' rairayin bakin teku ne a kudu maso yammacin tsibirin Boa Vista a Cape Verde.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 February 2011 |title=Ilha da Boa Vista, banhos de sol be mar |trans-title=Boia Vista Island, Sun Baths and Sea |url=http://viagensabreu.wordpress.com/2011/02/25/ilha-da-boa-vista-banhos-de-sol-e-mar/ |publisher=Wordpress |language=pt}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana kwance a arewacin Ponta Varandinha . Yankin rairayin bakin teku ya zama wani ɓangare na yankin da aka kare Morro de Areia Nature Reserve.&lt;ref name=&quot;munic&quot;&gt;[http://www.municipiodaboavista.com/boavista-capoverde/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Espa%C3%A7os-protegidos-da-Boa-Vista.pdf Protected areas in the island of Boa Vista] - Municipality of Boa Vista, March 2013 {{In lang|pt}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Jerin rairayin bakin teku na Cape Verde]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>mq1jfvqqs1ken8hotqefsjk4rf0bn68</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mylochromis gracilis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157037</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855723</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:32:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645790|Mylochromis gracilis]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855723</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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'''''Mylochromis gracilis''''', wanda aka sani da '''happy''' ko '''Haplochromis torpedo stripe''' (a cikin cinikin kifaye), nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda ake saninsa ne kawai daga yankunan yashi a ƙarshen kudu na tafkin. Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|22|cm|in}} TL . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>tjeuupbum840i4hq111xagsajn62yru</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855724</id>
      <parentid>855723</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:32:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>855724</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="352" sha1="8gs91y6hue56jdh801geurgaduvoren" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Mylochromis gracilis''''', wanda aka sani da '''happy''' ko '''Haplochromis torpedo stripe''' (a cikin cinikin kifaye), nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda ake saninsa ne kawai daga yankunan yashi a ƙarshen kudu na tafkin. Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|22|cm|in}} TL . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>8gs91y6hue56jdh801geurgaduvoren</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mchenga thinos</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157038</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855725</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:33:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645698|Mchenga thinos]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855725</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="245" sha1="5cp5ri6v2p4ddev3hnix4tipr97qbr0" xml:space="preserve">
'''''Mchenga thinos''''' nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Cichlidae . Yana da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], inda ake rarraba shi a ko'ina cikin tafki.  Wurin zama na halitta shine [[Tafki|tafkuna]] masu ruwa-ruwa.

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>5cp5ri6v2p4ddev3hnix4tipr97qbr0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855726</id>
      <parentid>855725</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:34:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>855726</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="256" sha1="ek3qdo6anclzvdyl1k8kat91473jbij" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Mchenga thinos''''' nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Cichlidae . Yana da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], inda ake rarraba shi a ko'ina cikin tafki.  Wurin zama na halitta shine [[Tafki|tafkuna]] masu ruwa-ruwa.

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>ek3qdo6anclzvdyl1k8kat91473jbij</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Maylandia mbenjii</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157039</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855728</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:35:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645645|Maylandia mbenjii]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855728</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="352" sha1="j923xhmfkp135qwdvz6tach2k2umihw" xml:space="preserve">
'''''Maylandia mbenjii''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda aka san shi kawai daga [[Mbenji Island|Tsibirin Mbenji]] .  Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|8.8|cm|in}} SL . Haka kuma ana samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . 

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>j923xhmfkp135qwdvz6tach2k2umihw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855731</id>
      <parentid>855728</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:38:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>855731</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="363" sha1="7e6z5xxpkkqzwywde7kqtagasva2sf7" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Maylandia mbenjii''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda aka san shi kawai daga [[Mbenji Island|Tsibirin Mbenji]] .  Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|8.8|cm|in}} SL . Haka kuma ana samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . 

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>7e6z5xxpkkqzwywde7kqtagasva2sf7</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tafkin Rukwa mai laushi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157040</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855729</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:37:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345991575|Lake Rukwa suckermouth]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855729</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="309" sha1="dfv8mh6qpi22akezjtes4leyx24wv6q" xml:space="preserve">
'''Tafkin Rukwa suckermouth''' ( '''''Chiloglanis rukwaensis''''' ) nau'in kifin da ke juyewa ƙasa ne, wanda aka samo shi daga [[Tanzaniya]] da [[Zambiya|Zambia]] inda ake samunsa a magudanar ruwa [[Tafkin Rukwa|ta Tafkin Rukwa]]. Wannan nau'in yana girma har zuwa {{Convert|4.8|cm|in}} TL.

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>dfv8mh6qpi22akezjtes4leyx24wv6q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855730</id>
      <parentid>855729</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:38:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>855730</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="427" sha1="7dh74852rc6og2vfnz4dvjw4nvizfo6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Tafkin Rukwa suckermouth''' ( '''''Chiloglanis rukwaensis''''' ) nau'in kifin da ke juyewa ƙasa ne, wanda aka samo shi daga [[Tanzaniya]] da [[Zambiya|Zambia]] inda ake samunsa a magudanar ruwa [[Tafkin Rukwa|ta Tafkin Rukwa]]. Wannan nau'in yana girma har zuwa {{Convert|4.8|cm|in}} TL.&lt;ref&gt;Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). &quot;Chiloglanis rukwaensis&quot;. FishBase. December 2011 version&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>7dh74852rc6og2vfnz4dvjw4nvizfo6</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ofishin Kiwon Lafiya na Sojojin Afirka</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157041</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855732</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:39:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356372222|Mobile Military Health Formation]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855732</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7231" sha1="pj6qsjl41sj3bibnuqiduxg3c0xp984" xml:space="preserve">Ofishin Kiwon Lafiya na Sojojin Afirka ta Kudu Mobile Military Health Formation shine ikon kiwon lafiya na musamman na soja na SANDF. Halitta tana aiki da rundunonin kiwon lafiya guda biyu na yau da kullun, tare da 7 Medical Battalion Group  suna ba da tallafi ga Brigade na Sojojin Afirka ta Kudu da 8 Medical Battalions Group suna mai da hankali kan ayyukan iska. Rukunin ajiya guda uku, 1 Medical Battalion Group, 3 Medical Battalions Group da 6 Medical Battalium Group sun fada karkashin umurnin kafawar.

Halitta ta ƙware a cikin nau'ikan ayyuka daban-daban ciki har da maganin gaggawa, amsawar bala'i, ceto na likita, Tattaunawar garkuwa da kuma karewar CBRNE.

Kamar yawancin sassan aiki na musamman, Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya na Sojoji na Mobile yana da babban raguwa tare da yawancin 'yan takara sun kasa cika ƙa'idodin jiki da ilimi.

Tsarin yanzu na Mobile Military Health Formation &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Engelbrecht |first=Leon |date=2008-11-26 |title=Fact file: Capabilities of the SA Military Health Service |url=https://www.defenceweb.co.za/joint/logistics/fact-file-capabilities-of-the-sa-military-health-service/ |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=defenceWeb |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt; shine sakamakon sake fasalin  wanda ya faru a lokacin sauyawa zuwa dimokuradiyya  a Afirka ta Kudu  da kuma sake fasalin soja daga Binciken Tsaro na 1998. Ta hanyar sanya shi a matsayin rundunar shirye-shiryen rundunar SAMHS,  tsarin yana da babban aiki don tabbatar da isar da cikakkun ayyukan kiwon lafiya  ga SANDF yayin ayyukan al'ada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SA Military Health Service MTEF Plan; with Minister {{!}} PMG |url=https://pmg.org.za/committee-meeting/30884/#:~:text=The%20Mobile%20Military%20Health%20formation,be%20located%20at%20military%20bases |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=pmg.org.za |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Military health support programme presentation to the portfolio committee on defence |url=https://static.pmg.org.za/docs/101117sahms-edit.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702201914/https://static.pmg.org.za/docs/101117sahms-edit.pdf |archive-date=2023-07-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dangane da Ci gaban da aka samu kwanan nan a yaƙi   da kuma barazanar ta'addanci na duniya,  SANDF ta fahimci bukatar mayar da hankali ga ayyukan soja masu motsi da daidaitawa, musamman tare da mai da hankali kan martani na bala'i. SAMHS sun daidaita tsarinsa na isar da kiwon lafiya tare da sauran ayyukan SANDF da rarrabuwa.

== Tarihi ==
Tarihin  na Mobile Military Health Formation ya samo asali ne daga Boer Wars   tare da dakarun asibiti na Natal Volunteer Medical Corps (NVMC), da Volunteer Staff Corps a cikin Cape Colony, da kuma Transvaal Volunteer Corps.

Rundunar ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a yakin Anglo-Boer, Rand Strikes, da yakin duniya na farko. A cikin 1939, an ba su girmamawa na sanya Mackenzie Tartan . A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, ƙungiyar ta zama wani ɓangare na 10 da 11 Field Ambulances  kuma ta ga sabis a Yammacin Yamma da Italiya.

Ya zuwa ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1979, Kungiyar Likitocin Afirka ta Kudu (SAMC),  a baya wani ɓangare na Sojoji, ya sauya ya zama Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya zama hannu na huɗu na Sojojin Tsaro na Afirka ta Kudu. A lokacin motsa jiki na soja Ex Jumbo a cikin 1980, kafa 11 Medical Battalion ya gwada sabon tsarin Medical Battalium, wanda ya haɗa da haɗa dukkan ambulances na filin.

1 Field Ambulance ya haɗu da 17 Field Ambulence don zama 1 Medical Battalion Group a watan Nuwamba 1981. Sashin kiwon lafiya na musamman na farko, 7 Medical Battalion Group, an tsara shi a farkon shekarun 1980 lokacin da Sojojin Tsaro na Afirka ta Kudu suka shiga cikin ayyukan da ba a saba da su ba kamar Project Barnacle da Project Coast.

8 Mobile Hospital an rushe shi a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1981, lokacin da aka sanya mafi yawan masu aiki da masu aiki a cikin 6 Medical Battalion Group. Daga baya, an sake kafa dukkan kungiyoyin battalion na kiwon lafiya da ke akwai kuma an sake kafa su don ƙirƙirar kungiyoyin batallion kiwon lafiya guda biyar na Mobile Medical Brigade a watan Satumbar 1992.

Rarraba asibitin Mobile 8 ya faru ne a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1981, tare da mafi yawan masu aiki da masu aiki a cikin rukunin Battalion na Likita 6. Bayan wannan, Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Afirka ta Kudu ta kafa kungiyoyi biyar na Battalion na Kiwon Lafiya a watan Satumbar 1992 ta hanyar sake kafawa da sake kafa kungiyoyin Battalion Kiwon Lafiyar da ke akwai.

Binciken Tsaro na 2015 ya jaddada bukatar SANDF don kula da mahimman damar turawa da sauri wanda zai kunshi Sojoji na Musamman da Sojojin Ayyuka na Musamman. Duk da yake daga baya aka soki Binciken Tsaro saboda yana da wuyar aiwatarwa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=South Africa's defence policy in need of a resupply – Africa Portal |url=https://africaportal.org/feature/south-africas-defence-policy-need-resupply/ |access-date=2023-07-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; saboda damuwa game da kudade, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2021 Review of the Military Health Support Programme within the Department of Defence |url=https://www.gtac.gov.za/pepa/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Military-Health-Spending-Review-Report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726093314/https://www.gtac.gov.za/pepa/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Military-Health-Spending-Review-Report.pdf |archive-date=2022-07-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; SANDF ta tabbatar da jajircewarta na sake fasalin zuwa ƙaramin rundunar tafi-da-gidanka &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ISSAfrica.org |date=2023-06-07 |title=Is South Africa's defence force up for new thinking? |url=https://issafrica.org/iss-today/is-south-africas-defence-force-up-for-new-thinking |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=ISS Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da damar amsawa don ayyukan cikin gida da na duniya.

A sakamakon haka, SAMHS ta sake nazarin ƙungiyar ta don a kafa ta sosai don samar da ingantaccen tallafin kiwon lafiya ga rundunar tsaro ta gaba. A farkon 2023 Babban Likita ya amince da sake fasalin Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya na Sojoji don inganta matsayinsa a matsayin shirye-shiryen saurin tura kiwon lafiya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Goniewicz |first=Mariusz |date=2013 |editor-last=Bogucki |editor-first=Sandy |title=Effect of Military Conflicts on the Formation of Emergency Medical Services Systems Worldwide |journal=Academic Emergency Medicine |language=en |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=507–513 |doi=10.1111/acem.12129 |pmid=23672366 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; na SANDF. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Alden |first=Chris |last2=Schoeman |first2=Maxi |date=2015-02-01 |title=South Africa's symbolic hegemony in Africa |url=https://doi.org/10.1057/ip.2014.47 |journal=International Politics |language=en |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=239–254 |doi=10.1057/ip.2014.47 |issn=1740-3898 |s2cid=256557333 |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarinsa ==
Hedikwatar Horar da Lafiya ta Sojoji ta Mobile ta ƙunshi kwamandan kwamandan a ƙarƙashin Brigadier Janar, ma'aikatan brigade  (S1 - S9) , da kuma mayar da martani ga bala'i / CBRNE Tsaro Rapid Response Group.
[[Fayil:Mobile_Organogram.png|center|400x400px]]
Halitta tana da ƙungiyoyi uku masu yawa na ajiya da ƙungiyoyi biyu na musamman.
[[Rukuni:Tarihin Afirka]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <id>855733</id>
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'''Ofishin Kiwon Lafiya na Sojojin Afirka''' ta Kudu Mobile Military Health Formation shine ikon kiwon lafiya na musamman na soja na SANDF. Halitta tana aiki da rundunonin kiwon lafiya guda biyu na yau da kullun, tare da 7 Medical Battalion Group  suna ba da tallafi ga Brigade na Sojojin Afirka ta Kudu da 8 Medical Battalions Group suna mai da hankali kan ayyukan iska. Rukunin ajiya guda uku, 1 Medical Battalion Group, 3 Medical Battalions Group da 6 Medical Battalium Group sun fada karkashin umurnin kafawar.

Halitta ta ƙware a cikin nau'ikan ayyuka daban-daban ciki har da maganin gaggawa, amsawar bala'i, ceto na likita, Tattaunawar garkuwa da kuma karewar CBRNE.

Kamar yawancin sassan aiki na musamman, Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya na Sojoji na Mobile yana da babban raguwa tare da yawancin 'yan takara sun kasa cika ƙa'idodin jiki da ilimi.

Tsarin yanzu na Mobile Military Health Formation &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Engelbrecht |first=Leon |date=2008-11-26 |title=Fact file: Capabilities of the SA Military Health Service |url=https://www.defenceweb.co.za/joint/logistics/fact-file-capabilities-of-the-sa-military-health-service/ |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=defenceWeb |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt; shine sakamakon sake fasalin  wanda ya faru a lokacin sauyawa zuwa dimokuradiyya  a Afirka ta Kudu  da kuma sake fasalin soja daga Binciken Tsaro na 1998. Ta hanyar sanya shi a matsayin rundunar shirye-shiryen rundunar SAMHS,  tsarin yana da babban aiki don tabbatar da isar da cikakkun ayyukan kiwon lafiya  ga SANDF yayin ayyukan al'ada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SA Military Health Service MTEF Plan; with Minister {{!}} PMG |url=https://pmg.org.za/committee-meeting/30884/#:~:text=The%20Mobile%20Military%20Health%20formation,be%20located%20at%20military%20bases |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=pmg.org.za |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Military health support programme presentation to the portfolio committee on defence |url=https://static.pmg.org.za/docs/101117sahms-edit.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702201914/https://static.pmg.org.za/docs/101117sahms-edit.pdf |archive-date=2023-07-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dangane da Ci gaban da aka samu kwanan nan a yaƙi   da kuma barazanar ta'addanci na duniya,  SANDF ta fahimci bukatar mayar da hankali ga ayyukan soja masu motsi da daidaitawa, musamman tare da mai da hankali kan martani na bala'i. SAMHS sun daidaita tsarinsa na isar da kiwon lafiya tare da sauran ayyukan SANDF da rarrabuwa.

== Tarihi ==
Tarihin  na Mobile Military Health Formation ya samo asali ne daga Boer Wars   tare da dakarun asibiti na Natal Volunteer Medical Corps (NVMC), da Volunteer Staff Corps a cikin Cape Colony, da kuma Transvaal Volunteer Corps.

Rundunar ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a yakin Anglo-Boer, Rand Strikes, da yakin duniya na farko. A cikin 1939, an ba su girmamawa na sanya Mackenzie Tartan . A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, ƙungiyar ta zama wani ɓangare na 10 da 11 Field Ambulances  kuma ta ga sabis a Yammacin Yamma da Italiya.

Ya zuwa ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1979, Kungiyar Likitocin Afirka ta Kudu (SAMC),  a baya wani ɓangare na Sojoji, ya sauya ya zama Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya zama hannu na huɗu na Sojojin Tsaro na Afirka ta Kudu. A lokacin motsa jiki na soja Ex Jumbo a cikin 1980, kafa 11 Medical Battalion ya gwada sabon tsarin Medical Battalium, wanda ya haɗa da haɗa dukkan ambulances na filin.

1 Field Ambulance ya haɗu da 17 Field Ambulence don zama 1 Medical Battalion Group a watan Nuwamba 1981. Sashin kiwon lafiya na musamman na farko, 7 Medical Battalion Group, an tsara shi a farkon shekarun 1980 lokacin da Sojojin Tsaro na Afirka ta Kudu suka shiga cikin ayyukan da ba a saba da su ba kamar Project Barnacle da Project Coast.

8 Mobile Hospital an rushe shi a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1981, lokacin da aka sanya mafi yawan masu aiki da masu aiki a cikin 6 Medical Battalion Group. Daga baya, an sake kafa dukkan kungiyoyin battalion na kiwon lafiya da ke akwai kuma an sake kafa su don ƙirƙirar kungiyoyin batallion kiwon lafiya guda biyar na Mobile Medical Brigade a watan Satumbar 1992.

Rarraba asibitin Mobile 8 ya faru ne a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1981, tare da mafi yawan masu aiki da masu aiki a cikin rukunin Battalion na Likita 6. Bayan wannan, Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Afirka ta Kudu ta kafa kungiyoyi biyar na Battalion na Kiwon Lafiya a watan Satumbar 1992 ta hanyar sake kafawa da sake kafa kungiyoyin Battalion Kiwon Lafiyar da ke akwai.

Binciken Tsaro na 2015 ya jaddada bukatar SANDF don kula da mahimman damar turawa da sauri wanda zai kunshi Sojoji na Musamman da Sojojin Ayyuka na Musamman. Duk da yake daga baya aka soki Binciken Tsaro saboda yana da wuyar aiwatarwa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=South Africa's defence policy in need of a resupply – Africa Portal |url=https://africaportal.org/feature/south-africas-defence-policy-need-resupply/ |access-date=2023-07-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; saboda damuwa game da kudade, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2021 Review of the Military Health Support Programme within the Department of Defence |url=https://www.gtac.gov.za/pepa/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Military-Health-Spending-Review-Report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726093314/https://www.gtac.gov.za/pepa/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Military-Health-Spending-Review-Report.pdf |archive-date=2022-07-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; SANDF ta tabbatar da jajircewarta na sake fasalin zuwa ƙaramin rundunar tafi-da-gidanka &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ISSAfrica.org |date=2023-06-07 |title=Is South Africa's defence force up for new thinking? |url=https://issafrica.org/iss-today/is-south-africas-defence-force-up-for-new-thinking |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=ISS Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da damar amsawa don ayyukan cikin gida da na duniya.

A sakamakon haka, SAMHS ta sake nazarin ƙungiyar ta don a kafa ta sosai don samar da ingantaccen tallafin kiwon lafiya ga rundunar tsaro ta gaba. A farkon 2023 Babban Likita ya amince da sake fasalin Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya na Sojoji don inganta matsayinsa a matsayin shirye-shiryen saurin tura kiwon lafiya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Goniewicz |first=Mariusz |date=2013 |editor-last=Bogucki |editor-first=Sandy |title=Effect of Military Conflicts on the Formation of Emergency Medical Services Systems Worldwide |journal=Academic Emergency Medicine |language=en |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=507–513 |doi=10.1111/acem.12129 |pmid=23672366 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; na SANDF. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Alden |first=Chris |last2=Schoeman |first2=Maxi |date=2015-02-01 |title=South Africa's symbolic hegemony in Africa |url=https://doi.org/10.1057/ip.2014.47 |journal=International Politics |language=en |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=239–254 |doi=10.1057/ip.2014.47 |issn=1740-3898 |s2cid=256557333 |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarinsa ==
Hedikwatar Horar da Lafiya ta Sojoji ta Mobile ta ƙunshi kwamandan kwamandan a ƙarƙashin Brigadier Janar, ma'aikatan brigade  (S1 - S9) , da kuma mayar da martani ga bala'i / CBRNE Tsaro Rapid Response Group.
[[Fayil:Mobile_Organogram.png|center|400x400px]]
Halitta tana da ƙungiyoyi uku masu yawa na ajiya da ƙungiyoyi biyu na musamman.

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Tarihin Afirka]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>aqg09kvxukdnx289r8leptlkvbob4i1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855735</id>
      <parentid>855733</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:40:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Pharouqenr moved page [[Horar da Lafiya ta Soja]] to [[Ofishin Kiwon Lafiya na Sojojin Afirka]]</comment>
      <origin>855733</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7267" sha1="aqg09kvxukdnx289r8leptlkvbob4i1" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Ofishin Kiwon Lafiya na Sojojin Afirka''' ta Kudu Mobile Military Health Formation shine ikon kiwon lafiya na musamman na soja na SANDF. Halitta tana aiki da rundunonin kiwon lafiya guda biyu na yau da kullun, tare da 7 Medical Battalion Group  suna ba da tallafi ga Brigade na Sojojin Afirka ta Kudu da 8 Medical Battalions Group suna mai da hankali kan ayyukan iska. Rukunin ajiya guda uku, 1 Medical Battalion Group, 3 Medical Battalions Group da 6 Medical Battalium Group sun fada karkashin umurnin kafawar.

Halitta ta ƙware a cikin nau'ikan ayyuka daban-daban ciki har da maganin gaggawa, amsawar bala'i, ceto na likita, Tattaunawar garkuwa da kuma karewar CBRNE.

Kamar yawancin sassan aiki na musamman, Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya na Sojoji na Mobile yana da babban raguwa tare da yawancin 'yan takara sun kasa cika ƙa'idodin jiki da ilimi.

Tsarin yanzu na Mobile Military Health Formation &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Engelbrecht |first=Leon |date=2008-11-26 |title=Fact file: Capabilities of the SA Military Health Service |url=https://www.defenceweb.co.za/joint/logistics/fact-file-capabilities-of-the-sa-military-health-service/ |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=defenceWeb |language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt; shine sakamakon sake fasalin  wanda ya faru a lokacin sauyawa zuwa dimokuradiyya  a Afirka ta Kudu  da kuma sake fasalin soja daga Binciken Tsaro na 1998. Ta hanyar sanya shi a matsayin rundunar shirye-shiryen rundunar SAMHS,  tsarin yana da babban aiki don tabbatar da isar da cikakkun ayyukan kiwon lafiya  ga SANDF yayin ayyukan al'ada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SA Military Health Service MTEF Plan; with Minister {{!}} PMG |url=https://pmg.org.za/committee-meeting/30884/#:~:text=The%20Mobile%20Military%20Health%20formation,be%20located%20at%20military%20bases |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=pmg.org.za |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Military health support programme presentation to the portfolio committee on defence |url=https://static.pmg.org.za/docs/101117sahms-edit.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702201914/https://static.pmg.org.za/docs/101117sahms-edit.pdf |archive-date=2023-07-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dangane da Ci gaban da aka samu kwanan nan a yaƙi   da kuma barazanar ta'addanci na duniya,  SANDF ta fahimci bukatar mayar da hankali ga ayyukan soja masu motsi da daidaitawa, musamman tare da mai da hankali kan martani na bala'i. SAMHS sun daidaita tsarinsa na isar da kiwon lafiya tare da sauran ayyukan SANDF da rarrabuwa.

== Tarihi ==
Tarihin  na Mobile Military Health Formation ya samo asali ne daga Boer Wars   tare da dakarun asibiti na Natal Volunteer Medical Corps (NVMC), da Volunteer Staff Corps a cikin Cape Colony, da kuma Transvaal Volunteer Corps.

Rundunar ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a yakin Anglo-Boer, Rand Strikes, da yakin duniya na farko. A cikin 1939, an ba su girmamawa na sanya Mackenzie Tartan . A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, ƙungiyar ta zama wani ɓangare na 10 da 11 Field Ambulances  kuma ta ga sabis a Yammacin Yamma da Italiya.

Ya zuwa ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1979, Kungiyar Likitocin Afirka ta Kudu (SAMC),  a baya wani ɓangare na Sojoji, ya sauya ya zama Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya zama hannu na huɗu na Sojojin Tsaro na Afirka ta Kudu. A lokacin motsa jiki na soja Ex Jumbo a cikin 1980, kafa 11 Medical Battalion ya gwada sabon tsarin Medical Battalium, wanda ya haɗa da haɗa dukkan ambulances na filin.

1 Field Ambulance ya haɗu da 17 Field Ambulence don zama 1 Medical Battalion Group a watan Nuwamba 1981. Sashin kiwon lafiya na musamman na farko, 7 Medical Battalion Group, an tsara shi a farkon shekarun 1980 lokacin da Sojojin Tsaro na Afirka ta Kudu suka shiga cikin ayyukan da ba a saba da su ba kamar Project Barnacle da Project Coast.

8 Mobile Hospital an rushe shi a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1981, lokacin da aka sanya mafi yawan masu aiki da masu aiki a cikin 6 Medical Battalion Group. Daga baya, an sake kafa dukkan kungiyoyin battalion na kiwon lafiya da ke akwai kuma an sake kafa su don ƙirƙirar kungiyoyin batallion kiwon lafiya guda biyar na Mobile Medical Brigade a watan Satumbar 1992.

Rarraba asibitin Mobile 8 ya faru ne a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1981, tare da mafi yawan masu aiki da masu aiki a cikin rukunin Battalion na Likita 6. Bayan wannan, Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Afirka ta Kudu ta kafa kungiyoyi biyar na Battalion na Kiwon Lafiya a watan Satumbar 1992 ta hanyar sake kafawa da sake kafa kungiyoyin Battalion Kiwon Lafiyar da ke akwai.

Binciken Tsaro na 2015 ya jaddada bukatar SANDF don kula da mahimman damar turawa da sauri wanda zai kunshi Sojoji na Musamman da Sojojin Ayyuka na Musamman. Duk da yake daga baya aka soki Binciken Tsaro saboda yana da wuyar aiwatarwa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=South Africa's defence policy in need of a resupply – Africa Portal |url=https://africaportal.org/feature/south-africas-defence-policy-need-resupply/ |access-date=2023-07-13 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; saboda damuwa game da kudade, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2021 Review of the Military Health Support Programme within the Department of Defence |url=https://www.gtac.gov.za/pepa/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Military-Health-Spending-Review-Report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726093314/https://www.gtac.gov.za/pepa/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Military-Health-Spending-Review-Report.pdf |archive-date=2022-07-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; SANDF ta tabbatar da jajircewarta na sake fasalin zuwa ƙaramin rundunar tafi-da-gidanka &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ISSAfrica.org |date=2023-06-07 |title=Is South Africa's defence force up for new thinking? |url=https://issafrica.org/iss-today/is-south-africas-defence-force-up-for-new-thinking |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=ISS Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da damar amsawa don ayyukan cikin gida da na duniya.

A sakamakon haka, SAMHS ta sake nazarin ƙungiyar ta don a kafa ta sosai don samar da ingantaccen tallafin kiwon lafiya ga rundunar tsaro ta gaba. A farkon 2023 Babban Likita ya amince da sake fasalin Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya na Sojoji don inganta matsayinsa a matsayin shirye-shiryen saurin tura kiwon lafiya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Goniewicz |first=Mariusz |date=2013 |editor-last=Bogucki |editor-first=Sandy |title=Effect of Military Conflicts on the Formation of Emergency Medical Services Systems Worldwide |journal=Academic Emergency Medicine |language=en |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=507–513 |doi=10.1111/acem.12129 |pmid=23672366 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; na SANDF. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Alden |first=Chris |last2=Schoeman |first2=Maxi |date=2015-02-01 |title=South Africa's symbolic hegemony in Africa |url=https://doi.org/10.1057/ip.2014.47 |journal=International Politics |language=en |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=239–254 |doi=10.1057/ip.2014.47 |issn=1740-3898 |s2cid=256557333 |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarinsa ==
Hedikwatar Horar da Lafiya ta Sojoji ta Mobile ta ƙunshi kwamandan kwamandan a ƙarƙashin Brigadier Janar, ma'aikatan brigade  (S1 - S9) , da kuma mayar da martani ga bala'i / CBRNE Tsaro Rapid Response Group.
[[Fayil:Mobile_Organogram.png|center|400x400px]]
Halitta tana da ƙungiyoyi uku masu yawa na ajiya da ƙungiyoyi biyu na musamman.

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Tarihin Afirka]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Melanochromis auratus</title>
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    <id>157042</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855734</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:40:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314538089|Melanochromis auratus]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Melanochromis auratus''''', '''auratus cichlid''', [[kifi]] ne mai ruwa-ruwa na dangin cichlid . Ana kuma san shi da '''zinariya mbuna''' da '''Malawi golden cichlid''' . Yana da yawa a yankin kudancin [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], musamman daga Jalo Reef zuwa kudu tare da gabar yamma har zuwa Dutsen Crocodile.

== Bayani ==
Auratus cichlids ƙananan kifaye ne masu tsayi waɗanda zasu iya girma har zuwa {{Convert|11|cm|in}} . Yara da mata suna da launin rawaya mai haske tare da ratsi baƙi da fari a saman rabin jiki. Launin mazan manya ya bambanta sosai da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu ko baƙi da ratsi shuɗi mai haske ko rawaya a saman rabin jiki.

== A cikin akwatin kifaye ==
Auratus cichlid yana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun nau'ikan cichlids na mbuna a cikin kasuwancin akwatin kifaye. A cikin shagunan akwatin kifaye, yawanci akwai namiji ɗaya mai rinjaye wanda aka yi masa launin baƙi, sauran kuma za su nuna launin rawaya mai &quot;ƙanƙantar&quot; na &quot;mace&quot;. Idan aka sayar da wannan namijin, namijin da ya fi rinjaye zai ɗauki launin baƙi. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Kwaikwayo ==
Kamar sauran nau'ikan cichlids da yawa daga [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], auratus cichlids suna da ƙwayoyin cuta . Mata suna riƙe ƙwai da suka haɗu sannan su soya a bakinsu na tsawon makonni kaɗan kafin su sake soya. 

== Duba kuma ==

* Mbuna
* Jerin nau'ikan kifayen ruwa masu tsafta

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:40:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>44591</id>
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      <origin>855737</origin>
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      <text bytes="1624" sha1="c32wzy3r2cuiyy9va0tfaoxcuyn0mis" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Melanochromis auratus''''', '''auratus cichlid''', [[kifi]] ne mai ruwa-ruwa na dangin cichlid . Ana kuma san shi da '''zinariya mbuna''' da '''Malawi golden cichlid''' . Yana da yawa a yankin kudancin [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], musamman daga Jalo Reef zuwa kudu tare da gabar yamma har zuwa Dutsen Crocodile.

== Bayani ==
Auratus cichlids ƙananan kifaye ne masu tsayi waɗanda zasu iya girma har zuwa {{Convert|11|cm|in}} . Yara da mata suna da launin rawaya mai haske tare da ratsi baƙi da fari a saman rabin jiki. Launin mazan manya ya bambanta sosai da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu ko baƙi da ratsi shuɗi mai haske ko rawaya a saman rabin jiki.

== A cikin akwatin kifaye ==
Auratus cichlid yana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun nau'ikan cichlids na mbuna a cikin kasuwancin akwatin kifaye. A cikin shagunan akwatin kifaye, yawanci akwai namiji ɗaya mai rinjaye wanda aka yi masa launin baƙi, sauran kuma za su nuna launin rawaya mai &quot;ƙanƙantar&quot; na &quot;mace&quot;. Idan aka sayar da wannan namijin, namijin da ya fi rinjaye zai ɗauki launin baƙi. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)&quot;&gt;ana buƙatar ambato&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Kwaikwayo ==
Kamar sauran nau'ikan cichlids da yawa daga [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], auratus cichlids suna da ƙwayoyin cuta . Mata suna riƙe ƙwai da suka haɗu sannan su soya a bakinsu na tsawon makonni kaɗan kafin su sake soya. 

== Duba kuma ==

* Mbuna
* Jerin nau'ikan kifayen ruwa masu tsafta

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Horar da Lafiya ta Soja</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157043</id>
    <redirect title="Ofishin Kiwon Lafiya na Sojojin Afirka" />
    <revision>
      <id>855736</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:40:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pharouqenr moved page [[Horar da Lafiya ta Soja]] to [[Ofishin Kiwon Lafiya na Sojojin Afirka]]</comment>
      <origin>855736</origin>
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      <text bytes="52" sha1="e5hnpx71lhobsypw2dtvwg32xei2r1r" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Ofishin Kiwon Lafiya na Sojojin Afirka]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ambaliyar Easter ta 2019</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157044</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855738</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T09:42:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1333626881|2019 Durban Easter floods]]&quot;</comment>
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A lokacin karshen mako na Easter na 2019, birnin [[Durban]] na bakin teku, [[Afirka ta Kudu]], ya fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani, wanda ya haifar da ruwan sama mai yawa wanda ya haifar, wanda ya zurfafa cikin matsin lamba a saman matakan yanayi, kuma ya shafi birnin da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi tun daga 18 ga Afrilu 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Travellers warned as wet weather continues in parts of SA |url=https://www.enca.com/news/wet-weather-affect-many-travel-plans |website=eNCA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta haifar da akalla mutuwar mutane 70 da gine-ginen da suka rushe, laka da sinkholes suka haifar. Ya kasance daya daga cikin bala'o'i mafi muni da suka faru a kasar a cikin shekarun 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Greef |first=Kimon de |date=April 24, 2019 |title=South Africa Floods Leave at Least 60 Dead |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/24/world/africa/durban-floods.html |via=NYTimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilin da ya sa ==
Masu hasashen yanayi sun bayyana cewa ambaliyar ta samo asali ne saboda tsarin rage matsin lamba, wanda galibi aka sani da haifar da guguwa mai tsanani.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Greef |first=Kimon de |date=April 24, 2019 |title=South Africa Floods Leave at Least 60 Dead |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/24/world/africa/durban-floods.html |via=NYTimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ofishin yanayi na Afirka ta Kudu daga baya ya bayyana cewa ruwan sama na 165mm ya fadi a kan birnin a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2019, ya karya rikodin da ya gabata na 108mm wanda ya fadi a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=This week's KZN, Eastern Cape rainfall breaks SA record |url=https://www.msn.com/en-za/news/national/this-weeks-kzn-eastern-cape-rainfall-breaks-sa-record/ar-BBWlplp |website=www.msn.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, ruwan sama ne mafi girma da birnin ya samu a cikin sa'o'i 24 tun daga ranar 30 ga Oktoba, 1985.

== Yankunan da suka shafi ==
Ambaliyar ruwa, rushewar ƙasa, rushewa gine-gine da koguna da ke fashewa an ruwaito su a kudancin Durban, tare da yankunan da suka fi fama da cutar sune eMlazi, eManzimtoti, Chatsworth, Malvern da Queensburgh. Sauran yankunan da abin ya shafa sun haɗa da Dutsen Edgecombe da Filin jirgin saman Virginia. [[Filin jirgin saman King Shaka]], wanda ke arewacin, ya ba da rahoton ruwan sama mai sauƙi a lokacin, duk da haka, wannan ya zo kwanaki bayan wani guguwa ya haifar da mummunar lalacewar kayan aiki a Ballito, wanda ke da kusan kilomita 20 a kudancin Stanger.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fierce KZN storm ravages Ballito beachfront, restaurants &amp;#124; Independent on Saturday |url=https://www.iol.co.za/ios/news/fierce-kzn-storm-ravages-ballito-beachfront-restaurants-21633121 |website=www.iol.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; A bakin tekun kudu, Port Edward ya rubuta, Margate, Pennington da Paddock sun ba da rahoton ruwan sama mai yawa. Gabashin Cape ma ya sha wahala sosai, tare da Port St Johns rikodin 190mm na ruwan sama.&amp;nbsp;

=== Yawan mutanen da suka mutu ===
A ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2019, Firayim Minista na KwaZulu-Natal Sihle Zikalala ya bayyana a cikin wani bayani na manema labarai cewa an kara yawan wadanda suka mutu daga 51 na farko zuwa 70. An kuma bayyana cewa akalla mutane 1000 sun rasa muhallinsu bayan ambaliyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aanu Adeoye |date=24 April 2019 |title=70 people killed in South Africa floods |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/24/africa/51-dead-south-africa-flood-intl/index.html |website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya a ranar 25 ga Afrilu, MEC for Co-operative Governance and Traditional Affairs Nomusa Dube-Ncube ya ce adadin wadanda suka mutu yanzu ya karu zuwa 85.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 25, 2019 |title=KZN floods: Death toll up to 85 |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/kzn-flooding-death-toll-up-to-85-20190425 |website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kudin lalacewa ===
Fi[[Rand na Afirka ta Kudu|R]] Ministan KwaZulu-Natal Willies Mchunu ya ce an kiyasta lalacewar ambaliyar ya kai R1.1 biliyan (miliyan 77.6). Lalacewar a [[Durban]] kadai sun kai R650 miliyan (US $ 45.9 miliyan). 

== Halin da aka yi ==
Shugaban Afirka ta Kudu [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] ya ce Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Kasa ta ba shi haske mai haske cewa akwai kudaden gaggawa don taimakawa iyalai da abin ya shafa. &quot;Za a tattara kudi don taimakawa mutanensu. Waɗannan su ne gaggawa da aka tsara don haka za a tattara albarkatun ta hanyar da ta fi girma don a taimaka wa mutanen da ke cikin bukata a halin yanzu&quot;. An tilasta wa Ramaphosa ya taƙaita tafiyarsa zuwa taron koli na Troika na Tarayyar Afirka a Masar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 24, 2019 |title=Durban floods: President Ramaphosa in KwaZulu-Natal assessing damage |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/durban-floods-summon-president-ramaphosa-april-2019/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma tura Sojojin Tsaro na Afirka ta Kudu nan da nan don taimakawa da taimakon ambaliyar ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 23, 2019 |title=SANDF remains on standby in flood-stricken KZN, EC |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/sandf-remains-on-standby-in-flood-stricken-kzn-ec-20190423 |website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jam'iyyun siyasa a Afirka ta Kudu daga baya sun yi kira ga ANC da KZN Department of Cooperative Governance da su saki kudaden agaji na bala'i nan da nan kuma su fara aiki a kan sake gina gidaje da samar da isasshen mafaka ga dukkan al'ummomin da abin ya shafa.

== Sakamakon haka ==

=== Taimako daga ambaliyar ruwa ===
Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Harkokin Kasashen Waje (UNOOSA), ya ba da sanarwar wani shiri don taimakawa wajen taimakon ambaliyar ruwa a cikin ƙasar ta hanyar kunna Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa &quot;Space and Major Disasters&quot; a madadin Cibiyar Kula da Bala'o'i ta Kasa (NDC). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 April 2019 |title=UNOOSA activates International Charter for floods and mudslides in South Africa - South Africa |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/south-africa/unoosa-activates-international-charter-floods-and-mudslides-south-africa |website=ReliefWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyoyin da ba na riba ba sun taru tare don taimakawa tare da bayar da abinci, tufafi da mafaka ga waɗanda suka rasa muhallinsu sakamakon lalacewar gidaje, yayin da wani shiri na jama'a ya tara R24 000 a ƙarƙashin awanni 20, tare da NPO daga baya ya samar da wuraren saukewa da yawa ga jama'a don taimakawa wajen tallafawa abubuwa ga waɗanda abin ya shafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Relief funds allocated for Durban floods &amp;#124; Daily News |url=https://www.iol.co.za/dailynews/news/kwazulu-natal/relief-funds-allocated-for-durban-floods-21843442 |website=www.iol.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Almost R25 000 crowdfunded for victims of KZN floods &amp;#124; IOL Business Report |url=https://www.iol.co.za/business-report/economy/almost-r25-000-crowdfunded-for-victims-of-kzn-floods-21927762 |website=www.iol.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=This is where you can donate food, clothes, blankets for #KZNFloods &amp;#124; Independent on Saturday |url=https://www.iol.co.za/ios/news/this-is-where-you-can-donate-food-clothes-blankets-for-kznfloods-21854817 |website=www.iol.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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A lokacin karshen mako na Easter na 2019, birnin [[Durban]] na bakin teku, [[Afirka ta Kudu]], ya fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani, wanda ya haifar da ruwan sama mai yawa wanda ya haifar, wanda ya zurfafa cikin matsin lamba a saman matakan yanayi, kuma ya shafi birnin da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi tun daga 18 ga Afrilu 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Travellers warned as wet weather continues in parts of SA |url=https://www.enca.com/news/wet-weather-affect-many-travel-plans |website=eNCA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta haifar da akalla mutuwar mutane 70 da gine-ginen da suka rushe, laka da sinkholes suka haifar. Ya kasance daya daga cikin bala'o'i mafi muni da suka faru a kasar a cikin shekarun 2010. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Greef |first=Kimon de |date=April 24, 2019 |title=South Africa Floods Leave at Least 60 Dead |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/24/world/africa/durban-floods.html |via=NYTimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilin da ya sa ==
Masu hasashen yanayi sun bayyana cewa ambaliyar ta samo asali ne saboda tsarin rage matsin lamba, wanda galibi aka sani da haifar da guguwa mai tsanani.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Greef |first=Kimon de |date=April 24, 2019 |title=South Africa Floods Leave at Least 60 Dead |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/24/world/africa/durban-floods.html |via=NYTimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ofishin yanayi na Afirka ta Kudu daga baya ya bayyana cewa ruwan sama na 165mm ya fadi a kan birnin a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2019, ya karya rikodin da ya gabata na 108mm wanda ya fadi a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=This week's KZN, Eastern Cape rainfall breaks SA record |url=https://www.msn.com/en-za/news/national/this-weeks-kzn-eastern-cape-rainfall-breaks-sa-record/ar-BBWlplp |website=www.msn.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, ruwan sama ne mafi girma da birnin ya samu a cikin sa'o'i 24 tun daga ranar 30 ga Oktoba, 1985.

== Yankunan da suka shafi ==
Ambaliyar ruwa, rushewar ƙasa, rushewa gine-gine da koguna da ke fashewa an ruwaito su a kudancin Durban, tare da yankunan da suka fi fama da cutar sune eMlazi, eManzimtoti, Chatsworth, Malvern da Queensburgh. Sauran yankunan da abin ya shafa sun haɗa da Dutsen Edgecombe da Filin jirgin saman Virginia. [[Filin jirgin saman King Shaka]], wanda ke arewacin, ya ba da rahoton ruwan sama mai sauƙi a lokacin, duk da haka, wannan ya zo kwanaki bayan wani guguwa ya haifar da mummunar lalacewar kayan aiki a Ballito, wanda ke da kusan kilomita 20 a kudancin Stanger.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fierce KZN storm ravages Ballito beachfront, restaurants &amp;#124; Independent on Saturday |url=https://www.iol.co.za/ios/news/fierce-kzn-storm-ravages-ballito-beachfront-restaurants-21633121 |website=www.iol.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; A bakin tekun kudu, Port Edward ya rubuta, Margate, Pennington da Paddock sun ba da rahoton ruwan sama mai yawa. Gabashin Cape ma ya sha wahala sosai, tare da Port St Johns rikodin 190mm na ruwan sama.&amp;nbsp;

=== Yawan mutanen da suka mutu ===
A ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2019, Firayim Minista na KwaZulu-Natal Sihle Zikalala ya bayyana a cikin wani bayani na manema labarai cewa an kara yawan wadanda suka mutu daga 51 na farko zuwa 70. An kuma bayyana cewa akalla mutane 1000 sun rasa muhallinsu bayan ambaliyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aanu Adeoye |date=24 April 2019 |title=70 people killed in South Africa floods |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/24/africa/51-dead-south-africa-flood-intl/index.html |website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daga baya a ranar 25 ga Afrilu, MEC for Co-operative Governance and Traditional Affairs Nomusa Dube-Ncube ya ce adadin wadanda suka mutu yanzu ya karu zuwa 85.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 25, 2019 |title=KZN floods: Death toll up to 85 |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/kzn-flooding-death-toll-up-to-85-20190425 |website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kudin lalacewa ===
Fi[[Rand na Afirka ta Kudu|R]] Ministan KwaZulu-Natal Willies Mchunu ya ce an kiyasta lalacewar ambaliyar ya kai R1.1 biliyan (miliyan 77.6). Lalacewar a [[Durban]] kadai sun kai R650 miliyan (US $ 45.9 miliyan). 

== Halin da aka yi ==
Shugaban Afirka ta Kudu [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] ya ce Ma'aikatar Baitulmalin Kasa ta ba shi haske mai haske cewa akwai kudaden gaggawa don taimakawa iyalai da abin ya shafa. &quot;Za a tattara kudi don taimakawa mutanensu. Waɗannan su ne gaggawa da aka tsara don haka za a tattara albarkatun ta hanyar da ta fi girma don a taimaka wa mutanen da ke cikin bukata a halin yanzu&quot;. An tilasta wa Ramaphosa ya taƙaita tafiyarsa zuwa taron koli na Troika na Tarayyar Afirka a Masar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 24, 2019 |title=Durban floods: President Ramaphosa in KwaZulu-Natal assessing damage |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/durban-floods-summon-president-ramaphosa-april-2019/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An kuma tura Sojojin Tsaro na Afirka ta Kudu nan da nan don taimakawa da taimakon ambaliyar ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 23, 2019 |title=SANDF remains on standby in flood-stricken KZN, EC |url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/sandf-remains-on-standby-in-flood-stricken-kzn-ec-20190423 |website=News24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jam'iyyun siyasa a Afirka ta Kudu daga baya sun yi kira ga ANC da KZN Department of Cooperative Governance da su saki kudaden agaji na bala'i nan da nan kuma su fara aiki a kan sake gina gidaje da samar da isasshen mafaka ga dukkan al'ummomin da abin ya shafa.

== Sakamakon haka ==

=== Taimako daga ambaliyar ruwa ===
Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Harkokin Kasashen Waje (UNOOSA), ya ba da sanarwar wani shiri don taimakawa wajen taimakon ambaliyar ruwa a cikin ƙasar ta hanyar kunna Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa &quot;Space and Major Disasters&quot; a madadin Cibiyar Kula da Bala'o'i ta Kasa (NDC). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 April 2019 |title=UNOOSA activates International Charter for floods and mudslides in South Africa - South Africa |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/south-africa/unoosa-activates-international-charter-floods-and-mudslides-south-africa |website=ReliefWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyoyin da ba na riba ba sun taru tare don taimakawa tare da bayar da abinci, tufafi da mafaka ga waɗanda suka rasa muhallinsu sakamakon lalacewar gidaje, yayin da wani shiri na jama'a ya tara R24 000 a ƙarƙashin awanni 20, tare da NPO daga baya ya samar da wuraren saukewa da yawa ga jama'a don taimakawa wajen tallafawa abubuwa ga waɗanda abin ya shafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Relief funds allocated for Durban floods &amp;#124; Daily News |url=https://www.iol.co.za/dailynews/news/kwazulu-natal/relief-funds-allocated-for-durban-floods-21843442 |website=www.iol.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Almost R25 000 crowdfunded for victims of KZN floods &amp;#124; IOL Business Report |url=https://www.iol.co.za/business-report/economy/almost-r25-000-crowdfunded-for-victims-of-kzn-floods-21927762 |website=www.iol.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=This is where you can donate food, clothes, blankets for #KZNFloods &amp;#124; Independent on Saturday |url=https://www.iol.co.za/ios/news/this-is-where-you-can-donate-food-clothes-blankets-for-kznfloods-21854817 |website=www.iol.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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    <title>Bala'in madatsar ruwa mai cike da farin ciki</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351880153|Merriespruit tailings dam disaster]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Fayil:Tailings_Dam.jpg|thumb|Madatsar ruwa mai ban sha'awa]]
Bala'in madatsar ruwa Merriespruit ya faru ne a daren 22 ga Fabrairu 1994 lokacin da madatsar ruwa ta kasa kuma ta mamaye unguwar Merriespruit, Virginia, Free State, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. An kashe mutane goma sha bakwai a sakamakon haka.

Da yamma a ranar gazawar, tsawa ta faru kuma kimanin 50 mm na ruwan sama ya fadi cikin minti &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Lokacin da madatsar ruwan ta gaza, 600,000 m3 na laka na hakar ma'adinai ya gudana kilomita 4. Gidajen da suka fi kusa sun kasance 300 m a ƙasa da madatsar ruwan; lokacin da raƙuman ruwa da tailings suka kai su, yana da 2.5 m a tsawo.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

Mutane goma sha bakwai sun mutu kuma an sami lalacewa da lalacewar muhalli. An lalata gidaje tamanin.

== Tarihi ==
Lokacin da aka sarrafa dutsen da ke dauke da zinariya kuma aka cire zinariya, ana motsa sauran kayan zuwa madatsar ruwa a matsayin sharar gida, kamar yadda ya faru a wurin Merriespruit No. 4.

=== Hanyar gini ===
Kamar yadda ya saba da tailings na zinariya a Afirka ta Kudu, an gina madatsar ruwan Merriespruit ta amfani da hanyar &quot;upstream semi-dry paddock&quot;, inda aka gina &quot;daywall&quot; perimeter kuma aka ba da izinin zama da bushewa (yawanci ana gudanar da shi a rana kuma ana kula da shi) kafin a sanya slurry a cikin &quot;nightpan&quot; (yawancin ana gudanar da dare ba tare da kulawa ba). Wani penstock yana da kyau a tsakiya a cikin madatsar ruwan kuma yana fitar da ruwa (ciki har da ruwan sama). 

=== Tarihin madatsar ruwan ===
Lamba 4A a cikin Harmony Gold Mine tailings complex ya gaza. An tsara madatsar ruwan ne a farkon shekarun 1970 ta hanyar manajan ma'adinai da wakilin dan kwangila na madatsar ruwa. Garin Merriespruit, wani yanki mai gida 250 na garin Goldfields na Virginia, an riga an kafa shi lokacin da aka fara madatsar ruwan No. 4 a shekarar 1978. Ganuwar arewacin madatsar ruwan ta kasance kawai 320 m daga gidaje mafi kusa a Merriespruit.&amp;nbsp;

A cikin shekarun farko slurry yana da ƙananan dangi wanda ya haifar da yanayin gini mai wahala tare da zubowa da sloughing a bangon arewa. An gina wani shinge mai tsayi a gaban bangon arewa. Ba a yi amfani da maɓallin ringmain guda ɗaya a kusa da madatsar ruwan ba, sabanin aikin yanzu. Ba a samar da madatsar ruwa mai dawowa wanda zai iya karɓar ruwa daga madatsar ruwan kanta ba.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 1993 wani bincike ya lura da zubowa a bangon arewa kuma an amince da dakatar da ajiyewa cikin sashi na 4A. A cewar dan kwangila, freeboard a wannan lokacin ya kasance mai karɓa 1.0+ m. Rarraba tsakanin sassan 4A da 4B an karya wani lokaci kafin bala'in, wanda ya haifar da zubar da ruwa daga 4B zuwa 4A.&lt;ref name=&quot;Niekerk&quot; /&gt; Ƙarin magudanar ruwa ya haifar da allon kyauta na 300 mm.&lt;ref name=&quot;Niekerk&quot; /&gt; Duk da dakatar da gine-ginen daywall, zubar da ruwan tsire-tsire da ke dauke da tailings ya ci gaba, tare da ruwan da aka decanted da penstock da sauran tailings ta amfani da sauran freeboard.

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      <text bytes="2995" sha1="r47rsrodmw4ojvax4e413tyfkq2r70i" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Tailings_Dam.jpg|thumb|Madatsar ruwa mai ban sha'awa]]
'''Bala'in madatsar ruwa Merriespruit''' ya faru ne a daren 22 ga Fabrairu 1994 lokacin da madatsar ruwa ta kasa kuma ta mamaye unguwar Merriespruit, Virginia, Free State, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. An kashe mutane goma sha bakwai a sakamakon haka.

Da yamma a ranar gazawar, tsawa ta faru kuma kimanin 50 mm na ruwan sama ya fadi cikin minti &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Lokacin da madatsar ruwan ta gaza, 600,000 m3 na laka na hakar ma'adinai ya gudana kilomita 4. Gidajen da suka fi kusa sun kasance 300 m a ƙasa da madatsar ruwan; lokacin da raƙuman ruwa da tailings suka kai su, yana da 2.5 m a tsawo.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

Mutane goma sha bakwai sun mutu kuma an sami lalacewa da lalacewar muhalli. An lalata gidaje tamanin.

== Tarihi ==
Lokacin da aka sarrafa dutsen da ke dauke da zinariya kuma aka cire zinariya, ana motsa sauran kayan zuwa madatsar ruwa a matsayin sharar gida, kamar yadda ya faru a wurin Merriespruit No. 4.

=== Hanyar gini ===
Kamar yadda ya saba da tailings na zinariya a Afirka ta Kudu, an gina madatsar ruwan Merriespruit ta amfani da hanyar &quot;upstream semi-dry paddock&quot;, inda aka gina &quot;daywall&quot; perimeter kuma aka ba da izinin zama da bushewa (yawanci ana gudanar da shi a rana kuma ana kula da shi) kafin a sanya slurry a cikin &quot;nightpan&quot; (yawancin ana gudanar da dare ba tare da kulawa ba). Wani penstock yana da kyau a tsakiya a cikin madatsar ruwan kuma yana fitar da ruwa (ciki har da ruwan sama). 

=== Tarihin madatsar ruwan ===
Lamba 4A a cikin Harmony Gold Mine tailings complex ya gaza. An tsara madatsar ruwan ne a farkon shekarun 1970 ta hanyar manajan ma'adinai da wakilin dan kwangila na madatsar ruwa. Garin Merriespruit, wani yanki mai gida 250 na garin Goldfields na Virginia, an riga an kafa shi lokacin da aka fara madatsar ruwan No. 4 a shekarar 1978. Ganuwar arewacin madatsar ruwan ta kasance kawai 320 m daga gidaje mafi kusa a Merriespruit.&amp;nbsp;

A cikin shekarun farko slurry yana da ƙananan dangi wanda ya haifar da yanayin gini mai wahala tare da zubowa da sloughing a bangon arewa. An gina wani shinge mai tsayi a gaban bangon arewa. Ba a yi amfani da maɓallin ringmain guda ɗaya a kusa da madatsar ruwan ba, sabanin aikin yanzu. Ba a samar da madatsar ruwa mai dawowa wanda zai iya karɓar ruwa daga madatsar ruwan kanta ba.

A watan Maris na shekara ta 1993 wani bincike ya lura da zubowa a bangon arewa kuma an amince da dakatar da ajiyewa cikin sashi na 4A. A cewar dan kwangila, freeboard a wannan lokacin ya kasance mai karɓa 1.0+ m. Rarraba tsakanin sassan 4A da 4B an karya wani lokaci kafin bala'in, wanda ya haifar da zubar da ruwa daga 4B zuwa 4A.&lt;ref name=&quot;Niekerk&quot; /&gt; Ƙarin magudanar ruwa ya haifar da allon kyauta na 300 mm.&lt;ref name=&quot;Niekerk&quot; /&gt; Duk da dakatar da gine-ginen daywall, zubar da ruwan tsire-tsire da ke dauke da tailings ya ci gaba, tare da ruwan da aka decanted da penstock da sauran tailings ta amfani da sauran freeboard.

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    <title>Mylochromis obtusus</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645815|Mylochromis obtusus]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Mylochromis obtusus''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], inda a halin yanzu ake saninsa ne kawai daga yankunan yashi a kudancin tafkin. Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|22|cm|in}} TL . 

== Manazarta ==
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'''''Mylochromis obtusus''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], inda a halin yanzu ake saninsa ne kawai daga yankunan yashi a kudancin tafkin. Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|22|cm|in}} TL . 

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Greenface aulonocara</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645299|Greenface aulonocara]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Aulonocara mai launin kore''' ( '''''Aulonocara saulosi''''' ) wani nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne wanda yake da yawa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . 

Ana samunsa a [[Malawi]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], kuma yana yaɗuwa a Tafkin Malawi amma ba a saba ganinsa ba kuma yana fuskantar barazanar tarinsa don cinikin kifaye . 

Sunan da aka ambata ya ambaci Saulos Mwale, ɗan Salima, Malawi, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai nutsewa da makaniki ga Stuart M. Grant, mai fitar da cichlids, kuma wanda ya gano wasu cichlids [[Malawi|na Malawi]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=1 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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'''Aulonocara mai launin kore''' ( '''''Aulonocara saulosi''''' ) wani nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne wanda yake da yawa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . 

Ana samunsa a [[Malawi]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], kuma yana yaɗuwa a Tafkin Malawi amma ba a saba ganinsa ba kuma yana fuskantar barazanar tarinsa don cinikin kifaye . 

Sunan da aka ambata ya ambaci Saulos Mwale, ɗan Salima, Malawi, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai nutsewa da makaniki ga Stuart M. Grant, mai fitar da cichlids, kuma wanda ya gano wasu cichlids [[Malawi|na Malawi]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=1 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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    <title>Aulonocara korneliae</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330644910|Aulonocara korneliae]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Aulonocara korneliae''''', wanda aka sani a cikin cinikin kifi na aquarium da '''Aulonocara Chizumulu''', '''Aulonocara shuɗin zinariya''' ko kuma '''itacen orchard shuɗi ''Aulanocara''''', nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne.

Yana da yaɗuwa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a Gabashin Afirka, kuma ana saninsa ne kawai daga kewayen Tsibirin Chizumulu . 

Sunan da aka ambata yana girmama matar Manfred K. Meyer, Kornelia Meyer. &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=1 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''''Aulonocara korneliae''''', wanda aka sani a cikin cinikin kifi na aquarium da '''Aulonocara Chizumulu''', '''Aulonocara shuɗin zinariya''' ko kuma '''itacen orchard shuɗi ''Aulanocara''''', nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne.

Yana da yaɗuwa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a Gabashin Afirka, kuma ana saninsa ne kawai daga kewayen Tsibirin Chizumulu . 

Sunan da aka ambata yana girmama matar Manfred K. Meyer, Kornelia Meyer. &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=1 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>1ecx6g2aalv347eeeb6ub1g0anm9u7h</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ambaliyar ruwa ta Habasha ta 2016</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1313191501|2016 Ethiopian flood]]&quot;</comment>
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A cikin 2016, [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] ta mamaye [[Itofiya|Habasha]], ta bar akalla mutane 200 da suka mutu kuma sama da mutane 200,000 ba su da gida yayin da ruwan sama na yanayi ya zo da wuri a kasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 April 2016 |title=Ethiopia: 28 People Killed in Floods in Remote Regions |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/ethiopia-28-people-killed-in-floods-in-remote-regions/3269777.html |access-date=14 June 2016 |publisher=VOA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin waɗannan mutuwar sun faru ne a garin Jijiga yayin da a wasu wurare, an ba da rahoton ruwan sama mai yawa tare da ƙarin ambaliyar da ake tsammani a cikin 'yan kwanaki masu zuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;aljazeera&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 April 2016 |title=Flood killed 28 people in Ethiopia |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/04/deadly-floods-hit-ethiopia-160406101102909.html |access-date=3 April 2016 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}&lt;/ref&gt; An bayar da rahoton ambaliyar a matakin da ya fi girma fiye da sauran ambaliyar ruwa fiye da na shekarun da suka gabata.

== Tarihi ==

=== Ambaliyar ruwa a Habasha ===
Habasha tana da ƙwarewa sosai a cikin ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyar kogi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mamo 379–384&quot;&gt;{{Citation|journal=Wossenu|url-status=Senay}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shekaru na ambaliyar ruwa da aka gano (1988, 1996, 1998, 2006, 2010, 2012, da 2016) a cikin ƙasar an kuma san su da abubuwan La Niήa.

=== Bayani na Yankin Ambaliyar ===
[[Fayil:Basin_map_of_Ethiopia_with_flood-prone_extents.png|thumb|Taswirar kwari na Habasha tare da ambaliyar ruwa.]]
Habasha tana da kwari 12, daga cikinsu 8 kwari ne, 1 kwari ne na tafki tare da koguna masu ɗorewa kuma 3 kwari ne masu bushe. Yawancin manyan koguna suna da yanayin ƙetare da ƙetare iyaka. Yawancin sassan wadannan koguna suna fama da ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyoyin kogi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mamo 379–384&quot;&gt;{{Citation|journal=Wossenu|url-status=Senay}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation cs2&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMamoBerhanuMelesse2019&quot;&gt;Mamo, Surafel; Berhanu, Belete; Melesse, Assefa M. (2019-01-01), Melesse, Assefa M.; Abtew, Wossenu; Senay, Gabriel (eds.), &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128159989000294 &quot;Chapter 29 - Historical flood events and hydrological extremes in Ethiopia&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;, ''Extreme Hydrology and Climate Variability'', Elsevier, pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;379–&lt;/span&gt;384, [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815998-9.00029-4|10.1016/b978-0-12-815998-9.00029-4]], [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-12-815998-9|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-12-815998-9&lt;/bdi&gt;]], [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210243639 210243639]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;, retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2021-10-26&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-maint citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Samfuri:Citation|citation]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;:  CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN ([[:Category:CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN|link]])&lt;/span&gt;
[[Category:CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN]]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yanayin Ambaliyar ===
Halayen ruwan sama mai nauyi da rarraba, kazalika da yanayin canjin ruwa (abin da ke cikin ƙasa, ruwa mai zurfi da matakin ruwa), suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin canjin jiki na abubuwan tasirin ambaliyar ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Guan |first=DongJie |last2=Li |first2=HaiFeng |last3=Inohae |first3=Takuro |last4=Su |first4=Weici |last5=Nagaie |first5=Tadashi |last6=Hokao |first6=Kazunori |date=2011-10-01 |title=Modeling urban land use change by the integration of cellular automaton and Markov model |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380011004698 |journal=Ecological Modelling |language=en |volume=222 |issue=20 |pages=3761–3772 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.09.009 |issn=0304-3800 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yanayi da Ambaliyar ===
Yawanci, abubuwan da suka faru na La Nina suna da alaƙa da ruwan sama mafi girma tsakanin Yuni da Satumba a tsakiyar da tsaunuka na Habasha, wanda ke haifar da ambaliyar ruwa. Yawancin lokaci, waɗannan abubuwan La Nina a Habasha sun riga sun kasance sakamakon fari na abubuwan El Nino.

* [[El Niño-Kudancin Oscillation|Abubuwan da suka faru a El Nino]]
* [[El Niño-Kudancin Oscillation|Abubuwan da suka faru na Nina]]

=== Ruwan Habasha na 2016 ===
A cikin 2016, wasu yankuna a cikin Horn of Africa sun fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa bayan abubuwan da suka faru na El Nino (yauta) na 2015. A Habasha, ambaliyar ruwa ta 2016 ta faru ne tare da ruwan sama mai tsanani na Kiremt kuma ta haifar da ambaliyar ruwan sama da yawa, rushewar ƙasa, da kuma cika koguna a cikin Lower Omo Valley, Dire Dawa, Amhara, Afar, Somali, Tigray, Gambella, Oromia, da yankunan Harari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Tim |last2=Abida |first2=Abdallah |last3=Aldeco |first3=Laura S. |last4=Alfaro |first4=Eric J. |last5=Alves |first5=Lincoln M. |last6=Amador |first6=Jorge A. |last7=Andrade |first7=B. |last8=Baez |first8=Julian |last9=Bardin |first9=M. Yu |last10=Bekele |first10=Endalkachew |last11=Broedel |first11=Eric |date=2020-08-12 |title=Regional Climates |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |language=EN |volume=101 |issue=8 |pages=S321–S420 |bibcode=2020BAMS..101S.321L |doi=10.1175/2020BAMSStateoftheClimate_Chapter7.1 |issn=0003-0007 |s2cid=242639032 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasirin Yanayi da na Jiki ==
Dubban mutane da ke zaune a yankunan da ambaliyar ruwan ta shafa ba su da isasshen matsuguni ko abinci kuma suna fuskantar mummunan yanayi, tare da haɗarin kamuwa da cututtuka. Ambaliyar ta kuma kashe dabbobi tare da lalata manyan yankunan gonaki.

=== Tasirin Ruwa ===
A cewar [[Shirin Aiki Na Ƙasa|NAPA]] (2011), sauyin yanayi zai shafi bangaren albarkatun ruwa ta hanyar raguwar kwararar koguna, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate impacts on water resources |url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/archived/archived-content-water-topic/water-resources/climate-impacts-on-water-resources |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218153318/https://www.eea.europa.eu/archived/archived-content-water-topic/water-resources/climate-impacts-on-water-resources |archive-date=2018-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; raguwar samar da makamashi, da kuma karuwar ambaliyar ruwa da fari. Sakamakon haka, yanayin muhalli, wanda shine tushen ruwan sama da albarkatun ruwa, zai shafi. [[Rashin ruwa|Karancin ruwan]] sama zai shafi rayuwar ruwa ta hanyar lalata inganci da adadin ruwan.</text>
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      <text bytes="6493" sha1="7j6bjfesw4fa7fc7jfnsmckmqbxy2x1" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

A cikin 2016, [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] ta mamaye [[Itofiya|Habasha]], ta bar akalla mutane 200 da suka mutu kuma sama da mutane 200,000 ba su da gida yayin da ruwan sama na yanayi ya zo da wuri a kasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 April 2016 |title=Ethiopia: 28 People Killed in Floods in Remote Regions |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/ethiopia-28-people-killed-in-floods-in-remote-regions/3269777.html |access-date=14 June 2016 |publisher=VOA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin waɗannan mutuwar sun faru ne a garin Jijiga yayin da a wasu wurare, an ba da rahoton ruwan sama mai yawa tare da ƙarin ambaliyar da ake tsammani a cikin 'yan kwanaki masu zuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;aljazeera&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 April 2016 |title=Flood killed 28 people in Ethiopia |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/04/deadly-floods-hit-ethiopia-160406101102909.html |access-date=3 April 2016 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}&lt;/ref&gt; An bayar da rahoton ambaliyar a matakin da ya fi girma fiye da sauran ambaliyar ruwa fiye da na shekarun da suka gabata.

== Tarihi ==

=== Ambaliyar ruwa a Habasha ===
Habasha tana da ƙwarewa sosai a cikin ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyar kogi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mamo 379–384&quot;&gt;{{Citation|journal=Wossenu|url-status=Senay}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shekaru na ambaliyar ruwa da aka gano (1988, 1996, 1998, 2006, 2010, 2012, da 2016) a cikin ƙasar an kuma san su da abubuwan La Niήa.

=== Bayani na Yankin Ambaliyar ===
[[Fayil:Basin_map_of_Ethiopia_with_flood-prone_extents.png|thumb|Taswirar kwari na Habasha tare da ambaliyar ruwa.]]
Habasha tana da kwari 12, daga cikinsu 8 kwari ne, 1 kwari ne na tafki tare da koguna masu ɗorewa kuma 3 kwari ne masu bushe. Yawancin manyan koguna suna da yanayin ƙetare da ƙetare iyaka. Yawancin sassan wadannan koguna suna fama da ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyoyin kogi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mamo 379–384&quot;&gt;{{Citation|journal=Wossenu|url-status=Senay}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation cs2&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMamoBerhanuMelesse2019&quot;&gt;Mamo, Surafel; Berhanu, Belete; Melesse, Assefa M. (2019-01-01), Melesse, Assefa M.; Abtew, Wossenu; Senay, Gabriel (eds.), &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128159989000294 &quot;Chapter 29 - Historical flood events and hydrological extremes in Ethiopia&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;, ''Extreme Hydrology and Climate Variability'', Elsevier, pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;379–&lt;/span&gt;384, [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815998-9.00029-4|10.1016/b978-0-12-815998-9.00029-4]], [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-12-815998-9|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-12-815998-9&lt;/bdi&gt;]], [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210243639 210243639]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;, retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2021-10-26&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-maint citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Samfuri:Citation|citation]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;:  CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN ([[:Category:CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN|link]])&lt;/span&gt;
[[Category:CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN]]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yanayin Ambaliyar ===
Halayen ruwan sama mai nauyi da rarraba, kazalika da yanayin canjin ruwa (abin da ke cikin ƙasa, ruwa mai zurfi da matakin ruwa), suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin canjin jiki na abubuwan tasirin ambaliyar ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Guan |first=DongJie |last2=Li |first2=HaiFeng |last3=Inohae |first3=Takuro |last4=Su |first4=Weici |last5=Nagaie |first5=Tadashi |last6=Hokao |first6=Kazunori |date=2011-10-01 |title=Modeling urban land use change by the integration of cellular automaton and Markov model |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380011004698 |journal=Ecological Modelling |language=en |volume=222 |issue=20 |pages=3761–3772 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.09.009 |issn=0304-3800 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yanayi da Ambaliyar ===
Yawanci, abubuwan da suka faru na La Nina suna da alaƙa da ruwan sama mafi girma tsakanin Yuni da Satumba a tsakiyar da tsaunuka na Habasha, wanda ke haifar da ambaliyar ruwa. Yawancin lokaci, waɗannan abubuwan La Nina a Habasha sun riga sun kasance sakamakon fari na abubuwan El Nino.

* [[El Niño-Kudancin Oscillation|Abubuwan da suka faru a El Nino]]
* [[El Niño-Kudancin Oscillation|Abubuwan da suka faru na Nina]]

=== Ruwan Habasha na 2016 ===
A cikin 2016, wasu yankuna a cikin Horn of Africa sun fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa bayan abubuwan da suka faru na El Nino (yauta) na 2015. A Habasha, ambaliyar ruwa ta 2016 ta faru ne tare da ruwan sama mai tsanani na Kiremt kuma ta haifar da ambaliyar ruwan sama da yawa, rushewar ƙasa, da kuma cika koguna a cikin Lower Omo Valley, Dire Dawa, Amhara, Afar, Somali, Tigray, Gambella, Oromia, da yankunan Harari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Tim |last2=Abida |first2=Abdallah |last3=Aldeco |first3=Laura S. |last4=Alfaro |first4=Eric J. |last5=Alves |first5=Lincoln M. |last6=Amador |first6=Jorge A. |last7=Andrade |first7=B. |last8=Baez |first8=Julian |last9=Bardin |first9=M. Yu |last10=Bekele |first10=Endalkachew |last11=Broedel |first11=Eric |date=2020-08-12 |title=Regional Climates |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |language=EN |volume=101 |issue=8 |pages=S321–S420 |bibcode=2020BAMS..101S.321L |doi=10.1175/2020BAMSStateoftheClimate_Chapter7.1 |issn=0003-0007 |s2cid=242639032 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasirin Yanayi da na Jiki ==
Dubban mutane da ke zaune a yankunan da ambaliyar ruwan ta shafa ba su da isasshen matsuguni ko abinci kuma suna fuskantar mummunan yanayi, tare da haɗarin kamuwa da cututtuka. Ambaliyar ta kuma kashe dabbobi tare da lalata manyan yankunan gonaki.

=== Tasirin Ruwa ===
A cewar [[Shirin Aiki Na Ƙasa|NAPA]] (2011), sauyin yanayi zai shafi bangaren albarkatun ruwa ta hanyar raguwar kwararar koguna, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate impacts on water resources |url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/archived/archived-content-water-topic/water-resources/climate-impacts-on-water-resources |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218153318/https://www.eea.europa.eu/archived/archived-content-water-topic/water-resources/climate-impacts-on-water-resources |archive-date=2018-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; raguwar samar da makamashi, da kuma karuwar ambaliyar ruwa da fari. Sakamakon haka, yanayin muhalli, wanda shine tushen ruwan sama da albarkatun ruwa, zai shafi. [[Rashin ruwa|Karancin ruwan]] sama zai shafi rayuwar ruwa ta hanyar lalata inganci da adadin ruwan.</text>
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A cikin 2016, [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] ta mamaye [[Itofiya|Habasha]], ta bar akalla mutane 200 da suka mutu kuma sama da mutane 200,000 ba su da gida yayin da ruwan sama na yanayi ya zo da wuri a kasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 April 2016 |title=Ethiopia: 28 People Killed in Floods in Remote Regions |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/ethiopia-28-people-killed-in-floods-in-remote-regions/3269777.html |access-date=14 June 2016 |publisher=VOA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin waɗannan mutuwar sun faru ne a garin Jijiga yayin da a wasu wurare, an ba da rahoton ruwan sama mai yawa tare da ƙarin ambaliyar da ake tsammani a cikin 'yan kwanaki masu zuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;aljazeera&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 April 2016 |title=Flood killed 28 people in Ethiopia |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/04/deadly-floods-hit-ethiopia-160406101102909.html |access-date=3 April 2016 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}&lt;/ref&gt; An bayar da rahoton ambaliyar a matakin da ya fi girma fiye da sauran ambaliyar ruwa fiye da na shekarun da suka gabata.

== Tarihi ==

=== Ambaliyar ruwa a Habasha ===
Habasha tana da ƙwarewa sosai a cikin ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyar kogi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mamo 379–384&quot;&gt;{{Citation|journal=Wossenu|url-status=Senay}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shekaru na ambaliyar ruwa da aka gano (1988, 1996, 1998, 2006, 2010, 2012, da 2016) a cikin ƙasar an kuma san su da abubuwan La Niήa.

=== Bayani na Yankin Ambaliyar ===
[[Fayil:Basin_map_of_Ethiopia_with_flood-prone_extents.png|thumb|Taswirar kwari na Habasha tare da ambaliyar ruwa.]]
Habasha tana da kwari 12, daga cikinsu 8 kwari ne, 1 kwari ne na tafki tare da koguna masu ɗorewa kuma 3 kwari ne masu bushe. Yawancin manyan koguna suna da yanayin ƙetare da ƙetare iyaka. Yawancin sassan wadannan koguna suna fama da ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyoyin kogi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mamo 379–384&quot;&gt;{{Citation|journal=Wossenu|url-status=Senay}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation cs2&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMamoBerhanuMelesse2019&quot;&gt;Mamo, Surafel; Berhanu, Belete; Melesse, Assefa M. (2019-01-01), Melesse, Assefa M.; Abtew, Wossenu; Senay, Gabriel (eds.), &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128159989000294 &quot;Chapter 29 - Historical flood events and hydrological extremes in Ethiopia&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;, ''Extreme Hydrology and Climate Variability'', Elsevier, pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;379–&lt;/span&gt;384, [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815998-9.00029-4|10.1016/b978-0-12-815998-9.00029-4]], [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-12-815998-9|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-12-815998-9&lt;/bdi&gt;]], [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210243639 210243639]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;, retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2021-10-26&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-maint citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Samfuri:Citation|citation]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;:  CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN ([[:Category:CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN|link]])&lt;/span&gt;
[[Category:CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN]]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yanayin Ambaliyar ===
Halayen ruwan sama mai nauyi da rarraba, kazalika da yanayin canjin ruwa (abin da ke cikin ƙasa, ruwa mai zurfi da matakin ruwa), suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin canjin jiki na abubuwan tasirin ambaliyar ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Guan |first=DongJie |last2=Li |first2=HaiFeng |last3=Inohae |first3=Takuro |last4=Su |first4=Weici |last5=Nagaie |first5=Tadashi |last6=Hokao |first6=Kazunori |date=2011-10-01 |title=Modeling urban land use change by the integration of cellular automaton and Markov model |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380011004698 |journal=Ecological Modelling |language=en |volume=222 |issue=20 |pages=3761–3772 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.09.009 |issn=0304-3800 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yanayi da Ambaliyar ===
Yawanci, abubuwan da suka faru na La Nina suna da alaƙa da ruwan sama mafi girma tsakanin Yuni da Satumba a tsakiyar da tsaunuka na Habasha, wanda ke haifar da ambaliyar ruwa. Yawancin lokaci, waɗannan abubuwan La Nina a Habasha sun riga sun kasance sakamakon fari na abubuwan El Nino.

* [[El Niño-Kudancin Oscillation|Abubuwan da suka faru a El Nino]]
* [[El Niño-Kudancin Oscillation|Abubuwan da suka faru na Nina]]

=== Ruwan Habasha na 2016 ===
A cikin 2016, wasu yankuna a cikin Horn of Africa sun fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa bayan abubuwan da suka faru na El Nino (yauta) na 2015. A Habasha, ambaliyar ruwa ta 2016 ta faru ne tare da ruwan sama mai tsanani na Kiremt kuma ta haifar da ambaliyar ruwan sama da yawa, rushewar ƙasa, da kuma cika koguna a cikin Lower Omo Valley, Dire Dawa, Amhara, Afar, Somali, Tigray, Gambella, Oromia, da yankunan Harari. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Tim |last2=Abida |first2=Abdallah |last3=Aldeco |first3=Laura S. |last4=Alfaro |first4=Eric J. |last5=Alves |first5=Lincoln M. |last6=Amador |first6=Jorge A. |last7=Andrade |first7=B. |last8=Baez |first8=Julian |last9=Bardin |first9=M. Yu |last10=Bekele |first10=Endalkachew |last11=Broedel |first11=Eric |date=2020-08-12 |title=Regional Climates |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |language=EN |volume=101 |issue=8 |pages=S321–S420 |bibcode=2020BAMS..101S.321L |doi=10.1175/2020BAMSStateoftheClimate_Chapter7.1 |issn=0003-0007 |s2cid=242639032 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasirin Yanayi da na Jiki ==
Dubban mutane da ke zaune a yankunan da ambaliyar ruwan ta shafa ba su da isasshen matsuguni ko abinci kuma suna fuskantar mummunan yanayi, tare da haɗarin kamuwa da cututtuka. Ambaliyar ta kuma kashe dabbobi tare da lalata manyan yankunan gonaki.

=== Tasirin Ruwa ===
A cewar [[Shirin Aiki Na Ƙasa|NAPA]] (2011), sauyin yanayi zai shafi bangaren albarkatun ruwa ta hanyar raguwar kwararar koguna, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate impacts on water resources |url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/archived/archived-content-water-topic/water-resources/climate-impacts-on-water-resources |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218153318/https://www.eea.europa.eu/archived/archived-content-water-topic/water-resources/climate-impacts-on-water-resources |archive-date=2018-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; raguwar samar da makamashi, da kuma karuwar ambaliyar ruwa da fari. Sakamakon haka, yanayin muhalli, wanda shine tushen ruwan sama da albarkatun ruwa, zai shafi. [[Rashin ruwa|Karancin ruwan]] sama zai shafi rayuwar ruwa ta hanyar lalata inganci da adadin ruwan.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Blue mbuna</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330644939|Blue mbuna]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Shuɗin mbuna''' ( ''Labeotropheus fuelleborni'' ) nau'in cichlid ne da ake samu a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda yake zaune a yankunan da ke da duwatsu. Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|30|cm|in}} SL . Wannan nau'in yana da mahimmanci ga kamun kifi na gida da kuma kasancewa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|kifaye]] .  Wasu daga cikin siffofinsa masu launin baƙi wani lokaci ana kiransu da '''marmalade cat''' .

Sunan da aka ambata ya girmama likitan ƙwayoyin cuta na Jamus kuma likitan soja Friedrich Fülleborn (1866-1933). &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=4 December 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (l-o) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae4/ |access-date=16 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin nau'ikan kifayen ruwa masu tsafta

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Shuɗin mbuna''' ( ''Labeotropheus fuelleborni'' ) nau'in cichlid ne da ake samu a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda yake zaune a yankunan da ke da duwatsu. Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|30|cm|in}} SL . Wannan nau'in yana da mahimmanci ga kamun kifi na gida da kuma kasancewa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|kifaye]] .  Wasu daga cikin siffofinsa masu launin baƙi wani lokaci ana kiransu da '''marmalade cat''' .

Sunan da aka ambata ya girmama likitan ƙwayoyin cuta na Jamus kuma likitan soja Friedrich Fülleborn (1866-1933). &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=4 December 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (l-o) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae4/ |access-date=16 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin nau'ikan kifayen ruwa masu tsafta

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Ruwan Nijar na 2016</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348837985|2016 Niger flood]]&quot;</comment>
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Ruwan sama mai yawa a cikin watanni na Yuni, Yuli da Agusta 2016 ya haifar da '''[[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]]''' mai tsanani a koguna daban-daban a ko'ina cikin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], musamman [[Neja (kogi)|Kogin Neja]], inda ambaliyar ta haifar da lalacewar kayan aiki da asarar rayuka a Nijar da sauran ƙasashe a kan hanyar kogin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Davies |first=Richard |date=2016-08-12 |title=West Africa – Deadly Floods in Mali and Burkina Faso |url=http://floodlist.com/africa/west-africa-floods-nigeria-mali-burkina-faso-august-2016 |access-date=24 October 2019 |website=Floodlist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-09-07 |title=Extreme flooding predicted in Mali's Inner Niger Delta |url=https://www.wetlands.org/news/extreme-flooding-predicted-in-malis-inner-niger-delta/ |access-date=24 October 2019 |website=Wetlands International}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-09-18 |title=38 Killed, 92,000 Homeless As Flood Ravages Niger {{!}} NigerianNation Newspapers |url=http://newspapers.nigeriannation.com/38-killed-92000-homeless-as-flood-ravages-niger/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918025033/http://newspapers.nigeriannation.com/38-killed-92000-homeless-as-flood-ravages-niger/ |archive-date=2016-09-18 |access-date=2019-10-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga shekara ta 2000, ambaliyar ruwa a Nijar ta kara tsanantawa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aich |first=Valentin |last2=Liersch |first2=Stefan |last3=Vetter |first3=Tobias |last4=Fournet |first4=Samuel |last5=Andersson |first5=Jafet C.M. |last6=Calmanti |first6=Sandro |last7=van Weert |first7=Frank H.A. |last8=Hattermann |first8=Fred F. |last9=Paton |first9=Eva N. |date=2016-08-15 |title=Flood projections within the Niger River Basin under future land use and climate change |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=562 |pages=666–677 |bibcode=2016ScTEn.562..666A |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.021 |issn=0048-9697 |pmid=27110979}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da mafi girman barazanar da aka fi mayar da hankali a yankin kudu maso yammacin Nijar da kuma bakin kogin Nijar.

== Dalilan da suka haifar ==

* Rashin lalacewar wuri mai laushi: Yanayin muhalli na Kogin Neja ya lalace ta hanyar sauye-sauye daban-daban na amfani da ƙasa. Babu isasshen ciyayi don riƙe ruwa, yana sa ambaliyar ruwa ta fi dacewa a lokacin ruwan sama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Loveline |first=Enwere Chidimma |date=2015-08-24 |title=Impacts of Wetland Degradation in Niger Delta Nigeria and its Significance in Flood Control |journal=International Journal of Environment |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=177–184 |doi=10.3126/ije.v4i3.13244 |issn=2091-2854 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Descroix |first=L. |last2=Mahé |first2=G. |last3=Lebel |first3=T. |last4=Favreau |first4=G. |last5=Galle |first5=S. |last6=Gautier |first6=E. |last7=Olivry |first7=J-C. |last8=Albergel |first8=J. |last9=Amogu |first9=O. |last10=Cappelaere |first10=B. |last11=Dessouassi |first11=R. |date=2009-08-30 |title=Spatio-temporal variability of hydrological regimes around the boundaries between Sahelian and Sudanian areas of West Africa: A synthesis |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=375 |issue=1–2 |pages=90–102 |bibcode=2009JHyd..375...90D |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.12.012 |issn=0022-1694}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Canjin yanayi|Canjin yanayi na duniya]]: Ƙarin ruwan sama na yanayi (matsalolin yanayi daban-daban). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Roudier |first=P. |last2=Ducharne |first2=A. |last3=Feyen |first3=L. |date=2014-07-31 |title=Climate change impacts on runoff in West Africa: a review |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=2789–2801 |bibcode=2014HESS...18.2789R |doi=10.5194/hess-18-2789-2014 |issn=1607-7938 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Birane a Nijar suna da mummunan shiri kuma ba su iya daidaitawa da sauye-sauyen yawan jama'a da ke ƙaruwa da sauri ba. Tsarin magudanar ruwa yana gabatowa, kuma garuruwa da yawa ba su da hanyoyin sadarwar magudanar. Saboda saurin karuwar yawan jama'a, mazauna sun gina gidaje ba tare da tsarawa da tsari ba. Sanya shara a kan tituna yana toshe rugujewar ƙasa a lokacin manyan abubuwan da suka faru.
* Rashin ruwa mai yawa: Ana fitar da ruwa mai yawa a lokacin ruwan sama. Ruwan ruwa a cikin kogin yana ƙaruwa kuma matakin ruwa na kogin yana tashi.

== Binciken ruwa da na yanayi ==
[[Fayil:Niger_river_map.PNG|thumb|[[Neja (kogi)|Kogin Neja]] ya haɗa da yankin [[Gini|Guinea]], Côte d'Ivoire, [[Mali]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Aljeriya]], [[Benin]], [[Najeriya]] da [[Kamaru]].]]
Yankunan da suka fi fama da cutar sune yankunan hamada na [[Yankin Tahoua|Tahoua]] a yamma da Agadez a arewa, kuma zuwa ƙarami, yankin [[Yankin Maradi|Maradi]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-09-18 |title=38 Killed, 92,000 Homeless As Flood Ravages Niger {{!}} NigerianNation Newspapers |url=http://newspapers.nigeriannation.com/38-killed-92000-homeless-as-flood-ravages-niger/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918025033/http://newspapers.nigeriannation.com/38-killed-92000-homeless-as-flood-ravages-niger/ |archive-date=2016-09-18 |access-date=2019-10-26}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160918025033/http://newspapers.nigeriannation.com/38-killed-92000-homeless-as-flood-ravages-niger/ &quot;38 Killed, 92,000 Homeless As Flood Ravages Niger | NigerianNation Newspapers&quot;]. 2016-09-18. Archived from [http://newspapers.nigeriannation.com/38-killed-92000-homeless-as-flood-ravages-niger/ the original] on 2016-09-18&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-10-26&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An yi rikodin hauhawar matakan kogi da sauri. A cikin mako guda, an yi rikodin hauhawar 1.90 m a tashar Sirba a [[Garbé Kourou]]. Wata tashar a kan [[Gorouol river|Kogin Gorouol]], wani yanki na Kogin Neja, ya auna hauhawar 2.9 m a cikin makonni biyu a ƙarshen Yuli, matakin kogin da aka rubuta a cikin shekaru 50 na aikin tashar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Davies |first=Richard |date=2016-08-12 |title=West Africa – Deadly Floods in Mali and Burkina Faso |url=http://floodlist.com/africa/west-africa-floods-nigeria-mali-burkina-faso-august-2016 |access-date=24 October 2019 |website=Floodlist}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDavies2016&quot;&gt;Davies, Richard (2016-08-12). [http://floodlist.com/africa/west-africa-floods-nigeria-mali-burkina-faso-august-2016 &quot;West Africa – Deadly Floods in Mali and Burkina Faso&quot;]. ''Floodlist''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 October&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-08-22 |title=West Africa:Impact of the floods |url=https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/documents/files/wca_a4_l_impact_of_floods_20160822.pdf |access-date=24 October 2019 |website=Humanitarian Response}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matsayin ruwa ya ci gaba da tashi, ya kai matsayi mafi girma a ranar 6 ga Satumba tun 1964 a cikin [[Inner Niger Delta]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-09-07 |title=Extreme flooding predicted in Mali's Inner Niger Delta |url=https://www.wetlands.org/news/extreme-flooding-predicted-in-malis-inner-niger-delta/ |access-date=24 October 2019 |website=Wetlands International}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.wetlands.org/news/extreme-flooding-predicted-in-malis-inner-niger-delta/ &quot;Extreme flooding predicted in Mali's Inner Niger Delta&quot;]. ''Wetlands International''. 2016-09-07&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 October&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsayin kogin da ba a saba gani ba zai iya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar ruwan sama mai yawa a ko' kogin Neja, kamar ruwan sama sama sama da {{Cvt|200|mm}}  in) a kowace rana a ranar 23 ga Mayu a Neja, tsawon lokacin ruwan sama a [[Gini|Guinea]] da [[Mali]] daga 9 ga Agusta zuwa 27 ga Agusta, da ruwan sama mai ban mamaki a yankin [[Azawagh]], sama da 200mm (7.9 a ranar 13 ga Agusta)  a kusa da 27 ga Agustan da 29 ga Agusta.

== Tasirin ==
Yankin da ke kudu da Sahara ya ga karuwar abin da ya faru da kuma tsananin ambaliyar ruwa a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, tare da sakamakon rashin daidaituwa da samar da abinci da kiwon lafiya a yankin da ya riga ya shafi matsanancin talauci da saurin yawan jama'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fiorillo |first=Edoardo |last2=Crisci |first2=Alfonso |last3=Issa |first3=Hassimou |last4=Maracchi |first4=Giampiero |last5=Morabito |first5=Marco |last6=Tarchiani |first6=Vieri |date=2018-07-03 |title=Recent Changes of Floods and Related Impacts in Niger Based on the ANADIA Niger Flood Database |journal=Climate |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=59 |bibcode=2018Clim....6...59F |doi=10.3390/cli6030059 |issn=2225-1154 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dangane da kimantawa, ambaliyar 2016 ta haifar da asarar akalla rayuka 38 kuma ta lalata kusan gidaje 9,000, ta bar dubban mutane ba tare da gida ba. Kimanin dabbobi 26,000 sun ɓace. Ambaliyar ta haifar da ƙaura mai yawa, wanda ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar hare-haren da [[Boko Haram]] ke ci gaba, da kuma karuwar gasa kan ƙasar noma.

Ya zuwa ƙarshen Satumba 2019, ba a bayar da rahoton kamuwa da kwalara ba, yayin da ambaliyar ruwa a shekarar 2014 ta shafi fiye da mutane 1,400.</text>
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Ruwan sama mai yawa a cikin watanni na Yuni, Yuli da Agusta 2016 ya haifar da '''[[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]]''' mai tsanani a koguna daban-daban a ko'ina cikin [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], musamman [[Neja (kogi)|Kogin Neja]], inda ambaliyar ta haifar da lalacewar kayan aiki da asarar rayuka a Nijar da sauran ƙasashe a kan hanyar kogin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Davies |first=Richard |date=2016-08-12 |title=West Africa – Deadly Floods in Mali and Burkina Faso |url=http://floodlist.com/africa/west-africa-floods-nigeria-mali-burkina-faso-august-2016 |access-date=24 October 2019 |website=Floodlist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-09-07 |title=Extreme flooding predicted in Mali's Inner Niger Delta |url=https://www.wetlands.org/news/extreme-flooding-predicted-in-malis-inner-niger-delta/ |access-date=24 October 2019 |website=Wetlands International}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-09-18 |title=38 Killed, 92,000 Homeless As Flood Ravages Niger {{!}} NigerianNation Newspapers |url=http://newspapers.nigeriannation.com/38-killed-92000-homeless-as-flood-ravages-niger/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918025033/http://newspapers.nigeriannation.com/38-killed-92000-homeless-as-flood-ravages-niger/ |archive-date=2016-09-18 |access-date=2019-10-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun daga shekara ta 2000, ambaliyar ruwa a Nijar ta kara tsanantawa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Aich |first=Valentin |last2=Liersch |first2=Stefan |last3=Vetter |first3=Tobias |last4=Fournet |first4=Samuel |last5=Andersson |first5=Jafet C.M. |last6=Calmanti |first6=Sandro |last7=van Weert |first7=Frank H.A. |last8=Hattermann |first8=Fred F. |last9=Paton |first9=Eva N. |date=2016-08-15 |title=Flood projections within the Niger River Basin under future land use and climate change |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=562 |pages=666–677 |bibcode=2016ScTEn.562..666A |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.021 |issn=0048-9697 |pmid=27110979}}&lt;/ref&gt; tare da mafi girman barazanar da aka fi mayar da hankali a yankin kudu maso yammacin Nijar da kuma bakin kogin Nijar.

== Dalilan da suka haifar ==

* Rashin lalacewar wuri mai laushi: Yanayin muhalli na Kogin Neja ya lalace ta hanyar sauye-sauye daban-daban na amfani da ƙasa. Babu isasshen ciyayi don riƙe ruwa, yana sa ambaliyar ruwa ta fi dacewa a lokacin ruwan sama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Loveline |first=Enwere Chidimma |date=2015-08-24 |title=Impacts of Wetland Degradation in Niger Delta Nigeria and its Significance in Flood Control |journal=International Journal of Environment |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=177–184 |doi=10.3126/ije.v4i3.13244 |issn=2091-2854 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Descroix |first=L. |last2=Mahé |first2=G. |last3=Lebel |first3=T. |last4=Favreau |first4=G. |last5=Galle |first5=S. |last6=Gautier |first6=E. |last7=Olivry |first7=J-C. |last8=Albergel |first8=J. |last9=Amogu |first9=O. |last10=Cappelaere |first10=B. |last11=Dessouassi |first11=R. |date=2009-08-30 |title=Spatio-temporal variability of hydrological regimes around the boundaries between Sahelian and Sudanian areas of West Africa: A synthesis |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=375 |issue=1–2 |pages=90–102 |bibcode=2009JHyd..375...90D |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.12.012 |issn=0022-1694}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Canjin yanayi|Canjin yanayi na duniya]]: Ƙarin ruwan sama na yanayi (matsalolin yanayi daban-daban). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Roudier |first=P. |last2=Ducharne |first2=A. |last3=Feyen |first3=L. |date=2014-07-31 |title=Climate change impacts on runoff in West Africa: a review |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=2789–2801 |bibcode=2014HESS...18.2789R |doi=10.5194/hess-18-2789-2014 |issn=1607-7938 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Birane a Nijar suna da mummunan shiri kuma ba su iya daidaitawa da sauye-sauyen yawan jama'a da ke ƙaruwa da sauri ba. Tsarin magudanar ruwa yana gabatowa, kuma garuruwa da yawa ba su da hanyoyin sadarwar magudanar. Saboda saurin karuwar yawan jama'a, mazauna sun gina gidaje ba tare da tsarawa da tsari ba. Sanya shara a kan tituna yana toshe rugujewar ƙasa a lokacin manyan abubuwan da suka faru.
* Rashin ruwa mai yawa: Ana fitar da ruwa mai yawa a lokacin ruwan sama. Ruwan ruwa a cikin kogin yana ƙaruwa kuma matakin ruwa na kogin yana tashi.

== Binciken ruwa da na yanayi ==
[[Fayil:Niger_river_map.PNG|thumb|[[Neja (kogi)|Kogin Neja]] ya haɗa da yankin [[Gini|Guinea]], Côte d'Ivoire, [[Mali]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], [[Aljeriya]], [[Benin]], [[Najeriya]] da [[Kamaru]].]]
Yankunan da suka fi fama da cutar sune yankunan hamada na [[Yankin Tahoua|Tahoua]] a yamma da Agadez a arewa, kuma zuwa ƙarami, yankin [[Yankin Maradi|Maradi]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-09-18 |title=38 Killed, 92,000 Homeless As Flood Ravages Niger {{!}} NigerianNation Newspapers |url=http://newspapers.nigeriannation.com/38-killed-92000-homeless-as-flood-ravages-niger/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918025033/http://newspapers.nigeriannation.com/38-killed-92000-homeless-as-flood-ravages-niger/ |archive-date=2016-09-18 |access-date=2019-10-26}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160918025033/http://newspapers.nigeriannation.com/38-killed-92000-homeless-as-flood-ravages-niger/ &quot;38 Killed, 92,000 Homeless As Flood Ravages Niger | NigerianNation Newspapers&quot;]. 2016-09-18. Archived from [http://newspapers.nigeriannation.com/38-killed-92000-homeless-as-flood-ravages-niger/ the original] on 2016-09-18&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2019-10-26&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; An yi rikodin hauhawar matakan kogi da sauri. A cikin mako guda, an yi rikodin hauhawar 1.90 m a tashar Sirba a [[Garbé Kourou]]. Wata tashar a kan [[Gorouol river|Kogin Gorouol]], wani yanki na Kogin Neja, ya auna hauhawar 2.9 m a cikin makonni biyu a ƙarshen Yuli, matakin kogin da aka rubuta a cikin shekaru 50 na aikin tashar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Davies |first=Richard |date=2016-08-12 |title=West Africa – Deadly Floods in Mali and Burkina Faso |url=http://floodlist.com/africa/west-africa-floods-nigeria-mali-burkina-faso-august-2016 |access-date=24 October 2019 |website=Floodlist}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDavies2016&quot;&gt;Davies, Richard (2016-08-12). [http://floodlist.com/africa/west-africa-floods-nigeria-mali-burkina-faso-august-2016 &quot;West Africa – Deadly Floods in Mali and Burkina Faso&quot;]. ''Floodlist''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 October&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-08-22 |title=West Africa:Impact of the floods |url=https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/documents/files/wca_a4_l_impact_of_floods_20160822.pdf |access-date=24 October 2019 |website=Humanitarian Response}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matsayin ruwa ya ci gaba da tashi, ya kai matsayi mafi girma a ranar 6 ga Satumba tun 1964 a cikin [[Inner Niger Delta]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-09-07 |title=Extreme flooding predicted in Mali's Inner Niger Delta |url=https://www.wetlands.org/news/extreme-flooding-predicted-in-malis-inner-niger-delta/ |access-date=24 October 2019 |website=Wetlands International}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.wetlands.org/news/extreme-flooding-predicted-in-malis-inner-niger-delta/ &quot;Extreme flooding predicted in Mali's Inner Niger Delta&quot;]. ''Wetlands International''. 2016-09-07&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 October&lt;/span&gt; 2019&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Matsayin kogin da ba a saba gani ba zai iya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar ruwan sama mai yawa a ko' kogin Neja, kamar ruwan sama sama sama da {{Cvt|200|mm}}  in) a kowace rana a ranar 23 ga Mayu a Neja, tsawon lokacin ruwan sama a [[Gini|Guinea]] da [[Mali]] daga 9 ga Agusta zuwa 27 ga Agusta, da ruwan sama mai ban mamaki a yankin [[Azawagh]], sama da 200mm (7.9 a ranar 13 ga Agusta)  a kusa da 27 ga Agustan da 29 ga Agusta.

== Tasirin ==
Yankin da ke kudu da Sahara ya ga karuwar abin da ya faru da kuma tsananin ambaliyar ruwa a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, tare da sakamakon rashin daidaituwa da samar da abinci da kiwon lafiya a yankin da ya riga ya shafi matsanancin talauci da saurin yawan jama'a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fiorillo |first=Edoardo |last2=Crisci |first2=Alfonso |last3=Issa |first3=Hassimou |last4=Maracchi |first4=Giampiero |last5=Morabito |first5=Marco |last6=Tarchiani |first6=Vieri |date=2018-07-03 |title=Recent Changes of Floods and Related Impacts in Niger Based on the ANADIA Niger Flood Database |journal=Climate |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=59 |bibcode=2018Clim....6...59F |doi=10.3390/cli6030059 |issn=2225-1154 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dangane da kimantawa, ambaliyar 2016 ta haifar da asarar akalla rayuka 38 kuma ta lalata kusan gidaje 9,000, ta bar dubban mutane ba tare da gida ba. Kimanin dabbobi 26,000 sun ɓace. Ambaliyar ta haifar da ƙaura mai yawa, wanda ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar hare-haren da [[Boko Haram]] ke ci gaba, da kuma karuwar gasa kan ƙasar noma.

Ya zuwa ƙarshen Satumba 2019, ba a bayar da rahoton kamuwa da kwalara ba, yayin da ambaliyar ruwa a shekarar 2014 ta shafi fiye da mutane 1,400.

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'''''Cynotilapia zebroides''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda aka san yana faruwa ne kawai a kusa da Tsibirin Likoma inda yake fifita wurare masu zurfi da duwatsu.  Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|8.6|cm|in}} TL .  Ana iya samun wannan nau'in a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] inda aka san shi da '''Mini-zebra''' .

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'''''Cynotilapia zebroides''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda aka san yana faruwa ne kawai a kusa da Tsibirin Likoma inda yake fifita wurare masu zurfi da duwatsu.  Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|8.6|cm|in}} TL .  Ana iya samun wannan nau'in a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] inda aka san shi da '''Mini-zebra''' .

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'''''Aulonocara trematocephalum''''' nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . An san shi ne kawai daga holotype wanda aka yi kuskuren rubuta shi a matsayin an tattara shi daga &quot;ƙarshen arewa na [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] &quot; kuma aka bayyana shi da ''Tilapia trematocephala.'' Ya kasance na ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin cichlid na Malawi kuma da farko an haɗa shi cikin nau'in ''[[Trematocranus]]''

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'''''Aulonocara trematocephalum''''' nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . An san shi ne kawai daga holotype wanda aka yi kuskuren rubuta shi a matsayin an tattara shi daga &quot;ƙarshen arewa na [[Tafkin Tanganyika]] &quot; kuma aka bayyana shi da ''Tilapia trematocephala.'' Ya kasance na ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin cichlid na Malawi kuma da farko an haɗa shi cikin nau'in ''[[Trematocranus]]''

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'''''Aulonocara auditor''''' wani nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . An san shi ne kawai daga holotype da aka tattara a arewacin Tafkin Malawi kusa da Vua, Malawi.  IUCN ta bayyana cewa wannan nau'in na iya ɓacewa saboda yanayin rairayin bakin teku a cikin iyakataccen kewayonsa amma akwai iƙirarin cewa an lura da shi a cikin 1989 kuma yana da yawa, &lt;ref name=&quot;Konings&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ad Konings |date=10 September 1996 |title=''Aulonocara auditor'' (Trewavas, 1935) |url=https://www.cichlidae.com/article.php?id=27 |access-date=1 December 2018 |publisher=Cichlid Room Companion}}&lt;/ref&gt; kodayake daga baya an janye wannan kuma an bayyana cewa waɗannan abubuwan sun shafi ''Aulonocara aquilonium'' . Bayan binciken holotype, wannan binciken ya kuma nuna cewa ''A. auditor'' bazai zama nau'in ''[[Aulonocara]]'' ba kuma ana buƙatar tattara ƙarin kayan aiki da kuma nazarin su. &lt;ref name=&quot;Review&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ad Konings |year=1995 |title=A review of the sand-dwelling species of the genus ''Aulonocara'', with the description of three new species |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237091725 |journal=The Cichlids Yearbook |volume=5 |pages=26–36}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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'''''Aulonocara auditor''''' wani nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . An san shi ne kawai daga holotype da aka tattara a arewacin Tafkin Malawi kusa da Vua, Malawi.  IUCN ta bayyana cewa wannan nau'in na iya ɓacewa saboda yanayin rairayin bakin teku a cikin iyakataccen kewayonsa amma akwai iƙirarin cewa an lura da shi a cikin 1989 kuma yana da yawa, &lt;ref name=&quot;Konings&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ad Konings |date=10 September 1996 |title=''Aulonocara auditor'' (Trewavas, 1935) |url=https://www.cichlidae.com/article.php?id=27 |access-date=1 December 2018 |publisher=Cichlid Room Companion}}&lt;/ref&gt; kodayake daga baya an janye wannan kuma an bayyana cewa waɗannan abubuwan sun shafi ''Aulonocara aquilonium'' . Bayan binciken holotype, wannan binciken ya kuma nuna cewa ''A. auditor'' bazai zama nau'in ''[[Aulonocara]]'' ba kuma ana buƙatar tattara ƙarin kayan aiki da kuma nazarin su. &lt;ref name=&quot;Review&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ad Konings |year=1995 |title=A review of the sand-dwelling species of the genus ''Aulonocara'', with the description of three new species |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237091725 |journal=The Cichlids Yearbook |volume=5 |pages=26–36}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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Zimbabwe ta fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani daga Disamba 2016 zuwa Maris 2017 saboda ruwan sama mai tsanani wanda ya biyo bayan [[fari]] na shekaru biyu.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-03-03 |title=Zimbabwe says nearly 250 killed in flooding since December |url=https://apnews.com/general-news-24c3d5700370433288521c9d620030d9 |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=AP News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-03-03 |title=From El Nino Drought to Floods, Zimbabwe's Double Trouble |url=https://www.globalissues.org/news/2017/03/03/22924#:~:text=Zimbabwe%20has%20not%20been%20spared,to%20diseases,%20including%20the%20Zika |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=www.globalissues.org |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lokacin ruwan sama na [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe ta]] fara ne a watan Oktoba 2016, yana ci gaba har zuwa Disamba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-03-03 |title=From El Nino Drought to Floods, Zimbabwe's Double Trouble |url=https://www.globalissues.org/news/2017/03/03/22924#:~:text=Zimbabwe%20has%20not%20been%20spared,to%20diseases,%20including%20the%20Zika |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=www.globalissues.org |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Government of Zimbabwe |date=2017-03-03 |title=Zimbabwe Government Press Statement on Flood Affected Rural and Urban Areas of the Country: 2016/2017 Rainfall Season |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/zimbabwe/zimbabwe-government-press-statement-flood-affected-rural-and-urban-areas-country |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yanayin ya kara muni da Cyclone Dineo, wanda ya fadi a [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite report|last1=International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement}}&lt;/ref&gt; An rage shi zuwa mummunan yanayi yayin da ya haye zuwa Zimbabwe washegari.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Har zuwa 100 mm na ruwan sama ya fadi a cikin awanni 24, wanda ya sa [[Kogin Gwayi]] ya cika,  &lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot; /&gt; ambaliyar ƙauyuka da ke kusa da su kuma ya lalata gidaje da [[Infrastructure|ababen more rayuwa]] na jama'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mavhura |first=Emmanuel |date=2020-12-01 |title=Learning from the tropical cyclones that ravaged Zimbabwe: policy implications for effective disaster preparedness |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11069-020-04271-7 |journal=Natural Hazards |language=en |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=2261–2275 |bibcode=2020NatHa.104.2261M |doi=10.1007/s11069-020-04271-7 |issn=1573-0840 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

gundumomi arba'in da biyar sun shafa, tare da Matabeleland, Midlands, Masvingo, Mashonaland West, Manicaland, da larduna Metropolitan sun fi fama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite report|last1=International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs |author-link=United Nations |date=9 March 2017 |title=Zimbabwe Flood Snapshot (as of 09 March 2017) |url=https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/zimbabwe/zimbabwe-flood-snapshot-09-march-2017 |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=www.unocha.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnati ta kiyasta cewa ambaliyar ta kashe 251 &lt;ref name=&quot;:46&quot; /&gt; kuma ta ji rauni aƙalla mutane 128. Masu zaman kansu da na jama'a sun lalace ko kuma sun lalace, gami da gadoji 5, &lt;ref name=&quot;:46&quot; /&gt; fiye da [[madatsar ruwa]] 140, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; makarantu 388, da gidaje 2,579, sun bar mutane da yawa da ba su da gida. Kusan mutane 2,000 ne suka rasa muhallinsu a cikin Gundumar Tsholotsho mafi muni, &lt;ref name=&quot;:46&quot; /&gt; wanda sama da 859 (yawanci yara) suka sami mafaka a sansanin wucin gadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Government of Zimbabwe |date=2017-03-03 |title=Zimbabwe Government Press Statement on Flood Affected Rural and Urban Areas of the Country: 2016/2017 Rainfall Season |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/zimbabwe/zimbabwe-government-press-statement-flood-affected-rural-and-urban-areas-country |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An lalata ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa, wanda ya lalata ingancin ruwa, tsaftacewa, da tsabta ([[WASH]]), ya bar mutane 100,000 ba tare da ruwan sha mai kyau ba, kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga barkewar cututtuka ciki har da [[Zazzabin Rawaya|typhoid]], [[Amai da Gudawa|kwalara]], da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=UNICEF |date=2024-11-07 |title=Emergencies Zimbabwe - Supporting children and families affected by emergencies |url=https://www.unicef.org/zimbabwe/emergencies |website=Emergencies}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ==
[[Fayil:Dineo_2017-02-15_1115Z.jpg|alt=Satellite image of Cyclone Dineo over the Indian Ocean on 15 February 2017|thumb|Guguwar Dineo a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu 2017, kafin ta fadi a Mozambique]]

=== Abubuwan da ke tattare da yanayi ===

==== Tsarin El Niño da La Niña ====
Ambaliyar ruwa ta 2016-2017 an danganta ta da abin da ya faru na La Niña wanda ya haifar da ruwan sama mai yawa da aikin guguwa na wurare masu zafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:122&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mavhura |first=Emmanuel |last2=Collins |first2=Andrew |last3=Bongo |first3=Pathias Paradzayi |date=2017-02-06 |title=Flood vulnerability and relocation readiness in Zimbabwe |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/DPM-05-2016-0101/full/html |journal=Disaster Prevention and Management |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=41–54 |bibcode=2017DisPM..26...41M |doi=10.1108/DPM-05-2016-0101 |issn=0965-3562 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tirivangasi |first=Happy Mathew |last2=Nyahunda |first2=Louis |last3=Mabila |first3=Thembinkosi |date=2021-12-26 |title=Review of disaster response strategies for sustainable development in the wake of flood risks in Zimbabwe's rural-urban settlements |journal=Technium Social Sciences Journal |volume=26 |pages=968–983 |doi=10.47577/tssj.v26i1.5001 |issn=2668-7798 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya biyo bayan taron El Niño na 2014-2016 wanda ya haifar da rage ruwan sama da fari.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-03-03 |title=Zimbabwe says nearly 250 killed in flooding since December |url=https://apnews.com/general-news-24c3d5700370433288521c9d620030d9 |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=AP News |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://apnews.com/general-news-24c3d5700370433288521c9d620030d9 &quot;Zimbabwe says nearly 250 killed in flooding since December&quot;]. ''AP News''. 3 March 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 November&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan canjin daga mummunan yanayin fari zuwa yanayin rigar da ya wuce gona da iri ya haifar da wuraren da aka cika da sauri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Government of Zimbabwe |date=2017-03-03 |title=Zimbabwe Government Press Statement on Flood Affected Rural and Urban Areas of the Country: 2016/2017 Rainfall Season |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/zimbabwe/zimbabwe-government-press-statement-flood-affected-rural-and-urban-areas-country |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGovernment_of_Zimbabwe2017&quot;&gt;Government of Zimbabwe (3 March 2017). [https://reliefweb.int/report/zimbabwe/zimbabwe-government-press-statement-flood-affected-rural-and-urban-areas-country &quot;Zimbabwe Government Press Statement on Flood Affected Rural and Urban Areas of the Country: 2016/2017 Rainfall Season&quot;]. ''reliefweb.int''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 November&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Guguwa mai zafi ====
A watan Fabrairun 2017, Cyclone Dineo ya samo asali ne daga Mozambique Channel a cikin [[Tekun Indiya]], tare da iskõki sun kai ƙarfin 129.6 km / h.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moses |first=Oliver |last2=Ramotonto |first2=Samuel |date=2018-09-01 |title=Assessing forecasting models on prediction of the tropical cyclone Dineo and the associated rainfall over Botswana |journal=Weather and Climate Extremes |volume=21 |pages=102–109 |bibcode=2018WCE....21..102M |doi=10.1016/j.wace.2018.07.004 |issn=2212-0947 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ya sauka, ya buga kudu maso gabashin Mozambique a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu tare da iskõki sama da 100 km / h.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McElwee |first=Rob |title=Tropical Storm Dineo hits Mozambique |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/2/16/tropical-storm-dineo-hits-mozambique |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Guguwar ta ci gaba da shiga cikin ƙasa don isa Zimbabwe a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, ta kawo ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da iska mai ƙarfi har zuwa 100 mm na ruwan sama a cikin awanni 24.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite report|last1=International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation report cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFIFRC2017&quot;&gt;[[Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent ta kasa da kasa|IFRC]] (2 October 2017). [https://adore.ifrc.org/Download.aspx?FileId=171940 Emergency Plan of Action Final Report - Zimbabwe: Floods] (Report). International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
[[Fayil:Zimbabwe_Topography.png|thumb|Yanayin ƙasa na Zimbabwe]]

=== Abubuwan da suka shafi ƙasa ===

==== Yanayin ƙasa ====
Wani babban tudu mai suna Highveld, wani ɓangare na Yankin Zambezi, ya haye kashin Zimbabwe a kusan mita 1,200 sama da matakin teku.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Citation|journal=Anabela Marisa|url-status=Brandli|access-date=Özuyar}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan tudu yana samar da ruwa tare da ƙananan yankuna a kowane gefe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Magure |first=Martin |last2=Gumindoga |first2=Webster |last3=Makurira |first3=Hodson |last4=Rwasoka |first4=Donald Tendai |date=2022-11-01 |title=Impacts of wetland loss and fragmentation on the hydrology of Zimbabwe's highveld |url=https://iwaponline.com/wpt/article/17/11/2463/90794/Impacts-of-wetland-loss-and-fragmentation-on-the |journal=Water Practice and Technology |language=en |volume=17 |issue=11 |pages=2463–2483 |bibcode=2022WatPT..17.2463M |doi=10.2166/wpt.2022.107 |issn=1751-231X |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yankunan da ke kewaye da su suna gangarowa cikin [[Kogin Zambezi]] zuwa arewa, [[Kogin Limpopo]] zuwa kudu, da kuma kogin Save zuwa kudu maso gabas, suna sa yankunan da ke ƙasa sun fi fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mtetwa |first=Ezekia |date=2018-01-02 |title=Technology, ideology and environment. The social dynamics of iron metallurgy in Great Zimbabwe, AD 900 to the present |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0067270x.2018.1440959 |journal=Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=133 |doi=10.1080/0067270x.2018.1440959 |issn=0067-270X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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Zimbabwe ta fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani daga Disamba 2016 zuwa Maris 2017 saboda ruwan sama mai tsanani wanda ya biyo bayan [[fari]] na shekaru biyu.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-03-03 |title=Zimbabwe says nearly 250 killed in flooding since December |url=https://apnews.com/general-news-24c3d5700370433288521c9d620030d9 |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=AP News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-03-03 |title=From El Nino Drought to Floods, Zimbabwe's Double Trouble |url=https://www.globalissues.org/news/2017/03/03/22924#:~:text=Zimbabwe%20has%20not%20been%20spared,to%20diseases,%20including%20the%20Zika |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=www.globalissues.org |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lokacin ruwan sama na [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe ta]] fara ne a watan Oktoba 2016, yana ci gaba har zuwa Disamba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-03-03 |title=From El Nino Drought to Floods, Zimbabwe's Double Trouble |url=https://www.globalissues.org/news/2017/03/03/22924#:~:text=Zimbabwe%20has%20not%20been%20spared,to%20diseases,%20including%20the%20Zika |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=www.globalissues.org |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Government of Zimbabwe |date=2017-03-03 |title=Zimbabwe Government Press Statement on Flood Affected Rural and Urban Areas of the Country: 2016/2017 Rainfall Season |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/zimbabwe/zimbabwe-government-press-statement-flood-affected-rural-and-urban-areas-country |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yanayin ya kara muni da Cyclone Dineo, wanda ya fadi a [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite report|last1=International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement}}&lt;/ref&gt; An rage shi zuwa mummunan yanayi yayin da ya haye zuwa Zimbabwe washegari.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Har zuwa 100 mm na ruwan sama ya fadi a cikin awanni 24, wanda ya sa [[Kogin Gwayi]] ya cika,  &lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot; /&gt; ambaliyar ƙauyuka da ke kusa da su kuma ya lalata gidaje da [[Infrastructure|ababen more rayuwa]] na jama'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mavhura |first=Emmanuel |date=2020-12-01 |title=Learning from the tropical cyclones that ravaged Zimbabwe: policy implications for effective disaster preparedness |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11069-020-04271-7 |journal=Natural Hazards |language=en |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=2261–2275 |bibcode=2020NatHa.104.2261M |doi=10.1007/s11069-020-04271-7 |issn=1573-0840 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

gundumomi arba'in da biyar sun shafa, tare da Matabeleland, Midlands, Masvingo, Mashonaland West, Manicaland, da larduna Metropolitan sun fi fama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite report|last1=International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs |author-link=United Nations |date=9 March 2017 |title=Zimbabwe Flood Snapshot (as of 09 March 2017) |url=https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/zimbabwe/zimbabwe-flood-snapshot-09-march-2017 |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=www.unocha.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnati ta kiyasta cewa ambaliyar ta kashe 251 &lt;ref name=&quot;:46&quot; /&gt; kuma ta ji rauni aƙalla mutane 128. Masu zaman kansu da na jama'a sun lalace ko kuma sun lalace, gami da gadoji 5, &lt;ref name=&quot;:46&quot; /&gt; fiye da [[madatsar ruwa]] 140, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; makarantu 388, da gidaje 2,579, sun bar mutane da yawa da ba su da gida. Kusan mutane 2,000 ne suka rasa muhallinsu a cikin Gundumar Tsholotsho mafi muni, &lt;ref name=&quot;:46&quot; /&gt; wanda sama da 859 (yawanci yara) suka sami mafaka a sansanin wucin gadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Government of Zimbabwe |date=2017-03-03 |title=Zimbabwe Government Press Statement on Flood Affected Rural and Urban Areas of the Country: 2016/2017 Rainfall Season |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/zimbabwe/zimbabwe-government-press-statement-flood-affected-rural-and-urban-areas-country |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; An lalata ababen more rayuwa na samar da ruwa, wanda ya lalata ingancin ruwa, tsaftacewa, da tsabta ([[WASH]]), ya bar mutane 100,000 ba tare da ruwan sha mai kyau ba, kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga barkewar cututtuka ciki har da [[Zazzabin Rawaya|typhoid]], [[Amai da Gudawa|kwalara]], da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=UNICEF |date=2024-11-07 |title=Emergencies Zimbabwe - Supporting children and families affected by emergencies |url=https://www.unicef.org/zimbabwe/emergencies |website=Emergencies}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ==
[[Fayil:Dineo_2017-02-15_1115Z.jpg|alt=Satellite image of Cyclone Dineo over the Indian Ocean on 15 February 2017|thumb|Guguwar Dineo a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu 2017, kafin ta fadi a Mozambique]]

=== Abubuwan da ke tattare da yanayi ===

==== Tsarin El Niño da La Niña ====
Ambaliyar ruwa ta 2016-2017 an danganta ta da abin da ya faru na La Niña wanda ya haifar da ruwan sama mai yawa da aikin guguwa na wurare masu zafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:122&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mavhura |first=Emmanuel |last2=Collins |first2=Andrew |last3=Bongo |first3=Pathias Paradzayi |date=2017-02-06 |title=Flood vulnerability and relocation readiness in Zimbabwe |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/DPM-05-2016-0101/full/html |journal=Disaster Prevention and Management |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=41–54 |bibcode=2017DisPM..26...41M |doi=10.1108/DPM-05-2016-0101 |issn=0965-3562 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tirivangasi |first=Happy Mathew |last2=Nyahunda |first2=Louis |last3=Mabila |first3=Thembinkosi |date=2021-12-26 |title=Review of disaster response strategies for sustainable development in the wake of flood risks in Zimbabwe's rural-urban settlements |journal=Technium Social Sciences Journal |volume=26 |pages=968–983 |doi=10.47577/tssj.v26i1.5001 |issn=2668-7798 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya biyo bayan taron El Niño na 2014-2016 wanda ya haifar da rage ruwan sama da fari.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-03-03 |title=Zimbabwe says nearly 250 killed in flooding since December |url=https://apnews.com/general-news-24c3d5700370433288521c9d620030d9 |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=AP News |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://apnews.com/general-news-24c3d5700370433288521c9d620030d9 &quot;Zimbabwe says nearly 250 killed in flooding since December&quot;]. ''AP News''. 3 March 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 November&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan canjin daga mummunan yanayin fari zuwa yanayin rigar da ya wuce gona da iri ya haifar da wuraren da aka cika da sauri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Government of Zimbabwe |date=2017-03-03 |title=Zimbabwe Government Press Statement on Flood Affected Rural and Urban Areas of the Country: 2016/2017 Rainfall Season |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/zimbabwe/zimbabwe-government-press-statement-flood-affected-rural-and-urban-areas-country |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGovernment_of_Zimbabwe2017&quot;&gt;Government of Zimbabwe (3 March 2017). [https://reliefweb.int/report/zimbabwe/zimbabwe-government-press-statement-flood-affected-rural-and-urban-areas-country &quot;Zimbabwe Government Press Statement on Flood Affected Rural and Urban Areas of the Country: 2016/2017 Rainfall Season&quot;]. ''reliefweb.int''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 November&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Guguwa mai zafi ====
A watan Fabrairun 2017, Cyclone Dineo ya samo asali ne daga Mozambique Channel a cikin [[Tekun Indiya]], tare da iskõki sun kai ƙarfin 129.6 km / h.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moses |first=Oliver |last2=Ramotonto |first2=Samuel |date=2018-09-01 |title=Assessing forecasting models on prediction of the tropical cyclone Dineo and the associated rainfall over Botswana |journal=Weather and Climate Extremes |volume=21 |pages=102–109 |bibcode=2018WCE....21..102M |doi=10.1016/j.wace.2018.07.004 |issn=2212-0947 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan ya sauka, ya buga kudu maso gabashin Mozambique a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu tare da iskõki sama da 100 km / h.&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=McElwee |first=Rob |title=Tropical Storm Dineo hits Mozambique |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/2/16/tropical-storm-dineo-hits-mozambique |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Guguwar ta ci gaba da shiga cikin ƙasa don isa Zimbabwe a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, ta kawo ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da iska mai ƙarfi har zuwa 100 mm na ruwan sama a cikin awanni 24.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite report|last1=International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation report cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFIFRC2017&quot;&gt;[[Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent ta kasa da kasa|IFRC]] (2 October 2017). [https://adore.ifrc.org/Download.aspx?FileId=171940 Emergency Plan of Action Final Report - Zimbabwe: Floods] (Report). International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
[[Fayil:Zimbabwe_Topography.png|thumb|Yanayin ƙasa na Zimbabwe]]

=== Abubuwan da suka shafi ƙasa ===

==== Yanayin ƙasa ====
Wani babban tudu mai suna Highveld, wani ɓangare na Yankin Zambezi, ya haye kashin Zimbabwe a kusan mita 1,200 sama da matakin teku.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;{{Citation|journal=Anabela Marisa|url-status=Brandli|access-date=Özuyar}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan tudu yana samar da ruwa tare da ƙananan yankuna a kowane gefe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Magure |first=Martin |last2=Gumindoga |first2=Webster |last3=Makurira |first3=Hodson |last4=Rwasoka |first4=Donald Tendai |date=2022-11-01 |title=Impacts of wetland loss and fragmentation on the hydrology of Zimbabwe's highveld |url=https://iwaponline.com/wpt/article/17/11/2463/90794/Impacts-of-wetland-loss-and-fragmentation-on-the |journal=Water Practice and Technology |language=en |volume=17 |issue=11 |pages=2463–2483 |bibcode=2022WatPT..17.2463M |doi=10.2166/wpt.2022.107 |issn=1751-231X |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yankunan da ke kewaye da su suna gangarowa cikin [[Kogin Zambezi]] zuwa arewa, [[Kogin Limpopo]] zuwa kudu, da kuma kogin Save zuwa kudu maso gabas, suna sa yankunan da ke ƙasa sun fi fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mtetwa |first=Ezekia |date=2018-01-02 |title=Technology, ideology and environment. The social dynamics of iron metallurgy in Great Zimbabwe, AD 900 to the present |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0067270x.2018.1440959 |journal=Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=133 |doi=10.1080/0067270x.2018.1440959 |issn=0067-270X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>702gz5jdklvtnpcbllq9sutix6253t4</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sciaenochromis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157056</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855763</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T10:03:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345339200|Sciaenochromis]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Sciaenochromis''''' wani nau'in haplochromine cichlids ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]] . Nau'in ya shahara a cikin sha'awar [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]], musamman ''S. fryeri'' .

Maza ne kawai ke da launin shuɗi mai ban sha'awa, yayin da mata ke da launin toka mai duhu, kuma gabaɗaya suna kama da matan nau'in ''[[Aulonocara]]'' . Duk ''Sciaenochromis'' piscivores ne (masu cin kifi) kuma galibi suna cin naman mbuna da sauran cichlids na haplochromine. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sciaenochromis {{!}} Malawi Cichlids |url=https://www.malawicichlids.co.uk/sciaenochromis |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=www.malawicichlids.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nau'o'i ==
A halin yanzu akwai nau'ikan halittu guda huɗu da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Hoto
! Sunan kimiyya
! Suna gama gari
! Rarrabawa
|-
|[[Fayil:Electric_blue_hap.jpg|120x120px]]
| ''Sciaenochromis ahli'' &lt;small&gt;( Trewavas, 1935)&lt;/small&gt;
| Hasken Shuɗi Mai Lantarki
| Tafkin Malawi
|-
|
| ''Sciaenochromis benthicola'' &lt;small&gt;Konings, 1993&lt;/small&gt;
|
| Tafkin Malawi
|-
|[[Fayil:Fryeri6.jpg|120x120px]]
| ''Sciaenochromis fryeri'' &lt;small&gt;Konings, 1993&lt;/small&gt;
|
| Tafkin Malawi
|-
|
| ''Sciaenochromis psammophilus'' &lt;small&gt;Konings, 1993&lt;/small&gt;
| Kande Mai Shuɗi Mai Lantarki
| Tafkin Malawi
|-
|}

== A cikin akwatin kifaye ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Kamar dukkan cichlids daga [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], ya fi kyau a ajiye su a cikin ruwan alkaline mai tauri . ''Sciaenochromis'' ya fi kyau a ajiye shi a cikin tankuna masu ƙarfin fiye da [[lita]] 210 ( galan 55). Wannan kifi ne mai ƙarfi, kuma mafi ƙarancin girman tanki na lita 210 ana iya karɓa ne kawai idan mutum uku ne na namiji 1 da mace 2. Idan aka ajiye fiye da namiji ɗaya, ƙwararru suna ba da shawarar a ɗauki mafi ƙarancin girman tanki na {{Convert|350|L}} shine mafi ƙarancin. Maza kuma suna iya nuna fushi ga kifaye masu launuka iri ɗaya na wasu nau'ikan, misali ''[[Aulonocara]]'' ko ''Placidochromis'' . Ya fi kyau a yi taka tsantsan da samun 'Hap na Lantarki Mai Shuɗi' a cikin akwatin kifaye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fishkeeper |date=2019-07-23 |title=Electric Blue Ahli (Sciaenochromis Fryeri) &quot;Maleri Island&quot; {{!}} Tropical Fish Keeping |url=https://tropical-fish-keeping.com/electric-blue-ahli-sciaenochromis-fryeri-maleri-island.html |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=Tropical Fish Keeping - Tropical Fish Keeping of fresh and saltwater aquarium fish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>855765</id>
      <parentid>855763</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T10:04:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <origin>855765</origin>
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      <text bytes="2540" sha1="6wnqkzemvqsropcq089jpn2b49nakmf" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Sciaenochromis''''' wani nau'in haplochromine cichlids ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]] . Nau'in ya shahara a cikin sha'awar [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]], musamman ''S. fryeri'' .

Maza ne kawai ke da launin shuɗi mai ban sha'awa, yayin da mata ke da launin toka mai duhu, kuma gabaɗaya suna kama da matan nau'in ''[[Aulonocara]]'' . Duk ''Sciaenochromis'' piscivores ne (masu cin kifi) kuma galibi suna cin naman mbuna da sauran cichlids na haplochromine. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sciaenochromis {{!}} Malawi Cichlids |url=https://www.malawicichlids.co.uk/sciaenochromis |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=www.malawicichlids.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nau'o'i ==
A halin yanzu akwai nau'ikan halittu guda huɗu da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Hoto
! Sunan kimiyya
! Suna gama gari
! Rarrabawa
|-
|[[Fayil:Electric_blue_hap.jpg|120x120px]]
| ''Sciaenochromis ahli'' &lt;small&gt;( Trewavas, 1935)&lt;/small&gt;
| Hasken Shuɗi Mai Lantarki
| Tafkin Malawi
|-
|
| ''Sciaenochromis benthicola'' &lt;small&gt;Konings, 1993&lt;/small&gt;
|
| Tafkin Malawi
|-
|[[Fayil:Fryeri6.jpg|120x120px]]
| ''Sciaenochromis fryeri'' &lt;small&gt;Konings, 1993&lt;/small&gt;
|
| Tafkin Malawi
|-
|
| ''Sciaenochromis psammophilus'' &lt;small&gt;Konings, 1993&lt;/small&gt;
| Kande Mai Shuɗi Mai Lantarki
| Tafkin Malawi
|-
|}

== A cikin akwatin kifaye ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Kamar dukkan cichlids daga [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], ya fi kyau a ajiye su a cikin ruwan alkaline mai tauri . ''Sciaenochromis'' ya fi kyau a ajiye shi a cikin tankuna masu ƙarfin fiye da [[lita]] 210 ( galan 55). Wannan kifi ne mai ƙarfi, kuma mafi ƙarancin girman tanki na lita 210 ana iya karɓa ne kawai idan mutum uku ne na namiji 1 da mace 2. Idan aka ajiye fiye da namiji ɗaya, ƙwararru suna ba da shawarar a ɗauki mafi ƙarancin girman tanki na {{Convert|350|L}} shine mafi ƙarancin. Maza kuma suna iya nuna fushi ga kifaye masu launuka iri ɗaya na wasu nau'ikan, misali ''[[Aulonocara]]'' ko ''Placidochromis'' . Ya fi kyau a yi taka tsantsan da samun 'Hap na Lantarki Mai Shuɗi' a cikin akwatin kifaye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fishkeeper |date=2019-07-23 |title=Electric Blue Ahli (Sciaenochromis Fryeri) &quot;Maleri Island&quot; {{!}} Tropical Fish Keeping |url=https://tropical-fish-keeping.com/electric-blue-ahli-sciaenochromis-fryeri-maleri-island.html |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=Tropical Fish Keeping - Tropical Fish Keeping of fresh and saltwater aquarium fish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>6wnqkzemvqsropcq089jpn2b49nakmf</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Rashin ruwa na Uganda na 2010</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-13T10:06:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327500328|2010 Ugandan landslide]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="10221" sha1="2c81eyidjhkutwwvg22nwgxzamy7o26" xml:space="preserve">Rugujewar ƙasar [[Uganda]] ta 2010 ta faru ne a Gundumar Bududa a gabashin Uganda a ranar 1 ga Maris 2010.  Ruwan sama mai yawa ya haifar da rushewar tsakanin karfe 12 na yamma da karfe 7 na yamma a wannan rana. Akalla mutane 100 an yi imanin cewa an kashe su, kuma an sami gawawwakin 94.&lt;ref name=&quot;Deadly landslide hits east Uganda&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Wadanda suka mutu ==
Wani mai magana da yawun kungiyar Red Cross na Uganda ya bayyana cewa masu ceto sun gano gawawwakin 50, yayin da wani ministan gwamnatin Uganda ya sanya adadin wadanda suka mutu sama da 100.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fifty bodies found in landslide in eastern Uganda&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 March 2010 |title=Fifty bodies found in landslide in eastern Uganda |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-03/02/c_13194463.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305085044/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-03/02/c_13194463.htm |archive-date=5 March 2010 |access-date=2 March 2010 |agency=[[Xinhua]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban gundumar Bududa ta gabashin ya ba da shawarar cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu na iya kaiwa 300.&lt;ref name=&quot;300 feared dead in Uganda&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 March 2010 |title=300 feared dead in Uganda |url=http://www.news24.com/Content/Africa/News/965/208ab7dd48e44107bf9ac7f0d2a81f58/02-03-2010-01-20/300_feared_dead_in_Uganda |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305103741/http://www.news24.com/Content/Africa/News/965/208ab7dd48e44107bf9ac7f0d2a81f58/02-03-2010-01-20/300_feared_dead_in_Uganda |archive-date=5 March 2010 |access-date=2 March 2010 |publisher=[[News24 (website)|News24]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daruruwan mutane sun ɓace kuma ana zaton sun mutu, ciki har da yara 60 da suka nemi mafaka a cibiyar kiwon lafiya da ke kusa da ita wacce aka lalata daga baya.

== Tasirin ==
Rushewar ta buge ƙauyuka a kan gangaren [[Dutsen Elgon]], gami da [[Nameti]], [[Kubewo]], da [[Nankobe]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;300 feared dead in Uganda&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 March 2010 |title=300 feared dead in Uganda |url=http://www.news24.com/Content/Africa/News/965/208ab7dd48e44107bf9ac7f0d2a81f58/02-03-2010-01-20/300_feared_dead_in_Uganda |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305103741/http://www.news24.com/Content/Africa/News/965/208ab7dd48e44107bf9ac7f0d2a81f58/02-03-2010-01-20/300_feared_dead_in_Uganda |archive-date=5 March 2010 |access-date=2 March 2010 |publisher=[[News24 (website)|News24]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100305103741/http://www.news24.com/Content/Africa/News/965/208ab7dd48e44107bf9ac7f0d2a81f58/02-03-2010-01-20/300_feared_dead_in_Uganda &quot;300 feared dead in Uganda&quot;]. [[News24 (website)|News24]]. 2 March 2010. Archived from [http://www.news24.com/Content/Africa/News/965/208ab7dd48e44107bf9ac7f0d2a81f58/02-03-2010-01-20/300_feared_dead_in_Uganda the original] on 5 March 2010&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 March&lt;/span&gt; 2010&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; tare da gidaje 85 da aka lalata a Nameti.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fifty bodies found in landslide in eastern Uganda&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 March 2010 |title=Fifty bodies found in landslide in eastern Uganda |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-03/02/c_13194463.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305085044/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-03/02/c_13194463.htm |archive-date=5 March 2010 |access-date=2 March 2010 |agency=[[Xinhua]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100305085044/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-03/02/c_13194463.htm &quot;Fifty bodies found in landslide in eastern Uganda&quot;]. [[Xinhua]]. 2 March 2010. Archived from [http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-03/02/c_13194463.htm the original] on 5 March 2010&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 March&lt;/span&gt; 2010&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Yankunan da yawa a cikin ƙauyukan da abin ya shafa an binne su ta hanyar rushewar ƙasa, tare da gidaje, kasuwanni, da coci sun lalace; hanyoyi da yawa sun kuma toshe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Some 350 people missing in Uganda landslide&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 March 2010 |title=Some 350 people missing in Uganda landslide |url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/afp/some-350-people-missing-in-uganda-landlside/361608 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006073537/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/afp/some-350-people-missing-in-uganda-landlside/361608 |archive-date=6 October 2011 |access-date=2 March 2010 |website=[[Jakarta Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jami'ai da ma'aikatan agaji sun yi gargadin cewa akwai yiwuwar ƙarin rushewar ƙasa, yayin da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ke ci gaba da faɗuwa a yankin.

A Butaleja, sama da gidaje 6,000 daga ƙananan yankuna na [[Kachonga]], [[Masimasa]], [[Kimuntu]] da [[Nawangofu]] ruwan sama ya shafa, tare da makarantun firamare guda biyu a [[Nabehere]] da [[Lubembe]] sun cika da ambaliyar ruwa. An kuma rufe hanyar Mbale-Busolwa saboda ambaliyar ruwa. Red Cross na sa ran ƙarin ambaliyar ruwa a cikin gundumomin Moroto, Katakwi da Nakapiripirit na ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=David Mafabi |date=2 March 2010 |title=Uganda: 51 Die, 300 Missing in Bududa Landslide |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201003020769.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 December 2015 |website=The Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amsar gaggawa ==
Tarsis Kabwegyere, ministan gwamnati, ya bayyana cewa an aika da ƙungiyar mayar da martani don taimakawa tare da kokarin ceto, yayin da Uganda Red Cross ta ba da likitoci. Michael Nataka, Sakatare Janar na Red Cross na Uganda, ya kuma bayyana cewa an kira sojoji don taimakawa a aikin ceto.&lt;ref name=&quot;Some 350 people missing in Uganda landslide&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 March 2010 |title=Some 350 people missing in Uganda landslide |url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/afp/some-350-people-missing-in-uganda-landlside/361608 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006073537/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/afp/some-350-people-missing-in-uganda-landlside/361608 |archive-date=6 October 2011 |access-date=2 March 2010 |website=[[Jakarta Globe]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20111006073537/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/afp/some-350-people-missing-in-uganda-landlside/361608 &quot;Some 350 people missing in Uganda landslide&quot;]. ''[[Jakarta Globe]]''. 2 March 2010. Archived from [http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/afp/some-350-people-missing-in-uganda-landlside/361608 the original] on 6 October 2011&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 March&lt;/span&gt; 2010&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wanjusi Wasieba, Kwamishinan Gundumar Bududa, ya ce kokarin ceto yana da cikas saboda talauci na yankin, wanda ke iyakance sauƙin samun motocin gaggawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fifty bodies found in landslide in eastern Uganda&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 March 2010 |title=Fifty bodies found in landslide in eastern Uganda |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-03/02/c_13194463.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305085044/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-03/02/c_13194463.htm |archive-date=5 March 2010 |access-date=2 March 2010 |agency=[[Xinhua]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100305085044/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-03/02/c_13194463.htm &quot;Fifty bodies found in landslide in eastern Uganda&quot;]. [[Xinhua]]. 2 March 2010. Archived from [http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-03/02/c_13194463.htm the original] on 5 March 2010&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 March&lt;/span&gt; 2010&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Ministry of Disaster Preparedness (Uganda)|Ministan Shirye-shiryen Bala'i]], Musa Ecweru, ya shawarci mutanen da ke zaune a kan gangaren tsaunuka da abin ya shafa su kwashe. Wadanda ke zaune a ƙananan wurare, wuraren da ke fama da ambaliyar ruwa an kuma shawarce su da su koma wurare masu aminci.

Ma'aikatan ceto dole ne su yi amfani da kayan aikin hannu don tonowa cikin laka don ceto wadanda suka tsira. Kashegari bayan rushewar, sojoji da mazauna kauyen da suka tsira sun fara aikin ceto. Jiragen saman soja masu saukar ungulu sun fara jigilar wadanda suka tsira zuwa wani yanki mai nisan kilomita 20.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-03-03 |title=Ugandans hunt for mudslide missing |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2010/03/201033134550153547.html |access-date=2015-12-22 |publisher=Al Jazeera English}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilan da suka haifar ==
Rushewar ta biyo bayan Lokacin ruwa sama mai yawa a yankin, wanda aka sani da samar da kofi. Yanayin yanayi na yankin yawanci yana haifar da lokacin bushewa tsakanin lokutan rigar; duk da haka, sassan Uganda da makwabciyar [[Kenya]] sun ga ruwan sama fiye da yadda ya saba a wannan shekarar. Masana kimiyya sun ba da shawarar cewa [[Canjin yanayi|Canjin yanayi na duniya]] yana shafar tsarin ruwan sama a Gabashin Afirka, tare da karuwar ruwan sama mai tsanani da ba zato ba tsammani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fifty bodies found in landslide in eastern Uganda&quot; /&gt; Rugujewar ƙasa ba sabon abu ba ne a yankin a lokacin rigar, kodayake an bayyana sikelin wannan bala'in a matsayin mafi tsanani fiye da ma waɗanda. Rashin gandun daji na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa, in ji gwamnatin Uganda.&lt;ref name=&quot;NASA Earth Observatory&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 March 2010 |title=Large Landslide in Uganda |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=43130 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315211155/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=43130 |archive-date=15 March 2010 |access-date=15 March 2010 |publisher=[[NASA Earth Observatory]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kudancin kore mai duhu yana girma a kan gangaren sama da yankin slide. Yankin ƙasa mai launin kore, ba tare da ƙauyuka ba, ya raba gandun daji daga slide. An sare wannan yankin tun 2007, bisa ga binciken gwamnati.&lt;ref name=&quot;NASA Earth Observatory&quot; /&gt; A kan tudu mai tsawo, itatuwa suna rataye ƙasa. Duwatsun da aka sare suna da saukin rushewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NASA Earth Observatory&quot; /&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Rugujewar ƙasa ta Uganda ta 2024
* [[Rashin amfani da yawa]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Rugujewar ƙasar [[Uganda]] ta 2010''' ta faru ne a Gundumar Bududa a gabashin Uganda a ranar 1 ga Maris 2010.  Ruwan sama mai yawa ya haifar da rushewar tsakanin karfe 12 na yamma da karfe 7 na yamma a wannan rana. Akalla mutane 100 an yi imanin cewa an kashe su, kuma an sami gawawwakin 94.&lt;ref name=&quot;Deadly landslide hits east Uganda&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Wadanda suka mutu ==
Wani mai magana da yawun kungiyar Red Cross na Uganda ya bayyana cewa masu ceto sun gano gawawwakin 50, yayin da wani ministan gwamnatin Uganda ya sanya adadin wadanda suka mutu sama da 100.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fifty bodies found in landslide in eastern Uganda&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 March 2010 |title=Fifty bodies found in landslide in eastern Uganda |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-03/02/c_13194463.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305085044/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-03/02/c_13194463.htm |archive-date=5 March 2010 |access-date=2 March 2010 |agency=[[Xinhua]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban gundumar Bududa ta gabashin ya ba da shawarar cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu na iya kaiwa 300.&lt;ref name=&quot;300 feared dead in Uganda&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 March 2010 |title=300 feared dead in Uganda |url=http://www.news24.com/Content/Africa/News/965/208ab7dd48e44107bf9ac7f0d2a81f58/02-03-2010-01-20/300_feared_dead_in_Uganda |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305103741/http://www.news24.com/Content/Africa/News/965/208ab7dd48e44107bf9ac7f0d2a81f58/02-03-2010-01-20/300_feared_dead_in_Uganda |archive-date=5 March 2010 |access-date=2 March 2010 |publisher=[[News24 (website)|News24]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Daruruwan mutane sun ɓace kuma ana zaton sun mutu, ciki har da yara 60 da suka nemi mafaka a cibiyar kiwon lafiya da ke kusa da ita wacce aka lalata daga baya.

== Tasirin ==
Rushewar ta buge ƙauyuka a kan gangaren [[Dutsen Elgon]], gami da [[Nameti]], [[Kubewo]], da [[Nankobe]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;300 feared dead in Uganda&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 March 2010 |title=300 feared dead in Uganda |url=http://www.news24.com/Content/Africa/News/965/208ab7dd48e44107bf9ac7f0d2a81f58/02-03-2010-01-20/300_feared_dead_in_Uganda |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305103741/http://www.news24.com/Content/Africa/News/965/208ab7dd48e44107bf9ac7f0d2a81f58/02-03-2010-01-20/300_feared_dead_in_Uganda |archive-date=5 March 2010 |access-date=2 March 2010 |publisher=[[News24 (website)|News24]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100305103741/http://www.news24.com/Content/Africa/News/965/208ab7dd48e44107bf9ac7f0d2a81f58/02-03-2010-01-20/300_feared_dead_in_Uganda &quot;300 feared dead in Uganda&quot;]. [[News24 (website)|News24]]. 2 March 2010. Archived from [http://www.news24.com/Content/Africa/News/965/208ab7dd48e44107bf9ac7f0d2a81f58/02-03-2010-01-20/300_feared_dead_in_Uganda the original] on 5 March 2010&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 March&lt;/span&gt; 2010&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; tare da gidaje 85 da aka lalata a Nameti.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fifty bodies found in landslide in eastern Uganda&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 March 2010 |title=Fifty bodies found in landslide in eastern Uganda |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-03/02/c_13194463.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305085044/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-03/02/c_13194463.htm |archive-date=5 March 2010 |access-date=2 March 2010 |agency=[[Xinhua]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100305085044/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-03/02/c_13194463.htm &quot;Fifty bodies found in landslide in eastern Uganda&quot;]. [[Xinhua]]. 2 March 2010. Archived from [http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-03/02/c_13194463.htm the original] on 5 March 2010&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 March&lt;/span&gt; 2010&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Yankunan da yawa a cikin ƙauyukan da abin ya shafa an binne su ta hanyar rushewar ƙasa, tare da gidaje, kasuwanni, da coci sun lalace; hanyoyi da yawa sun kuma toshe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Some 350 people missing in Uganda landslide&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 March 2010 |title=Some 350 people missing in Uganda landslide |url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/afp/some-350-people-missing-in-uganda-landlside/361608 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006073537/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/afp/some-350-people-missing-in-uganda-landlside/361608 |archive-date=6 October 2011 |access-date=2 March 2010 |website=[[Jakarta Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jami'ai da ma'aikatan agaji sun yi gargadin cewa akwai yiwuwar ƙarin rushewar ƙasa, yayin da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ke ci gaba da faɗuwa a yankin.

A Butaleja, sama da gidaje 6,000 daga ƙananan yankuna na [[Kachonga]], [[Masimasa]], [[Kimuntu]] da [[Nawangofu]] ruwan sama ya shafa, tare da makarantun firamare guda biyu a [[Nabehere]] da [[Lubembe]] sun cika da ambaliyar ruwa. An kuma rufe hanyar Mbale-Busolwa saboda ambaliyar ruwa. Red Cross na sa ran ƙarin ambaliyar ruwa a cikin gundumomin Moroto, Katakwi da Nakapiripirit na ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=David Mafabi |date=2 March 2010 |title=Uganda: 51 Die, 300 Missing in Bududa Landslide |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201003020769.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 December 2015 |website=The Monitor}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amsar gaggawa ==
Tarsis Kabwegyere, ministan gwamnati, ya bayyana cewa an aika da ƙungiyar mayar da martani don taimakawa tare da kokarin ceto, yayin da Uganda Red Cross ta ba da likitoci. Michael Nataka, Sakatare Janar na Red Cross na Uganda, ya kuma bayyana cewa an kira sojoji don taimakawa a aikin ceto.&lt;ref name=&quot;Some 350 people missing in Uganda landslide&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 March 2010 |title=Some 350 people missing in Uganda landslide |url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/afp/some-350-people-missing-in-uganda-landlside/361608 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006073537/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/afp/some-350-people-missing-in-uganda-landlside/361608 |archive-date=6 October 2011 |access-date=2 March 2010 |website=[[Jakarta Globe]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20111006073537/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/afp/some-350-people-missing-in-uganda-landlside/361608 &quot;Some 350 people missing in Uganda landslide&quot;]. ''[[Jakarta Globe]]''. 2 March 2010. Archived from [http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/afp/some-350-people-missing-in-uganda-landlside/361608 the original] on 6 October 2011&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 March&lt;/span&gt; 2010&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wanjusi Wasieba, Kwamishinan Gundumar Bududa, ya ce kokarin ceto yana da cikas saboda talauci na yankin, wanda ke iyakance sauƙin samun motocin gaggawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fifty bodies found in landslide in eastern Uganda&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 March 2010 |title=Fifty bodies found in landslide in eastern Uganda |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-03/02/c_13194463.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305085044/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-03/02/c_13194463.htm |archive-date=5 March 2010 |access-date=2 March 2010 |agency=[[Xinhua]]}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100305085044/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-03/02/c_13194463.htm &quot;Fifty bodies found in landslide in eastern Uganda&quot;]. [[Xinhua]]. 2 March 2010. Archived from [http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-03/02/c_13194463.htm the original] on 5 March 2010&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2 March&lt;/span&gt; 2010&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Ministry of Disaster Preparedness (Uganda)|Ministan Shirye-shiryen Bala'i]], Musa Ecweru, ya shawarci mutanen da ke zaune a kan gangaren tsaunuka da abin ya shafa su kwashe. Wadanda ke zaune a ƙananan wurare, wuraren da ke fama da ambaliyar ruwa an kuma shawarce su da su koma wurare masu aminci.

Ma'aikatan ceto dole ne su yi amfani da kayan aikin hannu don tonowa cikin laka don ceto wadanda suka tsira. Kashegari bayan rushewar, sojoji da mazauna kauyen da suka tsira sun fara aikin ceto. Jiragen saman soja masu saukar ungulu sun fara jigilar wadanda suka tsira zuwa wani yanki mai nisan kilomita 20.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2010-03-03 |title=Ugandans hunt for mudslide missing |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2010/03/201033134550153547.html |access-date=2015-12-22 |publisher=Al Jazeera English}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilan da suka haifar ==
Rushewar ta biyo bayan Lokacin ruwa sama mai yawa a yankin, wanda aka sani da samar da kofi. Yanayin yanayi na yankin yawanci yana haifar da lokacin bushewa tsakanin lokutan rigar; duk da haka, sassan Uganda da makwabciyar [[Kenya]] sun ga ruwan sama fiye da yadda ya saba a wannan shekarar. Masana kimiyya sun ba da shawarar cewa [[Canjin yanayi|Canjin yanayi na duniya]] yana shafar tsarin ruwan sama a Gabashin Afirka, tare da karuwar ruwan sama mai tsanani da ba zato ba tsammani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fifty bodies found in landslide in eastern Uganda&quot; /&gt; Rugujewar ƙasa ba sabon abu ba ne a yankin a lokacin rigar, kodayake an bayyana sikelin wannan bala'in a matsayin mafi tsanani fiye da ma waɗanda. Rashin gandun daji na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa, in ji gwamnatin Uganda.&lt;ref name=&quot;NASA Earth Observatory&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 March 2010 |title=Large Landslide in Uganda |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=43130 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315211155/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=43130 |archive-date=15 March 2010 |access-date=15 March 2010 |publisher=[[NASA Earth Observatory]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kudancin kore mai duhu yana girma a kan gangaren sama da yankin slide. Yankin ƙasa mai launin kore, ba tare da ƙauyuka ba, ya raba gandun daji daga slide. An sare wannan yankin tun 2007, bisa ga binciken gwamnati.&lt;ref name=&quot;NASA Earth Observatory&quot; /&gt; A kan tudu mai tsawo, itatuwa suna rataye ƙasa. Duwatsun da aka sare suna da saukin rushewa.&lt;ref name=&quot;NASA Earth Observatory&quot; /&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* Rugujewar ƙasa ta Uganda ta 2024
* [[Rashin amfani da yawa]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1010523652|Microchromis]]&quot;</comment>
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microchromis wani karamin nau,in haplochromine cichlids Wanda take da Alaqa da tafkin malawi

== nau,ika ==
Akwai nau'i biyu a cikin halittar ''Microchromis'' : 

== Ma'anar kama ==
Duk da cewa FishBase ya fahimci nau'in ''Microchromis,'' wasu hukumomi suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin ƙaramin ma'anar ''[[Cynotilapia]]'' . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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microchromis wani karamin nau,in haplochromine cichlids Wanda take da Alaqa da tafkin malawi

== nau,ika ==
Akwai nau'i biyu a cikin halittar ''Microchromis'' : 

== Ma'anar kama ==
Duk da cewa FishBase ya fahimci nau'in ''Microchromis,'' wasu hukumomi suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin ƙaramin ma'anar ''[[Cynotilapia]]'' . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Ambaliyar Kogin Kongo ta 2019-2020</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337139314|2019–2020 Congo River floods]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Ambaliyar Kogin [[Kogin Congo|Kongo]] ta 2019-2020''' ta samo asali ne daga ruwan sama mai yawa daga Oktoba 2019 zuwa Janairu 2020 wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar kogin Kongo da Ubangi, ambaliyar ruwa da rushewar ƙasa a duk faɗin [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] (DRC) da [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Kongo]] (RoC) kuma ya haifar da ƙaurawar daruruwan dubban mutane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Republic of Congo : Floods Flash Update n°1, 10 December 2019 - Congo |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/congo/republic-congo-floods-flash-update-n-1-10-december-2019 |access-date=October 27, 2021 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:Oxfam_East_Africa_-_The_Congo_River_is_a_lifeline,_but_also_a_huge_threat.jpg|thumb|Mutanen da ke wankewa a [[Kogin Congo|Kogin Kongo]]]]
DRC da RoC sun fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa a tarihi tare da [[Kogin Congo|Kogin Kongo]] da manyan masu ba da gudummawa a lokacin ruwan sama, wanda ke haifar da rushewa da rushewar ƙasa, da kuma mummunar tasiri ga mazaunan mutane, noma, da lafiyar jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/ |access-date=October 27, 2021 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=The World Bank Group |date=2021 |title=Climate Risk Country Profile - Congo, Democratic Republic |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/2021-06/15883-WB_Congo%2C%20Democratic%20Republic%20Country%20Profile-WEB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703150625/https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/2021-06/15883-WB_Congo%2C%20Democratic%20Republic%20Country%20Profile-WEB.pdf |archive-date=July 3, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kongo Basin|Kogin Kongo]], wanda ke cikin Kogin Kongo. Ana sa ran [[Canjin yanayi]] zai kara tasiri yayin da yanayin zafi ke tashi da ruwan sama ke ƙaruwa a cikin ƙarfi da tsawon yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=UN Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals |title=Fact Sheet: The Congo Basin and Climate Change |url=https://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/publication/fact_sheet_congo_basin_climate_change.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421181136/https://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/publication/fact_sheet_congo_basin_climate_change.pdf |archive-date=April 21, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ambaliyar ruwa ==
Daga Oktoba 2019 zuwa Janairu 2020, Ruwa sama mai tsanani ya shafi larduna 16 daga cikin 26 na DRC da takwas daga cikin sassan 12 na RoC. Yankunan da suka fi shafa a cikin DRC sune Nord-Ubangi, Sud-Ubangi. [[Lardin Moyen-Congo|Mongala]], [[Lardin Coquilhatville|Equator]], da Tshopo, kuma wadanda suka fi shafawa a cikin RoC sune Likouala, Cuvette, Plateaux da Brazzaville.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Democratic Republic of Congo and Republic of Congo: Floods - Information Bulletin - Democratic Republic of the Congo. ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/democratic-republic-congo-and-republic-congo-floods-information |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117195433/https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/democratic-republic-congo-and-republic-congo-floods-information |archive-date=January 17, 2020 |access-date=October 27, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, Kongo ta dauki mita cubic 70,000 na ruwa a kowace dakika (2.5 miliyan cu ft / s) bayan [[Kinshasa]], babban birnin DRC.

A watan Janairun 2020, ambaliyar ta haifar da mafi tsawo a halin yanzu da aka rubuta, lokacin da kusan kilomita daya (0.24 mi) na yashi da laka ya sauka na kilomita 1,100 (680  a karkashin ruwa a cikin kwanaki biyu, yana tafiya daga bakin Kogin Kongo, ta hanyar Congo Canyon da kuma fadin teku. A halin yanzu ya lalata igiyoyin sadarwa guda biyu na karkashin ruwa, yana rage zirga-zirgar intanet tsaka [[Najeriya]] da [[Afirka ta Kudu]].

== Tasirin ==
Ambaliyar ta kasance mafi tsanani da ta shafi yankin a cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=WHO Regional Office for Africa (Health Emergencies Programme) |date=December 1, 2019 |title=Weekly Bulletin of Outbreaks and Other Emergencies |url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OEW48-02122019.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027150646/https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OEW48-02122019.pdf |archive-date=October 27, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; An danganta taron ga canjin yanayi; duk da haka, an kara tsananta shi ta hanyar rashin ruwa da ababen more rayuwa. A cikin RoC, fiye da ƙauyuka 100 sun nutse tare da gidaje da aka lalata tare da sassan Likouala, Cuvette da Plateaux, suna tasiri ga kusan 170,000 na mafi rauni na yawan jama'a, daga cikinsu kusan 30,000 'yan gudun hijira ne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) |date=December 10, 2019 |title=Republic of Congo: Floods Flash Update No.1 |url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/20191012%20Congo%20Flash%20Update%20EN.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027150646/https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/20191012%20Congo%20Flash%20Update%20EN.pdf |archive-date=October 27, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban lalacewa ya faru a babban birnin RoC, Brazzaville, a watan Janairun 2020 tare da ruwan sama mai yawa wanda ya haifar da babbar lalacewa ga ababen more rayuwa a duk faɗin birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Democratic Republic of Congo and Republic of Congo: Floods - Information Bulletin - Democratic Republic of the Congo. ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/democratic-republic-congo-and-republic-congo-floods-information |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117195433/https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/democratic-republic-congo-and-republic-congo-floods-information |archive-date=January 17, 2020 |access-date=October 27, 2021}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/democratic-republic-congo-and-republic-congo-floods-information &quot;Democratic Republic of Congo and Republic of Congo: Floods - Information Bulletin - Democratic Republic of the Congo. ReliefWeb&quot;]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200117195433/https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/democratic-republic-congo-and-republic-congo-floods-information Archived] from the original on January 17, 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 27,&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Kimanin kadada 6,302 (15,570 acres) na gonaki sun lalace a cikin RoC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) |date=January 23, 2020 |title=Republic of Congo: Floods Flash Update No.3 |url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/20200123%20Congo%20Flash%20Update%203%20-%20EN.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306144831/https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/20200123%20Congo%20Flash%20Update%203%20-%20EN.pdf |archive-date=March 6, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adadin gwamnati a cikin DRC sun kiyasta cewa ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa sama da mutane 923,000, daga cikinsu sama da 400,000 ne suka rasa muhallinsu.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) - Floods update (DG ECHO, NOAA, Floodlist, media) (ECHO Daily Flash of 28 November 2019) - Democratic Republic of the Congo&quot;. ReliefWeb. |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/democratic-republic-congo-drc-floods-update-dg-echo-noaa-floodlist |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129161704/https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/democratic-republic-congo-drc-floods-update-dg-echo-noaa-floodlist |archive-date=November 29, 2019 |access-date=October 27, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fiye da mutane 41 ne suka mutu a Kinshasa a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2019 ta hanyar ambaliyar ruwa da rushewar ƙasa wanda ya lalata hanyoyi, gadoji, da daruruwan gidaje.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=DR Congo – Dozens Dead After Floods and Landslides in Kinshasa – FloodList |url=https://floodlist.com/africa/dr-congo-floods-andslides-kinshasa-november-2019 |access-date=October 27, 2021 |website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amsa ==
A ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, 2019, gwamnatin RoC ta ayyana bala'in jin kai da dokar ta baci a cikin sassan Likouala, Cuvette da Plateaux, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Republic of Congo: Floods - Oct 2019 {{!}} HumanitarianResponse |url=https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/fr/disaster/fl-2019-000160-cog |access-date=October 27, 2021 |website=www.humanitarianresponse.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; yayin neman taimako daga al'ummar duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=United Nations |date=20 February 2020 |title=Response Plan to Floods in Republic of Congo |url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/floodresponse-congo-14.02.20.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027035429/https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/floodresponse-congo-14.02.20.pdf |archive-date=27 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnatin RoC da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] sun gudanar da kimantawa mai sauri a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Republic of Congo: Floods - Oct 2019 |url=https://reliefweb.int/disaster/fl-2019-000160-cog |access-date=October 27, 2021 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matsalolin samun dama da ƙananan kasancewar aiki sun hana kokarin daidaitawa. Wani rahoto na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ba da shawarar cewa gwamnati tana da iyakantaccen ikon magance matsalar gaggawa kuma cewa babu isasshen albarkatun mutane da na kudi don tabbatar da ɗaukar wadanda abin ya shafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; An tura Asusun Taimako na Gaggawa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya cikin sauri  kuma an sanya alhakin daidaitawa ga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Jama'a da Ayyukan Jama'a ta RoC. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mburu |first=Chris |date=August 2020 |title=UN Central Emergency Response Fund: Rapport d'allocation du cerf sur l'utilisation des fonds et résultats atteints. |url=https://cerf.un.org/sites/default/files/resources/19-RR-COG-40036_Congo_CERF_Report.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514220010/https://cerf.un.org/sites/default/files/resources/19-RR-COG-40036_Congo_CERF_Report.pdf |archive-date=May 14, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kungiyoyi da yawa na cikin gida da na duniya sun amsa bala'in. Kungiyoyin cikin gida sun haɗa da Tsaron Jama'a, wata hukuma ta Ma'aikatar Harkokin Jama'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=United Nations |date=20 February 2020 |title=Response Plan to Floods in Republic of Congo |url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/floodresponse-congo-14.02.20.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027035429/https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/floodresponse-congo-14.02.20.pdf |archive-date=27 October 2021}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFUnited_Nations2020&quot;&gt;United Nations (February 20, 2020). [https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/floodresponse-congo-14.02.20.pdf &quot;Response Plan to Floods in Republic of Congo&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211027035429/https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/floodresponse-congo-14.02.20.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on October 27, 2021.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Kwamitin Fasaha na Ruwa da Tsabtace Ruwa,  [[Red Cross]] of the Democratic Republic of the Congo&quot;&gt;Red Cross na Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da [[Congolese Red Cross (Republic of the Congo)|Red Cross na Kongo]].  Hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun hada da Asusun Amsa na Gaggawa na Tsakiya (CERF), &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Shirin Abinci na Duniya (WFP),  Asusun Yara na Majalisar Dinkinobho (UNICEF),  Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Gona (FAO), Hukumar 'Yan Gudanar da Harkokin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Turai (UNHCR), Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin duniya don Gudanar da Asusun Jama'a ta Majalisar Dattijai (OCHA) [1]&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mburu |first=Chris |date=August 2020 |title=UN Central Emergency Response Fund: Rapport d'allocation du cerf sur l'utilisation des fonds et résultats atteints. |url=https://cerf.un.org/sites/default/files/resources/19-RR-COG-40036_Congo_CERF_Report.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514220010/https://cerf.un.org/sites/default/files/resources/19-RR-COG-40036_Congo_CERF_Report.pdf |archive-date=May 14, 2021}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMburu2020&quot;&gt;Mburu, Chris (August 2020). [https://cerf.un.org/sites/default/files/resources/19-RR-COG-40036_Congo_CERF_Report.pdf &quot;UN Central Emergency Response Fund: Rapport d'allocation du cerf sur l'utilisation des fonds et résultats atteints&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210514220010/https://cerf.un.org/sites/default/files/resources/19-RR-COG-40036_Congo_CERF_Report.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on May 14, 2021.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=UNICEF |date=31 December 2020 |title=Republic of Congo Humanitarian Situation Report |url=https://www.unicef.org/media/94326/file/Republic-of-Congo-Humanitarian-Situation-Report-31-December-2020.pdf |journal=Humanitarian Situation Report}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyoyi daban-daban sun ba da tallafin kuɗi, gami da Asusun Taimako na Gaggawa na Red Cross  Sashen Taimako na Jama'a na Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, Asusun Taimaka na Gaggawa ta Gwamnatin Kanada  da Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Duniya ta Amurka (USAID).&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Global Affairs Canada |date=February 21, 2017 |title=Emergency Disaster Assistance Fund |url=https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/issues_development-enjeux_developpement/response_conflict-reponse_conflits/emergency_disaster-urgence_desastre.aspx?lang=eng |access-date=October 27, 2021 |website=GAC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 11, 2020 |title=Republic of the Congo {{!}} Humanitarian Assistance |url=https://www.usaid.gov/humanitarian-assistance/republic-of-the-congo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027042304/https://www.usaid.gov/humanitarian-assistance/republic-of-the-congo |archive-date=October 27, 2021 |access-date=October 27, 2021 |website=[[USAID]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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'''Ambaliyar Kogin [[Kogin Congo|Kongo]] ta 2019-2020''' ta samo asali ne daga ruwan sama mai yawa daga Oktoba 2019 zuwa Janairu 2020 wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar kogin Kongo da Ubangi, ambaliyar ruwa da rushewar ƙasa a duk faɗin [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] (DRC) da [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Kongo]] (RoC) kuma ya haifar da ƙaurawar daruruwan dubban mutane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Republic of Congo : Floods Flash Update n°1, 10 December 2019 - Congo |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/congo/republic-congo-floods-flash-update-n-1-10-december-2019 |access-date=October 27, 2021 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:Oxfam_East_Africa_-_The_Congo_River_is_a_lifeline,_but_also_a_huge_threat.jpg|thumb|Mutanen da ke wankewa a [[Kogin Congo|Kogin Kongo]]]]
DRC da RoC sun fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa a tarihi tare da [[Kogin Congo|Kogin Kongo]] da manyan masu ba da gudummawa a lokacin ruwan sama, wanda ke haifar da rushewa da rushewar ƙasa, da kuma mummunar tasiri ga mazaunan mutane, noma, da lafiyar jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/ |access-date=October 27, 2021 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=The World Bank Group |date=2021 |title=Climate Risk Country Profile - Congo, Democratic Republic |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/2021-06/15883-WB_Congo%2C%20Democratic%20Republic%20Country%20Profile-WEB.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703150625/https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/2021-06/15883-WB_Congo%2C%20Democratic%20Republic%20Country%20Profile-WEB.pdf |archive-date=July 3, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kongo Basin|Kogin Kongo]], wanda ke cikin Kogin Kongo. Ana sa ran [[Canjin yanayi]] zai kara tasiri yayin da yanayin zafi ke tashi da ruwan sama ke ƙaruwa a cikin ƙarfi da tsawon yanayi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=UN Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals |title=Fact Sheet: The Congo Basin and Climate Change |url=https://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/publication/fact_sheet_congo_basin_climate_change.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421181136/https://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/publication/fact_sheet_congo_basin_climate_change.pdf |archive-date=April 21, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ambaliyar ruwa ==
Daga Oktoba 2019 zuwa Janairu 2020, Ruwa sama mai tsanani ya shafi larduna 16 daga cikin 26 na DRC da takwas daga cikin sassan 12 na RoC. Yankunan da suka fi shafa a cikin DRC sune Nord-Ubangi, Sud-Ubangi. [[Lardin Moyen-Congo|Mongala]], [[Lardin Coquilhatville|Equator]], da Tshopo, kuma wadanda suka fi shafawa a cikin RoC sune Likouala, Cuvette, Plateaux da Brazzaville.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Democratic Republic of Congo and Republic of Congo: Floods - Information Bulletin - Democratic Republic of the Congo. ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/democratic-republic-congo-and-republic-congo-floods-information |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117195433/https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/democratic-republic-congo-and-republic-congo-floods-information |archive-date=January 17, 2020 |access-date=October 27, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, Kongo ta dauki mita cubic 70,000 na ruwa a kowace dakika (2.5 miliyan cu ft / s) bayan [[Kinshasa]], babban birnin DRC.

A watan Janairun 2020, ambaliyar ta haifar da mafi tsawo a halin yanzu da aka rubuta, lokacin da kusan kilomita daya (0.24 mi) na yashi da laka ya sauka na kilomita 1,100 (680  a karkashin ruwa a cikin kwanaki biyu, yana tafiya daga bakin Kogin Kongo, ta hanyar Congo Canyon da kuma fadin teku. A halin yanzu ya lalata igiyoyin sadarwa guda biyu na karkashin ruwa, yana rage zirga-zirgar intanet tsaka [[Najeriya]] da [[Afirka ta Kudu]].

== Tasirin ==
Ambaliyar ta kasance mafi tsanani da ta shafi yankin a cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=WHO Regional Office for Africa (Health Emergencies Programme) |date=December 1, 2019 |title=Weekly Bulletin of Outbreaks and Other Emergencies |url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OEW48-02122019.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027150646/https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OEW48-02122019.pdf |archive-date=October 27, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; An danganta taron ga canjin yanayi; duk da haka, an kara tsananta shi ta hanyar rashin ruwa da ababen more rayuwa. A cikin RoC, fiye da ƙauyuka 100 sun nutse tare da gidaje da aka lalata tare da sassan Likouala, Cuvette da Plateaux, suna tasiri ga kusan 170,000 na mafi rauni na yawan jama'a, daga cikinsu kusan 30,000 'yan gudun hijira ne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) |date=December 10, 2019 |title=Republic of Congo: Floods Flash Update No.1 |url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/20191012%20Congo%20Flash%20Update%20EN.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027150646/https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/20191012%20Congo%20Flash%20Update%20EN.pdf |archive-date=October 27, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Babban lalacewa ya faru a babban birnin RoC, Brazzaville, a watan Janairun 2020 tare da ruwan sama mai yawa wanda ya haifar da babbar lalacewa ga ababen more rayuwa a duk faɗin birnin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Democratic Republic of Congo and Republic of Congo: Floods - Information Bulletin - Democratic Republic of the Congo. ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/democratic-republic-congo-and-republic-congo-floods-information |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117195433/https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/democratic-republic-congo-and-republic-congo-floods-information |archive-date=January 17, 2020 |access-date=October 27, 2021}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/democratic-republic-congo-and-republic-congo-floods-information &quot;Democratic Republic of Congo and Republic of Congo: Floods - Information Bulletin - Democratic Republic of the Congo. ReliefWeb&quot;]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200117195433/https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/democratic-republic-congo-and-republic-congo-floods-information Archived] from the original on January 17, 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;October 27,&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Kimanin kadada 6,302 (15,570 acres) na gonaki sun lalace a cikin RoC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) |date=January 23, 2020 |title=Republic of Congo: Floods Flash Update No.3 |url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/20200123%20Congo%20Flash%20Update%203%20-%20EN.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306144831/https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/20200123%20Congo%20Flash%20Update%203%20-%20EN.pdf |archive-date=March 6, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adadin gwamnati a cikin DRC sun kiyasta cewa ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa sama da mutane 923,000, daga cikinsu sama da 400,000 ne suka rasa muhallinsu.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) - Floods update (DG ECHO, NOAA, Floodlist, media) (ECHO Daily Flash of 28 November 2019) - Democratic Republic of the Congo&quot;. ReliefWeb. |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/democratic-republic-congo-drc-floods-update-dg-echo-noaa-floodlist |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129161704/https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/democratic-republic-congo-drc-floods-update-dg-echo-noaa-floodlist |archive-date=November 29, 2019 |access-date=October 27, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fiye da mutane 41 ne suka mutu a Kinshasa a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2019 ta hanyar ambaliyar ruwa da rushewar ƙasa wanda ya lalata hanyoyi, gadoji, da daruruwan gidaje.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=DR Congo – Dozens Dead After Floods and Landslides in Kinshasa – FloodList |url=https://floodlist.com/africa/dr-congo-floods-andslides-kinshasa-november-2019 |access-date=October 27, 2021 |website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amsa ==
A ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, 2019, gwamnatin RoC ta ayyana bala'in jin kai da dokar ta baci a cikin sassan Likouala, Cuvette da Plateaux, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Republic of Congo: Floods - Oct 2019 {{!}} HumanitarianResponse |url=https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/fr/disaster/fl-2019-000160-cog |access-date=October 27, 2021 |website=www.humanitarianresponse.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; yayin neman taimako daga al'ummar duniya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=United Nations |date=20 February 2020 |title=Response Plan to Floods in Republic of Congo |url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/floodresponse-congo-14.02.20.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027035429/https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/floodresponse-congo-14.02.20.pdf |archive-date=27 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamnatin RoC da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] sun gudanar da kimantawa mai sauri a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Republic of Congo: Floods - Oct 2019 |url=https://reliefweb.int/disaster/fl-2019-000160-cog |access-date=October 27, 2021 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matsalolin samun dama da ƙananan kasancewar aiki sun hana kokarin daidaitawa. Wani rahoto na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ba da shawarar cewa gwamnati tana da iyakantaccen ikon magance matsalar gaggawa kuma cewa babu isasshen albarkatun mutane da na kudi don tabbatar da ɗaukar wadanda abin ya shafa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; An tura Asusun Taimako na Gaggawa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya cikin sauri  kuma an sanya alhakin daidaitawa ga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Jama'a da Ayyukan Jama'a ta RoC. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mburu |first=Chris |date=August 2020 |title=UN Central Emergency Response Fund: Rapport d'allocation du cerf sur l'utilisation des fonds et résultats atteints. |url=https://cerf.un.org/sites/default/files/resources/19-RR-COG-40036_Congo_CERF_Report.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514220010/https://cerf.un.org/sites/default/files/resources/19-RR-COG-40036_Congo_CERF_Report.pdf |archive-date=May 14, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kungiyoyi da yawa na cikin gida da na duniya sun amsa bala'in. Kungiyoyin cikin gida sun haɗa da Tsaron Jama'a, wata hukuma ta Ma'aikatar Harkokin Jama'a. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=United Nations |date=20 February 2020 |title=Response Plan to Floods in Republic of Congo |url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/floodresponse-congo-14.02.20.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027035429/https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/floodresponse-congo-14.02.20.pdf |archive-date=27 October 2021}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFUnited_Nations2020&quot;&gt;United Nations (February 20, 2020). [https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/floodresponse-congo-14.02.20.pdf &quot;Response Plan to Floods in Republic of Congo&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211027035429/https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/floodresponse-congo-14.02.20.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on October 27, 2021.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Kwamitin Fasaha na Ruwa da Tsabtace Ruwa,  [[Red Cross]] of the Democratic Republic of the Congo&quot;&gt;Red Cross na Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da [[Congolese Red Cross (Republic of the Congo)|Red Cross na Kongo]].  Hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun hada da Asusun Amsa na Gaggawa na Tsakiya (CERF), &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Shirin Abinci na Duniya (WFP),  Asusun Yara na Majalisar Dinkinobho (UNICEF),  Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Gona (FAO), Hukumar 'Yan Gudanar da Harkokin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Turai (UNHCR), Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin duniya don Gudanar da Asusun Jama'a ta Majalisar Dattijai (OCHA) [1]&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mburu |first=Chris |date=August 2020 |title=UN Central Emergency Response Fund: Rapport d'allocation du cerf sur l'utilisation des fonds et résultats atteints. |url=https://cerf.un.org/sites/default/files/resources/19-RR-COG-40036_Congo_CERF_Report.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514220010/https://cerf.un.org/sites/default/files/resources/19-RR-COG-40036_Congo_CERF_Report.pdf |archive-date=May 14, 2021}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMburu2020&quot;&gt;Mburu, Chris (August 2020). [https://cerf.un.org/sites/default/files/resources/19-RR-COG-40036_Congo_CERF_Report.pdf &quot;UN Central Emergency Response Fund: Rapport d'allocation du cerf sur l'utilisation des fonds et résultats atteints&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210514220010/https://cerf.un.org/sites/default/files/resources/19-RR-COG-40036_Congo_CERF_Report.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on May 14, 2021.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=UNICEF |date=31 December 2020 |title=Republic of Congo Humanitarian Situation Report |url=https://www.unicef.org/media/94326/file/Republic-of-Congo-Humanitarian-Situation-Report-31-December-2020.pdf |journal=Humanitarian Situation Report}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyoyi daban-daban sun ba da tallafin kuɗi, gami da Asusun Taimako na Gaggawa na Red Cross  Sashen Taimako na Jama'a na Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, Asusun Taimaka na Gaggawa ta Gwamnatin Kanada  da Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Duniya ta Amurka (USAID).&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Global Affairs Canada |date=February 21, 2017 |title=Emergency Disaster Assistance Fund |url=https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/issues_development-enjeux_developpement/response_conflict-reponse_conflits/emergency_disaster-urgence_desastre.aspx?lang=eng |access-date=October 27, 2021 |website=GAC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 11, 2020 |title=Republic of the Congo {{!}} Humanitarian Assistance |url=https://www.usaid.gov/humanitarian-assistance/republic-of-the-congo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027042304/https://www.usaid.gov/humanitarian-assistance/republic-of-the-congo |archive-date=October 27, 2021 |access-date=October 27, 2021 |website=[[USAID]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Ambaliyar ruwa ta Nijar ta 2021</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356350413|2021 Niger floods]]&quot;</comment>
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A cikin 2021, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] ta fuskanci [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] mai yawa wanda ruwan sama mai yawa ya haifar, wanda ya haifar da asarar rayuka da lalacewa a duk faɗin ƙasar. Ambaliyar ta haifar da mutuwar 77 kuma ta shafi mutane 250,331 a duk fadin kasar.

== Tarihi ==
Nijar ta fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, musamman a lokacin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara. A cikin 2016, ambaliyar ruwa ta haifar da akalla mutuwar mutane 38  kuma ta shafi mutane sama da 123,000, tare da yankuna kamar [[Yankin Maradi|Maradi]], [[Yankin Tahoua|Tahoua]], da Agadez daga cikin wadanda suka fi fama da cutar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 September 2016 |title=Bulletin humanitaire Niger - août 2016 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/bulletin-humanitaire-niger-ao-t-2016 |access-date=29 August 2021 |website=[[ReliefWeb]] |publisher=[[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] (OCHA) |language=French}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 October 2016 |title=Bulletin humanitaire Niger - septembre - octobre 2016 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/bulletin-humanitaire-niger-septembre-octobre-2016 |access-date=28 April 2026 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) |language=French}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2017, ambaliyar ruwa a sassa daban-daban na kasar ta haifar da mutuwar mutane 56 da kuma yaduwar ƙaura, wanda ya shafi mutane 206,513    &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 June 2017 |title=Niger – Floods in Niamey and Tillabéri Leave 14 Dead, Hundreds of Homes Destroyed |url=https://floodlist.com/africa/niger-floods-niamey-tillaberi-june-2017 |access-date=29 August 2021 |website=FloodList}}&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi a cikin 2018 ya haifar da mutuwar 45 kuma ya shafi fiye da mutane 200,000, ya lalata dubban gidaje, gonaki, da dabbobi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 August 2017 |title=Niger – Deadly Floods in Niamey, 200 Homes Destroyed |url=https://floodlist.com/africa/niger-floods-niamey-august-2017 |access-date=29 August 2021 |website=FloodList}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 October 2017 |title=West and Central Africa: 2017 flood impact (as of 18 Oct 2017) |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/west-and-central-africa-2017-flood-impact-18-oct-2017 |access-date=28 April 2026 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 October 2018 |title=West and Central Africa: Weekly Regional Humanitarian Snapshot (2 - 8 October 2018) |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/west-and-central-africa-weekly-regional-humanitarian-snapshot-2-8-october-2018 |access-date=29 August 2021 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Irin wannan ambaliyar ruwa ta ci gaba a cikin 2019, ta shafi mutane sama da 211,000 kuma ta haifar da mutuwar mutane 57.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 September 2019 |title=Niger: Situation Report, 26 Sep 2019 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/niger-situation-report-26-sep-2019 |access-date=29 August 2021 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yanayin ya kara muni a cikin 2020, lokacin da ambaliyar ruwa ta kashe akalla mutane 73 kuma ta shafi wasu sama da 400,000, ta haifar da babbar matsalar jin kai. Ruwan sama da koguna masu yawa sun haifar da lalacewar dubban gidaje da asarar aikin gona.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 October 2020 |title=The Niger - 2020 Floods: Urgent call for assistance |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/niger-2020-floods-urgent-call-assistance-october-2020 |access-date=29 August 2021 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] (FAO)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manyan koguna da madatsun ruwa sun kai matakan haɗari, musamman a kusa da [[Niamey]], wanda ya haifar da babban motsi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 September 2020 |title=Flood in Niger |url=https://disasterscharter.org/web/guest/activations/-/article/flood-large-in-niger-activation-677- |access-date=29 August 2021 |website=[[International Charter Space and Major Disasters]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta sa [[Neja (kogi)|Kogin Neja]], madatsun ruwa da dicks su fashe kuma ruwa mai yawa ya mamaye gidajen mutane, gonaki, da sauran gine-gine ba tare da gargadi ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;cause&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 September 2020 |title=Niger flooding causes over 36,000 houses to collapse |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/niger-flooding-causes-over-36000-houses-collapse |access-date=29 August 2021 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=[[CARE International|CARE]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jerin lokaci ==

=== Yuni ===
A tsakiyar watan Yuni, 'yan ƙasa a duk faɗin ƙasar sun fara fuskantar ruwan sama mai yawa, wanda da sauri ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa, lalacewa mai yawa, da kuma wadanda suka mutu.&lt;ref name=&quot;midJune&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 August 2021 |title=Niger - Floods (NOAA-CPC, FloodList, media) (ECHO Daily Flash of 16 August 2021) |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/niger-floods-noaa-cpc-floodlist-media-echo-daily-flash-16-august-2021 |access-date=28 April 2026 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=[[Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations]] (ECHO)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuli ===
A ranar 31 ga watan Yulin, hukumomin kasa a Nijar sun ba da rahoton mutuwar mutane 35 sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa da ruwan sama mai yawa a kasar tun farkon lokacin ruwan sama. Akalla mutane 20 sun mutu daga rushewar gidaje, yayin da 15 suka nitse a cikin ambaliyar ruwa. Mutane ashirin da hudu ma sun ji rauni, yayin da jimlar mutane 26,532 suka kamu. A halin yanzu, an lalata gidaje da mafaka sama da 2,500, tare da makarantu, masallatai, da wuraren aiki. Fiye da dabbobi 700 ma sun ɓace.&lt;ref name=&quot;floodlist2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 August 2021 |title=Niger – Floods Leave Over 30 Dead, Thousands of Homes Destroyed |url=https://floodlist.com/africa/niger-floods-leave-over-30-dead-thousands-of-homes-destroyed |access-date=29 August 2021 |website=FloodList}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Agusta ===
A ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, ambaliyar ruwa da ta mamaye birnin Agadez ta kwashe mutane takwas.&lt;ref name=&quot;floodlist&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 August 2021 |title=Niger – Flooding Reported in All Regions, Over 60 Dead and 100,000 Affected |url=https://floodlist.com/africa/niger-flood-update-august-2021 |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=FloodList}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 11 ga watan Agusta, Daraktan Kare Jama'a a Nijar ya ba da rahoton mutuwar mutane 52 da sama da mutane 50,000 da suka kamu da cutar daga gidaje 5,694. Ambaliyar ruwa da ruwan sama sun lalata gidaje 4,137 tare da kusan 300 gaba ɗaya. Babban birnin, Niamey, ya ga ruwan sama mai yawa daga 10-11 ga watan Agusta, inda ya kashe biyar. Ambaliyar ruwa ta haifar da lalacewar hanyoyi, ababen more rayuwa, da gine-gine. An bar wasu gundumomi a ware. Kimanin gidaje 17 sun rushe a gundumar [[Niamey|Yantala]], inda mutane uku suka mutu, daya ya ɓace, kuma biyu sun ji mummunan rauni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 August 2021 |title=Niger – 5 Killed in Niamey Flash Floods |url=https://floodlist.com/africa/niger-flash-floods-niamey-august-2021 |access-date=29 August 2021 |website=FloodList}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kashegari, adadin wadanda suka mutu ya karu zuwa 55 kuma ya bar wasu 53,000 da suka rasa muhallinsu. Fiye da gidaje 4,800 sun lalace ta hanyar ambaliyar ruwa ko rushewar ƙasa, kuma kusan shanu 900 sun ɓace. Yankunan Maradi da Agadez da kuma babban birnin, Niamey, sune yankunan da suka fi shafa, inda suka sami mutuwar mutane 16.

A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta, wasu mutane tara sun mutu, wanda ya kara yawan wadanda suka mutu zuwa 64. Mutane talatin da biyu sun mutu lokacin da gine-ginen su suka rushe, kuma wasu 32 sun nitse cikin ambaliyar ruwa. Ambaliyar ruwa da rushewar ƙasa sun shafi kusan mutane 70,000 gabaɗaya, tare da fiye da gidaje 5,100 da suka lalace ko suka lalace kuma mutane 69,515 sun shafa. A Niamey, shida sun mutu.&lt;ref name=&quot;midJune&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 August 2021 |title=Niger - Floods (NOAA-CPC, FloodList, media) (ECHO Daily Flash of 16 August 2021) |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/niger-floods-noaa-cpc-floodlist-media-echo-daily-flash-16-august-2021 |access-date=28 April 2026 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=[[Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations]] (ECHO)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/niger-floods-noaa-cpc-floodlist-media-echo-daily-flash-16-august-2021 &quot;Niger - Floods (NOAA-CPC, FloodList, media) (ECHO Daily Flash of 16 August 2021)&quot;]. ''ReliefWeb''. [[Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations]] (ECHO). 16 August 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;28 April&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 23 ga watan Agusta, adadin wadanda suka mutu ya ragu zuwa 62. Wasu sun mutu sakamakon nutsewa a cikin ambaliyar ruwa, yayin da wasu suka mutu saboda faduwar gine-gine. Fiye da mutane 100,000 ne ambaliyar ta shafa. Dubban gidaje sun lalace, wanda ya haifar da wadanda suka mutu. A [[Niamey]], an lalata gidaje 741 kuma an bayar da rahoton mutuwar akalla 16. A [[Yankin Maradi]], mutane 18 sun mutu kuma an lalata gidaje 3,243. A halin yanzu, ambaliyar ruwa ta lalata akalla gidaje 2,354 a [[Yankin Zinder]], yayin da 1,040 a [[Yankin Tahoua]]. An yi rikodin ambaliyar ruwa a cikin al'ummomi 413 da ke kunshe da yankuna 77 a duk yankuna na Nijar.&lt;ref name=&quot;floodlist&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;reliefweb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 August 2021 |title=Niger - Floods and Cholera outbreak (ANP, UN OCHA, NOAA-CPC, FloodList, media) (ECHO Daily Flash of 27 August 2021) |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/niger-floods-and-cholera-outbreak-anp-un-ocha-noaa-cpc-floodlist-media-echo-daily-flash |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (ECHO)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 30 ga watan Agusta, ambaliyar ruwa ta shafi mutane sama da 158,000 wanda ya kashe mutane 67 kuma ya lalata kimanin hekta 3,000 na gonar amfanin gona. Kashi arba'in da biyar cikin dari na wadanda abin ya shafa sun kasance a yankin Maradi.&lt;ref name=&quot;augthirthy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 August 2021 |title=WFP Niger Country Brief – August 2021 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/wfp-niger-country-brief-august-2021 |access-date=27 April 2026 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=[[World Food Programme]] (WFP)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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A cikin 2021, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] ta fuskanci [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] mai yawa wanda ruwan sama mai yawa ya haifar, wanda ya haifar da asarar rayuka da lalacewa a duk faɗin ƙasar. Ambaliyar ta haifar da mutuwar 77 kuma ta shafi mutane 250,331 a duk fadin kasar.

== Tarihi ==
Nijar ta fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa mai tsanani a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, musamman a lokacin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara. A cikin 2016, ambaliyar ruwa ta haifar da akalla mutuwar mutane 38  kuma ta shafi mutane sama da 123,000, tare da yankuna kamar [[Yankin Maradi|Maradi]], [[Yankin Tahoua|Tahoua]], da Agadez daga cikin wadanda suka fi fama da cutar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 September 2016 |title=Bulletin humanitaire Niger - août 2016 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/bulletin-humanitaire-niger-ao-t-2016 |access-date=29 August 2021 |website=[[ReliefWeb]] |publisher=[[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] (OCHA) |language=French}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 October 2016 |title=Bulletin humanitaire Niger - septembre - octobre 2016 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/bulletin-humanitaire-niger-septembre-octobre-2016 |access-date=28 April 2026 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) |language=French}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2017, ambaliyar ruwa a sassa daban-daban na kasar ta haifar da mutuwar mutane 56 da kuma yaduwar ƙaura, wanda ya shafi mutane 206,513    &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 June 2017 |title=Niger – Floods in Niamey and Tillabéri Leave 14 Dead, Hundreds of Homes Destroyed |url=https://floodlist.com/africa/niger-floods-niamey-tillaberi-june-2017 |access-date=29 August 2021 |website=FloodList}}&lt;/ref&gt; yayin da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi a cikin 2018 ya haifar da mutuwar 45 kuma ya shafi fiye da mutane 200,000, ya lalata dubban gidaje, gonaki, da dabbobi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 August 2017 |title=Niger – Deadly Floods in Niamey, 200 Homes Destroyed |url=https://floodlist.com/africa/niger-floods-niamey-august-2017 |access-date=29 August 2021 |website=FloodList}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 October 2017 |title=West and Central Africa: 2017 flood impact (as of 18 Oct 2017) |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/west-and-central-africa-2017-flood-impact-18-oct-2017 |access-date=28 April 2026 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 October 2018 |title=West and Central Africa: Weekly Regional Humanitarian Snapshot (2 - 8 October 2018) |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/west-and-central-africa-weekly-regional-humanitarian-snapshot-2-8-october-2018 |access-date=29 August 2021 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Irin wannan ambaliyar ruwa ta ci gaba a cikin 2019, ta shafi mutane sama da 211,000 kuma ta haifar da mutuwar mutane 57.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 September 2019 |title=Niger: Situation Report, 26 Sep 2019 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/niger-situation-report-26-sep-2019 |access-date=29 August 2021 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yanayin ya kara muni a cikin 2020, lokacin da ambaliyar ruwa ta kashe akalla mutane 73 kuma ta shafi wasu sama da 400,000, ta haifar da babbar matsalar jin kai. Ruwan sama da koguna masu yawa sun haifar da lalacewar dubban gidaje da asarar aikin gona.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 October 2020 |title=The Niger - 2020 Floods: Urgent call for assistance |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/niger-2020-floods-urgent-call-assistance-october-2020 |access-date=29 August 2021 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] (FAO)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manyan koguna da madatsun ruwa sun kai matakan haɗari, musamman a kusa da [[Niamey]], wanda ya haifar da babban motsi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 September 2020 |title=Flood in Niger |url=https://disasterscharter.org/web/guest/activations/-/article/flood-large-in-niger-activation-677- |access-date=29 August 2021 |website=[[International Charter Space and Major Disasters]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ambaliyar ta sa [[Neja (kogi)|Kogin Neja]], madatsun ruwa da dicks su fashe kuma ruwa mai yawa ya mamaye gidajen mutane, gonaki, da sauran gine-gine ba tare da gargadi ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;cause&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 September 2020 |title=Niger flooding causes over 36,000 houses to collapse |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/niger-flooding-causes-over-36000-houses-collapse |access-date=29 August 2021 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=[[CARE International|CARE]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jerin lokaci ==

=== Yuni ===
A tsakiyar watan Yuni, 'yan ƙasa a duk faɗin ƙasar sun fara fuskantar ruwan sama mai yawa, wanda da sauri ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa, lalacewa mai yawa, da kuma wadanda suka mutu.&lt;ref name=&quot;midJune&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 August 2021 |title=Niger - Floods (NOAA-CPC, FloodList, media) (ECHO Daily Flash of 16 August 2021) |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/niger-floods-noaa-cpc-floodlist-media-echo-daily-flash-16-august-2021 |access-date=28 April 2026 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=[[Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations]] (ECHO)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Yuli ===
A ranar 31 ga watan Yulin, hukumomin kasa a Nijar sun ba da rahoton mutuwar mutane 35 sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa da ruwan sama mai yawa a kasar tun farkon lokacin ruwan sama. Akalla mutane 20 sun mutu daga rushewar gidaje, yayin da 15 suka nitse a cikin ambaliyar ruwa. Mutane ashirin da hudu ma sun ji rauni, yayin da jimlar mutane 26,532 suka kamu. A halin yanzu, an lalata gidaje da mafaka sama da 2,500, tare da makarantu, masallatai, da wuraren aiki. Fiye da dabbobi 700 ma sun ɓace.&lt;ref name=&quot;floodlist2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 August 2021 |title=Niger – Floods Leave Over 30 Dead, Thousands of Homes Destroyed |url=https://floodlist.com/africa/niger-floods-leave-over-30-dead-thousands-of-homes-destroyed |access-date=29 August 2021 |website=FloodList}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Agusta ===
A ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, ambaliyar ruwa da ta mamaye birnin Agadez ta kwashe mutane takwas.&lt;ref name=&quot;floodlist&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 August 2021 |title=Niger – Flooding Reported in All Regions, Over 60 Dead and 100,000 Affected |url=https://floodlist.com/africa/niger-flood-update-august-2021 |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=FloodList}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 11 ga watan Agusta, Daraktan Kare Jama'a a Nijar ya ba da rahoton mutuwar mutane 52 da sama da mutane 50,000 da suka kamu da cutar daga gidaje 5,694. Ambaliyar ruwa da ruwan sama sun lalata gidaje 4,137 tare da kusan 300 gaba ɗaya. Babban birnin, Niamey, ya ga ruwan sama mai yawa daga 10-11 ga watan Agusta, inda ya kashe biyar. Ambaliyar ruwa ta haifar da lalacewar hanyoyi, ababen more rayuwa, da gine-gine. An bar wasu gundumomi a ware. Kimanin gidaje 17 sun rushe a gundumar [[Niamey|Yantala]], inda mutane uku suka mutu, daya ya ɓace, kuma biyu sun ji mummunan rauni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 August 2021 |title=Niger – 5 Killed in Niamey Flash Floods |url=https://floodlist.com/africa/niger-flash-floods-niamey-august-2021 |access-date=29 August 2021 |website=FloodList}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kashegari, adadin wadanda suka mutu ya karu zuwa 55 kuma ya bar wasu 53,000 da suka rasa muhallinsu. Fiye da gidaje 4,800 sun lalace ta hanyar ambaliyar ruwa ko rushewar ƙasa, kuma kusan shanu 900 sun ɓace. Yankunan Maradi da Agadez da kuma babban birnin, Niamey, sune yankunan da suka fi shafa, inda suka sami mutuwar mutane 16.

A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta, wasu mutane tara sun mutu, wanda ya kara yawan wadanda suka mutu zuwa 64. Mutane talatin da biyu sun mutu lokacin da gine-ginen su suka rushe, kuma wasu 32 sun nitse cikin ambaliyar ruwa. Ambaliyar ruwa da rushewar ƙasa sun shafi kusan mutane 70,000 gabaɗaya, tare da fiye da gidaje 5,100 da suka lalace ko suka lalace kuma mutane 69,515 sun shafa. A Niamey, shida sun mutu.&lt;ref name=&quot;midJune&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 August 2021 |title=Niger - Floods (NOAA-CPC, FloodList, media) (ECHO Daily Flash of 16 August 2021) |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/niger-floods-noaa-cpc-floodlist-media-echo-daily-flash-16-august-2021 |access-date=28 April 2026 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=[[Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations]] (ECHO)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/niger-floods-noaa-cpc-floodlist-media-echo-daily-flash-16-august-2021 &quot;Niger - Floods (NOAA-CPC, FloodList, media) (ECHO Daily Flash of 16 August 2021)&quot;]. ''ReliefWeb''. [[Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations]] (ECHO). 16 August 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;28 April&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 23 ga watan Agusta, adadin wadanda suka mutu ya ragu zuwa 62. Wasu sun mutu sakamakon nutsewa a cikin ambaliyar ruwa, yayin da wasu suka mutu saboda faduwar gine-gine. Fiye da mutane 100,000 ne ambaliyar ta shafa. Dubban gidaje sun lalace, wanda ya haifar da wadanda suka mutu. A [[Niamey]], an lalata gidaje 741 kuma an bayar da rahoton mutuwar akalla 16. A [[Yankin Maradi]], mutane 18 sun mutu kuma an lalata gidaje 3,243. A halin yanzu, ambaliyar ruwa ta lalata akalla gidaje 2,354 a [[Yankin Zinder]], yayin da 1,040 a [[Yankin Tahoua]]. An yi rikodin ambaliyar ruwa a cikin al'ummomi 413 da ke kunshe da yankuna 77 a duk yankuna na Nijar.&lt;ref name=&quot;floodlist&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;reliefweb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 August 2021 |title=Niger - Floods and Cholera outbreak (ANP, UN OCHA, NOAA-CPC, FloodList, media) (ECHO Daily Flash of 27 August 2021) |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/niger-floods-and-cholera-outbreak-anp-un-ocha-noaa-cpc-floodlist-media-echo-daily-flash |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (ECHO)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 30 ga watan Agusta, ambaliyar ruwa ta shafi mutane sama da 158,000 wanda ya kashe mutane 67 kuma ya lalata kimanin hekta 3,000 na gonar amfanin gona. Kashi arba'in da biyar cikin dari na wadanda abin ya shafa sun kasance a yankin Maradi.&lt;ref name=&quot;augthirthy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 August 2021 |title=WFP Niger Country Brief – August 2021 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/wfp-niger-country-brief-august-2021 |access-date=27 April 2026 |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=[[World Food Programme]] (WFP)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Astatotilapia calliptera</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1313950304|Astatotilapia calliptera]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Astatotilapia calliptera''''', '''eastern happy''' or '''eastern river bream''', nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne daga kudu maso gabashin Afirka.

== Bayani ==
Namijin ''Astatotilapia calliptera'' yana da lebe masu shuɗi da kuma layi mai duhu ta cikin idonsa. Yana iya nuna goshin ja amma jiki yawanci rawaya ne, kodayake wasu nau'ikan daji suna da shuɗi. &lt;ref name=&quot;AC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=''Astatotilapia calliptera'' |url=http://www.african-cichlid.com/Calliptera.htm |access-date=28 November 2018 |publisher=African-cichlid.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matan sun fi ƙanƙanta fiye da maza kuma launinsu launin ruwan kasa ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;GCCA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Astatotilapia calliptera |url=http://www.gcca.net/malawi-cichlid-profiles-list/26-astatotilapia-calliptera#.W_72OfZ2sbo |access-date=28 November 2018 |publisher=Greater Chicago Cichlid Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matsakaicin tsawon shine {{Cvt|15|cm|in}} . 

== Rarrabawa ==
''Astatotilapia calliptera'' yana faruwa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] da magudanar ruwansa, [[Rafin Shire|Kogin Shire]], da [[Tafkin Chiuta|Tafkunan Chiuta]] da [[Tafkin Chilwa|Chilwa]] . An kuma rubuta shi daga [[Kogin Zambezi]] na ƙasa,  da kuma a cikin kogunan bakin teku a filin bakin teku na [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], daga [[Kogin Ruvuma|Kogin Rovuma]] da kudu har zuwa [[Ajiye Kogin (Afirka)|Kogin Save]],  An kafa wannan nau'in a matsayin nau'in da ba na asali ba, wanda aka fara gabatar da shi a Gundumar Broward da Gundumar Palm Beach da ke [[Florida]], Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Anamar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jason Seltz |date=28 April 2017 |title=Florida's Introduced Nonindigenous and Invasive Fishes: Part 1 of a 3-part Series on Biological Invasions in Florida |url=http://www.anamarinc.com/blog-frontpage/entry/florida-s-introduced-nonindigenous-and-invasive-fishes-part-1-of-a-3-part-series-on-biological-invasions-in-florida |access-date=28 November 2018 |publisher=Anamar Environmental Consulting Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mazauna da muhalli ==


''Astatotilapia calliptera'' ta fi son ruwa mai zurfi tare da ƙasa mai yashi tare da ciyayi na ruwa kamar nau'in ''Vallisneria'', &lt;ref name=&quot;AC&quot; /&gt; inda zai iya zama mai yawa. Ya fi yawa a ƙananan koguna da tafkuna masu cike da ciyawa.  Yana da komi kuma yawancin abincinsa ya ƙunshi detritus da phytoplankton ; &lt;ref name=&quot;AC&quot; /&gt; kuma za su ci ƙananan kifaye marasa kaciya, algae da ƙananan kifaye.  ne masu hana ƙwai a baki inda mace ke sanya ƙwai a kan wani abu mai tauri sannan namijin ya yi musu haila kafin macen ta kai su bakinta inda za su zauna na tsawon kwanaki 12-14 kafin su ƙyanƙyashe. Sannan mahaifiyarsu za ta kula da ƙwai na tsawon kwanaki 5-6, tana amfani da bakinta a matsayin mafaka idan suka ga haɗari. 

== Cinikin akwatin kifaye ==
''Astatotilapia calliptera'' na ɗaya daga cikin nau'in cichlid na farko da aka samu a kasuwancin kifaye . &lt;ref name=&quot;GCCA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Astatotilapia calliptera |url=http://www.gcca.net/malawi-cichlid-profiles-list/26-astatotilapia-calliptera#.W_72OfZ2sbo |access-date=28 November 2018 |publisher=Greater Chicago Cichlid Association}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.gcca.net/malawi-cichlid-profiles-list/26-astatotilapia-calliptera#.W_72OfZ2sbo &quot;Astatotilapia calliptera&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;cichlid&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Greg Steeves |date=24 December 2009 |title=''Astatotilapia calliptera'' |url=https://www.cichlid-forum.com/articles/asta_calliptera.php |access-date=28 November 2018 |publisher=The Cichlid Forum}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai nau'ikan launuka iri-iri. &lt;ref name=&quot;GCCA&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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'''''Astatotilapia calliptera''''', '''eastern happy''' or '''eastern river bream''', nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne daga kudu maso gabashin Afirka.

== Bayani ==
Namijin ''Astatotilapia calliptera'' yana da lebe masu shuɗi da kuma layi mai duhu ta cikin idonsa. Yana iya nuna goshin ja amma jiki yawanci rawaya ne, kodayake wasu nau'ikan daji suna da shuɗi. &lt;ref name=&quot;AC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=''Astatotilapia calliptera'' |url=http://www.african-cichlid.com/Calliptera.htm |access-date=28 November 2018 |publisher=African-cichlid.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matan sun fi ƙanƙanta fiye da maza kuma launinsu launin ruwan kasa ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;GCCA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Astatotilapia calliptera |url=http://www.gcca.net/malawi-cichlid-profiles-list/26-astatotilapia-calliptera#.W_72OfZ2sbo |access-date=28 November 2018 |publisher=Greater Chicago Cichlid Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matsakaicin tsawon shine {{Cvt|15|cm|in}} . 

== Rarrabawa ==
''Astatotilapia calliptera'' yana faruwa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] da magudanar ruwansa, [[Rafin Shire|Kogin Shire]], da [[Tafkin Chiuta|Tafkunan Chiuta]] da [[Tafkin Chilwa|Chilwa]] . An kuma rubuta shi daga [[Kogin Zambezi]] na ƙasa,  da kuma a cikin kogunan bakin teku a filin bakin teku na [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], daga [[Kogin Ruvuma|Kogin Rovuma]] da kudu har zuwa [[Ajiye Kogin (Afirka)|Kogin Save]],  An kafa wannan nau'in a matsayin nau'in da ba na asali ba, wanda aka fara gabatar da shi a Gundumar Broward da Gundumar Palm Beach da ke [[Florida]], Amurka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Anamar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jason Seltz |date=28 April 2017 |title=Florida's Introduced Nonindigenous and Invasive Fishes: Part 1 of a 3-part Series on Biological Invasions in Florida |url=http://www.anamarinc.com/blog-frontpage/entry/florida-s-introduced-nonindigenous-and-invasive-fishes-part-1-of-a-3-part-series-on-biological-invasions-in-florida |access-date=28 November 2018 |publisher=Anamar Environmental Consulting Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mazauna da muhalli ==


''Astatotilapia calliptera'' ta fi son ruwa mai zurfi tare da ƙasa mai yashi tare da ciyayi na ruwa kamar nau'in ''Vallisneria'', &lt;ref name=&quot;AC&quot; /&gt; inda zai iya zama mai yawa. Ya fi yawa a ƙananan koguna da tafkuna masu cike da ciyawa.  Yana da komi kuma yawancin abincinsa ya ƙunshi detritus da phytoplankton ; &lt;ref name=&quot;AC&quot; /&gt; kuma za su ci ƙananan kifaye marasa kaciya, algae da ƙananan kifaye.  ne masu hana ƙwai a baki inda mace ke sanya ƙwai a kan wani abu mai tauri sannan namijin ya yi musu haila kafin macen ta kai su bakinta inda za su zauna na tsawon kwanaki 12-14 kafin su ƙyanƙyashe. Sannan mahaifiyarsu za ta kula da ƙwai na tsawon kwanaki 5-6, tana amfani da bakinta a matsayin mafaka idan suka ga haɗari. 

== Cinikin akwatin kifaye ==
''Astatotilapia calliptera'' na ɗaya daga cikin nau'in cichlid na farko da aka samu a kasuwancin kifaye . &lt;ref name=&quot;GCCA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Astatotilapia calliptera |url=http://www.gcca.net/malawi-cichlid-profiles-list/26-astatotilapia-calliptera#.W_72OfZ2sbo |access-date=28 November 2018 |publisher=Greater Chicago Cichlid Association}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.gcca.net/malawi-cichlid-profiles-list/26-astatotilapia-calliptera#.W_72OfZ2sbo &quot;Astatotilapia calliptera&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;cichlid&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Greg Steeves |date=24 December 2009 |title=''Astatotilapia calliptera'' |url=https://www.cichlid-forum.com/articles/asta_calliptera.php |access-date=28 November 2018 |publisher=The Cichlid Forum}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai nau'ikan launuka iri-iri. &lt;ref name=&quot;GCCA&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>African Union Water Vision 2025</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157062</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855776</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T10:13:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bembety</username>
        <id>20498</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi:  '''African Union Water Vision 2025''' (ko '''Africa Water Vision 2025''') wata manufa ce ta nahiyar Afirka da aka ƙaddamar domin tabbatar da adalci da dorewar amfani da albarkatun ruwa wajen rage talauci, bunƙasa tattalin arziki, ƙarfafa haɗin kan yankuna, da kare muhalli. An samar da wannan hangen nesa ne tare da haɗin gwiwar [[African Union]], [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] (UNECA), da sauran cibiyoyin ruwa na nahiyar Afirka. Manufar ta mayar da hanka...</comment>
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      <text bytes="3988" sha1="ist8vxz7ruft75danm7at84mon1htn3" xml:space="preserve">
'''African Union Water Vision 2025''' (ko '''Africa Water Vision 2025''') wata manufa ce ta nahiyar Afirka da aka ƙaddamar domin tabbatar da adalci da dorewar amfani da albarkatun ruwa wajen rage talauci, bunƙasa tattalin arziki, ƙarfafa haɗin kan yankuna, da kare muhalli. An samar da wannan hangen nesa ne tare da haɗin gwiwar [[African Union]], [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] (UNECA), da sauran cibiyoyin ruwa na nahiyar Afirka. Manufar ta mayar da hankali ne kan tabbatar da samun ingantaccen ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga kowa zuwa shekarar 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Africa Water Vision 2025: Equitable and Sustainable Use of Water for Socioeconomic Development |publisher=African Union, UNECA and African Development Bank |year=2000 |url=https://library.au.int/africa-water-vision-2025-equitable-and-sustainable-use-water-socioeconomic-development-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
A farkon ƙarni na 21, ƙasashen Afirka sun fuskanci ƙalubale masu yawa da suka haɗa da ƙarancin ruwa mai tsafta, fari, gurɓacewar muhalli, da rashin isassun jarin raya albarkatun ruwa. Saboda haka aka samar da Africa Water Vision 2025 domin samar da tsari na nahiyar da zai jagoranci ci gaban ruwa da tsaftar muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=African Water Vision 2025 |url=https://afwasakm.afwasa.org/produit/african-water-vision-2025/ |publisher=African Water Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manufofi ==
Babban hangen nesa na shirin shi ne:

{{quote|''Afirka inda ake amfani da albarkatun ruwa cikin adalci da dorewa domin rage talauci, bunƙasa tattalin arziki, ƙarfafa haɗin kai tsakanin yankuna, da kare muhalli.''}}

Daga cikin manufofin akwai:

* Samar da ruwa mai tsafta da isasshen tsaftar muhalli ga kowa.
* Tabbatar da wadataccen ruwa domin samar da abinci da makamashi.
* Kare muhallin ruwa da halittu masu dogaro da shi.
* Inganta dokoki da cibiyoyin kula da ruwa.
* Ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar ƙasashe masu raba koguna da tafkunan ruwa.
* Haɓaka ƙwararrun ma'aikatan ruwa.
* Inganta tattara bayanai da bincike kan albarkatun ruwa.
* Samar da hanyoyin magance sauyin yanayi da matsalolin ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=African Water Vision 2025 |url=https://afwasakm.afwasa.org/produit/african-water-vision-2025/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tsarin aiwatarwa ==
An tsara hanyoyi huɗu domin cimma wannan hangen nesa:

# Ƙarfafa shugabanci da gudanar da harkokin ruwa.
# Haɓaka ilimi da bayanai kan ruwa.
# Biyan buƙatun gaggawa na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli.
# Samar da hanyoyin kuɗaɗen gudanarwa masu dorewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Africa Water Vision 2025: Equitable and Sustainable Use of Water for Socioeconomic Development |publisher=African Union |year=2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasiri ==
Africa Water Vision 2025 ta zama tushen manufofin ruwa a ƙasashe da dama na Afirka. Haka kuma ta taimaka wajen ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar ƙasashe kan kula da koguna da tafkunan ruwa da suke rabawa. A shekarar 2025, an fara tattaunawa kan sabon hangen nesa na bayan shekarar 2025 wanda daga baya ya kai ga samar da '''Africa Water Vision 2063'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=FG Reaffirms Commitment to Achieving African Water Vision 2025 |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/fg-reaffirms-commitment-to-achieving-african-water-vision-2025/ |publisher=Federal Ministry of Information, Nigeria |date=18 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=14th AMCOW General Assembly adopts the Africa Water Vision 2063 and Policy |url=https://nepadwatercoe.org/2025/10/03/14th-amcow-general-assembly-adopts-the-africa-water-vision-2063-and-policy/ |publisher=AMCOW}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
* [[African Union]]
* [[African Ministers' Council on Water]]
* [[Water supply and sanitation in Africa]]
* [[Sustainable Development Goal 6]]
* [[Climate change in Africa]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:African Union]]
[[Category:Water in Africa]]
[[Category:Water management]]
[[Category:Environmental policy]]
[[Category:Sustainable development in Africa]]
[[Category:Water supply and sanitation in Africa]]
[[Category:African development]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ambaliyar ruwa ta manyan tafkunan Afirka ta 2023</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157063</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855777</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T10:13:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356407308|2023 African Great Lakes floods]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Ambaliyar ruwa ta manyan tafkunan Afirka ta 2023''' ambaliyar ruwa ce a watan Afrilu da Mayu 2023 wacce ta kashe daruruwan mutane a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] da [[Uganda]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ssuuna |first=Ignatius |date=3 May 2023 |title=Floods from heavy rainfall kill at least 129 in Rwanda |url=https://apnews.com/article/rwanda-deadly-floods-109-killed-868f117db85661a73f6d0f532e2b8451 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Uganda floods&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 May 2023 |title=Uganda – Deadly Floods and Landslides in Kasese, Mbale and Rukungiri |url=https://floodlist.com/africa/uganda-floods-kasese-mbale-rukungiri-april-2023 |website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi. ==
[[Fayil:Pedestrians_and_motorists_risk_their_lives_to_transport_passengers_in_a_flooded_road_in_Kigali_on_28_January_2020._Emmanuel_Kwizera.jpg|thumb|'''Masu tafiya da motoci suna da haɗari don jigilar fasinjoji a cikin hanyar ambaliyar ruwa a Kigali a ranar 28 ga Janairun 2020''']]
Ruwan sama mai yawa da ke haifar da lalacewa da wadanda suka mutu tsakanin Maris da Mayu sun zama ruwan dare a [[Gabashin Afirka]] - a watan Mayu 2020 ambaliyar ruwa ta kashe mutane 80 a [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]]. Ambaliyar ruwa da fari sun karu a Rwanda a cikin shekaru 30.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/rwanda/vulnerability |website=Climate Knowledge Portal Worldbank}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumomin yanayi na Rwanda sun danganta yanayin ruwan sama mai ban mamaki ga canjin yanayi.

A cikin 2023, zagaye da yawa na ruwan sama mai yawa ya cika ƙasa, yana ƙara yiwuwar ambaliyar ruwa. Tsakanin Janairu da Afrilu 2023, Ma'aikatar Gudanar da Gaggawa ta ba da rahoton cewa bala'o'in da suka shafi yanayi sun haifar da mutuwar mutane 60, sun lalata gidaje sama da 1,205 kuma sun lalata kadada 5,000 a duk faɗin Rwanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ssuuna |first=Ignatius |date=3 May 2023 |title=Floods from heavy rainfall kill at least 129 in Rwanda |url=https://apnews.com/article/rwanda-deadly-floods-109-killed-868f117db85661a73f6d0f532e2b8451 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSsuuna2023&quot;&gt;Ssuuna, Ignatius (3 May 2023). [https://apnews.com/article/rwanda-deadly-floods-109-killed-868f117db85661a73f6d0f532e2b8451 &quot;Floods from heavy rainfall kill at least 129 in Rwanda&quot;]. ''[[Associated Press]]''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 2 ga Mayu, Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Rwanda ta yi hasashen ruwan sama da matsakaicin hasashen na kwanaki 10 masu zuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nkurunziza |first=Michel |date=3 May 2023 |title=Over 100 dead as rain ravages Northern, Western provinces |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/7168/news/environment/over-100-dead-as-rain-ravages-northern-western-provinces |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Uganda]] kuma ta sami ruwan sama mai yawa tun daga watan Maris, wanda ya haifar da [[Zaftarewar ƙasa|rushewar ƙasa]] wanda ya lalata gidaje kuma ya kori daruruwan mutane.

== Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo ==
[[Fayil:Kalehe_floods_2023_A07I7268_(52906607850).jpg|thumb|'''Kalehe ambaliyar ruwa ta 2023 Kivu ta Kudu, DRC: Wakilin Musamman na Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a DRC Bintou Keita ya kasance a Kalehe a Kivu ta Kudancin a ranar 18 ga Mayu 2023, inda bala'in halitta ya kashe mutane da yawa a ranar 4 ga Mayu 2023. Ta kasance tare da kwamishinan 'yan sanda na MONUSCO, Shugaban ofishin MONUSCO a Kivu ta Kudu da kuma manyan shugabannin sauran hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a DRC. Ta ziyarci wurin da lamarin ya faru kuma ta sadu da hukumomin yankin da wadanda suka tsira. Hoton MONUSCO / Michael Ali''']]
Akalla mutane 440 ne suka mutu kuma sama da mutane 2,500 sun ɓace saboda ambaliyar ruwa a ƙauyukan Bushushu da Nyamukubi a Kudancin Kivu, [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] tun 5 ga Mayu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 May 2023 |title=UNICEF DRC Humanitarian Situation Report No. 1 (Flooding in Kalehe Territory): 13 May 2023 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/unicef-drc-humanitarian-situation-report-no-1-flooding-kalehe-territory-13-may-2023 |publisher=[[Reliefweb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ALJAZEERA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 May 2023 |title=DR Congo floods death toll surpasses 400 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/7/dr-congo-floods-death-toll-surpasses-200 |website=Al Jazeera}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 May 2023 |title=At least 176 people killed in eastern DR Congo floods |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/5/at-least-72-bodies-recovered-in-flooded-villages-in-east-dr-congo |website=Al Jazeera}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don mayar da martani ga ambaliyar, Shugaban Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo [[Félix Tshisekedi]] ya sanar da ranar makoki ta kasa don 8 ga Mayu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ALJAZEERA&quot; /&gt; Rugujewar ƙasa guda biyu ta mamaye Lardin Arewacin Kivu, ta kashe mutane goma a Lubero da akalla mutane shida a ma'adinin Songambele, kuma ta bar ma'aikatan ma'adinai da yawa sun ɓace. Ma'aikata 100 sun kasance a ma'adinin a lokacin rushewar ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 May 2023 |title=DR Congo – Many Feared Missing After Landslide in North Kivu |url=https://floodlist.com/africa/dr-congo-landslide-north-kivu-may-2023 |website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=At least 16 people killed in multiple landslides in eastern DRC |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/10/at-least-sixteen-killed-in-landslide-in-eastern-dr-congo |access-date=19 May 2023 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>855778</id>
      <parentid>855777</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T10:14:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <text bytes="5640" sha1="21nlf266jdsw1vu9s7rog912m9slfr2" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Ambaliyar ruwa ta manyan tafkunan Afirka ta 2023''' ambaliyar ruwa ce a watan Afrilu da Mayu 2023 wacce ta kashe daruruwan mutane a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] da [[Uganda]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ssuuna |first=Ignatius |date=3 May 2023 |title=Floods from heavy rainfall kill at least 129 in Rwanda |url=https://apnews.com/article/rwanda-deadly-floods-109-killed-868f117db85661a73f6d0f532e2b8451 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Uganda floods&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 May 2023 |title=Uganda – Deadly Floods and Landslides in Kasese, Mbale and Rukungiri |url=https://floodlist.com/africa/uganda-floods-kasese-mbale-rukungiri-april-2023 |website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi. ==
[[Fayil:Pedestrians_and_motorists_risk_their_lives_to_transport_passengers_in_a_flooded_road_in_Kigali_on_28_January_2020._Emmanuel_Kwizera.jpg|thumb|'''Masu tafiya da motoci suna da haɗari don jigilar fasinjoji a cikin hanyar ambaliyar ruwa a Kigali a ranar 28 ga Janairun 2020''']]
Ruwan sama mai yawa da ke haifar da lalacewa da wadanda suka mutu tsakanin Maris da Mayu sun zama ruwan dare a [[Gabashin Afirka]] - a watan Mayu 2020 ambaliyar ruwa ta kashe mutane 80 a [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]]. Ambaliyar ruwa da fari sun karu a Rwanda a cikin shekaru 30.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/rwanda/vulnerability |website=Climate Knowledge Portal Worldbank}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumomin yanayi na Rwanda sun danganta yanayin ruwan sama mai ban mamaki ga canjin yanayi.

A cikin 2023, zagaye da yawa na ruwan sama mai yawa ya cika ƙasa, yana ƙara yiwuwar ambaliyar ruwa. Tsakanin Janairu da Afrilu 2023, Ma'aikatar Gudanar da Gaggawa ta ba da rahoton cewa bala'o'in da suka shafi yanayi sun haifar da mutuwar mutane 60, sun lalata gidaje sama da 1,205 kuma sun lalata kadada 5,000 a duk faɗin Rwanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ssuuna |first=Ignatius |date=3 May 2023 |title=Floods from heavy rainfall kill at least 129 in Rwanda |url=https://apnews.com/article/rwanda-deadly-floods-109-killed-868f117db85661a73f6d0f532e2b8451 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSsuuna2023&quot;&gt;Ssuuna, Ignatius (3 May 2023). [https://apnews.com/article/rwanda-deadly-floods-109-killed-868f117db85661a73f6d0f532e2b8451 &quot;Floods from heavy rainfall kill at least 129 in Rwanda&quot;]. ''[[Associated Press]]''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 2 ga Mayu, Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Rwanda ta yi hasashen ruwan sama da matsakaicin hasashen na kwanaki 10 masu zuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nkurunziza |first=Michel |date=3 May 2023 |title=Over 100 dead as rain ravages Northern, Western provinces |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/7168/news/environment/over-100-dead-as-rain-ravages-northern-western-provinces |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Uganda]] kuma ta sami ruwan sama mai yawa tun daga watan Maris, wanda ya haifar da [[Zaftarewar ƙasa|rushewar ƙasa]] wanda ya lalata gidaje kuma ya kori daruruwan mutane.

== Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo ==
[[Fayil:Kalehe_floods_2023_A07I7268_(52906607850).jpg|thumb|'''Kalehe ambaliyar ruwa ta 2023 Kivu ta Kudu, DRC: Wakilin Musamman na Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a DRC Bintou Keita ya kasance a Kalehe a Kivu ta Kudancin a ranar 18 ga Mayu 2023, inda bala'in halitta ya kashe mutane da yawa a ranar 4 ga Mayu 2023. Ta kasance tare da kwamishinan 'yan sanda na MONUSCO, Shugaban ofishin MONUSCO a Kivu ta Kudu da kuma manyan shugabannin sauran hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a DRC. Ta ziyarci wurin da lamarin ya faru kuma ta sadu da hukumomin yankin da wadanda suka tsira. Hoton MONUSCO / Michael Ali''']]
Akalla mutane 440 ne suka mutu kuma sama da mutane 2,500 sun ɓace saboda ambaliyar ruwa a ƙauyukan Bushushu da Nyamukubi a Kudancin Kivu, [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] tun 5 ga Mayu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 May 2023 |title=UNICEF DRC Humanitarian Situation Report No. 1 (Flooding in Kalehe Territory): 13 May 2023 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/unicef-drc-humanitarian-situation-report-no-1-flooding-kalehe-territory-13-may-2023 |publisher=[[Reliefweb]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ALJAZEERA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 May 2023 |title=DR Congo floods death toll surpasses 400 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/7/dr-congo-floods-death-toll-surpasses-200 |website=Al Jazeera}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 May 2023 |title=At least 176 people killed in eastern DR Congo floods |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/5/at-least-72-bodies-recovered-in-flooded-villages-in-east-dr-congo |website=Al Jazeera}}&lt;/ref&gt; Don mayar da martani ga ambaliyar, Shugaban Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo [[Félix Tshisekedi]] ya sanar da ranar makoki ta kasa don 8 ga Mayu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ALJAZEERA&quot; /&gt; Rugujewar ƙasa guda biyu ta mamaye Lardin Arewacin Kivu, ta kashe mutane goma a Lubero da akalla mutane shida a ma'adinin Songambele, kuma ta bar ma'aikatan ma'adinai da yawa sun ɓace. Ma'aikata 100 sun kasance a ma'adinin a lokacin rushewar ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 May 2023 |title=DR Congo – Many Feared Missing After Landslide in North Kivu |url=https://floodlist.com/africa/dr-congo-landslide-north-kivu-may-2023 |website=floodlist.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=At least 16 people killed in multiple landslides in eastern DRC |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/10/at-least-sixteen-killed-in-landslide-in-eastern-dr-congo |access-date=19 May 2023 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mchenga</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645671|Mchenga]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Mchenga''''' wani ƙaramin nau'in haplochromine cichlids ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]] . Suna cikin ƙungiyar da aka sani da Utaka .

== Nau'o'i ==
A halin yanzu akwai nau'ikan halittu guda shida da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: 

* ''Mchenga conophoros'' &lt;small&gt;( Stauffer, [[Thomas J. LoVullo|LoVullo]] &amp; [[Kenneth Robert McKaye|McKaye]], 1993)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Mchenga cyclicos'' &lt;small&gt;( Stauffer, [[Thomas J. LoVullo|LoVullo]] &amp; [[Kenneth Robert McKaye|McKaye]], 1993)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Mchenga eucinostomus'' &lt;small&gt;( Regan, 1922)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Mchenga flavimanus'' &lt;small&gt;( [[Thomas Derrick Iles|Iles]], 1960)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Mchenga inornata'' &lt;small&gt;( Boulenger, 1908)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Mchenga thinos'' &lt;small&gt;( Stauffer, [[Thomas J. LoVullo|LoVullo]] &amp; [[Kenneth Robert McKaye|McKaye]], 1993)&lt;/small&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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        <id>44591</id>
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      <origin>855780</origin>
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      <text bytes="865" sha1="ll7wgmpdg85aofz3052g4gi65p7jvl5" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Mchenga''''' wani ƙaramin nau'in haplochromine cichlids ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]] . Suna cikin ƙungiyar da aka sani da Utaka .

== Nau'o'i ==
A halin yanzu akwai nau'ikan halittu guda shida da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: 

* ''Mchenga conophoros'' &lt;small&gt;( Stauffer, [[Thomas J. LoVullo|LoVullo]] &amp; [[Kenneth Robert McKaye|McKaye]], 1993)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Mchenga cyclicos'' &lt;small&gt;( Stauffer, [[Thomas J. LoVullo|LoVullo]] &amp; [[Kenneth Robert McKaye|McKaye]], 1993)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Mchenga eucinostomus'' &lt;small&gt;( Regan, 1922)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Mchenga flavimanus'' &lt;small&gt;( [[Thomas Derrick Iles|Iles]], 1960)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Mchenga inornata'' &lt;small&gt;( Boulenger, 1908)&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Mchenga thinos'' &lt;small&gt;( Stauffer, [[Thomas J. LoVullo|LoVullo]] &amp; [[Kenneth Robert McKaye|McKaye]], 1993)&lt;/small&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Ambaliyar ruwa ta Kudu ta 2024</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1331381682|2024 South Sudan floods]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] ta [[Sudan ta Kudu]] ta 2024 tana nufin ambaliyar ruwa mai bala'i a duk faɗin ƙasar [[Afirka]] ta Sudan ta Kudancin, wanda ya haifar da &quot;fiye da mutane 735,000 a fadin 38 daga cikin yankuna 78 na Sudan ta Kudu da kuma Yankin Gudanarwa na Abyei&quot; da ke tasiri kai tsaye, kuma mutane 65,000 da ke ƙaura, daga cikinsu 41,000 sun ƙaura daga Warrap.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-09-12 |title=South Sudan: Flooding Situation Flash Update No. 3 (As of 12 September 2024) - South Sudan {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/south-sudan-flooding-situation-flash-update-no-3-12-september-2024 |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stephens |first=Liz |last2=Levi |first2=Jacob |title=South Sudan floods: The first example of a mass population permanently displaced by climate change? |url=https://phys.org/news/2024-09-south-sudan-mass-population-permanently.html |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=phys.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masu binciken yanayi sun yi la'akari da cewa sauye-sauyen yanayi a kusa da yankin [[Sudd]] na iya haifar da motsi na farko da canjin yanayi ya haifar, saboda fadada dindindin na wuraren da ba a iya zama ba wanda ya haifar da ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stephens |first=Liz |last2=Levi |first2=Jacob |title=South Sudan floods: The first example of a mass population permanently displaced by climate change? |url=https://phys.org/news/2024-09-south-sudan-mass-population-permanently.html |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=phys.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ambaliyar ruwa ==
Farawa a watan Agustan 2024, ruwan sama mai yawa a [[gabashin Afirka]] ya sa [[Tafkin Victoria]] ya kai matakin ruwa mai rikodin, wanda ya haifar da ruwa mai yawa a kan [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] zuwa Sudan ta Kudu. Wannan, tare da ruwan sama mai yawa a duk faɗin Sudan ta Kudu, ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa a yawancin Sudan ta Kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-09-12 |title=South Sudan: Flooding Situation Flash Update No. 3 (As of 12 September 2024) - South Sudan {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/south-sudan-flooding-situation-flash-update-no-3-12-september-2024 |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/south-sudan-flooding-situation-flash-update-no-3-12-september-2024 &quot;South Sudan: Flooding Situation Flash Update No. 3 (As of 12 September 2024) - South Sudan | ReliefWeb&quot;]. ''reliefweb.int''. 2024-09-12&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-09-14&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stephens |first=Liz |last2=Levi |first2=Jacob |title=South Sudan floods: The first example of a mass population permanently displaced by climate change? |url=https://phys.org/news/2024-09-south-sudan-mass-population-permanently.html |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=phys.org |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFStephensLevi&quot;&gt;Stephens, Liz; Levi, Jacob. [https://phys.org/news/2024-09-south-sudan-mass-population-permanently.html &quot;South Sudan floods: The first example of a mass population permanently displaced by climate change?&quot;]. ''phys.org''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-09-14&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Babban [[Kimiyyar muhalli|Mai binciken muhalli]] na Cibiyar Sudd Tiit Mamar ya bayyana cewa matakan ruwa na Tafkin Victoria ya kai tsakanin mita 13.44 da mita 13.60 a wani bangare saboda [[El Niño-Kudancin Oscillation|El Niño]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-09-13 |title=In South Sudan, floods drown hopes |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/in-south-sudan-floods-drown-hopes-4760598 |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=The East African |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Babban ambaliyar ruwa ya faru a cikin babban yankin Sudd, inda rassan Nilu suka shiga cikin cibiyar sadarwa mai rikitarwa na ƙananan [[Hanyar ruwa|hanyoyin ruwa]], maras kyau, da filayen ambaliyar. Yanayinta yana haifar da tsarin ambaliyar ruwa na shekara-shekara wanda matakan ruwa ke tasiri sosai a Tafkin Victoria. Bugu da kari, abun da ke cikin yankin na yumbu da [[Yumbu|yumɓu]] ya sa shigar da ruwa cikin ƙasa ya zama da wahala, yayin da ambaliyar ruwa a cikin Sudd ba ta sauƙaƙe komawa cikin babban tashar [[White Nile]]. Wadannan tare suna sa ambaliyar ruwa a yankin Sudd ta ci gaba na tsawon lokaci wanda ke buƙatar evaporation na dogon lokaci don matakan ruwa su ragu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stephens |first=Liz |last2=Levi |first2=Jacob |title=South Sudan floods: The first example of a mass population permanently displaced by climate change? |url=https://phys.org/news/2024-09-south-sudan-mass-population-permanently.html |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=phys.org |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFStephensLevi&quot;&gt;Stephens, Liz; Levi, Jacob. [https://phys.org/news/2024-09-south-sudan-mass-population-permanently.html &quot;South Sudan floods: The first example of a mass population permanently displaced by climate change?&quot;]. ''phys.org''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-09-14&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasirin ==
Ambaliyar ruwa mai tsawo ta haifar da akalla fararen hula 735,000 na [[Sudan]] ta Kudu da ke fama da tasiri. Daga cikin wadannan, fararen hula 65,000 sun yi hijira, daga cikinsu sama da mutane 41,000 a Warrap da kuma wasu 10,375 a Jihar Jonglei sun kasance daga cikinsu. Ambaliyar ta kara tsananta matsalolin jin kai da ke akwai wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali na yanki ban da shigowar 'yan gudun hijira daga Sudan wanda ya haifar a [[Rikicin Sudan, 2023|Yaƙin basasar Sudan]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-09-12 |title=South Sudan: Flooding Situation Flash Update No. 3 (As of 12 September 2024) - South Sudan {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/south-sudan-flooding-situation-flash-update-no-3-12-september-2024 |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/south-sudan-flooding-situation-flash-update-no-3-12-september-2024 &quot;South Sudan: Flooding Situation Flash Update No. 3 (As of 12 September 2024) - South Sudan | ReliefWeb&quot;]. ''reliefweb.int''. 2024-09-12&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-09-14&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Yankunan da ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa sun shafar barkewar yunwa saboda lalacewar gonaki da kayan abinci. Wadannan yankuna sun kuma sha wahala daga barkewar cututtuka ciki har da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] wanda ya haifar da ruwa mai tsaye wanda ke haifar da wuraren haifuwa ga masu kamuwa da cuta da cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa, ban da karuwar hare-haren dabbobi. 

Tun daga tsakiyar watan Agusta, 'yan ƙasa 3,600 da suka isa [[Upper Nile (jiha)|Upper Nile]] daga New Fangak a Jihar Jonglei, tare da gidaje 1,000 (mutane 6,000) daga Nasir County suma sun yi hijira. Mutane 20,000 (iyalai 5,700) sun yi hijira daga Jur River County, wanda ke da fedans 147,750 na ƙasar noma da aka ruwaito a matsayin ruwa. Rahotanni na kasa sun bayyana cewa 'yan ƙasa 21,863 a cikin Mayendit County sun yi gudun hijira, tare da goma sha ɗaya daga cikin goma sha uku na biyan kuɗin da ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa. Bugu da kari, kadada 4,275 na gonaki sun nutse.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-09-12 |title=South Sudan: Flooding Situation Flash Update No. 3 (As of 12 September 2024) - South Sudan {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/south-sudan-flooding-situation-flash-update-no-3-12-september-2024 |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/south-sudan-flooding-situation-flash-update-no-3-12-september-2024 &quot;South Sudan: Flooding Situation Flash Update No. 3 (As of 12 September 2024) - South Sudan | ReliefWeb&quot;]. ''reliefweb.int''. 2024-09-12&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-09-14&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sudd ===
Ambaliyar ruwa ba a taɓa gani ba a yankin Sudd na Sudan ta Kudu, wanda ke riƙe da ɗayan manyan wuraren da ke cikin duniya. A sakamakon haka, yawancin al'ummomin yankin sun yi hijira. A sakamakon yawan ambaliyar ruwa da ba a taɓa gani ba, al'ummomin asalin Sudd waɗanda suka haɗa da Anuak, Dinka, [[Mutanen Shilluk|Shilluk]], da Nuer, ba su iya daidaitawa ta amfani da matakan hana ambaliyar gargajiya kamar motsa dabbobi na gona zuwa ƙasa mafi girma ko kare ababen more rayuwa tare da ganuwar ƙasa. A sakamakon haka, fararen hula da yawa a yankin sun yi gudun hijira a cikin gida kuma sun tilasta su zauna a sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

[[Climatology|Masu binciken yanayi]] sun yi la'akari da cewa sabon yanayin yanayi wanda ke haifar da ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa na iya haifar da fadada wuraren da ake zaune a cikin Sudd, wanda zai iya haifar da motsi na dindindin na farko wanda canjin yanayi ya haifar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stephens |first=Liz |last2=Levi |first2=Jacob |title=South Sudan floods: The first example of a mass population permanently displaced by climate change? |url=https://phys.org/news/2024-09-south-sudan-mass-population-permanently.html |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=phys.org |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFStephensLevi&quot;&gt;Stephens, Liz; Levi, Jacob. [https://phys.org/news/2024-09-south-sudan-mass-population-permanently.html &quot;South Sudan floods: The first example of a mass population permanently displaced by climate change?&quot;]. ''phys.org''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-09-14&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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[[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] ta [[Sudan ta Kudu]] ta 2024 tana nufin ambaliyar ruwa mai bala'i a duk faɗin ƙasar [[Afirka]] ta Sudan ta Kudancin, wanda ya haifar da &quot;fiye da mutane 735,000 a fadin 38 daga cikin yankuna 78 na Sudan ta Kudu da kuma Yankin Gudanarwa na Abyei&quot; da ke tasiri kai tsaye, kuma mutane 65,000 da ke ƙaura, daga cikinsu 41,000 sun ƙaura daga Warrap.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-09-12 |title=South Sudan: Flooding Situation Flash Update No. 3 (As of 12 September 2024) - South Sudan {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/south-sudan-flooding-situation-flash-update-no-3-12-september-2024 |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stephens |first=Liz |last2=Levi |first2=Jacob |title=South Sudan floods: The first example of a mass population permanently displaced by climate change? |url=https://phys.org/news/2024-09-south-sudan-mass-population-permanently.html |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=phys.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Masu binciken yanayi sun yi la'akari da cewa sauye-sauyen yanayi a kusa da yankin [[Sudd]] na iya haifar da motsi na farko da canjin yanayi ya haifar, saboda fadada dindindin na wuraren da ba a iya zama ba wanda ya haifar da ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stephens |first=Liz |last2=Levi |first2=Jacob |title=South Sudan floods: The first example of a mass population permanently displaced by climate change? |url=https://phys.org/news/2024-09-south-sudan-mass-population-permanently.html |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=phys.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ambaliyar ruwa ==
Farawa a watan Agustan 2024, ruwan sama mai yawa a [[gabashin Afirka]] ya sa [[Tafkin Victoria]] ya kai matakin ruwa mai rikodin, wanda ya haifar da ruwa mai yawa a kan [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] zuwa Sudan ta Kudu. Wannan, tare da ruwan sama mai yawa a duk faɗin Sudan ta Kudu, ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa a yawancin Sudan ta Kudu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-09-12 |title=South Sudan: Flooding Situation Flash Update No. 3 (As of 12 September 2024) - South Sudan {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/south-sudan-flooding-situation-flash-update-no-3-12-september-2024 |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/south-sudan-flooding-situation-flash-update-no-3-12-september-2024 &quot;South Sudan: Flooding Situation Flash Update No. 3 (As of 12 September 2024) - South Sudan | ReliefWeb&quot;]. ''reliefweb.int''. 2024-09-12&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-09-14&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stephens |first=Liz |last2=Levi |first2=Jacob |title=South Sudan floods: The first example of a mass population permanently displaced by climate change? |url=https://phys.org/news/2024-09-south-sudan-mass-population-permanently.html |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=phys.org |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFStephensLevi&quot;&gt;Stephens, Liz; Levi, Jacob. [https://phys.org/news/2024-09-south-sudan-mass-population-permanently.html &quot;South Sudan floods: The first example of a mass population permanently displaced by climate change?&quot;]. ''phys.org''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-09-14&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Babban [[Kimiyyar muhalli|Mai binciken muhalli]] na Cibiyar Sudd Tiit Mamar ya bayyana cewa matakan ruwa na Tafkin Victoria ya kai tsakanin mita 13.44 da mita 13.60 a wani bangare saboda [[El Niño-Kudancin Oscillation|El Niño]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-09-13 |title=In South Sudan, floods drown hopes |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/in-south-sudan-floods-drown-hopes-4760598 |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=The East African |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Babban ambaliyar ruwa ya faru a cikin babban yankin Sudd, inda rassan Nilu suka shiga cikin cibiyar sadarwa mai rikitarwa na ƙananan [[Hanyar ruwa|hanyoyin ruwa]], maras kyau, da filayen ambaliyar. Yanayinta yana haifar da tsarin ambaliyar ruwa na shekara-shekara wanda matakan ruwa ke tasiri sosai a Tafkin Victoria. Bugu da kari, abun da ke cikin yankin na yumbu da [[Yumbu|yumɓu]] ya sa shigar da ruwa cikin ƙasa ya zama da wahala, yayin da ambaliyar ruwa a cikin Sudd ba ta sauƙaƙe komawa cikin babban tashar [[White Nile]]. Wadannan tare suna sa ambaliyar ruwa a yankin Sudd ta ci gaba na tsawon lokaci wanda ke buƙatar evaporation na dogon lokaci don matakan ruwa su ragu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stephens |first=Liz |last2=Levi |first2=Jacob |title=South Sudan floods: The first example of a mass population permanently displaced by climate change? |url=https://phys.org/news/2024-09-south-sudan-mass-population-permanently.html |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=phys.org |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFStephensLevi&quot;&gt;Stephens, Liz; Levi, Jacob. [https://phys.org/news/2024-09-south-sudan-mass-population-permanently.html &quot;South Sudan floods: The first example of a mass population permanently displaced by climate change?&quot;]. ''phys.org''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-09-14&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasirin ==
Ambaliyar ruwa mai tsawo ta haifar da akalla fararen hula 735,000 na [[Sudan]] ta Kudu da ke fama da tasiri. Daga cikin wadannan, fararen hula 65,000 sun yi hijira, daga cikinsu sama da mutane 41,000 a Warrap da kuma wasu 10,375 a Jihar Jonglei sun kasance daga cikinsu. Ambaliyar ta kara tsananta matsalolin jin kai da ke akwai wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali na yanki ban da shigowar 'yan gudun hijira daga Sudan wanda ya haifar a [[Rikicin Sudan, 2023|Yaƙin basasar Sudan]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-09-12 |title=South Sudan: Flooding Situation Flash Update No. 3 (As of 12 September 2024) - South Sudan {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/south-sudan-flooding-situation-flash-update-no-3-12-september-2024 |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/south-sudan-flooding-situation-flash-update-no-3-12-september-2024 &quot;South Sudan: Flooding Situation Flash Update No. 3 (As of 12 September 2024) - South Sudan | ReliefWeb&quot;]. ''reliefweb.int''. 2024-09-12&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-09-14&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Yankunan da ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa sun shafar barkewar yunwa saboda lalacewar gonaki da kayan abinci. Wadannan yankuna sun kuma sha wahala daga barkewar cututtuka ciki har da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] wanda ya haifar da ruwa mai tsaye wanda ke haifar da wuraren haifuwa ga masu kamuwa da cuta da cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa, ban da karuwar hare-haren dabbobi. 

Tun daga tsakiyar watan Agusta, 'yan ƙasa 3,600 da suka isa [[Upper Nile (jiha)|Upper Nile]] daga New Fangak a Jihar Jonglei, tare da gidaje 1,000 (mutane 6,000) daga Nasir County suma sun yi hijira. Mutane 20,000 (iyalai 5,700) sun yi hijira daga Jur River County, wanda ke da fedans 147,750 na ƙasar noma da aka ruwaito a matsayin ruwa. Rahotanni na kasa sun bayyana cewa 'yan ƙasa 21,863 a cikin Mayendit County sun yi gudun hijira, tare da goma sha ɗaya daga cikin goma sha uku na biyan kuɗin da ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa. Bugu da kari, kadada 4,275 na gonaki sun nutse.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-09-12 |title=South Sudan: Flooding Situation Flash Update No. 3 (As of 12 September 2024) - South Sudan {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/south-sudan-flooding-situation-flash-update-no-3-12-september-2024 |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/south-sudan-flooding-situation-flash-update-no-3-12-september-2024 &quot;South Sudan: Flooding Situation Flash Update No. 3 (As of 12 September 2024) - South Sudan | ReliefWeb&quot;]. ''reliefweb.int''. 2024-09-12&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-09-14&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sudd ===
Ambaliyar ruwa ba a taɓa gani ba a yankin Sudd na Sudan ta Kudu, wanda ke riƙe da ɗayan manyan wuraren da ke cikin duniya. A sakamakon haka, yawancin al'ummomin yankin sun yi hijira. A sakamakon yawan ambaliyar ruwa da ba a taɓa gani ba, al'ummomin asalin Sudd waɗanda suka haɗa da Anuak, Dinka, [[Mutanen Shilluk|Shilluk]], da Nuer, ba su iya daidaitawa ta amfani da matakan hana ambaliyar gargajiya kamar motsa dabbobi na gona zuwa ƙasa mafi girma ko kare ababen more rayuwa tare da ganuwar ƙasa. A sakamakon haka, fararen hula da yawa a yankin sun yi gudun hijira a cikin gida kuma sun tilasta su zauna a sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

[[Climatology|Masu binciken yanayi]] sun yi la'akari da cewa sabon yanayin yanayi wanda ke haifar da ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa na iya haifar da fadada wuraren da ake zaune a cikin Sudd, wanda zai iya haifar da motsi na dindindin na farko wanda canjin yanayi ya haifar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stephens |first=Liz |last2=Levi |first2=Jacob |title=South Sudan floods: The first example of a mass population permanently displaced by climate change? |url=https://phys.org/news/2024-09-south-sudan-mass-population-permanently.html |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=phys.org |language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFStephensLevi&quot;&gt;Stephens, Liz; Levi, Jacob. [https://phys.org/news/2024-09-south-sudan-mass-population-permanently.html &quot;South Sudan floods: The first example of a mass population permanently displaced by climate change?&quot;]. ''phys.org''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-09-14&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>8rfetntesdbf7p22skbnej7qm2w2kkq</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>World Health Organization Water and Sanitation Initiatives</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>855782</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T10:16:54Z</timestamp>
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        <id>20498</id>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Infobox organization | name = World Health Organization Water and Sanitation Initiatives | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = WHO logo.svg | image_size = 200px | caption = Tambarin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) | abbreviation = WASH | formation = 1948 | type = Shirin lafiya da muhalli | purpose = Inganta ruwa mai tsafta, tsaftar muhalli da halayen tsafta | headquarters = [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]] | region_served = Duniya | language = Harsuna daban-daban | leader_...</comment>
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      <text bytes="4953" sha1="4s2v0pyva4zqflwksslt8lf93u1c6k9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox organization
| name = World Health Organization Water and Sanitation Initiatives
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = WHO logo.svg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Tambarin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO)
| abbreviation = WASH
| formation = 1948
| type = Shirin lafiya da muhalli
| purpose = Inganta ruwa mai tsafta, tsaftar muhalli da halayen tsafta
| headquarters = [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]]
| region_served = Duniya
| language = Harsuna daban-daban
| leader_title = Director-General
| leader_name = [[Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus]]
| parent_organization = [[World Health Organization]]
| website = https://www.who.int
}}

'''Shirye-shiryen Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya''' (a Turanci: '''World Health Organization Water and Sanitation Initiatives''') wasu shirye-shirye ne da [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) ke aiwatarwa domin inganta samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha, tsaftar muhalli, da kyawawan halayen tsafta (WASH – Water, Sanitation and Hygiene) a duniya. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen suna da nufin rage cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da ruwa marar tsafta da rashin tsaftar muhalli, tare da inganta lafiyar jama'a da ci gaba mai ɗorewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=13 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Tun bayan kafuwarta a shekarar 1948, [[World Health Organization]] ta kasance tana ba da muhimmanci ga samar da tsaftataccen ruwa da ingantaccen tsarin tsaftar muhalli. A cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan, WHO ta ƙarfafa ayyukanta ta hanyar shirye-shiryen WASH domin tallafawa cimma burin [[Sustainable Development Goal 6]] na tabbatar da wadatar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli ga kowa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=WHO Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Strategy 2018–2025 |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-CED-PHE-WSH-18.03 |publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; 0

== Manufofi ==
Babban manufofin shirye-shiryen WHO kan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli sun haɗa da:

* Samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha mai aminci ga al'umma.
* Inganta tsarin tsaftar muhalli da kula da sharar gida.
* Ƙarfafa halayen tsafta kamar wanke hannu da sabulu.
* Rage yaduwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da ruwa da muhalli.
* Taimakawa ƙasashe wajen kafa dokoki da ƙa'idojin kula da ruwa.
* Inganta tsarin lura da bayanai kan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Monitoring Water, Sanitation and Hygiene |url=https://www.who.int/activities/monitoring-water-sanitation-and-hygiene |publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1

== Shirin WASH ==
WHO tana jagorantar shirin '''Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)''', wanda ke haɗa ayyuka da dama domin tabbatar da cewa mutane suna samun ruwa mai tsafta da muhalli mai lafiya. Shirin yana taimakawa wajen:

* Kare mutane daga cututtukan gudawa da kwalara.
* Hana yaɗuwar cututtukan da ba a kula da su sosai ba kamar [[Trachoma]] da [[Schistosomiasis]].
* Inganta tsafta a makarantu da cibiyoyin lafiya.
* Tallafawa shirye-shiryen gaggawa yayin annoba da bala'o'i.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash |publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2

== Lura da Kimanta Ci Gaba ==
WHO tare da haɗin gwiwar [[United Nations Children's Fund]] (UNICEF) suna gudanar da '''Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP)''' domin bibiyar ci gaban ƙasashe a fannin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Haka kuma WHO tana gudanar da '''Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS)''' domin tantance tsarin samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Monitoring Water, Sanitation and Hygiene |url=https://www.who.int/activities/monitoring-water-sanitation-and-hygiene |publisher=World Health Organization}}&lt;/ref&gt; 3

== Tasiri ==
Shirye-shiryen WHO sun taimaka wajen rage mace-macen da ke da alaƙa da gudawa da sauran cututtukan ruwa a ƙasashe da dama. Har ila yau, sun taimaka wajen inganta tsafta a asibitoci, makarantu da sauran wuraren jama'a. WHO ta nuna cewa samar da ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli na daga cikin muhimman hanyoyin kare lafiyar jama'a da rage talauci.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=World Health Organization (WHO) |url=https://www.unwater.org/about-un-water/members-and-partners/world-health-organization-who |publisher=UN-Water}}&lt;/ref&gt; 4

== Duba kuma ==
* [[World Health Organization]]
* [[Water, sanitation and hygiene]]
* [[United Nations Children's Fund]]
* [[Sustainable Development Goal 6]]
* [[Drinking water]]
* [[Sanitation]]
* [[Public health]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:World Health Organization]]
[[Category:Water supply and sanitation]]
[[Category:Public health]]
[[Category:Environmental health]]
[[Category:Sustainable Development Goals]]
[[Category:Water in society]]
[[Category:International development]]
[[Category:Health policy]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>UNICEF WASH Programmes</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>855783</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T10:19:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bembety</username>
        <id>20498</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated to hausa</comment>
      <origin>855783</origin>
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      <text bytes="5071" sha1="j0b83dcr09amqkv8i4fw1vyctbeeu64" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox organization
| name = UNICEF WASH Programmes
| image = UNICEF Logo.png
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Tambarin UNICEF
| abbreviation = WASH
| type = Shirin ruwa, tsaftar muhalli da tsafta
| status = Mai gudana
| headquarters = [[New York City]], [[United States]]
| region_served = Duniya
| parent_organization = [[United Nations Children's Fund]]
| focus = Ruwa mai tsafta, tsaftar muhalli da tsafta
| website = https://www.unicef.org/wash
}}

'''UNICEF WASH Programmes''' (a Hausa: '''Shirye-shiryen Ruwa, Tsaftar Muhalli da Tsafta na UNICEF''') wasu shirye-shirye ne da [[United Nations Children's Fund]] (UNICEF) ke gudanarwa domin tabbatar da samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha, ingantattun bayan-gida, da kyawawan halayen tsafta ga yara da al'ummomi a faɗin duniya. Kalmar '''WASH''' tana nufin ''Water, Sanitation and Hygiene'' (Ruwa, Tsaftar Muhalli da Tsafta).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) |url=https://www.unicef.org/wash |publisher=UNICEF |access-date=13 Yuni 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
UNICEF ta fara aiwatar da shirye-shiryen samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli tun daga shekarun farko bayan kafuwarta. Daga baya an haɗa waɗannan ayyuka cikin tsarin WASH domin magance matsalolin rashin tsaftataccen ruwa, rashin bayan-gida, da ƙarancin ilimin tsafta a ƙasashe masu tasowa. A yau, UNICEF tana gudanar da shirye-shiryen WASH a sama da ƙasashe 100 na duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) |url=https://www.unicef.org/wash |publisher=UNICEF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manufofi ==
Shirye-shiryen WASH na UNICEF suna da manufofi masu zuwa:

* Samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga yara da iyalansu.
* Gina da inganta tsarin bayan-gida da kula da sharar gida.
* Ƙarfafa al'adun tsafta kamar wanke hannu da sabulu.
* Rage mace-macen yara sakamakon cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da ruwa.
* Taimaka wa makarantu da cibiyoyin lafiya samun ruwa da tsafta.
* Ƙarfafa tsarin kula da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli masu jure sauyin yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programmes |url=https://www.unicef.org/wash/programmes |publisher=UNICEF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manyan Shirye-shirye ==
=== Samar da Ruwa ===
UNICEF tana taimakawa gwamnatoci da al'ummomi wajen samar da rijiyoyi, famfunan ruwa, da hanyoyin samar da ruwa mai tsafta domin rage cututtukan da ruwa mara kyau ke haifarwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Programmes |url=https://www.unicef.org/wash/programmes |publisher=UNICEF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tsaftar Muhalli ===
Shirin yana tallafawa gina bayan-gida, rage yin bayan gida a fili, da ƙarfafa tsarin kula da najasa da sharar gida domin kare lafiyar jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sanitation Programmes |url=https://www.unicef.org/wash/programmes |publisher=UNICEF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tsafta (Hygiene) ===
UNICEF tana wayar da kai game da muhimmancin wanke hannu da sabulu, tsaftar jiki, da kula da tsaftar mata yayin al'ada domin rage yaɗuwar cututtuka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hygiene Programmes |url=https://www.unicef.org/wash/programmes |publisher=UNICEF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== WASH da Sauyin Yanayi ===
UNICEF tana haɓaka ayyukan WASH masu jure fari, ambaliyar ruwa da sauran tasirin [[Climate change]] domin tabbatar da dorewar ayyukan ruwa da tsafta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=WASH and Climate Change |url=https://www.unicef.org/wash/programmes |publisher=UNICEF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== WASH a Lokutan Gaggawa ===
A lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe, ambaliyar ruwa, fari da annoba, UNICEF tana samar da ruwa mai tsafta, kayan tsafta da bayan-gida ga al'ummomin da abin ya shafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=WASH in Emergencies |url=https://www.unicef.org/wash/programmes |publisher=UNICEF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasiri ==
Shirye-shiryen WASH na UNICEF sun taimaka wajen rage yawaitar cututtukan gudawa, kwalara da sauran cututtukan da ruwa mara tsafta ke haifarwa. Haka kuma sun taimaka wajen ƙara yawan yara masu samun ruwa mai tsafta a makarantu da cibiyoyin lafiya a sassa daban-daban na duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Global Annual Results Report 2024: Goal Area 4 |url=https://www.unicef.org/wash |publisher=UNICEF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== UNICEF WASH a Najeriya ==
A [[Najeriya]], UNICEF tana aiki tare da gwamnatin tarayya da gwamnatocin jihohi wajen samar da ruwa mai tsafta, kawar da yin bayan gida a fili, da inganta tsafta a makarantu da al'ummomi. Haka kuma tana tallafawa aiwatar da manufofin [[Sustainable Development Goal 6]] na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Nigeria |url=https://www.unicef.org/nigeria/water-sanitation-and-hygiene |publisher=UNICEF Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
* [[United Nations Children's Fund]]
* [[Water, sanitation and hygiene]]
* [[World Health Organization]]
* [[Sustainable Development Goal 6]]
* [[Drinking water]]
* [[Sanitation]]
* [[Climate change]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:UNICEF]]
[[Category:Water supply and sanitation]]
[[Category:Public health]]
[[Category:Environmental health]]
[[Category:International development]]
[[Category:Sustainable Development Goals]]
[[Category:Water in society]]
[[Category:Children's rights]]
[[Category:Humanitarian aid]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Yunin 2024 Hadarin Hadari na Afirka ta Kudu</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-13T10:23:22Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358459267|June 2024 South African storm complex]]&quot;</comment>
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A ranar 1-5 ga Yuni 2024, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=South Africa - Severe weather and floods, update (IFRC, media, SAWS) (ECHO Daily Flash of 04 June 2024) - South Africa {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/south-africa/south-africa-severe-weather-and-floods-update-ifrc-media-saws-echo-daily-flash-04-june-2024 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; babban tsarin guguwa ya haifar da ruwan sama mai tsanani da iskõki a gabar gabashin Afirka ta Kudu, ya buge kananan hukumomi da yawa a lardunan Gabashin Cape da KwaZulu-Natal. Guguwar ta haifar da guguwa biyu a Newcastle da Utrecht, tare da guguwar da ta fi karfi da ta mamaye oThongathi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bega |first=Sheree |date=2024-06-04 |title=Clean-up operations underway after two tornadoes strike KZN in same day |url=https://mg.co.za/the-green-guardian/2024-06-04-clean-up-operations-underway-after-two-tornadoes-strike-kzn-in-same-day/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=The Mail &amp; Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-06-04 |title=South African floods kill at least 22 people |url=https://www.caledonianrecord.com/news/national/south-african-floods-kill-at-least-22-people/article_2973cdae-9b3c-501c-bd46-368424ce4182.html |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=Caledonian Record}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
A ranar 1 ga Yuni 2024, Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da rahoton cewa Afirka ta Kudu tana ƙarƙashin tsarin rage matsin lamba, wanda ke faruwa lokacin da tsarin matsin lamba ya rabu da rafin jet. Hukumar ta yi hasashen cewa za ta tsaya a gabar gabashin Afirka ta Kudu na kwanaki da yawa kuma ta samar da ruwan sama mai tsanani, iska mai tsanani, da sanyi mai sanyi tare da yiwuwar ƙanƙara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-06-04 |title=South African floods kill at least 22 people |url=https://www.caledonianrecord.com/news/national/south-african-floods-kill-at-least-22-people/article_2973cdae-9b3c-501c-bd46-368424ce4182.html |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=Caledonian Record}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wannan rana, Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da gargadi na Yellow Level 6 a yankunan lardunan Yammacin Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Arewacin Cape da Gabashin Cape, inda suka yi hasashen ambaliyar ruwa, dusar ƙanƙara, ƙanƙarar ƙanƙanta, da iska mai ƙarfi za su faru.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=South Africa: Flood - 06-2024 - Floods in Eastern Cape - Nelson Mandela Bay, Buffalo City and Sara Baartman (2024-06-04) - South Africa {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/south-africa/south-africa-flood-06-2024-floods-eastern-cape-nelson-mandela-bay-buffalo-city-and-sara-baartman-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasirin ==
A lokacin da [[Rand na Afirka ta Kudu|R]] a ranar 3 ga Yuni 2024, &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=van der Heever |first=Vania |date=2024-06-04 |title=Flood warning, road closures in Cape Town |url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/flood-warning-road-closures-in-cape-town/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=SABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; hadari ya haifar da guguwa biyu a yankin da ke kewaye da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Durban wanda ya buge Newcastle, Utrecht da oThongathi (Tongaat). Guguwa ta farko ta samo asali ne a Arewa maso gabashin KwaZulu-Nata tsakanin Newcastle da Utrecht, ta fara ne a matsayin guguwa ta igiya kafin ta zama guguwa. Mafi girma kuma mafi karfi daga cikin guguwa sun samo asali a kusa da oThongathi daga baya da rana, kuma sun zama guguwa da ta koma gabas zuwa gabar gabashin tsakanin Desainagar da Seatides kafin ta ɓace.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 June 2024 |title=Severe thunderstorms affect parts of KwaZulu-Natal with at least 2 tornadoes observed on Monday afternoon, 3 June 2024 |url=https://www.weathersa.co.za/Documents/Corporate/Media_Release_04_June_KZN_tornadoes__04062024145808.pdf |url-status= |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=South African Weather Service}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa a cikin oThongathi, ya lalata gidaje da yawa, ya sare bishiyoyi, ya lalata layin wutar lantarki, kuma ya haifar da kashe wutar lantarki. Akalla mutane 12 ne suka mutu a lardin KwaZulu-Natal sakamakon tsarin guguwar tornadic. Fiye da gidaje 7,000 sun lalace, iyalai 1,200 sun rasa gidaje. Lalacewar tsarin a lardin ya kai R1.3 biliyan (US $ 68.6 miliyan). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Engel |first=Kristin |date=2024-06-12 |title=KZN tornado and severe weather events in Eastern Cape and Free State classified as a national disaster |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2024-06-12-national-disaster-declared-after-kzn-tornado-and-severe-weather-events-in-eastern-cape-and-free-state/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=Daily Maverick}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai rahotanni na fashi a Tongaat bayan guguwar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Har ila yau, guguwar ta haifar da ruwan sama mai yawa da ƙanƙara wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa wanda ya haifar leƙalla mutuwar 11 a lardin Gabashin Cape. Fiye da mutane 2,000 sun kwashe daga Nelson Mandela Bay, da yawa daga gidaje na wucin gadi a cikin unguwanni na yankin. Akalla mutane 55 sun sami raunuka masu sauƙi zuwa matsakaici waɗanda ke buƙatar magani a asibiti.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; [[Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent ta kasa da kasa|Red Cross]] ta lura cewa yankunan Nelson Mandela Bay da Buffalo City sun sha wahala daga ambaliyar ruwa mafi muni, tare da ruwan sama mai yawa wanda ya haifar da fashewar madatsar ruwa da kuma hanyoyin da suka cika. An kuma bayar da rahoton lalacewar ambaliyar ruwa a cikin Gundumar Sarah Baartman, yayin da madatsar ruwan da ke kusa da Tyriville ke cikin haɗarin rushewa. Gine-gine, tsarin zaki, hanyoyi, da wuraren ruwa, da kayan aikin lantarki sun lalace a fadin tashar metro ta Nelson Mandela Bay, yayin da aka lalata gadoji a Kwanobuhle.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; An kiyasta lalacewar a lardin ta kasance kusa da R5.2 biliyan (US $ 275 miliyan).

Ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa sun haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga aikin gona na alkama da canola a yankin Overberg saboda ruwan sama na 200 mm da ya cika ƙasa, ya haifar da rushewa, ya cire ƙasa mai kyau, da lalata hanyoyi da gadoji waɗanda zasu iya ba manoma damar isa amfanin gonar su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ferreira |first=Anton |date=5 June 2024 |title=Torrential rain a blow for farmers in the Overberg |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2024-06-05-torrential-rain-a-blow-to-farmers-in-the-overberg/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=TimesLIVE}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin da aka yanke ya haifar da yanayin zafi ya sauka ƙasa da 0 ° C (32 ° F) a larduna biyar na Afirka ta Kudu ciki har da Free State, wanda ya haifar da dusar ƙanƙara ta farko a shekara a Afirka ta Kudu, har zuwa 30 cm a fadin yankuna daban-daban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Engel |first=Kristin |date=2024-06-03 |title=Hail, flooding, snow, two tornadoes, heavy rainfall and high winds hit SA |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2024-06-04-hail-flooding-snow-two-tornadoes-heavy-rainfall-and-high-winds-hit-sa/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=Daily Maverick}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Ambaliyar ruwa ta Kudu ta 2024]]
* [[AmbaliyarKwaZulu-Natal ta 2022|Ambaliyar ruwa ta KwaZulu-Natal ta 2022]]
* [[Ambaliyar Gabashin Cape ta 2022|Ambaliyar ruwa ta Gabashin Cape ta 2022]]
* Guguwar Cape (2017) 
* Yanayi na shekara ta 2024

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>855786</id>
      <parentid>855785</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T10:24:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>855786</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7349" sha1="dcw7qg56sm8qbl47ikwmmodijp99ts9" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

A ranar 1-5 ga Yuni 2024, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=South Africa - Severe weather and floods, update (IFRC, media, SAWS) (ECHO Daily Flash of 04 June 2024) - South Africa {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/south-africa/south-africa-severe-weather-and-floods-update-ifrc-media-saws-echo-daily-flash-04-june-2024 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; babban tsarin guguwa ya haifar da ruwan sama mai tsanani da iskõki a gabar gabashin Afirka ta Kudu, ya buge kananan hukumomi da yawa a lardunan Gabashin Cape da KwaZulu-Natal. Guguwar ta haifar da guguwa biyu a Newcastle da Utrecht, tare da guguwar da ta fi karfi da ta mamaye oThongathi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bega |first=Sheree |date=2024-06-04 |title=Clean-up operations underway after two tornadoes strike KZN in same day |url=https://mg.co.za/the-green-guardian/2024-06-04-clean-up-operations-underway-after-two-tornadoes-strike-kzn-in-same-day/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=The Mail &amp; Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-06-04 |title=South African floods kill at least 22 people |url=https://www.caledonianrecord.com/news/national/south-african-floods-kill-at-least-22-people/article_2973cdae-9b3c-501c-bd46-368424ce4182.html |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=Caledonian Record}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
A ranar 1 ga Yuni 2024, Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da rahoton cewa Afirka ta Kudu tana ƙarƙashin tsarin rage matsin lamba, wanda ke faruwa lokacin da tsarin matsin lamba ya rabu da rafin jet. Hukumar ta yi hasashen cewa za ta tsaya a gabar gabashin Afirka ta Kudu na kwanaki da yawa kuma ta samar da ruwan sama mai tsanani, iska mai tsanani, da sanyi mai sanyi tare da yiwuwar ƙanƙara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-06-04 |title=South African floods kill at least 22 people |url=https://www.caledonianrecord.com/news/national/south-african-floods-kill-at-least-22-people/article_2973cdae-9b3c-501c-bd46-368424ce4182.html |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=Caledonian Record}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A wannan rana, Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da gargadi na Yellow Level 6 a yankunan lardunan Yammacin Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Arewacin Cape da Gabashin Cape, inda suka yi hasashen ambaliyar ruwa, dusar ƙanƙara, ƙanƙarar ƙanƙanta, da iska mai ƙarfi za su faru.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=South Africa: Flood - 06-2024 - Floods in Eastern Cape - Nelson Mandela Bay, Buffalo City and Sara Baartman (2024-06-04) - South Africa {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/south-africa/south-africa-flood-06-2024-floods-eastern-cape-nelson-mandela-bay-buffalo-city-and-sara-baartman-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=reliefweb.int}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasirin ==
A lokacin da [[Rand na Afirka ta Kudu|R]] a ranar 3 ga Yuni 2024, &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=van der Heever |first=Vania |date=2024-06-04 |title=Flood warning, road closures in Cape Town |url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/flood-warning-road-closures-in-cape-town/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=SABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; hadari ya haifar da guguwa biyu a yankin da ke kewaye da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Durban wanda ya buge Newcastle, Utrecht da oThongathi (Tongaat). Guguwa ta farko ta samo asali ne a Arewa maso gabashin KwaZulu-Nata tsakanin Newcastle da Utrecht, ta fara ne a matsayin guguwa ta igiya kafin ta zama guguwa. Mafi girma kuma mafi karfi daga cikin guguwa sun samo asali a kusa da oThongathi daga baya da rana, kuma sun zama guguwa da ta koma gabas zuwa gabar gabashin tsakanin Desainagar da Seatides kafin ta ɓace.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 June 2024 |title=Severe thunderstorms affect parts of KwaZulu-Natal with at least 2 tornadoes observed on Monday afternoon, 3 June 2024 |url=https://www.weathersa.co.za/Documents/Corporate/Media_Release_04_June_KZN_tornadoes__04062024145808.pdf |url-status= |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=South African Weather Service}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa a cikin oThongathi, ya lalata gidaje da yawa, ya sare bishiyoyi, ya lalata layin wutar lantarki, kuma ya haifar da kashe wutar lantarki. Akalla mutane 12 ne suka mutu a lardin KwaZulu-Natal sakamakon tsarin guguwar tornadic. Fiye da gidaje 7,000 sun lalace, iyalai 1,200 sun rasa gidaje. Lalacewar tsarin a lardin ya kai R1.3 biliyan (US $ 68.6 miliyan). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Engel |first=Kristin |date=2024-06-12 |title=KZN tornado and severe weather events in Eastern Cape and Free State classified as a national disaster |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2024-06-12-national-disaster-declared-after-kzn-tornado-and-severe-weather-events-in-eastern-cape-and-free-state/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=Daily Maverick}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai rahotanni na fashi a Tongaat bayan guguwar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Har ila yau, guguwar ta haifar da ruwan sama mai yawa da ƙanƙara wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa wanda ya haifar leƙalla mutuwar 11 a lardin Gabashin Cape. Fiye da mutane 2,000 sun kwashe daga Nelson Mandela Bay, da yawa daga gidaje na wucin gadi a cikin unguwanni na yankin. Akalla mutane 55 sun sami raunuka masu sauƙi zuwa matsakaici waɗanda ke buƙatar magani a asibiti.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; [[Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent ta kasa da kasa|Red Cross]] ta lura cewa yankunan Nelson Mandela Bay da Buffalo City sun sha wahala daga ambaliyar ruwa mafi muni, tare da ruwan sama mai yawa wanda ya haifar da fashewar madatsar ruwa da kuma hanyoyin da suka cika. An kuma bayar da rahoton lalacewar ambaliyar ruwa a cikin Gundumar Sarah Baartman, yayin da madatsar ruwan da ke kusa da Tyriville ke cikin haɗarin rushewa. Gine-gine, tsarin zaki, hanyoyi, da wuraren ruwa, da kayan aikin lantarki sun lalace a fadin tashar metro ta Nelson Mandela Bay, yayin da aka lalata gadoji a Kwanobuhle.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; An kiyasta lalacewar a lardin ta kasance kusa da R5.2 biliyan (US $ 275 miliyan).

Ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa sun haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga aikin gona na alkama da canola a yankin Overberg saboda ruwan sama na 200 mm da ya cika ƙasa, ya haifar da rushewa, ya cire ƙasa mai kyau, da lalata hanyoyi da gadoji waɗanda zasu iya ba manoma damar isa amfanin gonar su.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ferreira |first=Anton |date=5 June 2024 |title=Torrential rain a blow for farmers in the Overberg |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2024-06-05-torrential-rain-a-blow-to-farmers-in-the-overberg/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=TimesLIVE}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsarin da aka yanke ya haifar da yanayin zafi ya sauka ƙasa da 0 ° C (32 ° F) a larduna biyar na Afirka ta Kudu ciki har da Free State, wanda ya haifar da dusar ƙanƙara ta farko a shekara a Afirka ta Kudu, har zuwa 30 cm a fadin yankuna daban-daban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Engel |first=Kristin |date=2024-06-03 |title=Hail, flooding, snow, two tornadoes, heavy rainfall and high winds hit SA |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2024-06-04-hail-flooding-snow-two-tornadoes-heavy-rainfall-and-high-winds-hit-sa/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=Daily Maverick}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Ambaliyar ruwa ta Kudu ta 2024]]
* [[AmbaliyarKwaZulu-Natal ta 2022|Ambaliyar ruwa ta KwaZulu-Natal ta 2022]]
* [[Ambaliyar Gabashin Cape ta 2022|Ambaliyar ruwa ta Gabashin Cape ta 2022]]
* Guguwar Cape (2017) 
* Yanayi na shekara ta 2024

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>African Development Bank Water Projects</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157069</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855787</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T10:24:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bembety</username>
        <id>20498</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated to hausa</comment>
      <origin>855787</origin>
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      <text bytes="5939" sha1="begen20jji0az2b2pqyv7kqp079a71u" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox organization
| name = African Development Bank Water Projects
| image = African Development Bank logo.svg
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Tambarin Bankin Raya Afirka
| abbreviation = AfDB Water Projects
| type = Ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli
| headquarters = [[Abidjan]], [[Ivory Coast]]
| region_served = [[Africa]]
| parent_organization = [[African Development Bank]]
| focus = Samar da ruwa mai tsafta, tsaftar muhalli, da kula da albarkatun ruwa
| website = https://www.afdb.org
}}

'''African Development Bank Water Projects''' (a Hausa: '''Ayyukan Ruwa na Bankin Raya Afirka''') wasu shirye-shirye ne da [[African Development Bank]] (AfDB) ke tallafawa domin inganta samar da ruwa mai tsafta, tsaftar muhalli, da kula da albarkatun ruwa a ƙasashen [[Africa]]. Waɗannan ayyuka suna taimakawa wajen rage talauci, inganta lafiyar jama'a, da bunƙasa tattalin arziki ta hanyar samar da ingantattun ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Supply and Sanitation |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/topics-and-sectors/sectors/water-supply-sanitation |publisher=African Development Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
Bankin Raya Afirka ya fara saka hannun jari a fannin ruwa tun bayan kafuwarsa a shekarar 1964. A tsawon shekaru, bankin ya tallafa wa ɗaruruwan ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a nahiyar Afirka. A shekarar 2021, bankin ya amince da sabuwar dabarar ruwa ta 2021–2025 mai taken ''Towards a Water-Secure Africa'' domin ƙarfafa tsaron ruwa da ci gaba mai ɗorewa a nahiyar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=African Development Bank Board approves new Water Strategy 2021–2025 |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/press-releases/african-development-bank-board-approves-new-water-strategy-2021-2025-47041 |publisher=African Development Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manufofi ==
Ayyukan ruwa na AfDB suna da manufofi kamar haka:

* Samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha ga al'umma.
* Inganta tsarin tsaftar muhalli da kula da najasa.
* Ƙarfafa kula da albarkatun ruwa cikin dorewa.
* Taimaka wa ƙasashe su daidaita da sauyin yanayi.
* Tallafawa ci gaban noma, makamashi da masana'antu masu amfani da ruwa.
* Ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar ƙasashe masu raba koguna da tafkunan ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Supply and Sanitation |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/topics-and-sectors/sectors/water-supply-sanitation |publisher=African Development Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== African Water Facility ==
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan shirye-shiryen da bankin ke gudanarwa shi ne '''[[African Water Facility]]''' (AWF), wanda aka kafa a shekarar 2006 tare da goyon bayan [[African Ministers' Council on Water]]. Wannan shiri yana taimakawa ƙasashen Afirka wajen shirya ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, inganta shugabanci, da jawo ƙarin jarin ci gaba a fannin ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=African Water Facility |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/topics-and-sectors/initiatives-partnerships/african-water-facility |publisher=African Development Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manyan Ayyuka ==
=== Najeriya ===
AfDB ta tallafa wa ayyukan ruwa da dama a [[Nigeria]], ciki har da:

* Shirin Samar da Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli a [[Yobe State]] da [[Osun State]].
* Shirin Gyaran Fannin Ruwa da Samar da Ruwa a [[Port Harcourt]].
* Shirin Gyaran Fannin Ruwa da Samar da Ruwa a [[Akure]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sub-Programmes for Yobe and Osun States |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/projects-and-operations/p-ng-e00-002}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Urban Water Sector Reform and Port-Harcourt Water Supply and Sanitation Project |url=https://mapafrica.afdb.org/en/projects/46002-P-NG-E00-007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Nigeria Urban Water Sector Reform and Akure Water Supply and Sanitation Project |url=https://mapafrica.afdb.org/en/projects/46002-P-NG-E00-014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rwanda ===
Bankin ya tallafa wa ayyukan samar da ruwa a yankunan karkara da birane domin ƙara yawan mutanen da ke samun ruwa mai tsafta da rage nisan da jama'a ke tafiya domin samo ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=African Development Bank-funded project boosts universal access to water in Rwanda |publisher=African Development Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Chadi ===
A ƙasar [[Chad]], AfDB tana tallafawa shirin samar da ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli a yankunan karkara da ƙananan birane domin inganta rayuwar jama'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Programme in Semi-Urban and Rural Areas |url=https://mapafrica.afdb.org/en/projects/46002-P-TD-E00-006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zariya ===
A [[Zaria]], [[Kaduna State]], AfDB ta tallafa wa babban aikin faɗaɗa samar da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli wanda ya ƙara yawan mutanen da ke samun ruwa mai tsafta daga kusan kashi 30% zuwa sama da kashi 80%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=AfDB-Assisted Zaria Water Supply Expansion and Sanitation Project Launched |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/afdb-assisted-zaria-water-supply-expansion-and-sanitation-project-launched-12567 |publisher=African Development Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tasiri ==
A cewar bayanan AfDB, ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da bankin ya tallafawa sun samar wa miliyoyin mutane damar samun ruwa mai tsafta da ingantattun ayyukan tsaftar muhalli a nahiyar Afirka. Fiye da mutane miliyan 83 sun amfana daga sabbin ko ingantattun ayyukan ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da bankin ya tallafawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Supply and Sanitation - MapAfrica |url=https://mapafrica.afdb.org/en/sectors/E}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
* [[African Development Bank]]
* [[African Water Facility]]
* [[Africa Water Vision 2025]]
* [[Water supply and sanitation in Africa]]
* [[Sustainable Development Goal 6]]
* [[African Ministers' Council on Water]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:African Development Bank]]
[[Category:Water supply and sanitation in Africa]]
[[Category:Water management]]
[[Category:International development]]
[[Category:Sustainable Development Goals]]
[[Category:Environmental policy]]
[[Category:Public health]]
[[Category:Infrastructure in Africa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ambaliyar ruwa ta 2026 a Malawi</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343256228|2026 Malawi floods]]&quot;</comment>
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A farkon shekarar 2026, ambaliyar ruwa da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya haifar ta shafi sassan [[Malawi]], inda ta kashe mutane da dama. Yankunan karkara inda masana'antun noma suka fi shafa sun fi shafa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-02-08 |title=Thousands displaced as flooding devastates wetland crops in Malawi |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20260208-thousands-displaced-as-flooding-devastates-wetland-crops-in-malawi |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=RFI |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kimanin mutane 160,000 ne ambaliyar ruwan ta shafa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Malawi Red Cross early action in the face of killer ‘storms, strong winds, flash floods, lightning’ – Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre |url=https://www.climatecentre.org/16584/malawi-red-cross-early-action-in-the-face-of-killer-storms-strong-winds-flash-floods-lightning/ |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=www.climatecentre.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wata sanarwa da Kwamishinan Kula da Bala'i Wilson Moleni ya sanya wa hannu, Ma'aikatar Kula da Bala'i (DoDMA) ta ce ambaliyar ruwan ta shafi gidaje 36,283 a cikin majalisu 29 tun lokacin da ruwan sama ya fara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chiputula |first=Eric |date=2026-01-22 |title=Floods, storms hit over 163,000 people as Malawi faces 47% disaster funding gap Malawi 24 {{!}} Latest News from Malawi |url=https://malawi24.com/2026/01/22/floods-storms-hit-over-163000-people-as-malawi-faces-47-disaster-funding-gap/ |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=Malawi 24 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yankin Chikwawa da ke yankin Kudu ya fi shafa, inda [[Rafin Shire|kogin Shire]] ya cika da ambaliya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 February 2026 |title=Heavy rains and floods displace families in Malawi |url=https://www.islamic-relief.org.uk/crisis-watch/emergency/heavy-rains-and-floods-displace-families-in-malawi/ |website=Islamic Relief}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran gundumomin da abin ya shafa sun hada da Balaka, Blantyre City, Blantyre District, Chiradzulu, Chitipa, Dedza, Dowa, Karonga, Kasungu, Lilongwe City, Lilongwe District, Likoma, Machinga, Mangochi, Mchinji, Mulanje, Baynokkhata, Nekota Mzimba Nsanje, Ntcheu, Ntchisi, Phalombe, Salima, Thyolo, Zomba City da gundumar Zomba . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-01-22 |title=DoDMA reports 40 deaths, over 36,000 households affected by rain-related disasters {{!}} Malawi Voice |url=https://www.malawivoice.com/2026/01/22/dodma-reports-40-deaths-over-36000-households-affected-by-rain-related-disasters/ |access-date=2026-03-11 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar kula da bala'o'i ta gwamnati ta ba da taimako da tallafi ga wadanda abin ya shafa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-01-22 |title=Malawi Flood Toll Rises To 40 As Destruction Worsts - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi-flood-toll-rises-to-40-as-destruction-worsts/ |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tarayyar Turai]] ta kuma sanar da agaji. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Times |first=The Brussels |title=EU pledges emergency aid for Malawi after flooding displaces thousands |url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/1945549/eu-pledges-emergency-aid-for-malawi-after-flooding-displaces-thousands |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=www.brusselstimes.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyar [[Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent ta kasa da kasa|agaji ta Red Cross]] ta Malawi ta ba da taimako ga mutane 20,000 a Nkhotakota . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Malawi Red Cross early action in the face of killer ‘storms, strong winds, flash floods, lightning’ – Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre |url=https://www.climatecentre.org/16584/malawi-red-cross-early-action-in-the-face-of-killer-storms-strong-winds-flash-floods-lightning/ |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=www.climatecentre.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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        <id>25549</id>
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      <text bytes="3779" sha1="1ur18tmod0kqz37xf0uc46c2j20kaqk" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

A farkon shekarar 2026, ambaliyar ruwa da ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ya haifar ta shafi sassan [[Malawi]], inda ta kashe mutane da dama. Yankunan karkara inda masana'antun noma suka fi shafa sun fi shafa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-02-08 |title=Thousands displaced as flooding devastates wetland crops in Malawi |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20260208-thousands-displaced-as-flooding-devastates-wetland-crops-in-malawi |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=RFI |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kimanin mutane 160,000 ne ambaliyar ruwan ta shafa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Malawi Red Cross early action in the face of killer ‘storms, strong winds, flash floods, lightning’ – Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre |url=https://www.climatecentre.org/16584/malawi-red-cross-early-action-in-the-face-of-killer-storms-strong-winds-flash-floods-lightning/ |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=www.climatecentre.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin wata sanarwa da Kwamishinan Kula da Bala'i Wilson Moleni ya sanya wa hannu, Ma'aikatar Kula da Bala'i (DoDMA) ta ce ambaliyar ruwan ta shafi gidaje 36,283 a cikin majalisu 29 tun lokacin da ruwan sama ya fara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chiputula |first=Eric |date=2026-01-22 |title=Floods, storms hit over 163,000 people as Malawi faces 47% disaster funding gap Malawi 24 {{!}} Latest News from Malawi |url=https://malawi24.com/2026/01/22/floods-storms-hit-over-163000-people-as-malawi-faces-47-disaster-funding-gap/ |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=Malawi 24 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yankin Chikwawa da ke yankin Kudu ya fi shafa, inda [[Rafin Shire|kogin Shire]] ya cika da ambaliya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 February 2026 |title=Heavy rains and floods displace families in Malawi |url=https://www.islamic-relief.org.uk/crisis-watch/emergency/heavy-rains-and-floods-displace-families-in-malawi/ |website=Islamic Relief}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sauran gundumomin da abin ya shafa sun hada da Balaka, Blantyre City, Blantyre District, Chiradzulu, Chitipa, Dedza, Dowa, Karonga, Kasungu, Lilongwe City, Lilongwe District, Likoma, Machinga, Mangochi, Mchinji, Mulanje, Baynokkhata, Nekota Mzimba Nsanje, Ntcheu, Ntchisi, Phalombe, Salima, Thyolo, Zomba City da gundumar Zomba . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-01-22 |title=DoDMA reports 40 deaths, over 36,000 households affected by rain-related disasters {{!}} Malawi Voice |url=https://www.malawivoice.com/2026/01/22/dodma-reports-40-deaths-over-36000-households-affected-by-rain-related-disasters/ |access-date=2026-03-11 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar kula da bala'o'i ta gwamnati ta ba da taimako da tallafi ga wadanda abin ya shafa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-01-22 |title=Malawi Flood Toll Rises To 40 As Destruction Worsts - Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi-flood-toll-rises-to-40-as-destruction-worsts/ |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=www.nyasatimes.com |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tarayyar Turai]] ta kuma sanar da agaji. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Times |first=The Brussels |title=EU pledges emergency aid for Malawi after flooding displaces thousands |url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/1945549/eu-pledges-emergency-aid-for-malawi-after-flooding-displaces-thousands |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=www.brusselstimes.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyar [[Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent ta kasa da kasa|agaji ta Red Cross]] ta Malawi ta ba da taimako ga mutane 20,000 a Nkhotakota . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Malawi Red Cross early action in the face of killer ‘storms, strong winds, flash floods, lightning’ – Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre |url=https://www.climatecentre.org/16584/malawi-red-cross-early-action-in-the-face-of-killer-storms-strong-winds-flash-floods-lightning/ |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=www.climatecentre.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ambaliyar ruwa ta 2026 a Zimbabwe</title>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-13T10:28:14Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356970815|2026 Zimbabwe floods]]&quot;</comment>
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A farkon 2026, ambaliyar ruwa da ruwan sama mai yawa ya haifar ta shafi sassan [[Zimbabwe]]. An samu rahotanni na mutuwar mutane 70 da kusan mutane 250,000 da abin ya shafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Overall Green Flood in Zimbabwe from 01 Jan 2026 01:00 UTC to 03 Jan 2026 01:00 UTC |url=https://www.gdacs.org/Floods/report.aspx?episodeid=1&amp;eventid=1103715&amp;eventtype=FL |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=www.gdacs.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lalacewar ==
Ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa sun ci gaba a duk faɗin Kudancin Afirka tun daga tsakiyar Disamba 2025. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-01-27 |title=Southern Africa: Heavy Rains and Floods Flash Update No. 2 (27 January 2026) {{!}} OCHA |url=https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/mozambique/southern-africa-heavy-rains-and-floods-flash-update-no-2-27-january-2026 |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=www.unocha.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 2026, ruwan sama mai yawa ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa a titin Dumbujena, Mbare, New Canaan da Highfield yankunan Harare.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=DANIEL |first=SHARON ZEBRA and Kenneth Nyangani and GRACIOUS |title=70 dead as rains wreak havoc |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/local-news/article/200050490/70-dead-as-rains-wreak-havoc |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=NewsDay |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Kasa ta Zimbabwe (ZINWA) ta ba da gargadi game da ambaliyar ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-01-02 |title=Zinwa issues flood warning |url=https://www.zimbabwesituation.com/news/zinwa-issues-flood-warning/ |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=Zimbabwe Situation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 13 ga watan Janairun 2026, Majalisar Birnin Harare ta gargadi mazauna da su bar Gundumar kasuwanci ta tsakiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ndoro |first=Timothy |date=2026-01-13 |title=Leave The CBD Early: City Council Warns Residents As Floods Swamp Harare |url=https://iharare.com/city-council-warns-residents-to-leave-cbd-early-as-flash-floods-swamp-harare/ |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=iHarare News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Maris na shekara ta 2026, ambaliyar ruwa ta kwashe gadar Jeka-Chegato a fadin Kogin Mwenezi a Gundumar Arewacin Mberengwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Floods wash away key Mberengwa bridge, thousands stranded |url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-262970.html |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=Bulawayo24 News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Farkon ambaliyar yana da alaƙa da canjin yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 March 2026 |title=Flood disaster linked to climate change hits Zimbabwe |url=https://www.thegranite.co.zw/article/la-nina-floods-zimbabwe-70-dead-1000-homes-climate-change-2026 |website=thegranite.co.zw}}&lt;/ref&gt; Makarantu 237 sun lalace.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-03-19 |title=Floods Kill 134 In Zimbabwe as Rains Continue to Ravage Communities |url=https://www.zimeye.net/2026/03/19/floods-kill-134-in-zimbabwe-as-rains-continue-to-ravage-communities/ |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=ZimEye |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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A farkon 2026, ambaliyar ruwa da ruwan sama mai yawa ya haifar ta shafi sassan [[Zimbabwe]]. An samu rahotanni na mutuwar mutane 70 da kusan mutane 250,000 da abin ya shafa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Overall Green Flood in Zimbabwe from 01 Jan 2026 01:00 UTC to 03 Jan 2026 01:00 UTC |url=https://www.gdacs.org/Floods/report.aspx?episodeid=1&amp;eventid=1103715&amp;eventtype=FL |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=www.gdacs.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lalacewar ==
Ruwan sama da ambaliyar ruwa sun ci gaba a duk faɗin Kudancin Afirka tun daga tsakiyar Disamba 2025. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-01-27 |title=Southern Africa: Heavy Rains and Floods Flash Update No. 2 (27 January 2026) {{!}} OCHA |url=https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/mozambique/southern-africa-heavy-rains-and-floods-flash-update-no-2-27-january-2026 |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=www.unocha.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 2026, ruwan sama mai yawa ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa a titin Dumbujena, Mbare, New Canaan da Highfield yankunan Harare.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=DANIEL |first=SHARON ZEBRA and Kenneth Nyangani and GRACIOUS |title=70 dead as rains wreak havoc |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/local-news/article/200050490/70-dead-as-rains-wreak-havoc |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=NewsDay |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Kasa ta Zimbabwe (ZINWA) ta ba da gargadi game da ambaliyar ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-01-02 |title=Zinwa issues flood warning |url=https://www.zimbabwesituation.com/news/zinwa-issues-flood-warning/ |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=Zimbabwe Situation |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 13 ga watan Janairun 2026, Majalisar Birnin Harare ta gargadi mazauna da su bar Gundumar kasuwanci ta tsakiya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ndoro |first=Timothy |date=2026-01-13 |title=Leave The CBD Early: City Council Warns Residents As Floods Swamp Harare |url=https://iharare.com/city-council-warns-residents-to-leave-cbd-early-as-flash-floods-swamp-harare/ |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=iHarare News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Maris na shekara ta 2026, ambaliyar ruwa ta kwashe gadar Jeka-Chegato a fadin Kogin Mwenezi a Gundumar Arewacin Mberengwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Floods wash away key Mberengwa bridge, thousands stranded |url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-262970.html |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=Bulawayo24 News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Farkon ambaliyar yana da alaƙa da canjin yanayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=16 March 2026 |title=Flood disaster linked to climate change hits Zimbabwe |url=https://www.thegranite.co.zw/article/la-nina-floods-zimbabwe-70-dead-1000-homes-climate-change-2026 |website=thegranite.co.zw}}&lt;/ref&gt; Makarantu 237 sun lalace.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-03-19 |title=Floods Kill 134 In Zimbabwe as Rains Continue to Ravage Communities |url=https://www.zimeye.net/2026/03/19/floods-kill-134-in-zimbabwe-as-rains-continue-to-ravage-communities/ |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=ZimEye |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sustainable Sanitation Technology</title>
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    <id>157072</id>
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      <id>855794</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T10:36:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bembety</username>
        <id>20498</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rivers of Africa</comment>
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      <text bytes="5750" sha1="gi8cxxbvktmcdksz48i8h2yq9snxqbb" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography
| name = Sustainable Sanitation Technology
| image = Sustainable sanitation value chain.svg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Tsarin fasahar tsaftar muhalli mai dorewa
| type = Fasahar tsaftar muhalli
| industry = [[Water supply and sanitation]]
| application = Tattarawa, jigilarwa, sarrafawa da sake amfani da sharar ɗan Adam
| purpose = Kare lafiyar jama'a da muhalli
| related = [[Ecological sanitation]], [[Wastewater treatment]], [[Resource recovery]]
}}

'''Sustainable Sanitation Technology''' (a Hausa: '''Fasahar Tsaftar Muhalli Mai Dorewa''') tana nufin hanyoyi da fasahohin da ake amfani da su wajen tattarawa, jigilarwa, sarrafawa da sake amfani da najasa da ruwan sharar gida ta yadda za a kare lafiyar jama'a, muhalli da albarkatun ƙasa na dogon lokaci. Fasahar tana mayar da hankali kan dorewa ta fuskar muhalli, tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da fasaha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=What is sustainable sanitation? |url=https://www.susana.org/alliance/vision/sustainable-sanitation |publisher=Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) |access-date=13 Yuni 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ma'ana ==
A cewar [[Sustainable Sanitation Alliance]] (SuSanA), tsarin tsaftar muhalli mai dorewa dole ne ya kasance mai yiwuwa ta fuskar tattalin arziki, karɓaɓɓe ga al'umma, dacewa da yanayin fasaha da hukumomi, kuma ya kare muhalli da albarkatun ƙasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=What is sustainable sanitation? |url=https://www.susana.org/alliance/vision/sustainable-sanitation |publisher=Sustainable Sanitation Alliance}}&lt;/ref&gt; 0

== Tarihi ==
Tunanin fasahar tsaftar muhalli mai dorewa ya samu karɓuwa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 yayin da masana suka fara neman hanyoyin magance matsalolin tsafta da ƙarancin ruwa ba tare da lalata muhalli ba. Taron Bellagio da aka gudanar a shekarar 2000 ya taimaka wajen kafa ƙa'idodin da suka zama tushen tsarin tsaftar muhalli mai dorewa a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable Sanitation |url=https://www.womenforclimate.org/english/water-sanitation/practice/sustainable-sanitation.php |publisher=WECF}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1

== Ka'idoji ==
Fasahar tsaftar muhalli mai dorewa tana dogara ne da wasu muhimman ka'idoji:

* Kare lafiyar jama'a da rage yaɗuwar cututtuka.
* Kare muhalli da albarkatun ruwa.
* Rage gurɓacewar ƙasa da ruwa.
* Sake amfani da sinadarai masu amfani da ke cikin sharar ɗan Adam.
* Samar da hanyoyin da al'umma za su iya ɗauka da kula da su.
* Rage amfani da makamashi da albarkatun da ba sa sabuntawa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable sanitation |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=What is sustainable sanitation? |url=https://www.susana.org/alliance/vision/sustainable-sanitation}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2

== Nau'o'in Fasahohi ==
=== Ecological Sanitation (EcoSan) ===
'''[[Ecological sanitation]]''' wata hanya ce da ke kallon najasa da ruwan sharar gida a matsayin albarkatu maimakon sharar da za a zubar. Ana sarrafa su domin samar da taki, makamashi ko ruwa mai amfani.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Ecological sanitation: Principles, technologies and project examples for sustainable wastewater and excreta management |journal=Desalination |year=2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; 3

=== Composting Toilets ===
Waɗannan bayan-gidaje suna amfani da tsarin ruɓar ƙwayoyin halitta domin mayar da najasa taki mai amfani ga noma.

=== Urine-Diverting Dry Toilets ===
Wani nau'in bayan-gida ne da ke ware fitsari da bayan gida domin sauƙaƙa sarrafawa da sake amfani da sinadarai masu amfani da suke ɗauke da su.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ecological sanitation |url=https://www.geo.fu-berlin.de/en/v/iwm-network/learning_content/watershed-resources/ressource_water/water_protection/ecosan/index.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; 4

=== Constructed Wetlands ===
Ana amfani da tsirrai da yanayin ƙasa wajen tace ruwan sharar gida ta hanya mai sauƙi da araha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Are constructed treatment wetlands sustainable sanitation solutions? |journal=Ecological Engineering}}&lt;/ref&gt; 5

== Fa'idodi ==
* Rage yaɗuwar cututtuka masu alaƙa da rashin tsafta.
* Kare koguna, tafkuna da ruwan ƙasa daga gurɓatawa.
* Samar da taki da makamashi daga sharar gida.
* Rage asarar albarkatun ruwa.
* Taimakawa cimma [[Sustainable Development Goal 6]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ecological sanitation |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_sanitation}}&lt;/ref&gt; 6

== Ƙalubale ==
Duk da fa'idodinta, fasahar tsaftar muhalli mai dorewa tana fuskantar ƙalubale kamar:

* Tsadar gina wasu tsare-tsare.
* Rashin ilimi da wayar da kai.
* Matsalolin gudanarwa da kula da kayan aiki.
* Karancin manufofi da dokoki masu tallafawa aiwatarwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Constructing the ecological sanitation: A review on technology and methods |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |year=2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 7

== Muhimmanci a Afirka ==
Fasahar tsaftar muhalli mai dorewa tana da muhimmanci a ƙasashen [[Africa]] saboda ƙarancin ruwa, saurin ƙaruwa yawan jama'a da matsalolin tsaftar muhalli. Ƙungiyoyi kamar [[African Development Bank]], [[UNICEF]] da [[World Health Organization]] suna tallafawa ayyukan da suka shafi irin waɗannan fasahohi domin bunƙasa lafiyar jama'a da kare muhalli. 8

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Sanitation]]
* [[Ecological sanitation]]
* [[Wastewater treatment]]
* [[Water supply and sanitation]]
* [[Sustainable Development Goal 6]]
* [[Resource recovery]]
* [[Environmental engineering]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Sanitation]]
[[Category:Environmental technology]]
[[Category:Wastewater treatment]]
[[Category:Sustainable development]]
[[Category:Water supply and sanitation]]
[[Category:Environmental engineering]]
[[Category:Public health]]
[[Category:Appropriate technology]]
[[Category:Ecological sanitation]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Water Recycling</title>
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        <username>Bembety</username>
        <id>20498</id>
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      <comment>Rivers of Africa</comment>
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      <text bytes="6167" sha1="c8g1u10do4zy6h7jc4eamteeds4fdhy" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography
| name = Water Recycling
| image = Water Reuse Cycle.png
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Tsarin sake sarrafa ruwa domin amfanin jama'a
| type = Fasahar kula da ruwa
| industry = [[Water supply and sanitation]]
| application = Samar da ruwa, noma, masana'antu da kare muhalli
| purpose = Rage asarar ruwa da ƙara wadatar albarkatun ruwa
| related = [[Wastewater treatment]], [[Water reuse]], [[Sustainable water management]]
}}

'''Water Recycling''' (a Hausa: '''Sake Sarrafa Ruwa'''), wanda kuma ake kira '''Water Reuse''' ko '''Water Reclamation''', hanya ce ta tattarawa, tsarkakewa da sake amfani da ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi a baya domin wasu ayyuka masu amfani. Ana iya sake amfani da ruwan bayan an sarrafa shi domin ban ruwa, ayyukan masana'antu, cike ruwan karkashin ƙasa, da ma samar da ruwan sha a wasu lokuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Basic Information about Water Reuse |url=https://www.epa.gov/waterreuse/basic-information-about-water-reuse |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ma'ana ==
Sake sarrafa ruwa yana nufin dawo da ruwa daga hanyoyi daban-daban kamar ruwan sharar gida, ruwan sama, ko ruwan masana'antu, sannan a tsarkake shi domin sake amfani da shi. Wannan tsari yana taimakawa wajen rage dogaro da sabbin hanyoyin samar da ruwa da kuma ƙara tsaron ruwa a yankunan da ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Basic Information about Water Reuse |url=https://www.epa.gov/waterreuse/basic-information-about-water-reuse |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Reuse |url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/help/glossary/eea-glossary/water-reuse |publisher=European Environment Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
An dade ana sake amfani da ruwa a hanyoyi daban-daban tun zamanin da. Sai dai fasahohin zamani na tsarkake ruwa sun ba da damar sake amfani da ruwan sharar gida cikin aminci a ƙarni na ashirin da na ashirin da ɗaya. A yau, ƙasashe da dama suna amfani da fasahar sake sarrafa ruwa domin magance matsalar ƙarancin ruwa da tasirin [[Climate change]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Reuse Research |url=https://19january2021snapshot.epa.gov/water-research/water-reuse-research_.html |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yadda Ake Sake Sarrafa Ruwa ==
Tsarin sake sarrafa ruwa yawanci ya ƙunshi matakai masu zuwa:

* Tattara ruwan sharar gida.
* Cire dattin farko da abubuwa masu ƙarfi.
* Tsarkake ruwa ta hanyoyin sinadarai da ƙwayoyin halitta.
* Kashe ƙwayoyin cuta ta amfani da chlorine, hasken ultraviolet ko ozone.
* Rarraba ruwan domin sabon amfani.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Recycled Water for Drinking: An Overview |url=https://www.cdc.gov/drinking-water/about/recycled-water-for-drinking-an-overview.html |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nau'o'in Sake Amfani da Ruwa ==
=== Non-potable Reuse ===
Wannan nau'in yana nufin amfani da ruwan da aka sake sarrafawa domin ayyukan da ba na sha ba, kamar:

* Ban ruwa a gonaki.
* Shayar da lambuna.
* Wanke hanyoyi da motoci.
* Ayyukan masana'antu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Reuse Research |url=https://19january2021snapshot.epa.gov/water-research/water-reuse-research_.html |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Potable Reuse ===
Wannan yana nufin sake sarrafa ruwa har ya kai matsayin da ya dace da ruwan sha. Ana amfani da ingantattun fasahohi kamar membrane filtration da reverse osmosis domin tabbatar da amincin ruwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Reusing Water for Potable Applications |url=https://www.epa.gov/waterreuse/reusing-water-potable-applications-resources |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Groundwater Recharge ===
Ana amfani da ruwan da aka sake sarrafawa domin ƙara ruwan karkashin ƙasa ta hanyar shigar da shi cikin aquifer domin kare albarkatun ruwa na gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Basic Information about Water Reuse |url=https://www.epa.gov/waterreuse/basic-information-about-water-reuse |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fa'idodi ==
* Rage matsalar ƙarancin ruwa.
* Kare koguna da tafkuna daga gurɓatawa.
* Samar da ruwa mai ɗorewa ga noma da masana'antu.
* Rage fitar da ruwan sharar gida zuwa muhalli.
* Taimakawa cimma [[Sustainable Development Goal 6]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Basic Information about Water Reuse |url=https://www.epa.gov/waterreuse/basic-information-about-water-reuse |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ƙalubale ==
Duk da fa'idodinsa, sake sarrafa ruwa yana fuskantar wasu ƙalubale:

* Tsadar gina da kula da cibiyoyin tsarkake ruwa.
* Bukatar ingantaccen tsarin sa ido da gwaji.
* Rashin amincewar wasu al'ummomi da amfani da ruwan da aka sake sarrafawa.
* Matsalolin makamashi da fasaha a wasu yankuna.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Reclamation and Reuse |url=https://www.ontario.ca/document/water-and-energy-conservation-guidance-manual-sewage-works/water-reclamation-and-reuse |publisher=Government of Ontario}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muhimmanci ==
Sake sarrafa ruwa na taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tabbatar da wadatar ruwa a duniya, musamman a yankunan da ke fama da fari da ƙarancin albarkatun ruwa. Hukumomi irin su [[World Health Organization]], [[UNICEF]], da [[African Development Bank]] suna tallafawa ayyukan da suka shafi sake sarrafa ruwa domin bunƙasa lafiyar jama'a da kare muhalli.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Basic Information about Water Reuse |url=https://www.epa.gov/waterreuse/basic-information-about-water-reuse |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==
* [[Water reuse]]
* [[Wastewater treatment]]
* [[Sustainable sanitation]]
* [[Drinking water]]
* [[Water supply and sanitation]]
* [[Climate change]]
* [[Sustainable Development Goal 6]]
* [[Groundwater]]

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Water technology]]
[[Category:Water supply and sanitation]]
[[Category:Wastewater treatment]]
[[Category:Environmental technology]]
[[Category:Sustainable development]]
[[Category:Water management]]
[[Category:Environmental protection]]
[[Category:Public health]]
[[Category:Resource recovery]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Copadichromis mloto</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157074</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855800</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T10:43:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645072|Copadichromis mloto]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Copadichromis mloto''''' wani nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne wanda yake da yawa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] .

== Manazarta ==
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    <revision>
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'''''Copadichromis mloto''''' wani nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne wanda yake da yawa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] .

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Abactochromis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157075</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855804</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T10:45:10Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345031017|Abactochromis]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Abactochromis''''' nau'in kifin cichlid ne mai kama da juna wanda ke ɗauke da nau'in '''''Abactochromis labrosus''''' guda ɗaya (wanda a da aka fi sani da ''Melanochromis labrosus'' ). &lt;ref name=&quot;Oliver&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Oliver, M.K. |last2=M.E. Arnegard |name-list-style=amp |year=2010 |title=A new genus for ''Melanochromis labrosus'', a problematic Lake Malawi cichlid with hypertrophied lips (Teleostei: Cichlidae) |url=http://malawicichlids.com/oliver_arnegard_2010.pdf |journal=Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=209–232}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sunan nau'in ya haɗa Latin don &quot;kore daga&quot; (&quot;ab&quot; - nesa da, &quot;actus&quot; - kore) tare da sunan haplochromine da aka saba amfani da shi &quot;chromis&quot;. Sunan ya ƙunshi asalin nau'in (an &quot;kore&quot; nau'in daga nau'in ''Melanochromis'' ) da kuma halin kifin na kaɗaici, yana yawo (kamar an kore shi daga sauran cichlids). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Michael K. Oliver, Ph.D. |date=28 October 2010 |title=''Abactochromis labrosus'' |url=http://malawicichlids.com/mw09004.htm |access-date=19 January 2019 |website=The Cichlid Fishes of Lake Malawi, Africa |publisher=Michael K. Oliver}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''A. labrosus'' asalinsa daga [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;FWP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=Genus Abactochromis Oliver &amp; Arnegard 2010 |url=https://www.fishwisepro.com/Genus/Abactochromis-11837 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=FishWisePro}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mafi girman samfurin daji da aka sani (wanda aka nuna a hoton da ke dama) yana da tsayin da aka saba (ba tare da fin caudal) na {{Cvt|119|mm}} .

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <id>855807</id>
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'''''Abactochromis''''' nau'in kifin cichlid ne mai kama da juna wanda ke ɗauke da nau'in '''''Abactochromis labrosus''''' guda ɗaya (wanda a da aka fi sani da ''Melanochromis labrosus'' ). &lt;ref name=&quot;Oliver&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Oliver, M.K. |last2=M.E. Arnegard |name-list-style=amp |year=2010 |title=A new genus for ''Melanochromis labrosus'', a problematic Lake Malawi cichlid with hypertrophied lips (Teleostei: Cichlidae) |url=http://malawicichlids.com/oliver_arnegard_2010.pdf |journal=Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=209–232}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sunan nau'in ya haɗa Latin don &quot;kore daga&quot; (&quot;ab&quot; - nesa da, &quot;actus&quot; - kore) tare da sunan haplochromine da aka saba amfani da shi &quot;chromis&quot;. Sunan ya ƙunshi asalin nau'in (an &quot;kore&quot; nau'in daga nau'in ''Melanochromis'' ) da kuma halin kifin na kaɗaici, yana yawo (kamar an kore shi daga sauran cichlids). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Michael K. Oliver, Ph.D. |date=28 October 2010 |title=''Abactochromis labrosus'' |url=http://malawicichlids.com/mw09004.htm |access-date=19 January 2019 |website=The Cichlid Fishes of Lake Malawi, Africa |publisher=Michael K. Oliver}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''A. labrosus'' asalinsa daga [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] ne. &lt;ref name=&quot;FWP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=Genus Abactochromis Oliver &amp; Arnegard 2010 |url=https://www.fishwisepro.com/Genus/Abactochromis-11837 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=FishWisePro}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mafi girman samfurin daji da aka sani (wanda aka nuna a hoton da ke dama) yana da tsayin da aka saba (ba tare da fin caudal) na {{Cvt|119|mm}} .

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Docimodus evelynae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157076</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855811</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T10:46:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345487080|Docimodus evelynae]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Docimodus evelynae''''' nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne. Yana da yawa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] ; yana yaɗuwa a cikin tafkin kuma ana samunsa a Malawi, Mozambique, da Tanzania.  Wannan nau'in yana da halaye na cin abinci na musamman: yana cin abinci ne a kan sikelin cichlids ko cyprinids da fatar kifin catfish . &lt;ref name=&quot;FB&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eccles |first=D. H. |last2=Lewis |first2=D. S. C. |year=1976 |title=A revision of the genus ''Docimodus'' Boulenger (Pisces: Cichlidae), a group of fishes with unusual feeding habits from Lake Malawi |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=165–172 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1976.tb00826.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sunan da aka keɓe shi ne Evelyn Axelrod, matar mawallafin Herbert R. Axelrod (1927–2017). &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=5 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''''Docimodus evelynae''''' nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne. Yana da yawa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] ; yana yaɗuwa a cikin tafkin kuma ana samunsa a Malawi, Mozambique, da Tanzania.  Wannan nau'in yana da halaye na cin abinci na musamman: yana cin abinci ne a kan sikelin cichlids ko cyprinids da fatar kifin catfish . &lt;ref name=&quot;FB&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eccles |first=D. H. |last2=Lewis |first2=D. S. C. |year=1976 |title=A revision of the genus ''Docimodus'' Boulenger (Pisces: Cichlidae), a group of fishes with unusual feeding habits from Lake Malawi |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=165–172 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1976.tb00826.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sunan da aka keɓe shi ne Evelyn Axelrod, matar mawallafin Herbert R. Axelrod (1927–2017). &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=5 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>1856 Girgizar ƙasa ta Djijelli</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328885711|1856 Djijelli earthquakes]]&quot;</comment>
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Girgizar kasa ta 1856 ta Jijel ta faru ne a ranar 21 da 22 ga watan Agusta kusa da yankin bakin teku na arewacin Aljeriya a kusa da birnin Jijel (wanda aka sani da Djidjelli a lokacin mulkin mallaka). Ba a san girman girgizar biyu ba, amma kowannensu yana da matsakaicin Ƙarfin Mercalli na IX (Violent). Kowane ɗayan waɗannan girgizar ƙasa mai ƙarfi an ji su har zuwa [[Genoa]] a Arewacin Italiya kuma tsunami ta biyo baya wanda ya shafi Bahar Rum. An kashe mutane uku sakamakon taron na biyu.

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Jerin girgizar ƙasa a Aljeriya]]
* Jerin girgizar ƙasa ta tarihi
* [[Jerin girgizar ƙasa da tsunami|Jerin tsunami]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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        <id>25549</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328885711|1856 Djijelli earthquakes]]&quot;</comment>
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Girgizar kasa ta 1856 ta Jijel ta faru ne a ranar 21 da 22 ga watan Agusta kusa da yankin bakin teku na arewacin Aljeriya a kusa da birnin Jijel (wanda aka sani da Djidjelli a lokacin mulkin mallaka). Ba a san girman girgizar biyu ba, amma kowannensu yana da matsakaicin Ƙarfin Mercalli na IX (Violent). Kowane ɗayan waɗannan girgizar ƙasa mai ƙarfi an ji su har zuwa [[Genoa]] a Arewacin Italiya kuma tsunami ta biyo baya wanda ya shafi Bahar Rum. An kashe mutane uku sakamakon taron na biyu.&lt;ref&gt;National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972), Significant Earthquake Database (Data Set), National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K, archived from the original on September 29, 2006&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Jerin girgizar ƙasa a Aljeriya]]
* Jerin girgizar ƙasa ta tarihi
* [[Jerin girgizar ƙasa da tsunami|Jerin tsunami]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Girgizar kasa ta 1856 ta Jijel''' ta faru ne a ranar 21 da 22 ga watan Agusta kusa da yankin bakin teku na arewacin Aljeriya a kusa da birnin Jijel (wanda aka sani da Djidjelli a lokacin mulkin mallaka). Ba a san girman girgizar biyu ba, amma kowannensu yana da matsakaicin Ƙarfin Mercalli na IX (Violent). Kowane ɗayan waɗannan girgizar ƙasa mai ƙarfi an ji su har zuwa [[Genoa]] a Arewacin Italiya kuma tsunami ta biyo baya wanda ya shafi Bahar Rum. An kashe mutane uku sakamakon taron na biyu.&lt;ref&gt;National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972), Significant Earthquake Database (Data Set), National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K, archived from the original on September 29, 2006&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Jerin girgizar ƙasa a Aljeriya]]
* Jerin girgizar ƙasa ta tarihi
* [[Jerin girgizar ƙasa da tsunami|Jerin tsunami]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Blackspot hawa dutse</title>
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    <id>157078</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855821</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T10:48:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>44591</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330644936|Blackspot climbing perch]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Dutsen dutse mai tsayi''' ( '''''Ctenopharynx intermedius''''' ) nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Cichlidae . Yana zaune ne a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] da [[Rafin Shire|Kogin Shire]] na sama.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Dutsen dutse mai tsayi''' ( '''''Ctenopharynx intermedius''''' ) nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Cichlidae . Yana zaune ne a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] da [[Rafin Shire|Kogin Shire]] na sama.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>1954 Girgizar ƙasa ta Chlef</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328369468|1954 Chlef earthquake]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Girgizar ƙasa ta Chlef ta 1954''' ta afku a lardin El Asnam da ke [[Aljeriya ta Faransa|ƙasar Faransa a Algeria]] a ranar 9 ga Satumba.  . Girgizar ta kai 6.7 a ma'aunin girman lokacin kuma ta kai matsakaicin ƙarfin Mercalli na XI ( ''Extreme'' ). Ta lalata [[Chlef]], wanda a lokacin ake kira Orléansville, inda ta kashe mutane sama da 1,243 kuma ta jikkata mutane 5,000. An kiyasta cewa barnar ta kai dala miliyan 6. Bayan haka girgizar ƙasa da yawa ta biyo baya. Aljeriya na fuskantar girgizar ƙasa kowace shekara kuma ta fuskanci sauye-sauye da dama ga dokokin ginin girgizar ƙasa tun bayan ƙa'idojin injiniyan girgizar ƙasa na farko daga 1717.

== Ilimin ƙasa ==
Girgizar ƙasa ''Mai ƙarfi'' ta mamaye Aljeriya a kowace shekara, ta kasance a cikin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin Mercalli daga VI (Ƙarfi) zuwa XI (Ƙarfin).  Wani Babban girgizar ƙasa ta buge Chlef a shekarar 1980 wanda ya kashe mutane 3,500.&lt;ref name=&quot;ambra&quot; /&gt; Yankin tsaunuka na Atlas yana fuskantar lalacewar aseismic (canji a siffar da ba ta samo asali ne daga motsi na kurakurai ba), tare da sauyawa kawai a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;ambra&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ambraseys, N.N. |author-link=Nicholas Ambraseys |year=1981 |title=The El Asnam (Algeria) earthquake of 10 October 1980; conclusions drawn from a field study |url=http://qjegh.lyellcollection.org/content/14/2/143.abstract |url-status=live |journal=Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology |publisher=Geological Society of London |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=143–148 |doi=10.1144/GSL.QJEG.1981.014.02.05 |s2cid=140701882 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828103819/http://qjegh.lyellcollection.org/content/14/2/143.abstract |archive-date=28 August 2016 |access-date=6 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dukkanin girgizar ƙasa ta Chlef ta samo asali ne daga wannan yanki mai lalacewa.

Girgizar kasa ta 1954 ta auna 6.7 a kan sikelin girman lokaci bisa ga Cibiyar Seismological ta Duniya kuma tana da zurfin kilomita {{Convert|15|km}} (9.3 . Akwai shaidar gajartawar ɓawon burodi tare da yanayin NW-SE kusa da cibiyar, amma tsarin duk wani kuskuren ba a fahimta sosai ba. Saboda Aljeriya tana da karamin shelf da gangaren bakin teku, rushewar ruwa na ruwa ya zama ruwan dare, musamman a lokacin girgizar ƙasa. A lokacin girgizar kasa ta 1954, igiyoyin tarho guda biyar a cikin Bahar Rum  an yanke su ta hanyar ruwan sama, uku suna yin rikodin ainihin lokacin tasiri. &lt;ref name=&quot;cons172&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;deadly&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 November 2012 |title=Earthquakes with 1,000 or More Deaths Since 1900 |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/world_deaths.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114225331/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/world_deaths.php |archive-date=14 January 2013 |access-date=6 September 2013 |publisher=United States Geological Survey}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lalacewar da wadanda suka mutu ==
Girgizar ƙasa ta kai yamma zuwa Mostaganem, kudu zuwa Tiaret, da gabas zuwa Tizi Ouzou, kuma girgizar ƙasa da yawa ta biyo bayan girgizar ƙasa, gami da babbar girgizar kasa a 22:18 UTC a ranar {{Convert|16|km}} ga Satumba wanda ya kara lalata Orleansville.&lt;ref name=&quot;deadly&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 November 2012 |title=Earthquakes with 1,000 or More Deaths Since 1900 |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/world_deaths.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114225331/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/world_deaths.php |archive-date=14 January 2013 |access-date=6 September 2013 |publisher=United States Geological Survey}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130114225331/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/world_deaths.php &quot;Earthquakes with 1,000 or More Deaths Since 1900&quot;]. United States Geological Survey. 30 November 2012. Archived from [https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/world_deaths.php the original] on 14 January 2013&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 September&lt;/span&gt; 2013&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Babban girgizar ya fashe kilomita 16 (9.9  na dutse, ya fashe kuskuren kuma ya haifar da raguwa a cikin ƙasa tare da Dahra Massif. Wadanda suka tsira sun bayyana jin daɗin juyawa tare da wani axis kuma cewa rushewar ta tunatar da su game da &quot;birane masu fashewa a Turai&quot;.  Binciken Geological na Amurka ya lissafa girgizar ƙasa ta 1954 daga cikin girgizar kasa mafi muni a tarihi. &lt;ref name=&quot;today&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 October 2012 |title=Today in Earthquake History: September 9 |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/today/index.php?month=9&amp;day=9&amp;submit=View+Date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114210810/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/today/index.php?month=9&amp;day=9&amp;submit=View+Date |archive-date=14 November 2020 |access-date=6 September 2013 |publisher=United States Geological Survey}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar Faransa-Littafi (AFP) ta ba da rahoton cewa girgizar ƙasa ce mafi muni a tarihin Arewacin Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;archivenyt&quot; /&gt;

== Sakamakon haka ==
Sojojin Faransa a wurin sun fi shiga cikin taimakon kuma sun haifar da kwashewar jirgin sama na farko a Afirka. Jiragen saman Bell 47, uku Amiot AAC.1 Toucan da biyu Douglas DC-3 sun kwashe mutane 396 da suka mutu, ciki har da 147 a rana ta farko, suna guje wa duk wani rikice-rikicen zirga-zirga a shafin.

Girgizar kasa ta lalata [[Chlef|Orléansville]]; kashi ɗaya cikin biyar ya lalace gaba ɗaya,  an sake gina shi kuma an sake masa suna El Asnam kuma daga baya Chlef.&lt;ref name=&quot;deadly&quot; /&gt; Duk da yake Aljeriya ta kafa ka'idojin juriya daga girgizar ƙasa tun farkon shekara ta 1717, girgizar kasa ce ta 1954 wacce ta gabatar da cikakkun gyare-gyare don ƙirar tsayayya da girgizar ƙasar.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin girgizar ƙasa a shekara ta 1954
* [[Jerin girgizar ƙasa a Aljeriya]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Girgizar ƙasa ta Chlef ta 1954''' ta afku a lardin El Asnam da ke [[Aljeriya ta Faransa|ƙasar Faransa a Algeria]] a ranar 9 ga Satumba.  . Girgizar ta kai 6.7 a ma'aunin girman lokacin kuma ta kai matsakaicin ƙarfin Mercalli na XI ( ''Extreme'' ). Ta lalata [[Chlef]], wanda a lokacin ake kira Orléansville, inda ta kashe mutane sama da 1,243 kuma ta jikkata mutane 5,000. An kiyasta cewa barnar ta kai dala miliyan 6. Bayan haka girgizar ƙasa da yawa ta biyo baya. Aljeriya na fuskantar girgizar ƙasa kowace shekara kuma ta fuskanci sauye-sauye da dama ga dokokin ginin girgizar ƙasa tun bayan ƙa'idojin injiniyan girgizar ƙasa na farko daga 1717.

== Ilimin ƙasa ==
Girgizar ƙasa ''Mai ƙarfi'' ta mamaye Aljeriya a kowace shekara, ta kasance a cikin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin Mercalli daga VI (Ƙarfi) zuwa XI (Ƙarfin).  Wani Babban girgizar ƙasa ta buge Chlef a shekarar 1980 wanda ya kashe mutane 3,500.&lt;ref name=&quot;ambra&quot; /&gt; Yankin tsaunuka na Atlas yana fuskantar lalacewar aseismic (canji a siffar da ba ta samo asali ne daga motsi na kurakurai ba), tare da sauyawa kawai a kowace shekara.&lt;ref name=&quot;ambra&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ambraseys, N.N. |author-link=Nicholas Ambraseys |year=1981 |title=The El Asnam (Algeria) earthquake of 10 October 1980; conclusions drawn from a field study |url=http://qjegh.lyellcollection.org/content/14/2/143.abstract |url-status=live |journal=Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology |publisher=Geological Society of London |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=143–148 |doi=10.1144/GSL.QJEG.1981.014.02.05 |s2cid=140701882 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828103819/http://qjegh.lyellcollection.org/content/14/2/143.abstract |archive-date=28 August 2016 |access-date=6 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dukkanin girgizar ƙasa ta Chlef ta samo asali ne daga wannan yanki mai lalacewa.

Girgizar kasa ta 1954 ta auna 6.7 a kan sikelin girman lokaci bisa ga Cibiyar Seismological ta Duniya kuma tana da zurfin kilomita {{Convert|15|km}} (9.3 . Akwai shaidar gajartawar ɓawon burodi tare da yanayin NW-SE kusa da cibiyar, amma tsarin duk wani kuskuren ba a fahimta sosai ba. Saboda Aljeriya tana da karamin shelf da gangaren bakin teku, rushewar ruwa na ruwa ya zama ruwan dare, musamman a lokacin girgizar ƙasa. A lokacin girgizar kasa ta 1954, igiyoyin tarho guda biyar a cikin Bahar Rum  an yanke su ta hanyar ruwan sama, uku suna yin rikodin ainihin lokacin tasiri. &lt;ref name=&quot;cons172&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;deadly&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 November 2012 |title=Earthquakes with 1,000 or More Deaths Since 1900 |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/world_deaths.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114225331/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/world_deaths.php |archive-date=14 January 2013 |access-date=6 September 2013 |publisher=United States Geological Survey}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lalacewar da wadanda suka mutu ==
Girgizar ƙasa ta kai yamma zuwa Mostaganem, kudu zuwa Tiaret, da gabas zuwa Tizi Ouzou, kuma girgizar ƙasa da yawa ta biyo bayan girgizar ƙasa, gami da babbar girgizar kasa a 22:18 UTC a ranar {{Convert|16|km}} ga Satumba wanda ya kara lalata Orleansville.&lt;ref name=&quot;deadly&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 November 2012 |title=Earthquakes with 1,000 or More Deaths Since 1900 |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/world_deaths.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114225331/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/world_deaths.php |archive-date=14 January 2013 |access-date=6 September 2013 |publisher=United States Geological Survey}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130114225331/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/world_deaths.php &quot;Earthquakes with 1,000 or More Deaths Since 1900&quot;]. United States Geological Survey. 30 November 2012. Archived from [https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/world_deaths.php the original] on 14 January 2013&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;6 September&lt;/span&gt; 2013&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Babban girgizar ya fashe kilomita 16 (9.9  na dutse, ya fashe kuskuren kuma ya haifar da raguwa a cikin ƙasa tare da Dahra Massif. Wadanda suka tsira sun bayyana jin daɗin juyawa tare da wani axis kuma cewa rushewar ta tunatar da su game da &quot;birane masu fashewa a Turai&quot;.  Binciken Geological na Amurka ya lissafa girgizar ƙasa ta 1954 daga cikin girgizar kasa mafi muni a tarihi. &lt;ref name=&quot;today&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 October 2012 |title=Today in Earthquake History: September 9 |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/today/index.php?month=9&amp;day=9&amp;submit=View+Date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114210810/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/today/index.php?month=9&amp;day=9&amp;submit=View+Date |archive-date=14 November 2020 |access-date=6 September 2013 |publisher=United States Geological Survey}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar Faransa-Littafi (AFP) ta ba da rahoton cewa girgizar ƙasa ce mafi muni a tarihin Arewacin Afirka.&lt;ref name=&quot;archivenyt&quot; /&gt;

== Sakamakon haka ==
Sojojin Faransa a wurin sun fi shiga cikin taimakon kuma sun haifar da kwashewar jirgin sama na farko a Afirka. Jiragen saman Bell 47, uku Amiot AAC.1 Toucan da biyu Douglas DC-3 sun kwashe mutane 396 da suka mutu, ciki har da 147 a rana ta farko, suna guje wa duk wani rikice-rikicen zirga-zirga a shafin.

Girgizar kasa ta lalata [[Chlef|Orléansville]]; kashi ɗaya cikin biyar ya lalace gaba ɗaya,  an sake gina shi kuma an sake masa suna El Asnam kuma daga baya Chlef.&lt;ref name=&quot;deadly&quot; /&gt; Duk da yake Aljeriya ta kafa ka'idojin juriya daga girgizar ƙasa tun farkon shekara ta 1717, girgizar kasa ce ta 1954 wacce ta gabatar da cikakkun gyare-gyare don ƙirar tsayayya da girgizar ƙasar.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin girgizar ƙasa a shekara ta 1954
* [[Jerin girgizar ƙasa a Aljeriya]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Copadichromis nkatae</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645076|Copadichromis nkatae]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Copadichromis nkatae''''' nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne wanda yake da yawa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] .  Ana iya samun wannan nau'in a wurare masu duwatsu da yashi inda yake cin zooplankton, da kuma phytoplankton .  Babu wani tabbataccen bayani game da wannan nau'in tun lokacin da aka bayyana shi a shekarar 1960. Ana amfani da shi azaman kifi na abinci da kamun kifi na hannu ta amfani da seines na bakin teku waɗanda har yanzu ana amfani da su sosai a yankin Nkhata Bay, wurin da wannan nau'in yake, kuma waɗannan ayyukan sune babbar barazana ga wannan nau'in, idan har yanzu yana nan.

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      <text bytes="633" sha1="q54u51lqxrdv8hndasattj56wjrxgns" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Copadichromis nkatae''''' nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne wanda yake da yawa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] .  Ana iya samun wannan nau'in a wurare masu duwatsu da yashi inda yake cin zooplankton, da kuma phytoplankton .  Babu wani tabbataccen bayani game da wannan nau'in tun lokacin da aka bayyana shi a shekarar 1960. Ana amfani da shi azaman kifi na abinci da kamun kifi na hannu ta amfani da seines na bakin teku waɗanda har yanzu ana amfani da su sosai a yankin Nkhata Bay, wurin da wannan nau'in yake, kuma waɗannan ayyukan sune babbar barazana ga wannan nau'in, idan har yanzu yana nan.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Nyassachromis boadzulu</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645886|Nyassachromis boadzulu]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Speciesbox|status=EN|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn status 17 November 2021&quot;&gt;{{cite iucn |author=Konings, A. |date=2018 |title=''Nyassachromis boadzulu'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T60859A148657025 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T60859A148657025.en |access-date=17 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;|taxon=Nyassachromis boadzulu|authority=([[Thomas Derrick Iles|Iles]], 1960)|synonyms=*''Haplochromis boadzulu'' &lt;small&gt;Iles, 1960&lt;/small&gt; 
*''Copadichromis boadzulu'' &lt;small&gt;(Iles, 1960)&lt;/small&gt; 
*''Cyrtocara boadzulu'' &lt;small&gt;(Iles, 1960)&lt;/small&gt;|synonyms_ref=&lt;ref name=FishBase&gt;{{FishBase|Nyassachromis|boadzulu|month=Junes|year=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

'''''Nyassachromis boadzulu''''' nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne. Yana da yawa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda yake faruwa a gefen Tsibirin Boadzulu da White Rock a yankin kudu maso gabashin tafkin.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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{{Speciesbox|status=EN|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn status 17 November 2021&quot;&gt;{{cite iucn |author=Konings, A. |date=2018 |title=''Nyassachromis boadzulu'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T60859A148657025 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T60859A148657025.en |access-date=17 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;|taxon=Nyassachromis boadzulu|authority=([[Thomas Derrick Iles|Iles]], 1960)|synonyms=*''Haplochromis boadzulu'' &lt;small&gt;Iles, 1960&lt;/small&gt; 
*''Copadichromis boadzulu'' &lt;small&gt;(Iles, 1960)&lt;/small&gt; 
*''Cyrtocara boadzulu'' &lt;small&gt;(Iles, 1960)&lt;/small&gt;|synonyms_ref=&lt;ref name=FishBase&gt;{{FishBase|Nyassachromis|boadzulu|month=Junes|year=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

'''''Nyassachromis boadzulu''''' nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne. Yana da yawa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda yake faruwa a gefen Tsibirin Boadzulu da White Rock a yankin kudu maso gabashin tafkin.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nile Basin</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358043977|Nile Basin]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Fayil:Nile_basin_map.png|right|thumb|450x450px|Kogin Nilu]]
'''Kogin Nilu''' wani bangare ne na [[Afirka]] wanda [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] da maɓulɓulansa suka kwashe.

Baya ga kasancewarsa ta biyu mafi girma [[Ruwan ruwa|a fannin samar da ruwa]] a Afirka, Kogin Nilu shi ne mafi shahara a fannin samar da magudanar ruwa a nahiyar. Ya mamaye 3,112,369&amp;nbsp;km &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=نهر النيل |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2015/11/28/%d9%86%d9%87%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%84 |access-date=2026-05-16 |website=الجزيرة نت |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ko kuma kusan kashi 10% na yankin Afirka, wanda ke ratsa yankunan busassu kuma yana da yawan jama'a. [[Shirin Kogin Nilu|Shirin Tafkin Nilu]] (NBI) ya kasance tun daga shekarar 1999, da nufin ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa wajen raba albarkatun da abin ya shafa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nilebasin.org/what-we-do/nbi-strategy NBI Strategy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324213832/https://www.nilebasin.org/what-we-do/nbi-strategy|date=2023-03-24}}. NBI. 2020&lt;/ref&gt;

Yankin ruwa na kwandon ya rufe [[Burundi]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], Masar, [[Eritrea]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Kenya]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], [[Sudan]] ta Kudu, Sudan, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], da [[Uganda]]. Basin shine babban mai samar da ruwa mai kyau, wutar lantarki, da kifi ga mazauna yankin na waɗannan ƙasashe, yana tallafawa kimanin mazauna miliyan 270, ko 20% na yawan Afirka. Kogin ya tashi a cikin tsaunuka kuma yana gudana a yankuna masu bushewa sosai, musamman hamadar Sahara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Waternet2&quot;&gt;[https://www.waternet.be/nile The Nile River Basin - an introduction]. Waternet. 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

Babban hanyar da ake iya zirga-zirga a kanta ta ruwa ita ce ta cikin Kogin Nilu, daga bakin kogin da yake shiga cikin Tekun Bahar Rum (wato bayan yankin Delta na Nilu) har zuwa lokacin da kogin ya kewaye birnin Aswan a kudancin Masar. Haka kuma akwai wasu hanyoyin ruwa da ake iya zirga-zirga a cikinsu a yankin Dam ɗin Aswan. A tsakiyar Kogin Nilu, bayan dam ɗin, saboda kasancewar jerin rafuffuka masu gangara (cataracts) a arewacin Khartoum na ƙasar Sudan, ana iya zirga-zirga a cikin kogin ne kawai a sassa uku. Sashe na farko yana daga iyakar Masar da Sudan zuwa ƙarshen kudancin Tafkin Nasser. Sashe na biyu yana tsakanin cataract na uku da na huɗu. Sashe na uku kuma, wanda shi ne mafi muhimmanci, yana daga Khartoum a kudu har zuwa Juba a ƙasar South Sudan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bittanica3&quot;&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/place/Nile-River/Dams-and-reservoirs Nile river basin: Dams and reservoirs]. Encypaedia Bittanica. 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

Babban mai samar da ruwa ga kwandon shine [[Tafkin Victoria]], wanda ke cikin Babban Rift Valley.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bittanica2&quot;&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/place/Nile-River/Dams-and-reservoirs Nile river basin: Dams and reservoirs]. Encypaedia Bittanica. 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Kimanin mutane miliyan 238 suna zaune a cikin kwarin Nilu, miliyan 172 daga cikin waɗannan suna zaune a yankunan [[Countryside|karkara]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Kimenyi|first1=Mwangi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xg54BgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA10|title=Governing the Nile River Basin: The Search for a New Legal Regime|last2=Mbaku|first2=John|date=2015-02-12|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-2656-2|pages=10–11|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A yankin kudu maso yammacin kwandon a Sudan ta Kudu kusa da ruwa tare da taimakon kwandon kwandon kwari na Kongo an yi shi da babban [[Mai tafiya|pediplain]] guda ɗaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;ZeitSouthSudan&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fölster |first=Horst |year=1964 |title=Morphogenese der südsudanischen Pediplane |journal=[[Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie]] |language=German |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=393–423}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsawon da ke tashi sama da wannan pediplain suna dauke da ƙasa ta laterite, wani lokacin tare da pisolites ko ferricrete, kuma ragowar [[Fuskar Fuskar|tsohuwar farfajiyar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ZeitSouthSudan&quot; /&gt; Wasu daga cikin taron da suka dace da tsohuwar farfajiyar da aka ambata an kafa su ne ta hanyar [[Taimako mai juyawa|sauyawa]] kwari.&lt;ref name=&quot;ZeitSouthSudan&quot; /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Girgizar kasa ta 2003 Boumerdès</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350453403|2003 Boumerdès earthquake]]&quot;</comment>
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Girgizar kasa ta Boumerdès ta 2003 ta faru ne a ranar 21 ga Mayu da karfe 19:44:21 na lokacin yankin a arewacin [[Aljeriya]]. Tsoro yana da girman lokacin na 6.8 da matsakaicin Ƙarfin Mercalli na X (Extreme). Cibiyar girgizar kasa ta kasance kusa da garin [[Thénia]] a Lardin Boumerdès, kimanin kilomita 60 a gabashin babban birnin [[Aljir|Algiers]]&lt;nowiki&gt;. Girgizar kasa ita ce mafi karfi da ta mamaye Aljeriya a cikin sama da shekaru ashirin - tun 1980, lokacin da Girgizar ƙasa mai girman 7.1.1 ta haifar da akalla mutuwar mutane 2,633.&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;18:44:21 UTC&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;mwPg&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;&amp;nbsp;

== Yanayin tectonic ==
Arewacin Aljeriya yana kan iyaka tsakanin Farantin Afirka da Farantin Eurasia, don haka samar da yanki na matsawa. Wannan yanki na matsawa yana bayyana kansa ta hanyar turawa da kuskuren da yawa. Saboda wannan wuri tsakanin faranti biyu na tectonic, girgizar ƙasa da yawa ta faru a yankin. Hanyar girgizar kasa a ranar 21 ga Mayu ya dace da kuskuren arewa maso gabas mai suna Zemmouri wanda aka gano a karo na farko bayan wannan girgizar ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CAEE&quot; /&gt; A cewar binciken ilimin ƙasa na Amurka,

== Lalacewar da wadanda suka mutu ==
Kimanin mutane 2,266 sun mutu, 10,261 sun ji rauni, kuma 200,000 sun bar marasa gida sakamakon girgizar kasa. Rahotanni sun nuna fiye da gine-gine 1,243 sun lalace gaba ɗaya ko kuma a wani ɓangare. An yi la'akari da lalacewar ababen more rayuwa a Algiers, Boumerdès, Reghaïa da [[Thénia]]; hanyoyi a Aljeriya galibi suna da inganci, amma titunan birni da hanyoyi na gida suna da wuyar ratsawa saboda tarkace daga gine-ginen da suka rushe. Ana gina gadoji kamar waɗanda ke Amurka, tare da katako na ƙarfe da ke tallafawa bene na kankare. Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan girgizar kasa, har yanzu an rufe manyan gadoji guda uku. Babbar babbar hanyar karshe da za a bude ita ce [[Hussein Dey Bridge]] a ranar 5 ga Yuli. &lt;ref name=&quot;Edwards&quot; /&gt;

Girgizar ta haifar da Tsunami, wanda ya lalata jiragen ruwa a bakin tekun Tsibirin Balearic. Yankin gabashin Algiers ya fi shafar;  gabaɗaya, Lardin Boumerdès shine yankin da ya fi sha wahala. &lt;ref name=&quot;AMER444&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Oliveira|Roca|Xavier|2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar jami'ai, kimanin mutane 400 ne aka kashe a Algiers kawai.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNNQRRAT&quot; /&gt; A cikin Lardin Boumerdès, birane da yawa sun lalace sosai, tare da Thénia, Zemmouri, da Boumerdés, &lt;ref name=&quot;AMER444&quot; /&gt; wadanda suka fi shafa. &lt;ref name=&quot;KSSE37&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Keeping Schools Safe in Earthquakes|2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gine-gine da yawa da aka gina a farkon karni na ashirin a lokacin [[Aljeriya ta Faransa|mulkin mallaka]] sun sami mummunar lalacewa a yankunan Belcourt, Bab-El-Oued da El-Casbah a Lardin Algiers.&lt;ref name=&quot;KSSE36&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Keeping Schools Safe in Earthquakes|2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan taimako ==
Kasashe da yawa sun aika da ƙungiyoyin ceto don taimakawa wajen neman waɗanda suka tsira daga girgizar ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;LD177&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Dean|2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyoyin ma'aikatan agaji na kasa da kasa sun tafi wurin kuma sun [[Sin|China]] cikin ceto mutanen da ke cikin rushewa. Hukumomin agaji na kasa da kasa sun shiga cikin kayan aiki kamar mafaka, abinci da ruwa ga mutanen da suka zama marasa gida saboda girgizar kasa. Sniffer karnuka da aka aika zuwa Aljeriya don neman wadanda suka tsira a cikin rushewa. Kungiyar [[Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent ta kasa da kasa|Red Cross na Duniya da Red Crescent Movement]] sun daidaita kokarin agaji. An tura ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya da ceto daga ƙasashen Turai. Red Cross na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin ta ba da gudummawar $ 50,000. An kira motoci zuwa aiki don cire gawawwakin daga Algiers da garuruwa da ƙauyuka da ke kewaye. An tura rundunonin sojoji don taimakawa kokarin agaji.&lt;ref name=&quot;LD177&quot; /&gt; Firayim Minista Ahmed Ouyahia ya ba da sanarwar taimakon $ 7,000 ga kowane wanda aka azabtar. Gwamnati ta aika da ambulanci da yawa, ma'aikatan 'yan sanda da ma'aikatan lantarki zuwa yankin da abin ya shafa. Sojoji sun kawo alfarwa, ambulances da kayan aikin injiniya. An aika da motocin ruwa zuwa ƙauyukan da girgizar ƙasa ta shafa.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin girgizar ƙasa a shekara ta 2003
* [[Jerin girgizar ƙasa a Aljeriya]]
* Girgizar kasa ta 2004 Al Hoceima
* [[Girgizar Kasar Marrakesh-Safi 2023|Girgizar kasa ta Al Haouz ta 2023]]

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ISC-GEM&quot;&gt;{{Citation}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;NGDC&quot;&gt;{{Citation}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;PAGER-CAT&quot;&gt;{{Citation}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350453403|2003 Boumerdès earthquake]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Girgizar ƙasa ta Boumerdès ta 2003''' ta faru a ranar 21 ga Mayu a  a arewacin [[Aljeriya]] . Girgizar ta yi karfin awo 6.8 da kuma karfin Mercalli na X ( ''Mai tsanani'' ). Cibiyar girgizar kasar tana kusa da garin [[Thénia]] a lardin Boumerdès, kimanin digiri 60.&amp;nbsp;kilomita gabas da babban birnin [[Aljir|Algiers]] . Girgizar kasar ita ce mafi karfi da ta afkawa Aljeriya cikin fiye da shekaru ashirin - tun daga shekarar 1980, lokacin da girgizar kasa mai karfin maki 7.1 ta yi sanadiyyar mutuwar akalla mutane 2,633.

== Yanayin tectonic ==
Arewacin Aljeriya yana kan iyaka tsakanin Farantin Afirka da Farantin Eurasia, don haka samar da yanki na matsawa. Wannan yanki na matsawa yana bayyana kansa ta hanyar turawa da kuskuren da yawa. Saboda wannan wuri tsakanin faranti biyu na tectonic, girgizar ƙasa da yawa ta faru a yankin. Hanyar girgizar kasa a ranar 21 ga Mayu ya dace da kuskuren arewa maso gabas mai suna Zemmouri wanda aka gano a karo na farko bayan wannan girgizar ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CAEE&quot; /&gt; A cewar binciken ilimin ƙasa na Amurka,

== Lalacewar da wadanda suka mutu ==
Kimanin mutane 2,266 sun mutu, 10,261 sun ji rauni, kuma 200,000 sun bar marasa gida sakamakon girgizar kasa. Rahotanni sun nuna fiye da gine-gine 1,243 sun lalace gaba ɗaya ko kuma a wani ɓangare. An yi la'akari da lalacewar ababen more rayuwa a Algiers, Boumerdès, Reghaïa da [[Thénia]]; hanyoyi a Aljeriya galibi suna da inganci, amma titunan birni da hanyoyi na gida suna da wuyar ratsawa saboda tarkace daga gine-ginen da suka rushe. Ana gina gadoji kamar waɗanda ke Amurka, tare da katako na ƙarfe da ke tallafawa bene na kankare. Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan girgizar kasa, har yanzu an rufe manyan gadoji guda uku. Babbar babbar hanyar karshe da za a bude ita ce [[Hussein Dey Bridge]] a ranar 5 ga Yuli. &lt;ref name=&quot;Edwards&quot; /&gt;

Girgizar ta haifar da Tsunami, wanda ya lalata jiragen ruwa a bakin tekun Tsibirin Balearic. Yankin gabashin Algiers ya fi shafar;  gabaɗaya, Lardin Boumerdès shine yankin da ya fi sha wahala. &lt;ref name=&quot;AMER444&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Oliveira|Roca|Xavier|2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar jami'ai, kimanin mutane 400 ne aka kashe a Algiers kawai.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNNQRRAT&quot; /&gt; A cikin Lardin Boumerdès, birane da yawa sun lalace sosai, tare da Thénia, Zemmouri, da Boumerdés, &lt;ref name=&quot;AMER444&quot; /&gt; wadanda suka fi shafa. &lt;ref name=&quot;KSSE37&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Keeping Schools Safe in Earthquakes|2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gine-gine da yawa da aka gina a farkon karni na ashirin a lokacin [[Aljeriya ta Faransa|mulkin mallaka]] sun sami mummunar lalacewa a yankunan Belcourt, Bab-El-Oued da El-Casbah a Lardin Algiers.&lt;ref name=&quot;KSSE36&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Keeping Schools Safe in Earthquakes|2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan taimako ==
Kasashe da yawa sun aika da ƙungiyoyin ceto don taimakawa wajen neman waɗanda suka tsira daga girgizar ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;LD177&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Dean|2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyoyin ma'aikatan agaji na kasa da kasa sun tafi wurin kuma sun [[Sin|China]] cikin ceto mutanen da ke cikin rushewa. Hukumomin agaji na kasa da kasa sun shiga cikin kayan aiki kamar mafaka, abinci da ruwa ga mutanen da suka zama marasa gida saboda girgizar kasa. Sniffer karnuka da aka aika zuwa Aljeriya don neman wadanda suka tsira a cikin rushewa. Kungiyar [[Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent ta kasa da kasa|Red Cross na Duniya da Red Crescent Movement]] sun daidaita kokarin agaji. An tura ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya da ceto daga ƙasashen Turai. Red Cross na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin ta ba da gudummawar $ 50,000. An kira motoci zuwa aiki don cire gawawwakin daga Algiers da garuruwa da ƙauyuka da ke kewaye. An tura rundunonin sojoji don taimakawa kokarin agaji.&lt;ref name=&quot;LD177&quot; /&gt; Firayim Minista Ahmed Ouyahia ya ba da sanarwar taimakon $ 7,000 ga kowane wanda aka azabtar. Gwamnati ta aika da ambulanci da yawa, ma'aikatan 'yan sanda da ma'aikatan lantarki zuwa yankin da abin ya shafa. Sojoji sun kawo alfarwa, ambulances da kayan aikin injiniya. An aika da motocin ruwa zuwa ƙauyukan da girgizar ƙasa ta shafa.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin girgizar ƙasa a shekara ta 2003
* [[Jerin girgizar ƙasa a Aljeriya]]
* Girgizar kasa ta 2004 Al Hoceima
* [[Girgizar Kasar Marrakesh-Safi 2023|Girgizar kasa ta Al Haouz ta 2023]]

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ISC-GEM&quot;&gt;{{Citation}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;NGDC&quot;&gt;{{Citation}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;PAGER-CAT&quot;&gt;{{Citation}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;</text>
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'''Girgizar ƙasa ta Boumerdès ta 2003''' ta faru a ranar 21 ga Mayu a  a arewacin [[Aljeriya]] . Girgizar ta yi karfin awo 6.8 da kuma karfin Mercalli na X ( ''Mai tsanani'' ). Cibiyar girgizar kasar tana kusa da garin [[Thénia]] a lardin Boumerdès, kimanin digiri 60.&amp;nbsp;kilomita gabas da babban birnin [[Aljir|Algiers]] . Girgizar kasar ita ce mafi karfi da ta afkawa Aljeriya cikin fiye da shekaru ashirin - tun daga shekarar 1980, lokacin da girgizar kasa mai karfin maki 7.1 ta yi sanadiyyar mutuwar akalla mutane 2,633.

== Yanayin tectonic ==
Arewacin Aljeriya yana kan iyaka tsakanin Farantin Afirka da Farantin Eurasia, don haka samar da yanki na matsawa. Wannan yanki na matsawa yana bayyana kansa ta hanyar turawa da kuskuren da yawa. Saboda wannan wuri tsakanin faranti biyu na tectonic, girgizar ƙasa da yawa ta faru a yankin. Hanyar girgizar kasa a ranar 21 ga Mayu ya dace da kuskuren arewa maso gabas mai suna Zemmouri wanda aka gano a karo na farko bayan wannan girgizar ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CAEE&quot; /&gt; A cewar binciken ilimin ƙasa na Amurka,

== Lalacewar da wadanda suka mutu ==
Kimanin mutane 2,266 sun mutu, 10,261 sun ji rauni, kuma 200,000 sun bar marasa gida sakamakon girgizar kasa. Rahotanni sun nuna fiye da gine-gine 1,243 sun lalace gaba ɗaya ko kuma a wani ɓangare. An yi la'akari da lalacewar ababen more rayuwa a Algiers, Boumerdès, Reghaïa da [[Thénia]]; hanyoyi a Aljeriya galibi suna da inganci, amma titunan birni da hanyoyi na gida suna da wuyar ratsawa saboda tarkace daga gine-ginen da suka rushe. Ana gina gadoji kamar waɗanda ke Amurka, tare da katako na ƙarfe da ke tallafawa bene na kankare. Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan girgizar kasa, har yanzu an rufe manyan gadoji guda uku. Babbar babbar hanyar karshe da za a bude ita ce [[Hussein Dey Bridge]] a ranar 5 ga Yuli. &lt;ref name=&quot;Edwards&quot; /&gt;

Girgizar ta haifar da Tsunami, wanda ya lalata jiragen ruwa a bakin tekun Tsibirin Balearic. Yankin gabashin Algiers ya fi shafar;  gabaɗaya, Lardin Boumerdès shine yankin da ya fi sha wahala. &lt;ref name=&quot;AMER444&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Oliveira|Roca|Xavier|2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar jami'ai, kimanin mutane 400 ne aka kashe a Algiers kawai.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNNQRRAT&quot; /&gt; A cikin Lardin Boumerdès, birane da yawa sun lalace sosai, tare da Thénia, Zemmouri, da Boumerdés, &lt;ref name=&quot;AMER444&quot; /&gt; wadanda suka fi shafa. &lt;ref name=&quot;KSSE37&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Keeping Schools Safe in Earthquakes|2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gine-gine da yawa da aka gina a farkon karni na ashirin a lokacin [[Aljeriya ta Faransa|mulkin mallaka]] sun sami mummunar lalacewa a yankunan Belcourt, Bab-El-Oued da El-Casbah a Lardin Algiers.&lt;ref name=&quot;KSSE36&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Keeping Schools Safe in Earthquakes|2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan taimako ==
Kasashe da yawa sun aika da ƙungiyoyin ceto don taimakawa wajen neman waɗanda suka tsira daga girgizar ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;LD177&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Dean|2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyoyin ma'aikatan agaji na kasa da kasa sun tafi wurin kuma sun [[Sin|China]] cikin ceto mutanen da ke cikin rushewa. Hukumomin agaji na kasa da kasa sun shiga cikin kayan aiki kamar mafaka, abinci da ruwa ga mutanen da suka zama marasa gida saboda girgizar kasa. Sniffer karnuka da aka aika zuwa Aljeriya don neman wadanda suka tsira a cikin rushewa. Kungiyar [[Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent ta kasa da kasa|Red Cross na Duniya da Red Crescent Movement]] sun daidaita kokarin agaji. An tura ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya da ceto daga ƙasashen Turai. Red Cross na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin ta ba da gudummawar $ 50,000. An kira motoci zuwa aiki don cire gawawwakin daga Algiers da garuruwa da ƙauyuka da ke kewaye. An tura rundunonin sojoji don taimakawa kokarin agaji.&lt;ref name=&quot;LD177&quot; /&gt; Firayim Minista Ahmed Ouyahia ya ba da sanarwar taimakon $ 7,000 ga kowane wanda aka azabtar. Gwamnati ta aika da ambulanci da yawa, ma'aikatan 'yan sanda da ma'aikatan lantarki zuwa yankin da abin ya shafa. Sojoji sun kawo alfarwa, ambulances da kayan aikin injiniya. An aika da motocin ruwa zuwa ƙauyukan da girgizar ƙasa ta shafa.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin girgizar ƙasa a shekara ta 2003
* [[Jerin girgizar ƙasa a Aljeriya]]
* Girgizar kasa ta 2004 Al Hoceima
* [[Girgizar Kasar Marrakesh-Safi 2023|Girgizar kasa ta Al Haouz ta 2023]]

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ISC-GEM&quot;&gt;{{Citation}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;NGDC&quot;&gt;{{Citation}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;PAGER-CAT&quot;&gt;{{Citation}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>855840</id>
      <parentid>855837</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T10:53:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4325" sha1="kpkvhk038u3587zuc0yjmsehwc6cift" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Girgizar ƙasa ta Boumerdès ta 2003''' ta faru a ranar 21 ga Mayu a  a arewacin [[Aljeriya]] . Girgizar ta yi karfin awo 6.8 da kuma karfin Mercalli na X ( ''Mai tsanani'' ). Cibiyar girgizar kasar tana kusa da garin [[Thénia]] a lardin Boumerdès, kimanin digiri 60.&amp;nbsp;kilomita gabas da babban birnin [[Aljir|Algiers]] . Girgizar kasar ita ce mafi karfi da ta afkawa Aljeriya cikin fiye da shekaru ashirin - tun daga shekarar 1980, lokacin da girgizar kasa mai karfin maki 7.1 ta yi sanadiyyar mutuwar akalla mutane 2,633.

== Yanayin tectonic ==
Arewacin Aljeriya yana kan iyaka tsakanin Farantin Afirka da Farantin Eurasia, don haka samar da yanki na matsawa. Wannan yanki na matsawa yana bayyana kansa ta hanyar turawa da kuskuren da yawa. Saboda wannan wuri tsakanin faranti biyu na tectonic, girgizar ƙasa da yawa ta faru a yankin. Hanyar girgizar kasa a ranar 21 ga Mayu ya dace da kuskuren arewa maso gabas mai suna Zemmouri wanda aka gano a karo na farko bayan wannan girgizar ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CAEE&quot; /&gt; A cewar binciken ilimin ƙasa na Amurka,

== Lalacewar da wadanda suka mutu ==
Kimanin mutane 2,266 sun mutu, 10,261 sun ji rauni, kuma 200,000 sun bar marasa gida sakamakon girgizar kasa. Rahotanni sun nuna fiye da gine-gine 1,243 sun lalace gaba ɗaya ko kuma a wani ɓangare. An yi la'akari da lalacewar ababen more rayuwa a Algiers, Boumerdès, Reghaïa da [[Thénia]]; hanyoyi a Aljeriya galibi suna da inganci, amma titunan birni da hanyoyi na gida suna da wuyar ratsawa saboda tarkace daga gine-ginen da suka rushe. Ana gina gadoji kamar waɗanda ke Amurka, tare da katako na ƙarfe da ke tallafawa bene na kankare. Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan girgizar kasa, har yanzu an rufe manyan gadoji guda uku. Babbar babbar hanyar karshe da za a bude ita ce [[Hussein Dey Bridge]] a ranar 5 ga Yuli. &lt;ref name=&quot;Edwards&quot; /&gt;

Girgizar ta haifar da Tsunami, wanda ya lalata jiragen ruwa a bakin tekun Tsibirin Balearic. Yankin gabashin Algiers ya fi shafar;  gabaɗaya, Lardin Boumerdès shine yankin da ya fi sha wahala. &lt;ref name=&quot;AMER444&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Oliveira|Roca|Xavier|2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar jami'ai, kimanin mutane 400 ne aka kashe a Algiers kawai.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNNQRRAT&quot; /&gt; A cikin Lardin Boumerdès, birane da yawa sun lalace sosai, tare da Thénia, Zemmouri, da Boumerdés, &lt;ref name=&quot;AMER444&quot; /&gt; wadanda suka fi shafa. &lt;ref name=&quot;KSSE37&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Keeping Schools Safe in Earthquakes|2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gine-gine da yawa da aka gina a farkon karni na ashirin a lokacin [[Aljeriya ta Faransa|mulkin mallaka]] sun sami mummunar lalacewa a yankunan Belcourt, Bab-El-Oued da El-Casbah a Lardin Algiers.&lt;ref name=&quot;KSSE36&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Keeping Schools Safe in Earthquakes|2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayyukan taimako ==
Kasashe da yawa sun aika da ƙungiyoyin ceto don taimakawa wajen neman waɗanda suka tsira daga girgizar ƙasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;LD177&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Dean|2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kungiyoyin ma'aikatan agaji na kasa da kasa sun tafi wurin kuma sun [[Sin|China]] cikin ceto mutanen da ke cikin rushewa. Hukumomin agaji na kasa da kasa sun shiga cikin kayan aiki kamar mafaka, abinci da ruwa ga mutanen da suka zama marasa gida saboda girgizar kasa. Sniffer karnuka da aka aika zuwa Aljeriya don neman wadanda suka tsira a cikin rushewa. Kungiyar [[Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent ta kasa da kasa|Red Cross na Duniya da Red Crescent Movement]] sun daidaita kokarin agaji. An tura ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya da ceto daga ƙasashen Turai. Red Cross na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin ta ba da gudummawar $ 50,000. An kira motoci zuwa aiki don cire gawawwakin daga Algiers da garuruwa da ƙauyuka da ke kewaye. An tura rundunonin sojoji don taimakawa kokarin agaji.&lt;ref name=&quot;LD177&quot; /&gt; Firayim Minista Ahmed Ouyahia ya ba da sanarwar taimakon $ 7,000 ga kowane wanda aka azabtar. Gwamnati ta aika da ambulanci da yawa, ma'aikatan 'yan sanda da ma'aikatan lantarki zuwa yankin da abin ya shafa. Sojoji sun kawo alfarwa, ambulances da kayan aikin injiniya. An aika da motocin ruwa zuwa ƙauyukan da girgizar ƙasa ta shafa.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin girgizar ƙasa a shekara ta 2003
* [[Jerin girgizar ƙasa a Aljeriya]]
* Girgizar kasa ta 2004 Al Hoceima
* [[Girgizar Kasar Marrakesh-Safi 2023|Girgizar kasa ta Al Haouz ta 2023]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>kpkvhk038u3587zuc0yjmsehwc6cift</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Protomelas virgatus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157084</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855838</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T10:53:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330646208|Protomelas virgatus]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Protomelas virgatus''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Wannan nau'in yana iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|14|cm|in}} SL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>79yv5ku5jr9zbxk842dxf75cbza6ahg</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>855839</id>
      <parentid>855838</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T10:53:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <origin>855839</origin>
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      <text bytes="262" sha1="merdc6mlghpafymf81m3to4nbs83928" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Protomelas virgatus''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Wannan nau'in yana iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|14|cm|in}} SL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>merdc6mlghpafymf81m3to4nbs83928</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Copadichromis azureus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157085</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855842</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T10:54:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645039|Copadichromis azureus]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855842</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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'''''Copadichromis azureus''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''azureus cichlid''', nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Azureus Cichlid (Copadichromis azureus) |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/98361-Copadichromis-azureus |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=iNaturalist |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da yawa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda ake samunsa a ƙasar [[Malawi]] .

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>9aovhxz0v3mntrk7ekf95nafvgs9b00</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>855843</id>
      <parentid>855842</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T10:54:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <origin>855843</origin>
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      <text bytes="419" sha1="cg2brb9tte5k6u0ouyuty2apa22w1ev" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Copadichromis azureus''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''azureus cichlid''', nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Azureus Cichlid (Copadichromis azureus) |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/98361-Copadichromis-azureus |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=iNaturalist |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da yawa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda ake samunsa a ƙasar [[Malawi]] .

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>cg2brb9tte5k6u0ouyuty2apa22w1ev</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>1303 Girgizar ƙasa ta tsibirin Krita</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157086</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855844</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T10:54:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357223491|1303 Crete earthquake]]&quot;</comment>
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Girgizar kasa ta 1303 ta Crete ta faru da asuba a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta. Yana da kimanin girman kusan 8, matsakaicin ƙarfin IX (Violent) a kan sikelin Mercalli, kuma ya haifar da babban Tsunami wanda ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa da asarar rai a tsibirin [[Crete|Karita]] da Alexandria. Ya lalata Hasumiyar Hasumiyar [[Alexandria|Iskandariya]] sosai.

== Yanayin tectonic ==
Hellenic arc, wuri mafi yiwuwa ga wannan girgizar ƙasa, fasalin tectonic ne mai alaƙa da subduction na Farantin Afirka a ƙarƙashin farantin Tekun Aegean. Yana daya daga cikin yankunan da suka fi yawan girgizar kasa a yammacin Eurasia kuma yana da tarihin manyan girgizar ƙasa waɗanda suka shafi Masar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hamouda&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hamouda |first=A. Z. |year=2006 |title=Numerical computations of 1303 tsunamigenic propagation towards Alexandria, Egyptian Coast |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=37–44 |bibcode=2006JAfES..44...37H |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.11.005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lalacewar ==
girgizar ƙasa da tsunami an rubuta su kamar yadda suke da mummunar tasiri a Heraklion, tsibirin Krita.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tsapanos&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tsapanos |first=T. M. |year=2003 |title=A seismic hazard scenario for the main cities of Crete island, Greece |journal=[[Geophysical Journal International]] |volume=153 |issue=2 |pages=403–408 |bibcode=2003GeoJI.153..403T |doi=10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01874.x |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana samun cikakkun bayanai daga rahotanni da wakilan daga Heraklion (sa'an nan Candia) suka yi ga gwamnatin Venetian mai kula, wanda aka rubuta a ranar girgizar kasa da kwanaki ashirin bayan haka. Sun bayyana girman lalacewar manyan gine-ginen jama'a na Candia da manyan gidaje a duk tsibirin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guidoboni&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Guidoboni |first=E. |last2=Comastri |first2=A. |year=1997 |title=The large earthquake of 8 August 1303 in Crete: seismic scenario and tsunami in the Mediterranean area |url=https://www.academia.edu/9447864 |journal=Journal of Seismology |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=55–72 |bibcode=1997JSeis...1...55G |doi=10.1023/A:1009737632542 |s2cid=126898422}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rahotanni sun ambaci cewa yawancin wadanda abin ya shafa mata ne da yara, ba tare da bayar da lambobi ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guidoboni&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Guidoboni |first=E. |last2=Comastri |first2=A. |year=1997 |title=The large earthquake of 8 August 1303 in Crete: seismic scenario and tsunami in the Mediterranean area |url=https://www.academia.edu/9447864 |journal=Journal of Seismology |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=55–72 |bibcode=1997JSeis...1...55G |doi=10.1023/A:1009737632542 |s2cid=126898422}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGuidoboniComastri1997&quot;&gt;Guidoboni, E.; Comastri, A. (1997). [https://www.academia.edu/9447864 &quot;The large earthquake of 8 August 1303 in Crete: seismic scenario and tsunami in the Mediterranean area&quot;]. ''Journal of Seismology''. '''1''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;55–&lt;/span&gt;72. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JSeis...1...55G 1997JSeis...1...55G]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1023/A:1009737632542|10.1023/A:1009737632542]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:126898422 126898422].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa a Iskandariya. An lalata jiragen ruwa da yawa, wasu daga cikinsu sun kai kilomita 2 (3.2) a cikin ƙasa. Birnin tashar jiragen ruwa na Acre, a bakin tekun Levantine, ma ya shafa. An lalata gine-gine  mutane sun mutu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Papadopolous&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Papadopolous |first=G. A. |last2=Daskalaki |first2=E. |last3=Fokaefs |first3=A. |last4=N. |first4=Giraleas |year=2007 |title=Tsunami hazards in the Eastern Mediterranean: strong earthquakes and tsunamis in the East Hellenic Arc and Trench system |url=http://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/29/94/03/PDF/nhess-7-57-2007.pdf |journal=Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=57–64 |bibcode=2007NHESS...7...57P |doi=10.5194/nhess-7-57-2007 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A Misira girgizar kasa ta haifar da mummunar lalacewa a [[Kairo|Alkahira]], ta kawar da yawancin fararen dutse na Babban Pyramid  kuma ta rushe [[Hasumiya|minaret]] a kan [[Masallaci|Masallatai]] da yawa. A Iskandariya an lalata ganuwar bir mafi yawa. Mafi mahimmanci, Hasumiyar Hasumiyar Iskandariya, ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan ban mamaki bakwai na duniya, ya lalace sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Papadopolous&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Papadopolous |first=G. A. |last2=Daskalaki |first2=E. |last3=Fokaefs |first3=A. |last4=N. |first4=Giraleas |year=2007 |title=Tsunami hazards in the Eastern Mediterranean: strong earthquakes and tsunamis in the East Hellenic Arc and Trench system |url=http://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/29/94/03/PDF/nhess-7-57-2007.pdf |journal=Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=57–64 |bibcode=2007NHESS...7...57P |doi=10.5194/nhess-7-57-2007 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPapadopolousDaskalakiFokaefsN.2007&quot;&gt;Papadopolous, G. A.; Daskalaki, E.; Fokaefs, A.; N., Giraleas (2007). [http://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/29/94/03/PDF/nhess-7-57-2007.pdf &quot;Tsunami hazards in the Eastern Mediterranean: strong earthquakes and tsunamis in the East Hellenic Arc and Trench system&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences''. '''7''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;57–&lt;/span&gt;64. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007NHESS...7...57P 2007NHESS...7...57P]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.5194/nhess-7-57-2007|10.5194/nhess-7-57-2007]]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Abdelnaby |first=Adel E. |last2=Elnashai |first2=Amr S. |date=October 2013 |title=Integrity assessment of the Pharos of Alexandria during the 1303 CE earthquake |journal=Engineering Failure Analysis |volume=33 |pages=119–138 |doi=10.1016/j.engfailanal.2013.04.013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gidaje a Iskandariya sun rushe, inda suka kashe mutane da yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Badawy99&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Badawy |first=Ahmed |date=1999 |title=Historical seismicity of Egypt |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283839188 |journal=Acta Geodaetica et Geophysica Hungarica |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=119–135 |doi=10.1007/BF03325564 |s2cid=131467239}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar Alexis Perrey, an ji girgizar kasa a duk bakin tekun Adriatic, har zuwa [[Venezia|Venice]] (kimanin kilomita {{Cvt|1600|km|-2}} ko 1,000 mi daga Heraklion). 

== Halaye ==

=== Girgizar ƙasa ===
Kodayake ai wurin da aka samu ya faru ba shi da tabbas, an yarda da cewa girgizar kasa ta rushe ɓangaren gabashin Helle a wani wuri tsakanin tsibirin Crete da Rhodes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Papadopolous&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hamouda&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Guidoboni&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Papazachos&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Papazachos |first=B. C. |year=1996 |title=Large seismic faults in the Hellenic arc |url=http://www.earth-prints.org/bitstream/2122/1706/1/01%20papazachos.pdf |journal=Annali di Geofisica |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=891–903}}&lt;/ref&gt; Girgizar kasa ta haifar da lalacewa a wani yanki mai faɗi ciki har da tsibirin Crete, Peloponnese, Rhodes, [[Kairo|Alkahira]], Acre, Damascus, [[Antioch|Antakiya]], da [[Cyprus]] kuma an ji shi har zuwa Constantinople ({{Convert|1000|km|mi}} km; 620 mi) kuma mai yiwuwa [[Tunis]] ({{Convert|1500|km|mi}} km; 930 mi). Ba a san ainihin girman ba amma an kiyasta kusan 8.0 .&lt;ref name=&quot;Papazachos&quot; /&gt;

=== Tsunami ===
Misali na tsunami ya yi hasashen matsakaicin mita 9 (30  a Alexandria, tare da kimanin jinkiri na minti 40 daga lokacin girgizar ƙasa zuwa isowar guguwar farko a Misira.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hamouda&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hamouda |first=A. Z. |year=2006 |title=Numerical computations of 1303 tsunamigenic propagation towards Alexandria, Egyptian Coast |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=37–44 |bibcode=2006JAfES..44...37H |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.11.005}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHamouda2006&quot;&gt;Hamouda, A. Z. (2006). &quot;Numerical computations of 1303 tsunamigenic propagation towards Alexandria, Egyptian Coast&quot;. ''Journal of African Earth Sciences''. '''44''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;37–&lt;/span&gt;44. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JAfES..44...37H 2006JAfES..44...37H]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.11.005|10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.11.005]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Girgizar ƙasa ta tsibirin 365|Girgizar ƙasa ta tsibirin tsibirin tsibiri ta 365]]
* Jerin girgizar ƙasa a Girka
* Jerin girgizar ƙasa ta tarihi
* [[Jerin girgizar ƙasa da tsunami|Jerin tsunami]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Girgizar kasa ta 1303 ta Crete''' ta faru da asuba a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta. Yana da kimanin girman kusan 8, matsakaicin ƙarfin IX (Violent) a kan sikelin Mercalli, kuma ya haifar da babban Tsunami wanda ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa da asarar rai a tsibirin [[Crete|Karita]] da Alexandria. Ya lalata Hasumiyar Hasumiyar [[Alexandria|Iskandariya]] sosai.

== Yanayin tectonic ==
Hellenic arc, wuri mafi yiwuwa ga wannan girgizar ƙasa, fasalin tectonic ne mai alaƙa da subduction na Farantin Afirka a ƙarƙashin farantin Tekun Aegean. Yana daya daga cikin yankunan da suka fi yawan girgizar kasa a yammacin Eurasia kuma yana da tarihin manyan girgizar ƙasa waɗanda suka shafi Masar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hamouda&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hamouda |first=A. Z. |year=2006 |title=Numerical computations of 1303 tsunamigenic propagation towards Alexandria, Egyptian Coast |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=37–44 |bibcode=2006JAfES..44...37H |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.11.005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lalacewar ==
girgizar ƙasa da tsunami an rubuta su kamar yadda suke da mummunar tasiri a Heraklion, tsibirin Krita.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tsapanos&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tsapanos |first=T. M. |year=2003 |title=A seismic hazard scenario for the main cities of Crete island, Greece |journal=[[Geophysical Journal International]] |volume=153 |issue=2 |pages=403–408 |bibcode=2003GeoJI.153..403T |doi=10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01874.x |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana samun cikakkun bayanai daga rahotanni da wakilan daga Heraklion (sa'an nan Candia) suka yi ga gwamnatin Venetian mai kula, wanda aka rubuta a ranar girgizar kasa da kwanaki ashirin bayan haka. Sun bayyana girman lalacewar manyan gine-ginen jama'a na Candia da manyan gidaje a duk tsibirin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guidoboni&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Guidoboni |first=E. |last2=Comastri |first2=A. |year=1997 |title=The large earthquake of 8 August 1303 in Crete: seismic scenario and tsunami in the Mediterranean area |url=https://www.academia.edu/9447864 |journal=Journal of Seismology |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=55–72 |bibcode=1997JSeis...1...55G |doi=10.1023/A:1009737632542 |s2cid=126898422}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rahotanni sun ambaci cewa yawancin wadanda abin ya shafa mata ne da yara, ba tare da bayar da lambobi ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guidoboni&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Guidoboni |first=E. |last2=Comastri |first2=A. |year=1997 |title=The large earthquake of 8 August 1303 in Crete: seismic scenario and tsunami in the Mediterranean area |url=https://www.academia.edu/9447864 |journal=Journal of Seismology |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=55–72 |bibcode=1997JSeis...1...55G |doi=10.1023/A:1009737632542 |s2cid=126898422}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGuidoboniComastri1997&quot;&gt;Guidoboni, E.; Comastri, A. (1997). [https://www.academia.edu/9447864 &quot;The large earthquake of 8 August 1303 in Crete: seismic scenario and tsunami in the Mediterranean area&quot;]. ''Journal of Seismology''. '''1''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;55–&lt;/span&gt;72. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JSeis...1...55G 1997JSeis...1...55G]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1023/A:1009737632542|10.1023/A:1009737632542]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:126898422 126898422].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa a Iskandariya. An lalata jiragen ruwa da yawa, wasu daga cikinsu sun kai kilomita 2 (3.2) a cikin ƙasa. Birnin tashar jiragen ruwa na Acre, a bakin tekun Levantine, ma ya shafa. An lalata gine-gine  mutane sun mutu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Papadopolous&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Papadopolous |first=G. A. |last2=Daskalaki |first2=E. |last3=Fokaefs |first3=A. |last4=N. |first4=Giraleas |year=2007 |title=Tsunami hazards in the Eastern Mediterranean: strong earthquakes and tsunamis in the East Hellenic Arc and Trench system |url=http://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/29/94/03/PDF/nhess-7-57-2007.pdf |journal=Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=57–64 |bibcode=2007NHESS...7...57P |doi=10.5194/nhess-7-57-2007 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A Misira girgizar kasa ta haifar da mummunar lalacewa a [[Kairo|Alkahira]], ta kawar da yawancin fararen dutse na Babban Pyramid  kuma ta rushe [[Hasumiya|minaret]] a kan [[Masallaci|Masallatai]] da yawa. A Iskandariya an lalata ganuwar bir mafi yawa. Mafi mahimmanci, Hasumiyar Hasumiyar Iskandariya, ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan ban mamaki bakwai na duniya, ya lalace sosai.&lt;ref name=&quot;Papadopolous&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Papadopolous |first=G. A. |last2=Daskalaki |first2=E. |last3=Fokaefs |first3=A. |last4=N. |first4=Giraleas |year=2007 |title=Tsunami hazards in the Eastern Mediterranean: strong earthquakes and tsunamis in the East Hellenic Arc and Trench system |url=http://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/29/94/03/PDF/nhess-7-57-2007.pdf |journal=Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=57–64 |bibcode=2007NHESS...7...57P |doi=10.5194/nhess-7-57-2007 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPapadopolousDaskalakiFokaefsN.2007&quot;&gt;Papadopolous, G. A.; Daskalaki, E.; Fokaefs, A.; N., Giraleas (2007). [http://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/29/94/03/PDF/nhess-7-57-2007.pdf &quot;Tsunami hazards in the Eastern Mediterranean: strong earthquakes and tsunamis in the East Hellenic Arc and Trench system&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences''. '''7''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;57–&lt;/span&gt;64. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007NHESS...7...57P 2007NHESS...7...57P]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.5194/nhess-7-57-2007|10.5194/nhess-7-57-2007]]&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Abdelnaby |first=Adel E. |last2=Elnashai |first2=Amr S. |date=October 2013 |title=Integrity assessment of the Pharos of Alexandria during the 1303 CE earthquake |journal=Engineering Failure Analysis |volume=33 |pages=119–138 |doi=10.1016/j.engfailanal.2013.04.013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gidaje a Iskandariya sun rushe, inda suka kashe mutane da yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Badawy99&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Badawy |first=Ahmed |date=1999 |title=Historical seismicity of Egypt |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283839188 |journal=Acta Geodaetica et Geophysica Hungarica |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=119–135 |doi=10.1007/BF03325564 |s2cid=131467239}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cewar Alexis Perrey, an ji girgizar kasa a duk bakin tekun Adriatic, har zuwa [[Venezia|Venice]] (kimanin kilomita {{Cvt|1600|km|-2}} ko 1,000 mi daga Heraklion). 

== Halaye ==

=== Girgizar ƙasa ===
Kodayake ai wurin da aka samu ya faru ba shi da tabbas, an yarda da cewa girgizar kasa ta rushe ɓangaren gabashin Helle a wani wuri tsakanin tsibirin Crete da Rhodes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Papadopolous&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hamouda&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Guidoboni&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Papazachos&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Papazachos |first=B. C. |year=1996 |title=Large seismic faults in the Hellenic arc |url=http://www.earth-prints.org/bitstream/2122/1706/1/01%20papazachos.pdf |journal=Annali di Geofisica |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=891–903}}&lt;/ref&gt; Girgizar kasa ta haifar da lalacewa a wani yanki mai faɗi ciki har da tsibirin Crete, Peloponnese, Rhodes, [[Kairo|Alkahira]], Acre, Damascus, [[Antioch|Antakiya]], da [[Cyprus]] kuma an ji shi har zuwa Constantinople ({{Convert|1000|km|mi}} km; 620 mi) kuma mai yiwuwa [[Tunis]] ({{Convert|1500|km|mi}} km; 930 mi). Ba a san ainihin girman ba amma an kiyasta kusan 8.0 .&lt;ref name=&quot;Papazachos&quot; /&gt;

=== Tsunami ===
Misali na tsunami ya yi hasashen matsakaicin mita 9 (30  a Alexandria, tare da kimanin jinkiri na minti 40 daga lokacin girgizar ƙasa zuwa isowar guguwar farko a Misira.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hamouda&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hamouda |first=A. Z. |year=2006 |title=Numerical computations of 1303 tsunamigenic propagation towards Alexandria, Egyptian Coast |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=37–44 |bibcode=2006JAfES..44...37H |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.11.005}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHamouda2006&quot;&gt;Hamouda, A. Z. (2006). &quot;Numerical computations of 1303 tsunamigenic propagation towards Alexandria, Egyptian Coast&quot;. ''Journal of African Earth Sciences''. '''44''' (1): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;37–&lt;/span&gt;44. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JAfES..44...37H 2006JAfES..44...37H]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.11.005|10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.11.005]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Girgizar ƙasa ta tsibirin 365|Girgizar ƙasa ta tsibirin tsibirin tsibiri ta 365]]
* Jerin girgizar ƙasa a Girka
* Jerin girgizar ƙasa ta tarihi
* [[Jerin girgizar ƙasa da tsunami|Jerin tsunami]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645692|Mchenga flavimanus]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Mchenga flavimanus''''' nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Cichlidae . Yana da yawa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . 

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'''''Mchenga flavimanus''''' nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Cichlidae . Yana da yawa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342422273|Chwezi]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Chwezi''' ko '''Cwezi''' sun kasance manyan dangin almara waɗanda suka kafa daular mulki ta biyu ta [[Daular Kitara]] a cikin yankin Great Lakes na Afirka. Mutanen Rutara suna girmama su a matsayin ruhohin kakanni.

== Nazarin ilimi ==

=== Asalin ===
John Sutton ya bayyana ruhohin Chwezi kamar yadda suke da &quot;Tushen Bantu na yau da kullun, yana ba da shawarar cewa wani ruhu ko ra'ayi a bayansa na iya samun tarihin da ya fi na masarautar da har ma da wadanda suka gabata. &quot; Okot P&quot;Bitek ya yi imanin cewa ruhohin chwezi na wani lokaci ne, kafin dukkan sarakuna, &quot;lokacin da alloli suka yi yawo a duniya kuma mutane za su iya aure su. &quot; &quot; &quot; Hadisai na Chwezi sun sanya kansu a kan tuddai da tabkuna na yankin.

Peter Schmidt ya ce bautar ruhohin Chwezi ta koma ga farkon ƙarfe a cikin 500BC, a lokacin Urewe tsakanin al'ummar Proto-Great Lakes Bantu, kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa kawar da masu aikin Chwezi daga ikon siyasa a wurare kamar Buhaya na iya bayyana ƙudurin adawa da masu duba na Chwezi ga daular sarauta da suka biyo baya kuma a ƙarshe ga ikon mulkin mallaka. A cikin al'adun baki game da Abacwezi, galibi ana bambance su da sarakuna na baya, kamar dangin Biito, waɗanda suka ba da fifiko ga aikin kiwon shanu kuma suka sanya sabbin tsarin matsayi a cikin yankunansu, suna komawa zuwa lokacin da ya gabata. Har ila yau, ana samun alaƙa da ruhohin Chwezi zuwa kayan aikin ƙarfe na farko da ƙuƙwalwa a kan wuraren ibada na baya-bayan nan na waɗannan ruhohin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sutton |first=John |date=2009 |title=The Antecedents of the Interlacustrine Kingdoms |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/abs/antecedents-of-the-interlacustrine-kingdoms/8C87C2A9A023B30C90C3F213488E803A |journal=The Journal of African History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=39, 42 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700032990 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗin Bahuma tare da Bachwezi ===
Saboda ra'ayin wariyar launin fata na Hamitic (wanda ke da'awar cewa duk al'ummomin da suka dace a Afirka sun kasance ne saboda masu mamaye Caucasian da suka ci al'ummar Afirka na gida kuma suka gabatar da wayewa), an ɗauka ba tare da shaidar cewa Bahima (wanda ake kira Bahuma a Kitara) Bachwezi ne kawai saboda bayyanar su ta jiki. Al'adar baki ta Kitara ta bambanta Bachwezi daga Bahuma (an ce Bachwezi suna da bayin Bahuma) kuma Bahuma da kansu ba su da wata alaƙa ta asali ga Bachwezi. Bahuma ba ta da muhimmancin siyasa kuma ba su taɓa zama sarakuna a Kitara ba, kamar yadda [[Tutsi]] da Hima suke a wasu manyan masarautun Great Lakes zuwa kudu. Dukkanin masana tarihi sun kammala cewa Bachwezi wani aristocracy ne na Bantu.

== Labaran da aka yi ==
Daular Chwezi ta samo asali ne daga wani Iru (wanda aka saba da shi) mai suna Karubumbi .  Babban birnin farko na daular Bachwezi ya kasance a Mubende . An ce babban birnin na biyu yana da nisan kilomita 40 a kudu a Bigo da Mugenyi . 

An ce Bachwezi sun kasance ƙwararrun ma'aikata (sarakuna masu baƙar fata suna da mahimmanci a cikin ethnogenesis na [[Mutanen Bantu|Al'ummomin Bantu]] da yawa). 

Daga cikin Bachwezi, tara daga cikinsu sanannu ne musamman, dukansu 'ya'ya maza ko jikoki na Isimbwa (lambar tara lamba ce ta musamman a al'adun Nyoro). 

An bayyana membobin dangin Chwezi a matsayin masu fata mai haske (Za a iya samun fatar launin rawaya / ja ta halitta a cikin kabilun Bantu).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hiernaux |first=Jean |date=1976 |title=Skin Color and Climate in Central Africa: A Comparison of Three Populations |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4602345 |journal=Human Ecology |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=69–73 |bibcode=1976HumEc...4...69H |doi=10.1007/BF01531457 |jstor=4602345}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Weiner |first=J. S. |last2=Harrison |first2=G. Ainsworth |last3=Singer |first3=Ronald |last4=Harris |first4=R. |last5=Jopp |first5=W. |date=1964 |title=Skin Colour in Southern Africa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41448679 |journal=Human Biology |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=294–307 |jstor=41448679}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asalin ===
Daular Chwezi ta samo asali ne daga Isimbwa, ɗan Isaza. Lokacin da Isimbwa ya girma, an ce Nyamiyonga ya shirya aure tsakanin shi da wata mace daga duniyar da ake kira Nyabiryo, kuma suna da ɗa mai suna Kyomya. Bayan haka, ya bar duniyar karkashin kasa kuma ya fara farauta a wurare daban-daban, tare da wasu mutane da yawa. Wata rana, ya isa Kitara, sannan Bukuku ya mallake shi.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Chwezi''' ko '''Cwezi''' sun kasance manyan dangin almara waɗanda suka kafa daular mulki ta biyu ta [[Daular Kitara]] a cikin yankin Great Lakes na Afirka. Mutanen Rutara suna girmama su a matsayin ruhohin kakanni.

== Nazarin ilimi ==

=== Asalin ===
John Sutton ya bayyana ruhohin Chwezi kamar yadda suke da &quot;Tushen Bantu na yau da kullun, yana ba da shawarar cewa wani ruhu ko ra'ayi a bayansa na iya samun tarihin da ya fi na masarautar da har ma da wadanda suka gabata. &quot; Okot P&quot;Bitek ya yi imanin cewa ruhohin chwezi na wani lokaci ne, kafin dukkan sarakuna, &quot;lokacin da alloli suka yi yawo a duniya kuma mutane za su iya aure su. &quot; &quot; &quot; Hadisai na Chwezi sun sanya kansu a kan tuddai da tabkuna na yankin.

Peter Schmidt ya ce bautar ruhohin Chwezi ta koma ga farkon ƙarfe a cikin 500BC, a lokacin Urewe tsakanin al'ummar Proto-Great Lakes Bantu, kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa kawar da masu aikin Chwezi daga ikon siyasa a wurare kamar Buhaya na iya bayyana ƙudurin adawa da masu duba na Chwezi ga daular sarauta da suka biyo baya kuma a ƙarshe ga ikon mulkin mallaka. A cikin al'adun baki game da Abacwezi, galibi ana bambance su da sarakuna na baya, kamar dangin Biito, waɗanda suka ba da fifiko ga aikin kiwon shanu kuma suka sanya sabbin tsarin matsayi a cikin yankunansu, suna komawa zuwa lokacin da ya gabata. Har ila yau, ana samun alaƙa da ruhohin Chwezi zuwa kayan aikin ƙarfe na farko da ƙuƙwalwa a kan wuraren ibada na baya-bayan nan na waɗannan ruhohin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sutton |first=John |date=2009 |title=The Antecedents of the Interlacustrine Kingdoms |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/abs/antecedents-of-the-interlacustrine-kingdoms/8C87C2A9A023B30C90C3F213488E803A |journal=The Journal of African History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=39, 42 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700032990 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Haɗin Bahuma tare da Bachwezi ===
Saboda ra'ayin wariyar launin fata na Hamitic (wanda ke da'awar cewa duk al'ummomin da suka dace a Afirka sun kasance ne saboda masu mamaye Caucasian da suka ci al'ummar Afirka na gida kuma suka gabatar da wayewa), an ɗauka ba tare da shaidar cewa Bahima (wanda ake kira Bahuma a Kitara) Bachwezi ne kawai saboda bayyanar su ta jiki. Al'adar baki ta Kitara ta bambanta Bachwezi daga Bahuma (an ce Bachwezi suna da bayin Bahuma) kuma Bahuma da kansu ba su da wata alaƙa ta asali ga Bachwezi. Bahuma ba ta da muhimmancin siyasa kuma ba su taɓa zama sarakuna a Kitara ba, kamar yadda [[Tutsi]] da Hima suke a wasu manyan masarautun Great Lakes zuwa kudu. Dukkanin masana tarihi sun kammala cewa Bachwezi wani aristocracy ne na Bantu.

== Labaran da aka yi ==
Daular Chwezi ta samo asali ne daga wani Iru (wanda aka saba da shi) mai suna Karubumbi .  Babban birnin farko na daular Bachwezi ya kasance a Mubende . An ce babban birnin na biyu yana da nisan kilomita 40 a kudu a Bigo da Mugenyi . 

An ce Bachwezi sun kasance ƙwararrun ma'aikata (sarakuna masu baƙar fata suna da mahimmanci a cikin ethnogenesis na [[Mutanen Bantu|Al'ummomin Bantu]] da yawa). 

Daga cikin Bachwezi, tara daga cikinsu sanannu ne musamman, dukansu 'ya'ya maza ko jikoki na Isimbwa (lambar tara lamba ce ta musamman a al'adun Nyoro). 

An bayyana membobin dangin Chwezi a matsayin masu fata mai haske (Za a iya samun fatar launin rawaya / ja ta halitta a cikin kabilun Bantu).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hiernaux |first=Jean |date=1976 |title=Skin Color and Climate in Central Africa: A Comparison of Three Populations |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4602345 |journal=Human Ecology |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=69–73 |bibcode=1976HumEc...4...69H |doi=10.1007/BF01531457 |jstor=4602345}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Weiner |first=J. S. |last2=Harrison |first2=G. Ainsworth |last3=Singer |first3=Ronald |last4=Harris |first4=R. |last5=Jopp |first5=W. |date=1964 |title=Skin Colour in Southern Africa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41448679 |journal=Human Biology |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=294–307 |jstor=41448679}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Asalin ===
Daular Chwezi ta samo asali ne daga Isimbwa, ɗan Isaza. Lokacin da Isimbwa ya girma, an ce Nyamiyonga ya shirya aure tsakanin shi da wata mace daga duniyar da ake kira Nyabiryo, kuma suna da ɗa mai suna Kyomya. Bayan haka, ya bar duniyar karkashin kasa kuma ya fara farauta a wurare daban-daban, tare da wasu mutane da yawa. Wata rana, ya isa Kitara, sannan Bukuku ya mallake shi.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lu'u-lu'u na Likoma</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330646078|Pearl of Likoma]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Lu'u-lu'u na Likoma''' ( '''''Labidochromis joanjohnsonae''''' ) nau'in kifi ne a cikin dangin Cichlidae wanda ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda asalinsa ya fito ne daga yankunan duwatsu a kusa da Tsibirin Likoma kuma an gabatar da shi zuwa [[Thumbi West Island|Tsibirin Thumbi ta Yamma]] .  Wannan nau'in kifi zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|10|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|kifaye]] .  Maza suna da shuɗi, yayin da mata kuma shuɗi ne mai kore tare da layukan dige masu launin rawaya da ƙura mai sheƙi. Suna cin ƙwayoyin cuta, kwari, da tsutsotsi.

Sunan wannan nau'in ya girmama Joan Johnson wacce ita ce editan mujallar ''The Aquarist'' inda aka buga bayanin wannan kifin. &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=26 July 2023 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (l-o) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae4/ |access-date=31 July 2024 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin nau'ikan kifayen ruwa masu tsafta

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Lu'u-lu'u na Likoma''' ( '''''Labidochromis joanjohnsonae''''' ) nau'in kifi ne a cikin dangin Cichlidae wanda ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda asalinsa ya fito ne daga yankunan duwatsu a kusa da Tsibirin Likoma kuma an gabatar da shi zuwa [[Thumbi West Island|Tsibirin Thumbi ta Yamma]] .  Wannan nau'in kifi zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|10|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|kifaye]] .  Maza suna da shuɗi, yayin da mata kuma shuɗi ne mai kore tare da layukan dige masu launin rawaya da ƙura mai sheƙi. Suna cin ƙwayoyin cuta, kwari, da tsutsotsi.

Sunan wannan nau'in ya girmama Joan Johnson wacce ita ce editan mujallar ''The Aquarist'' inda aka buga bayanin wannan kifin. &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=26 July 2023 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (l-o) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae4/ |access-date=31 July 2024 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin nau'ikan kifayen ruwa masu tsafta

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Maylandia callainos</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645598|Maylandia callainos]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Maylandia callainos''''' (wani lokacin ana kiranta da '''cobalt zebra''', '''cobalt blue mbuna''' ko '''cobalt blue zebra cichlid''' ) nau'in cichlid ne da ke rayuwa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda suka samo asali ne kawai a Nkhata Bay duk da cewa yanzu an gabatar da shi zuwa wasu wurare. Wannan nau'in na iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|8|cm|in}} SL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|kifaye]] .  An sanya wa ''Maylandia callainos'' suna ''Pseudotropheus callainos'' kuma galibi ana kiransa haka a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya. 

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin nau'ikan kifayen ruwa masu tsafta

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''''Maylandia callainos''''' (wani lokacin ana kiranta da '''cobalt zebra''', '''cobalt blue mbuna''' ko '''cobalt blue zebra cichlid''' ) nau'in cichlid ne da ke rayuwa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda suka samo asali ne kawai a Nkhata Bay duk da cewa yanzu an gabatar da shi zuwa wasu wurare. Wannan nau'in na iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|8|cm|in}} SL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|kifaye]] .  An sanya wa ''Maylandia callainos'' suna ''Pseudotropheus callainos'' kuma galibi ana kiransa haka a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya. 

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin nau'ikan kifayen ruwa masu tsafta

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Calitzdorp</title>
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        <id>25549</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353133172|Calitzdorp]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Historical populations|1904|509|1911|724|1921|1727|1936|1993|1946|1933|1951|2134|1960|2299|1970|2575|1980|2880|2001|3188|2011|4284}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Infobox settlement/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;'''Calitzdorp''' gari ne da ke gefen yamma na Little ko Klein Karoo a lardin Western Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] kuma yana kan hanyar Afirka ta Kudu mai lamba 62.

== Tarihi ==
Yankin da Calitzdorp yake an ba da shi ne ga Jacobus Johannes da Matthys Christian Calitz a cikin 1821. Sun ba da sunan gonar Buffelsvlei, bayan ciyayi da namun daji da aka samu a yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;H1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Calitzdorp history |url=https://www.calitzdorp.co.za/history.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1853, 'yan uwan Calitz sun ba da gudummawa ga wani ɓangare na gonar su don gina coci. A shekara ta 1858, cocin ya fara sayar da filaye ga membobin ikilisiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;H1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Calitzdorp history |url=https://www.calitzdorp.co.za/history.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An ayyana Calitzdorp a matsayin gari a shekara ta 1909.  A shekara ta 1910, yawan mutanen garin ya karu zuwa kusan 4,000, wanda ya haifar da buƙatar babban coci da makaranta. An kammala gine-ginen biyu a shekarar 1912. Cocin, wanda aka gina a cikin salon Neo-Byzantine tare da rufin Marseilles-tiled. An ayyana shi a matsayin abin tunawa na kasa a shekarar 1991.&lt;ref name=&quot;H1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Calitzdorp history |url=https://www.calitzdorp.co.za/history.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ginin kuma ya fara ne a 1912 a kan tsohon ginin Standard Bank, wanda yanzu yana da gidan kayan gargajiya na gida, da kuma madatsar ruwan Calitzdorp. Ganuwar madatsar ruwan tana ɗaya daga cikin na farko a Afirka ta Kudu da aka gina ta amfani da siminti. Koyaya, garin daga baya ya fuskanci matsaloli da yawa, gami da [[fari]], babban annobar mura, da rushewar masana'antar gashin tsuntsaye.&lt;ref name=&quot;H1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Calitzdorp history |url=https://www.calitzdorp.co.za/history.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Garin ya ci gaba da bunkasa bayan gina layin dogo zuwa Oudtshoorn a 1924.  Wannan ya biyo bayan wutar lantarki da kuma kammala Hanyar kankare ta farko tsakanin Calitzdorp da Oudtshoorn a cikin 1937.&lt;ref name=&quot;H1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Calitzdorp history |url=https://www.calitzdorp.co.za/history.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kammala sabuwar Hanyar R62 a shekarar 1978.

== Yanayin ƙasa ==

=== Yanayin ƙasa ===
Swartberg (a Arewa), Rooiberge (a Kudu) da Dutsen Huisrivier Pass (a Yamma) suna kewaye da yanayin ƙalubale na Calitzdorp tare da ambaliyar ruwa, fari da [[matsanancin yanayi]], daga zafi sosai zuwa tsaunuka masu dusar ƙanƙara a cikin hunturu.

=== Yanayi ===
Lokacin bazara yana da zafi sosai a rana, galibi zafi mai bushewa, har zuwa 40 ° C. Iska daga teku kowace rana tana ba da damar matsakaici, maraice mai sanyi. Lokacin hunturu yana da kwanakin rana, dare mai sanyi sosai tare da sanyi na lokaci-lokaci da dusar ƙanƙara sau da yawa yana faɗuwa a kan Dutsen Swartberg da ke kewaye. Ruwan sama kusan 200 mm ne a kowace shekara, sau da yawa tare da sauya yanayi. Iska mai yawa galibi daga kudu ne a lokacin rani da iska mai zafi daga Arewa a watan Agusta.

== Yawan jama'a ==
{{Historical populations|1904|509|1911|724|1921|1727|1936|1993|1946|1933|1951|2134|1960|2299|1970|2575|1980|2880|2001|3188|2011|4284}}

== Yawon shakatawa ==
Calitzdorp wuri ne ga masu sha'awar kamun kifi, kallon tsuntsaye, 4×4 da sauran hanyoyin ban sha'awa, hawa doki da ɗanɗano ruwan inabi.

Calitzdorp sananne ne a matsayin cibiyar masana'antar ruwan inabi a Afirka ta Kudu tare da manyan gidajen ruwan inabi da yawa da suka shahara saboda samfuran da suka lashe lambar yabo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Boplaas Family Vineyards Since 1880 &amp;#124; South Africa |url=https://www.boplaas.co.za/ |website=Boplaas Wines}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Calitzdorp Cellar &amp;#124; Taste The Klein Karoo in the heart of Calitzdorp |url=https://calitzdorpwine.co.za/ |website=Calitzdorp Cellar}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Main Home |url=https://dekrans.co.za/ |website=De Krans Wines}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana gudanar da bikin tashar jiragen ruwa a garin a tsakiyar watan Yuni a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CALITZDORP PORT &amp; WINE FESTIVAL |url=https://www.sa-venues.com/events/westerncape/calitzdorp-port-wine-festival/ |website=sa-venues}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Calitzdorp''' gari ne da ke gefen yamma na Little ko Klein Karoo a lardin Western Cape na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] kuma yana kan hanyar Afirka ta Kudu mai lamba 62.

== Tarihi ==
Yankin da Calitzdorp yake an ba da shi ne ga Jacobus Johannes da Matthys Christian Calitz a cikin 1821. Sun ba da sunan gonar Buffelsvlei, bayan ciyayi da namun daji da aka samu a yankin.&lt;ref name=&quot;H1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Calitzdorp history |url=https://www.calitzdorp.co.za/history.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1853, 'yan uwan Calitz sun ba da gudummawa ga wani ɓangare na gonar su don gina coci. A shekara ta 1858, cocin ya fara sayar da filaye ga membobin ikilisiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;H1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Calitzdorp history |url=https://www.calitzdorp.co.za/history.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An ayyana Calitzdorp a matsayin gari a shekara ta 1909.  A shekara ta 1910, yawan mutanen garin ya karu zuwa kusan 4,000, wanda ya haifar da buƙatar babban coci da makaranta. An kammala gine-ginen biyu a shekarar 1912. Cocin, wanda aka gina a cikin salon Neo-Byzantine tare da rufin Marseilles-tiled. An ayyana shi a matsayin abin tunawa na kasa a shekarar 1991.&lt;ref name=&quot;H1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Calitzdorp history |url=https://www.calitzdorp.co.za/history.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ginin kuma ya fara ne a 1912 a kan tsohon ginin Standard Bank, wanda yanzu yana da gidan kayan gargajiya na gida, da kuma madatsar ruwan Calitzdorp. Ganuwar madatsar ruwan tana ɗaya daga cikin na farko a Afirka ta Kudu da aka gina ta amfani da siminti. Koyaya, garin daga baya ya fuskanci matsaloli da yawa, gami da [[fari]], babban annobar mura, da rushewar masana'antar gashin tsuntsaye.&lt;ref name=&quot;H1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Calitzdorp history |url=https://www.calitzdorp.co.za/history.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Garin ya ci gaba da bunkasa bayan gina layin dogo zuwa Oudtshoorn a 1924.  Wannan ya biyo bayan wutar lantarki da kuma kammala Hanyar kankare ta farko tsakanin Calitzdorp da Oudtshoorn a cikin 1937.&lt;ref name=&quot;H1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Calitzdorp history |url=https://www.calitzdorp.co.za/history.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; An kammala sabuwar Hanyar R62 a shekarar 1978.

== Yanayin ƙasa ==

=== Yanayin ƙasa ===
Swartberg (a Arewa), Rooiberge (a Kudu) da Dutsen Huisrivier Pass (a Yamma) suna kewaye da yanayin ƙalubale na Calitzdorp tare da ambaliyar ruwa, fari da [[matsanancin yanayi]], daga zafi sosai zuwa tsaunuka masu dusar ƙanƙara a cikin hunturu.

=== Yanayi ===
Lokacin bazara yana da zafi sosai a rana, galibi zafi mai bushewa, har zuwa 40 ° C. Iska daga teku kowace rana tana ba da damar matsakaici, maraice mai sanyi. Lokacin hunturu yana da kwanakin rana, dare mai sanyi sosai tare da sanyi na lokaci-lokaci da dusar ƙanƙara sau da yawa yana faɗuwa a kan Dutsen Swartberg da ke kewaye. Ruwan sama kusan 200 mm ne a kowace shekara, sau da yawa tare da sauya yanayi. Iska mai yawa galibi daga kudu ne a lokacin rani da iska mai zafi daga Arewa a watan Agusta.

== Yawan jama'a ==
{{Historical populations|1904|509|1911|724|1921|1727|1936|1993|1946|1933|1951|2134|1960|2299|1970|2575|1980|2880|2001|3188|2011|4284}}

== Yawon shakatawa ==
Calitzdorp wuri ne ga masu sha'awar kamun kifi, kallon tsuntsaye, 4×4 da sauran hanyoyin ban sha'awa, hawa doki da ɗanɗano ruwan inabi.

Calitzdorp sananne ne a matsayin cibiyar masana'antar ruwan inabi a Afirka ta Kudu tare da manyan gidajen ruwan inabi da yawa da suka shahara saboda samfuran da suka lashe lambar yabo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Boplaas Family Vineyards Since 1880 &amp;#124; South Africa |url=https://www.boplaas.co.za/ |website=Boplaas Wines}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Calitzdorp Cellar &amp;#124; Taste The Klein Karoo in the heart of Calitzdorp |url=https://calitzdorpwine.co.za/ |website=Calitzdorp Cellar}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Main Home |url=https://dekrans.co.za/ |website=De Krans Wines}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana gudanar da bikin tashar jiragen ruwa a garin a tsakiyar watan Yuni a kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CALITZDORP PORT &amp; WINE FESTIVAL |url=https://www.sa-venues.com/events/westerncape/calitzdorp-port-wine-festival/ |website=sa-venues}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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'''''Protomelas marginatus''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda yake fifita ruwa mai zurfi da kuma kayan lambu. Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|16.6|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . 

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'''''Protomelas marginatus''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda yake fifita ruwa mai zurfi da kuma kayan lambu. Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|16.6|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645908|Nyassachromis purpurans]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Nyassachromis purpurans''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda yake fifita yankunan da ke da yashi. Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|18|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . 

An haɗa shi cikin ƙungiyar masu yin bakin ruwa mai buɗewa da ake kira &quot;Utaka&quot; ta 'yan asalin Malawi, namijin yana da shuɗi mai haske mai haske tare da fin-fin rawaya masu kyau waɗanda aka rufe da ratsi baƙi yayin da mace kuma launin toka mai launin azurfa ne mai duhu tare da fin-fin masu launin rawaya. &lt;ref&gt;''Konings' Book of Cichlids and All the Other Fishes of Lake Malawi'' by Ad Konings; Hardcover; TFH Publications (July 1991); {{ISBN|0-86622-527-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''''Nyassachromis purpurans''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda yake fifita yankunan da ke da yashi. Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|18|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . 

An haɗa shi cikin ƙungiyar masu yin bakin ruwa mai buɗewa da ake kira &quot;Utaka&quot; ta 'yan asalin Malawi, namijin yana da shuɗi mai haske mai haske tare da fin-fin rawaya masu kyau waɗanda aka rufe da ratsi baƙi yayin da mace kuma launin toka mai launin azurfa ne mai duhu tare da fin-fin masu launin rawaya. &lt;ref&gt;''Konings' Book of Cichlids and All the Other Fishes of Lake Malawi'' by Ad Konings; Hardcover; TFH Publications (July 1991); {{ISBN|0-86622-527-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Docimodus johnstoni</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1313819461|Docimodus johnstoni]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Docimodus johnstoni''''' nau'in cichlid ne na haplochromine . An san shi daga [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], [[Tafkin Malombe]], da kuma [[Rafin Shire|Kogin Shire]] na sama a Malawi, Mozambique, da Tanzania.  Wannan nau'in yana da halaye na cin abinci na musamman: an ruwaito yana cin fin-fifin kifin clariid . &lt;ref name=&quot;FB&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eccles |first=D. H. |last2=Lewis |first2=D. S. C. |year=1976 |title=A revision of the genus ''Docimodus'' Boulenger (Pisces: Cichlidae), a group of fishes with unusual feeding habits from Lake Malawi |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=165–172 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1976.tb00826.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sunan takamaiman yana girmama mai binciken [[Birtaniya]], [[Botany|masanin tsirrai]], masanin harsuna kuma mai gudanar da mulkin mallaka, Sir Henry Hamilton Johnston GCMG KCB (wanda aka fi sani da Sir Harry Johnston) (12 Yuni 1858 - 31 Yuli 1927), wanda ya gabatar da nau'in ga Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya (Tarihin Halitta) . &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=5 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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'''''Docimodus johnstoni''''' nau'in cichlid ne na haplochromine . An san shi daga [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], [[Tafkin Malombe]], da kuma [[Rafin Shire|Kogin Shire]] na sama a Malawi, Mozambique, da Tanzania.  Wannan nau'in yana da halaye na cin abinci na musamman: an ruwaito yana cin fin-fifin kifin clariid . &lt;ref name=&quot;FB&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Eccles |first=D. H. |last2=Lewis |first2=D. S. C. |year=1976 |title=A revision of the genus ''Docimodus'' Boulenger (Pisces: Cichlidae), a group of fishes with unusual feeding habits from Lake Malawi |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=165–172 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1976.tb00826.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sunan takamaiman yana girmama mai binciken [[Birtaniya]], [[Botany|masanin tsirrai]], masanin harsuna kuma mai gudanar da mulkin mallaka, Sir Henry Hamilton Johnston GCMG KCB (wanda aka fi sani da Sir Harry Johnston) (12 Yuni 1858 - 31 Yuli 1927), wanda ya gabatar da nau'in ga Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya (Tarihin Halitta) . &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=5 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
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    <title>Copadichromis borleyi</title>
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'''''Copadichromis borleyi''''' nau'in [[Kifi|kifin]] haplochromine cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]] .  Wannan nau'in ya shahara a sha'awar kiwon kifi inda ake yawan ajiye shi a cikin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] .  &lt;ref name=&quot;konings1&quot;&gt;Konings A (1997) ''Back to nature guide to Lake Malawi cichlids'' Druckhaus Beltz, Germany. {{ISBN|3-9805605-3-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan nau'in yana da sunaye da yawa gama gari, ciki har da '''redfin''' da '''goldfin hap''' . &lt;ref name=&quot;fishbase&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;konings1&quot; /&gt;

== Bayani ==
''C. borleyi'' ƙaramin cichlid ne, maza suna girma zuwa {{Convert|13|-|16|cm|in}}, yayin da mata yawanci suna da ɗan ƙarami har zuwa santimita 13.  &lt;ref name=&quot;konings1&quot;&gt;Konings A (1997) ''Back to nature guide to Lake Malawi cichlids'' Druckhaus Beltz, Germany. {{ISBN|3-9805605-3-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;   Baya ga waɗannan ƙananan bambance-bambancen girma, nau'in yana nuna bambancin jima'i mai alama tare da maza suna nuna manyan fin ɗin ventral waɗanda aka yiwa alama da tabo na ƙwai, gefen ƙwai mai haske-shuɗi zuwa fin ɗin dorsal da ventral, tare da launin shuɗi na ƙarfe na [[kai]], da gefen rawaya zuwa ja. Sabanin haka, mata suna da launin azurfa-ruwan kasa kuma suna nuna tabo baƙi uku a gefunansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;acichlids2&quot; /&gt; Yara ƙanana suna da launin monomorphic kuma suna da launi kamar na manya. &lt;ref name=&quot;konings2&quot; /&gt; An yi rikodin wasu bambance-bambancen da suka shafi launi, waɗannan nau'ikan launuka daban-daban an iyakance su ga wasu yankuna a Tafkin Malawi. &lt;ref name=&quot;konings2&quot; /&gt;

== Rarrabawa da wurin zama ==
''C. borleyi'' ya bazu a Tafkin Malawi, yana faruwa a bakin tekun [[Malawi]], [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] .  Nau'in ya takaita ne ga yankunan teku masu manyan duwatsu da duwatsu.  Ruwan da ake samun nau'in a ciki yana da dumi ( {{Convert|24|–|29|C|F}} ), mai tauri da alkaline ; irin [[Tabkin Malawi|sinadaran ruwa na Tafkin Malawi]] . 

== Abinci mai gina jiki ==
Nau'in yana cin abinci ne musamman a kan zooplankton, &lt;ref name=&quot;konings1&quot;&gt;Konings A (1997) ''Back to nature guide to Lake Malawi cichlids'' Druckhaus Beltz, Germany. {{ISBN|3-9805605-3-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta hanyar amfani da hanyar ciyarwa ta musamman, ta hanyar tsotsa da kuma baki mai fitowa sosai. 

== Tsarin Haraji ==
An bayyana nau'in a shekarar 1960 ta hannun [[species:Thomas Derrick Iles|Thomas Derrick Iles]] a matsayin ''Haplochromis borleyi'',  kuma daga baya David Eccles da Ethylwynn Trewavas suka mayar da shi ''[[Copadichromis]]'' .  An kuma san nau'in a ƙarƙashin sunan ''Cyrtocara borleyi'',  kuma ana sayar da shi a wasu lokutan a ƙarƙashin sunan kasuwanci na ''Haplochromis granderus'' .  Sunan musamman yana girmama H. John H. Borley wanda ya kasance Daraktan Sashen Kula da Kifin Game da Tsetse na Nyasaland . &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=2 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwaikwayo ==
[[Fayil:Copadichromis_borleyi_Red_Fin.jpg|thumb|150x150px|yara ƙanana a cikin bauta]]
''C. borleyi'' cichlid ne [[Auren mata da yawa|mai yawan mata da yawa]], wanda ke haifar da bakin uwa .  Maza kan yi iƙirarin wurare kusa da, ko a saman, manyan duwatsu masu zurfi a ƙarƙashin ruwa, kuma suna hayayyafa a saman saman dutsen. An san wasu bambance-bambancen yanayi suna gina yashi a saman manyan duwatsu inda ake yin haihu da soyayya. &lt;ref name=&quot;acichlids2&quot; /&gt;  Nau'in ba shi da takamaiman lokacin kiwo kuma kiwo yana faruwa duk shekara. &lt;ref name=&quot;konings2&quot; /&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin nau'ikan kifayen ruwa masu tsafta

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''''Copadichromis borleyi''''' nau'in [[Kifi|kifin]] haplochromine cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]] .  Wannan nau'in ya shahara a sha'awar kiwon kifi inda ake yawan ajiye shi a cikin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] .  &lt;ref name=&quot;konings1&quot;&gt;Konings A (1997) ''Back to nature guide to Lake Malawi cichlids'' Druckhaus Beltz, Germany. {{ISBN|3-9805605-3-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan nau'in yana da sunaye da yawa gama gari, ciki har da '''redfin''' da '''goldfin hap''' . &lt;ref name=&quot;fishbase&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;konings1&quot; /&gt;

== Bayani ==
''C. borleyi'' ƙaramin cichlid ne, maza suna girma zuwa {{Convert|13|-|16|cm|in}}, yayin da mata yawanci suna da ɗan ƙarami har zuwa santimita 13.  &lt;ref name=&quot;konings1&quot;&gt;Konings A (1997) ''Back to nature guide to Lake Malawi cichlids'' Druckhaus Beltz, Germany. {{ISBN|3-9805605-3-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;   Baya ga waɗannan ƙananan bambance-bambancen girma, nau'in yana nuna bambancin jima'i mai alama tare da maza suna nuna manyan fin ɗin ventral waɗanda aka yiwa alama da tabo na ƙwai, gefen ƙwai mai haske-shuɗi zuwa fin ɗin dorsal da ventral, tare da launin shuɗi na ƙarfe na [[kai]], da gefen rawaya zuwa ja. Sabanin haka, mata suna da launin azurfa-ruwan kasa kuma suna nuna tabo baƙi uku a gefunansu. &lt;ref name=&quot;acichlids2&quot; /&gt; Yara ƙanana suna da launin monomorphic kuma suna da launi kamar na manya. &lt;ref name=&quot;konings2&quot; /&gt; An yi rikodin wasu bambance-bambancen da suka shafi launi, waɗannan nau'ikan launuka daban-daban an iyakance su ga wasu yankuna a Tafkin Malawi. &lt;ref name=&quot;konings2&quot; /&gt;

== Rarrabawa da wurin zama ==
''C. borleyi'' ya bazu a Tafkin Malawi, yana faruwa a bakin tekun [[Malawi]], [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] .  Nau'in ya takaita ne ga yankunan teku masu manyan duwatsu da duwatsu.  Ruwan da ake samun nau'in a ciki yana da dumi ( {{Convert|24|–|29|C|F}} ), mai tauri da alkaline ; irin [[Tabkin Malawi|sinadaran ruwa na Tafkin Malawi]] . 

== Abinci mai gina jiki ==
Nau'in yana cin abinci ne musamman a kan zooplankton, &lt;ref name=&quot;konings1&quot;&gt;Konings A (1997) ''Back to nature guide to Lake Malawi cichlids'' Druckhaus Beltz, Germany. {{ISBN|3-9805605-3-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; ta hanyar amfani da hanyar ciyarwa ta musamman, ta hanyar tsotsa da kuma baki mai fitowa sosai. 

== Tsarin Haraji ==
An bayyana nau'in a shekarar 1960 ta hannun [[species:Thomas Derrick Iles|Thomas Derrick Iles]] a matsayin ''Haplochromis borleyi'',  kuma daga baya David Eccles da Ethylwynn Trewavas suka mayar da shi ''[[Copadichromis]]'' .  An kuma san nau'in a ƙarƙashin sunan ''Cyrtocara borleyi'',  kuma ana sayar da shi a wasu lokutan a ƙarƙashin sunan kasuwanci na ''Haplochromis granderus'' .  Sunan musamman yana girmama H. John H. Borley wanda ya kasance Daraktan Sashen Kula da Kifin Game da Tsetse na Nyasaland . &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=2 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kwaikwayo ==
[[Fayil:Copadichromis_borleyi_Red_Fin.jpg|thumb|150x150px|yara ƙanana a cikin bauta]]
''C. borleyi'' cichlid ne [[Auren mata da yawa|mai yawan mata da yawa]], wanda ke haifar da bakin uwa .  Maza kan yi iƙirarin wurare kusa da, ko a saman, manyan duwatsu masu zurfi a ƙarƙashin ruwa, kuma suna hayayyafa a saman saman dutsen. An san wasu bambance-bambancen yanayi suna gina yashi a saman manyan duwatsu inda ake yin haihu da soyayya. &lt;ref name=&quot;acichlids2&quot; /&gt;  Nau'in ba shi da takamaiman lokacin kiwo kuma kiwo yana faruwa duk shekara. &lt;ref name=&quot;konings2&quot; /&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin nau'ikan kifayen ruwa masu tsafta

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dazuzzukan tsaunuka na Gabashin Afirka</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1296508445|East African montane forests]]&quot;</comment>
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Garin tsaunuka na Gabashin [[Afirka]] yanki ne na gandun daji mai zafi na gabashin Afirka. Yankin ya ƙunshi yankuna daban-daban sama da mita 2000 a cikin tsaunuka na [[Sudan ta Kudu]], [[Uganda]], [[Kenya]], da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]].

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Gidan gandun daji na Gabashin Afirka ya kai jimlar  kilomita 65,500 (25,300 sq , a cikin yankuna 25 daban-daban, waɗanda ke da girman daga murabba'i kilomita 23,700 zuwa 113. dazuzzukan tsaunuka sun kai kimanin mita 1000, kuma sun kai mita 3,500. Yankin arewacin yana kan Dutsen Kinyeti a cikin Dutsen Imatong na Sudan ta Kudu, yana faɗaɗa kudu ta Dutsen Moroto a gabashin Uganda da [[Dutsen Elgon]] a kan iyakar Kenya da Uganda. A Kenya da Tanzania, yankin ya bi duwatsu a gabas da yammacin Gabashin Rift da tsaunuka masu fashewa, gami da Aberdare Range, Mount Kenya, Mount Kulal, Mount Nyiru, Ndoto Mountains, Matthews Range, Mount Marsabit, Cherangany Hills, da Nguruman Escarpment a Kenya, da [[Dutsen Kilimanjaro]], Dutsen Meru, Ngorongoro, da kuma gandun daji na Marang (Mbulu Highlands da Dutsen Hanang) a arewacin Tanzania.

== Yanayi ==
Yanayin yanayi na yankin ya fi dacewa da yanayi fiye da wuraren da ke kewaye da shi. Yanayin zafi na iya faɗuwa ƙasa da 10 ° C (50 ° F) a cikin watanni mafi sanyi (Yuli da Agusta) kuma ya tashi sama da 30 ° C (86 ° F) cikin lokacin zafi. Yawan zafin jiki yana da ƙasa a tsaunuka masu tsawo, kuma sanyi na iya faruwa a tsaunukan da suka fi girma.

Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya bambanta tsakanin 1,200 da 2,000 mm, tare da lokutan rigar biyu - Oktoba zuwa Disamba da Maris zuwa Yuni - da lokutan bushewa guda biyu - Janairu da Fabrairu da Yuli zuwa Oktoba. Yanayin ya fi zafi fiye da ƙasashen da ke kewaye da shi, kuma tare da lokutan rigar da bushewa. Ruwan sama ya bambanta daga dutse zuwa dutse, tare da tsawo, kuma tare da jagorancin iskõki masu rinjaye.

== Tsire-tsire ==
Yankin ya kunshi gandun daji, ciyawa, da savannah, suna sauyawa zuwa tsaunuka na Gabashin Afirka a kan tsaunuka mafi girma. Yankin yana da tsire-tsire na Afromontane, wanda ke faruwa a cikin duwatsu na gabashin Afirka, kuma ya bambanta da tsire'in ƙasa.

Al'ummomin shuke-shuke sun bambanta da tsawo. Al'ummomin shuke-shuke da nau'ikan halaye suna kama da dutse zuwa dutse. Ƙayyadaddun tsawo ga al'ummomin shuke-shuke na iya bambanta daga dutse zuwa dutse, dangane da taro da tsawo na dutsen, kusanci da teku, da kuma nisansa daga ma'auni - abin da aka sani da [[Massenerhebung sakamako|Tasirin Massenerhebung]] (tasirin tsawo). 

Al'ummomin shuke-shuke na musamman sun haɗa da: 

* '''Dajin ruwan sama na Afromontane'''. Ana samun gandun daji na Afromontane tsakanin mita 1200 da 2500 tsawo, inda ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ke tsakanin 1250 da 2500 mm, kuma wanda ke da hazo akai-akai a lokacin rani na wata daya zuwa biyar. Dajin ruwan sama na Afromontane wani gandun daji ne mai rufewa, mai kama da tsari da bayyanar wasu nau'ikan gandun daji na Guineo-Congolian, amma ya bambanta da nau'ikan jinsuna. Yawancin bishiyoyi suna da tsayi, tare da ƙananan nau'ikan bishiyoyi masu girma (''Entandrophragma excelsum'' da ''Aningeria adolfi-friederici'') suna rasa ganye na 'yan kwanaki a lokacin fari. Halin jinsuna sune Aningeria adolfi-friederici, Cola greenwayi, Cylicomorpha parviflora, Entandrophragma excelsum, Ficalhoa laurifolia, Gambeya gorungosana, Mitragyna rubrostipulata, Myrianthus holstii, Ochna holstii. [[Malmo|''afromontanum'']], da ''Tabernaemontana stapfiana'' . Ferns na itace (''Cyathea'' spp.) sun zama ruwan dare.
* '''Afromontane da ba a rarrabe shi ba'''. Gidajen da ba a rarrabe su ba na Afromontane suna faruwa a tsaunuka masu kama da gandun daji na Afromontaine (1250 zuwa 2500 m) a yankunan da ke da ruwan sama mai yawa (har zuwa 850 mm a kowace shekara). Suna da ƙananan rufin fiye da gandun daji, kuma suna da nau'ikan nau'ikan jinsuna. Bishiyoyi na musamman na gandun daji sun hada da Halleria lucida, Ilex mitis, Kiggelaria africana, Nuxia congesta, Nuxía floribunda, Ocotea kenyensis, Podocarpus falcatus, da ''Myrsine melanophloeos''. Podocarpus latifolius, Prunus africana, da ''Xymalos monospora'' sun zama ruwan dare a cikin gandun daji da gandun daji.&lt;ref name=&quot;forests&quot; /&gt;
* Juniperus yana da gandun daji. Ana samun gandun daji na ''Juniperus procera'' (Juniper na Afirka) a kan gangaren da suka bushe a tsaunuka masu tsawo (1,800 zuwa 2,900 mita), kuma a wasu lokuta kamar mita 1,000. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yawanci yana tsakanin 1000 da 1150 mm, amma yana iya zama fiye da 1250 mm. ''Juniperus procera'' ba ya sake farfadowa a cikin inuwa, don haka gandun daji na ''Juniperus procera'' sau da yawa suna bayyana bayan gobarar daji.
* '''Bamboo na Afromontane'''. Ana samun tsaunuka masu yawa na bamboo ''Oldeania alpine'' a tsaunuka (2400 zuwa 3000 m, kuma har zuwa 3,500 m a Dutsen Kenya). Yawanci ana samun su a kan ƙasa mai wadataccen dutsen wuta da gangara mai laushi inda ruwan sama ya wuce 1250 mm a kowace shekara. Mafi girman bamboo tsaye suna kan Dutsen Kenya (39,000 ha), Kenya's Aberdare Range (65000 ha) da Mau Escarpment (51000 ha) da Dutsen Meru.
* Ana samun gandun daji mai laushi na Afromontane a ƙananan tsaunuka, kuma yana ƙunshe da cakuda Afromontone da nau'ikan bishiyoyi marasa Afromontine.&lt;ref name=&quot;forests&quot; /&gt;

== Dabbobi ==
Akwai nau'ikan tsuntsaye guda takwas ko ƙuntataccen yanki a cikin yankin. Aberdare cisticola (''Cisticola aberdare''), Abbott's starling (''Cinnyricinclus femoralis''), da Kenrick's starlin (''Poeoptera kenricki'') suna faruwa ne kawai a kan duwatsu biyu ko uku ko tsaunuka a yankin. Hunter's cisticola (Cisticola hunteri), Jackson's francolin (''Francolinus jacksoni''), da Sharpe's longclaw (''Macronyx sharpei'') suna kan mafi yawan duwatsu a cikin ecoregion.

Dabbobi masu shayarwa sun hada da shrews Peters's musk shrew (''Crocidura gracilipes''), Rainey's shrew (''Crocidura raineyi''), Ultimate shrew (''Crocidura ultima''), Aberdare mole shrew (''Surdisorex norae''), da Mount Kenya mole shrew, da kuma rodents ''Grammomys gigas, Tachyoryctes annectens'', da ''Tachyoryctes audax.''</text>
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Garin tsaunuka na Gabashin [[Afirka]] yanki ne na gandun daji mai zafi na gabashin Afirka. Yankin ya ƙunshi yankuna daban-daban sama da mita 2000 a cikin tsaunuka na [[Sudan ta Kudu]], [[Uganda]], [[Kenya]], da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]].&lt;ref&gt;Lillesø, J-P.B., van Breugel, P., Kindt, R., Mbago, F., Moshi, H.N., Ndangalasi, H.J., Uronu, L.O.N., Jamnadass, R. and Graudal, L. 2014: Potential Natural Vegetation of Eastern Africa. Volume 10. Atlas and tree species composition for Tanzania. Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yanayin ƙasa ==
Gidan gandun daji na Gabashin Afirka ya kai jimlar  kilomita 65,500 (25,300 sq , a cikin yankuna 25 daban-daban, waɗanda ke da girman daga murabba'i kilomita 23,700 zuwa 113. dazuzzukan tsaunuka sun kai kimanin mita 1000, kuma sun kai mita 3,500. Yankin arewacin yana kan Dutsen Kinyeti a cikin Dutsen Imatong na Sudan ta Kudu, yana faɗaɗa kudu ta Dutsen Moroto a gabashin Uganda da [[Dutsen Elgon]] a kan iyakar Kenya da Uganda. A Kenya da Tanzania, yankin ya bi duwatsu a gabas da yammacin Gabashin Rift da tsaunuka masu fashewa, gami da Aberdare Range, Mount Kenya, Mount Kulal, Mount Nyiru, Ndoto Mountains, Matthews Range, Mount Marsabit, Cherangany Hills, da Nguruman Escarpment a Kenya, da [[Dutsen Kilimanjaro]], Dutsen Meru, Ngorongoro, da kuma gandun daji na Marang (Mbulu Highlands da Dutsen Hanang) a arewacin Tanzania.

== Yanayi ==
Yanayin yanayi na yankin ya fi dacewa da yanayi fiye da wuraren da ke kewaye da shi. Yanayin zafi na iya faɗuwa ƙasa da 10 ° C (50 ° F) a cikin watanni mafi sanyi (Yuli da Agusta) kuma ya tashi sama da 30 ° C (86 ° F) cikin lokacin zafi. Yawan zafin jiki yana da ƙasa a tsaunuka masu tsawo, kuma sanyi na iya faruwa a tsaunukan da suka fi girma.

Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya bambanta tsakanin 1,200 da 2,000 mm, tare da lokutan rigar biyu - Oktoba zuwa Disamba da Maris zuwa Yuni - da lokutan bushewa guda biyu - Janairu da Fabrairu da Yuli zuwa Oktoba. Yanayin ya fi zafi fiye da ƙasashen da ke kewaye da shi, kuma tare da lokutan rigar da bushewa. Ruwan sama ya bambanta daga dutse zuwa dutse, tare da tsawo, kuma tare da jagorancin iskõki masu rinjaye.

== Tsire-tsire ==
Yankin ya kunshi gandun daji, ciyawa, da savannah, suna sauyawa zuwa tsaunuka na Gabashin Afirka a kan tsaunuka mafi girma. Yankin yana da tsire-tsire na Afromontane, wanda ke faruwa a cikin duwatsu na gabashin Afirka, kuma ya bambanta da tsire'in ƙasa.

Al'ummomin shuke-shuke sun bambanta da tsawo. Al'ummomin shuke-shuke da nau'ikan halaye suna kama da dutse zuwa dutse. Ƙayyadaddun tsawo ga al'ummomin shuke-shuke na iya bambanta daga dutse zuwa dutse, dangane da taro da tsawo na dutsen, kusanci da teku, da kuma nisansa daga ma'auni - abin da aka sani da [[Massenerhebung sakamako|Tasirin Massenerhebung]] (tasirin tsawo). 

Al'ummomin shuke-shuke na musamman sun haɗa da: 

* '''Dajin ruwan sama na Afromontane'''. Ana samun gandun daji na Afromontane tsakanin mita 1200 da 2500 tsawo, inda ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ke tsakanin 1250 da 2500 mm, kuma wanda ke da hazo akai-akai a lokacin rani na wata daya zuwa biyar. Dajin ruwan sama na Afromontane wani gandun daji ne mai rufewa, mai kama da tsari da bayyanar wasu nau'ikan gandun daji na Guineo-Congolian, amma ya bambanta da nau'ikan jinsuna. Yawancin bishiyoyi suna da tsayi, tare da ƙananan nau'ikan bishiyoyi masu girma (''Entandrophragma excelsum'' da ''Aningeria adolfi-friederici'') suna rasa ganye na 'yan kwanaki a lokacin fari. Halin jinsuna sune Aningeria adolfi-friederici, Cola greenwayi, Cylicomorpha parviflora, Entandrophragma excelsum, Ficalhoa laurifolia, Gambeya gorungosana, Mitragyna rubrostipulata, Myrianthus holstii, Ochna holstii. [[Malmo|''afromontanum'']], da ''Tabernaemontana stapfiana'' . Ferns na itace (''Cyathea'' spp.) sun zama ruwan dare.
* '''Afromontane da ba a rarrabe shi ba'''. Gidajen da ba a rarrabe su ba na Afromontane suna faruwa a tsaunuka masu kama da gandun daji na Afromontaine (1250 zuwa 2500 m) a yankunan da ke da ruwan sama mai yawa (har zuwa 850 mm a kowace shekara). Suna da ƙananan rufin fiye da gandun daji, kuma suna da nau'ikan nau'ikan jinsuna. Bishiyoyi na musamman na gandun daji sun hada da Halleria lucida, Ilex mitis, Kiggelaria africana, Nuxia congesta, Nuxía floribunda, Ocotea kenyensis, Podocarpus falcatus, da ''Myrsine melanophloeos''. Podocarpus latifolius, Prunus africana, da ''Xymalos monospora'' sun zama ruwan dare a cikin gandun daji da gandun daji.&lt;ref name=&quot;forests&quot; /&gt;
* Juniperus yana da gandun daji. Ana samun gandun daji na ''Juniperus procera'' (Juniper na Afirka) a kan gangaren da suka bushe a tsaunuka masu tsawo (1,800 zuwa 2,900 mita), kuma a wasu lokuta kamar mita 1,000. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yawanci yana tsakanin 1000 da 1150 mm, amma yana iya zama fiye da 1250 mm. ''Juniperus procera'' ba ya sake farfadowa a cikin inuwa, don haka gandun daji na ''Juniperus procera'' sau da yawa suna bayyana bayan gobarar daji.
* '''Bamboo na Afromontane'''. Ana samun tsaunuka masu yawa na bamboo ''Oldeania alpine'' a tsaunuka (2400 zuwa 3000 m, kuma har zuwa 3,500 m a Dutsen Kenya). Yawanci ana samun su a kan ƙasa mai wadataccen dutsen wuta da gangara mai laushi inda ruwan sama ya wuce 1250 mm a kowace shekara. Mafi girman bamboo tsaye suna kan Dutsen Kenya (39,000 ha), Kenya's Aberdare Range (65000 ha) da Mau Escarpment (51000 ha) da Dutsen Meru.
* Ana samun gandun daji mai laushi na Afromontane a ƙananan tsaunuka, kuma yana ƙunshe da cakuda Afromontone da nau'ikan bishiyoyi marasa Afromontine.&lt;ref name=&quot;forests&quot; /&gt;

== Dabbobi ==
Akwai nau'ikan tsuntsaye guda takwas ko ƙuntataccen yanki a cikin yankin. Aberdare cisticola (''Cisticola aberdare''), Abbott's starling (''Cinnyricinclus femoralis''), da Kenrick's starlin (''Poeoptera kenricki'') suna faruwa ne kawai a kan duwatsu biyu ko uku ko tsaunuka a yankin. Hunter's cisticola (Cisticola hunteri), Jackson's francolin (''Francolinus jacksoni''), da Sharpe's longclaw (''Macronyx sharpei'') suna kan mafi yawan duwatsu a cikin ecoregion.

Dabbobi masu shayarwa sun hada da shrews Peters's musk shrew (''Crocidura gracilipes''), Rainey's shrew (''Crocidura raineyi''), Ultimate shrew (''Crocidura ultima''), Aberdare mole shrew (''Surdisorex norae''), da Mount Kenya mole shrew, da kuma rodents ''Grammomys gigas, Tachyoryctes annectens'', da ''Tachyoryctes audax.''

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645251|Fossorochromis]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Fossorochromis rostratus''''' nau'in kifin cichlid ne wanda ke da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|tafkin Malawi]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]] . Ita ce kawai nau'in kifin da ke cikin nau'insa, babba ce (har zuwa {{Convert|24.4|cm|in}} a cikin jimillar tsawon ), cichlid mai siffar jima'i mai siffar dimorphic . 

Yana cin ƙananan halittu marasa ƙashi waɗanda galibi ake kama su ta hanyar tace yashi cike da bakinsu. Dangane da yawancin cichlids, kula da tsuntsaye yana da matuƙar bunƙasa, mace tana ciyar da ƙwai da tsutsotsi a baki .  

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''''Fossorochromis rostratus''''' nau'in kifin cichlid ne wanda ke da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|tafkin Malawi]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]] . Ita ce kawai nau'in kifin da ke cikin nau'insa, babba ce (har zuwa {{Convert|24.4|cm|in}} a cikin jimillar tsawon ), cichlid mai siffar jima'i mai siffar dimorphic . 

Yana cin ƙananan halittu marasa ƙashi waɗanda galibi ake kama su ta hanyar tace yashi cike da bakinsu. Dangane da yawancin cichlids, kula da tsuntsaye yana da matuƙar bunƙasa, mace tana ciyar da ƙwai da tsutsotsi a baki .  

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  <page>
    <title>Rikicin 'yan gudun hijira na Tafkin Great</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354577070|Great Lakes refugee crisis]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Fayil:Rwandan_refugee_camp_in_east_Zaire.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Sansanin 'yan gudun hijira a Zaire, 1994]]
'''Rikicin 'yan gudun hijira na Great Lakes''' shine sunan gama gari na halin da ake ciki wanda ya fara da fitowar a watan Afrilun 1994 na sama da Rwandan miliyan biyu zuwa kasashe makwabta na [[Babban Tafkin Afirka|Yankin Great Lakes na Afirka]] bayan [[Kisan ƙare dangi na Rwandan|Kisan kare dangi na Rwanda]]. Yawancin 'yan gudun hijira [[Hutu]] ne da ke tserewa daga yawancin [[Tutsi]] Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), wanda ya sami iko da kasar a ƙarshen kisan kare dangi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Rwandan Genocide - Facts &amp; Summary - HISTORY.com |url=http://www.history.com/topics/rwandan-genocide |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012529/http://www.history.com/topics/rwandan-genocide |archive-date=25 March 2016 |access-date=26 March 2016 |website=HISTORY.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ayyukan agaji na jin kai sun lalace sosai ta hanyar kasancewar yawancin [[Interahamwe]] da jami'an gwamnati waɗanda suka gudanar da kisan kare dangi, waɗanda suka yi amfani da sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira a matsayin tushe don kaddamar da hare-hare kan sabuwar gwamnatin da [[Paul Kagame]] ke jagoranta. Sansanonin da ke Zaire sun zama masu siyasa da kuma soja. An karkatar da taimakon jin kai ga 'yan gudun hijira don ci gaba da manufar Masu kisan kare dangi. Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da suka tsere daga Rwanda, sun ɗauki dukiyar jama'a (kamar kuɗi mai ƙarfi, motoci, da dai sauransu) kuma sun yi amfani da waɗannan kudade don biyan jami'an gwamnati a Zaire, da kuma siyan makamai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=THE USE AND ABUSE OF REFUGEES IN ZAIRE |url=https://web.stanford.edu/~sstedman/2001.readings/Zaire.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416142813/https://web.stanford.edu/~sstedman/2001.readings/Zaire.htm |archive-date=16 April 2016 |access-date=26 March 2016 |website=web.stanford.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rikicin ya karu har zuwa farkon [[Yaƙin Kongo na farko]] a 1996, lokacin da 'yan tawaye da RPF ke tallafawa suka mamaye Zaire kuma suka nemi dawo da' yan gudun hijira.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=French |first=Howard W. |date=24 September 2009 |title=Kagame's Hidden War in the Congo |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2009/09/24/kagames-hidden-war-in-the-congo/ |url-status=live |journal=The New York Review of Books |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406153232/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2009/09/24/kagames-hidden-war-in-the-congo/ |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=26 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rikicin ya sake karuwa tare da farawar Yaƙin Kongo na Biyu, wanda kuma ake kira Yaƙin Duniya na Afirka ko Babban Yaƙin Afirka, wanda ya fara a 1998 lokacin da shugaban Kongo Laurent-Désiré Kabila ya juya wa tsoffin abokansa daga Rwanda da Uganda. Rikicin ya ci gaba a cikin Rikicin Kivu, wanda ya fara a shekara ta 2004 kuma daga baya ya hada da tawaye na M23 na 2012-2013.

== Tarihi ==
 
[[Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa|Hutu da Tutsi suna da asali]] a [[Masarautar Ruwanda|Ruwanda kafin]] mulkin mallaka. Koyaya, tare da isowar Jamusawa a cikin kimanin 1900, kuma musamman bayan isowar Belgium a cikin 1920, rukunin sun fara &quot;tsarkakewa&quot; kuma sun zama ana tunanin su a matsayin [[Ƙabilar|kabilanci]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda Chronology, FRONTLINE, PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/rwanda/etc/cron.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330124130/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/rwanda/etc/cron.html |archive-date=30 March 2016 |access-date=26 March 2016 |website=www.pbs.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tarihin zamani na Rwanda a hanyoyi da yawa ya kasance daya daga cikin tashin hankali tsakanin mafi yawan Hutu da ƙananan Tutsi &quot;ƙabilar&quot;. Duk da yake akwai ilimi mai yawa game da fitowar waɗannan kabilun kabilanci daban-daban, musamman ta hanyar tsarin mulkin mallaka, kafin da bayan samun 'yancin kai a 1961, mutane a cikin Rwanda sun yi aiki a cikin sigogi na ƙungiyar Tutsi-Hutu. Ba tare da la'akari da ingancin tarihi na rarrabuwa ba, 'yan Rwandan a ƙarshen karni na 20 sun yi kamar na ainihi ne.

Belgium ta fara janyewa daga Rwanda a shekarar 1959, kuma a shekarar 1961 an kafa gwamnatin da Hutu ta mamaye. Wannan ya maye gurbin gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Belgium, wacce ta yi mulki ta hanyar dangin sarauta na Tutsi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=HISTORY OF RWANDA |url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230712/http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/plaintexthistories.asp?historyid=ad24 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=26 March 2016 |website=www.historyworld.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon nasarar Hutu shine hare-hare da aka kai wa Tutsis wanda ya haifar da Tutsis sama da 300,000 da suka tsere daga kasar a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Hare-haren da aka kai wa 'yan Hutu a makwabciyar [[Burundi]] da gwamnatin Tutsi ke jagoranta a can sun haifar da sabuntawa a hare-haren kan Tutsi a Rwanda a 1973, wanda ya haifar da karin' yan gudun hijira, da yawa suna neman mafaka a [[Uganda]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Violence |first=Online Encyclopedia of Mass |date=27 June 2008 |title=The Burundi Killings of 1972 |url=http://www.massviolence.org/the-burundi-killings-of-1972 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308142606/http://www.massviolence.org/the-burundi-killings-of-1972 |archive-date=8 March 2016 |access-date=26 March 2016 |website=www.massviolence.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yankin da waɗannan dubban 'yan gudun hijira suka mallaka daga baya wasu suka yi ikirarin, wanda ya haifar da wani yanayi na siyasa. A cikin shekarun 1980s, gwamnatin Rwanda ta Juvénal Habyarimana ta yi iƙirarin cewa ƙasar ba za ta iya karɓar dawowar duk 'yan gudun hijira ba tare da taimakon al'ummomin duniya ba saboda an ce Rwanda tana cikin ƙasashe masu yawan jama'a a nahiyar Afirka.

A cikin shekarun 1970s da 1980s, 'yan gudun hijirar Rwanda sun kafa kawancen siyasa da soja, musamman a Uganda. Shugaban daya daga cikin wadannan shine [[Paul Kagame]], wanda danginsa suka tsere zuwa Uganda a lokacin tashin hankali na 1959. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Profile: Rwanda's President Paul Kagame - BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10479882 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318054401/http://www.bbc.com/news/10479882 |archive-date=18 March 2016 |access-date=26 March 2016 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1985, Kagame ya taimaka wajen kafa Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), wata kungiya mai dauke da makamai da ta haɗa kai da Sojojin Resistance na Kasa (NRA), ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye ta Uganda karkashin jagorancin [[Yoweri Museveni]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Rwandan Patriotic Front (HRW Report - Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda, March 1999) |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno15-8-03.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20110312214210/http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno15%2D8%2D03.htm |archive-date=12 March 2011 |access-date=26 March 2016 |website=www.hrw.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kagame ya zama shugaban hukumar leken asirin soja ta NRA kuma abokin tarayya na Museveni. A shekara ta 1986, tawaye na NRA ya yi nasara kuma Museveni ya zama Shugaban Uganda. Museveni ya goyi bayan mamayar RPF da ta gaza a Rwanda a shekarar 1990, a matsayin lada ga abokin tarayya kuma da fatan cewa yawancin 'yan gudun hijirar Rwanda a Uganda za su koma gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Harin, da kuma mamayewar wasu sassan arewacin [[Byumba]], Umutara da [[Ruhengeri]], sun kori Hutus da yawa a ciki kuma sun kara tashin hankali na kabilanci.

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      <text bytes="7719" sha1="avfurky6yw8mgk0zp71ag6qzfdozl2j" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}[[Fayil:Rwandan_refugee_camp_in_east_Zaire.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Sansanin 'yan gudun hijira a Zaire, 1994]]
'''Rikicin 'yan gudun hijira na Great Lakes''' shine sunan gama gari na halin da ake ciki wanda ya fara da fitowar a watan Afrilun 1994 na sama da Rwandan miliyan biyu zuwa kasashe makwabta na [[Babban Tafkin Afirka|Yankin Great Lakes na Afirka]] bayan [[Kisan ƙare dangi na Rwandan|Kisan kare dangi na Rwanda]]. Yawancin 'yan gudun hijira [[Hutu]] ne da ke tserewa daga yawancin [[Tutsi]] Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), wanda ya sami iko da kasar a ƙarshen kisan kare dangi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Rwandan Genocide - Facts &amp; Summary - HISTORY.com |url=http://www.history.com/topics/rwandan-genocide |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325012529/http://www.history.com/topics/rwandan-genocide |archive-date=25 March 2016 |access-date=26 March 2016 |website=HISTORY.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ayyukan agaji na jin kai sun lalace sosai ta hanyar kasancewar yawancin [[Interahamwe]] da jami'an gwamnati waɗanda suka gudanar da kisan kare dangi, waɗanda suka yi amfani da sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira a matsayin tushe don kaddamar da hare-hare kan sabuwar gwamnatin da [[Paul Kagame]] ke jagoranta. Sansanonin da ke Zaire sun zama masu siyasa da kuma soja. An karkatar da taimakon jin kai ga 'yan gudun hijira don ci gaba da manufar Masu kisan kare dangi. Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da suka tsere daga Rwanda, sun ɗauki dukiyar jama'a (kamar kuɗi mai ƙarfi, motoci, da dai sauransu) kuma sun yi amfani da waɗannan kudade don biyan jami'an gwamnati a Zaire, da kuma siyan makamai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=THE USE AND ABUSE OF REFUGEES IN ZAIRE |url=https://web.stanford.edu/~sstedman/2001.readings/Zaire.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416142813/https://web.stanford.edu/~sstedman/2001.readings/Zaire.htm |archive-date=16 April 2016 |access-date=26 March 2016 |website=web.stanford.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rikicin ya karu har zuwa farkon [[Yaƙin Kongo na farko]] a 1996, lokacin da 'yan tawaye da RPF ke tallafawa suka mamaye Zaire kuma suka nemi dawo da' yan gudun hijira.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=French |first=Howard W. |date=24 September 2009 |title=Kagame's Hidden War in the Congo |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2009/09/24/kagames-hidden-war-in-the-congo/ |url-status=live |journal=The New York Review of Books |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406153232/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2009/09/24/kagames-hidden-war-in-the-congo/ |archive-date=6 April 2016 |access-date=26 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rikicin ya sake karuwa tare da farawar Yaƙin Kongo na Biyu, wanda kuma ake kira Yaƙin Duniya na Afirka ko Babban Yaƙin Afirka, wanda ya fara a 1998 lokacin da shugaban Kongo Laurent-Désiré Kabila ya juya wa tsoffin abokansa daga Rwanda da Uganda. Rikicin ya ci gaba a cikin Rikicin Kivu, wanda ya fara a shekara ta 2004 kuma daga baya ya hada da tawaye na M23 na 2012-2013.

== Tarihi ==
 
[[Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa|Hutu da Tutsi suna da asali]] a [[Masarautar Ruwanda|Ruwanda kafin]] mulkin mallaka. Koyaya, tare da isowar Jamusawa a cikin kimanin 1900, kuma musamman bayan isowar Belgium a cikin 1920, rukunin sun fara &quot;tsarkakewa&quot; kuma sun zama ana tunanin su a matsayin [[Ƙabilar|kabilanci]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rwanda Chronology, FRONTLINE, PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/rwanda/etc/cron.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330124130/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/rwanda/etc/cron.html |archive-date=30 March 2016 |access-date=26 March 2016 |website=www.pbs.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tarihin zamani na Rwanda a hanyoyi da yawa ya kasance daya daga cikin tashin hankali tsakanin mafi yawan Hutu da ƙananan Tutsi &quot;ƙabilar&quot;. Duk da yake akwai ilimi mai yawa game da fitowar waɗannan kabilun kabilanci daban-daban, musamman ta hanyar tsarin mulkin mallaka, kafin da bayan samun 'yancin kai a 1961, mutane a cikin Rwanda sun yi aiki a cikin sigogi na ƙungiyar Tutsi-Hutu. Ba tare da la'akari da ingancin tarihi na rarrabuwa ba, 'yan Rwandan a ƙarshen karni na 20 sun yi kamar na ainihi ne.

Belgium ta fara janyewa daga Rwanda a shekarar 1959, kuma a shekarar 1961 an kafa gwamnatin da Hutu ta mamaye. Wannan ya maye gurbin gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Belgium, wacce ta yi mulki ta hanyar dangin sarauta na Tutsi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=HISTORY OF RWANDA |url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230712/http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/plaintexthistories.asp?historyid=ad24 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=26 March 2016 |website=www.historyworld.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon nasarar Hutu shine hare-hare da aka kai wa Tutsis wanda ya haifar da Tutsis sama da 300,000 da suka tsere daga kasar a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Hare-haren da aka kai wa 'yan Hutu a makwabciyar [[Burundi]] da gwamnatin Tutsi ke jagoranta a can sun haifar da sabuntawa a hare-haren kan Tutsi a Rwanda a 1973, wanda ya haifar da karin' yan gudun hijira, da yawa suna neman mafaka a [[Uganda]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Violence |first=Online Encyclopedia of Mass |date=27 June 2008 |title=The Burundi Killings of 1972 |url=http://www.massviolence.org/the-burundi-killings-of-1972 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308142606/http://www.massviolence.org/the-burundi-killings-of-1972 |archive-date=8 March 2016 |access-date=26 March 2016 |website=www.massviolence.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yankin da waɗannan dubban 'yan gudun hijira suka mallaka daga baya wasu suka yi ikirarin, wanda ya haifar da wani yanayi na siyasa. A cikin shekarun 1980s, gwamnatin Rwanda ta Juvénal Habyarimana ta yi iƙirarin cewa ƙasar ba za ta iya karɓar dawowar duk 'yan gudun hijira ba tare da taimakon al'ummomin duniya ba saboda an ce Rwanda tana cikin ƙasashe masu yawan jama'a a nahiyar Afirka.

A cikin shekarun 1970s da 1980s, 'yan gudun hijirar Rwanda sun kafa kawancen siyasa da soja, musamman a Uganda. Shugaban daya daga cikin wadannan shine [[Paul Kagame]], wanda danginsa suka tsere zuwa Uganda a lokacin tashin hankali na 1959. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Profile: Rwanda's President Paul Kagame - BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10479882 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318054401/http://www.bbc.com/news/10479882 |archive-date=18 March 2016 |access-date=26 March 2016 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; A shekara ta 1985, Kagame ya taimaka wajen kafa Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), wata kungiya mai dauke da makamai da ta haɗa kai da Sojojin Resistance na Kasa (NRA), ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye ta Uganda karkashin jagorancin [[Yoweri Museveni]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Rwandan Patriotic Front (HRW Report - Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda, March 1999) |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno15-8-03.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20110312214210/http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno15%2D8%2D03.htm |archive-date=12 March 2011 |access-date=26 March 2016 |website=www.hrw.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kagame ya zama shugaban hukumar leken asirin soja ta NRA kuma abokin tarayya na Museveni. A shekara ta 1986, tawaye na NRA ya yi nasara kuma Museveni ya zama Shugaban Uganda. Museveni ya goyi bayan mamayar RPF da ta gaza a Rwanda a shekarar 1990, a matsayin lada ga abokin tarayya kuma da fatan cewa yawancin 'yan gudun hijirar Rwanda a Uganda za su koma gida.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Harin, da kuma mamayewar wasu sassan arewacin [[Byumba]], Umutara da [[Ruhengeri]], sun kori Hutus da yawa a ciki kuma sun kara tashin hankali na kabilanci.

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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1310454570|Fungemia]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Fungemia''' shine kasancewar fungi ko [[Yis|yisti]] a cikin [[jini]]. Mafi yawan nau'in, wanda aka fi sani da '''Candemia''', '''Candedemia''', ko '''tsarin Candidiasis''', nau'in ''Candida'' ne ke haifar da shi. Candidemia kuma yana daga cikin cututtukan jini na yau da kullun na kowane nau'i.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 November 2019 |title=Statistics |url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/invasive/statistics.html |access-date=24 December 2019 |website=Invasive Candidiasis |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cututtukan wasu ƙwayoyin cuta, gami da ''Saccharomyces'', ''Aspergillus'' (kamar yadda yake a cikin aspergillemia, wanda kuma ake kira aspergillosis mai mamayewa) da ''Cryptococcus'', ana kiransu fungemia. Ana yawan ganin shi a cikin marasa lafiya masu fama da rigakafi ko marasa lafiya masu cutar da ke fama da neutropenia mai tsanani, marasa lafiya masu [[Oncology|ciwon daji]], ko kuma marasa lafiya tare da catheters na intravenous. An ba da shawarar cewa in ba haka ba marasa lafiya masu iya kamuwa da rigakafi da ke shan infliximab na iya kasancewa cikin haɗari mafi girma.

Binciken yana da wahala, saboda al'adun jini na yau da kullun suna da ƙarancin hankali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Clancy |first=Cornelius J. |last2=Nguyen |first2=M. Hong |date=1 May 2013 |title=Finding the &quot;Missing 50%&quot; of Invasive Candidiasis: How Nonculture Diagnostics Will Improve Understanding of Disease Spectrum and Transform Patient Care |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=56 |issue=9 |pages=1284–1292 |doi=10.1093/cid/cit006 |pmid=23315320 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
Alamomin na iya kamawa daga mai sauƙi zuwa mai tsanani—wanda galibi ana bayyana shi a matsayin alamun mura mai tsanani. Alamomin da yawa na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da fungemia, gami da ciwo, rikicewa mai tsanani, gajiya mai ɗorewa, da kamuwa da cuta. Cututtukan fata na iya haɗawa da raunuka da raunuka masu ɗorewa ko marasa warkarwa, gumi, kaikayi, da fitar ruwa ko magudanar ruwa ba a saba gani ba. [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed]

== Abubuwan haɗari ==
{{Columns-list|The most important risk factors are:{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}
* Use of [[broad-spectrum antibiotic]]s
* Active infection by fungi (see e.g. [[candidiasis]])|colwidth=30em}}

== Kwayoyin cuta ==


''Candida auris'' wani yisti ne Mai tsayayya da magunguna da yawa (MDR) wanda zai iya haifar da kamuwa da cuta kuma yana da alaƙa da mutuwa mai yawa. An fara bayyana shi a cikin 2009 bayan an ware shi daga fitar da kunne na waje na mai haƙuri a Japan. Tun daga rahoton 2009, an bayar da rahoton kamuwa da cutar ''C. auris'', musamman fungemia, daga Koriya ta Kudu, Indiya, Afirka ta Kudu, da Kuwait. Kodayake ba a samun rahotanni da aka buga ba, an kuma gano C. auris a Colombia, Venezuela, Pakistan, da Ingila.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 January 2019 |title=Clinical Alert to U.S. Healthcare Facilities – June 2016 &amp;#124; Candida auris &amp;#124; Fungal Diseases &amp;#124; CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/candida-auris-alert.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin wani misali da aka ruwaito, an ruwaito cewa Psilocybe cubensis an al'ada ne daga wani lamari na fungemia wanda mutum ya yi wa kansa allurar da ba a sarrafa shi ba na kwayoyin fungal.[1] Mai haƙuri, wanda ke fama da baƙin ciki, ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi maganin kansa tare da ƙwayoyin cuta amma ya yi takaici da lokacin jinkiri tsakanin cin ƙwayoyin da fuskantar tasirin psychedelic. A cikin ƙoƙari na kauce wa wannan, mai haƙuri ya tafasa kuma ya tace ƙwayoyin a cikin 'shafi na ƙwayoyin' wanda aka ba da shi ta hanyar allura. Mai haƙuri yana da gazawar gabobin jiki da yawa, amma an sami nasarar juyawa kuma an kula da kamuwa da cuta da magungunan rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta.[2] Sauran misalai guda biyu na fungemia sakamakon yin allurar fungal ta wannan hanyar an bayyana su a cikin wallafe-wallafen likita, dukansu sun kasance tun daga shekara ta 1985.[3]

== Binciken ganewa ==
Matsayin zinariya don ganewar asali na cutar candidiasis da candemia al'ada ce mai kyau. Ya kamata a samu al'adun jini a cikin duk marasa lafiya da ake zargi da cutar candemia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=UpToDate |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-candidemia-and-invasive-candidiasis-in-adults |access-date=20 May 2022 |website=www.uptodate.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Magani ==
Neutropenic vs non-neutropentic candidemia ana bi da shi daban.&lt;ref name=&quot;IDSA2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, Clancy CJ, Marr KA, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Reboli AC, Schuster MG, Vazquez JA, Walsh TJ, Zaoutis TE, Sobel JD |year=2016 |title=Executive Summary: Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=409–17 |doi=10.1093/cid/civ1194 |pmid=26810419 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana ba da shawarar Echinocandin mai narkewa kamar anidulafungin, caspofungin ko micafungin a matsayin magani na farko don fungemia, musamman candidemia.&lt;ref name=&quot;IDSA2016&quot; /&gt; fluconazole na baki ko na intravenous wani zaɓi ne mai karɓa.&lt;ref name=&quot;IDSA2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, Clancy CJ, Marr KA, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Reboli AC, Schuster MG, Vazquez JA, Walsh TJ, Zaoutis TE, Sobel JD |year=2016 |title=Executive Summary: Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=409–17 |doi=10.1093/cid/civ1194 |pmid=26810419 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFPappasKauffmanAndesClancy2016&quot;&gt;Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, Clancy CJ, Marr KA, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Reboli AC, Schuster MG, Vazquez JA, Walsh TJ, Zaoutis TE, Sobel JD (2016). [[doi:10.1093/cid/civ1194|&quot;Executive Summary: Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America&quot;]]. ''Clinical Infectious Diseases''. '''62''' (4): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;409–&lt;/span&gt;17. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.1093/cid/civ1194|10.1093/cid/civ1194]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26810419 26810419].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tsarin lipid amphotericin B shine madadin da ya dace idan akwai iyakancewar antifungal, juriya ta anti-fungal, ko rashin haƙuri na anti-fungus.&lt;ref name=&quot;IDSA2016&quot; /&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Candidiasis mai cin zarafi</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1186570418|Invasive candidiasis]]&quot;</comment>
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Invasive Candidiasis kamuwa ne (candidiasis) wanda zai iya haifar da nau'ikan yisti daban-daban na &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwCA&quot;&gt;Candida&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Ba kamar cututtukan ''Candida'' na baki da makogwaro ba (Candidiasis na baki) ko farji (Candidal vulvovaginitis), cututtuken Candidiasis mai haɗari cuta ce mai tsanani, mai ci gaba, kuma mai yuwuwar mutuwa wanda zai iya shafar jini (fungemia), zuciya, kwakwalwa, idanu, ƙasusuwa, da sauran sassan jiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Invasive Candidiasis {{!}} Candidiasis {{!}} Types of Fungal Diseases {{!}} Fungal Diseases {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/invasive/ |access-date=2017-04-02 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
Ana iya rikitar da alamun cutar candidiasis tare da wasu cututtukan kiwon lafiya, duk da haka, alamun da aka fi sani da zazzabi da sanyi waɗanda ba su inganta tare da maganin rigakafi ba. Sauran alamun suna tasowa yayin da kamuwa da cuta ke yaduwa, dangane da waɗanne sassan jiki ne ke da hannu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Symptoms {{!}} Invasive Candidiasis {{!}} Candidiasis {{!}} Types of Diseases {{!}} Fungal Diseases {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/invasive/symptoms.html |access-date=2017-04-03 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gabatarwa ===
Invasive candidiasis na iya bayyana a matsayin cututtuka masu tsanani ciki har da fungemia, endocarditis, endophthalmitis, osteomyelitis, da cututtukan tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yapar |first=Nur |date=2014-01-01 |title=Epidemiology and risk factors for invasive candidiasis |journal=Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management |volume=10 |pages=95–105 |doi=10.2147/TCRM.S40160 |issn=1176-6336 |pmc=3928396 |pmid=24611015 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilin da ya sa ==
Invasive candidiasis ya haifar da 15 daga cikin fiye da 150 da aka sani na nau'in Candida. Wadannan nau'o'in, duk an tabbatar da su ta hanyar warewa daga marasa lafiya, sune: C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, C. guilliermondii, C. lusitaniae, C. dubliniensis, C. pelliculosa, C. kefyr, C. lipolytica, C. famata, C' inconspicua, C. rugosa, da C. norvegensis.[1] A cikin shekaru 20-30 da suka gabata, C. albicans yana da alhakin 95% na kamuwa da cuta, tare da, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, da C. krusei wanda ke haifar da mafi yawan sauran lokuta.[1] Kwanan nan, C. auris, jinsin da aka fara bayar da rahoton a shekara ta 2009, an gano cewa yana haifar da cutar candidiasis. C. auris ya ja hankalin mutane saboda yana iya tsayayya da magungunan rigakafin fungus da aka yi amfani da su don magance candidiasis.[2]

=== Tsayayya ===
Tsayayya da maganin rigakafin fungus na iya tasowa daga jinsunan da ke da juriya ta ainihi waɗanda ke fuskantar matsin zabin ko ƙaddamar da juriya a cikin kwayoyin da ke warewa daga jinsunan masu saukin kamuwa. Ga ''Candida'', mafi yawanci shine tsohon, kamar yadda aka gani ta hanyar fitowar mai tsayayya ''C. glabrata'' biyo bayan gabatarwar fluconazole da ''C. parapsilosis'' inda aka kara amfani da echinocandins. Rashin isasshen sashi na azoles ya haifar da fitowar juriya. Yawan da aka lura na juriya na echinocandin ga ''C. glabrata'' yana tsakanin 2 da 12%. An kuma bayar da rahoton juriya ta echinocandin ga ''C. albicans'', ''C. tropicalis'', ''C. krusei'', ''C. kefyr'', ''C. lusitaniae'', da ''C. dubliniensis''. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2022}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Nau'o'in da ke fitowa ===
''Candida auris'' wani yisti ne Mai tsayayya da magunguna da yawa wanda zai iya haifar da cutar candidiasis kuma yana da alaƙa da mutuwa mai yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 2016 |title=Clinical Alert to U.S. Healthcare Facilities – Fungal Diseases {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/candida-auris-alert.html |access-date=2017-04-06 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara bayyana shi a shekara ta 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Tun daga wannan lokacin, an bayar da rahoton kamuwa da cutar ''C. auris'', musamman fungemia, daga Koriya ta Kudu, Indiya, Afirka ta Kudu, Kuwait, Colombia, Venezuela, Pakistan, Ingila da Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Kwayoyin da aka ware a kowane yanki sun bambanta da kwayoyin halitta, suna nuna cewa wannan nau'in yana fitowa a wurare daban-daban.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Ba a san dalilin wannan tsari ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== Abubuwan haɗari ==
Marasa lafiya tare da waɗannan yanayi, jiyya ko yanayi suna cikin haɗarin haɗari don cutar candidiasis. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yapar |first=Nur |date=2014-01-01 |title=Epidemiology and risk factors for invasive candidiasis |journal=Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management |volume=10 |pages=95–105 |doi=10.2147/TCRM.S40160 |issn=1176-6336 |pmc=3928396 |pmid=24611015 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFYapar2014&quot;&gt;Yapar, Nur (2014-01-01). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928396 &quot;Epidemiology and risk factors for invasive candidiasis&quot;]. ''Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management''. '''10''': &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;95–&lt;/span&gt;105. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.2147/TCRM.S40160|10.2147/TCRM.S40160]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1176-6336 1176-6336]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928396 3928396]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24611015 24611015].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kullberg |first=Bart Jan |last2=Arendrup |first2=Maiken C. |date=2015-10-08 |title=Invasive Candidiasis |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=373 |issue=15 |pages=1445–1456 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1315399 |issn=1533-4406 |pmid=26444731 |s2cid=43788 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Rashin lafiya mai tsanani
* Kasancewar sashin kulawa mai tsanani na dogon lokaci
* Aikin tiyata na ciki (wanda ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar leakage na anastomotic ko maimaita laparotomies) 
* Cututtukan da ke hana rigakafi
* [[Ciwon hanta mai tsanani]]
* Cutar jini mai cutarwa
* Shigar da wani abu mai ƙarfi
* Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
* Ciwon daji na jikiciwon daji na gabobin jiki
* [[Jariri|Jarirai]] (musamman ƙananan nauyin haihuwa da jarirai da ba su cika ba) 
* Magungunan rigakafi masu yawa
* Tsakanin jijiyoyin jini
* Na'urar hannu ta ciki
* Cikakken abinci mai gina jiki
* Rashin jinin jini
* Amfani da Glucocorticoid
* [[Chemotherapy]]
* Noninvasive ''Candida'' mulkin mallaka (musamman idan multifocal) 

== Manazarta ==

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Invasive Candidiasis kamuwa ne (candidiasis) wanda zai iya haifar da nau'ikan yisti daban-daban na &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwCA&quot;&gt;Candida&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Ba kamar cututtukan ''Candida'' na baki da makogwaro ba (Candidiasis na baki) ko farji (Candidal vulvovaginitis), cututtuken Candidiasis mai haɗari cuta ce mai tsanani, mai ci gaba, kuma mai yuwuwar mutuwa wanda zai iya shafar jini (fungemia), zuciya, kwakwalwa, idanu, ƙasusuwa, da sauran sassan jiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Invasive Candidiasis {{!}} Candidiasis {{!}} Types of Fungal Diseases {{!}} Fungal Diseases {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/invasive/ |access-date=2017-04-02 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alamomi da alamomi ==
Ana iya rikitar da alamun cutar candidiasis tare da wasu cututtukan kiwon lafiya, duk da haka, alamun da aka fi sani da zazzabi da sanyi waɗanda ba su inganta tare da maganin rigakafi ba. Sauran alamun suna tasowa yayin da kamuwa da cuta ke yaduwa, dangane da waɗanne sassan jiki ne ke da hannu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Symptoms {{!}} Invasive Candidiasis {{!}} Candidiasis {{!}} Types of Diseases {{!}} Fungal Diseases {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/invasive/symptoms.html |access-date=2017-04-03 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gabatarwa ===
Invasive candidiasis na iya bayyana a matsayin cututtuka masu tsanani ciki har da fungemia, endocarditis, endophthalmitis, osteomyelitis, da cututtukan tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yapar |first=Nur |date=2014-01-01 |title=Epidemiology and risk factors for invasive candidiasis |journal=Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management |volume=10 |pages=95–105 |doi=10.2147/TCRM.S40160 |issn=1176-6336 |pmc=3928396 |pmid=24611015 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilin da ya sa ==
Invasive candidiasis ya haifar da 15 daga cikin fiye da 150 da aka sani na nau'in Candida. Wadannan nau'o'in, duk an tabbatar da su ta hanyar warewa daga marasa lafiya, sune: C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, C. guilliermondii, C. lusitaniae, C. dubliniensis, C. pelliculosa, C. kefyr, C. lipolytica, C. famata, C' inconspicua, C. rugosa, da C. norvegensis.[1] A cikin shekaru 20-30 da suka gabata, C. albicans yana da alhakin 95% na kamuwa da cuta, tare da, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, da C. krusei wanda ke haifar da mafi yawan sauran lokuta.[1] Kwanan nan, C. auris, jinsin da aka fara bayar da rahoton a shekara ta 2009, an gano cewa yana haifar da cutar candidiasis. C. auris ya ja hankalin mutane saboda yana iya tsayayya da magungunan rigakafin fungus da aka yi amfani da su don magance candidiasis.[2]

=== Tsayayya ===
Tsayayya da maganin rigakafin fungus na iya tasowa daga jinsunan da ke da juriya ta ainihi waɗanda ke fuskantar matsin zabin ko ƙaddamar da juriya a cikin kwayoyin da ke warewa daga jinsunan masu saukin kamuwa. Ga ''Candida'', mafi yawanci shine tsohon, kamar yadda aka gani ta hanyar fitowar mai tsayayya ''C. glabrata'' biyo bayan gabatarwar fluconazole da ''C. parapsilosis'' inda aka kara amfani da echinocandins. Rashin isasshen sashi na azoles ya haifar da fitowar juriya. Yawan da aka lura na juriya na echinocandin ga ''C. glabrata'' yana tsakanin 2 da 12%. An kuma bayar da rahoton juriya ta echinocandin ga ''C. albicans'', ''C. tropicalis'', ''C. krusei'', ''C. kefyr'', ''C. lusitaniae'', da ''C. dubliniensis''. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2022}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Nau'o'in da ke fitowa ===
''Candida auris'' wani yisti ne Mai tsayayya da magunguna da yawa wanda zai iya haifar da cutar candidiasis kuma yana da alaƙa da mutuwa mai yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 2016 |title=Clinical Alert to U.S. Healthcare Facilities – Fungal Diseases {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/candida-auris-alert.html |access-date=2017-04-06 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fara bayyana shi a shekara ta 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Tun daga wannan lokacin, an bayar da rahoton kamuwa da cutar ''C. auris'', musamman fungemia, daga Koriya ta Kudu, Indiya, Afirka ta Kudu, Kuwait, Colombia, Venezuela, Pakistan, Ingila da Amurka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Kwayoyin da aka ware a kowane yanki sun bambanta da kwayoyin halitta, suna nuna cewa wannan nau'in yana fitowa a wurare daban-daban.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Ba a san dalilin wannan tsari ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== Abubuwan haɗari ==
Marasa lafiya tare da waɗannan yanayi, jiyya ko yanayi suna cikin haɗarin haɗari don cutar candidiasis. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Yapar |first=Nur |date=2014-01-01 |title=Epidemiology and risk factors for invasive candidiasis |journal=Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management |volume=10 |pages=95–105 |doi=10.2147/TCRM.S40160 |issn=1176-6336 |pmc=3928396 |pmid=24611015 |doi-access=free}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFYapar2014&quot;&gt;Yapar, Nur (2014-01-01). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928396 &quot;Epidemiology and risk factors for invasive candidiasis&quot;]. ''Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management''. '''10''': &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;95–&lt;/span&gt;105. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.2147/TCRM.S40160|10.2147/TCRM.S40160]]&lt;/span&gt;. [[ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1176-6336 1176-6336]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3928396 3928396]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24611015 24611015].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kullberg |first=Bart Jan |last2=Arendrup |first2=Maiken C. |date=2015-10-08 |title=Invasive Candidiasis |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=373 |issue=15 |pages=1445–1456 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1315399 |issn=1533-4406 |pmid=26444731 |s2cid=43788 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Rashin lafiya mai tsanani
* Kasancewar sashin kulawa mai tsanani na dogon lokaci
* Aikin tiyata na ciki (wanda ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar leakage na anastomotic ko maimaita laparotomies) 
* Cututtukan da ke hana rigakafi
* [[Ciwon hanta mai tsanani]]
* Cutar jini mai cutarwa
* Shigar da wani abu mai ƙarfi
* Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
* Ciwon daji na jikiciwon daji na gabobin jiki
* [[Jariri|Jarirai]] (musamman ƙananan nauyin haihuwa da jarirai da ba su cika ba) 
* Magungunan rigakafi masu yawa
* Tsakanin jijiyoyin jini
* Na'urar hannu ta ciki
* Cikakken abinci mai gina jiki
* Rashin jinin jini
* Amfani da Glucocorticoid
* [[Chemotherapy]]
* Noninvasive ''Candida'' mulkin mallaka (musamman idan multifocal) 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cutar ƙwayoyin cuta ta B</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356315569|Meningitis B]]&quot;</comment>
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Meningitis B, wani lokacin an taƙaita shi a matsayin MenB, wani nau'in Cutar meningococcal ne wanda ya haifar da serotype B na kwayar cutar ''Neisseria meningitidis''. Duk da sunansa, ba duk cututtukan meningococcal ba saboda kamuwa da cutar serotype B sun '''Maza''' da meningitis; da yawa kuma suna haifar da [[sepsis]] ko wasu rikitarwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-03-06 |title=MenB vaccine for children |url=https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/menb-vaccine-for-children/ |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=nhs.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yaduwar cututtuka ==
[[Fayil:Percentage_serogroup_distribution_of_IMD_cases_worldwide_from_2017_to_2019.png|thumb|Kashi na rarrabawar serogroup na cututtukan meningococcal a duk duniya daga 2017 zuwa 2019.]]
Serogroup B shine mafi yawan dalilin Cutar meningococcal a cikin ƙasashe waɗanda ke yin allurar rigakafi akan serotypes A, C, W, da Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Villena |first=Rodolfo |last2=Safadi |first2=Marco Aurelio P. |last3=Valenzuela |first3=María Teresa |last4=Torres |first4=Juan P. |last5=Finn |first5=Adam |last6=O'Ryan |first6=Miguel |date=2018-05-04 |title=Global epidemiology of serogroup B meningococcal disease and opportunities for prevention with novel recombinant protein vaccines |journal=Human Vaccines &amp; Immunotherapeutics |language=en |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=1042–1057 |doi=10.1080/21645515.2018.1458175 |issn=2164-5515 |pmc=5989912 |pmid=29667483}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, yaduwar cutar meningococcal gabaɗaya ba ta da yawa. Daga 2000 zuwa 2015, kasashe 2 ne kawai ke da yaduwar B-MD sama da 2/100,000 tare da yawancin kasashe da ke ba da rahoton abin da ya faru na kasa da 1/100,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sridhar |first=Shruti |last2=Greenwood |first2=Brian |last3=Head |first3=Christopher |last4=Plotkin |first4=Stanley A |last5=Sáfadi |first5=Marco A |last6=Saha |first6=Samir |last7=Taha |first7=Muhamed-Kheir |last8=Tomori |first8=Oyewale |last9=Gessner |first9=Bradford D |date=November 2015 |title=Global incidence of serogroup B invasive meningococcal disease: a systematic review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1473309915002170 |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |language=en |volume=15 |issue=11 |pages=1334–1346 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00217-0 |pmid=26453240 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adadin wadanda suka mutu yana da yawa, daga 10%-20% har ma bayan magani mai tsanani tare da maganin rigakafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Kwayoyin halittar uku masu haɗari suna da alhakin yawancin barkewar cutar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Rashin alamun kwayar cuta ta serotype B a cikin nasopharyngneal ya zama ruwan dare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

[[Alurar rigakafin meningococcal|Allurar rigakafi]] Meningococcal Group B ana kiranta allurar rigakafi ta MenB. 
[[Fayil:Meningococcal_B_vaccine.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Allurar rigakafin Meningococcal B]]
Akwai allurar rigakafi guda biyu da aka ba da lasisi musamman game da cutar serotype B meningococcal da ke ko'ina; Bexsero (GSK) allurar rigakawa ta MenB (4CMenB) da Trumenba (Pfizer), [1] allurar rigar furotin mai ɗaure H (MenB-FHbp). A Burtaniya da Ostiraliya, an amince da Bexsero don shekaru 2 zuwa shekaru 50; a Burtaniya da Australia, ana ba da shi akai-akai a matsayin wani ɓangare na allurar rigakafin yara a matsayin jarirai ƙungiyar da ke cikin haɗari mafi girma daga meningitis B.[2][3] Kariya da aka bayar ba ta da tsawo kuma ba ta wuce ƙuruciya ba. A Amurka, duka Bexsero da Trumenba an amince da su ne kawai don shekaru 10-25 kuma an ba su ne kawai ga wasu kungiyoyin haɗari.[1]

Akwai kuma allurar rigakafi guda biyu da ke samuwa da aka yi niyya da serogroups A, B, C, W, da Y: An amince da Penbraya don amfani a Amurka a watan Oktoba 2023. Ya haɗu da allurar rigakafin Trumenba da Nimenrix. An ba da izinin Penbraya don amfani da magani a Tarayyar Turai a watan Nuwamba 2024. An amince da shi don amfani da shi a cikin mutane masu shekaru 10 zuwa 25.

An amince da Penmenvy don amfani a Amurka a watan Fabrairun 2025. An amince da Penmenvy don amfani da shi a cikin mutanen da ke da shekaru 10 zuwa 25.

== Ci gaban allurar rigakafi da barkewar cutar ==
A tarihi, allurar rigakafin MenB tana da wuyar samarwa, kuma tana buƙatar hanyar da ta bambanta da allurar rigakawa akan wasu nau'ikan serotypes. Ganin cewa an samar da allurar rigakafin polysaccharide mai inganci akan nau'ikan A, C, W-135, da Y, capsular polysaccaride akan nau'in kwayar cuta ta B yayi kama da Kwayoyin mannewar jijiyoyin mutum don zama manufa mai amfani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Finne J, Bitter-Suermann D, Goridis C, Finne U |date=June 1987 |title=An IgG monoclonal antibody to group B meningococci cross-reacts with developmentally regulated polysialic acid units of glycoproteins in neural and extraneural tissues |journal=Journal of Immunology |volume=138 |issue=12 |pages=4402–4407 |doi=10.4049/jimmunol.138.12.4402 |pmid=3108388 |s2cid=24162009 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An samar da allurar rigakafin &quot;serogroup B&quot; da yawa. A takaice dai, waɗannan ba allurar rigakafin &quot;serogroup B&quot; ba ne, saboda ba sa nufin samar da magungunan rigakafi ga rukunin antigen na B: zai fi dacewa a bayyana su a matsayin allurar rigakanin serogroup-mai zaman kanta, yayin da suke amfani da bangarorin antigenic daban-daban na kwayoyin; hakika, wasu daga cikin antigens sun zama ruwan dare ga nau'in ''Neisseria'' daban-daban. [ana buƙatar bayanin likita] &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (October 2019)&quot;&gt;medical citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

An kirkiro allurar rigakafin serogroup B a Cuba don mayar da martani ga babban barkewar cutar meningitis B a cikin shekarun 1980. Wannan allurar rigakafin ta dogara ne akan ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta da aka samar da su. Allurar rigakafin VA-MENGOC-BC ta tabbatar da aminci da tasiri a cikin binciken makafi biyu, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pérez O, Lastre M, Lapinet J, Bracho G, Díaz M, Zayas C, Taboada C, Sierra G |date=July 2001 |title=Immune Response Induction and New Effector Mechanisms Possibly Involved in Protection Conferred by the Cuban Anti-Meningococcal BC Vaccine |journal=Infect Immun |volume=69 |issue=7 |pages=4502–8 |doi=10.1128/IAI.69.7.4502-4508.2001 |pmc=98525 |pmid=11401992}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Uli L, Castellanos-Serra L, Betancourt L, Domínguez F, Barberá R, Sotolongo F, Guillén G, Pajón Feyt R |date=June 2006 |title=Outer membrane vesicles of the VA-MENGOC-BC vaccine against serogroup B of Neisseria meningitidis: Analysis of protein components by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry |journal=Proteomics |volume=6 |issue=11 |pages=3389–99 |doi=10.1002/pmic.200500502 |pmid=16673438 |s2cid=10828810}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Finlay Institute VA-MENGOC-BC Most frequent questions and answers |url=http://www.finlay.sld.cu/english/products/pregunvamengocbcenglish.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108221151/http://www.finlay.sld.cu/english/products/pregunvamengocbcenglish.htm |archive-date=8 January 2011 |access-date=10 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma an ba shi lasisi ne kawai don dalilai na bincike a Amurka &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 July 1999 |title=World: Americas Cuba vaccine deal breaks embargo |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/406780.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203062429/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/406780.stm |archive-date=3 February 2009 |access-date=25 October 2009 |publisher=BBC News Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; kamar yadda bambance-bambance na siyasa suka iyakance hadin kai tsakanin kasashen biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=NBC News Digital |date=12 November 2015 |title=Cuban scientist barred from receiving U.S. prize |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna10010619 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607004818/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/10010619/ns/world_news-americas/t/cuban-scientist-barred-receiving-us-prize/ |archive-date=7 June 2019 |access-date=27 May 2019 |publisher=Associated Press |quote=A Cuban scientist who helped develop a low-cost synthetic vaccine that prevents meningitis and pneumonia in small children says he was offended the U.S. government denied his request to travel to the United States to receive an award.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saboda irin wannan yaduwar cutar B-serotype meningitis a Norway tsakanin 1974 da 1988, hukumomin kiwon lafiya na Norway sun kirkiro allurar rigakafin da aka tsara musamman ga yara da matasa na Norway. An dakatar da gwaje-gwaje na asibiti bayan an nuna allurar rigakafin ta rufe dan kadan fiye da 50% na dukkan lokuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Djupesland PG, Bjune G, HØ E, Grønnesby JK, Mundal R |date=September 1997 |title=Serogroup B meningococcal disease in the Norwegian armed forces: What can we learn from an inconclusive vaccine protection trial? |url=https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article/7/3/261/503242 |url-status=live |journal=European Journal of Public Health |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=261–266 |doi=10.1093/eurpub/7.3.261 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028020230/https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article/7/3/261/503242 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |access-date=28 October 2021 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, an shigar da karar lalacewa a kan Jihar Norway ta mutanen da ke fama da mummunar mummunar martani. Bayanan da hukumomin kiwon lafiya suka samu a lokacin ci gaban allurar rigakafin daga baya aka ba da shi ga Chiron (yanzu GlaxoSmithKline), wanda daga baya ya kirkiro irin wannan allurar rigakawa, MeNZB, don New Zealand.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 February 2005 |title=Investigation: The Meningococcal Gold Rush |url=https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0502/S00064.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028020230/https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0502/S00064.htm |archive-date=28 October 2021 |access-date=28 October 2021 |website=Scoop}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>nn3w3yp0w85od6crfj3b96hwinbefla</sha1>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Muhdavdullahi</username>
        <id>32668</id>
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Meningitis B, wani lokacin an taƙaita shi a matsayin MenB, wani nau'in Cutar meningococcal ne wanda ya haifar da serotype B na kwayar cutar ''Neisseria meningitidis''. Duk da sunansa, ba duk cututtukan meningococcal ba saboda kamuwa da cutar serotype B sun '''Maza''' da meningitis; da yawa kuma suna haifar da [[sepsis]] ko wasu rikitarwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-03-06 |title=MenB vaccine for children |url=https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/menb-vaccine-for-children/ |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=nhs.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Yaduwar cututtuka ==
[[Fayil:Percentage_serogroup_distribution_of_IMD_cases_worldwide_from_2017_to_2019.png|thumb|Kashi na rarrabawar serogroup na cututtukan meningococcal a duk duniya daga 2017 zuwa 2019.]]
Serogroup B shine mafi yawan dalilin Cutar meningococcal a cikin ƙasashe waɗanda ke yin allurar rigakafi akan serotypes A, C, W, da Y.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Villena |first=Rodolfo |last2=Safadi |first2=Marco Aurelio P. |last3=Valenzuela |first3=María Teresa |last4=Torres |first4=Juan P. |last5=Finn |first5=Adam |last6=O'Ryan |first6=Miguel |date=2018-05-04 |title=Global epidemiology of serogroup B meningococcal disease and opportunities for prevention with novel recombinant protein vaccines |journal=Human Vaccines &amp; Immunotherapeutics |language=en |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=1042–1057 |doi=10.1080/21645515.2018.1458175 |issn=2164-5515 |pmc=5989912 |pmid=29667483}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koyaya, yaduwar cutar meningococcal gabaɗaya ba ta da yawa. Daga 2000 zuwa 2015, kasashe 2 ne kawai ke da yaduwar B-MD sama da 2/100,000 tare da yawancin kasashe da ke ba da rahoton abin da ya faru na kasa da 1/100,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Sridhar |first=Shruti |last2=Greenwood |first2=Brian |last3=Head |first3=Christopher |last4=Plotkin |first4=Stanley A |last5=Sáfadi |first5=Marco A |last6=Saha |first6=Samir |last7=Taha |first7=Muhamed-Kheir |last8=Tomori |first8=Oyewale |last9=Gessner |first9=Bradford D |date=November 2015 |title=Global incidence of serogroup B invasive meningococcal disease: a systematic review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1473309915002170 |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |language=en |volume=15 |issue=11 |pages=1334–1346 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00217-0 |pmid=26453240 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adadin wadanda suka mutu yana da yawa, daga 10%-20% har ma bayan magani mai tsanani tare da maganin rigakafi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Kwayoyin halittar uku masu haɗari suna da alhakin yawancin barkewar cutar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Rashin alamun kwayar cuta ta serotype B a cikin nasopharyngneal ya zama ruwan dare.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

[[Alurar rigakafin meningococcal|Allurar rigakafi]] Meningococcal Group B ana kiranta allurar rigakafi ta MenB. 
[[Fayil:Meningococcal_B_vaccine.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Allurar rigakafin Meningococcal B]]
Akwai allurar rigakafi guda biyu da aka ba da lasisi musamman game da cutar serotype B meningococcal da ke ko'ina; Bexsero (GSK) allurar rigakawa ta MenB (4CMenB) da Trumenba (Pfizer), [1] allurar rigar furotin mai ɗaure H (MenB-FHbp). A Burtaniya da Ostiraliya, an amince da Bexsero don shekaru 2 zuwa shekaru 50; a Burtaniya da Australia, ana ba da shi akai-akai a matsayin wani ɓangare na allurar rigakafin yara a matsayin jarirai ƙungiyar da ke cikin haɗari mafi girma daga meningitis B.[2][3] Kariya da aka bayar ba ta da tsawo kuma ba ta wuce ƙuruciya ba. A Amurka, duka Bexsero da Trumenba an amince da su ne kawai don shekaru 10-25 kuma an ba su ne kawai ga wasu kungiyoyin haɗari.[1]

Akwai kuma allurar rigakafi guda biyu da ke samuwa da aka yi niyya da serogroups A, B, C, W, da Y: An amince da Penbraya don amfani a Amurka a watan Oktoba 2023. Ya haɗu da allurar rigakafin Trumenba da Nimenrix. An ba da izinin Penbraya don amfani da magani a Tarayyar Turai a watan Nuwamba 2024. An amince da shi don amfani da shi a cikin mutane masu shekaru 10 zuwa 25.

An amince da Penmenvy don amfani a Amurka a watan Fabrairun 2025. An amince da Penmenvy don amfani da shi a cikin mutanen da ke da shekaru 10 zuwa 25.

== Ci gaban allurar rigakafi da barkewar cutar ==
A tarihi, allurar rigakafin MenB tana da wuyar samarwa, kuma tana buƙatar hanyar da ta bambanta da allurar rigakawa akan wasu nau'ikan serotypes. Ganin cewa an samar da allurar rigakafin polysaccharide mai inganci akan nau'ikan A, C, W-135, da Y, capsular polysaccaride akan nau'in kwayar cuta ta B yayi kama da Kwayoyin mannewar jijiyoyin mutum don zama manufa mai amfani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Finne J, Bitter-Suermann D, Goridis C, Finne U |date=June 1987 |title=An IgG monoclonal antibody to group B meningococci cross-reacts with developmentally regulated polysialic acid units of glycoproteins in neural and extraneural tissues |journal=Journal of Immunology |volume=138 |issue=12 |pages=4402–4407 |doi=10.4049/jimmunol.138.12.4402 |pmid=3108388 |s2cid=24162009 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An samar da allurar rigakafin &quot;serogroup B&quot; da yawa. A takaice dai, waɗannan ba allurar rigakafin &quot;serogroup B&quot; ba ne, saboda ba sa nufin samar da magungunan rigakafi ga rukunin antigen na B: zai fi dacewa a bayyana su a matsayin allurar rigakanin serogroup-mai zaman kanta, yayin da suke amfani da bangarorin antigenic daban-daban na kwayoyin; hakika, wasu daga cikin antigens sun zama ruwan dare ga nau'in ''Neisseria'' daban-daban. [ana buƙatar bayanin likita] &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (October 2019)&quot;&gt;medical citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

An kirkiro allurar rigakafin serogroup B a Cuba don mayar da martani ga babban barkewar cutar meningitis B a cikin shekarun 1980. Wannan allurar rigakafin ta dogara ne akan ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta da aka samar da su. Allurar rigakafin VA-MENGOC-BC ta tabbatar da aminci da tasiri a cikin binciken makafi biyu, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pérez O, Lastre M, Lapinet J, Bracho G, Díaz M, Zayas C, Taboada C, Sierra G |date=July 2001 |title=Immune Response Induction and New Effector Mechanisms Possibly Involved in Protection Conferred by the Cuban Anti-Meningococcal BC Vaccine |journal=Infect Immun |volume=69 |issue=7 |pages=4502–8 |doi=10.1128/IAI.69.7.4502-4508.2001 |pmc=98525 |pmid=11401992}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Uli L, Castellanos-Serra L, Betancourt L, Domínguez F, Barberá R, Sotolongo F, Guillén G, Pajón Feyt R |date=June 2006 |title=Outer membrane vesicles of the VA-MENGOC-BC vaccine against serogroup B of Neisseria meningitidis: Analysis of protein components by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry |journal=Proteomics |volume=6 |issue=11 |pages=3389–99 |doi=10.1002/pmic.200500502 |pmid=16673438 |s2cid=10828810}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Finlay Institute VA-MENGOC-BC Most frequent questions and answers |url=http://www.finlay.sld.cu/english/products/pregunvamengocbcenglish.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108221151/http://www.finlay.sld.cu/english/products/pregunvamengocbcenglish.htm |archive-date=8 January 2011 |access-date=10 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; amma an ba shi lasisi ne kawai don dalilai na bincike a Amurka &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 July 1999 |title=World: Americas Cuba vaccine deal breaks embargo |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/406780.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203062429/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/406780.stm |archive-date=3 February 2009 |access-date=25 October 2009 |publisher=BBC News Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; kamar yadda bambance-bambance na siyasa suka iyakance hadin kai tsakanin kasashen biyu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=NBC News Digital |date=12 November 2015 |title=Cuban scientist barred from receiving U.S. prize |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna10010619 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607004818/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/10010619/ns/world_news-americas/t/cuban-scientist-barred-receiving-us-prize/ |archive-date=7 June 2019 |access-date=27 May 2019 |publisher=Associated Press |quote=A Cuban scientist who helped develop a low-cost synthetic vaccine that prevents meningitis and pneumonia in small children says he was offended the U.S. government denied his request to travel to the United States to receive an award.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saboda irin wannan yaduwar cutar B-serotype meningitis a Norway tsakanin 1974 da 1988, hukumomin kiwon lafiya na Norway sun kirkiro allurar rigakafin da aka tsara musamman ga yara da matasa na Norway. An dakatar da gwaje-gwaje na asibiti bayan an nuna allurar rigakafin ta rufe dan kadan fiye da 50% na dukkan lokuta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Djupesland PG, Bjune G, HØ E, Grønnesby JK, Mundal R |date=September 1997 |title=Serogroup B meningococcal disease in the Norwegian armed forces: What can we learn from an inconclusive vaccine protection trial? |url=https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article/7/3/261/503242 |url-status=live |journal=European Journal of Public Health |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=261–266 |doi=10.1093/eurpub/7.3.261 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028020230/https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article/7/3/261/503242 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |access-date=28 October 2021 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bugu da ƙari, an shigar da karar lalacewa a kan Jihar Norway ta mutanen da ke fama da mummunar mummunar martani. Bayanan da hukumomin kiwon lafiya suka samu a lokacin ci gaban allurar rigakafin daga baya aka ba da shi ga Chiron (yanzu GlaxoSmithKline), wanda daga baya ya kirkiro irin wannan allurar rigakawa, MeNZB, don New Zealand.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 February 2005 |title=Investigation: The Meningococcal Gold Rush |url=https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0502/S00064.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028020230/https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0502/S00064.htm |archive-date=28 October 2021 |access-date=28 October 2021 |website=Scoop}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tsoro na Septic</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354656286|Septic shock]]&quot;</comment>
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Tsinkaye na septic wani yanayi ne mai yuwuwa wanda ke faruwa lokacin da [[sepsis]], wanda aka bayyana a matsayin amsawar rigakafi mara kyau ga kamuwa da cuta wanda ke haifar da rashin aiki na jiki mai barazana, yana haifar da haɗarin hauhawar jini da rashin daidaituwa a cikin salula da rashin aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gauer |first=Robert |last2=Forbes |first2=Damon |last3=Boyer |first3=Nathan |date=2020-04-01 |title=Sepsis: Diagnosis and Management |journal=American Family Physician |volume=101 |issue=7 |pages=409–418 |issn=1532-0650 |pmid=32227831}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'anar Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta Uku don Sepsis da Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) ya bayyana firgici na septic a matsayin wani ɓangare na sepsis wanda musamman zurfin zagayawa, salula, da ƙarancin metabolism suna da alaƙa da haɗarin mutuwa fiye da sepsis kadai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Guarino |first=Matteo |last2=Perna |first2=Benedetta |last3=Cesaro |first3=Alice Eleonora |last4=Maritati |first4=Martina |last5=Spampinato |first5=Michele Domenico |last6=Contini |first6=Carlo |last7=De Giorgio |first7=Roberto |date=2023-04-28 |title=2023 Update on Sepsis and Septic Shock in Adult Patients: Management in the Emergency Department |journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine |language=en |volume=12 |issue=9 |page=3188 |doi=10.3390/jcm12093188 |issn=2077-0383 |pmc=10179263 |pmid=37176628 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana kula da marasa lafiya da ke fama da tsananin ƙwaƙwalwa a cikin sashen gaggawa da rukunin kulawa mai tsanani.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Dalilan da suka haifar ==
Tsinkaye na septic shine sakamakon amsawar tsarin kamuwa da cuta ko dalilai masu yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cecconi |first=Maurizio |last2=Evans |first2=Laura |last3=Levy |first3=Mitchell |last4=Rhodes |first4=Andrew |date=July 2018 |title=Sepsis and septic shock |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673618306962 |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=392 |issue=10141 |pages=75–87 |bibcode=2018Lanc..392...75C |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30696-2 |pmid=29937192 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sepsis koyaushe yana gaba da girgizar septic; sabili da haka, abubuwan da ke haifar da girgijen septic su ne kuma abubuwan da ke tattare da girgiyar septic.

Fiye da kashi 80 cikin dari na cututtukan sepsis suna haifar da numfashi, al'aura, fata da nama mai laushi, da cututtuken gastrointestinal.[1] Abin sha'awa, cutar huhu ita ce mafi yawan abubuwan da ke haifar da sepsis.[2] Na'urorin da ke cikin gida, kamar su pacemakers ko maye gurbin gwiwa na iya haifar da sepsis. Cututtuka masu tsanani, kamar meningitis, encephalitis, da endocarditis suma suna haifar da sepsis. Dukkanin kayan aiki da cututtukan cututtuka masu tsanani sun hada da kashi 1 cikin 100 na lokuta na sepsis.[3] Kwayoyin cuta sune kwayoyin da ke da alhakin mafi yawan lokuta na sepsis.[3] Kimanin kashi 62 cikin dari suna haifar da kwayoyin cuta marasa kyau kuma kashi 47 cikin dari suna faruwa ne daga kwayoyin cuti masu kyau.[3] Ƙananan marasa lafiya na iya samun sepsis da aka kawo ta hanyar fungi, parasites, ko cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta.[4] Hakanan yana yiwuwa cewa sepsis na iya haifar da cututtukan da ke faruwa a lokaci guda.[5]

== Ilimin jiki ==
Ba a fahimci ilimin cututtukan cututtukat ba, amma an san cewa muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaban cututtukayyar cututtukani ta hanyar rigakafi da amsawar jini ga kamuwa da cuta. Dukkanin martani na kumburi da na kumburi suna taka rawa a cikin firgici na septic.&lt;ref name=&quot;Angusvan der Poll2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Angus DC, van der Poll T |date=August 2013 |title=Severe sepsis and septic shock |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=369 |issue=9 |pages=840–51 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1208623 |pmid=23984731 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsinkaye na septic ya haɗa da amsawar kumburi da ke haifar da tasirin hypermetabolic. Wannan yana bayyana ta hanyar karuwar numfashi na sel, furotin catabolism, da kuma metabolic acidosis tare da amsawar numfashi.&lt;ref name=&quot;SSC Guidelines&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal SM, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Douglas IS, Jaeschke R, Osborn TM, Nunnally ME, Townsend SR, Reinhart K, Kleinpell RM, Angus DC, Deutschman CS, Machado FR, Rubenfeld GD, Webb SA, Beale RJ, Vincent JL, Moreno R |date=February 2013 |title=Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012 |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=580–637 |doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e31827e83af |pmid=23353941 |s2cid=34855187 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dukansu kwayoyin gram positive da gram negative sune abubuwan da suka fi haifar da tsananin cututtukan cututtuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cecconi |first=Maurizio |last2=Evans |first2=Laura |last3=Levy |first3=Mitchell |last4=Rhodes |first4=Andrew |date=July 2018 |title=Sepsis and septic shock |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673618306962 |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=392 |issue=10141 |pages=75–87 |bibcode=2018Lanc..392...75C |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30696-2 |pmid=29937192 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCecconiEvansLevyRhodes2018&quot;&gt;Cecconi M, Evans L, Levy M, Rhodes A (July 2018). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673618306962 &quot;Sepsis and septic shock&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''The Lancet''. '''392''' (10141): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;75–&lt;/span&gt;87. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Lanc..392...75C 2018Lanc..392...75C]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30696-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30696-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29937192 29937192].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Toxins da pathogens ke samarwa suna haifar da amsawar rigakafi; a cikin kwayoyin cuta masu guba waɗannan su ne endotoxins, waɗanda ke da lipopolysaccharides (LPS).&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Seymour |first=Christopher W. |last2=Liu |first2=Vincent X. |last3=Iwashyna |first3=Theodore J. |last4=Brunkhorst |first4=Frank M. |last5=Rea |first5=Thomas D. |last6=Scherag |first6=André |last7=Rubenfeld |first7=Gordon |last8=Kahn |first8=Jeremy M. |last9=Shankar-Hari |first9=Manu |last10=Singer |first10=Mervyn |last11=Deutschman |first11=Clifford S. |last12=Escobar |first12=Gabriel J. |last13=Angus |first13=Derek C. |date=2016-02-23 |title=Assessment of Clinical Criteria for Sepsis: For the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) |journal=JAMA |language=en |volume=315 |issue=8 |pages=762–774 |bibcode=2016JAMA..315..762S |doi=10.1001/jama.2016.0288 |issn=0098-7484 |pmc=5433435 |pmid=26903335}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cytokines da aka saki a cikin babban amsawar kumburi yana haifar da vasodilation mai yawa, karuwar permeability, rage juriya na tsarin vascular, da ƙarancin hawan jini.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cecconi |first=Maurizio |last2=Evans |first2=Laura |last3=Levy |first3=Mitchell |last4=Rhodes |first4=Andrew |date=July 2018 |title=Sepsis and septic shock |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673618306962 |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=392 |issue=10141 |pages=75–87 |bibcode=2018Lanc..392...75C |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30696-2 |pmid=29937192 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCecconiEvansLevyRhodes2018&quot;&gt;Cecconi M, Evans L, Levy M, Rhodes A (July 2018). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673618306962 &quot;Sepsis and septic shock&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''The Lancet''. '''392''' (10141): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;75–&lt;/span&gt;87. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Lanc..392...75C 2018Lanc..392...75C]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30696-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30696-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29937192 29937192].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Meyer |first=Nuala J. |last2=Prescott |first2=Hallie C. |author-link2=Hallie Prescott |date=2024-12-05 |editor-last=Hardin |editor-first=C. Corey |title=Sepsis and Septic Shock |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra2403213 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=391 |issue=22 |pages=2133–2146 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra2403213 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=39774315 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarshe, a cikin ƙoƙari na rage rage hauhawar jini, dysfunction na myocardial yana faruwa tare da duka systolic (ƙananan ikon zuciya don matsawa) da diastolic (ƙarancin ikon zuciya don shimfiɗa don karɓar ƙimar jini mai dacewa).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shields |first=Andrea D. |last2=Plante |first2=Lauren A. |last3=Pacheco |first3=Luis D. |last4=Louis |first4=Judette M. |date=September 2023 |title=Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #67: Maternal sepsis |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002937823003277 |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |language=en |volume=229 |issue=3 |pages=B2–B19 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2023.05.019 |pmid=37236495}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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Tsinkaye na septic wani yanayi ne mai yuwuwa wanda ke faruwa lokacin da [[sepsis]], wanda aka bayyana a matsayin amsawar rigakafi mara kyau ga kamuwa da cuta wanda ke haifar da rashin aiki na jiki mai barazana, yana haifar da haɗarin hauhawar jini da rashin daidaituwa a cikin salula da rashin aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gauer |first=Robert |last2=Forbes |first2=Damon |last3=Boyer |first3=Nathan |date=2020-04-01 |title=Sepsis: Diagnosis and Management |journal=American Family Physician |volume=101 |issue=7 |pages=409–418 |issn=1532-0650 |pmid=32227831}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'anar Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta Uku don Sepsis da Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) ya bayyana firgici na septic a matsayin wani ɓangare na sepsis wanda musamman zurfin zagayawa, salula, da ƙarancin metabolism suna da alaƙa da haɗarin mutuwa fiye da sepsis kadai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Guarino |first=Matteo |last2=Perna |first2=Benedetta |last3=Cesaro |first3=Alice Eleonora |last4=Maritati |first4=Martina |last5=Spampinato |first5=Michele Domenico |last6=Contini |first6=Carlo |last7=De Giorgio |first7=Roberto |date=2023-04-28 |title=2023 Update on Sepsis and Septic Shock in Adult Patients: Management in the Emergency Department |journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine |language=en |volume=12 |issue=9 |page=3188 |doi=10.3390/jcm12093188 |issn=2077-0383 |pmc=10179263 |pmid=37176628 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana kula da marasa lafiya da ke fama da tsananin ƙwaƙwalwa a cikin sashen gaggawa da rukunin kulawa mai tsanani.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Dalilan da suka haifar ==
Tsinkaye na septic shine sakamakon amsawar tsarin kamuwa da cuta ko dalilai masu yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cecconi |first=Maurizio |last2=Evans |first2=Laura |last3=Levy |first3=Mitchell |last4=Rhodes |first4=Andrew |date=July 2018 |title=Sepsis and septic shock |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673618306962 |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=392 |issue=10141 |pages=75–87 |bibcode=2018Lanc..392...75C |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30696-2 |pmid=29937192 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sepsis koyaushe yana gaba da girgizar septic; sabili da haka, abubuwan da ke haifar da girgijen septic su ne kuma abubuwan da ke tattare da girgiyar septic.

Fiye da kashi 80 cikin dari na cututtukan sepsis suna haifar da numfashi, al'aura, fata da nama mai laushi, da cututtuken gastrointestinal.[1] Abin sha'awa, cutar huhu ita ce mafi yawan abubuwan da ke haifar da sepsis.[2] Na'urorin da ke cikin gida, kamar su pacemakers ko maye gurbin gwiwa na iya haifar da sepsis. Cututtuka masu tsanani, kamar meningitis, encephalitis, da endocarditis suma suna haifar da sepsis. Dukkanin kayan aiki da cututtukan cututtuka masu tsanani sun hada da kashi 1 cikin 100 na lokuta na sepsis.[3] Kwayoyin cuta sune kwayoyin da ke da alhakin mafi yawan lokuta na sepsis.[3] Kimanin kashi 62 cikin dari suna haifar da kwayoyin cuta marasa kyau kuma kashi 47 cikin dari suna faruwa ne daga kwayoyin cuti masu kyau.[3] Ƙananan marasa lafiya na iya samun sepsis da aka kawo ta hanyar fungi, parasites, ko cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta.[4] Hakanan yana yiwuwa cewa sepsis na iya haifar da cututtukan da ke faruwa a lokaci guda.[5]

== Ilimin jiki ==
Ba a fahimci ilimin cututtukan cututtukat ba, amma an san cewa muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaban cututtukayyar cututtukani ta hanyar rigakafi da amsawar jini ga kamuwa da cuta. Dukkanin martani na kumburi da na kumburi suna taka rawa a cikin firgici na septic.&lt;ref name=&quot;Angusvan der Poll2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Angus DC, van der Poll T |date=August 2013 |title=Severe sepsis and septic shock |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=369 |issue=9 |pages=840–51 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1208623 |pmid=23984731 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsinkaye na septic ya haɗa da amsawar kumburi da ke haifar da tasirin hypermetabolic. Wannan yana bayyana ta hanyar karuwar numfashi na sel, furotin catabolism, da kuma metabolic acidosis tare da amsawar numfashi.&lt;ref name=&quot;SSC Guidelines&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal SM, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Douglas IS, Jaeschke R, Osborn TM, Nunnally ME, Townsend SR, Reinhart K, Kleinpell RM, Angus DC, Deutschman CS, Machado FR, Rubenfeld GD, Webb SA, Beale RJ, Vincent JL, Moreno R |date=February 2013 |title=Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012 |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=580–637 |doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e31827e83af |pmid=23353941 |s2cid=34855187 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dukansu kwayoyin gram positive da gram negative sune abubuwan da suka fi haifar da tsananin cututtukan cututtuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cecconi |first=Maurizio |last2=Evans |first2=Laura |last3=Levy |first3=Mitchell |last4=Rhodes |first4=Andrew |date=July 2018 |title=Sepsis and septic shock |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673618306962 |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=392 |issue=10141 |pages=75–87 |bibcode=2018Lanc..392...75C |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30696-2 |pmid=29937192 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCecconiEvansLevyRhodes2018&quot;&gt;Cecconi M, Evans L, Levy M, Rhodes A (July 2018). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673618306962 &quot;Sepsis and septic shock&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''The Lancet''. '''392''' (10141): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;75–&lt;/span&gt;87. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Lanc..392...75C 2018Lanc..392...75C]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30696-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30696-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29937192 29937192].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Toxins da pathogens ke samarwa suna haifar da amsawar rigakafi; a cikin kwayoyin cuta masu guba waɗannan su ne endotoxins, waɗanda ke da lipopolysaccharides (LPS).&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Seymour |first=Christopher W. |last2=Liu |first2=Vincent X. |last3=Iwashyna |first3=Theodore J. |last4=Brunkhorst |first4=Frank M. |last5=Rea |first5=Thomas D. |last6=Scherag |first6=André |last7=Rubenfeld |first7=Gordon |last8=Kahn |first8=Jeremy M. |last9=Shankar-Hari |first9=Manu |last10=Singer |first10=Mervyn |last11=Deutschman |first11=Clifford S. |last12=Escobar |first12=Gabriel J. |last13=Angus |first13=Derek C. |date=2016-02-23 |title=Assessment of Clinical Criteria for Sepsis: For the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) |journal=JAMA |language=en |volume=315 |issue=8 |pages=762–774 |bibcode=2016JAMA..315..762S |doi=10.1001/jama.2016.0288 |issn=0098-7484 |pmc=5433435 |pmid=26903335}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cytokines da aka saki a cikin babban amsawar kumburi yana haifar da vasodilation mai yawa, karuwar permeability, rage juriya na tsarin vascular, da ƙarancin hawan jini.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cecconi |first=Maurizio |last2=Evans |first2=Laura |last3=Levy |first3=Mitchell |last4=Rhodes |first4=Andrew |date=July 2018 |title=Sepsis and septic shock |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673618306962 |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=392 |issue=10141 |pages=75–87 |bibcode=2018Lanc..392...75C |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30696-2 |pmid=29937192 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCecconiEvansLevyRhodes2018&quot;&gt;Cecconi M, Evans L, Levy M, Rhodes A (July 2018). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673618306962 &quot;Sepsis and septic shock&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''The Lancet''. '''392''' (10141): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;75–&lt;/span&gt;87. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Lanc..392...75C 2018Lanc..392...75C]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30696-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30696-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29937192 29937192].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Meyer |first=Nuala J. |last2=Prescott |first2=Hallie C. |author-link2=Hallie Prescott |date=2024-12-05 |editor-last=Hardin |editor-first=C. Corey |title=Sepsis and Septic Shock |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra2403213 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=391 |issue=22 |pages=2133–2146 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra2403213 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=39774315 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarshe, a cikin ƙoƙari na rage rage hauhawar jini, dysfunction na myocardial yana faruwa tare da duka systolic (ƙananan ikon zuciya don matsawa) da diastolic (ƙarancin ikon zuciya don shimfiɗa don karɓar ƙimar jini mai dacewa).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shields |first=Andrea D. |last2=Plante |first2=Lauren A. |last3=Pacheco |first3=Luis D. |last4=Louis |first4=Judette M. |date=September 2023 |title=Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #67: Maternal sepsis |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002937823003277 |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |language=en |volume=229 |issue=3 |pages=B2–B19 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2023.05.019 |pmid=37236495}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Databox}}
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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Tsinkaye na septic wani yanayi ne mai yuwuwa wanda ke faruwa lokacin da [[sepsis]], wanda aka bayyana a matsayin amsawar rigakafi mara kyau ga kamuwa da cuta wanda ke haifar da rashin aiki na jiki mai barazana, yana haifar da haɗarin hauhawar jini da rashin daidaituwa a cikin salula da rashin aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gauer |first=Robert |last2=Forbes |first2=Damon |last3=Boyer |first3=Nathan |date=2020-04-01 |title=Sepsis: Diagnosis and Management |journal=American Family Physician |volume=101 |issue=7 |pages=409–418 |issn=1532-0650 |pmid=32227831}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'anar Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta Uku don Sepsis da Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) ya bayyana firgici na septic a matsayin wani ɓangare na sepsis wanda musamman zurfin zagayawa, salula, da ƙarancin metabolism suna da alaƙa da haɗarin mutuwa fiye da sepsis kadai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Guarino |first=Matteo |last2=Perna |first2=Benedetta |last3=Cesaro |first3=Alice Eleonora |last4=Maritati |first4=Martina |last5=Spampinato |first5=Michele Domenico |last6=Contini |first6=Carlo |last7=De Giorgio |first7=Roberto |date=2023-04-28 |title=2023 Update on Sepsis and Septic Shock in Adult Patients: Management in the Emergency Department |journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine |language=en |volume=12 |issue=9 |page=3188 |doi=10.3390/jcm12093188 |issn=2077-0383 |pmc=10179263 |pmid=37176628 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana kula da marasa lafiya da ke fama da tsananin ƙwaƙwalwa a cikin sashen gaggawa da rukunin kulawa mai tsanani.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Dalilan da suka haifar ==
Tsinkaye na septic shine sakamakon amsawar tsarin kamuwa da cuta ko dalilai masu yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cecconi |first=Maurizio |last2=Evans |first2=Laura |last3=Levy |first3=Mitchell |last4=Rhodes |first4=Andrew |date=July 2018 |title=Sepsis and septic shock |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673618306962 |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=392 |issue=10141 |pages=75–87 |bibcode=2018Lanc..392...75C |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30696-2 |pmid=29937192 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sepsis koyaushe yana gaba da girgizar septic; sabili da haka, abubuwan da ke haifar da girgijen septic su ne kuma abubuwan da ke tattare da girgiyar septic.

Fiye da kashi 80 cikin dari na cututtukan sepsis suna haifar da numfashi, al'aura, fata da nama mai laushi, da cututtuken gastrointestinal.[1] Abin sha'awa, cutar huhu ita ce mafi yawan abubuwan da ke haifar da sepsis.[2] Na'urorin da ke cikin gida, kamar su pacemakers ko maye gurbin gwiwa na iya haifar da sepsis. Cututtuka masu tsanani, kamar meningitis, encephalitis, da endocarditis suma suna haifar da sepsis. Dukkanin kayan aiki da cututtukan cututtuka masu tsanani sun hada da kashi 1 cikin 100 na lokuta na sepsis.[3] Kwayoyin cuta sune kwayoyin da ke da alhakin mafi yawan lokuta na sepsis.[3] Kimanin kashi 62 cikin dari suna haifar da kwayoyin cuta marasa kyau kuma kashi 47 cikin dari suna faruwa ne daga kwayoyin cuti masu kyau.[3] Ƙananan marasa lafiya na iya samun sepsis da aka kawo ta hanyar fungi, parasites, ko cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta.[4] Hakanan yana yiwuwa cewa sepsis na iya haifar da cututtukan da ke faruwa a lokaci guda.[5]

== Ilimin jiki ==
Ba a fahimci ilimin cututtukan cututtukat ba, amma an san cewa muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaban cututtukayyar cututtukani ta hanyar rigakafi da amsawar jini ga kamuwa da cuta. Dukkanin martani na kumburi da na kumburi suna taka rawa a cikin firgici na septic.&lt;ref name=&quot;Angusvan der Poll2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Angus DC, van der Poll T |date=August 2013 |title=Severe sepsis and septic shock |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=369 |issue=9 |pages=840–51 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1208623 |pmid=23984731 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsinkaye na septic ya haɗa da amsawar kumburi da ke haifar da tasirin hypermetabolic. Wannan yana bayyana ta hanyar karuwar numfashi na sel, furotin catabolism, da kuma metabolic acidosis tare da amsawar numfashi.&lt;ref name=&quot;SSC Guidelines&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal SM, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Douglas IS, Jaeschke R, Osborn TM, Nunnally ME, Townsend SR, Reinhart K, Kleinpell RM, Angus DC, Deutschman CS, Machado FR, Rubenfeld GD, Webb SA, Beale RJ, Vincent JL, Moreno R |date=February 2013 |title=Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012 |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=580–637 |doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e31827e83af |pmid=23353941 |s2cid=34855187 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dukansu kwayoyin gram positive da gram negative sune abubuwan da suka fi haifar da tsananin cututtukan cututtuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cecconi |first=Maurizio |last2=Evans |first2=Laura |last3=Levy |first3=Mitchell |last4=Rhodes |first4=Andrew |date=July 2018 |title=Sepsis and septic shock |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673618306962 |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=392 |issue=10141 |pages=75–87 |bibcode=2018Lanc..392...75C |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30696-2 |pmid=29937192 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCecconiEvansLevyRhodes2018&quot;&gt;Cecconi M, Evans L, Levy M, Rhodes A (July 2018). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673618306962 &quot;Sepsis and septic shock&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''The Lancet''. '''392''' (10141): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;75–&lt;/span&gt;87. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Lanc..392...75C 2018Lanc..392...75C]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30696-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30696-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29937192 29937192].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Toxins da pathogens ke samarwa suna haifar da amsawar rigakafi; a cikin kwayoyin cuta masu guba waɗannan su ne endotoxins, waɗanda ke da lipopolysaccharides (LPS).&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Seymour |first=Christopher W. |last2=Liu |first2=Vincent X. |last3=Iwashyna |first3=Theodore J. |last4=Brunkhorst |first4=Frank M. |last5=Rea |first5=Thomas D. |last6=Scherag |first6=André |last7=Rubenfeld |first7=Gordon |last8=Kahn |first8=Jeremy M. |last9=Shankar-Hari |first9=Manu |last10=Singer |first10=Mervyn |last11=Deutschman |first11=Clifford S. |last12=Escobar |first12=Gabriel J. |last13=Angus |first13=Derek C. |date=2016-02-23 |title=Assessment of Clinical Criteria for Sepsis: For the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) |journal=JAMA |language=en |volume=315 |issue=8 |pages=762–774 |bibcode=2016JAMA..315..762S |doi=10.1001/jama.2016.0288 |issn=0098-7484 |pmc=5433435 |pmid=26903335}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cytokines da aka saki a cikin babban amsawar kumburi yana haifar da vasodilation mai yawa, karuwar permeability, rage juriya na tsarin vascular, da ƙarancin hawan jini.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cecconi |first=Maurizio |last2=Evans |first2=Laura |last3=Levy |first3=Mitchell |last4=Rhodes |first4=Andrew |date=July 2018 |title=Sepsis and septic shock |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673618306962 |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=392 |issue=10141 |pages=75–87 |bibcode=2018Lanc..392...75C |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30696-2 |pmid=29937192 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCecconiEvansLevyRhodes2018&quot;&gt;Cecconi M, Evans L, Levy M, Rhodes A (July 2018). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673618306962 &quot;Sepsis and septic shock&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''The Lancet''. '''392''' (10141): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;75–&lt;/span&gt;87. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Lanc..392...75C 2018Lanc..392...75C]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30696-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30696-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29937192 29937192].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Meyer |first=Nuala J. |last2=Prescott |first2=Hallie C. |author-link2=Hallie Prescott |date=2024-12-05 |editor-last=Hardin |editor-first=C. Corey |title=Sepsis and Septic Shock |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra2403213 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=391 |issue=22 |pages=2133–2146 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra2403213 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=39774315 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarshe, a cikin ƙoƙari na rage rage hauhawar jini, dysfunction na myocardial yana faruwa tare da duka systolic (ƙananan ikon zuciya don matsawa) da diastolic (ƙarancin ikon zuciya don shimfiɗa don karɓar ƙimar jini mai dacewa).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shields |first=Andrea D. |last2=Plante |first2=Lauren A. |last3=Pacheco |first3=Luis D. |last4=Louis |first4=Judette M. |date=September 2023 |title=Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #67: Maternal sepsis |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002937823003277 |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |language=en |volume=229 |issue=3 |pages=B2–B19 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2023.05.019 |pmid=37236495}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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Tsinkaye na septic wani yanayi ne mai yuwuwa wanda ke faruwa lokacin da [[sepsis]], wanda aka bayyana a matsayin amsawar rigakafi mara kyau ga kamuwa da cuta wanda ke haifar da rashin aiki na jiki mai barazana, yana haifar da haɗarin hauhawar jini da rashin daidaituwa a cikin salula da rashin aiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gauer |first=Robert |last2=Forbes |first2=Damon |last3=Boyer |first3=Nathan |date=2020-04-01 |title=Sepsis: Diagnosis and Management |journal=American Family Physician |volume=101 |issue=7 |pages=409–418 |issn=1532-0650 |pmid=32227831}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ma'anar Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta Uku don Sepsis da Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) ya bayyana firgici na septic a matsayin wani ɓangare na sepsis wanda musamman zurfin zagayawa, salula, da ƙarancin metabolism suna da alaƙa da haɗarin mutuwa fiye da sepsis kadai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Guarino |first=Matteo |last2=Perna |first2=Benedetta |last3=Cesaro |first3=Alice Eleonora |last4=Maritati |first4=Martina |last5=Spampinato |first5=Michele Domenico |last6=Contini |first6=Carlo |last7=De Giorgio |first7=Roberto |date=2023-04-28 |title=2023 Update on Sepsis and Septic Shock in Adult Patients: Management in the Emergency Department |journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine |language=en |volume=12 |issue=9 |page=3188 |doi=10.3390/jcm12093188 |issn=2077-0383 |pmc=10179263 |pmid=37176628 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana kula da marasa lafiya da ke fama da tsananin ƙwaƙwalwa a cikin sashen gaggawa da rukunin kulawa mai tsanani.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Dalilan da suka haifar ==
Tsinkaye na septic shine sakamakon amsawar tsarin kamuwa da cuta ko dalilai masu yawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cecconi |first=Maurizio |last2=Evans |first2=Laura |last3=Levy |first3=Mitchell |last4=Rhodes |first4=Andrew |date=July 2018 |title=Sepsis and septic shock |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673618306962 |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=392 |issue=10141 |pages=75–87 |bibcode=2018Lanc..392...75C |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30696-2 |pmid=29937192 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sepsis koyaushe yana gaba da girgizar septic; sabili da haka, abubuwan da ke haifar da girgijen septic su ne kuma abubuwan da ke tattare da girgiyar septic.

Fiye da kashi 80 cikin dari na cututtukan sepsis suna haifar da numfashi, al'aura, fata da nama mai laushi, da cututtuken gastrointestinal.[1] Abin sha'awa, cutar huhu ita ce mafi yawan abubuwan da ke haifar da sepsis.[2] Na'urorin da ke cikin gida, kamar su pacemakers ko maye gurbin gwiwa na iya haifar da sepsis. Cututtuka masu tsanani, kamar meningitis, encephalitis, da endocarditis suma suna haifar da sepsis. Dukkanin kayan aiki da cututtukan cututtuka masu tsanani sun hada da kashi 1 cikin 100 na lokuta na sepsis.[3] Kwayoyin cuta sune kwayoyin da ke da alhakin mafi yawan lokuta na sepsis.[3] Kimanin kashi 62 cikin dari suna haifar da kwayoyin cuta marasa kyau kuma kashi 47 cikin dari suna faruwa ne daga kwayoyin cuti masu kyau.[3] Ƙananan marasa lafiya na iya samun sepsis da aka kawo ta hanyar fungi, parasites, ko cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta.[4] Hakanan yana yiwuwa cewa sepsis na iya haifar da cututtukan da ke faruwa a lokaci guda.[5]

== Ilimin jiki ==
Ba a fahimci ilimin cututtukan cututtukat ba, amma an san cewa muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaban cututtukayyar cututtukani ta hanyar rigakafi da amsawar jini ga kamuwa da cuta. Dukkanin martani na kumburi da na kumburi suna taka rawa a cikin firgici na septic.&lt;ref name=&quot;Angusvan der Poll2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |vauthors=Angus DC, van der Poll T |date=August 2013 |title=Severe sepsis and septic shock |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=369 |issue=9 |pages=840–51 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1208623 |pmid=23984731 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tsinkaye na septic ya haɗa da amsawar kumburi da ke haifar da tasirin hypermetabolic. Wannan yana bayyana ta hanyar karuwar numfashi na sel, furotin catabolism, da kuma metabolic acidosis tare da amsawar numfashi.&lt;ref name=&quot;SSC Guidelines&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal SM, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Douglas IS, Jaeschke R, Osborn TM, Nunnally ME, Townsend SR, Reinhart K, Kleinpell RM, Angus DC, Deutschman CS, Machado FR, Rubenfeld GD, Webb SA, Beale RJ, Vincent JL, Moreno R |date=February 2013 |title=Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012 |journal=Crit. Care Med. |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=580–637 |doi=10.1097/CCM.0b013e31827e83af |pmid=23353941 |s2cid=34855187 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dukansu kwayoyin gram positive da gram negative sune abubuwan da suka fi haifar da tsananin cututtukan cututtuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cecconi |first=Maurizio |last2=Evans |first2=Laura |last3=Levy |first3=Mitchell |last4=Rhodes |first4=Andrew |date=July 2018 |title=Sepsis and septic shock |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673618306962 |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=392 |issue=10141 |pages=75–87 |bibcode=2018Lanc..392...75C |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30696-2 |pmid=29937192 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCecconiEvansLevyRhodes2018&quot;&gt;Cecconi M, Evans L, Levy M, Rhodes A (July 2018). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673618306962 &quot;Sepsis and septic shock&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''The Lancet''. '''392''' (10141): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;75–&lt;/span&gt;87. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Lanc..392...75C 2018Lanc..392...75C]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30696-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30696-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29937192 29937192].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Toxins da pathogens ke samarwa suna haifar da amsawar rigakafi; a cikin kwayoyin cuta masu guba waɗannan su ne endotoxins, waɗanda ke da lipopolysaccharides (LPS).&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Seymour |first=Christopher W. |last2=Liu |first2=Vincent X. |last3=Iwashyna |first3=Theodore J. |last4=Brunkhorst |first4=Frank M. |last5=Rea |first5=Thomas D. |last6=Scherag |first6=André |last7=Rubenfeld |first7=Gordon |last8=Kahn |first8=Jeremy M. |last9=Shankar-Hari |first9=Manu |last10=Singer |first10=Mervyn |last11=Deutschman |first11=Clifford S. |last12=Escobar |first12=Gabriel J. |last13=Angus |first13=Derek C. |date=2016-02-23 |title=Assessment of Clinical Criteria for Sepsis: For the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) |journal=JAMA |language=en |volume=315 |issue=8 |pages=762–774 |bibcode=2016JAMA..315..762S |doi=10.1001/jama.2016.0288 |issn=0098-7484 |pmc=5433435 |pmid=26903335}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cytokines da aka saki a cikin babban amsawar kumburi yana haifar da vasodilation mai yawa, karuwar permeability, rage juriya na tsarin vascular, da ƙarancin hawan jini.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cecconi |first=Maurizio |last2=Evans |first2=Laura |last3=Levy |first3=Mitchell |last4=Rhodes |first4=Andrew |date=July 2018 |title=Sepsis and septic shock |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673618306962 |journal=The Lancet |language=en |volume=392 |issue=10141 |pages=75–87 |bibcode=2018Lanc..392...75C |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30696-2 |pmid=29937192 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCecconiEvansLevyRhodes2018&quot;&gt;Cecconi M, Evans L, Levy M, Rhodes A (July 2018). &lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-subscription&quot; title=&quot;Paid subscription required&quot;&gt;[https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673618306962 &quot;Sepsis and septic shock&quot;]&lt;/span&gt;. ''The Lancet''. '''392''' (10141): &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;75–&lt;/span&gt;87. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Lanc..392...75C 2018Lanc..392...75C]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30696-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30696-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29937192 29937192].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Meyer |first=Nuala J. |last2=Prescott |first2=Hallie C. |author-link2=Hallie Prescott |date=2024-12-05 |editor-last=Hardin |editor-first=C. Corey |title=Sepsis and Septic Shock |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra2403213 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=391 |issue=22 |pages=2133–2146 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra2403213 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=39774315 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ƙarshe, a cikin ƙoƙari na rage rage hauhawar jini, dysfunction na myocardial yana faruwa tare da duka systolic (ƙananan ikon zuciya don matsawa) da diastolic (ƙarancin ikon zuciya don shimfiɗa don karɓar ƙimar jini mai dacewa).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Shields |first=Andrea D. |last2=Plante |first2=Lauren A. |last3=Pacheco |first3=Luis D. |last4=Louis |first4=Judette M. |date=September 2023 |title=Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #67: Maternal sepsis |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002937823003277 |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |language=en |volume=229 |issue=3 |pages=B2–B19 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2023.05.019 |pmid=37236495}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Sepsis na shida</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329657622|Sepsis Six]]&quot;</comment>
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[[sepsis]] shida shine sunan da aka ba da tarin magungunan kiwon lafiya da aka tsara don rage mutuwa a cikin marasa lafiya tare da sepsis. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

An samo shi daga jagororin kasa da kasa waɗanda suka fito daga Kamfen ɗin Surviving Sepsis [1] Sepsis Six ya samo asali ne daga The UK Sepsis Trust . [2][3] (Daniels, Nutbeam, Laver) a cikin 2006 a matsayin kayan aiki mai amfani don taimakawa ƙwararrun likitoci su ba da mahimman abubuwan kulawa cikin sauri da abin dogaro.


A cikin 2011, The UK Sepsis Trust ya buga shaidar cewa amfani da Sepsis shida yana da alaƙa da raguwar kashi 50% a cikin Mutuwa, raguwar tsawon zama a asibiti, da ƙananan kwanakin kulawa mai tsanani.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Daniels |first=Ron |last2=Nutbeam |first2=Tim |last3=McNamara |first3=Georgina |last4=Galvin |first4=Clare |date=2011 |editor-last=Godlee |editor-first=Fiona |editor2-last=Abbasi |editor2-first=Kamran |editor3-last=Bloom |editor3-first=Theodora |editor4-last=Loder |editor4-first=Elizabeth |editor5-last=Coombes |editor5-first=Rebecca |editor6-last=Dobson |editor6-first=Juliet |editor7-last=Kmietowicz |editor7-first=Zosia |editor8-last=Simpson |editor8-first=Paul |editor9-last=Tonks |editor9-first=Alison |title=The sepsis six and the severe sepsis resuscitation bundle: a prospective observational cohort study |url=https://emj.bmj.com/content/28/6/507 |journal=Emergency Medicine Journal |publisher=[[BMJ (company)|BMJ Publishing Group Ltd]]/[[British Medical Association]] |publication-place=[[London]], [[England]], United Kingdom of Great Britain |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=507–512 |doi=10.1136/emj.2010.095067 |issn=1472-0213 |jstor=09598138 |lccn=97640199 |oclc=32595642 |pmid=21036796 |s2cid=26693613 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602062804/https://emj.bmj.com/content/28/6/507 |archive-date=2 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake marubutan suna neman taka tsantsan a cikin fassarar abubuwan da suka faru na waɗannan binciken. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Sepsis na shida ya ƙunshi matakai uku na bincike da na warkewa guda uku - duk za a isar da su a cikin sa'a daya na ganewar asali na sepsis: [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2021}}

# Titrate oxygen zuwa burin saturating na 94%
# Ɗauki al'adun jini kuma la'akari da kula da tushe
# Bayar da maganin rigakafi na intravenousMagungunan rigakafi
# Auna nau'ikan lactates
# Farawa da sake farfado da ruwa na intravenous
# Fara daidaitattun ma'aunin fitar da [[fitsari]].

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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[[sepsis]] shida shine sunan da aka ba da tarin magungunan kiwon lafiya da aka tsara don rage mutuwa a cikin marasa lafiya tare da sepsis. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

An samo shi daga jagororin kasa da kasa waɗanda suka fito daga Kamfen ɗin Surviving Sepsis [1] Sepsis Six ya samo asali ne daga The UK Sepsis Trust . [2][3] (Daniels, Nutbeam, Laver) a cikin 2006 a matsayin kayan aiki mai amfani don taimakawa ƙwararrun likitoci su ba da mahimman abubuwan kulawa cikin sauri da abin dogaro.


A cikin 2011, The UK Sepsis Trust ya buga shaidar cewa amfani da Sepsis shida yana da alaƙa da raguwar kashi 50% a cikin Mutuwa, raguwar tsawon zama a asibiti, da ƙananan kwanakin kulawa mai tsanani.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Daniels |first=Ron |last2=Nutbeam |first2=Tim |last3=McNamara |first3=Georgina |last4=Galvin |first4=Clare |date=2011 |editor-last=Godlee |editor-first=Fiona |editor2-last=Abbasi |editor2-first=Kamran |editor3-last=Bloom |editor3-first=Theodora |editor4-last=Loder |editor4-first=Elizabeth |editor5-last=Coombes |editor5-first=Rebecca |editor6-last=Dobson |editor6-first=Juliet |editor7-last=Kmietowicz |editor7-first=Zosia |editor8-last=Simpson |editor8-first=Paul |editor9-last=Tonks |editor9-first=Alison |title=The sepsis six and the severe sepsis resuscitation bundle: a prospective observational cohort study |url=https://emj.bmj.com/content/28/6/507 |journal=Emergency Medicine Journal |publisher=[[BMJ (company)|BMJ Publishing Group Ltd]]/[[British Medical Association]] |publication-place=[[London]], [[England]], United Kingdom of Great Britain |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=507–512 |doi=10.1136/emj.2010.095067 |issn=1472-0213 |jstor=09598138 |lccn=97640199 |oclc=32595642 |pmid=21036796 |s2cid=26693613 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602062804/https://emj.bmj.com/content/28/6/507 |archive-date=2 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake marubutan suna neman taka tsantsan a cikin fassarar abubuwan da suka faru na waɗannan binciken. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Sepsis na shida ya ƙunshi matakai uku na bincike da na warkewa guda uku - duk za a isar da su a cikin sa'a daya na ganewar asali na sepsis: [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2021}}

# Titrate oxygen zuwa burin saturating na 94%
# Ɗauki al'adun jini kuma la'akari da kula da tushe
# Bayar da maganin rigakafi na intravenousMagungunan rigakafi
# Auna nau'ikan lactates
# Farawa da sake farfado da ruwa na intravenous
# Fara daidaitattun ma'aunin fitar da [[fitsari]].

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <title>Ƙungiyar Sepsis</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349182082|Sepsis Alliance]]&quot;</comment>
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[[sepsis]] Alliance kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce aka sadaukar da ita don wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar sepsis. Ana samun wannan wayar da kan jama'a ta hanyar hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da shirye-shiryen ilimin likitanci, kaiwa ga jama'a gaba ɗaya, da kuma yin amfani da matakan da ke inganta sakamako ga mutanen da ke fama da cututtukan cututtukani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mission Statement |url=http://www.sepsisalliance.org/about/mission/ |access-date=May 24, 2017 |publisher=Sepsis Alliance}}&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da kungiyar a matsayin sadaka ta 501 (c) (3) ta Hukumar Haraji ta Cikin Gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SEPSIS ALLIANCE – GuideStar Profile |url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/38-3110993 |access-date=2019-02-26 |website=www.guidestar.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
A shekara ta 2002, Erin K. Flatley, wata mace mai shekaru 23 da ke karatun zama malamin makarantar firamare, ta yi karamin aikin tiyata. A cikin kwanaki, tana fama da ciwo mai ban mamaki wanda ya sa iyalinta su kawo ta sashen gaggawa. A ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 2002, kwana shida bayan aikinta, Erin ta mutu daga ciwon ƙwaƙwalwa.[1] Gwaje-gwaje da aka yi a asibitin sun nuna yawan fararen jini; duk da haka, ba Erin ko iyayenta ba su san waɗannan sakamakon gwajin jini ba har sai bayan mutuwarta.

Mahaifin Erin, Carl Flatley, mai ritaya daga Dunedin, Florida, ya bincika abubuwan da ke haifar da sepsis a cikin watanni da suka biyo bayan mutuwar 'yarsa, daga baya ya lura da takaici cewa ya rasa 'yarsa ga &quot;wani abu da bai taɓa jin ba&quot;. [1] A shekara ta 2003, ya kafa Sepsis Alliance [2] don canza aikin asibiti a Amurka ta hanyar ilimantar da likitoci da ma'aikatan ɗakin gaggawa game da sepsis.[3]&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Ba ku so ku firgita mutane. Dukanmu muna samun kamuwa da cuta kuma, na gode wa Allah, yawancin su suna warkewa, &quot;in ji shi. &quot;Don haka wannan shine abin da nake gaya wa mutane: Idan kuna jin mummunan a ko'ina kuma kuna da zafin jiki mai girma da kuma hawan jini mai yawa ko ƙasa, duk waɗannan alamun cewa duk tsarinku ya kamu da cutar. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sepsis can strike, kill shockingly fast – CNN.com |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/01/29/ep.sepsis.infection/index.html |access-date=2019-02-26 |website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Kudin ==
Sepsis Alliance kungiya ce mai ba da shawara mai haƙuri ba tare da riba ba  wanda aka ba da gudummawa daga masu ba da guddina, kamfanoni, da tushe. Baya ga waɗannan manyan hanyoyin samun kuɗi, Sepsis Alliance mai cin gajiyar suna ne daga masu tara kuɗi da yawa na shekara-shekara, kuma yana samar da kudaden shiga daga kayan da suka shafi sepsis.

== Manazarta ==

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[[Sepsis]] Alliance kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce aka sadaukar da ita don wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar sepsis. Ana samun wannan wayar da kan jama'a ta hanyar hanyoyi daban-daban, gami da shirye-shiryen ilimin likitanci, kaiwa ga jama'a gaba ɗaya, da kuma yin amfani da matakan da ke inganta sakamako ga mutanen da ke fama da cututtukan cututtukani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mission Statement |url=http://www.sepsisalliance.org/about/mission/ |access-date=May 24, 2017 |publisher=Sepsis Alliance}}&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da kungiyar a matsayin sadaka ta 501 (c) (3) ta Hukumar Haraji ta Cikin Gida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=SEPSIS ALLIANCE – GuideStar Profile |url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/38-3110993 |access-date=2019-02-26 |website=www.guidestar.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi ==
A shekara ta 2002, Erin K. Flatley, wata mace mai shekaru 23 da ke karatun zama malamin makarantar firamare, ta yi karamin aikin tiyata. A cikin kwanaki, tana fama da ciwo mai ban mamaki wanda ya sa iyalinta su kawo ta sashen gaggawa. A ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 2002, kwana shida bayan aikinta, Erin ta mutu daga ciwon ƙwaƙwalwa.[1] Gwaje-gwaje da aka yi a asibitin sun nuna yawan fararen jini; duk da haka, ba Erin ko iyayenta ba su san waɗannan sakamakon gwajin jini ba har sai bayan mutuwarta.

Mahaifin Erin, Carl Flatley, mai ritaya daga Dunedin, Florida, ya bincika abubuwan da ke haifar da sepsis a cikin watanni da suka biyo bayan mutuwar 'yarsa, daga baya ya lura da takaici cewa ya rasa 'yarsa ga &quot;wani abu da bai taɓa jin ba&quot;. [1] A shekara ta 2003, ya kafa Sepsis Alliance [2] don canza aikin asibiti a Amurka ta hanyar ilimantar da likitoci da ma'aikatan ɗakin gaggawa game da sepsis.[3]&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Ba ku so ku firgita mutane. Dukanmu muna samun kamuwa da cuta kuma, na gode wa Allah, yawancin su suna warkewa, &quot;in ji shi. &quot;Don haka wannan shine abin da nake gaya wa mutane: Idan kuna jin mummunan a ko'ina kuma kuna da zafin jiki mai girma da kuma hawan jini mai yawa ko ƙasa, duk waɗannan alamun cewa duk tsarinku ya kamu da cutar. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sepsis can strike, kill shockingly fast – CNN.com |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/01/29/ep.sepsis.infection/index.html |access-date=2019-02-26 |website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Kudin ==
Sepsis Alliance kungiya ce mai ba da shawara mai haƙuri ba tare da riba ba  wanda aka ba da gudummawa daga masu ba da guddina, kamfanoni, da tushe. Baya ga waɗannan manyan hanyoyin samun kuɗi, Sepsis Alliance mai cin gajiyar suna ne daga masu tara kuɗi da yawa na shekara-shekara, kuma yana samar da kudaden shiga daga kayan da suka shafi sepsis.

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Taron Kasa da Kasa a Yankin Great Lakes</title>
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    <id>157105</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855892</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:10:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357828773|International Conference on the Great Lakes Region]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Taron Kasa da Kasa a kan Yankin Great Lakes (ICGLR) ''', Faransanci: Taron Kasa a kan Région des Grands Lacs (CIRGL), kungiya ce ta kasashen Afirka a [[Babban Tafkin Afirka|Yankin Great Lakes na Afirka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date= |title=ICGLR Profile |url=https://icglr.org/spip.php?article1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130808225648/https://icglr.org/spip.php?article1 |archive-date=8 August 2013 |access-date=8 August 2013 |website=icglr.org |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kasancewa memba ==
Kungiyar ta kunshi mambobi masu zuwa:

* {{AGO}}
* {{BDI}}
*  Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya
*  Jamhuriyar Kongo
*  Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo
* {{KEN}}
*  Rwanda
*  Sudan
*  Sudan ta Kudu
*  Tanzania
* {{UGA}}
*  Zambia

=== Mambobin da aka zaɓa ===

* {{BWA}}
*  Misira
*  Habasha
* {{MWI}}
*  Mozambique
*  Namibia
* {{ZWE}}

== Shugabannin ==

=== Shugaban ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Kasar
!Sunan
!Kalmar nan
|-
|{{Flag|Tanzania}}
|Benjamin William Mkapa
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2004-2005
|-
|{{Flag|Tanzania}}
|Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2005–2006
|-
|{{Flag|Kenya}}
|Mwai Kibaki
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2006-2009
|-
|{{Flag|Angola}}
|Rupiah Bwezani Banda
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2010-2011
|-
|{{Flag|Zambia}}
|Michael Chilufya Sata
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2011
|-
|{{Flag|Uganda}}
|[[Yoweri Museveni|Yoweri Kaguta Museveni]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2011-2013
|-
|{{Flag|Angola}}
|Jose Eduardo dos Santos
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2013-2017
|-
|{{Flag|Congo}}
|Denis Sassou Nguesso
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2017-2022
|-
|{{Flag|Angola}}
|João Manuel Gonçalves Lourenço
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2020-2025
|-
|{{Flag|Democratic Republic of Congo}}
|[[Félix Tshisekedi|Félix Antoine Tshisekedi Tshilombo]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2025-ya zuwa ''yanzu''
|}

=== Sakataren zartarwa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Kasar
!Sunan
!Kalmar nan
|-
|{{Flag|Tanzania}}
|[[Liberata Mulamula]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2006-2011
|-
|{{Flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
|Ntumba Luaba
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2011-2016
|-
|{{Flag|Kenya}}
|Zachary Muburi-Muita
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2016-2020
|-
|{{Flag|Angola}}
|[[João Caholo]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2020-2025
|-
|{{Flag|Zambia}}
|[[Mubita Luwabelwa]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2025-ya zuwa ''yanzu''
|}

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Al'ummar Gabashin Afirka]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Taron Kasa da Kasa a kan Yankin Great Lakes (ICGLR) ''', Faransanci: Taron Kasa a kan Région des Grands Lacs (CIRGL), kungiya ce ta kasashen Afirka a [[Babban Tafkin Afirka|Yankin Great Lakes na Afirka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date= |title=ICGLR Profile |url=https://icglr.org/spip.php?article1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130808225648/https://icglr.org/spip.php?article1 |archive-date=8 August 2013 |access-date=8 August 2013 |website=icglr.org |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kasancewa memba ==
Kungiyar ta kunshi mambobi masu zuwa:

* {{AGO}}
* {{BDI}}
*  Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya
*  Jamhuriyar Kongo
*  Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo
* {{KEN}}
*  Rwanda
*  Sudan
*  Sudan ta Kudu
*  Tanzania
* {{UGA}}
*  Zambia

=== Mambobin da aka zaɓa ===

* {{BWA}}
*  Misira
*  Habasha
* {{MWI}}
*  Mozambique
*  Namibia
* {{ZWE}}

== Shugabannin ==

=== Shugaban ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Kasar
!Sunan
!Kalmar nan
|-
|{{Flag|Tanzania}}
|Benjamin William Mkapa
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2004-2005
|-
|{{Flag|Tanzania}}
|Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2005–2006
|-
|{{Flag|Kenya}}
|Mwai Kibaki
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2006-2009
|-
|{{Flag|Angola}}
|Rupiah Bwezani Banda
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2010-2011
|-
|{{Flag|Zambia}}
|Michael Chilufya Sata
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2011
|-
|{{Flag|Uganda}}
|[[Yoweri Museveni|Yoweri Kaguta Museveni]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2011-2013
|-
|{{Flag|Angola}}
|Jose Eduardo dos Santos
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2013-2017
|-
|{{Flag|Congo}}
|Denis Sassou Nguesso
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2017-2022
|-
|{{Flag|Angola}}
|João Manuel Gonçalves Lourenço
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2020-2025
|-
|{{Flag|Democratic Republic of Congo}}
|[[Félix Tshisekedi|Félix Antoine Tshisekedi Tshilombo]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2025-ya zuwa ''yanzu''
|}

=== Sakataren zartarwa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Kasar
!Sunan
!Kalmar nan
|-
|{{Flag|Tanzania}}
|[[Liberata Mulamula]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2006-2011
|-
|{{Flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
|Ntumba Luaba
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2011-2016
|-
|{{Flag|Kenya}}
|Zachary Muburi-Muita
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2016-2020
|-
|{{Flag|Angola}}
|[[João Caholo]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2020-2025
|-
|{{Flag|Zambia}}
|[[Mubita Luwabelwa]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2025-ya zuwa ''yanzu''
|}

== Dubi kuma ==

* [[Al'ummar Gabashin Afirka]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>6xiilo3bdjm63jwpex93yp1ea7yweiu</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Otopharynx tetraspilus</title>
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    <id>157106</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855897</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:12:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330646040|Otopharynx tetraspilus]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855897</origin>
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{{Speciesbox|name=|image=Mlotto4.jpg|status=LC|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn status 17 November 2021&quot;&gt;{{cite iucn |author=Konings, A. |author2=Kazembe, J. |date=2018 |title=''Otopharynx tetraspilus'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T61004A148668320 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T61004A148668320.en |access-date=17 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;|taxon=Otopharynx tetraspilus|authority=([[Ethelwynn Trewavas|Trewavas]], 1935)|synonyms=* ''Haplochromis tetraspilus'' &lt;small&gt;Trewavas, 1935&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cyrtocara tetraspilus'' &lt;small&gt;(Trewavas, 1935)&lt;/small&gt;}}

'''''Otopharynx tetraspilus''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], inda ake saninsa ne kawai daga ƙarshen kudu na tafkin. Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|15.6|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . 

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;</text>
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        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <origin>855899</origin>
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      <text bytes="935" sha1="n6a8agk4vo9y60ty8mjnp4eoilq6c7e" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
{{Speciesbox|name=|image=Mlotto4.jpg|status=LC|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn status 17 November 2021&quot;&gt;{{cite iucn |author=Konings, A. |author2=Kazembe, J. |date=2018 |title=''Otopharynx tetraspilus'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T61004A148668320 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T61004A148668320.en |access-date=17 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;|taxon=Otopharynx tetraspilus|authority=([[Ethelwynn Trewavas|Trewavas]], 1935)|synonyms=* ''Haplochromis tetraspilus'' &lt;small&gt;Trewavas, 1935&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cyrtocara tetraspilus'' &lt;small&gt;(Trewavas, 1935)&lt;/small&gt;}}

'''''Otopharynx tetraspilus''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], inda ake saninsa ne kawai daga ƙarshen kudu na tafkin. Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|15.6|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . 

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tembuzi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157107</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855900</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:13:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342422655|Tembuzi]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855900</origin>
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'''[[daular]] Tembuzi''' wani mashahuri ne na daular Afirka wanda aka ce ya taɓa mulkin [[Daular Kitara]] a [[Uganda]] ta zamani. Daular Chwezi ce ta gaje shi. Hadisai game da daular sun bambanta, rikodin tsakanin sarakuna huɗu zuwa goma sha tara.{{Sfn|Ogot|1984}} Yawancin masana tarihi sun yi la'akari da Tembuzi a matsayin ɗan [[Camfi|almara]], {{Sfn|Ogot|1984}} {{Sfn|Robertshaw|Taylor|2000}} kodayake akwai wasu malaman da ke bi da su a matsayin tarihin tarihi.

== Magana ==
An ce kalmar ''Abotembuzi'' ta samo asali ne daga aikatau {{Lang|nyo|-tembura}}, ma'ana 'don gina a (a) sabon wuri (s) ', kuma saboda haka ana fassara shi sau da yawa a matsayin &quot; (masu) majagaba&quot;.{{Sfn|Beattie|1971}}{{Sfn|Dunbar|1965}}{{Sfn|Uzoigwe|2012}}

== Labaran da aka yi ==
{{qnote|All traditions in this section are Nyoro traditions unless otherwise specified.}}Ruth Alice Fisher ta rubuta cewa Kakama Twale ya zama sarki na farko na Tembuzi, yayin da K. W. da John Nyakatura suka ɗauki Kakama (lit. &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;) da Twale (Itwale a cikin asusun K. W.) a matsayin sarakuna daban.{{Efn|stands for [[Kabalega of Bunyoro|Kabalega]] and [[Winyi IV of Bunyoro|Winyi]]}} A cikin asusun su, Kakama ya gaje Kintu, wanda (I) twale ya gaje shi.{{Sfn|Fisher|1911}}{{Sfn|Dunbar|1965}}{{Sfn|Nyakatura|1973}} John Roscoe da Petero Bikunya kawai sun ambaci &quot;Twale&quot; da &quot;Twari&quot; bi da bi.{{Sfn|Roscoe|1923a}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bikunya|1927}}, cited in {{Harvard citation no brackets|Buchanan|1974}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nyakatura ya ambaci cewa dan Twale, Hangi, ya gaje shi.{{Sfn|Nyakatura|1973}} Roscoe ya ambaci Hangi da Nyamenge kasancewa sarki bayan Hangi, kodayake ya rubuta cewa babu ƙarin bayani game da su.{{Sfn|Roscoe|1923a}} A cikin asusun Nyakatura, Hangi yana da 'ya'ya biyu: Ira lya Hangi (lit. 'tsawon da ya gabata na Hangi') da Kazooba ka Hangi (lit.) &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;). {{Sfn|Nyakatura|1973}} Julien Gorju ya bayyana cewa Ira da Kazooba 'ya'yan Ruhanga ne kai tsaye, kamar yadda Hangi shine sunan Nyoro na Ruhanga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Gorju|1920}}, cited in {{Harvard citation no brackets|Dunbar|1965}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyakatura ya bayyana cewa Kazooba ya gaji Ira bayan ya mutu ba tare da magaji ba. Roscoe ya bayyana cewa Kabangera ya gaji Ira, amma babu wani bayani game da shi, kodayake wasu lokutan suna ɗaukar Kazooba da Kabangera mutum ɗaya.{{Sfn|Roscoe|1923a}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kings of Bunyoro – Bunyoro-Kitara USA |url=https://www.bunyorokitarausa.org/kings-of-bunyoro/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219185731/https://www.bunyorokitarausa.org/kings-of-bunyoro/ |archive-date=19 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=Bunyoro-Kitara USA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin labarin Nyakatura, akwai karuwar yawan jama'a a lokacin mulkin Kazooba,  talakawansa suna ƙaunarsa sosai har Nyamuhanga ya yi masa Allahntaka bayan mutuwarsa da maye gurbinsa.{{Sfn|Nyakatura|1973}} Nyamuhanga bai yi haihuwa ba na dogon lokaci, don haka ya tuntubi likitan maƙaryaci wanda ya gaya masa ya auri Nyabagabe, 'yar Igoro, ɗaya daga cikin bayin Nyamuhanga. Ɗan Nyabagabe ya sami suna Nkya (lit. 'sa'a') daga Nyamuhanga. A karkashin Nyamuhanga, an kuma sami karuwar yawan jama'a kuma Nkya I ya yi masa allahntaka bayan mutuwarsa da kuma maye gurbinsa.{{Sfn|Nyakatura|1973}} Saboda kamanceceniya tsakanin Kazooba da Nyamuhanga, Gorju yayi nazari a matsayin mutum ɗaya.{{Sfn|Dunbar|1965}} Nyakatura ya rubuta cewa Nkya I ya gaji Nkya II, kuma Baba ya gaji Nkja II (lit. 'mahaifi' ).{{Sfn|Buchanan|1974}} Nkya na kuma tuntubi likitan maƙaryaci saboda rashin haihuwa, kuma an ba ɗansa sunan da ya haifar da shi.{{Sfn|Nyakatura|1973}} Saboda wadannan kamanceceniya, Gorju yayi nazarin Nkya I da Nkya II a matsayin mutum daya.{{Sfn|Dunbar|1965}} Fisher ya rubuta cewa Baba ya gaji Kakama, amma Roscoe ya nuna cewa Baba ya yi nasara a Kabangera.{{Sfn|Fisher|1911}}{{Sfn|Roscoe|1923a}} Carole Ann Buchanan ta bayyana cewa Baba an ce yana da arziki, yana da mutane da awaki da yawa, kuma Fisher ya bayyana cewa an raba wannan wadata tare da yawan jama'a da ke ƙaruwa.{{Sfn|Buchanan|1974}}{{Sfn|Fisher|1911}}

=== Bukuku ===
'''Bukuku''' shine sarki na karshe na Tembuzi, sananne ne saboda shi kadai ne sarki na Tembuji daga dangin da ba dangin Gabu ba, dangin Ranzi. Bayan ya ayyana kansa sarki, shugabannin mafi yawan yankuna sun yi tawaye da shi, saboda Bukuku ya kasance talakawa (''omwiru''), kuma mutane ba su yi tunanin ya cancanci zama sarki ba.{{Sfn|Buchanan|1974}}{{Sfn|Nyakatura|1973}}{{Sfn|Beattie|1971}}{{Sfn|Dunbar|1965}}{{Sfn|Fisher|1911}} Fisher ya bayyana cewa Bukuku ya koma kudu maso yammacin Kitara kuma Bikunya ya bayyana cewa Bucuku kawai ya mallaki Kikwenusi, Kisegwe da Kijagarazi, kodayake ba a san wurin wuraren da aka ambata ba.{{Sfn|Fisher|1911}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bikunya|1927}}, cited in {{Harvard citation no brackets|Buchanan|1974}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɗan Bukuku guda ɗaya shine 'yar da ake kira Nyinamwiru (lit. 'mahaifiyar kowa'). Wata rana, likitocin maƙaryaci sun zo Bukuku kuma ko dai sun shawarce shi ya kashe Nyinamwiru saboda kyakkyawa za ta kawo masifa (ta hanyar Nyakatura) ko kuma sun shawarce masa ya hana ta yin aure saboda ɗanta zai kashe Bukuku (ta hanyar Fisher). Lokacin da ta girma, sai ya gina mata gida wanda za'a iya shiga ta fadar Bukuku ne kawai don ware ta daga duniyar waje. Don kula da bukatunta, ya kuma ba Nyinamwiru ko dai wata baiwa da ake kira Mugizi ko ma'aikata biyu; wani tsoho da matarsa. Nyakatura ta rubuta cewa Bukuku ya yanke daya daga cikin ƙirjinta kuma ya cire daya daga cikin idanunta don ya sa ta zama mara kyau, yayin da Fisher ya rubuta cewa an haife ta da ido daya da kunne daya kawai kuma ya tuntubi likitocin maƙaryaci saboda waɗannan lahani na haihuwa.{{Sfn|Buchanan|1974}}{{Sfn|Nyakatura|1973}}{{Sfn|Beattie|1971}}{{Sfn|Dunbar|1965}}{{Sfn|Fisher|1911}}

=== Manazarta ===</text>
      <sha1>mvweq7hr83pkvss29w4rn5sgi7tmk0g</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>855903</id>
      <parentid>855900</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:13:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <text bytes="5812" sha1="mnovw0y7pwfdpbhexjarolfw9nks4eb" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''[[Daular]] Tembuzi''' wani mashahuri ne na daular Afirka wanda aka ce ya taɓa mulkin [[Daular Kitara]] a [[Uganda]] ta zamani. Daular Chwezi ce ta gaje shi. Hadisai game da daular sun bambanta, rikodin tsakanin sarakuna huɗu zuwa goma sha tara.{{Sfn|Ogot|1984}} Yawancin masana tarihi sun yi la'akari da Tembuzi a matsayin ɗan [[Camfi|almara]], {{Sfn|Ogot|1984}} {{Sfn|Robertshaw|Taylor|2000}} kodayake akwai wasu malaman da ke bi da su a matsayin tarihin tarihi.

== Magana ==
An ce kalmar ''Abotembuzi'' ta samo asali ne daga aikatau {{Lang|nyo|-tembura}}, ma'ana 'don gina a (a) sabon wuri (s) ', kuma saboda haka ana fassara shi sau da yawa a matsayin &quot; (masu) majagaba&quot;.{{Sfn|Beattie|1971}}{{Sfn|Dunbar|1965}}{{Sfn|Uzoigwe|2012}}

== Labaran da aka yi ==
Alice Fisher ta rubuta cewa Kakama Twale ya zama sarki na farko na Tembuzi, yayin da K. W. da John Nyakatura suka ɗauki Kakama (lit. &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;) da Twale (Itwale a cikin asusun K. W.) a matsayin sarakuna daban.{{Efn|stands for [[Kabalega of Bunyoro|Kabalega]] and [[Winyi IV of Bunyoro|Winyi]]}} A cikin asusun su, Kakama ya gaje Kintu, wanda (I) twale ya gaje shi.{{Sfn|Fisher|1911}}{{Sfn|Dunbar|1965}}{{Sfn|Nyakatura|1973}} John Roscoe da Petero Bikunya kawai sun ambaci &quot;Twale&quot; da &quot;Twari&quot; bi da bi.{{Sfn|Roscoe|1923a}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bikunya|1927}}, cited in {{Harvard citation no brackets|Buchanan|1974}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nyakatura ya ambaci cewa dan Twale, Hangi, ya gaje shi.{{Sfn|Nyakatura|1973}} Roscoe ya ambaci Hangi da Nyamenge kasancewa sarki bayan Hangi, kodayake ya rubuta cewa babu ƙarin bayani game da su.{{Sfn|Roscoe|1923a}} A cikin asusun Nyakatura, Hangi yana da 'ya'ya biyu: Ira lya Hangi (lit. 'tsawon da ya gabata na Hangi') da Kazooba ka Hangi (lit.) &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;). {{Sfn|Nyakatura|1973}} Julien Gorju ya bayyana cewa Ira da Kazooba 'ya'yan Ruhanga ne kai tsaye, kamar yadda Hangi shine sunan Nyoro na Ruhanga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Gorju|1920}}, cited in {{Harvard citation no brackets|Dunbar|1965}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyakatura ya bayyana cewa Kazooba ya gaji Ira bayan ya mutu ba tare da magaji ba. Roscoe ya bayyana cewa Kabangera ya gaji Ira, amma babu wani bayani game da shi, kodayake wasu lokutan suna ɗaukar Kazooba da Kabangera mutum ɗaya.{{Sfn|Roscoe|1923a}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kings of Bunyoro – Bunyoro-Kitara USA |url=https://www.bunyorokitarausa.org/kings-of-bunyoro/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219185731/https://www.bunyorokitarausa.org/kings-of-bunyoro/ |archive-date=19 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=Bunyoro-Kitara USA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin labarin Nyakatura, akwai karuwar yawan jama'a a lokacin mulkin Kazooba,  talakawansa suna ƙaunarsa sosai har Nyamuhanga ya yi masa Allahntaka bayan mutuwarsa da maye gurbinsa.{{Sfn|Nyakatura|1973}} Nyamuhanga bai yi haihuwa ba na dogon lokaci, don haka ya tuntubi likitan maƙaryaci wanda ya gaya masa ya auri Nyabagabe, 'yar Igoro, ɗaya daga cikin bayin Nyamuhanga. Ɗan Nyabagabe ya sami suna Nkya (lit. 'sa'a') daga Nyamuhanga. A karkashin Nyamuhanga, an kuma sami karuwar yawan jama'a kuma Nkya I ya yi masa allahntaka bayan mutuwarsa da kuma maye gurbinsa.{{Sfn|Nyakatura|1973}} Saboda kamanceceniya tsakanin Kazooba da Nyamuhanga, Gorju yayi nazari a matsayin mutum ɗaya.{{Sfn|Dunbar|1965}} Nyakatura ya rubuta cewa Nkya I ya gaji Nkya II, kuma Baba ya gaji Nkja II (lit. 'mahaifi' ).{{Sfn|Buchanan|1974}} Nkya na kuma tuntubi likitan maƙaryaci saboda rashin haihuwa, kuma an ba ɗansa sunan da ya haifar da shi.{{Sfn|Nyakatura|1973}} Saboda wadannan kamanceceniya, Gorju yayi nazarin Nkya I da Nkya II a matsayin mutum daya.{{Sfn|Dunbar|1965}} Fisher ya rubuta cewa Baba ya gaji Kakama, amma Roscoe ya nuna cewa Baba ya yi nasara a Kabangera.{{Sfn|Fisher|1911}}{{Sfn|Roscoe|1923a}} Carole Ann Buchanan ta bayyana cewa Baba an ce yana da arziki, yana da mutane da awaki da yawa, kuma Fisher ya bayyana cewa an raba wannan wadata tare da yawan jama'a da ke ƙaruwa.{{Sfn|Buchanan|1974}}{{Sfn|Fisher|1911}}

=== Bukuku ===
'''Bukuku''' shine sarki na karshe na Tembuzi, sananne ne saboda shi kadai ne sarki na Tembuji daga dangin da ba dangin Gabu ba, dangin Ranzi. Bayan ya ayyana kansa sarki, shugabannin mafi yawan yankuna sun yi tawaye da shi, saboda Bukuku ya kasance talakawa (''omwiru''), kuma mutane ba su yi tunanin ya cancanci zama sarki ba.{{Sfn|Buchanan|1974}}{{Sfn|Nyakatura|1973}}{{Sfn|Beattie|1971}}{{Sfn|Dunbar|1965}}{{Sfn|Fisher|1911}} Fisher ya bayyana cewa Bukuku ya koma kudu maso yammacin Kitara kuma Bikunya ya bayyana cewa Bucuku kawai ya mallaki Kikwenusi, Kisegwe da Kijagarazi, kodayake ba a san wurin wuraren da aka ambata ba.{{Sfn|Fisher|1911}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bikunya|1927}}, cited in {{Harvard citation no brackets|Buchanan|1974}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɗan Bukuku guda ɗaya shine 'yar da ake kira Nyinamwiru (lit. 'mahaifiyar kowa'). Wata rana, likitocin maƙaryaci sun zo Bukuku kuma ko dai sun shawarce shi ya kashe Nyinamwiru saboda kyakkyawa za ta kawo masifa (ta hanyar Nyakatura) ko kuma sun shawarce masa ya hana ta yin aure saboda ɗanta zai kashe Bukuku (ta hanyar Fisher). Lokacin da ta girma, sai ya gina mata gida wanda za'a iya shiga ta fadar Bukuku ne kawai don ware ta daga duniyar waje. Don kula da bukatunta, ya kuma ba Nyinamwiru ko dai wata baiwa da ake kira Mugizi ko ma'aikata biyu; wani tsoho da matarsa. Nyakatura ta rubuta cewa Bukuku ya yanke daya daga cikin ƙirjinta kuma ya cire daya daga cikin idanunta don ya sa ta zama mara kyau, yayin da Fisher ya rubuta cewa an haife ta da ido daya da kunne daya kawai kuma ya tuntubi likitocin maƙaryaci saboda waɗannan lahani na haihuwa.{{Sfn|Buchanan|1974}}{{Sfn|Nyakatura|1973}}{{Sfn|Beattie|1971}}{{Sfn|Dunbar|1965}}{{Sfn|Fisher|1911}}

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wata Hanyar (fim na 1982)</title>
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        <id>45710</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358944167|Another Way (1982 film)]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="4317" sha1="ove70ug2ia2s4kk8u56idsa1bjhm0zm" xml:space="preserve">'''''Wata Hanya''''' ( Hungarian   ) fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na Hungary na 1982 wanda Károly Makk ya jagoranta. Wasan allo wanda Makk da Erzsébet Galgóczi suka rubuta ya dogara ne akan Galgóczi's Semi-autobiographical novella 1980 ''Törvényen belül'' ( ''Wani Ƙauna'' ). Fim din ya fito Jadwiga Jankowska-Cieślak da Grażyna Szapołowska . An kafa shi a cikin 1958, labarin game da wani al'amari ne tsakanin mata biyu.

Fim ɗin ya fafata a gasar Palme d'Or a bikin fina-finai na Cannes na 1982, kuma Jankowska-Cieślak ya sami kyautar Mafi Kyawun Jaruma . &lt;ref name=&quot;cannes1982&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1982 |title=Olelkezo Tekintetek |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/1579/year/1982.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822102239/https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/1579/year/1982.html |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |website=[[Festival de Cannes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Wani Hanya'' shine fim na farko na Hungary da ya nuna kyakkyawan hoton soyayyar [[Jima'in jinsi|luwaɗi]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Core&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Another Way |url=https://nfi.hu/en/core-films-1/films-3/feature-films-1/another-way.html |access-date=9 October 2025 |website=Core Films |publisher=[[National Film Institute Hungary]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Horton&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Horton |first=Andrew James |date=2005 |title=Another Way (Egymasra nezve) A film by Károly Makk |url=https://www.secondrundvd.com/release_more_anotherway.html |access-date=9 October 2025 |website=Second Run}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fim ne mai ban sha'awa ga masu kallon [[Maɗigo|'yan madigo]] a [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cacar Baki]] [[Hungariya|na Hungary]] &lt;ref name=&quot;Cook-Evans&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Jennifer V.}}&lt;/ref&gt; da [[Poland]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Szot&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Szot |first=Wojciech |date=August 22, 2006 |title=&quot;Be queer&quot; or not to be? w polskim filmie |url=http://www.film.gildia.pl/publicystyka/be_queer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927235635/http://www.film.gildia.pl/publicystyka/be_queer |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |access-date=April 21, 2017 |website=Nowa Gildia |language=pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Labari ==
A lokacin Kirsimeti na shekarar 1958, an gano gawar Éva Szalánczky, wacce aka yi wa kisan gilla, daga daji. Livia Horváth, wacce aka ɗaure a wuyanta, tana murmurewa a asibiti kuma an gaya mata cewa ba za ta iya rayuwa kamar da ba (ba a fayyace dalilin ba).

Éva, wata [[Maɗigo|'yar madigo]] da hukumomi suka san ta da ita saboda rayuwarta ta sirri, ta fara sabon aiki a matsayin 'yar jarida a jaridar ''The Truth'' da ake bugawa duk mako, inda ta haɗu da Livia lokacin da matan biyu ke aiki tare. Wannan sha'awar ta kasance nan take, amma Livia, wacce ta yi aure, da farko ta ƙi amincewa. Wata rana da dare, tana sumbatar juna a cikin duhu a kan benci a wurin shakatawa, wani ɗan sanda ya gano su, wanda ya gargaɗi Livia cewa za a sanar da mijinta da mai aikinta idan aka sake samunta a cikin irin wannan yanayin. An kama Éva, amma ba da daɗewa ba aka sake ta.

A wani aikin gona na gama gari, Éva ta gano cewa hukumomi sun toshe wani yunƙuri na shirya wannan aikin haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar dimokuraɗiyya. Editan ta, mai goyon bayan gwamnatin Imre Nagy mai ɗan gajeren lokaci, wacce aka kashe kwanan nan, ta ƙi buga labarin, kuma ta yi murabus kafin a kore ta.

Éva da Livia sun yi soyayya. Livia ta furta soyayyarta ga Éva ga mijinta, Dönci Horváth, wani jami'in soja, kuma ya harbe ta yayin da take wanka. Ta tsira kuma an daure Dönci saboda laifin. A asibiti, Livia ta ƙi Éva, wadda ta yi tafiya zuwa ƙauye. Yayin da take tafiya da daddare, masu gadin kan iyaka sun umarci Éva ta tsaya, amma ta kasa yin hakan kuma aka harbe ta har lahira.

== 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo ==

* Jadwiga Jankowska-Cieślak as Éva Szalánczky

:* Ildikó Bánsági as Éva Szalánczky (murya)

* Grażyna Szapołowska a matsayin Livia Horváth

:* Judit Hernádi a matsayin Livia Horváth (murya)

* Jozef Kroner a matsayin Erdős

:* Gyula Szabó as Erdős (murya)

* Péter Andorai a matsayin Dönci Horváth, mijin Lívia

Jankowska-Cieślak da Szapołowska sun yi taɗi na Éva da Livia a cikin Yaren mutanen Poland kuma Ildikó Bánsági da Judit Hernádi sun sanya muryoyinsu cikin harshen Hungarian, bi da bi, don fim ɗin da aka fitar.

== Nazarta ==</text>
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        <id>45710</id>
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      <text bytes="4330" sha1="5v3802npxeglwe6lil006olljukzr5s" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''''Wata Hanya''''' ( Hungarian   ) fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na Hungary na 1982 wanda Károly Makk ya jagoranta. Wasan allo wanda Makk da Erzsébet Galgóczi suka rubuta ya dogara ne akan Galgóczi's Semi-autobiographical novella 1980 ''Törvényen belül'' ( ''Wani Ƙauna'' ). Fim din ya fito Jadwiga Jankowska-Cieślak da Grażyna Szapołowska . An kafa shi a cikin 1958, labarin game da wani al'amari ne tsakanin mata biyu.

Fim ɗin ya fafata a gasar Palme d'Or a bikin fina-finai na Cannes na 1982, kuma Jankowska-Cieślak ya sami kyautar Mafi Kyawun Jaruma . &lt;ref name=&quot;cannes1982&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1982 |title=Olelkezo Tekintetek |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/1579/year/1982.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822102239/https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/1579/year/1982.html |archive-date=August 22, 2011 |website=[[Festival de Cannes]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Wani Hanya'' shine fim na farko na Hungary da ya nuna kyakkyawan hoton soyayyar [[Jima'in jinsi|luwaɗi]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Core&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Another Way |url=https://nfi.hu/en/core-films-1/films-3/feature-films-1/another-way.html |access-date=9 October 2025 |website=Core Films |publisher=[[National Film Institute Hungary]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Horton&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Horton |first=Andrew James |date=2005 |title=Another Way (Egymasra nezve) A film by Károly Makk |url=https://www.secondrundvd.com/release_more_anotherway.html |access-date=9 October 2025 |website=Second Run}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fim ne mai ban sha'awa ga masu kallon [[Maɗigo|'yan madigo]] a [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cacar Baki]] [[Hungariya|na Hungary]] &lt;ref name=&quot;Cook-Evans&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|edition=Jennifer V.}}&lt;/ref&gt; da [[Poland]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Szot&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Szot |first=Wojciech |date=August 22, 2006 |title=&quot;Be queer&quot; or not to be? w polskim filmie |url=http://www.film.gildia.pl/publicystyka/be_queer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927235635/http://www.film.gildia.pl/publicystyka/be_queer |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |access-date=April 21, 2017 |website=Nowa Gildia |language=pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Labari ==
A lokacin Kirsimeti na shekarar 1958, an gano gawar Éva Szalánczky, wacce aka yi wa kisan gilla, daga daji. Livia Horváth, wacce aka ɗaure a wuyanta, tana murmurewa a asibiti kuma an gaya mata cewa ba za ta iya rayuwa kamar da ba (ba a fayyace dalilin ba).

Éva, wata [[Maɗigo|'yar madigo]] da hukumomi suka san ta da ita saboda rayuwarta ta sirri, ta fara sabon aiki a matsayin 'yar jarida a jaridar ''The Truth'' da ake bugawa duk mako, inda ta haɗu da Livia lokacin da matan biyu ke aiki tare. Wannan sha'awar ta kasance nan take, amma Livia, wacce ta yi aure, da farko ta ƙi amincewa. Wata rana da dare, tana sumbatar juna a cikin duhu a kan benci a wurin shakatawa, wani ɗan sanda ya gano su, wanda ya gargaɗi Livia cewa za a sanar da mijinta da mai aikinta idan aka sake samunta a cikin irin wannan yanayin. An kama Éva, amma ba da daɗewa ba aka sake ta.

A wani aikin gona na gama gari, Éva ta gano cewa hukumomi sun toshe wani yunƙuri na shirya wannan aikin haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar dimokuraɗiyya. Editan ta, mai goyon bayan gwamnatin Imre Nagy mai ɗan gajeren lokaci, wacce aka kashe kwanan nan, ta ƙi buga labarin, kuma ta yi murabus kafin a kore ta.

Éva da Livia sun yi soyayya. Livia ta furta soyayyarta ga Éva ga mijinta, Dönci Horváth, wani jami'in soja, kuma ya harbe ta yayin da take wanka. Ta tsira kuma an daure Dönci saboda laifin. A asibiti, Livia ta ƙi Éva, wadda ta yi tafiya zuwa ƙauye. Yayin da take tafiya da daddare, masu gadin kan iyaka sun umarci Éva ta tsaya, amma ta kasa yin hakan kuma aka harbe ta har lahira.

== 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo ==

* Jadwiga Jankowska-Cieślak as Éva Szalánczky

:* Ildikó Bánsági as Éva Szalánczky (murya)

* Grażyna Szapołowska a matsayin Livia Horváth

:* Judit Hernádi a matsayin Livia Horváth (murya)

* Jozef Kroner a matsayin Erdős

:* Gyula Szabó as Erdős (murya)

* Péter Andorai a matsayin Dönci Horváth, mijin Lívia

Jankowska-Cieślak da Szapołowska sun yi taɗi na Éva da Livia a cikin Yaren mutanen Poland kuma Ildikó Bánsági da Judit Hernádi sun sanya muryoyinsu cikin harshen Hungarian, bi da bi, don fim ɗin da aka fitar.

== Nazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Naevochromis chrysogaster</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:14:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645832|Naevochromis chrysogaster]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Naevochromis chrysogaster''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda yake fifita yankunan da ke da duwatsu. Wannan nau'in yana da abinci na musamman, yana cin soyayyen da tsutsotsi na sauran cichlids.  Tsawonsa ya kai jimillar {{Cvt|17.9|cm|in}} . Ana kuma ganin wannan nau'in a cikin cinikin [[Aquarium|kifaye]] kuma wani lokacin ana kiransa da '''Haplochromis Jack Dempsey''' . &lt;ref name=&quot;gcca&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=''Naevochromis chrysogaster'' |url=https://www.gcca.net/art-pics/cichlid-profiles-list/malawi-cichlids/76-naevochromis-chrysogaster#.XCZsNFxKhPY |access-date=28 December 2018 |website=www.gcca.net |publisher=Greater Chicago Cichlid Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; A halin yanzu shine kawai memba da aka sani na nau'in '''''Naevochromis''''' . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>r6o4zcyy7k46hfehmljgarey7670dqm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855907</id>
      <parentid>855905</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:14:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>855907</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="811" sha1="hgu8m0e0u2qhtx7kcjr6yb3hjguyzum" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Naevochromis chrysogaster''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda yake fifita yankunan da ke da duwatsu. Wannan nau'in yana da abinci na musamman, yana cin soyayyen da tsutsotsi na sauran cichlids.  Tsawonsa ya kai jimillar {{Cvt|17.9|cm|in}} . Ana kuma ganin wannan nau'in a cikin cinikin [[Aquarium|kifaye]] kuma wani lokacin ana kiransa da '''Haplochromis Jack Dempsey''' . &lt;ref name=&quot;gcca&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=''Naevochromis chrysogaster'' |url=https://www.gcca.net/art-pics/cichlid-profiles-list/malawi-cichlids/76-naevochromis-chrysogaster#.XCZsNFxKhPY |access-date=28 December 2018 |website=www.gcca.net |publisher=Greater Chicago Cichlid Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; A halin yanzu shine kawai memba da aka sani na nau'in '''''Naevochromis''''' . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>hgu8m0e0u2qhtx7kcjr6yb3hjguyzum</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rashin amincewa da mutane</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157110</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855909</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:15:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330646565|Tyrannochromis]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855909</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="217" sha1="lf5gdsjk1ye18bbbb4xjp87eogt2zzt" xml:space="preserve">
'''''Tyrannochromis''''' ƙaramin nau'in haplochromine cichlids ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] .

A halin yanzu akwai nau'ikan halittu guda huɗu da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: 

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>lf5gdsjk1ye18bbbb4xjp87eogt2zzt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855913</id>
      <parentid>855909</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:16:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>855913</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="228" sha1="3d9j9zal3b0vplt0y25q6n2b40lyj7z" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Tyrannochromis''''' ƙaramin nau'in haplochromine cichlids ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] .

A halin yanzu akwai nau'ikan halittu guda huɗu da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: 

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>3d9j9zal3b0vplt0y25q6n2b40lyj7z</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tafkin Uniamési</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157111</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855910</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:15:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355317906|Lake Uniamési]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855910</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6043" sha1="5aqvz0z6e0tbvtyiy7tinfrof6ncw6w" xml:space="preserve">'''Tafkin Uniamési''' ko '''Tekun Uniamesi''' shine sunan da masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje suka ba shi a cikin shekarun 1840 da 1850 ga babban tafki ko teku mai ciki wanda ya kamata ya kasance a cikin yankin Gabashin Afirka ta Tsakiya tare da wannan sunan.

Masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje guda uku, waɗanda aka tsare a cikin belin bakin teku, sun ji labarin yankin Unyamwezi a arewa maso yammacin abin da ke yanzu Tanzania kuma sun wuce gona da iri don haɗawa da babban ɓangare na ciki na nahiyar. Sun ji labarin babban tafki, kuma sun yi tunanin babban tafki wanda zai zama tushen kogin Benue, Nilu, [[Kogin Zambezi|Zambezi]] da [[Kogin Congo|Kongo]]. Sun zana taswirar da ke nuna babban &quot;Lake Uniamesi&quot; wanda aka buga a 1855. Taswirar ta haifar da balaguron Burton da Speke don bincika yankin Great Lakes na Afirka, inda suka gano cewa tabkuna [[Tafkin Victoria|Victoria]], [[Tafkin Tanganyika|Tanganyika]] da [[Tabkin Malawi|Nyasa]] sun kasance ruwa daban-daban. Ba har zuwa 1877 ba ne aka tabbatar da cewa waɗannan tabkuna sun ciyar da [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]], Kongo da Zambezi, duk da cewa daban.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:Deutsch_Ostafrika.PNG|thumb|Jamus Gabashin Afirka a cikin 1894, yana nuna tabkuna Nyasa, Tanganyika da Victoria. &quot;Unjamwesi&quot; yana ƙasa da &quot;D&quot; a cikin &quot;Deutsch Ostafrika&quot;]]
Babban Tafkunan Gabashin Afirka sun haɗa da tabkuna [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|Albert]], [[Tafkin Edward|Edward]], [[Tafkin kivu|Kivu]] da [[Tafkin Tanganyika|Tanganyika]], dukansu suna cikin yamma ko reshen [[Kyautar Albertine|Albertine]] na tsarin rift na Gabashin Afirka, [[Tafkin Victoria]] a gabashin wannan sarkar da Tafkin Nyasa ([[Tabkin Malawi|Malawi]]) zuwa kudu. Tafkin Victoria shine tafkin na uku mafi girma a duniya, kuma yana kan tudu tsakanin yamma da gabas. Ba kamar tafkuna masu tsawo ba, masu zurfi da zurfi na rift, Tafkin Victoria yana da faɗi kuma ba shi da zurfi.{{Sfn|Griffiths|2013}}

[[Mutanen Bantu]] sun koma yankin tsakanin Great Lakes da [[Tekun Indiya]] wani lokaci bayan 1000 BC kuma sun haɗu da yawan mutanen yankin.{{Sfn|Taylor|1963}} A ƙarni na farko AD jiragen ruwa daga yankin [[Larabawa]] suna kasuwanci a bakin tekun Gabashin Afirka. Larabawa Musulmai daga [[Oman]] sun fara mulkin mallaka a bakin tekun a karni na 8 AD.{{Sfn|Taylor|1963}} Mutanen Bantu na bakin teku sun yi aure tare da Larabawa don samar da [[Mutanen Swahili]], tare da yaren da ya haɗu da abubuwan Bantu, Larabci da Farisa.{{Sfn|Taylor|1963}} Al'adun Swahili sun haɗa da fannoni da yawa na Larabci da Islama, yayin da suka kasance ainihin Bantu a cikin yanayi.{{Sfn|Fyle|1999}}

Yankin Unyamwezi yana kusa da garin Tabora na zamani, tsakanin bakin teku da Tafkin Tanganyika, kuma ya haɗa da gundumomin Tabora, Nzega da Kahama na yammacin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] ta zamani. A cikin karni na 19 an kira mazauna Mutanen Nyamwezi ta hanyar baƙi, kodayake wannan kalmar ta rufe kungiyoyi daban-daban.{{Sfn|Jerman|1997}} Unyamwezi ya kasance a wani mahalli inda hanyar kasuwanci daga bakin teku ta rabu, tare da reshe daya yana ci gaba da yamma zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ujiji a Tafkin Tanganyika yayin da wani reshe ya kai arewa zuwa masarautun [[Masarautar Buganda|Buganda]] da Bunyoro.{{Sfn|Fage|Flint|Oliver|1976}} 'Yan kasuwa na bakin teku sun zauna a Unyamwezi, wasu tare da daruruwan masu riƙe da makamai.{{Sfn|Fage|Flint|Oliver|1976}} Nyamwezi sun samar da mafi yawan masu ɗaukar kaya ga masu jigilar kaya da Larabawa da [[Mutanen Swahili|Swahili]] suka shirya, kuma sun gudanar da nasu masu jigilar kayayyaki.{{Sfn|Fage|Flint|Oliver|1976}} Nyamwezi sun kasance 'yan kasuwa masu nisa a duk Gabashin Afirka.{{Sfn|Jerman|1997}}

== Tattaunawar Turai ta farko ==
[[Fayil:Johann_Ludwig_Krapf.jpg|thumb|[[Johann Ludwig Krapf]]]]
A farkon 1844 Sultan Sayyid Said ya ba wa mishan na Jamus [[Johann Ludwig Krapf]] (1810-1881) izini don kafa manufa a bakin tekun. Krapf ya isa [[Mombasa]] a ranar 13 ga Maris 1844.{{Sfn|Bursik|2008}} Johannes Rebmann (1820-1876) ya haɗu da shi a 1846. A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 1848 Rebmann ya fara tafiya zuwa cikin gida. The Church Missionary Intelligencer ya ba da rahoton cewa, &quot;Babban abu, wanda Mishaneriyarmu ke da shi, shine ya isa Uniamési, wannan ƙasar da ke cikin gida inda hanyoyin zuwa Gabashin Afirka da Yammacin Afirka suka rabu. &quot;  An ce Uniamési ya kwanta kimanin awanni 150 zuwa 200 zuwa yammacin mulkin Chagga, wanda ke kan gangaren [[Dutsen Kilimanjaro]]. {{Sfn|Church Missionary Intelligencer 1850}}{{Sfn|Church Missionary Intelligencer 1850}}

A ranar 10 ga Yuni 1849 Jakob Erhardt (1823-1901) da John Wagner sun isa tashar mishan ta Rabbai Mpia kusa da [[Mombasa]]. Wagner ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Agusta 1849. A cikin bazara na 1850 Erhardt da Krapf sun yi tafiya ta hanyar dhow zuwa gabar gabashin Afirka daga Mombasa.{{Sfn|Bursik|2008}} A kan tafiya sun sadu da 'yan kasuwa daga Unyamwezi. Krapf ya rubuta cewa motoci dubu uku zuwa hudu daga Unyamwezi za su isa bakin tekun a watan Disamba bayan tafiya ta watanni uku, kuma za su bar kan tafiyar dawowa a watan Maris ko Afrilu.{{Sfn|Jerman|1997}} Larabawa na [[Zanzibar]] sun kasance masu adawa da Turawa da suka isa Unyamwezi. A shekara ta 1847 sun shirya wa Washenzis ya kashe wani dan kasuwa na Faransa, Mista Maison, a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa ciki. {{Efn|&quot;Washenzi&quot; was a derogatory term used by the coastal Arabs for people of the interior who had failed to adopt any elements of Arab culture. It signified &quot;barbaric savage&quot;.{{sfn|Mbogoni|2012|p=167}}}}{{Sfn|Church Missionary Intelligencer 1850}}

Masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje ba su da haƙuri don ƙarin koyo game da &quot;babban ƙasar tsakiya ta Uniamési, inda manyan koguna suka haɗu waɗanda ke da ƙuƙwalwarsu a gabar yamma da gabas... daga abin da, bisa ga ra'ayin asalinmu, hanyar fita ce ga kashi huɗu na duniya. &quot;Babu shakka cewa 'yan asalin wannan zirga-zirgar ta tsakiya tare da ƙasar yamma da kuma gabar gabashinmu ba za su sa wannan aikinmu na gaba da sauri. &quot;{{Sfn|Church Missionary Intelligencer 1850}}{{Sfn|Church Missionary Intelligencer 1850}}

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
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        <id>25549</id>
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      <text bytes="6071" sha1="dxmm67g7kdernha3imhad11a8xd4tlu" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Tafkin Uniamési''' ko '''Tekun Uniamesi''' shine sunan da masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje suka ba shi a cikin shekarun 1840 da 1850 ga babban tafki ko teku mai ciki wanda ya kamata ya kasance a cikin yankin Gabashin Afirka ta Tsakiya tare da wannan sunan.

Masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje guda uku, waɗanda aka tsare a cikin belin bakin teku, sun ji labarin yankin Unyamwezi a arewa maso yammacin abin da ke yanzu Tanzania kuma sun wuce gona da iri don haɗawa da babban ɓangare na ciki na nahiyar. Sun ji labarin babban tafki, kuma sun yi tunanin babban tafki wanda zai zama tushen kogin Benue, Nilu, [[Kogin Zambezi|Zambezi]] da [[Kogin Congo|Kongo]]. Sun zana taswirar da ke nuna babban &quot;Lake Uniamesi&quot; wanda aka buga a 1855. Taswirar ta haifar da balaguron Burton da Speke don bincika yankin Great Lakes na Afirka, inda suka gano cewa tabkuna [[Tafkin Victoria|Victoria]], [[Tafkin Tanganyika|Tanganyika]] da [[Tabkin Malawi|Nyasa]] sun kasance ruwa daban-daban. Ba har zuwa 1877 ba ne aka tabbatar da cewa waɗannan tabkuna sun ciyar da [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]], Kongo da Zambezi, duk da cewa daban.

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:Deutsch_Ostafrika.PNG|thumb|Jamus Gabashin Afirka a cikin 1894, yana nuna tabkuna Nyasa, Tanganyika da Victoria. &quot;Unjamwesi&quot; yana ƙasa da &quot;D&quot; a cikin &quot;Deutsch Ostafrika&quot;]]
Babban Tafkunan Gabashin Afirka sun haɗa da tabkuna [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|Albert]], [[Tafkin Edward|Edward]], [[Tafkin kivu|Kivu]] da [[Tafkin Tanganyika|Tanganyika]], dukansu suna cikin yamma ko reshen [[Kyautar Albertine|Albertine]] na tsarin rift na Gabashin Afirka, [[Tafkin Victoria]] a gabashin wannan sarkar da Tafkin Nyasa ([[Tabkin Malawi|Malawi]]) zuwa kudu. Tafkin Victoria shine tafkin na uku mafi girma a duniya, kuma yana kan tudu tsakanin yamma da gabas. Ba kamar tafkuna masu tsawo ba, masu zurfi da zurfi na rift, Tafkin Victoria yana da faɗi kuma ba shi da zurfi.{{Sfn|Griffiths|2013}}

[[Mutanen Bantu]] sun koma yankin tsakanin Great Lakes da [[Tekun Indiya]] wani lokaci bayan 1000 BC kuma sun haɗu da yawan mutanen yankin.{{Sfn|Taylor|1963}} A ƙarni na farko AD jiragen ruwa daga yankin [[Larabawa]] suna kasuwanci a bakin tekun Gabashin Afirka. Larabawa Musulmai daga [[Oman]] sun fara mulkin mallaka a bakin tekun a karni na 8 AD.{{Sfn|Taylor|1963}} Mutanen Bantu na bakin teku sun yi aure tare da Larabawa don samar da [[Mutanen Swahili]], tare da yaren da ya haɗu da abubuwan Bantu, Larabci da Farisa.{{Sfn|Taylor|1963}} Al'adun Swahili sun haɗa da fannoni da yawa na Larabci da Islama, yayin da suka kasance ainihin Bantu a cikin yanayi.{{Sfn|Fyle|1999}}

Yankin Unyamwezi yana kusa da garin Tabora na zamani, tsakanin bakin teku da Tafkin Tanganyika, kuma ya haɗa da gundumomin Tabora, Nzega da Kahama na yammacin [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] ta zamani. A cikin karni na 19 an kira mazauna Mutanen Nyamwezi ta hanyar baƙi, kodayake wannan kalmar ta rufe kungiyoyi daban-daban.{{Sfn|Jerman|1997}} Unyamwezi ya kasance a wani mahalli inda hanyar kasuwanci daga bakin teku ta rabu, tare da reshe daya yana ci gaba da yamma zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ujiji a Tafkin Tanganyika yayin da wani reshe ya kai arewa zuwa masarautun [[Masarautar Buganda|Buganda]] da Bunyoro.{{Sfn|Fage|Flint|Oliver|1976}} 'Yan kasuwa na bakin teku sun zauna a Unyamwezi, wasu tare da daruruwan masu riƙe da makamai.{{Sfn|Fage|Flint|Oliver|1976}} Nyamwezi sun samar da mafi yawan masu ɗaukar kaya ga masu jigilar kaya da Larabawa da [[Mutanen Swahili|Swahili]] suka shirya, kuma sun gudanar da nasu masu jigilar kayayyaki.{{Sfn|Fage|Flint|Oliver|1976}} Nyamwezi sun kasance 'yan kasuwa masu nisa a duk Gabashin Afirka.{{Sfn|Jerman|1997}}

== Tattaunawar Turai ta farko ==
[[Fayil:Johann_Ludwig_Krapf.jpg|thumb|[[Johann Ludwig Krapf]]]]
A farkon 1844 Sultan Sayyid Said ya ba wa mishan na Jamus [[Johann Ludwig Krapf]] (1810-1881) izini don kafa manufa a bakin tekun. Krapf ya isa [[Mombasa]] a ranar 13 ga Maris 1844.{{Sfn|Bursik|2008}} Johannes Rebmann (1820-1876) ya haɗu da shi a 1846. A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 1848 Rebmann ya fara tafiya zuwa cikin gida. The Church Missionary Intelligencer ya ba da rahoton cewa, &quot;Babban abu, wanda Mishaneriyarmu ke da shi, shine ya isa Uniamési, wannan ƙasar da ke cikin gida inda hanyoyin zuwa Gabashin Afirka da Yammacin Afirka suka rabu. &quot;  An ce Uniamési ya kwanta kimanin awanni 150 zuwa 200 zuwa yammacin mulkin Chagga, wanda ke kan gangaren [[Dutsen Kilimanjaro]]. {{Sfn|Church Missionary Intelligencer 1850}}{{Sfn|Church Missionary Intelligencer 1850}}

A ranar 10 ga Yuni 1849 Jakob Erhardt (1823-1901) da John Wagner sun isa tashar mishan ta Rabbai Mpia kusa da [[Mombasa]]. Wagner ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Agusta 1849. A cikin bazara na 1850 Erhardt da Krapf sun yi tafiya ta hanyar dhow zuwa gabar gabashin Afirka daga Mombasa.{{Sfn|Bursik|2008}} A kan tafiya sun sadu da 'yan kasuwa daga Unyamwezi. Krapf ya rubuta cewa motoci dubu uku zuwa hudu daga Unyamwezi za su isa bakin tekun a watan Disamba bayan tafiya ta watanni uku, kuma za su bar kan tafiyar dawowa a watan Maris ko Afrilu.{{Sfn|Jerman|1997}} Larabawa na [[Zanzibar]] sun kasance masu adawa da Turawa da suka isa Unyamwezi. A shekara ta 1847 sun shirya wa Washenzis ya kashe wani dan kasuwa na Faransa, Mista Maison, a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa ciki. {{Efn|&quot;Washenzi&quot; was a derogatory term used by the coastal Arabs for people of the interior who had failed to adopt any elements of Arab culture. It signified &quot;barbaric savage&quot;.{{sfn|Mbogoni|2012|p=167}}}}{{Sfn|Church Missionary Intelligencer 1850}}

Masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje ba su da haƙuri don ƙarin koyo game da &quot;babban ƙasar tsakiya ta Uniamési, inda manyan koguna suka haɗu waɗanda ke da ƙuƙwalwarsu a gabar yamma da gabas... daga abin da, bisa ga ra'ayin asalinmu, hanyar fita ce ga kashi huɗu na duniya. &quot;Babu shakka cewa 'yan asalin wannan zirga-zirgar ta tsakiya tare da ƙasar yamma da kuma gabar gabashinmu ba za su sa wannan aikinmu na gaba da sauri. &quot;{{Sfn|Church Missionary Intelligencer 1850}}{{Sfn|Church Missionary Intelligencer 1850}}

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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    <title>Tramitichromis</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:18:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345140731|Tramitichromis]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Automatic taxobox}}

'''''Tramitichromis''''' ƙaramin nau'in haplochromine cichlids ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] .

== Nau'o'i ==
A halin yanzu akwai nau'ikan halittu guda biyar da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: 

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>int5j9kel4mb278yp90zgp9uyul03ot</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>855924</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:18:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>855924</origin>
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      <text bytes="265" sha1="g59v3l7unki3dvrm8i1mew7rgqn0ay6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
{{Automatic taxobox}}

'''''Tramitichromis''''' ƙaramin nau'in haplochromine cichlids ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] .

== Nau'o'i ==
A halin yanzu akwai nau'ikan halittu guda biyar da aka sani a cikin wannan nau'in: 

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>g59v3l7unki3dvrm8i1mew7rgqn0ay6</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ado wakili</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:19:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345167621|Ado Wakili]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855925</origin>
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'''Ado Wakili'''  Daya ne daga cikin 'yan siyasan Najeriya . Ya yi aiki a matsayin Wakilin Jiha na mazabar Burra a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bauchi. Ya mutu a watan Yunin 2023, kwanaki uku kawai kafin kammala aikinsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sahabi |first=Ahmad |date=2023-06-18 |title='A great loss' -- Bala Mohammed mourns death of Bauchi lawmaker Ado Wakili |url=https://www.thecable.ng/a-great-loss-bala-mohammed-mourns-death-of-bauchi-lawmaker-ado-wakili/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[TheCable]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Michael |first=Ishola |date=2023-06-16 |title=Bauchi Assembly loses member days to end of tenure |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/bauchi-assembly-loses-member-days-to-end-of-tenure/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |language=en-GB |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |author=Daily Post Staff |date=2023-06-16 |title=Bauchi lawmaker dies 3 days to end of tenure |url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/06/16/bauchi-lawmaker-dies-3-days-to-end-of-tenure/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>855931</id>
      <parentid>855925</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:20:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saad Nuhu</username>
        <id>43323</id>
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      <comment>#1Lib1RefNG</comment>
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'''Ado Wakili'''  Daya ne daga cikin 'yan siyasan Najeriya . Ya yi aiki a matsayin Wakilin Jiha na mazabar Burra a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Bauchi. Ya mutu a watan Yunin 2023, kwanaki uku kawai kafin kammala aikinsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sahabi |first=Ahmad |date=2023-06-18 |title='A great loss' -- Bala Mohammed mourns death of Bauchi lawmaker Ado Wakili |url=https://www.thecable.ng/a-great-loss-bala-mohammed-mourns-death-of-bauchi-lawmaker-ado-wakili/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[TheCable]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Michael |first=Ishola |date=2023-06-16 |title=Bauchi Assembly loses member days to end of tenure |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/bauchi-assembly-loses-member-days-to-end-of-tenure/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |language=en-GB |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |author=Daily Post Staff |date=2023-06-16 |title=Bauchi lawmaker dies 3 days to end of tenure |url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/06/16/bauchi-lawmaker-dies-3-days-to-end-of-tenure/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]]
[[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Girgizar kasa ta Lake Kivu ta 2008</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157114</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855937</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:22:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1311392187|2008 Lake Kivu earthquake]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Girgizar kasa ta Lake Kivu ta 2008''' ta girgiza kasashe da yawa a yankin Great Lakes na Afirka a 07:34:12 (GMT) a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu. Ya auna 5.9 a kan sikelin girman lokaci. Cibiyar ta kasance kilomita 20 (12  a arewacin [[Bukavu]] a [[Tafkin kivu|Tafkin Kivu]] a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]].

== Takaitaccen Bayani na Tectonic ==
A cewar USGS, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Magnitude 5.9 – LAC KIVU REGION, DEM. REP. OF THE CONGO |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2008mzam.php#summary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206065520/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2008mzam.php#summary |archive-date=February 6, 2008 |publisher=United States Geological Survey}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Girgizar kasa ta faru ne a Yammacin Rift na tsarin rift na Gabashin Afirka. Tsarin rift na Gabashin Afirka wani yanki ne mai tsawo, kimanin kilomita 3000, wanda ke wucewa ta gabashin Afirka daga Djibouti da Eritrea a arewa zuwa Malawi a kudu kuma hakan ya zama iyaka tsakanin farantin Afirka a yamma da farantin Somalia a gabas. A gefen girgizar kasa, faranti na Afirka da Somaliya suna yaduwa a cikin kimanin millimeters hudu a kowace shekara. Girgizar kasa ta faru ne a kusa da Tafkin Kivu, wanda aka halicci kwandon ta hanyar lalacewa ta al'ada kamar wanda ya haifar da girgizar kasa a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu. Girgizar kasa mafi girma da ta faru a cikin tsarin rift tun daga 1900 tana da girman kusan 7.6. Cibiyar girgizar kasa ta Fabrairu 3, 2008, tana cikin dubban kilomita (miles) daga cibiyar girgize mai girman 6.2 wanda ya kashe mutane biyu a Goma a watan Oktoba 2002. Girgizar ƙasa a cikin tsarin rift na Gabashin Afirka yana faruwa ne sakamakon lalacewa na al'ada da lalacewa.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Bayani ==
Akalla mutane 25 sun mutu a [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], tare da wasu 200 da suka ji rauni sosai. Mutane goma sun mutu lokacin da coci ya rushe a Gundumar Rusizi ta Lardin Yamma a Rwanda, a cewar rediyo na Rwanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;radio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008-02-03 |title=23 dead in Rwanda earthquake: radio |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/02/03/2153211.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206075025/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/02/03/2153211.htm |archive-date=6 February 2008 &lt;!--DASHBot--&gt; |access-date=2008-02-03 |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo akalla 5 sun mutu kuma 149 sun ji mummunan rauni.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin girgizar ƙasa a cikin 2008
* [[Jerin girgizar ƙasa a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo|Jerin girgizar ƙasa a DR. Kongo]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>855940</id>
      <parentid>855937</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:24:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <origin>855940</origin>
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      <text bytes="2671" sha1="1pn2lltdb9c1doppnt7up1de5qwdn31" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Girgizar kasa ta Lake Kivu ta 2008''' ta girgiza kasashe da yawa a yankin Great Lakes na Afirka a 07:34:12 (GMT) a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu. Ya auna 5.9 a kan sikelin girman lokaci. Cibiyar ta kasance kilomita 20 (12  a arewacin [[Bukavu]] a [[Tafkin kivu|Tafkin Kivu]] a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]].

== Takaitaccen Bayani na Tectonic ==
A cewar USGS, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Magnitude 5.9 – LAC KIVU REGION, DEM. REP. OF THE CONGO |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2008mzam.php#summary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206065520/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/recenteqsww/Quakes/us2008mzam.php#summary |archive-date=February 6, 2008 |publisher=United States Geological Survey}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Girgizar kasa ta faru ne a Yammacin Rift na tsarin rift na Gabashin Afirka. Tsarin rift na Gabashin Afirka wani yanki ne mai tsawo, kimanin kilomita 3000, wanda ke wucewa ta gabashin Afirka daga Djibouti da Eritrea a arewa zuwa Malawi a kudu kuma hakan ya zama iyaka tsakanin farantin Afirka a yamma da farantin Somalia a gabas. A gefen girgizar kasa, faranti na Afirka da Somaliya suna yaduwa a cikin kimanin millimeters hudu a kowace shekara. Girgizar kasa ta faru ne a kusa da Tafkin Kivu, wanda aka halicci kwandon ta hanyar lalacewa ta al'ada kamar wanda ya haifar da girgizar kasa a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu. Girgizar kasa mafi girma da ta faru a cikin tsarin rift tun daga 1900 tana da girman kusan 7.6. Cibiyar girgizar kasa ta Fabrairu 3, 2008, tana cikin dubban kilomita (miles) daga cibiyar girgize mai girman 6.2 wanda ya kashe mutane biyu a Goma a watan Oktoba 2002. Girgizar ƙasa a cikin tsarin rift na Gabashin Afirka yana faruwa ne sakamakon lalacewa na al'ada da lalacewa.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Bayani ==
Akalla mutane 25 sun mutu a [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], tare da wasu 200 da suka ji rauni sosai. Mutane goma sun mutu lokacin da coci ya rushe a Gundumar Rusizi ta Lardin Yamma a Rwanda, a cewar rediyo na Rwanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;radio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2008-02-03 |title=23 dead in Rwanda earthquake: radio |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/02/03/2153211.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206075025/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/02/03/2153211.htm |archive-date=6 February 2008 &lt;!--DASHBot--&gt; |access-date=2008-02-03 |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo akalla 5 sun mutu kuma 149 sun ji mummunan rauni.

== Dubi kuma ==

* Jerin girgizar ƙasa a cikin 2008
* [[Jerin girgizar ƙasa a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo|Jerin girgizar ƙasa a DR. Kongo]]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mandala (Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157115</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855944</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:26:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>D son203</username>
        <id>45710</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354767455|Mandala (Breaking Bad)]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855944</origin>
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      <text bytes="6630" sha1="hh6xmjiin5mzbe0yighijsdo8m9kohe" xml:space="preserve">&quot; '''Mandala''' &quot; shine kashi na sha ɗaya na kakar wasa ta biyu ta shirin wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin na Amurka ''mai suna Breaking Bad'' . George Mastras ne ya rubuta shi kuma Adam Bernstein ne ya ba da umarni. An watsa shirin a AMC a ranar 17 ga Mayu, 2009. Wannan shirin ya gabatar da Gus Fring da Victor, waɗanda Giancarlo Esposito da Jeremiah Bitsui suka taka bi da bi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Herzog |first=Kenny |date=April 21, 2020 |title=Every Breaking Bad Crossover Character in Better Call Saul |url=https://www.vulture.com/2018/09/breaking-bad-better-call-saul-crossover-characters.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109042938/https://www.vulture.com/2018/09/breaking-bad-better-call-saul-crossover-characters.html |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |access-date=December 18, 2020 |website=[[Vulture.com|Vulture]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Labari ==
Combo Ortega yana sayar da miyagun ƙwayoyi a kusurwar titi a wajen yankin Heisenberg lokacin da ya lura da dillalai biyu masu hamayya suna kallonsa; sai wani ƙaramin yaro da ke aiki a gare su ya kashe shi. Skinny Pete, wanda ya tsorata da mutuwar Combo da kuma rashin bin doka da Badger ya yi kwanan nan, ya yanke shawarar daina cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi. Ba tare da wata hanyar rarrabawa ba, [[Walter White (Breaking Bad)|Walter White]] da Jesse Pinkman sun tilasta wa neman wani wuri. Sun haɗu da Saul Goodman don tattauna matakin da za su ɗauka na gaba. Ya gaya musu cewa su masu rarrabawa ne marasa ƙwarewa, kuma suna buƙatar ɗan kasuwa wanda zai sayi kayansu da yawa. Ya yi tayin tuntuɓar mai rarrabawa ɗaya tilo da ya taɓa jin labarinsa, amma zai yi wuya, domin mutumin yana da taka tsantsan sosai. Jesse ya yi baƙin ciki da ya kashe Combo, kuma a daren ya gaya wa Jane Margolis ta bar gidansa don kada ya cutar da lafiyarta lokacin da yake shan meth . Jane ta yanke shawarar zama tare da shi ba tare da son rai ba.

Washegari, Walt ya jira a wani gidan cin abinci na kaji na gida mai suna Los Pollos Hermanos, inda mai rarrabawa ya shirya ya same su; Jesse ya zo a makare, har yanzu yana cikin hayaniya, kuma ya tafi da sauri bayan haka. Babu wanda ya yi magana da Walt, amma daga baya ya fahimci cewa mai rarrabawa ya gan shi kuma ya ƙi yin aiki tare da shi. A halin yanzu, Jane ta sake komawa cikin jarabar miyagun ƙwayoyi ta gabatar da Jesse ga heroin . Washegari, Walt ya koma gidan cin abinci ya jira har sai lokacin rufewa ya kare. Daga ƙarshe ya fahimci cewa mutumin da yake ɗauka shine manajan gidan cin abinci shine mai rarrabawa. Kodayake mai rarrabawa ya dage cewa ba ya son yin aiki da mai shan miyagun ƙwayoyi, Walt ya tabbatar masa cewa za a iya dogara da Jesse kuma cewa samfurin su shine mafi kyau. Mai rarrabawa ya gaya wa Walt cewa zai tuntube shi idan ya yanke shawarar yin aiki tare da mutanen biyu, kuma ya yi gargaɗi ga Walt kada ya taɓa amincewa da mai shan miyagun ƙwayoyi.

Skyler White ta taimaka wa kamfanin bikin zagayowar ranar haihuwar shugabanta Ted Beneke, inda ta rera masa waƙar &quot; Barka da Ranar Haihuwa, Mr. President &quot;. Daga baya ta gano, yayin da take binciken asusun, cewa akwai kurakurai da yawa a cikin biyan kuɗin da aka yi wa kamfanin. Ted ya yarda cewa ya guje wa haraji kan miliyoyin daloli ta hanyar rage yawan kuɗin shiga don ci gaba da kamfanin da kuma tallafawa ma'aikatansa. Skyler ta ce duk da cewa ba za ta miƙa shi ba, ba za ta iya zama wani ɓangare na ayyukansa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba kuma ta bar aiki. Duk da haka, ta koma aiki washegari, cikin rikici.

Walt ya sami saƙo yana gaya masa ya zo gidan cin abinci, inda ya ji cewa mai rarraba abincin ba shine manajan gidan cin abinci ba, amma shine mamallakin gidajen cin abinci na Los Pollos Hermanos, Gus Fring . Manajan na ainihi, wanda ya bayyana bai san ayyukan laifukan Gus ba, ya gaya wa Walt cewa Gus ba ya cikin shagon a halin yanzu. Yayin da Walt ke shirin tafiya, wani abokin Gus mai suna Victor ya hana shi fita ya kuma gaya masa ya kai meth ɗin zuwa tasha a cikin awa ɗaya mai zuwa don a ba shi kuɗi dala miliyan 1.2, ya ƙara da cewa idan bai yi haka ba, Gus ba zai taɓa yin kasuwanci da shi a nan gaba ba. Walt ya yi gaggawa zuwa gidan Jesse ya shiga yayin da Jesse da Jane ke cikin hazo da heroin ya jawo don ya dawo da meth ɗin. A lokaci guda, Skyler ya fara naƙuda ya aika wa Walt saƙo lokacin da bai ɗauki wayarsa ba. Walt ya ɗauki ɗan lokaci don ya yi la'akari da zaɓinsa kafin ya tattara meth ɗin ya bar gidan.

== Karɓar girmamawa mai mahimmanci ==
Seth Amitin, na ''IGN'', ya ba shirin maki 8.6/10, yana mai cewa shirin shine: &quot;game da ketare layukan...&quot; kuma cewa &quot;shine farkon tsarin kammala wasan cikin makonni biyu&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Amitin |first=Seth |date=May 18, 2009 |title=Breaking Bad: &quot;Mandala&quot; Review |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2009/05/18/breaking-bad-mandala-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526215145/http://www.ign.com/articles/2009/05/18/breaking-bad-mandala-review |archive-date=May 26, 2015 |access-date=May 26, 2015 |website=[[IGN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Donna Bowman na ''The AV Club'' ta ba shirin maki B, tana rubuta cewa &quot;ba makawa ne mu sami wani shiri mai kyau a wani lokaci&quot; kuma, kamar Amitin, ta yi tunanin cewa shirin &quot;ya fi mayar da hankali kan mayar da sassan zuwa wurin da za a yi wasan karshe&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bowman |first=Donna |date=May 17, 2009 |title=Breaking Bad: &quot;Mandala&quot; |url=https://www.avclub.com/breaking-bad-mandala-1798206491 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504052326/http://www.avclub.com/tvclub/breaking-bad-mandala-28106 |archive-date=May 4, 2015 |access-date=May 26, 2015 |website=[[The A.V. Club]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2019, &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwQw&quot;&gt;shirin The Ringer&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ya sanya &quot;Mandala&quot; a matsayi na 46 daga cikin jimillar shirye-shiryen ''Breaking Bad'' guda 62. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shaker Samman |date=September 30, 2019 |title=The Ringer's Definitive 'Breaking Bad' Episodes Ranking |url=https://www.theringer.com/tv/2019/9/30/20885880/breaking-bad-episodes-ranking |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030073808/https://www.theringer.com/tv/2019/9/30/20885880/breaking-bad-episodes-ranking |archive-date=October 30, 2020 |access-date=May 3, 2022 |website=[[The Ringer (website)|The Ringer]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vulture ya sanya shi a matsayi na 47 a jimilla. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Potts |first=Kimberly |date=10 October 2019 |title=Every Episode of Breaking Bad, Ranked |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/breaking-bad-best-episodes-ranked.html |access-date=March 27, 2025 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>855946</id>
      <parentid>855944</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:27:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>D son203</username>
        <id>45710</id>
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      <text bytes="6643" sha1="c00221d2rehjwddhmino7ac9v9t70wv" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

&quot; '''Mandala''' &quot; shine kashi na sha ɗaya na kakar wasa ta biyu ta shirin wasan kwaikwayo na talabijin na Amurka ''mai suna Breaking Bad'' . George Mastras ne ya rubuta shi kuma Adam Bernstein ne ya ba da umarni. An watsa shirin a AMC a ranar 17 ga Mayu, 2009. Wannan shirin ya gabatar da Gus Fring da Victor, waɗanda Giancarlo Esposito da Jeremiah Bitsui suka taka bi da bi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Herzog |first=Kenny |date=April 21, 2020 |title=Every Breaking Bad Crossover Character in Better Call Saul |url=https://www.vulture.com/2018/09/breaking-bad-better-call-saul-crossover-characters.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109042938/https://www.vulture.com/2018/09/breaking-bad-better-call-saul-crossover-characters.html |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |access-date=December 18, 2020 |website=[[Vulture.com|Vulture]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Labari ==
Combo Ortega yana sayar da miyagun ƙwayoyi a kusurwar titi a wajen yankin Heisenberg lokacin da ya lura da dillalai biyu masu hamayya suna kallonsa; sai wani ƙaramin yaro da ke aiki a gare su ya kashe shi. Skinny Pete, wanda ya tsorata da mutuwar Combo da kuma rashin bin doka da Badger ya yi kwanan nan, ya yanke shawarar daina cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi. Ba tare da wata hanyar rarrabawa ba, [[Walter White (Breaking Bad)|Walter White]] da Jesse Pinkman sun tilasta wa neman wani wuri. Sun haɗu da Saul Goodman don tattauna matakin da za su ɗauka na gaba. Ya gaya musu cewa su masu rarrabawa ne marasa ƙwarewa, kuma suna buƙatar ɗan kasuwa wanda zai sayi kayansu da yawa. Ya yi tayin tuntuɓar mai rarrabawa ɗaya tilo da ya taɓa jin labarinsa, amma zai yi wuya, domin mutumin yana da taka tsantsan sosai. Jesse ya yi baƙin ciki da ya kashe Combo, kuma a daren ya gaya wa Jane Margolis ta bar gidansa don kada ya cutar da lafiyarta lokacin da yake shan meth . Jane ta yanke shawarar zama tare da shi ba tare da son rai ba.

Washegari, Walt ya jira a wani gidan cin abinci na kaji na gida mai suna Los Pollos Hermanos, inda mai rarrabawa ya shirya ya same su; Jesse ya zo a makare, har yanzu yana cikin hayaniya, kuma ya tafi da sauri bayan haka. Babu wanda ya yi magana da Walt, amma daga baya ya fahimci cewa mai rarrabawa ya gan shi kuma ya ƙi yin aiki tare da shi. A halin yanzu, Jane ta sake komawa cikin jarabar miyagun ƙwayoyi ta gabatar da Jesse ga heroin . Washegari, Walt ya koma gidan cin abinci ya jira har sai lokacin rufewa ya kare. Daga ƙarshe ya fahimci cewa mutumin da yake ɗauka shine manajan gidan cin abinci shine mai rarrabawa. Kodayake mai rarrabawa ya dage cewa ba ya son yin aiki da mai shan miyagun ƙwayoyi, Walt ya tabbatar masa cewa za a iya dogara da Jesse kuma cewa samfurin su shine mafi kyau. Mai rarrabawa ya gaya wa Walt cewa zai tuntube shi idan ya yanke shawarar yin aiki tare da mutanen biyu, kuma ya yi gargaɗi ga Walt kada ya taɓa amincewa da mai shan miyagun ƙwayoyi.

Skyler White ta taimaka wa kamfanin bikin zagayowar ranar haihuwar shugabanta Ted Beneke, inda ta rera masa waƙar &quot; Barka da Ranar Haihuwa, Mr. President &quot;. Daga baya ta gano, yayin da take binciken asusun, cewa akwai kurakurai da yawa a cikin biyan kuɗin da aka yi wa kamfanin. Ted ya yarda cewa ya guje wa haraji kan miliyoyin daloli ta hanyar rage yawan kuɗin shiga don ci gaba da kamfanin da kuma tallafawa ma'aikatansa. Skyler ta ce duk da cewa ba za ta miƙa shi ba, ba za ta iya zama wani ɓangare na ayyukansa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba kuma ta bar aiki. Duk da haka, ta koma aiki washegari, cikin rikici.

Walt ya sami saƙo yana gaya masa ya zo gidan cin abinci, inda ya ji cewa mai rarraba abincin ba shine manajan gidan cin abinci ba, amma shine mamallakin gidajen cin abinci na Los Pollos Hermanos, Gus Fring . Manajan na ainihi, wanda ya bayyana bai san ayyukan laifukan Gus ba, ya gaya wa Walt cewa Gus ba ya cikin shagon a halin yanzu. Yayin da Walt ke shirin tafiya, wani abokin Gus mai suna Victor ya hana shi fita ya kuma gaya masa ya kai meth ɗin zuwa tasha a cikin awa ɗaya mai zuwa don a ba shi kuɗi dala miliyan 1.2, ya ƙara da cewa idan bai yi haka ba, Gus ba zai taɓa yin kasuwanci da shi a nan gaba ba. Walt ya yi gaggawa zuwa gidan Jesse ya shiga yayin da Jesse da Jane ke cikin hazo da heroin ya jawo don ya dawo da meth ɗin. A lokaci guda, Skyler ya fara naƙuda ya aika wa Walt saƙo lokacin da bai ɗauki wayarsa ba. Walt ya ɗauki ɗan lokaci don ya yi la'akari da zaɓinsa kafin ya tattara meth ɗin ya bar gidan.

== Karɓar girmamawa mai mahimmanci ==
Seth Amitin, na ''IGN'', ya ba shirin maki 8.6/10, yana mai cewa shirin shine: &quot;game da ketare layukan...&quot; kuma cewa &quot;shine farkon tsarin kammala wasan cikin makonni biyu&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Amitin |first=Seth |date=May 18, 2009 |title=Breaking Bad: &quot;Mandala&quot; Review |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2009/05/18/breaking-bad-mandala-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526215145/http://www.ign.com/articles/2009/05/18/breaking-bad-mandala-review |archive-date=May 26, 2015 |access-date=May 26, 2015 |website=[[IGN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Donna Bowman na ''The AV Club'' ta ba shirin maki B, tana rubuta cewa &quot;ba makawa ne mu sami wani shiri mai kyau a wani lokaci&quot; kuma, kamar Amitin, ta yi tunanin cewa shirin &quot;ya fi mayar da hankali kan mayar da sassan zuwa wurin da za a yi wasan karshe&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bowman |first=Donna |date=May 17, 2009 |title=Breaking Bad: &quot;Mandala&quot; |url=https://www.avclub.com/breaking-bad-mandala-1798206491 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504052326/http://www.avclub.com/tvclub/breaking-bad-mandala-28106 |archive-date=May 4, 2015 |access-date=May 26, 2015 |website=[[The A.V. Club]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekarar 2019, &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwQw&quot;&gt;shirin The Ringer&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; ya sanya &quot;Mandala&quot; a matsayi na 46 daga cikin jimillar shirye-shiryen ''Breaking Bad'' guda 62. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shaker Samman |date=September 30, 2019 |title=The Ringer's Definitive 'Breaking Bad' Episodes Ranking |url=https://www.theringer.com/tv/2019/9/30/20885880/breaking-bad-episodes-ranking |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030073808/https://www.theringer.com/tv/2019/9/30/20885880/breaking-bad-episodes-ranking |archive-date=October 30, 2020 |access-date=May 3, 2022 |website=[[The Ringer (website)|The Ringer]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vulture ya sanya shi a matsayi na 47 a jimilla. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Potts |first=Kimberly |date=10 October 2019 |title=Every Episode of Breaking Bad, Ranked |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/breaking-bad-best-episodes-ranked.html |access-date=March 27, 2025 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>REGIDESO Burundi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>855950</id>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>20447</id>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: '''REGIDESO Burundi''' ({{langx|fr|'''Régie de Production et de Distribution d’eau et d’électricité du Burundi'''}}, Hukumar Kera da Rarraba Ruwa da Lantarki ta Burundi) wani kamfani ne na gwamnati da ke rarraba ruwa da wutar lantarki a ƙasar Burundi.  == Mandate (Aiki) == REGIDESO tana da manufar hako ruwa, tacewa da rarraba shi; kera da rarraba wutar lantarki; da kuma tallata waɗannan kayayyaki a cibiyoyin birane da sauran wuraren da hukumar gudanarwa ta ayyana. REGI...</comment>
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      <text bytes="4470" sha1="abg0bu4dywy671jruycpad3awjttz25" xml:space="preserve">'''REGIDESO Burundi''' ({{langx|fr|'''Régie de Production et de Distribution d’eau et d’électricité du Burundi'''}}, Hukumar Kera da Rarraba Ruwa da Lantarki ta Burundi) wani kamfani ne na gwamnati da ke rarraba ruwa da wutar lantarki a ƙasar Burundi.

== Mandate (Aiki) ==
REGIDESO tana da manufar hako ruwa, tacewa da rarraba shi; kera da rarraba wutar lantarki; da kuma tallata waɗannan kayayyaki a cibiyoyin birane da sauran wuraren da hukumar gudanarwa ta ayyana.
REGIDESO tana gudanar da, ko bayar da kwangilar bincike da ayyukan da ake buƙata don cimma wannan manufa.
REGIDESO tana ƙarƙashin kulawar Ma'aikatar da ke da alhakin Makamashi da Ma'adinai, wadda ke duba da amincewa da shawarwarin da hukumar gudanarwa ta yanke.{{sfn|Régie de Production et de Distribution...}}

== Samar da wutar lantarki da wadata ta ==

Ya zuwa shekarar 2008, REGIDESO tana samar da mafi yawan wutar lantarki a ƙasar daga madatsun ruwa na samar da wutar lantarki guda bakwai, tare da jimillar ƙarfin da aka girka na megawatt 30.6 (MW).
Madatsar ruwa ta Rwegura (18 MW) da ta Mugere (8 MW) a tsakaninsu suna samar da kashi 85% na wadatar wutar lantarki na cikin gida.{{sfn|IBP|2008|p=34}}
REGIDESO ita ke sarrafawa da kula da duk gidajen samar da wutar lantarki na thermal (na hayaki/man fetur) a Burundi, sannan tana tafiyar da ƙananan rukunoni daban-daban na samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a yankunan karkara.
Ita ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da rarraba wuta a yankunan birane, galibi a ciki da kewayen Bujumbura.{{sfn|IBP|2008|p=37}}

Hukumar ''Direction Generale de l'Hydraulique et de l'Électrifacation Rurales'' (DGHYER) tana siyan wutar lantarki daga REGIDESO kuma tana rarraba ta ga abokan ciniki na yankunan karkara.
Ta kasance tana tafiyar da nata gidajen samar da wuta, amma yanzu tana da ƙananan masana'antu na micro guda kaɗan waɗanda ba za a iya dogara da su ba.{{sfn|IBP|2008|p=38}}

REGIDESO tana da injin janareta na dizal mai ƙarfin 10 MW da aka yi hayarsa.
Tana shigo da 3 MW daga Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Ƙasa na Jamhuriyar Dimokaraɗiyyar Kongo (SNEL) daga madatsar ruwa ta haɗin gwiwa ta Ruzizi I, sannan tana shigo da 13.3 MW daga Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Ƙasa da Ƙasa na Ƙasashin Manyan Tafkuna (SINELAC).
Burundi tana cikin rukunin raba wutar lantarki na Gabashin Afirka (EAPP), wanda ke da nufin kafa hanyoyin sadarwa ta yadda za a iya kasuwancin wutar lantarki tsakanin ƙasashe mambobi. Akwai yuwuwar Burundi ta fitar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa mai rahusa.
Ya zuwa shekarar 2024, tana da ma'aikata guda 1272.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}}

== Tarihi ==
=== Lokacin mulkin mallaka (1939–1962) ===
An kafa hukumar ''Régie de Production et de Distribution d’Eau et d’Electricité'' (REGIDESO) ''du Congo-Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi'' (Hukumar Kera da Rarraba Ruwa da Lantarki ta Kongo ta Beljiyam da Ruanda-Urundi) ta hanyar doka a ranar 30 ga Disamba 1939.{{sfn|Régie de Production et de Distribution...}}

Kafin Burundi ta sami ƴancin kai, Hukumar Ƙasa da Ƙasa don Ci gaban Karkara (AIDR) ce ke samar da ruwa ga cibiyoyi a cikin ƙasar, kuma REGIDESO ta Kongo ta Beljiyam da Ruanda-Urundi ce ke kera da rarraba ruwa da wutar lantarki a yankunan birane.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}}

=== Shekarun farko (1962–1975) ===

An kafa ''Régie de Distribution d’Eau et d’Electricité du Burundi'' (Hukumar Rarraba Ruwa da Lantarki ta Burundi: REGIDESO Burundi) a ranar 22 ga Yuni 1962 ta hannun Babban Wakilin Beljiyam a Burundi.
Wani tsari ne na gudanarwa mai zaman kansa ta fuskar shari'a, gudanarwa, da cin gashin kai na kuɗi.{{sfn|Régie de Production et de Distribution...}}

Lokacin da aka gane ta, REGIDESO ba ta da kowane ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa. 
Ana samar da wutar lantarki ne ta hanyar ƙananan janareto a cikin karkara, da kuma ta gidajen samar da wuta na thermal na Bujumbura da Gitega.
Haka kuma an samar da makamashin lantarki ta hanyar Madatsar Ruwa ta Ruzizi I a kan Kogin Ruzizi ta hanyar tashar SNEL.
Birnin Bujumbura ya sami ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugar kogin Ntahangwa, Gatunguru da Kinuke.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}}

Tsakanin shekarun 1962 na 1975, yawancin ayyukan REGIDESO sun mayar da hankali ne kan tsara kanta, neman abokan haɗin gwiwa, da gano ayyukan da za a gudanar.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}}
A ranar 2 ga Oktoba 1968, an sanya REGIDESO a ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a, Makamashi da Ma'adinai.{{sfn|Régie de Production et de Distribution...}}</text>
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'''REGIDESO Burundi''' ({{langx|fr|'''Régie de Production et de Distribution d’eau et d’électricité du Burundi'''}}, Hukumar Kera da Rarraba Ruwa da Lantarki ta Burundi) wani kamfani ne na gwamnati da ke rarraba ruwa da wutar lantarki a ƙasar Burundi.

== Mandate (Aiki) ==
REGIDESO tana da manufar hako ruwa, tacewa da rarraba shi; kera da rarraba wutar lantarki; da kuma tallata waɗannan kayayyaki a cibiyoyin birane da sauran wuraren da hukumar gudanarwa ta ayyana.
REGIDESO tana gudanar da, ko bayar da kwangilar bincike da ayyukan da ake buƙata don cimma wannan manufa.
REGIDESO tana ƙarƙashin kulawar Ma'aikatar da ke da alhakin Makamashi da Ma'adinai, wadda ke duba da amincewa da shawarwarin da hukumar gudanarwa ta yanke.{{sfn|Régie de Production et de Distribution...}}

== Samar da wutar lantarki da wadata ta ==

Ya zuwa shekarar 2008, REGIDESO tana samar da mafi yawan wutar lantarki a ƙasar daga madatsun ruwa na samar da wutar lantarki guda bakwai, tare da jimillar ƙarfin da aka girka na megawatt 30.6 (MW).
Madatsar ruwa ta Rwegura (18 MW) da ta Mugere (8 MW) a tsakaninsu suna samar da kashi 85% na wadatar wutar lantarki na cikin gida.{{sfn|IBP|2008|p=34}}
REGIDESO ita ke sarrafawa da kula da duk gidajen samar da wutar lantarki na thermal (na hayaki/man fetur) a Burundi, sannan tana tafiyar da ƙananan rukunoni daban-daban na samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a yankunan karkara.
Ita ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da rarraba wuta a yankunan birane, galibi a ciki da kewayen Bujumbura.{{sfn|IBP|2008|p=37}}

Hukumar ''Direction Generale de l'Hydraulique et de l'Électrifacation Rurales'' (DGHYER) tana siyan wutar lantarki daga REGIDESO kuma tana rarraba ta ga abokan ciniki na yankunan karkara.
Ta kasance tana tafiyar da nata gidajen samar da wuta, amma yanzu tana da ƙananan masana'antu na micro guda kaɗan waɗanda ba za a iya dogara da su ba.{{sfn|IBP|2008|p=38}}

REGIDESO tana da injin janareta na dizal mai ƙarfin 10 MW da aka yi hayarsa.
Tana shigo da 3 MW daga Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Ƙasa na Jamhuriyar Dimokaraɗiyyar Kongo (SNEL) daga madatsar ruwa ta haɗin gwiwa ta Ruzizi I, sannan tana shigo da 13.3 MW daga Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Ƙasa da Ƙasa na Ƙasashin Manyan Tafkuna (SINELAC).
Burundi tana cikin rukunin raba wutar lantarki na Gabashin Afirka (EAPP), wanda ke da nufin kafa hanyoyin sadarwa ta yadda za a iya kasuwancin wutar lantarki tsakanin ƙasashe mambobi. Akwai yuwuwar Burundi ta fitar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa mai rahusa.
Ya zuwa shekarar 2024, tana da ma'aikata guda 1272.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}}

== Tarihi ==
=== Lokacin mulkin mallaka (1939–1962) ===
An kafa hukumar ''Régie de Production et de Distribution d’Eau et d’Electricité'' (REGIDESO) ''du Congo-Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi'' (Hukumar Kera da Rarraba Ruwa da Lantarki ta Kongo ta Beljiyam da Ruanda-Urundi) ta hanyar doka a ranar 30 ga Disamba 1939.{{sfn|Régie de Production et de Distribution...}}

Kafin Burundi ta sami ƴancin kai, Hukumar Ƙasa da Ƙasa don Ci gaban Karkara (AIDR) ce ke samar da ruwa ga cibiyoyi a cikin ƙasar, kuma REGIDESO ta Kongo ta Beljiyam da Ruanda-Urundi ce ke kera da rarraba ruwa da wutar lantarki a yankunan birane.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}}

=== Shekarun farko (1962–1975) ===

An kafa ''Régie de Distribution d’Eau et d’Electricité du Burundi'' (Hukumar Rarraba Ruwa da Lantarki ta Burundi: REGIDESO Burundi) a ranar 22 ga Yuni 1962 ta hannun Babban Wakilin Beljiyam a Burundi.
Wani tsari ne na gudanarwa mai zaman kansa ta fuskar shari'a, gudanarwa, da cin gashin kai na kuɗi.{{sfn|Régie de Production et de Distribution...}}

Lokacin da aka gane ta, REGIDESO ba ta da kowane ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa. 
Ana samar da wutar lantarki ne ta hanyar ƙananan janareto a cikin karkara, da kuma ta gidajen samar da wuta na thermal na Bujumbura da Gitega.
Haka kuma an samar da makamashin lantarki ta hanyar Madatsar Ruwa ta Ruzizi I a kan Kogin Ruzizi ta hanyar tashar SNEL.
Birnin Bujumbura ya sami ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugar kogin Ntahangwa, Gatunguru da Kinuke.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}}

Tsakanin shekarun 1962 na 1975, yawancin ayyukan REGIDESO sun mayar da hankali ne kan tsara kanta, neman abokan haɗin gwiwa, da gano ayyukan da za a gudanar.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}}
A ranar 2 ga Oktoba 1968, an sanya REGIDESO a ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a, Makamashi da Ma'adinai.{{sfn|Régie de Production et de Distribution...}}</text>
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      <comment>/* Shekarun farko (1962–1975) */</comment>
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      <text bytes="9177" sha1="bldxvmf5xfemcdi5np0lnorv0g9sea0" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''REGIDESO Burundi''' ({{langx|fr|'''Régie de Production et de Distribution d’eau et d’électricité du Burundi'''}}, Hukumar Kera da Rarraba Ruwa da Lantarki ta Burundi) wani kamfani ne na gwamnati da ke rarraba ruwa da wutar lantarki a ƙasar Burundi.

== Mandate (Aiki) ==
REGIDESO tana da manufar hako ruwa, tacewa da rarraba shi; kera da rarraba wutar lantarki; da kuma tallata waɗannan kayayyaki a cibiyoyin birane da sauran wuraren da hukumar gudanarwa ta ayyana.
REGIDESO tana gudanar da, ko bayar da kwangilar bincike da ayyukan da ake buƙata don cimma wannan manufa.
REGIDESO tana ƙarƙashin kulawar Ma'aikatar da ke da alhakin Makamashi da Ma'adinai, wadda ke duba da amincewa da shawarwarin da hukumar gudanarwa ta yanke.{{sfn|Régie de Production et de Distribution...}}

== Samar da wutar lantarki da wadata ta ==

Ya zuwa shekarar 2008, REGIDESO tana samar da mafi yawan wutar lantarki a ƙasar daga madatsun ruwa na samar da wutar lantarki guda bakwai, tare da jimillar ƙarfin da aka girka na megawatt 30.6 (MW).
Madatsar ruwa ta Rwegura (18 MW) da ta Mugere (8 MW) a tsakaninsu suna samar da kashi 85% na wadatar wutar lantarki na cikin gida.{{sfn|IBP|2008|p=34}}
REGIDESO ita ke sarrafawa da kula da duk gidajen samar da wutar lantarki na thermal (na hayaki/man fetur) a Burundi, sannan tana tafiyar da ƙananan rukunoni daban-daban na samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a yankunan karkara.
Ita ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da rarraba wuta a yankunan birane, galibi a ciki da kewayen Bujumbura.{{sfn|IBP|2008|p=37}}

Hukumar ''Direction Generale de l'Hydraulique et de l'Électrifacation Rurales'' (DGHYER) tana siyan wutar lantarki daga REGIDESO kuma tana rarraba ta ga abokan ciniki na yankunan karkara.
Ta kasance tana tafiyar da nata gidajen samar da wuta, amma yanzu tana da ƙananan masana'antu na micro guda kaɗan waɗanda ba za a iya dogara da su ba.{{sfn|IBP|2008|p=38}}

REGIDESO tana da injin janareta na dizal mai ƙarfin 10 MW da aka yi hayarsa.
Tana shigo da 3 MW daga Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Ƙasa na Jamhuriyar Dimokaraɗiyyar Kongo (SNEL) daga madatsar ruwa ta haɗin gwiwa ta Ruzizi I, sannan tana shigo da 13.3 MW daga Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Ƙasa da Ƙasa na Ƙasashin Manyan Tafkuna (SINELAC).
Burundi tana cikin rukunin raba wutar lantarki na Gabashin Afirka (EAPP), wanda ke da nufin kafa hanyoyin sadarwa ta yadda za a iya kasuwancin wutar lantarki tsakanin ƙasashe mambobi. Akwai yuwuwar Burundi ta fitar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa mai rahusa.
Ya zuwa shekarar 2024, tana da ma'aikata guda 1272.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}}

== Tarihi ==
=== Lokacin mulkin mallaka (1939–1962) ===
An kafa hukumar ''Régie de Production et de Distribution d’Eau et d’Electricité'' (REGIDESO) ''du Congo-Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi'' (Hukumar Kera da Rarraba Ruwa da Lantarki ta Kongo ta Beljiyam da Ruanda-Urundi) ta hanyar doka a ranar 30 ga Disamba 1939.{{sfn|Régie de Production et de Distribution...}}

Kafin Burundi ta sami ƴancin kai, Hukumar Ƙasa da Ƙasa don Ci gaban Karkara (AIDR) ce ke samar da ruwa ga cibiyoyi a cikin ƙasar, kuma REGIDESO ta Kongo ta Beljiyam da Ruanda-Urundi ce ke kera da rarraba ruwa da wutar lantarki a yankunan birane.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}}

=== Shekarun farko (1962–1975) ===

An kafa ''Régie de Distribution d’Eau et d’Electricité du Burundi'' (Hukumar Rarraba Ruwa da Lantarki ta Burundi: REGIDESO Burundi) a ranar 22 ga Yuni 1962 ta hannun Babban Wakilin Beljiyam a Burundi.
Wani tsari ne na gudanarwa mai zaman kansa ta fuskar shari'a, gudanarwa, da cin gashin kai na kuɗi.{{sfn|Régie de Production et de Distribution...}}

Lokacin da aka gane ta, REGIDESO ba ta da kowane ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa. 
Ana samar da wutar lantarki ne ta hanyar ƙananan janareto a cikin karkara, da kuma ta gidajen samar da wuta na thermal na Bujumbura da Gitega.
Haka kuma an samar da makamashin lantarki ta hanyar Madatsar Ruwa ta Ruzizi I a kan Kogin Ruzizi ta hanyar tashar SNEL.
Birnin Bujumbura ya sami ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugar kogin Ntahangwa, Gatunguru da Kinuke.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}}

Tsakanin shekarun 1962 na 1975, yawancin ayyukan REGIDESO sun mayar da hankali ne kan tsara kanta, neman abokan haɗin gwiwa, da gano ayyukan da za a gudanar.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}}
A ranar 2 ga Oktoba 1968, an sanya REGIDESO a ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a, Makamashi da Ma'adinai.{{sfn|Régie de Production et de Distribution...}}

=== Haɓakawa (1975–1992) ===

Daga shekarar 1975 zuwa 1992, REGIDESO ta faɗaɗa don samar da ruwan sha da wutar lantarki ga dukkan cibiyoyin birane da taimakon ƙasashen Jamus, Faransa, Sin da Bankin Duniya.
An gina madatsun ruwa na samar da wutar lantarki a Gikonge, Kayenzi, Buhiga, Sanzu, Marangara, Rwegura da Nyemanga (a cikin 1988), gami da madatsar ruwa ta al'ummar Rusizi.
An gina layukan watsawa da rarraba wutar lantarki a wannan lokacin.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}}
A ranar 11 ga Maris 1986, wata dokar shugaban ƙasa ta mai da REGIDESO ta zama cibiyar shari'a ta jama'a mai yanayin kasuwanci da masana'antu tare da ikon kanta na shari'a, kuɗi, da tsari.

=== Yaƙin basasa (1992–2004) ===
Tsakanin shekarun 1992 da 2004, an raba sassan gudanarwa, lissafin kuɗi, da ayyukan kasuwanci tsakanin sassan Gudanar da Lantarki da na Ruwa.
Wannan ya kasance lokacin tarzoma na basasa inda aka lalata mafi yawan abubuwan more rayuwa na REGIDESO.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}}
A cikin 1995, REGIDESO ta sayi gidan samar da wutar lantarki na thermal mai ƙarfin 5.5 MW a Bujumbura, amma har zuwa shekarar 2008 yawanci ba ya aiki, ana ajiye shi ne kawai a matsayin madadin gaggawa.
Arha na farashin wutar lantarki da tsadar man dizal sun sa gudanar da shi ya zama rashin tattalin arziki.{{sfn|IBP|2008|p=34}}

A ranar 5 ga Satumba 1997, doka mai lamba 100/164 ta mai da REGIDESO-S.P. ta zama &quot;Hukuma&quot; a ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Kamfanoni na Masu Zaman Kansu da na Gwamnati.
An kafa hedkwatar a cikin gundumar birni ta Rohero, a Bujumbura.{{sfn|Régie de Production et de Distribution...}}
REGIDESO wani kamfani ne mai haɗin gwiwar jama'a wanda ke ƙarƙashin kulawar Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ma'adinai.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}}
Kamfanin ya yi fama sosai wajen sake ginawa da kula da abubuwan more rayuwa saboda janyewar masu ba da gudummawa da kuma rashin kuɗaɗen shiga daga tallace-tallace.
A ranar 20 ga Agusta 2000, REGIDESO ta rasa ikon mallakar ta na keɓancewa (monopoly) a kan kera wutar lantarki.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}}

=== Sake gine-gine bayan yaƙi (2004–yanzu) ===

A ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan Tallafin Tallafawa Gyaran Tattalin Arziki na Bankin Duniya, REGIDESO tana ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin gwamnati 14 da aka yi niyya a cikin shirin mayar da hannun jari ga masu zaman kansu na 2006-2008. Sauran sun haɗa da OCIBU, BRB, Abattoir Public de Bujumbura (APB), OPHAVET, ONATEL, SOSUMO, COTEBU, Union Commerciale d'Assurances et de Réassurance (UCAR), Office du Thé du Burundi (OTB), SOCABU da Société Immobilière Publique (SIP).{{sfn|Proposed grant in the amount of SDR 12 million|p=36}}

Tsakanin shekarun 2005 da 2016, REGIDESO ta sake ginawa da haɓaka abubuwan more rayuwa, kuma ta tsawaita samar da ruwa da wutar lantarki zuwa sabbin wurare.
Ta kuma ƙara farashin kayayyaki ga masu amfani don sa kamfanin ya kasance mai kyau ga masu saka hannun jari na gaba.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}}
A cikin watan Yuni 2016, gundumomi da yawa na Bujumbura Mairie sun fuskanci ƙarancin ruwa mai tsanani, inda wasu ba su sami ruwa ba na tsawon kwanaki.
Regideso ta bayyana cewa yawancin bututun rarraba ruwa sun karye ko sun toshe, kuma ta yi alkawarin magance matsalar cikin mako guda.{{sfn|Burundi-Regideso : Le problème de manque d’eau}}
Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, REGIDESO tana cikin mummunan yanayin kuɗi.
Tana da manyan bashi da ba a biya ba, kuma tana fuskantar wahala wajen biyan masu bin ta bashi, gami da kamfanin gudanar da gidajen wutar lantarki na thermal na Interpetrol Burundi.{{sfn|Rugira|2021}}

Wani rahoto a cikin watan Janairu 2024 ya ambato babban darektan Regideso, Jean-Albert Manigomba, yana cewa duk da yawan ɗaukewar wuta akai-akai a Bujumbura Mairie, samar da wutar lantarki yana inganta cikin sauri.
An kammala Madatsar Ruwa ta Rusumo, kuma ana kan ginin Madatsar Ruwa ta Kabu 16.
Ya kamata duka biyun su bayar da makamashi a wannan shekarar.
Haka kuma ya kamata a kammala Madatsar Ruwa ta Jiji-Murembwe a cikin shekarar 2024.{{sfn|Kwizera|2024}}

Katsewar wutar ta kasance ne saboda tsarin wayoyi na ƙarƙashin ƙasa a Bujumbura wanda aka kafa tun shekarun 1960.
Ana kan gudanar da ayyuka, tare da tallafi daga Bankin Duniya da sauran abokan haɗin gwiwa, don gyara wannan tsarin wayoyi da inganta tsarin a sauran sassan ƙasar.
A cikin dogon lokaci, wani layi ta Ruwanda, Uganda, da Kenya, zai kai ga Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Habasha (Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam), wanda yakamata ya samar da 200 MW.
Hakanan, wani layi daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Ruzizi III zai iya samar da 26 MW ga Burundi a cikin shekarar 2028.
Wani aikin kuma zai samo 200 MW daga madatsar ruwa da ake gina wa a Tanzaniya.{{sfn|Kwizera|2024}}</text>
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'''REGIDESO Burundi''' ({{langx|fr|'''Régie de Production et de Distribution d’eau et d’électricité du Burundi'''}}, Hukumar Kera da Rarraba Ruwa da Lantarki ta Burundi) wani kamfani ne na gwamnati da ke rarraba ruwa da wutar lantarki a ƙasar Burundi.

== Mandate (Aiki) ==
REGIDESO tana da manufar hako ruwa, tacewa da rarraba shi; kera da rarraba wutar lantarki; da kuma tallata waɗannan kayayyaki a cibiyoyin birane da sauran wuraren da hukumar gudanarwa ta ayyana.
REGIDESO tana gudanar da, ko bayar da kwangilar bincike da ayyukan da ake buƙata don cimma wannan manufa.
REGIDESO tana ƙarƙashin kulawar Ma'aikatar da ke da alhakin Makamashi da Ma'adinai, wadda ke duba da amincewa da shawarwarin da hukumar gudanarwa ta yanke.{{sfn|Régie de Production et de Distribution...}}

== Samar da wutar lantarki da wadata ta ==

Ya zuwa shekarar 2008, REGIDESO tana samar da mafi yawan wutar lantarki a ƙasar daga madatsun ruwa na samar da wutar lantarki guda bakwai, tare da jimillar ƙarfin da aka girka na megawatt 30.6 (MW).
Madatsar ruwa ta Rwegura (18 MW) da ta Mugere (8 MW) a tsakaninsu suna samar da kashi 85% na wadatar wutar lantarki na cikin gida.{{sfn|IBP|2008|p=34}}
REGIDESO ita ke sarrafawa da kula da duk gidajen samar da wutar lantarki na thermal (na hayaki/man fetur) a Burundi, sannan tana tafiyar da ƙananan rukunoni daban-daban na samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a yankunan karkara.
Ita ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da rarraba wuta a yankunan birane, galibi a ciki da kewayen Bujumbura.{{sfn|IBP|2008|p=37}}

Hukumar ''Direction Generale de l'Hydraulique et de l'Électrifacation Rurales'' (DGHYER) tana siyan wutar lantarki daga REGIDESO kuma tana rarraba ta ga abokan ciniki na yankunan karkara.
Ta kasance tana tafiyar da nata gidajen samar da wuta, amma yanzu tana da ƙananan masana'antu na micro guda kaɗan waɗanda ba za a iya dogara da su ba.{{sfn|IBP|2008|p=38}}

REGIDESO tana da injin janareta na dizal mai ƙarfin 10 MW da aka yi hayarsa.
Tana shigo da 3 MW daga Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Ƙasa na Jamhuriyar Dimokaraɗiyyar Kongo (SNEL) daga madatsar ruwa ta haɗin gwiwa ta Ruzizi I, sannan tana shigo da 13.3 MW daga Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Ƙasa da Ƙasa na Ƙasashin Manyan Tafkuna (SINELAC).
Burundi tana cikin rukunin raba wutar lantarki na Gabashin Afirka (EAPP), wanda ke da nufin kafa hanyoyin sadarwa ta yadda za a iya kasuwancin wutar lantarki tsakanin ƙasashe mambobi. Akwai yuwuwar Burundi ta fitar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa mai rahusa.
Ya zuwa shekarar 2024, tana da ma'aikata guda 1272.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}}

== Tarihi ==
=== Lokacin mulkin mallaka (1939–1962) ===
An kafa hukumar ''Régie de Production et de Distribution d’Eau et d’Electricité'' (REGIDESO) ''du Congo-Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi'' (Hukumar Kera da Rarraba Ruwa da Lantarki ta Kongo ta Beljiyam da Ruanda-Urundi) ta hanyar doka a ranar 30 ga Disamba 1939.{{sfn|Régie de Production et de Distribution...}}

Kafin Burundi ta sami ƴancin kai, Hukumar Ƙasa da Ƙasa don Ci gaban Karkara (AIDR) ce ke samar da ruwa ga cibiyoyi a cikin ƙasar, kuma REGIDESO ta Kongo ta Beljiyam da Ruanda-Urundi ce ke kera da rarraba ruwa da wutar lantarki a yankunan birane.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}}

=== Shekarun farko (1962–1975) ===

An kafa ''Régie de Distribution d’Eau et d’Electricité du Burundi'' (Hukumar Rarraba Ruwa da Lantarki ta Burundi: REGIDESO Burundi) a ranar 22 ga Yuni 1962 ta hannun Babban Wakilin Beljiyam a Burundi.
Wani tsari ne na gudanarwa mai zaman kansa ta fuskar shari'a, gudanarwa, da cin gashin kai na kuɗi.{{sfn|Régie de Production et de Distribution...}}

Lokacin da aka gane ta, REGIDESO ba ta da kowane ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa. 
Ana samar da wutar lantarki ne ta hanyar ƙananan janareto a cikin karkara, da kuma ta gidajen samar da wuta na thermal na Bujumbura da Gitega.
Haka kuma an samar da makamashin lantarki ta hanyar Madatsar Ruwa ta Ruzizi I a kan Kogin Ruzizi ta hanyar tashar SNEL.
Birnin Bujumbura ya sami ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugar kogin Ntahangwa, Gatunguru da Kinuke.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}}

Tsakanin shekarun 1962 na 1975, yawancin ayyukan REGIDESO sun mayar da hankali ne kan tsara kanta, neman abokan haɗin gwiwa, da gano ayyukan da za a gudanar.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}}
A ranar 2 ga Oktoba 1968, an sanya REGIDESO a ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a, Makamashi da Ma'adinai.{{sfn|Régie de Production et de Distribution...}}

=== Haɓakawa (1975–1992) ===

Daga shekarar 1975 zuwa 1992, REGIDESO ta faɗaɗa don samar da ruwan sha da wutar lantarki ga dukkan cibiyoyin birane da taimakon ƙasashen Jamus, Faransa, Sin da Bankin Duniya.
An gina madatsun ruwa na samar da wutar lantarki a Gikonge, Kayenzi, Buhiga, Sanzu, Marangara, Rwegura da Nyemanga (a cikin 1988), gami da madatsar ruwa ta al'ummar Rusizi.
An gina layukan watsawa da rarraba wutar lantarki a wannan lokacin.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}}
A ranar 11 ga Maris 1986, wata dokar shugaban ƙasa ta mai da REGIDESO ta zama cibiyar shari'a ta jama'a mai yanayin kasuwanci da masana'antu tare da ikon kanta na shari'a, kuɗi, da tsari.

=== Yaƙin basasa (1992–2004) ===
Tsakanin shekarun 1992 da 2004, an raba sassan gudanarwa, lissafin kuɗi, da ayyukan kasuwanci tsakanin sassan Gudanar da Lantarki da na Ruwa.
Wannan ya kasance lokacin tarzoma na basasa inda aka lalata mafi yawan abubuwan more rayuwa na REGIDESO.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}}
A cikin 1995, REGIDESO ta sayi gidan samar da wutar lantarki na thermal mai ƙarfin 5.5 MW a Bujumbura, amma har zuwa shekarar 2008 yawanci ba ya aiki, ana ajiye shi ne kawai a matsayin madadin gaggawa.
Arha na farashin wutar lantarki da tsadar man dizal sun sa gudanar da shi ya zama rashin tattalin arziki.{{sfn|IBP|2008|p=34}}

A ranar 5 ga Satumba 1997, doka mai lamba 100/164 ta mai da REGIDESO-S.P. ta zama &quot;Hukuma&quot; a ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Kamfanoni na Masu Zaman Kansu da na Gwamnati.
An kafa hedkwatar a cikin gundumar birni ta Rohero, a Bujumbura.{{sfn|Régie de Production et de Distribution...}}
REGIDESO wani kamfani ne mai haɗin gwiwar jama'a wanda ke ƙarƙashin kulawar Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ma'adinai.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}}
Kamfanin ya yi fama sosai wajen sake ginawa da kula da abubuwan more rayuwa saboda janyewar masu ba da gudummawa da kuma rashin kuɗaɗen shiga daga tallace-tallace.
A ranar 20 ga Agusta 2000, REGIDESO ta rasa ikon mallakar ta na keɓancewa (monopoly) a kan kera wutar lantarki.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}}

=== Sake gine-gine bayan yaƙi (2004–yanzu) ===

A ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan Tallafin Tallafawa Gyaran Tattalin Arziki na Bankin Duniya, REGIDESO tana ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin gwamnati 14 da aka yi niyya a cikin shirin mayar da hannun jari ga masu zaman kansu na 2006-2008. Sauran sun haɗa da OCIBU, BRB, Abattoir Public de Bujumbura (APB), OPHAVET, ONATEL, SOSUMO, COTEBU, Union Commerciale d'Assurances et de Réassurance (UCAR), Office du Thé du Burundi (OTB), SOCABU da Société Immobilière Publique (SIP).{{sfn|Proposed grant in the amount of SDR 12 million|p=36}}

Tsakanin shekarun 2005 da 2016, REGIDESO ta sake ginawa da haɓaka abubuwan more rayuwa, kuma ta tsawaita samar da ruwa da wutar lantarki zuwa sabbin wurare.
Ta kuma ƙara farashin kayayyaki ga masu amfani don sa kamfanin ya kasance mai kyau ga masu saka hannun jari na gaba.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}}
A cikin watan Yuni 2016, gundumomi da yawa na Bujumbura Mairie sun fuskanci ƙarancin ruwa mai tsanani, inda wasu ba su sami ruwa ba na tsawon kwanaki.
Regideso ta bayyana cewa yawancin bututun rarraba ruwa sun karye ko sun toshe, kuma ta yi alkawarin magance matsalar cikin mako guda.{{sfn|Burundi-Regideso : Le problème de manque d’eau}}
Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, REGIDESO tana cikin mummunan yanayin kuɗi.
Tana da manyan bashi da ba a biya ba, kuma tana fuskantar wahala wajen biyan masu bin ta bashi, gami da kamfanin gudanar da gidajen wutar lantarki na thermal na Interpetrol Burundi.{{sfn|Rugira|2021}}

Wani rahoto a cikin watan Janairu 2024 ya ambato babban darektan Regideso, Jean-Albert Manigomba, yana cewa duk da yawan ɗaukewar wuta akai-akai a Bujumbura Mairie, samar da wutar lantarki yana inganta cikin sauri.
An kammala Madatsar Ruwa ta Rusumo, kuma ana kan ginin Madatsar Ruwa ta Kabu 16.
Ya kamata duka biyun su bayar da makamashi a wannan shekarar.
Haka kuma ya kamata a kammala Madatsar Ruwa ta Jiji-Murembwe a cikin shekarar 2024.{{sfn|Kwizera|2024}}

Katsewar wutar ta kasance ne saboda tsarin wayoyi na ƙarƙashin ƙasa a Bujumbura wanda aka kafa tun shekarun 1960.
Ana kan gudanar da ayyuka, tare da tallafi daga Bankin Duniya da sauran abokan haɗin gwiwa, don gyara wannan tsarin wayoyi da inganta tsarin a sauran sassan ƙasar.
A cikin dogon lokaci, wani layi ta Ruwanda, Uganda, da Kenya, zai kai ga Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Habasha (Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam), wanda yakamata ya samar da 200 MW.
Hakanan, wani layi daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Ruzizi III zai iya samar da 26 MW ga Burundi a cikin shekarar 2028.
Wani aikin kuma zai samo 200 MW daga madatsar ruwa da ake gina wa a Tanzaniya.{{sfn|Kwizera|2024}}

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist|25em}}

== Majiyoyi ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |url=https://indundiculture.com/burundi-regideso-le-probleme-de-manque-deau-sera-resolu-dans-une-semaine/ |accessdate=2024-08-11 |language=fr
 |title=Burundi-Regideso : Le problème de manque d'eau sera résolu dans une semaine |date=29 June 2016
 |work=IndundiCulture Radio |ref={{harvid|Burundi-Regideso : Le problème de manque d’eau}} }}
* {{citation |url=https://regideso.bi/historiques/ |accessdate=2024-08-11 |language=fr
 |title=Historique de la REGIDESO |publisher=REGIDESO |ref={{harvid|Historique de la REGIDESO}} }}
* {{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LvX_BgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA37 |accessdate=2024-08-11
 |title=Burundi Energy Policy, Laws and Regulations Handbook Volume 1 Strategic Information and Regulations
 |author=IBP |date=3 March 2008|publisher=Lulu.com
 |isbn=978-1-4330-7118-8 }}
* {{citation |url=https://www.iwacu-burundi.org/coupures-repetitives-delectricite-la-regideso-donne-toujours-des-raisons-desperer/ |accessdate=2024-08-11
 |last=Kwizera |first=Emery |title=Coupures répétitives d'électricité : La Regideso gives always reasons to hope
 |date=16 January 2024 |work=Iwacu |language=fr}}
* {{citation |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/219901468238758990/pdf/516570PAD0P107101Official0Use0Only1.pdf |accessdate=2024-10-22
 |title=Proposed grant in the amount of SDR 12 million to the Republic of Burundi for a financial and private sector development project 
 |date=25 November 2009 |publisher=World Bank |ref={{harvid|Proposed grant in the amount of SDR 12 million}} }}
* {{citation |url=https://www.esoko.bi/akazi/business/info/regideso/ |accessdate=2024-08-11 |language=fr
 |title=Régie de Production et de Distribution d'eau et d'électricité |publisher=Esoko |ref={{harvid|Régie de Production et de Distribution...}} }}
* {{citation |url=https://www.yaga-burundi.com/regideso-gouvernement-qui-dit-vrai/ |accessdate=2024-08-11 |language=fr
 |last=Rugira |first=Aimé|date=18 February 2021 |title=Regideso vs Gouvernement : qui dit vrai ? |work=yaga-burundi}}
{{refend}}

== Ƙarin karatu ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/517851468017390166/pdf/BURUNDI0EE0PID000Appraisal00final.pdf |accessdate=2024-08-11
 |title=AB6769 Burundi - Energy Efficiency Project |date=2 February 2012 |publisher=World Bank |ref={{harvid|AB6769 Burundi - Energy Efficiency Project}} }}
* {{citation |url=https://www.iwacu-burundi.org/enquete-sur-leau-de-la-regideso-alimentation-en-eau-potable-un-secteur-presque-oublie/ |accessdate=2024-08-11
 |last=Manirakiza |first=Fabrice |date=23 February 2024 |title=Enquête sur l'eau de la Regideso/Alimentation en eau potable : Un secteur presque oublié |work=Iwacu}}
{{refend}}</text>
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'''REGIDESO Burundi''' Hukumar Kera da Rarraba Ruwa da Lantarki ta Burundi) wani kamfani ne na gwamnati da ke rarraba ruwa da wutar lantarki a ƙasar Burundi.

== Mandate (Aiki) ==
REGIDESO tana da manufar hako ruwa, tacewa da rarraba shi; kera da rarraba wutar lantarki; da kuma tallata waɗannan kayayyaki a cibiyoyin birane da sauran wuraren da hukumar gudanarwa ta ayyana.
REGIDESO tana gudanar da, ko bayar da kwangilar bincike da ayyukan da ake buƙata don cimma wannan manufa.
REGIDESO tana ƙarƙashin kulawar Ma'aikatar da ke da alhakin Makamashi da Ma'adinai, wadda ke duba da amincewa da shawarwarin da hukumar gudanarwa ta yanke.{{sfn|Régie de Production et de Distribution...}}

== Samar da wutar lantarki da wadata ta ==

Ya zuwa shekarar 2008, REGIDESO tana samar da mafi yawan wutar lantarki a ƙasar daga madatsun ruwa na samar da wutar lantarki guda bakwai, tare da jimillar ƙarfin da aka girka na megawatt 30.6 (MW).
Madatsar ruwa ta Rwegura (18 MW) da ta Mugere (8 MW) a tsakaninsu suna samar da kashi 85% na wadatar wutar lantarki na cikin gida.{{sfn|IBP|2008|p=34}}
REGIDESO ita ke sarrafawa da kula da duk gidajen samar da wutar lantarki na thermal (na hayaki/man fetur) a Burundi, sannan tana tafiyar da ƙananan rukunoni daban-daban na samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa a yankunan karkara.
Ita ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da rarraba wuta a yankunan birane, galibi a ciki da kewayen Bujumbura.{{sfn|IBP|2008|p=37}}

Hukumar ''Direction Generale de l'Hydraulique et de l'Électrifacation Rurales'' (DGHYER) tana siyan wutar lantarki daga REGIDESO kuma tana rarraba ta ga abokan ciniki na yankunan karkara.
Ta kasance tana tafiyar da nata gidajen samar da wuta, amma yanzu tana da ƙananan masana'antu na micro guda kaɗan waɗanda ba za a iya dogara da su ba.{{sfn|IBP|2008|p=38}}

REGIDESO tana da injin janareta na dizal mai ƙarfin 10 MW da aka yi hayarsa.
Tana shigo da 3 MW daga Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Ƙasa na Jamhuriyar Dimokaraɗiyyar Kongo (SNEL) daga madatsar ruwa ta haɗin gwiwa ta Ruzizi I, sannan tana shigo da 13.3 MW daga Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Ƙasa da Ƙasa na Ƙasashin Manyan Tafkuna (SINELAC).
Burundi tana cikin rukunin raba wutar lantarki na Gabashin Afirka (EAPP), wanda ke da nufin kafa hanyoyin sadarwa ta yadda za a iya kasuwancin wutar lantarki tsakanin ƙasashe mambobi. Akwai yuwuwar Burundi ta fitar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa mai rahusa.
Ya zuwa shekarar 2024, tana da ma'aikata guda 1272.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}}

== Tarihi ==
=== Lokacin mulkin mallaka (1939–1962) ===
An kafa hukumar ''Régie de Production et de Distribution d’Eau et d’Electricité'' (REGIDESO) ''du Congo-Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi'' (Hukumar Kera da Rarraba Ruwa da Lantarki ta Kongo ta Beljiyam da Ruanda-Urundi) ta hanyar doka a ranar 30 ga Disamba 1939.{{sfn|Régie de Production et de Distribution...}}

Kafin Burundi ta sami ƴancin kai, Hukumar Ƙasa da Ƙasa don Ci gaban Karkara (AIDR) ce ke samar da ruwa ga cibiyoyi a cikin ƙasar, kuma REGIDESO ta Kongo ta Beljiyam da Ruanda-Urundi ce ke kera da rarraba ruwa da wutar lantarki a yankunan birane.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}}

=== Shekarun farko (1962–1975) ===

An kafa ''Régie de Distribution d’Eau et d’Electricité du Burundi'' (Hukumar Rarraba Ruwa da Lantarki ta Burundi: REGIDESO Burundi) a ranar 22 ga Yuni 1962 ta hannun Babban Wakilin Beljiyam a Burundi.
Wani tsari ne na gudanarwa mai zaman kansa ta fuskar shari'a, gudanarwa, da cin gashin kai na kuɗi.{{sfn|Régie de Production et de Distribution...}}

Lokacin da aka gane ta, REGIDESO ba ta da kowane ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa. 
Ana samar da wutar lantarki ne ta hanyar ƙananan janareto a cikin karkara, da kuma ta gidajen samar da wuta na thermal na Bujumbura da Gitega.
Haka kuma an samar da makamashin lantarki ta hanyar Madatsar Ruwa ta Ruzizi I a kan Kogin Ruzizi ta hanyar tashar SNEL.
Birnin Bujumbura ya sami ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugar kogin Ntahangwa, Gatunguru da Kinuke.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}}

Tsakanin shekarun 1962 na 1975, yawancin ayyukan REGIDESO sun mayar da hankali ne kan tsara kanta, neman abokan haɗin gwiwa, da gano ayyukan da za a gudanar.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}}
A ranar 2 ga Oktoba 1968, an sanya REGIDESO a ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a, Makamashi da Ma'adinai.{{sfn|Régie de Production et de Distribution...}}

=== Haɓakawa (1975–1992) ===

Daga shekarar 1975 zuwa 1992, REGIDESO ta faɗaɗa don samar da ruwan sha da wutar lantarki ga dukkan cibiyoyin birane da taimakon ƙasashen Jamus, Faransa, Sin da Bankin Duniya.
An gina madatsun ruwa na samar da wutar lantarki a Gikonge, Kayenzi, Buhiga, Sanzu, Marangara, Rwegura da Nyemanga (a cikin 1988), gami da madatsar ruwa ta al'ummar Rusizi.
An gina layukan watsawa da rarraba wutar lantarki a wannan lokacin.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}}
A ranar 11 ga Maris 1986, wata dokar shugaban ƙasa ta mai da REGIDESO ta zama cibiyar shari'a ta jama'a mai yanayin kasuwanci da masana'antu tare da ikon kanta na shari'a, kuɗi, da tsari.

=== Yaƙin basasa (1992–2004) ===
Tsakanin shekarun 1992 da 2004, an raba sassan gudanarwa, lissafin kuɗi, da ayyukan kasuwanci tsakanin sassan Gudanar da Lantarki da na Ruwa.
Wannan ya kasance lokacin tarzoma na basasa inda aka lalata mafi yawan abubuwan more rayuwa na REGIDESO.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}}
A cikin 1995, REGIDESO ta sayi gidan samar da wutar lantarki na thermal mai ƙarfin 5.5 MW a Bujumbura, amma har zuwa shekarar 2008 yawanci ba ya aiki, ana ajiye shi ne kawai a matsayin madadin gaggawa.
Arha na farashin wutar lantarki da tsadar man dizal sun sa gudanar da shi ya zama rashin tattalin arziki.{{sfn|IBP|2008|p=34}}

A ranar 5 ga Satumba 1997, doka mai lamba 100/164 ta mai da REGIDESO-S.P. ta zama &quot;Hukuma&quot; a ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Kamfanoni na Masu Zaman Kansu da na Gwamnati.
An kafa hedkwatar a cikin gundumar birni ta Rohero, a Bujumbura.{{sfn|Régie de Production et de Distribution...}}
REGIDESO wani kamfani ne mai haɗin gwiwar jama'a wanda ke ƙarƙashin kulawar Ma'aikatar Makamashi da Ma'adinai.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}}
Kamfanin ya yi fama sosai wajen sake ginawa da kula da abubuwan more rayuwa saboda janyewar masu ba da gudummawa da kuma rashin kuɗaɗen shiga daga tallace-tallace.
A ranar 20 ga Agusta 2000, REGIDESO ta rasa ikon mallakar ta na keɓancewa (monopoly) a kan kera wutar lantarki.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}}

=== Sake gine-gine bayan yaƙi (2004–yanzu) ===

A ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan Tallafin Tallafawa Gyaran Tattalin Arziki na Bankin Duniya, REGIDESO tana ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin gwamnati 14 da aka yi niyya a cikin shirin mayar da hannun jari ga masu zaman kansu na 2006-2008. Sauran sun haɗa da OCIBU, BRB, Abattoir Public de Bujumbura (APB), OPHAVET, ONATEL, SOSUMO, COTEBU, Union Commerciale d'Assurances et de Réassurance (UCAR), Office du Thé du Burundi (OTB), SOCABU da Société Immobilière Publique (SIP).{{sfn|Proposed grant in the amount of SDR 12 million|p=36}}

Tsakanin shekarun 2005 da 2016, REGIDESO ta sake ginawa da haɓaka abubuwan more rayuwa, kuma ta tsawaita samar da ruwa da wutar lantarki zuwa sabbin wurare.
Ta kuma ƙara farashin kayayyaki ga masu amfani don sa kamfanin ya kasance mai kyau ga masu saka hannun jari na gaba.{{sfn|Historique de la REGIDESO}}
A cikin watan Yuni 2016, gundumomi da yawa na Bujumbura Mairie sun fuskanci ƙarancin ruwa mai tsanani, inda wasu ba su sami ruwa ba na tsawon kwanaki.
Regideso ta bayyana cewa yawancin bututun rarraba ruwa sun karye ko sun toshe, kuma ta yi alkawarin magance matsalar cikin mako guda.{{sfn|Burundi-Regideso : Le problème de manque d’eau}}
Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, REGIDESO tana cikin mummunan yanayin kuɗi.
Tana da manyan bashi da ba a biya ba, kuma tana fuskantar wahala wajen biyan masu bin ta bashi, gami da kamfanin gudanar da gidajen wutar lantarki na thermal na Interpetrol Burundi.{{sfn|Rugira|2021}}

Wani rahoto a cikin watan Janairu 2024 ya ambato babban darektan Regideso, Jean-Albert Manigomba, yana cewa duk da yawan ɗaukewar wuta akai-akai a Bujumbura Mairie, samar da wutar lantarki yana inganta cikin sauri.
An kammala Madatsar Ruwa ta Rusumo, kuma ana kan ginin Madatsar Ruwa ta Kabu 16.
Ya kamata duka biyun su bayar da makamashi a wannan shekarar.
Haka kuma ya kamata a kammala Madatsar Ruwa ta Jiji-Murembwe a cikin shekarar 2024.{{sfn|Kwizera|2024}}

Katsewar wutar ta kasance ne saboda tsarin wayoyi na ƙarƙashin ƙasa a Bujumbura wanda aka kafa tun shekarun 1960.
Ana kan gudanar da ayyuka, tare da tallafi daga Bankin Duniya da sauran abokan haɗin gwiwa, don gyara wannan tsarin wayoyi da inganta tsarin a sauran sassan ƙasar.
A cikin dogon lokaci, wani layi ta Ruwanda, Uganda, da Kenya, zai kai ga Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Habasha (Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam), wanda yakamata ya samar da 200 MW.
Hakanan, wani layi daga Madatsar Ruwa ta Ruzizi III zai iya samar da 26 MW ga Burundi a cikin shekarar 2028.
Wani aikin kuma zai samo 200 MW daga madatsar ruwa da ake gina wa a Tanzaniya.{{sfn|Kwizera|2024}}

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist|25em}}

== Majiyoyi ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |url=https://indundiculture.com/burundi-regideso-le-probleme-de-manque-deau-sera-resolu-dans-une-semaine/ |accessdate=2024-08-11 |language=fr
 |title=Burundi-Regideso : Le problème de manque d'eau sera résolu dans une semaine |date=29 June 2016
 |work=IndundiCulture Radio |ref={{harvid|Burundi-Regideso : Le problème de manque d’eau}} }}
* {{citation |url=https://regideso.bi/historiques/ |accessdate=2024-08-11 |language=fr
 |title=Historique de la REGIDESO |publisher=REGIDESO |ref={{harvid|Historique de la REGIDESO}} }}
* {{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LvX_BgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA37 |accessdate=2024-08-11
 |title=Burundi Energy Policy, Laws and Regulations Handbook Volume 1 Strategic Information and Regulations
 |author=IBP |date=3 March 2008|publisher=Lulu.com
 |isbn=978-1-4330-7118-8 }}
* {{citation |url=https://www.iwacu-burundi.org/coupures-repetitives-delectricite-la-regideso-donne-toujours-des-raisons-desperer/ |accessdate=2024-08-11
 |last=Kwizera |first=Emery |title=Coupures répétitives d'électricité : La Regideso gives always reasons to hope
 |date=16 January 2024 |work=Iwacu |language=fr}}
* {{citation |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/219901468238758990/pdf/516570PAD0P107101Official0Use0Only1.pdf |accessdate=2024-10-22
 |title=Proposed grant in the amount of SDR 12 million to the Republic of Burundi for a financial and private sector development project 
 |date=25 November 2009 |publisher=World Bank |ref={{harvid|Proposed grant in the amount of SDR 12 million}} }}
* {{citation |url=https://www.esoko.bi/akazi/business/info/regideso/ |accessdate=2024-08-11 |language=fr
 |title=Régie de Production et de Distribution d'eau et d'électricité |publisher=Esoko |ref={{harvid|Régie de Production et de Distribution...}} }}
* {{citation |url=https://www.yaga-burundi.com/regideso-gouvernement-qui-dit-vrai/ |accessdate=2024-08-11 |language=fr
 |last=Rugira |first=Aimé|date=18 February 2021 |title=Regideso vs Gouvernement : qui dit vrai ? |work=yaga-burundi}}
{{refend}}

== Ƙarin karatu ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/517851468017390166/pdf/BURUNDI0EE0PID000Appraisal00final.pdf |accessdate=2024-08-11
 |title=AB6769 Burundi - Energy Efficiency Project |date=2 February 2012 |publisher=World Bank |ref={{harvid|AB6769 Burundi - Energy Efficiency Project}} }}
* {{citation |url=https://www.iwacu-burundi.org/enquete-sur-leau-de-la-regideso-alimentation-en-eau-potable-un-secteur-presque-oublie/ |accessdate=2024-08-11
 |last=Manirakiza |first=Fabrice |date=23 February 2024 |title=Enquête sur l'eau de la Regideso/Alimentation en eau potable : Un secteur presque oublié |work=Iwacu}}
{{refend}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Alticorpus profundicola</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1313894260|Alticorpus profundicola]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Alticorpus profundicola''''' wani nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne wanda yake da yawa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''''Alticorpus profundicola''''' wani nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne wanda yake da yawa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <title>Edward Taub</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1317743408|Edward Taub]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Fayil:Dr._Taub-1931_on.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Edward Taub a shekarar 2014]]
'''Edward Taub''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1931, Brooklyn New York) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Doidge, Norman (2007). The Brain that Changes Itself (Viking), p.136. {{ISBN|0-670-03830-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ƙwararren masanin kimiyyar halayyar ɗan adam ne a fannin ilimin jijiyoyi a Jami'ar Alabama da ke Birmingham . Ya fi shahara da hannu a shari'ar biri na Silver Spring, don yin bincike a fannin neuroplasticity, da kuma haɓaka maganin motsa jiki da ke haifar da ƙuntatawa ; iyali na dabarun da ke taimakawa wajen gyara mutanen da suka koyi rashin amfani da su  sakamakon kamuwa da raunin jijiyoyi sakamakon [[bugun jini]] ko wani dalili.

'''Edward Taub''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1931, Brooklyn New York) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ƙwararren masanin kimiyyar halayyar ɗan adam ne a fannin ilimin jijiyoyi a Jami'ar Alabama da ke Birmingham . Ya fi shahara da hannu a shari'ar biri na Silver Spring, don yin bincike a fannin neuroplasticity, da kuma haɓaka maganin motsa jiki da ke haifar da ƙuntatawa ; iyali na dabarun da ke taimakawa wajen gyara mutanen da suka koyi rashin amfani da su  sakamakon kamuwa da raunin jijiyoyi sakamakon [[bugun jini]] ko wani dalili. na Taub sun taimaka wa waɗanda suka tsira su sake samun damar amfani da gaɓoɓin da suka shanye, kuma ƙungiyar American Stroke Association ta yaba masa a shekara ta 2002 a matsayin &quot;a sahun gaba a juyin juya hali&quot;.  Ƙungiyar Neuroscience ta ambaci aikin Taub a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin fassara guda 10 na Neuroscience na ƙarni na 20  kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Gudummawar Kimiyya ta Musamman ta 2004 daga Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka . 

Taub yana da digirin BA daga Kwalejin Brooklyn, digirin MA daga Jami'ar Columbia, da digirin Ph.D. daga Jami'ar New York . Ya auri mawakiyar opera Mildred Allen .

== Gwajin Azurfa na bazara ==
Nazarin Taub ya ƙunshi amfani da darussan gwajin dabbobi, ciki har da birai goma sha bakwai na macaque da ke zaune a cikin Cibiyar Binciken Halayya da ke Silver Spring, Maryland . Waɗannan birai, waɗanda aka sani da birai na Silver Spring, sun zama abin da ya fi daukar hankali a zanga-zangar da Alex Pacheco na ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin dabbobi ta PETA ya jagoranta a shekarar 1981. 

Bayan Pacheco ya gabatar da zarge-zargensa ga hukumomi, an tuhumi Taub da laifuka 119 na cin zarafin dabbobi da kuma rashin samar da isasshen kulawar dabbobi. A ƙarshen shari'ar farko, alkalin ya yi watsi da tuhume-tuhume 113 na zalunci, galibi saboda likitan dabbobi na Ma'aikatar Noma wanda ya yi ziyarar bazata a dakin gwaje-gwaje ya shaida cewa bai sami sharuɗɗan da Pacheco ya nuna ba.  An yanke wa Taub hukunci kan tuhume-tuhume shida na rashin samar da isasshen kulawar dabbobi kuma an ci shi tarar dala $3,500. An yi watsi da biyar daga cikinsu a shari'ar juri ta biyu kuma [[Daukaka kara|kotun ɗaukaka]] ƙara ta soke tuhumar ta ƙarshe, wadda ta gano cewa dokar hana zalunci ga dabbobi ta Maryland ba ta taɓa yin niyyar amfani da ita ga masu bincike ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Doidge353&quot; /&gt;

Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Ƙasa sun fara binciken kansu kuma sun dakatar da sauran kuɗaɗen da aka ware don gwaje-gwajen Taub, sama da dala 200,000, saboda keta ƙa'idodin kula da dabbobi.  Bayan kotuna sun wanke Taub daga laifi, ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru sittin da bakwai sun wakilci Taub a madadinsa kuma NIH ta janye shawararta ta rashin ba shi kuɗi. 

== Aiki don dawo da bugun jini ==
A shekarar 1987, Taub ya koma Jami'ar Alabama-Birmingham, kuma ya fara mai da hankali kan fannin murmurewa daga bugun jini. Taub ya yi ƙoƙarin bincika yuwuwar &quot;maganin da ya dogara da ƙuntatawa&quot; don taimakawa wajen murmurewa daga motsi a cikin gaɓoɓin da abin ya shafa. Misali, da hannu mai rauni, maganin ya ƙunshi hana kyakkyawan hannun majiyyaci tsawon lokaci na jiyya mai tsanani a kan hannun da abin ya shafa. Sharon Begley ta rubuta cewa aikin Taub da abokan aikinsa ya cimma babban ci gaba a fannin neuroplasticity, ta hanyar niyya ga yanayin da kwakwalwa za ta iya daidaitawa da gyara kanta bayan rauni. Tun daga lokacin an fassara wannan aikin na asali zuwa ka'idojin aikin asibiti tare da haɓaka magungunan da aka gyara waɗanda ake amfani da su a asibiti, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Dr. Stephen Page  sannan kuma wasu, da kuma ta hanyar ɗaukar tsarin Taub na dogon lokaci, wanda aka gyara wanda yanzu ake nunawa a asibitin Taub.

== Takardu da aka zaɓa ==
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== Nazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1931]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4551" sha1="svxj3gyhepquor8irilzde4ssjznlmo" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:Dr._Taub-1931_on.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Edward Taub a shekarar 2014]]
'''Edward Taub''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1931, Brooklyn New York) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Doidge, Norman (2007). The Brain that Changes Itself (Viking), p.136. {{ISBN|0-670-03830-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ƙwararren masanin kimiyyar halayyar ɗan adam ne a fannin ilimin jijiyoyi a Jami'ar Alabama da ke Birmingham . Ya fi shahara da hannu a shari'ar biri na Silver Spring, don yin bincike a fannin neuroplasticity, da kuma haɓaka maganin motsa jiki da ke haifar da ƙuntatawa ; iyali na dabarun da ke taimakawa wajen gyara mutanen da suka koyi rashin amfani da su  sakamakon kamuwa da raunin jijiyoyi sakamakon [[bugun jini]] ko wani dalili.

'''Edward Taub''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1931, Brooklyn New York) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ƙwararren masanin kimiyyar halayyar ɗan adam ne a fannin ilimin jijiyoyi a Jami'ar Alabama da ke Birmingham . Ya fi shahara da hannu a shari'ar biri na Silver Spring, don yin bincike a fannin neuroplasticity, da kuma haɓaka maganin motsa jiki da ke haifar da ƙuntatawa ; iyali na dabarun da ke taimakawa wajen gyara mutanen da suka koyi rashin amfani da su  sakamakon kamuwa da raunin jijiyoyi sakamakon [[bugun jini]] ko wani dalili. na Taub sun taimaka wa waɗanda suka tsira su sake samun damar amfani da gaɓoɓin da suka shanye, kuma ƙungiyar American Stroke Association ta yaba masa a shekara ta 2002 a matsayin &quot;a sahun gaba a juyin juya hali&quot;.  Ƙungiyar Neuroscience ta ambaci aikin Taub a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin fassara guda 10 na Neuroscience na ƙarni na 20  kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Gudummawar Kimiyya ta Musamman ta 2004 daga Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka . 

Taub yana da digirin BA daga Kwalejin Brooklyn, digirin MA daga Jami'ar Columbia, da digirin Ph.D. daga Jami'ar New York . Ya auri mawakiyar opera Mildred Allen .

== Gwajin Azurfa na bazara ==
Nazarin Taub ya ƙunshi amfani da darussan gwajin dabbobi, ciki har da birai goma sha bakwai na macaque da ke zaune a cikin Cibiyar Binciken Halayya da ke Silver Spring, Maryland . Waɗannan birai, waɗanda aka sani da birai na Silver Spring, sun zama abin da ya fi daukar hankali a zanga-zangar da Alex Pacheco na ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin dabbobi ta PETA ya jagoranta a shekarar 1981. 

Bayan Pacheco ya gabatar da zarge-zargensa ga hukumomi, an tuhumi Taub da laifuka 119 na cin zarafin dabbobi da kuma rashin samar da isasshen kulawar dabbobi. A ƙarshen shari'ar farko, alkalin ya yi watsi da tuhume-tuhume 113 na zalunci, galibi saboda likitan dabbobi na Ma'aikatar Noma wanda ya yi ziyarar bazata a dakin gwaje-gwaje ya shaida cewa bai sami sharuɗɗan da Pacheco ya nuna ba.  An yanke wa Taub hukunci kan tuhume-tuhume shida na rashin samar da isasshen kulawar dabbobi kuma an ci shi tarar dala $3,500. An yi watsi da biyar daga cikinsu a shari'ar juri ta biyu kuma [[Daukaka kara|kotun ɗaukaka]] ƙara ta soke tuhumar ta ƙarshe, wadda ta gano cewa dokar hana zalunci ga dabbobi ta Maryland ba ta taɓa yin niyyar amfani da ita ga masu bincike ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Doidge353&quot; /&gt;

Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Ƙasa sun fara binciken kansu kuma sun dakatar da sauran kuɗaɗen da aka ware don gwaje-gwajen Taub, sama da dala 200,000, saboda keta ƙa'idodin kula da dabbobi.  Bayan kotuna sun wanke Taub daga laifi, ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru sittin da bakwai sun wakilci Taub a madadinsa kuma NIH ta janye shawararta ta rashin ba shi kuɗi. 

== Aiki don dawo da bugun jini ==
A shekarar 1987, Taub ya koma Jami'ar Alabama-Birmingham, kuma ya fara mai da hankali kan fannin murmurewa daga bugun jini. Taub ya yi ƙoƙarin bincika yuwuwar &quot;maganin da ya dogara da ƙuntatawa&quot; don taimakawa wajen murmurewa daga motsi a cikin gaɓoɓin da abin ya shafa. Misali, da hannu mai rauni, maganin ya ƙunshi hana kyakkyawan hannun majiyyaci tsawon lokaci na jiyya mai tsanani a kan hannun da abin ya shafa. Sharon Begley ta rubuta cewa aikin Taub da abokan aikinsa ya cimma babban ci gaba a fannin neuroplasticity, ta hanyar niyya ga yanayin da kwakwalwa za ta iya daidaitawa da gyara kanta bayan rauni. Tun daga lokacin an fassara wannan aikin na asali zuwa ka'idojin aikin asibiti tare da haɓaka magungunan da aka gyara waɗanda ake amfani da su a asibiti, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Dr. Stephen Page  sannan kuma wasu, da kuma ta hanyar ɗaukar tsarin Taub na dogon lokaci, wanda aka gyara wanda yanzu ake nunawa a asibitin Taub.

== Takardu da aka zaɓa ==
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== Nazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1931]]</text>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1317743408|Edward Taub]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Fayil:Dr._Taub-1931_on.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Edward Taub a shekarar 2014]]
'''Edward Taub''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1931, Brooklyn New York) &lt;ref&gt;Doidge, Norman (2007). The Brain that Changes Itself (Viking), p.136. {{ISBN|0-670-03830-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ƙwararren masanin kimiyyar halayyar ɗan adam ne a fannin ilimin jijiyoyi a Jami'ar Alabama da ke Birmingham . Ya fi shahara da hannu a shari'ar biri na Silver Spring, don yin bincike a fannin neuroplasticity, da kuma haɓaka maganin motsa jiki da ke haifar da ƙuntatawa ; iyali na dabarun da ke taimakawa wajen gyara mutanen da suka koyi rashin amfani da su  sakamakon kamuwa da raunin jijiyoyi sakamakon [[bugun jini]] ko wani dalili.

Dabaru na Taub sun taimaka wa waɗanda suka tsira su sake samun damar amfani da gaɓoɓin da suka shanye, kuma ƙungiyar American Stroke Association ta yaba masa a shekara ta 2002 a matsayin &quot;a sahun gaba a juyin juya hali&quot;.  Ƙungiyar Neuroscience ta ambaci aikin Taub a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin fassara guda 10 na Neuroscience na ƙarni na 20  kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Gudummawar Kimiyya ta Musamman ta 2004 daga Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka . 

Taub yana da digirin BA daga Kwalejin Brooklyn, digirin MA daga Jami'ar Columbia, da digirin Ph.D. daga Jami'ar New York . Ya auri mawakiyar opera Mildred Allen .

== Gwajin Azurfa na bazara ==
Nazarin Taub ya ƙunshi amfani da darussan gwajin dabbobi, ciki har da birai goma sha bakwai na macaque da ke zaune a cikin Cibiyar Binciken Halayya da ke Silver Spring, Maryland . Waɗannan birai, waɗanda aka sani da birai na Silver Spring, sun zama abin da ya fi daukar hankali a zanga-zangar da Alex Pacheco na ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin dabbobi ta PETA ya jagoranta a shekarar 1981. 

Bayan Pacheco ya gabatar da zarge-zargensa ga hukumomi, an tuhumi Taub da laifuka 119 na cin zarafin dabbobi da kuma rashin samar da isasshen kulawar dabbobi. A ƙarshen shari'ar farko, alkalin ya yi watsi da tuhume-tuhume 113 na zalunci, galibi saboda likitan dabbobi na Ma'aikatar Noma wanda ya yi ziyarar bazata a dakin gwaje-gwaje ya shaida cewa bai sami sharuɗɗan da Pacheco ya nuna ba.  An yanke wa Taub hukunci kan tuhume-tuhume shida na rashin samar da isasshen kulawar dabbobi kuma an ci shi tarar dala $3,500. An yi watsi da biyar daga cikinsu a shari'ar juri ta biyu kuma [[Daukaka kara|kotun ɗaukaka]] ƙara ta soke tuhumar ƙarshe, wadda ta gano cewa dokar hana zalunci ga dabbobi ta Maryland ba ta taɓa yin niyyar amfani da ita ga masu bincike ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Doidge353&quot; /&gt;

Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Ƙasa sun fara binciken kansu kuma sun dakatar da sauran kuɗaɗen da aka ware don gwaje-gwajen Taub, sama da dala 200,000, saboda keta ƙa'idodin kula da dabbobi.  Bayan kotuna sun wanke Taub daga laifi, ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru sittin da bakwai sun wakilci Taub a madadinsa kuma NIH ta janye shawararta ta rashin ba shi kuɗi. 

== Aiki don dawo da bugun jini ==
A shekarar 1987, Taub ya koma Jami'ar Alabama-Birmingham, kuma ya fara mai da hankali kan fannin murmurewa daga bugun jini. Taub ya yi ƙoƙarin bincika yuwuwar &quot;maganin da ya dogara da ƙuntatawa&quot; don taimakawa wajen murmurewa daga motsi a cikin gaɓoɓin da abin ya shafa. Misali, da hannu mai rauni, maganin ya ƙunshi hana kyakkyawan hannun majiyyaci tsawon lokaci na jiyya mai tsanani a kan hannun da abin ya shafa. Sharon Begley ta rubuta cewa aikin Taub da abokan aikinsa ya cimma babban ci gaba a fannin neuroplasticity, ta hanyar niyya ga yanayin da kwakwalwa za ta iya daidaitawa da gyara kanta bayan rauni. Tun daga lokacin an fassara wannan aikin na asali zuwa ka'idojin aikin asibiti tare da haɓaka magungunan da aka gyara waɗanda ake amfani da su a asibiti, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Dr. Stephen Page  sannan kuma wasu, da kuma ta hanyar ɗaukar tsarin Taub na dogon lokaci, wanda aka gyara wanda yanzu ake nunawa a asibitin Taub.

== Takardu da aka zaɓa ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Refbegin/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 

== Nazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1931]]</text>
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'''Edward Taub''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1931, Brooklyn New York) &lt;ref&gt;Doidge, Norman (2007). The Brain that Changes Itself (Viking), p.136. {{ISBN|0-670-03830-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ƙwararren masanin kimiyyar halayyar ɗan adam ne a fannin ilimin jijiyoyi a Jami'ar Alabama da ke Birmingham . Ya fi shahara da hannu a shari'ar biri na Silver Spring, don yin bincike a fannin neuroplasticity, da kuma haɓaka maganin motsa jiki da ke haifar da ƙuntatawa ; iyali na dabarun da ke taimakawa wajen gyara mutanen da suka koyi rashin amfani da su  sakamakon kamuwa da raunin jijiyoyi sakamakon [[bugun jini]] ko wani dalili.

Dabaru na Taub sun taimaka wa waɗanda suka tsira su sake samun damar amfani da gaɓoɓin da suka shanye, kuma ƙungiyar American Stroke Association ta yaba masa a shekara ta 2002 a matsayin &quot;a sahun gaba a juyin juya hali&quot;.  Ƙungiyar Neuroscience ta ambaci aikin Taub a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan nasarorin fassara guda 10 na Neuroscience na ƙarni na 20  kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Gudummawar Kimiyya ta Musamman ta 2004 daga Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka . 

Taub yana da digirin BA daga Kwalejin Brooklyn, digirin MA daga Jami'ar Columbia, da digirin Ph.D. daga Jami'ar New York . Ya auri mawakiyar opera Mildred Allen .

== Gwajin Azurfa na bazara ==
Nazarin Taub ya ƙunshi amfani da darussan gwajin dabbobi, ciki har da birai goma sha bakwai na macaque da ke zaune a cikin Cibiyar Binciken Halayya da ke Silver Spring, Maryland . Waɗannan birai, waɗanda aka sani da birai na Silver Spring, sun zama abin da ya fi daukar hankali a zanga-zangar da Alex Pacheco na ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin dabbobi ta PETA ya jagoranta a shekarar 1981. 

Bayan Pacheco ya gabatar da zarge-zargensa ga hukumomi, an tuhumi Taub da laifuka 119 na cin zarafin dabbobi da kuma rashin samar da isasshen kulawar dabbobi. A ƙarshen shari'ar farko, alkalin ya yi watsi da tuhume-tuhume 113 na zalunci, galibi saboda likitan dabbobi na Ma'aikatar Noma wanda ya yi ziyarar bazata a dakin gwaje-gwaje ya shaida cewa bai sami sharuɗɗan da Pacheco ya nuna ba.  An yanke wa Taub hukunci kan tuhume-tuhume shida na rashin samar da isasshen kulawar dabbobi kuma an ci shi tarar dala $3,500. An yi watsi da biyar daga cikinsu a shari'ar juri ta biyu kuma [[Daukaka kara|kotun ɗaukaka]] ƙara ta soke tuhumar ƙarshe, wadda ta gano cewa dokar hana zalunci ga dabbobi ta Maryland ba ta taɓa yin niyyar amfani da ita ga masu bincike ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Doidge353&quot; /&gt;

Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Ƙasa sun fara binciken kansu kuma sun dakatar da sauran kuɗaɗen da aka ware don gwaje-gwajen Taub, sama da dala 200,000, saboda keta ƙa'idodin kula da dabbobi.  Bayan kotuna sun wanke Taub daga laifi, ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru sittin da bakwai sun wakilci Taub a madadinsa kuma NIH ta janye shawararta ta rashin ba shi kuɗi. 

== Aiki don dawo da bugun jini ==
A shekarar 1987, Taub ya koma Jami'ar Alabama-Birmingham, kuma ya fara mai da hankali kan fannin murmurewa daga bugun jini. Taub ya yi ƙoƙarin bincika yuwuwar &quot;maganin da ya dogara da ƙuntatawa&quot; don taimakawa wajen murmurewa daga motsi a cikin gaɓoɓin da abin ya shafa. Misali, da hannu mai rauni, maganin ya ƙunshi hana kyakkyawan hannun majiyyaci tsawon lokaci na jiyya mai tsanani a kan hannun da abin ya shafa. Sharon Begley ta rubuta cewa aikin Taub da abokan aikinsa ya cimma babban ci gaba a fannin neuroplasticity, ta hanyar niyya ga yanayin da kwakwalwa za ta iya daidaitawa da gyara kanta bayan rauni. Tun daga lokacin an fassara wannan aikin na asali zuwa ka'idojin aikin asibiti tare da haɓaka magungunan da aka gyara waɗanda ake amfani da su a asibiti, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Dr. Stephen Page  sannan kuma wasu, da kuma ta hanyar ɗaukar tsarin Taub na dogon lokaci, wanda aka gyara wanda yanzu ake nunawa a asibitin Taub.

== Takardu da aka zaɓa ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Refbegin/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 

== Nazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1931]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Copadichromis geertsi</title>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1313730958|Copadichromis geertsi]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Speciesbox|image=&lt;!-- [http://peabody.research.yale.edu//CICHLID/CK/copgeertsim.jpg] --&gt;|status=LC|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn status 17 November 2021&quot;&gt;{{cite iucn |author=Konings, A. |date=2018 |title=''Copadichromis geertsi'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T60865A47219242 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T60865A47219242.en |access-date=17 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;|taxon=Copadichromis geertsi|authority=[[Ad Konings|Konings]], 1999|synonyms=}}

'''''Copadichromis geertsi''''' wani nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne wanda yake da yawa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] .

== Bayani ==
''Copadichromis geertsi'' wani ƙaramin cichlid ne mai matsakaicin girma, yana girma zuwa matsakaicin tsayin {{Convert|12.8|cm|in}}, wanda ke nuna tabo biyu, wani lokacin guda ɗaya kawai, a gefuna. Mazan suna da launin duhu tare da saman jikinsu ya bambanta daga shuɗi mai haske zuwa rawaya zuwa kai da kuma kan ƙarshen fin . Ana iya bambanta shi da sauran membobin halittar ''[[Copadichromis]]'' ta hanyar tabo biyu, launin mazan da ke haihuwa baƙi ne tare da walƙiya mai launin shuɗi zuwa rawaya a kansa da bayansa. Matan da mazan da ba sa haihuwa ba su da launin rawaya a cikin fin ɗin dubura da aka gani da kuma mazan da ba sa haihuwa na ''Copadichromis pleurostigmoides'' iri ɗaya &lt;ref name=&quot;MC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=M.K. Oliver PhD |year=2002 |title=''Copadichromis geertsi'' |url=https://malawicichlids.com/mw08021b.htm |access-date=2 December 2018 |website=Malawi Cichlids |publisher=M. K. Oliver}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma launinsu launin toka ne tare da tabo baƙi biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;GCCA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 2008 |title=Malawi Cichlids ''Copadichromis geertsi'' |url=https://www.gcca.net/art-pics/cichlid-profiles-list/malawi-cichlids/58-copadichromis-geertsi#.XATxD_Z2sbo |access-date=3 December 2018 |publisher=Greater Chicago Cichlid Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rarrabawa ==
''Kogin Copadichromis'' yana da matuƙar girma a Tafkin Malawi a gefen gabas daga Kogin Nsinje a Malawi) arewa har zuwa Thundu a Mozambique. An yi rikodinsa ne kawai daga wurare huɗu. 

== Mazauna da muhalli ==
Ana samun ''Copadichromis geertsi'' a wurare masu laushi gauraye da duwatsu a zurfin da ke tsakanin {{Convert|25–50|m|ft}}, kuma ana yin rikodin shi lokaci-lokaci ne kawai a zurfin da bai kai {{Convert|25|m|ft}} . A wasu lokutan ana samun mata suna neman abinci a cikin rukuni a cikin ruwa mai buɗewa kuma mata ɗaya ɗaya za su yi tafiya tsakanin yankunan da mazan da ke kiwon ke riƙe da su. Wannan nau'in yana cin ƙananan abubuwa da yake ɗauka daga ginshiƙin ruwa. 

Mazan da ke kiwo suna haƙa wuraren haifuwar kogo a cikin mahalli iri-iri da ke ƙasa da {{Convert|25|m|ft}} .  Ana tono wurin haihuwa daga ƙarƙashin dutse da kuma kusa da shi kuma yana da diamita na {{Convert|50-200|cm|in}} . Namijin yankin yana tono yashi daga ƙarƙashin dutsen, yana tara shi sannan ya yi amfani da shi don gina katanga mai zagaye wanda ke kewaye da wurin haihu. Mazan da ke haihu yawanci suna shimfida wuraren haihunsu {{Convert|4|m|ft}} daga juna. 

Bayan mata sun haɗu, sai su yi ta shayarwar ƙwai da aka yi da taki na tsawon kwanaki 30-36 &lt;ref name=&quot;GCCA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 2008 |title=Malawi Cichlids ''Copadichromis geertsi'' |url=https://www.gcca.net/art-pics/cichlid-profiles-list/malawi-cichlids/58-copadichromis-geertsi#.XATxD_Z2sbo |access-date=3 December 2018 |publisher=Greater Chicago Cichlid Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma idan sun shirya sai su koma cikin ruwa mai zurfi inda za su haɗu da ƙananan yara Utaka waɗanda ake samu a saman gidajen kampango ( ''Bagrus meridionalis'' ), inda suke fitar da soyayyen ninkaya kyauta. 

== Amfanin ɗan adam ==
Ana samun ''geertsi na Copadichromis'' a cikin kasuwancin kifaye, inda wani lokacin ake kiransa &quot;Virginialis blotch&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=M.K. Oliver PhD |year=2002 |title=''Copadichromis geertsi'' |url=https://malawicichlids.com/mw08021b.htm |access-date=2 December 2018 |website=Malawi Cichlids |publisher=M. K. Oliver}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi kiwon su a cikin bauta amma manya da aka kama a daji har yanzu suna nan. &lt;ref name=&quot;GCCA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 2008 |title=Malawi Cichlids ''Copadichromis geertsi'' |url=https://www.gcca.net/art-pics/cichlid-profiles-list/malawi-cichlids/58-copadichromis-geertsi#.XATxD_Z2sbo |access-date=3 December 2018 |publisher=Greater Chicago Cichlid Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamun kifi fiye da kima ta amfani da ragar ruwa mai buɗewa, na wani nau'in da ake kira &quot;ragowar chirimila&quot; a Tafkin Malawi, wataƙila barazana ce ga wannan nau'in. 

== Asalin Ma'anar ==
An sanya wa wannan nau'in suna a shekarar 1999 ta hannun masanin kimiyyar ichthy kuma ƙwararren cichlid [[Holand|na ƙasar Holland]] Ad Konings,  da sunan da ya bayar, yana girmama Martin Geerts na Ƙungiyar Cichlid ta ƙasar Holland saboda sanin ilimin kimiyya game da cichlids da kuma goyon bayan da ya bai wa Konings a lokacin tafiye-tafiye da dama zuwa Tafkunan Malawi da [[Tafkin Tanganyika|Tanganyika]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=3 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>855986</id>
      <parentid>855983</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:49:10Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <text bytes="5386" sha1="bpb31sxc8f766w38qfnmdba7owz5u04" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
{{Speciesbox|image=&lt;!-- [http://peabody.research.yale.edu//CICHLID/CK/copgeertsim.jpg] --&gt;|status=LC|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn status 17 November 2021&quot;&gt;{{cite iucn |author=Konings, A. |date=2018 |title=''Copadichromis geertsi'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T60865A47219242 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T60865A47219242.en |access-date=17 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;|taxon=Copadichromis geertsi|authority=[[Ad Konings|Konings]], 1999|synonyms=}}

'''''Copadichromis geertsi''''' wani nau'in haplochromine cichlid ne wanda yake da yawa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] .

== Bayani ==
''Copadichromis geertsi'' wani ƙaramin cichlid ne mai matsakaicin girma, yana girma zuwa matsakaicin tsayin {{Convert|12.8|cm|in}}, wanda ke nuna tabo biyu, wani lokacin guda ɗaya kawai, a gefuna. Mazan suna da launin duhu tare da saman jikinsu ya bambanta daga shuɗi mai haske zuwa rawaya zuwa kai da kuma kan ƙarshen fin . Ana iya bambanta shi da sauran membobin halittar ''[[Copadichromis]]'' ta hanyar tabo biyu, launin mazan da ke haihuwa baƙi ne tare da walƙiya mai launin shuɗi zuwa rawaya a kansa da bayansa. Matan da mazan da ba sa haihuwa ba su da launin rawaya a cikin fin ɗin dubura da aka gani da kuma mazan da ba sa haihuwa na ''Copadichromis pleurostigmoides'' iri ɗaya &lt;ref name=&quot;MC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=M.K. Oliver PhD |year=2002 |title=''Copadichromis geertsi'' |url=https://malawicichlids.com/mw08021b.htm |access-date=2 December 2018 |website=Malawi Cichlids |publisher=M. K. Oliver}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma launinsu launin toka ne tare da tabo baƙi biyu. &lt;ref name=&quot;GCCA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 2008 |title=Malawi Cichlids ''Copadichromis geertsi'' |url=https://www.gcca.net/art-pics/cichlid-profiles-list/malawi-cichlids/58-copadichromis-geertsi#.XATxD_Z2sbo |access-date=3 December 2018 |publisher=Greater Chicago Cichlid Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rarrabawa ==
''Kogin Copadichromis'' yana da matuƙar girma a Tafkin Malawi a gefen gabas daga Kogin Nsinje a Malawi) arewa har zuwa Thundu a Mozambique. An yi rikodinsa ne kawai daga wurare huɗu. 

== Mazauna da muhalli ==
Ana samun ''Copadichromis geertsi'' a wurare masu laushi gauraye da duwatsu a zurfin da ke tsakanin {{Convert|25–50|m|ft}}, kuma ana yin rikodin shi lokaci-lokaci ne kawai a zurfin da bai kai {{Convert|25|m|ft}} . A wasu lokutan ana samun mata suna neman abinci a cikin rukuni a cikin ruwa mai buɗewa kuma mata ɗaya ɗaya za su yi tafiya tsakanin yankunan da mazan da ke kiwon ke riƙe da su. Wannan nau'in yana cin ƙananan abubuwa da yake ɗauka daga ginshiƙin ruwa. 

Mazan da ke kiwo suna haƙa wuraren haifuwar kogo a cikin mahalli iri-iri da ke ƙasa da {{Convert|25|m|ft}} .  Ana tono wurin haihuwa daga ƙarƙashin dutse da kuma kusa da shi kuma yana da diamita na {{Convert|50-200|cm|in}} . Namijin yankin yana tono yashi daga ƙarƙashin dutsen, yana tara shi sannan ya yi amfani da shi don gina katanga mai zagaye wanda ke kewaye da wurin haihu. Mazan da ke haihu yawanci suna shimfida wuraren haihunsu {{Convert|4|m|ft}} daga juna. 

Bayan mata sun haɗu, sai su yi ta shayarwar ƙwai da aka yi da taki na tsawon kwanaki 30-36 &lt;ref name=&quot;GCCA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 2008 |title=Malawi Cichlids ''Copadichromis geertsi'' |url=https://www.gcca.net/art-pics/cichlid-profiles-list/malawi-cichlids/58-copadichromis-geertsi#.XATxD_Z2sbo |access-date=3 December 2018 |publisher=Greater Chicago Cichlid Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma idan sun shirya sai su koma cikin ruwa mai zurfi inda za su haɗu da ƙananan yara Utaka waɗanda ake samu a saman gidajen kampango ( ''Bagrus meridionalis'' ), inda suke fitar da soyayyen ninkaya kyauta. 

== Amfanin ɗan adam ==
Ana samun ''geertsi na Copadichromis'' a cikin kasuwancin kifaye, inda wani lokacin ake kiransa &quot;Virginialis blotch&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;MC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=M.K. Oliver PhD |year=2002 |title=''Copadichromis geertsi'' |url=https://malawicichlids.com/mw08021b.htm |access-date=2 December 2018 |website=Malawi Cichlids |publisher=M. K. Oliver}}&lt;/ref&gt; An yi kiwon su a cikin bauta amma manya da aka kama a daji har yanzu suna nan. &lt;ref name=&quot;GCCA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 2008 |title=Malawi Cichlids ''Copadichromis geertsi'' |url=https://www.gcca.net/art-pics/cichlid-profiles-list/malawi-cichlids/58-copadichromis-geertsi#.XATxD_Z2sbo |access-date=3 December 2018 |publisher=Greater Chicago Cichlid Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamun kifi fiye da kima ta amfani da ragar ruwa mai buɗewa, na wani nau'in da ake kira &quot;ragowar chirimila&quot; a Tafkin Malawi, wataƙila barazana ce ga wannan nau'in. 

== Asalin Ma'anar ==
An sanya wa wannan nau'in suna a shekarar 1999 ta hannun masanin kimiyyar ichthy kuma ƙwararren cichlid [[Holand|na ƙasar Holland]] Ad Konings,  da sunan da ya bayar, yana girmama Martin Geerts na Ƙungiyar Cichlid ta ƙasar Holland saboda sanin ilimin kimiyya game da cichlids da kuma goyon bayan da ya bai wa Konings a lokacin tafiye-tafiye da dama zuwa Tafkunan Malawi da [[Tafkin Tanganyika|Tanganyika]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=3 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chitande aulonocara</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157120</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855988</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:50:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645032|Chitande aulonocara]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Chitande aulonocara''' ( '''''Aulonocara ethelwynnae''''' ) nau'in cichlid ne na haplochromine wanda yake da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], yana faruwa ne kawai a arewa maso yammacin Tafkin kusa da Tsibirin Chitande.  Yana faruwa ne a kan wuraren da aka haɗa duwatsu da yashi kuma yana cin ƙananan halittu masu ƙashi .  Maza suna nuna halayen yanki duk shekara kuma suna kare yankunansu daga sauran maza. Waɗannan mazan yankin suna samuwa a cikin yankuna masu zurfi kusan {{Convert|15|m|ft}} yayin da mazan da ba sa cikin yankin da kuma mata ba a cika ganinsu a ƙasa da {{Convert|3|m|ft}} ba. . Mace masu kyau suna saukowa zuwa ga maza kuma haihuwar tana faruwa a cikin rami ko, idan yankin namijin bai haɗa da rami ba, a kan yashi mai buɗewa.  Sunan takamaiman ya girmama masanin ilimin ichthy [[Birtaniya|na Burtaniya]] Ethelwynn Trewavas (1900–1993) na Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya (Tarihin Halitta) wanda ya bayyana nau'ikan cichlid da yawa daga Tafkin Malawi. &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=1 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>855989</id>
      <parentid>855988</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:50:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <text bytes="1405" sha1="gcai5vmv4qf2qsg8vx2a9j5wovydcd4" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Chitande aulonocara''' ( '''''Aulonocara ethelwynnae''''' ) nau'in cichlid ne na haplochromine wanda yake da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]], yana faruwa ne kawai a arewa maso yammacin Tafkin kusa da Tsibirin Chitande.  Yana faruwa ne a kan wuraren da aka haɗa duwatsu da yashi kuma yana cin ƙananan halittu masu ƙashi .  Maza suna nuna halayen yanki duk shekara kuma suna kare yankunansu daga sauran maza. Waɗannan mazan yankin suna samuwa a cikin yankuna masu zurfi kusan {{Convert|15|m|ft}} yayin da mazan da ba sa cikin yankin da kuma mata ba a cika ganinsu a ƙasa da {{Convert|3|m|ft}} ba. . Mace masu kyau suna saukowa zuwa ga maza kuma haihuwar tana faruwa a cikin rami ko, idan yankin namijin bai haɗa da rami ba, a kan yashi mai buɗewa.  Sunan takamaiman ya girmama masanin ilimin ichthy [[Birtaniya|na Burtaniya]] Ethelwynn Trewavas (1900–1993) na Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya (Tarihin Halitta) wanda ya bayyana nau'ikan cichlid da yawa daga Tafkin Malawi. &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=1 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cheilochromis</title>
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    <id>157121</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855990</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:51:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645002|Cheilochromis]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Cheilochromis''''' nau'in kifin ruwa ne da ke cikin dangin cichlid . Ya ƙunshi nau'in kifi na '''''Cheilochromis euchilus''''', '''mai kauri Malawi''', wanda ke da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]] inda ya fi son yankunan da ke kusa da bakin teku masu ƙasan duwatsu. Wannan nau'in ya kai tsawon {{Convert|35|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . 

[[Nomenclature na binomial|Takamaiman sunan]] ''euchilus'' yana nufin cewa lebe ya rabu zuwa tsakiyar lobes. &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=21 December 2022 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=5 February 2024 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>855991</id>
      <parentid>855990</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:52:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <origin>855991</origin>
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      <text bytes="967" sha1="3b2vxm0vfp3fn0q0p932y4rnh44c3hc" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Cheilochromis''''' nau'in kifin ruwa ne da ke cikin dangin cichlid . Ya ƙunshi nau'in kifi na '''''Cheilochromis euchilus''''', '''mai kauri Malawi''', wanda ke da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] a [[Gabashin Afirka]] inda ya fi son yankunan da ke kusa da bakin teku masu ƙasan duwatsu. Wannan nau'in ya kai tsawon {{Convert|35|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|akwatin kifaye]] . 

[[Nomenclature na binomial|Takamaiman sunan]] ''euchilus'' yana nufin cewa lebe ya rabu zuwa tsakiyar lobes. &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=21 December 2022 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=5 February 2024 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Alticorpus peterdaviesi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157122</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855992</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:53:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314237120|Alticorpus peterdaviesi]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855992</origin>
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'''''Alticorpus peterdaviesi''''' nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Cichlidae . Yana da yawa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Ana samunsa a kudancin tafkin, a yankunan da substrate ya ƙunshi &quot;diatom ooze&quot; kuma diatoms wataƙila sune babban ɓangaren abincinsa. 

== Asalin Ma'anar ==
Sunan da aka yi amfani da shi a matsayin girmamawa ga Peter Davies, wani mai fitar da kifi mai rai daga Tafkin Malawi wanda ya taimaka wa marubutan sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=26 November 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>855993</id>
      <parentid>855992</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:53:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <origin>855993</origin>
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      <text bytes="863" sha1="56uwkdgsabzrj23xe57t0qw0kcpts7w" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''Alticorpus peterdaviesi''''' nau'in [[kifi]] ne a cikin dangin Cichlidae . Yana da yawa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Ana samunsa a kudancin tafkin, a yankunan da substrate ya ƙunshi &quot;diatom ooze&quot; kuma diatoms wataƙila sune babban ɓangaren abincinsa. 

== Asalin Ma'anar ==
Sunan da aka yi amfani da shi a matsayin girmamawa ga Peter Davies, wani mai fitar da kifi mai rai daga Tafkin Malawi wanda ya taimaka wa marubutan sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=26 November 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Diplotaxodon greenwoodi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>157123</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855994</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:55:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645178|Diplotaxodon greenwoodi]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>855994</origin>
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'''''Diplotaxodon greenwoodi''''' nau'in cichlid ne na haplochromine wanda ke da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Yana faruwa ne a cikin yankunan teku da kuma wuraren shiryayye na tafkin inda yake farautar ƙananan cichlids.  Sunan takamaiman ya girmama masanin kimiyyar ichthy na Ingila Peter Humphry Greenwood (1927–1995). &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=5 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>855995</id>
      <parentid>855994</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:55:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <origin>855995</origin>
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'''''Diplotaxodon greenwoodi''''' nau'in cichlid ne na haplochromine wanda ke da alaƙa da [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Yana faruwa ne a cikin yankunan teku da kuma wuraren shiryayye na tafkin inda yake farautar ƙananan cichlids.  Sunan takamaiman ya girmama masanin kimiyyar ichthy na Ingila Peter Humphry Greenwood (1927–1995). &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=22 July 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (a-g) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae2/ |access-date=5 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nimbochromis linni</title>
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    <id>157124</id>
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      <id>855996</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:56:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645867|Nimbochromis linni]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Nimbochromis linni''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Wannan nau'in yana iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|25|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|kifaye]] .  Sunan da aka ambata ya girmama D. Wayne Linn na Ofishin Kamun Kifi a Malawi, wanda taimakonsa ga Herbert R. Axelrod ya sa tafiyarsa ta filin zuwa Tafkin Malawi ta yiwu. &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=4 December 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (l-o) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae4/ |access-date=29 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rarrabawa da wurin zama ==
''N. linni'' ya yaɗu a Tafkin Malawi, yana faruwa a wuraren da ke da duwatsu da kuma wuraren da ke da tsaunuka masu matsakaicin tsayi tsakanin {{Cvt|2-61|m}} zurfi.  

== Ɗabi'a ==
''N. Linni'' wani nau'in piscivore ne da aka lura yana yin kwanton bauna. Nau'i ne mai cin abinci a baki wanda ke nuna kulawar iyaye . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>855997</id>
      <parentid>855996</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:56:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>44591</id>
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'''''Nimbochromis linni''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke zaune a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] . Wannan nau'in yana iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|25|cm|in}} TL . Haka kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|kifaye]] .  Sunan da aka ambata ya girmama D. Wayne Linn na Ofishin Kamun Kifi a Malawi, wanda taimakonsa ga Herbert R. Axelrod ya sa tafiyarsa ta filin zuwa Tafkin Malawi ta yiwu. &lt;ref name=&quot;ETYFish&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Christopher Scharpf |last2=Kenneth J. Lazara |name-list-style=amp |date=4 December 2018 |title=Order CICHLIFORMES: Family CICHLIDAE: Subfamily PSEUDOCRENILABRINAE (l-o) |url=http://www.etyfish.org/cichlidae4/ |access-date=29 December 2018 |website=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rarrabawa da wurin zama ==
''N. linni'' ya yaɗu a Tafkin Malawi, yana faruwa a wuraren da ke da duwatsu da kuma wuraren da ke da tsaunuka masu matsakaicin tsayi tsakanin {{Cvt|2-61|m}} zurfi.  

== Ɗabi'a ==
''N. Linni'' wani nau'in piscivore ne da aka lura yana yin kwanton bauna. Nau'i ne mai cin abinci a baki wanda ke nuna kulawar iyaye . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mylochromis spilostichus</title>
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    <id>157125</id>
    <revision>
      <id>855998</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:58:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Engineer014</username>
        <id>44591</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330645827|Mylochromis spilostichus]]&quot;</comment>
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'''''Mylochromis spilostichus''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke rayuwa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda ake saninsa kawai daga kudancin tafkin, musamman a kusa da [[Nankhumba Peninsula|Tsibirin Nankhumba]] . Ana iya samunsa a kan yashi mai zurfi daga {{Convert|18|to|70|m|ft}} . Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|22.2|cm|in}} TL . Ana iya samun wannan nau'in a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|kifaye]] . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>855999</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-13T11:58:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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'''''Mylochromis spilostichus''''' nau'in cichlid ne da ke rayuwa a [[Tabkin Malawi|Tafkin Malawi]] inda ake saninsa kawai daga kudancin tafkin, musamman a kusa da [[Nankhumba Peninsula|Tsibirin Nankhumba]] . Ana iya samunsa a kan yashi mai zurfi daga {{Convert|18|to|70|m|ft}} . Wannan nau'in zai iya kaiwa tsawon {{Convert|22.2|cm|in}} TL . Ana iya samun wannan nau'in a cikin kasuwancin [[Aquarium|kifaye]] . 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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